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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2018	List of Hindi films of 2018	["1 Box office collection","2 January–March","3 April–June","4 July–September","5 October–December","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References"]	Hindi cinema 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 19241925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 19341935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 19441945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 19541955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 19641965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 19741975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 19841985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 19941995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 20042005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vte This is a list of Bollywood (Indian Hindi-language) films that have been released in 2018. Box office collection The Highest-grossing Bollywood films released in 2018, by worldwide box office gross revenue, are as follows. Highest worldwide gross of 2018 Rank Title Production Company Distributor Worldwide Gross Ref. 1 Sanju Vinod Chopra FilmsRajkumar Hirani Films Fox Star Studios ₹586.85 crore (US$85.81 million) 2 Padmaavat Bhansali Productions Viacom18 Studios ₹571.98 crore (US$83.64 million) 3 Andhadhun Matchbox Pictures ₹456.89 crore (US$66.81 million) 4 Simmba Dharma ProductionsRohit Shetty Picturez Reliance Entertainment ₹400.19 crore (US$58.52 million) 5 Thugs of Hindostan Yash Raj Films ₹335 crore (US$48.98 million) 6 Race 3 Salman Khan Films Tips Films ₹303 crore (US$44.31 million) 7 Baaghi 2 Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment Fox Star Studios ₹254.33 crore (US$37.19 million) 8 Hichki Yash Raj Films ₹239.79 crore (US$35.06 million) 9 Badhaai Ho Junglee PicturesChrome Pictures AA Films ₹221.44 crore (US$32.38 million) 10 Pad Man Columbia PicturesSony Pictures International ProductionsHope ProductionsKriArj EntertainmentMrs. Funnybones Movies Sony Pictures Releasing ₹212.02 crore (US$31 million) January–March Opening Title Director Cast Production house Ref. JAN 12 1921 Vikram Bhatt Zareen Khan, Karan Kundra, Tobby Hinston, Sonia Armstrong Reliance Entertainment, LoneRanger Productions, Motion Picture Capital, Uniseller Production Kaalakaandi Akshat Verma Saif Ali Khan, Isha Talwar, Shenaz Treasury, Akshay Oberoi, Vijay Raaz, Deepak Dobriyal, Sobhita Dhulipala, Kunaal Roy Kapur, Nary Singh Cinestaan Film Company Mukkabaaz Anurag Kashyap Vineet Kumar Singh, Zoya Hussain, Ravi Kishan, Jimmy Sheirgill Eros International, Colour Yellow Productions 15 Phir Se... Kunal Kohli Jennifer Winget, Kunal Kohli, Rajit Kapur Bombay Film Company 19 My Birthday Song Samir Soni Sanjay Suri, Nora Fatehi, Pitobash Kahwa entertainment Vodka Diaries Kushal Srivastava Kay Kay Menon, Mandira Bedi, Raima Sen, Sharib Hashmi K'Scope Entertainment Pvt Ltd & Vishalraj Films & Production Pvt Ltd Nirdosh Pradeep Rangwani Arbaaz Khan, Manjari Fadnis, Ashmit Patel, Mukul Dev, Mahek Chahal UV Films Union Leader Sanjay Patel Rahul Bhat, Tillotama Shome Dim Light Pictures 25 Padmaavat Sanjay Leela Bhansali Shahid Kapoor, Deepika Padukone, Ranveer Singh, Aditi Rao Hydari Paramount Pictures, Viacom 18 Motion Pictures, Bhansali Productions FEB 9 Pad Man R. Balki Akshay Kumar, Sonam Kapoor, Radhika Apte Mrs Funnybones Movies, Columbia Pictures, KriArj Entertainment, Cape of Good Films, Hope Productions 14 Love per Square Foot Anand Tiwari Vicky Kaushal, Angira Dhar, Alankrita Sahai, Raghubir Yadav RSVP Movies, Netflix 16 Aiyaary Neeraj Pandey Sidharth Malhotra, Manoj Bajpayee, Rakul Preet Singh, Pooja Chopra, Anupam Kher, Naseeruddin Shah Plan C Studios, Reliance Entertainment, Pen India Limited, Motion Picture Capital, Friday Filmworks Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz Onir Zain Khan Durrani, Geetanjali Thapa Yoodlee Films Jaane Kyun De Yaaron Akshay Anand Raghu Raja, Abhishek Sharma, Kabir Bedi, Chetna Pande, Viju Khote NeelRishiFilms, Theatre King 23 Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety Luv Ranjan Kartik Aaryan, Nushrat Bharucha, Sunny Nijar T-Series Films, Luv Films MAR 2 Pari Prosit Roy Anushka Sharma, Parambrata Chatterjee, Rajat Kapoor, Ritabhari Chakraborty, Mansi Multani Clean Slate Films, KriArj Entertainment, Kyta Productions Veerey Ki Wedding Ashu Trikha Pulkit Samrat, Jimmy Sheirgill, Kriti Kharbanda, Satish Kaushik, Yuvika Chaudhary, Supriya Karnik Panorama Studios 9 Hate Story IV Vishal Pandya Urvashi Rautela, Vivan Bhatena, Karan Wahi, Ihana Dhillon, Gulshan Grover, Tia Bajpai, Shaad Randhawa T-Series Films Dil Juunglee Aleya Sen Saqib Saleem, Tapsee Pannu, Abhilash Thapleyal, Nidhi Singh, Srishti Srivastava, Ayesha Khaduskar Pooja Entertainment 3 Storeys Arjun Mukerjee Richa Chaddha, Pulkit Samrat, Sharman Joshi, Renuka Shahane, Masumeh Makhija, Laksh Singh, Aisha Ahmed, Ankit Rathi B4U Motion Pictures, Excel Entertainment, Open Air Films 16 Raid Raj Kumar Gupta Ajay Devgn, Ileana D'Cruz, Saurabh Shukla T-Series Films, Panorama Studios 23 Hichki Siddharth P Malhotra Rani Mukerji Yash Raj Films Shaadi Teri Bajayenge Hum Band Gurpreet Sondh Rajpal Yadav, Mushtaq Khan, Rahul Bagga, Rohit Kumar, Dilbagh Singh, Naresh Gosain, Afreen Alvi, Radha Bhatt Rangrezaa Films 30 Baaghi 2 Ahmed Khan Tiger Shroff, Disha Patani, Manoj Bajpayee, Randeep Hooda, Prateik Babbar Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment, Fox Star Studios April–June Opening Title Director Cast Production house Ref. APR 6 Blackmail Abhinay Deo Irrfan Khan, Kirti Kulhari, Arunoday Singh, Divya Dutta, Omi Vaidya T-Series Films, RDP Missing Mukul Abhyankar Tabu, Manoj Bajpayee, Annu Kapoor Anand Pandit Motion Pictures, Sri Adhikari Brothers, Friday Filmworks, Abundantia Entertainment 13 October Shoojit Sircar Varun Dhawan, Banita Sandhu, Gitanjali Rao Rising Sun Films, Kino Works Mercury Karthik Subbaraj Prabhu Deva, Sananth Reddy, Remya Nambeesan Pen India Limited, Stone Bench Films Zoo Shlok Sharma Shweta Tripathi, Shashank Arora, Rahul Kumar Bahadur Films 20 Beyond the Clouds Majid Majidi Ishaan Khatter, Malavika Mohanan Zee Studios, Named Pictures Nanu Ki Jaanu Faraz Haider Patralekhaa, Abhay Deol, Sapna Chaudhary Inbox Pictures 27 Daas Dev Sudhir Mishra Richa Chaddha, Aditi Rao Hydari, Rahul Bhat, Saurabh Shukla, Vipin Sharma, Vineet Kumar Singh, Dalip Tahil, Anurag Kashyap Saptrishi Cinevision, Storm Motion Pictures Meri Nimmo M.M Shanklya Anjali Patil, Karan Dave Eros International, Colour Yellow Productions MAY 4 102 Not Out Umesh Shukla Amitabh Bachchan, Rishi Kapoor Sony Pictures India, Treetop Entertainment, Benchmark Pictures Omerta Hansal Mehta Rajkummar Rao Swiss Entertainment, Karma Features 11 Raazi Meghna Gulzar Vicky Kaushal, Alia Bhatt Junglee Pictures, Dharma Productions Hope Aur Hum Sudip Bandyopadhyay Naseeruddin Shah, Sonali Kulkarni, Aamir Bashir PVR Pictures, Thumbnail Pictures Falooda Dhiraj Singh Aarav Negi, Goonj Chand, Azhar, Pihu Sharma, Dhiraj Singh Vaibav laxmi Films, Shree S.J Entertainment, Dev Gayatri Entertainment 18 High Jack Akash Khurana Sumeet Vyas, Sonnalli Seygall, Mantra, Taaruk Raina, Priyanshu Painyuli, Kumud Mishra, Natasha Rastogi Phantom Films Khajoor Pe Atke Harsh Chhaya Vinay Pathak, Manoj Pahwa, Seema Pahwa, Dolly Ahluwalia, Sabah Kapoor Welcome Friends Production 25 Parmanu: The Story Of Pokhran Abhishek Sharma John Abraham, Diana Penty, Boman Irani Zee Studios, Kyta Productions, Pooja Entertainment, JA Entertainment Bioscopewala Deb Medhekar Danny Denzongpa, Geetanjali Thapa, Tisca Chopra, Adil Hussain Fox Star Studios JUN 1 Veere Di Wedding Shashanka Ghosh Kareena Kapoor, Sonam Kapoor, Swara Bhaskar, Shikha Talsania, Sumeet Vyas Balaji Motion Pictures, Anil Kapoor Film & Communication Network, Saffron Broadcast & Media Bhavesh Joshi Superhero Vikramaditya Motwane Harshvardhan Kapoor, Priyanshu Painyuli, Nishikant Kamat Eros International, Phantom Films Phamous Karan Lalit Butani Jackie Shroff, Jimmy Sheirgill, Kay Kay Menon, Shriya Saran, Mahie Gill, Pankaj Tripathi Vidisha Productions Pvt. Ltd. 15 Race 3 Remo D'Souza Anil Kapoor, Bobby Deol, Daisy Shah, Freddy Daruwala, Jacqueline Fernandez, Salman Khan, Saqib Saleem Salman Khan Films, Tips Industries Lust Stories Anurag Kashyap, Karan Johar, Zoya Akhtar, Dibakar Banerjee Radhika Apte, Sanjay Kapoor, Kiara Advani, Vicky Kaushal, Neha Dhupia, Neil Bhoopalam, Bhumi Pednekar, Manisha Koirala, Akash Thosar RSVP Movies, Flying Unicorn Entertainment, Netflix 29 Sanju Rajkumar Hirani Ranbir Kapoor Fox Star Studios, Vinod Chopra Films, Rajkumar Hirani Films July–September Opening Title Director Cast Production house Ref. JUL 6 Hanuman vs Mahiravana Ezhil Vendan Green Gold Animations 13 Soorma Shaad Ali Diljit Dosanjh, Taapsee Pannu, Angad Bedi Sony Pictures Networks Productions, CS Films 20 When Obama Loved Osama Sudhish Kumar Sharma Mousam Sharma, Swati Bakshi, Rahul Avana, Mohit Baghel, Heena Panchal, Hemant Pandey, Vikas Giri Manoj Bakshi, Himani Shivpuri, Shape Entertainment Dhadak Shashank Khaitan Ishaan Khatter, Jhanvi Kapoor Zee Studios, Dharma Productions 27 Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3 Tigmanshu Dhulia Sanjay Dutt, Jimmy Sheirgill, Mahi Gill, Chitrangada Singh, Soha Ali Khan Raju Chadha Films, Rahul Mittra Films, Jar Pictures, Wave Cinemas Nawabzaade Jayesh Pradhan Raghav Juyal, Punit Pathak, Dharmesh Yelande, Isha Rikhi Remo D'Souza Entertainment AUG 3 Fanney Khan Atul Manjrekar Anil Kapoor, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Rajkummar Rao, Karan Singh Chhabra, Divya Dutta T-Series Films, Anil Kapoor Film & Communication Network, ROMP Pictures Mulk Anubhav Sinha Rishi Kapoor, Prateik Babbar, Rajat Kapoor, Taapsee Pannu, Ashutosh Rana, Manoj Pahwa, Neena Gupta Soham Rockstar Entertainment Brij Mohan Amar Rahe! Nikhil Bhatt Arjun Mathur, Nidhi Singh, Vijayant Kohli, Sunny Hinduja Yoodlee Films, Netflix Laxmi and Tikli Bomb Aditya Kripalani Vibhawari Deshpande, Suchitra Pillai, Chitraganda Chakraborty, Upendra Limaye Mumba Devi Motion Pictures Karwaan Akarsh Khurana Irrfan Khan, Dulquer Salman, Mithila Palkar, Kriti Kharbanda RSVP Movies 15 Gold Reema Kagti Akshay Kumar, Kunal Kapoor, Mouni Roy, Amit Sadh Excel Entertainment Satyameva Jayate Milap Zaveri John Abraham, Manoj Bajpayee, Aisha Sharma, Amruta Khanvilkar T-Series Films, Emmay Entertainment 24 Genius Anil Sharma Utkarsh Sharma, Ishita Chauhan, Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Ayesha Jhulka Soham Rockstar Entertainment Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi Mudassar Aziz Sonakshi Sinha, Diana Penty, Ali Fazal, Jimmy Shergill, Jassi Gill Eros International, Colour Yellow Productions Toba Tek Singh Ketan Mehta Pankaj Kapur, Vinay Pathak Maya Movies 31 Yamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se Navaniat Singh Dharmendra, Sunny Deol, Bobby Deol, Kriti Kharbanda Sunny Sounds, Intercut Entertainment, Pen India Limited, Soham Rockstar Entertainment Stree Amar Kaushik Rajkummar Rao, Shraddha Kapoor, Aparshakti Khurana, Pankaj Tripathi Maddock Films, D2R Films, Jio Studios SEP 1 Once Again Kanwal Sethi Shefali Shah, Neeraj Kabi Neufilm, JAR Pictures, Crawling Angel Films, Ascending Films 7 Paltan J. P. Dutta Jackie Shroff, Sonu Sood, Arjun Rampal, Gurmeet Choudhary, Siddhanth Kapoor, Harshvardhan Rane, Luv Sinha, Esha Gupta, Monica Gill, Sonal Chauhan, Dipika Kakar, Aditii Arya Sharma Zee Studios, JP Films Laila Majnu Sajid Ali Mir Sarwar, Avinash Tiwary, Tripti Dimri, Ruchika Kapoor Balaji Motion Pictures, Pi Films Gali Guleiyan Dipesh Jain Manoj Bajpayee, Ranvir Shorey, Neeraj Kabi, Shahana Goswami PVR Pictures Halkaa Nila Madhab Panda Ranvir Shorey, Paoli Dam, Tathastu, Kumud Mishra Shiv Nadar Foundation, Akshay Parija Productions, Eleeanora Images 14 Manmarziyaan Anurag Kashyap Abhishek Bachchan, Vicky Kaushal, Taapsee Pannu Eros International, Colour Yellow Productions, Phantom Films Love Sonia Tabrez Noorani Mrunal Thakur, Freida Pinto, Manoj Bajpayee, Rajkummar Rao, Richa Chadda, Anupam Kher, Adil Hussain, Sai Tamhankar Tamasha Talkies, Womark/Noorani Productions, Love Sonia Films, India Take One Productions Mitron Nitin Kakar Jackky Bhagnani, Kritika Kamra, Pratik Gandhi, Neeraj Sood Abundantia Entertainment 21 Batti Gul Meter Chalu Shree Narayan Singh Shahid Kapoor, Shraddha Kapoor, Divyendu Sharma, Yami Gautam T-Series Films, Krti Pictures Manto Nandita Das Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Tahir Raj Bhasin, Rasika Dugal, Rajshri Deshpande HP Studios, FilmStoc, Viacom18 Motion Pictures, Nandita Das Initiatives Ishqeria Prerna Wadhawan Neil Nitin Mukesh, Richa Chaddha Swarp Films & Yen Movies 28 Sui Dhaaga Sharat Katariya Varun Dhawan, Anushka Sharma Yash Raj Films Pataakha Vishal Bhardwaj Sanya Malhotra, Sunil Grover, Radhika Madan Kyta Productions, B4U Motion Pictures, Vishal Bhardwaj Films October–December Opening Title Director Cast Production house Ref. OCT 5 Loveyatri Abhiraj Minawala Aayush Sharma, Warina Hussain Salman Khan Films Andhadhun Sriram Raghavan Ayushman Khurana, Tabu, Radhika Apte Viacom18 Motion Pictures, Matchbox Pictures 12 Jalebi Pushpdeep Bhardwaj Rhea Chakraborty, Digangana Suryavanshi, Varun Mitra Vishesh Films, Viacom18 Motion Pictures Helicopter Eela Pradeep Sarkar Kajol, Riddhi Sen, Neha Dhupia, Tota Roy Choudhury Pen India Limited, Ajay Devgn FFilms FryDay Abhishek Dogra Govinda, Varun Sharma Inbox Pictures, PVR Pictures Tumbbad Rahi Anil Barve Soham ShahHarish Khanna, Anita Date Eros International, Soham Shah Films, Colour Yellow Productions 18 Namaste England Vipul Shah Arjun Kapoor, Parineeti Chopra, Aditya Seal, Alankrita Sahai, Anil Mange, Satish Kaushik Pen India Limited, Reliance Entertainment, Blockbuster Movie Entertainers Badhaai Ho Amit Ravindernath Sharma Ayushman Khurrana, Neena Gupta, Gajraj Rao, Surekha Sikri, Sanya Malhotra Junglee Pictures, Chrome Pictures 26 Baazaar Gauravv K. Chawla Saif Ali Khan, Radhika Apte, Chitrangada Singh, Denzil Smith, Rohan Mehra, Sonia Balani Viacom18 Motion Pictures, Kyta Productions, B4U Motion Pictures, Emmay Entertainment 5 Weddings Namrata Singh Gujral Rajkummar Rao, Nargis Fakhri, Bo Derek, Candy Clark, Anneliese van der Pol, Suvinder Vicky Uniglobe Entertainment Kaashi in Search of Ganga Dhiraj Kumar Sharman Joshi, Aishwarya Devan, Govind Namdev, Manoj Joshi, Manoj Pahwa, Akhilendra Mishra Insite India Dassehra Manish Vatsalya Neil Nitin Mukesh, Tina Desai, Govind Namdev Rash Production NOV 8 Thugs of Hindostan Vijay Krishna Acharya Amitabh Bachchan, Aamir Khan, Fatima Sana Shaikh, Katrina Kaif, Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub Yash Raj Films 16 Mohalla Assi Chandraprakash Dwivedi Sunny Deol, Sakshi Tanwar, Ravi Kishan, Saurabh Shukla, Mukesh Tiwari, Rajendra Gupta, Mithilesh Chaturvedi Crossword Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. Pihu Vinod Kapri Myra Vishwakarma, Prerna Sharma RSVP Movies, Roy Kapur Films Hotel Milan Vishal Mishra Kunaal Roy Kapur, Karishma Sharma, Zeishan Quadri, Jaideep Ahlawat, Rajesh Sharma, Zakir Hussain AD Films 21 Tigers Danis Tanović Emraan Hashmi, Khalid Abdalla, Geetanjali Thapa, Supriya Pathak Sikhya Entertainment, A.S.A.P. Films 23 Bhaiaji Superhit Neerraj Pathak Sunny Deol, Preity Zinta, Ameesha Patel, Arshad Warsi, Shreyas Talpade, Evelyn Sharma Metro Movies 29 2.0 S Shankar Rajnikanth, Amy Jackson, Akshay Kumar, Adil Hussain, Sudhanshu Pandey Lyca Productions, Dharma Productions 30 Rajma Chawal Leena Yadav Rishi Kapoor, Anirudh Tanwar, Amyra Dastur SaarthiE Entertainment, Netflix DEC 7 Kedarnath Abhishek Kapoor Sushant Singh Rajput, Sara Ali Khan RSVP Movies, Guy in the Sky Pictures 14 Ascharyachakit! Samit Kakkad Priyanka Bose, Vaibhav Raj Gupta, Ankit Raaj, Anangsha Biswas, Santosh Juvekar Yoodlee Films, Samit Kakkad Films 21 Zero Aanand L. Rai Shah Rukh Khan, Katrina Kaif, Anushka Sharma, Abhay Deol, Tigmanshu Dhulia Red Chillies Entertainment, Colour Yellow Productions 28 Simmba Rohit Shetty Ranveer Singh, Sara Ali Khan, Sonu Sood Reliance Entertainment, Dharma Productions, Rohit Shetty Picturez See also Lists of Hindi films List of Bollywood films of 2019 List of Bollywood films of 2017 Notes ^ Pad Man worldwide gross: India – ₹104.9 crore China – ₹66.91 crore Japan – ₹4.8 crore Other territories – $4.78 million (₹35.41 crore) References ^ "Hindi Movie Releases in 2018". BookMyShow. ^ "Sanju Box Office Collection till Now". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 12 November 2018. ^ "Padmaavat Box Office coollection". Bollywood Hungama. ^ "Andhadhun Box Office Collection". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 4 May 2019. ^ "Simmba Box Office Collection till Now". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 6 March 2019. ^ "Zero, Race 3 and Thugs of Hindostan: Presenting the Khans' box-office report of 2018". The Indian Express. 31 December 2018. ^ "Race 3 Goes Past 303 crore Worldwide". Box Office India. Retrieved 28 July 2018. ^ "Baaghi 2 Box Office Collection". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 1 April 2019. ^ "Box Office: Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Hichki". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 17 May 2018. ^ Adarsh, Taran (9 November 2018). "Taran Adarsh on Twitter". Twitter. ^ "Badhaai Ho: Box Office". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 10 December 2018. ^ a b "Pad Man Box Office Collection till Now- Bollywood Hungama". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 31 December 2018. ^ "China box office: Pad Man collects USD 0.14 million on Day 14; closes business in China at Rs. 66.91 cr". Bollywood Hungama. 29 December 2018. ^ Adarsh, Taran (21 January 2019). "#PadMan gains momentum over the weekend in #Japan... Currently running in Week 7... 23 locations this week ... Fri ¥ 336,500 Sat ¥ 823,900 Sun ¥ 860,200 Total till 20 Jan 2019: ¥ 73,576,400 @comScore" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ "Vikram Bhatt's 1921 Starring Zareen & Karan Kundra Gets A Release Date". 5 August 2017. ^ "1921". BookMyShow. Retrieved 1 December 2017. ^ "Kaalakandi". BookMyShow. ^ Adarsh, Taran (6 December 2017). "First look poster of #Kaalakaandi... Stars Saif Ali Khan... Trailer out today ... 12 Jan 2018 release. https://t.co/aXRymDcR4a" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter. ^ "Anurag Kashyap Directorial 'Mukkabaaz' To Release On 12 January 2018 - BollywoodCat.com". 11 October 2017. ^ "Mukkabaaz". BookMyShow. ^ "Kunal Kohli to make his Bollywood debut with Jennifer Winget in 'Phir Se!'". The Times of India. ^ "My Birthday Song". BookMyShow. ^ Johar, Karan (13 December 2017). "First look of the psychological thriller #MyBirthdaySong starring @sanjaysuri & @Norafatehi written & directed by @samirsoni123 @MyBirthdaySong @kahwafilms https://t.co/5oNVgIwT1q" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter. ^ "Vodka Diaries". BookMyShow. Retrieved 15 January 2018. ^ "Nirdosh". BookMyShow. ^ Adarsh, Taran (21 December 2017). "#Nirdosh to now release on 19 Jan 2018... Stars Arbaaz Khan, Manjari Fadnnis, Ashmit Patel, Maheck Chahal and Mukul Dev... Poster: https://t.co/TF6fZCQ7HC" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter. ^ "Union Leader". BookMyShow. ^ Adarsh, Taran (1 December 2017). "After its Asian premiere at #IFFI2017 Goa, #UnionLeader to release in India on 19 Jan 2018... Stars Rahul Bhat and Tillotama Shome... Directed by Sanjay Patel... Poster: https://t.co/7mmmIUoKWU" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter. ^ "Padmavati is Padmavat: Release date is Jan 25, film to clash with Padman". indiatoday.intoday.in. 8 January 2018. ^ "Padmaavat". BookMyShow. ^ "Pad Man: Akshay Kumar shares a happy new poster, reveals release date". 29 October 2017. ^ "Pad Man". BookMyShow. ^ "Love Per Square Foot – Netflix Official Site". www.netflix.com. Retrieved 1 April 2018. ^ "Love Per Square Foot". BookMyShow. ^ "Aiyaary averts clash with PadMan, will now release on February 16". 5 February 2018. ^ "Aiyaary". BookMyShow. ^ "Watch Theatrical Trailer (Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz) Now". Bollywood Hungama. ^ "Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz". BookMyShow. ^ "Jaane Kyun De Yaaron". BookMyShow. Retrieved 30 January 2018. ^ "Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety". BookMyShow. ^ Adarsh, Taran (22 November 2017). "#PyaarKaPunchnama director Luv Ranjan's #SonuKeTituKiSweety to release on 9 Feb 2018 to coincide with Valentine's Day … Produced by TSeries and Luv Films... Stars Kartik Aaryan, Nushrat Bharucha and Sunny Singh... Here's a pic from the movie: https://t.co/uvR0EfPc66" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter. ^ ""I'm excited to take up a genre like this" – says Anushka Sharma about her upcoming film Pari". filmfare.com. ^ "Pari 2018". BookMyShow. ^ Adarsh, Taran (4 February 2018). "#VeereyKiWedding release date changed.. Was slated for release on 9 March 2018... Will release one week earlier now: 2 March 2018... Stars Pulkit Samrat, Kriti Kharbanda and Jimmy Sheirgill... Ashuu Trikha directs" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter. ^ "Veerey Ki Wedding". BookMyShow. ^ "Shooting for Urvashi Rautela starrer Hate Story 4 wrapped up". 12 November 2017. ^ "Hate Story 4". BookMyShow. ^ "Dil Juunglee". BookMyShow. ^ Adarsh, Taran (9 February 2018). "Following the changes in the release date of #Padmaavat, #PadMan and #Aiyaary, #DilJuunglee - which was scheduled for release on 16 Feb 2018 - has been shifted to next month... The Taapsee Pannu - Saqib Saleem starrer will now release on 9 March 2018" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter. ^ "3 Storeys teaser: Farhan Akhtar's next production venture uncovers stories hidden inside a chawl". 7 December 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2018. ^ "3 Storeys". BookMyShow. Retrieved 18 April 2018. ^ "Raid". BookMyShow. Retrieved 1 December 2017. ^ "Thugs of Hindostan, Tiger Zinda Hai, Hichki release dates announced by YRF: Here's when they come to theatres". Firstpost. 15 September 2017. ^ "Hichki". BookMyShow. ^ T-Series (6 February 2018). "Here's the official teaser of #ShaadiTeriBajayengeHumBand st. #RajpalYadav, #RahulBagga - https://t.co/xLQBagdoLX Releasing on 23rd March. https://t.co/4SHA3AgKot" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter. ^ "Shaadi Teri Bajayenge Hum Band". BookMyShow. ^ "Baaghi 2". BookMyShow. ^ Singh, Hemant (30 December 2022). "October Movie Review – Site Juggler". Site Juggler. Retrieved 31 December 2022. ^ "Shlok Sharma Zoo movie is now Available on Netflix". Bumppy. 9 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018. ^ "The direct-to-digital film 'Meri Nimmo' releases today". The Times of India. 27 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018. ^ Adarsh, Taran (16 April 2018). "Naseeruddin Shah. Sonali Kulkarni. Aamir Bashir... First look poster of the slice-of-life story #HopeAurHum... Sudip Bandyopadhyay directs... Produced by Samira Bandyopadhyay... 11 May 2018 release... #PVRPictures https://t.co/smhBoZeUXW" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter. ^ "Falooda Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Mumbai". BookMyShow. ^ Checkout Details High Jack Movie http://www.bollywoodfare.com/2018/03/high-jack-movie-2018-release-date-cast.html ^ "Khajoor Pe Atke movie review: Manoj Pahwa, Vinay Pathak's film lacks steam". Hindustan Times. ^ a b "Parmanu The Story of Pokhran movie review: The climax of John Abraham's film keeps you hooked". Hindustan Times. ^ "Sonam Kapoor announces 'Veere Di Wedding' release date with new film poster - Bollywood films to look forward in 2018". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 June 2018. ^ "Bollywood Raises Eyebrows With 'Sex And The City'-Style Rom-Com". NPR. ^ "'Bhavesh Joshi Superhero': The release date of the film postponed to June 1 – Desi superheroes of Bollywood". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 June 2018. ^ "Phamous trailer: Jackie Shroff, Kay Kay Menon, Pankaj Tripathi let out their wild sides as Chambal thugs". Firstpost. Retrieved 13 June 2018. ^ a b "Salman Khan's Race 3 is a hit even before its release. Here's why". India Today. Retrieved 13 June 2018. ^ "'Sanju' trailer: Ranbir Kapoor takes you on an emotional rollercoaster as he brings Sanjay Dutt's life on celluloid". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 June 2018. ^ "'Hanuman vs Mahiravana' gets new release date". Times of India. Retrieved 7 June 2018. ^ "'Soorma' review: Diljit hits a goal in film on hockey star". The Hindu. ^ When Obama Loved Osama Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos \| eTimes, retrieved 21 May 2018 ^ Adarsh, Taran (20 January 2018). "The lovebirds of #Dhadak... Janhvi and Ishaan... An adaptation of Marathi blockbuster #Sairat... Directed by Shashank Khaitan... 20 July 2018 release. https://t.co/eRZ8SxVaNL" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter. ^ Adarsh, Taran (14 February 2018). "#SahebBiwiAurGangster3 to release on the eve of Sanjay Dutt's birthday: 27 July 2018... Produced by Rahul Mittra... Directed by Tigmanshu Dhulia... Presented by Wave Cinemas... Here's Sanju's look from the movie: https://t.co/xuX0yC7EGC" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter. ^ D'souza, Remo (11 July 2018). "Meet #Nawabzaade @TheRaghav_Juyal @dthevirus31 @punitjpathak and there love @isharikhi https://t.co/Xe3oLRMBPK" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter. ^ "Aishwarya Rai says NO to intimate scenes with Rajkummar Rao in Fanney Khan after Ae Dil Hai Mushkil?". Retrieved 22 October 2017. ^ Adarsh, Taran (28 June 2018). "Rishi Kapoor and Taapsee Pannu... First look posters of #Mulk... Teaser out tomorrow... Directed by Anubhav Sinha... 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"#Gadar director Anil Sharma finalizes the release date of his forthcoming film #Genius: 24 Aug 2018... Anil's son Utkarsh stars in the lead role... #RakshaBandhanWeekend https://t.co/8uz5l8VjUx" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter. ^ "Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 20 February 2018. ^ "Toba Tek Singh movie review: Pankaj Kapur disappoints, all eyes on Nawazuddin Siddiqui's Manto". Hindustan Times. 27 August 2018. ^ "Yamla Pagla Deewana Phir Se Gets A New Release Date. Details Here". NDTV. ^ "Stree Teaser: Shraddha Kapoor And Rajkummar Rao, We Can't Wait For The Trailer After This". NDTV. ^ "Shefali Shah says 'Once Again'". The Hands India. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2019. ^ "Arsenal Filmverleih - Jetzt im Kino". arsenalfilm.de. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ Adarsh, Taran (7 March 2018). "JP Dutta... The master storyteller is back... First look poster of #Paltan... Stars Jackie Shroff, Suniel Shetty, Arjun Rampal, Sonu Sood, Gurmeet Choudhary, Siddhanth Kapoor, Harshvardhan Rane and Luv Sinha... 7 Sept 2018 release. https://t.co/wiKWopjWsv" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter. ^ Adarsh, Taran (24 July 2018). "New release date... #LailaMajnu, which was slated for release on 24 Aug 2018, will now release on 7 Sept 2018... Imtiaz Ali and Ekta Kapoor have also decided to launch the trailer later ... Directed by Sajid Ali... Poster with new release date: https://t.co/mnFLixlrln" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter. ^ Adarsh, Taran (16 August 2018). "Manoj Bajpayee, Ranvir Shorey, Neeraj Kabi, Shahana Goswami and Om Singh... First look poster of psychological thriller #GaliGuleiyan... Directed by Dipesh Jain... 7 Sept 2018 release... Trailer out tomorrow . https://t.co/MunXQIoe7s" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter. ^ "Halkaa Movie Review". 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BookMyShow. 6 March 2018. ^ "बधाई हो: इस डेट पर रिलीज़ होगी आमिर खान की 'बेटी' की फिल्म". Jagaran. 25 June 2018. ^ Kyta Productions (13 September 2018). "#Baazaar to release on 26th October! The film will be directed by @gauravvkchawla & produced by @ajay0701& @nikkhiladvani! @KytaProductions @EmmayEntertain @Viacom18Movies https://t.co/FADpsDc497" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter. ^ "5 Weddings trailer: This Nargis Fakhri and Rajkummar Rao starrer looks quite dated". The Indian Express. ^ "Sharman Joshi". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 17 September 2018. ^ "'दशहरा' में एनकाउंटर स्पेशलिस्ट की भूमिका में नील नितिन मुकेश". Loktej. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018. ^ "Thugs of Hindostan". BookMyShow. Retrieved 24 October 2017. ^ Adarsh, Taran (21 September 2018). "Sunny Deol in #MohallaAssi... Costars Sakshi Tanwar and Ravi Kishan... Directed by Chandraprakash Dwivedi... 16 Nov 2018 release... Official announcement: https://t.co/oxMkkstINa" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter. ^ Adarsh, Taran (23 October 2018). "Ronnie Screwvala and Siddharth Roy Kapur join hands... First look poster of #Pihu... Trailer out tomorrow... Directed by Vinod Kapri... 16 Nov 2018 release... #PihuTrailerTomorrow https://t.co/j9hbSGY6ay" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter. ^ Adarsh, Taran (12 November 2018). "Kunaal Roy Kapur, Zeeshan Quadri, Jaideep Ahlawat and Karishma Sharma... #HotelMilan to release on 16 Nov 2018... Directed by Vishal Mishra... Poster: https://t.co/l5VJMoWM45" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter. ^ "Emraan Hashmi's Tigers to premiere on ZEE5". 6 November 2018. ^ Deol, Sunny (9 October 2018). "Have a look at the latest poster of #BhaiajiSuperhit. Coming in theatres on 26th October. X@metromovies_ @realpreityzinta @arshadwarsi @shreyastalpade1 @zeemusiccompany https://t.co/9FhO7aoR2g" (Tweet). 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Reliance Entertainment presentation... 28 Dec 2018 release... Poster: https://t.co/uwhukxTfGi" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter. ^ "Simmba". BookMyShow. 6 March 2018. 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Montenegro Slovenia Spain Yugoslavia Western Austria Belgium France Germany East Germany Ireland Liechtenstein Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands Switzerland United Kingdom AmericasCentral Americaand the Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Cuba Costa Rica Dominican Republic Guatemala Guadeloupe Haiti Honduras Jamaica Martinique Nicaragua Panama Puerto Rico Trinidad and Tobago North Canada Greenland Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Oceania Australia Fiji New Zealand Niue Papua New Guinea Tonga	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This is a list of Bollywood (Indian Hindi-language) films that have been released in 2018.[1]","title":"List of Hindi films of 2018"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Highest-grossing Bollywood films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highest-grossing_Bollywood_films"},{"link_name":"box office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_office"},{"link_name":"gross revenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_revenue"}],"text":"The Highest-grossing Bollywood films released in 2018, by worldwide box office gross revenue, are as follows.","title":"Box office collection"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"January–March"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"April–June"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"July–September"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"October–December"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-padman-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-padman-12"}],"text":"^ Pad Man worldwide gross:\nIndia – ₹104.9 crore[12]\nChina – ₹66.91 crore[13]\nJapan – ₹4.8 crore[14]\nOther territories – $4.78 million[12] (₹35.41 crore)","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Lists of Hindi films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Hindi_films"},{"title":"List of Bollywood films of 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bollywood_films_of_2019"},{"title":"List of Bollywood films of 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bollywood_films_of_2017"}]	[{"reference":"\"Hindi Movie Releases in 2018\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/hindi","url_text":"\"Hindi Movie Releases in 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sanju Box Office Collection till Now\". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 12 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sanju/box-office/","url_text":"\"Sanju Box Office Collection till Now\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"}]},{"reference":"\"Padmaavat Box Office coollection\". Bollywood Hungama.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/padmaavat/box-office/","url_text":"\"Padmaavat Box Office coollection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"}]},{"reference":"\"Andhadhun Box Office Collection\". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 4 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/andhadhun/box-office/","url_text":"\"Andhadhun Box Office Collection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"}]},{"reference":"\"Simmba Box Office Collection till Now\". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 6 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/simmba/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office","url_text":"\"Simmba Box Office Collection till Now\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"}]},{"reference":"\"Zero, Race 3 and Thugs of Hindostan: Presenting the Khans' box-office report of 2018\". The Indian Express. 31 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/box-office-collection/zero-thugs-of-hindostan-race-3-presenting-khans-box-office-report-of-2018-5516678/","url_text":"\"Zero, Race 3 and Thugs of Hindostan: Presenting the Khans' box-office report of 2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express","url_text":"The Indian Express"}]},{"reference":"\"Race 3 Goes Past 303 crore Worldwide\". Box Office India. Retrieved 28 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4098","url_text":"\"Race 3 Goes Past 303 crore Worldwide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_India","url_text":"Box Office India"}]},{"reference":"\"Baaghi 2 Box Office Collection\". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 1 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/baaghi-2-2/box-office/","url_text":"\"Baaghi 2 Box Office Collection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"}]},{"reference":"\"Box Office: Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Hichki\". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 17 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-hichki/","url_text":"\"Box Office: Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Hichki\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran (9 November 2018). \"Taran Adarsh on Twitter\". Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taran_Adarsh","url_text":"Adarsh, Taran"},{"url":"https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1060910495178227712","url_text":"\"Taran Adarsh on Twitter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Badhaai Ho: Box Office\". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 10 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/badhaai-ho/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office","url_text":"\"Badhaai Ho: Box Office\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"}]},{"reference":"\"Pad Man Box Office Collection till Now- Bollywood Hungama\". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 31 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pad-man/box-office/","url_text":"\"Pad Man Box Office Collection till Now- Bollywood Hungama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"}]},{"reference":"\"China box office: Pad Man collects USD 0.14 million on Day 14; closes business in China at Rs. 66.91 cr\". Bollywood Hungama. 29 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/china-box-office-pad-man-collects-usd-0-14-million-day-14-closes-business-china-rs-66-91-cr/","url_text":"\"China box office: Pad Man collects USD 0.14 million on Day 14; closes business in China at Rs. 66.91 cr\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (21 January 2019). \"#PadMan gains momentum over the weekend in #Japan... Currently running in Week 7... 23 locations this week [18 locations last week]... Fri ¥ 336,500 Sat ¥ 823,900 Sun ¥ 860,200 Total till 20 Jan 2019: ¥ 73,576,400 [₹ 4.80 cr] @comScore\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1087230075622240256","url_text":"\"#PadMan gains momentum over the weekend in #Japan... Currently running in Week 7... 23 locations this week [18 locations last week]... Fri ¥ 336,500 Sat ¥ 823,900 Sun ¥ 860,200 Total till 20 Jan 2019: ¥ 73,576,400 [₹ 4.80 cr] @comScore\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Vikram Bhatt's 1921 Starring Zareen & Karan Kundra Gets A Release Date\". 5 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/vikram-bhatts-1921-starring-zareen-khan-and-karan-kundra-gets-a-release-date/","url_text":"\"Vikram Bhatt's 1921 Starring Zareen & Karan Kundra Gets A Release Date\""}]},{"reference":"\"1921\". BookMyShow. Retrieved 1 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/1921/ET00060939","url_text":"\"1921\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kaalakandi\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kaalakaandi/ET00054569","url_text":"\"Kaalakandi\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (6 December 2017). \"First look poster of #Kaalakaandi... Stars Saif Ali Khan... Trailer out today [6 Dec 2017]... 12 Jan 2018 release. https://t.co/aXRymDcR4a\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/938304234545668096","url_text":"\"First look poster of #Kaalakaandi... Stars Saif Ali Khan... Trailer out today [6 Dec 2017]... 12 Jan 2018 release. https://t.co/aXRymDcR4a\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Anurag Kashyap Directorial 'Mukkabaaz' To Release On 12 January 2018 - BollywoodCat.com\". 11 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodcat.com/anurag-kashyap-directorial-mukkabaaz-release-12th-january-2018/","url_text":"\"Anurag Kashyap Directorial 'Mukkabaaz' To Release On 12 January 2018 - BollywoodCat.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mukkabaaz\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/mukkabaaz/ET00059419","url_text":"\"Mukkabaaz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kunal Kohli to make his Bollywood debut with Jennifer Winget in 'Phir Se!'\". The Times of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kunal-kohli-to-make-his-bollywood-debut-with-jennifer-winget-in-phir-se/articleshow/44803429.cms","url_text":"\"Kunal Kohli to make his Bollywood debut with Jennifer Winget in 'Phir Se!'\""}]},{"reference":"\"My Birthday Song\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/my-birthday-song/ET00067369","url_text":"\"My Birthday Song\""}]},{"reference":"Johar, Karan [@karanjohar] (13 December 2017). \"First look of the psychological thriller #MyBirthdaySong starring @sanjaysuri & @Norafatehi written & directed by @samirsoni123 @MyBirthdaySong @kahwafilms https://t.co/5oNVgIwT1q\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/karanjohar/status/940832966133022722","url_text":"\"First look of the psychological thriller #MyBirthdaySong starring @sanjaysuri & @Norafatehi written & directed by @samirsoni123 @MyBirthdaySong @kahwafilms https://t.co/5oNVgIwT1q\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Vodka Diaries\". BookMyShow. Retrieved 15 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/vodka-diaries/ET00058863","url_text":"\"Vodka Diaries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nirdosh\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/nirdosh/ET00067088","url_text":"\"Nirdosh\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (21 December 2017). \"#Nirdosh to now release on 19 Jan 2018... Stars Arbaaz Khan, Manjari Fadnnis, Ashmit Patel, Maheck Chahal and Mukul Dev... Poster: https://t.co/TF6fZCQ7HC\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/943723030752063489","url_text":"\"#Nirdosh to now release on 19 Jan 2018... Stars Arbaaz Khan, Manjari Fadnnis, Ashmit Patel, Maheck Chahal and Mukul Dev... Poster: https://t.co/TF6fZCQ7HC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Union Leader\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/union-leader/ET00066275","url_text":"\"Union Leader\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (1 December 2017). \"After its Asian premiere at #IFFI2017 Goa, #UnionLeader to release in India on 19 Jan 2018... Stars Rahul Bhat and Tillotama Shome... Directed by Sanjay Patel... Poster: https://t.co/7mmmIUoKWU\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/936482381535391744","url_text":"\"After its Asian premiere at #IFFI2017 Goa, #UnionLeader to release in India on 19 Jan 2018... Stars Rahul Bhat and Tillotama Shome... Directed by Sanjay Patel... Poster: https://t.co/7mmmIUoKWU\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Padmavati is Padmavat: Release date is Jan 25, film to clash with Padman\". indiatoday.intoday.in. 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/padmavati-release-date-january-25-padman-box-office-clash/1/1125922.html","url_text":"\"Padmavati is Padmavat: Release date is Jan 25, film to clash with Padman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Padmaavat\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/padmaavat-3d/ET00046516","url_text":"\"Padmaavat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pad Man: Akshay Kumar shares a happy new poster, reveals release date\". 29 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/padman-akshay-kumar-shares-a-happy-new-poster-reveals-release-date/story-wLzvMKMrwQQe78NoLsRJNJ.html","url_text":"\"Pad Man: Akshay Kumar shares a happy new poster, reveals release date\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pad Man\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/pad-man/ET00051589","url_text":"\"Pad Man\""}]},{"reference":"\"Love Per Square Foot – Netflix Official Site\". www.netflix.com. Retrieved 1 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.netflix.com/title/80227304","url_text":"\"Love Per Square Foot – Netflix Official Site\""}]},{"reference":"\"Love Per Square Foot\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/love-per-square-foot/ET00058859","url_text":"\"Love Per Square Foot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aiyaary averts clash with PadMan, will now release on February 16\". 5 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aiyaary-padman-release-date-akshay-kumar-sidharth-malhotra-5052501/","url_text":"\"Aiyaary averts clash with PadMan, will now release on February 16\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aiyaary\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/aiyaary/ET00055890","url_text":"\"Aiyaary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watch Theatrical Trailer (Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz) Now\". Bollywood Hungama.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-promos/theatrical-trailer-kuchh-bheege-alfaaz/","url_text":"\"Watch Theatrical Trailer (Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz) Now\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kuchh-bheege-alfaaz/ET00067539","url_text":"\"Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jaane Kyun De Yaaron\". BookMyShow. Retrieved 30 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/jaane-kyun-de-yaaron/ET00070339","url_text":"\"Jaane Kyun De Yaaron\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/sonu-ke-titu-ki-sweety/ET00058565","url_text":"\"Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (22 November 2017). \"#PyaarKaPunchnama director Luv Ranjan's #SonuKeTituKiSweety to release on 9 Feb 2018 to coincide with Valentine's Day [14 Feb 2018]… Produced by TSeries and Luv Films... Stars Kartik Aaryan, Nushrat Bharucha and Sunny Singh... Here's a pic from the movie: https://t.co/uvR0EfPc66\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/933284688117899264","url_text":"\"#PyaarKaPunchnama director Luv Ranjan's #SonuKeTituKiSweety to release on 9 Feb 2018 to coincide with Valentine's Day [14 Feb 2018]… Produced by TSeries and Luv Films... Stars Kartik Aaryan, Nushrat Bharucha and Sunny Singh... Here's a pic from the movie: https://t.co/uvR0EfPc66\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"\"I'm excited to take up a genre like this\" – says Anushka Sharma about her upcoming film Pari\". filmfare.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmfare.com/news/im-excited-to-take-up-a-genre-like-this-says-anushka-sharma-about-her-upcoming-film-pari-22569.html","url_text":"\"\"I'm excited to take up a genre like this\" – says Anushka Sharma about her upcoming film Pari\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pari 2018\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/pari/ET00058504","url_text":"\"Pari 2018\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (4 February 2018). \"#VeereyKiWedding release date changed.. Was slated for release on 9 March 2018... Will release one week earlier now: 2 March 2018... Stars Pulkit Samrat, Kriti Kharbanda and Jimmy Sheirgill... Ashuu Trikha directs\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/960021508788752384","url_text":"\"#VeereyKiWedding release date changed.. Was slated for release on 9 March 2018... Will release one week earlier now: 2 March 2018... Stars Pulkit Samrat, Kriti Kharbanda and Jimmy Sheirgill... Ashuu Trikha directs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Veerey Ki Wedding\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/veerey-ki-wedding/ET00070218","url_text":"\"Veerey Ki Wedding\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shooting for Urvashi Rautela starrer Hate Story 4 wrapped up\". 12 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shooting-for-urvashi-rautela-starrer-hate-story-4-wrapped-up-4933975/","url_text":"\"Shooting for Urvashi Rautela starrer Hate Story 4 wrapped up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hate Story 4\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/hate-story-4/ET00049879","url_text":"\"Hate Story 4\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dil Juunglee\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/dil-juunglee/ET00069270","url_text":"\"Dil Juunglee\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (9 February 2018). \"Following the changes in the release date of #Padmaavat, #PadMan and #Aiyaary, #DilJuunglee - which was scheduled for release on 16 Feb 2018 - has been shifted to next month... The Taapsee Pannu - Saqib Saleem starrer will now release on 9 March 2018\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/962029242581069824","url_text":"\"Following the changes in the release date of #Padmaavat, #PadMan and #Aiyaary, #DilJuunglee - which was scheduled for release on 16 Feb 2018 - has been shifted to next month... The Taapsee Pannu - Saqib Saleem starrer will now release on 9 March 2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"3 Storeys teaser: Farhan Akhtar's next production venture uncovers stories hidden inside a chawl\". 7 December 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/3-storeys-teaser-richa-chadha-pulkit-samrat-sharman-joshi-renuka-shahane-farhan-akhtar-watch-video-4972103/","url_text":"\"3 Storeys teaser: Farhan Akhtar's next production venture uncovers stories hidden inside a chawl\""}]},{"reference":"\"3 Storeys\". BookMyShow. Retrieved 18 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/3-storeys/ET00058858","url_text":"\"3 Storeys\""}]},{"reference":"\"Raid\". BookMyShow. Retrieved 1 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/raid/ET00062208","url_text":"\"Raid\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thugs of Hindostan, Tiger Zinda Hai, Hichki release dates announced by YRF: Here's when they come to theatres\". Firstpost. 15 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/thugs-of-hindostan-tiger-zinda-hai-hichki-release-dates-announced-by-yrf-heres-when-they-come-to-theatres-4047055.html","url_text":"\"Thugs of Hindostan, Tiger Zinda Hai, Hichki release dates announced by YRF: Here's when they come to theatres\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hichki\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/hichki/ET00054008","url_text":"\"Hichki\""}]},{"reference":"T-Series [@TSeries] (6 February 2018). \"Here's the official teaser of #ShaadiTeriBajayengeHumBand st. #RajpalYadav, #RahulBagga - https://t.co/xLQBagdoLX Releasing on 23rd March. https://t.co/4SHA3AgKot\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/TSeries/status/960869710777802758","url_text":"\"Here's the official teaser of #ShaadiTeriBajayengeHumBand st. #RajpalYadav, #RahulBagga - https://t.co/xLQBagdoLX Releasing on 23rd March. https://t.co/4SHA3AgKot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Shaadi Teri Bajayenge Hum Band\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/shaadi-teri-bajayenge-hum-band/ET00070372","url_text":"\"Shaadi Teri Bajayenge Hum Band\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baaghi 2\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/baaghi-2/ET00053840","url_text":"\"Baaghi 2\""}]},{"reference":"Singh, Hemant (30 December 2022). \"October Movie Review – Site Juggler\". Site Juggler. Retrieved 31 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sitejuggler.com/october-movie-review/","url_text":"\"October Movie Review – Site Juggler\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shlok Sharma Zoo movie is now Available on Netflix\". Bumppy. 9 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bumppy.com/anurag-kashyaps-zoo-movie-is-now-available-on-netflix/","url_text":"\"Shlok Sharma Zoo movie is now Available on Netflix\""}]},{"reference":"\"The direct-to-digital film 'Meri Nimmo' releases today\". The Times of India. 27 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-direct-to-digital-film-meri-nimmo-releases-today/articleshow/63928957.cms","url_text":"\"The direct-to-digital film 'Meri Nimmo' releases today\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (16 April 2018). \"Naseeruddin Shah. Sonali Kulkarni. Aamir Bashir... First look poster of the slice-of-life story #HopeAurHum... Sudip Bandyopadhyay directs... Produced by Samira Bandyopadhyay... 11 May 2018 release... #PVRPictures https://t.co/smhBoZeUXW\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/985768038656983041","url_text":"\"Naseeruddin Shah. Sonali Kulkarni. Aamir Bashir... First look poster of the slice-of-life story #HopeAurHum... Sudip Bandyopadhyay directs... Produced by Samira Bandyopadhyay... 11 May 2018 release... #PVRPictures https://t.co/smhBoZeUXW\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Falooda Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Mumbai\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/mumbai/movies/falooda/ET00060926","url_text":"\"Falooda Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Mumbai\""}]},{"reference":"\"Khajoor Pe Atke movie review: Manoj Pahwa, Vinay Pathak's film lacks steam\". Hindustan Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/khajoor-pe-atke-movie-review-manoj-pahwa-vinay-pathak-s-film-lacks-steam/story-5ufAFWIB2ZHzizunBysXnO.html","url_text":"\"Khajoor Pe Atke movie review: Manoj Pahwa, Vinay Pathak's film lacks steam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Times","url_text":"Hindustan Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Parmanu The Story of Pokhran movie review: The climax of John Abraham's film keeps you hooked\". Hindustan Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/parmanu-the-story-of-pokhran-movie-review-john-abraham-s-film-climaxes-at-the-right-time/story-eK4JaGlmslX44itC3ERw2N.html","url_text":"\"Parmanu The Story of Pokhran movie review: The climax of John Abraham's film keeps you hooked\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Times","url_text":"Hindustan Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Sonam Kapoor announces 'Veere Di Wedding' release date with new film poster - Bollywood films to look forward in 2018\". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/bollywood-films-to-look-forward-in-2018/Sonam-Kapoor-announces-Veere-Di-Wedding-release-date-with-new-film-poster/photostory/62527993.cms","url_text":"\"Sonam Kapoor announces 'Veere Di Wedding' release date with new film poster - Bollywood films to look forward in 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bollywood Raises Eyebrows With 'Sex And The City'-Style Rom-Com\". NPR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/07/07/626555610/bollywood-raises-eyebrows-with-sex-and-the-city-style-rom-com","url_text":"\"Bollywood Raises Eyebrows With 'Sex And The City'-Style Rom-Com\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"}]},{"reference":"\"'Bhavesh Joshi Superhero': The release date of the film postponed to June 1 – Desi superheroes of Bollywood\". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/desi-superheroes-of-bollywood/Bhavesh-Joshi-Superhero-The-release-date-of-the-film-postponed-to-June-1/photostory/64187402.cms","url_text":"\"'Bhavesh Joshi Superhero': The release date of the film postponed to June 1 – Desi superheroes of Bollywood\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phamous trailer: Jackie Shroff, Kay Kay Menon, Pankaj Tripathi let out their wild sides as Chambal thugs\". Firstpost. Retrieved 13 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/phamous-trailer-jackie-shroff-kay-kay-menon-pankaj-tripathi-let-out-their-wild-sides-as-chambal-thugs-4447091.html","url_text":"\"Phamous trailer: Jackie Shroff, Kay Kay Menon, Pankaj Tripathi let out their wild sides as Chambal thugs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Salman Khan's Race 3 is a hit even before its release. Here's why\". India Today. Retrieved 13 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/salman-khan-s-race-3-is-a-hit-even-before-its-release-here-s-why-1258211-2018-06-12","url_text":"\"Salman Khan's Race 3 is a hit even before its release. Here's why\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Sanju' trailer: Ranbir Kapoor takes you on an emotional rollercoaster as he brings Sanjay Dutt's life on celluloid\". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanju-trailer-ranbir-kapoor-takes-you-on-an-emotional-rollercoaster-as-he-brings-sanjay-dutts-life-on-celluloid/articleshow/64383503.cms","url_text":"\"'Sanju' trailer: Ranbir Kapoor takes you on an emotional rollercoaster as he brings Sanjay Dutt's life on celluloid\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Hanuman vs Mahiravana' gets new release date\". Times of India. Retrieved 7 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/hanuman-vs-mahiravana-gets-new-release-date-2114476.html","url_text":"\"'Hanuman vs Mahiravana' gets new release date\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Soorma' review: Diljit hits a goal in film on hockey star\". The Hindu.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/soorma-review-diljit-hits-a-goal/article24412041.ece","url_text":"\"'Soorma' review: Diljit hits a goal in film on hockey star\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"}]},{"reference":"When Obama Loved Osama Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos \| eTimes, retrieved 21 May 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/when-obama-loved-osama/movieshow/63478903.cms","url_text":"When Obama Loved Osama Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos \| eTimes"}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (20 January 2018). \"The lovebirds of #Dhadak... Janhvi and Ishaan... An adaptation of Marathi blockbuster #Sairat... Directed by Shashank Khaitan... 20 July 2018 release. https://t.co/eRZ8SxVaNL\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/954599509115387904","url_text":"\"The lovebirds of #Dhadak... Janhvi and Ishaan... An adaptation of Marathi blockbuster #Sairat... Directed by Shashank Khaitan... 20 July 2018 release. https://t.co/eRZ8SxVaNL\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (14 February 2018). \"#SahebBiwiAurGangster3 to release on the eve of Sanjay Dutt's birthday: 27 July 2018... Produced by Rahul Mittra... Directed by Tigmanshu Dhulia... Presented by Wave Cinemas... Here's Sanju's look from the movie: https://t.co/xuX0yC7EGC\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/963626775132737537","url_text":"\"#SahebBiwiAurGangster3 to release on the eve of Sanjay Dutt's birthday: 27 July 2018... Produced by Rahul Mittra... Directed by Tigmanshu Dhulia... Presented by Wave Cinemas... Here's Sanju's look from the movie: https://t.co/xuX0yC7EGC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"D'souza, Remo [@remodsouza] (11 July 2018). \"Meet #Nawabzaade @TheRaghav_Juyal @dthevirus31 @punitjpathak and there love @isharikhi https://t.co/Xe3oLRMBPK\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/remodsouza/status/1017031753721110529","url_text":"\"Meet #Nawabzaade @TheRaghav_Juyal @dthevirus31 @punitjpathak and there love @isharikhi https://t.co/Xe3oLRMBPK\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Aishwarya Rai says NO to intimate scenes with Rajkummar Rao in Fanney Khan after Ae Dil Hai Mushkil?\". Retrieved 22 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/aishwarya-rai-intimate-scenes-fanney-khan-rajkummar-rao/1/1052907.html","url_text":"\"Aishwarya Rai says NO to intimate scenes with Rajkummar Rao in Fanney Khan after Ae Dil Hai Mushkil?\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (28 June 2018). \"Rishi Kapoor and Taapsee Pannu... First look posters of #Mulk... Teaser out tomorrow... Directed by Anubhav Sinha... Produced by Deepak Mukut and Anubhav Sinha... 3 Aug 2018 release. https://t.co/dMt3I2IzQ5\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1012303734251061248","url_text":"\"Rishi Kapoor and Taapsee Pannu... First look posters of #Mulk... Teaser out tomorrow... Directed by Anubhav Sinha... Produced by Deepak Mukut and Anubhav Sinha... 3 Aug 2018 release. https://t.co/dMt3I2IzQ5\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Brij Mohan Amar Rahe movie review: Netflix's latest Indian original is their worst\". Hindustan Times. 4 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/brij-mohan-amar-rahe-movie-review-netflix-s-latest-indian-original-is-their-worst/story-MsP3bTJViy5wKbfLyC3McM.html","url_text":"\"Brij Mohan Amar Rahe movie review: Netflix's latest Indian original is their worst\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tikli and Laxmi Bomb movie review: Netflix film gets its atmospherics right despite tiresome screenplay\". Firstpost. Retrieved 30 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tikli-and-laxmi-bomb-movie-review-netflix-film-gets-its-atmospherics-right-despite-tiresome-screenplay-4863891.html","url_text":"\"Tikli and Laxmi Bomb movie review: Netflix film gets its atmospherics right despite tiresome screenplay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fanne Khan And Karwan To Clash At The Box Office\". Deccan Chronicle. 1 June 2018. Archived from the original on 2 June 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180602142430/https://deccanchronicle.com/videos/fanne-khan-and-karwan-to-clash-at-the-box-office.html","url_text":"\"Fanne Khan And Karwan To Clash At The Box Office\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle","url_text":"Deccan Chronicle"},{"url":"https://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/fanne-khan-and-karwan-to-clash-at-the-box-office.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Akshay Kumar shares his first look from Reema Kagti's 'Gold' and it is intriguing! – See pic\". Zee News. 2 July 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-shares-his-first-look-from-reema-kagtis-gold-and-oh-boy-it-is-intriguing-see-pic-2020483.html","url_text":"\"Akshay Kumar shares his first look from Reema Kagti's 'Gold' and it is intriguing! – See pic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Check out Akshay Kumar's 'Gold' look for Reema Kagti's next\". DNA India. 2 July 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-check-out-akshay-kumar-s-gold-look-for-reema-kagti-s-next-2490072","url_text":"\"Check out Akshay Kumar's 'Gold' look for Reema Kagti's next\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Abraham begins shooting for Milap Zaveri's action film SMJ\". 7 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/john-abraham-begins-shooting-for-milap-zaveri-s-action-film-smj/story-amxbYsPGy77GlcQqC7ERIL.html","url_text":"\"John Abraham begins shooting for Milap Zaveri's action film SMJ\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (5 February 2018). \"#Gadar director Anil Sharma finalizes the release date of his forthcoming film #Genius: 24 Aug 2018... Anil's son Utkarsh stars in the lead role... #RakshaBandhanWeekend https://t.co/8uz5l8VjUx\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/960509451668135937","url_text":"\"#Gadar director Anil Sharma finalizes the release date of his forthcoming film #Genius: 24 Aug 2018... Anil's son Utkarsh stars in the lead role... #RakshaBandhanWeekend https://t.co/8uz5l8VjUx\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi\". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 20 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sonakshi-sinha-joins-diana-penty-in-happy-phir-bhag-jayegi-watch-teaser/story-ATsVqILPbSf5wAq9iQTNwO.html","url_text":"\"Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Times","url_text":"Hindustan Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Toba Tek Singh movie review: Pankaj Kapur disappoints, all eyes on Nawazuddin Siddiqui's Manto\". Hindustan Times. 27 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/toba-tek-singh-movie-review-pankaj-kapur-disappoints-all-eyes-on-nawazuddin-siddiqui-s-manto/story-q2NdmA9JkFx0bucSBdtdyK.html","url_text":"\"Toba Tek Singh movie review: Pankaj Kapur disappoints, all eyes on Nawazuddin Siddiqui's Manto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yamla Pagla Deewana Phir Se Gets A New Release Date. Details Here\". NDTV.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/yamla-pagla-deewana-phir-se-gets-a-new-release-date-details-here-1877242","url_text":"\"Yamla Pagla Deewana Phir Se Gets A New Release Date. Details Here\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDTV","url_text":"NDTV"}]},{"reference":"\"Stree Teaser: Shraddha Kapoor And Rajkummar Rao, We Can't Wait For The Trailer After This\". NDTV.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/stree-teaser-shraddha-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-we-cant-wait-for-the-trailer-after-this-1863561","url_text":"\"Stree Teaser: Shraddha Kapoor And Rajkummar Rao, We Can't Wait For The Trailer After This\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDTV","url_text":"NDTV"}]},{"reference":"\"Shefali Shah says 'Once Again'\". The Hands India. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehansindia.com/amp/posts/index/Cinema/2018-12-07/Shefali-Shah-says-Once-Again/453658","url_text":"\"Shefali Shah says 'Once Again'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arsenal Filmverleih - Jetzt im Kino\". arsenalfilm.de. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://arsenalfilm.de/once-again/index.htm","url_text":"\"Arsenal Filmverleih - Jetzt im Kino\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (7 March 2018). \"JP Dutta... The master storyteller is back... First look poster of #Paltan... Stars Jackie Shroff, Suniel Shetty, Arjun Rampal, Sonu Sood, Gurmeet Choudhary, Siddhanth Kapoor, Harshvardhan Rane and Luv Sinha... 7 Sept 2018 release. https://t.co/wiKWopjWsv\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/971253591007744002","url_text":"\"JP Dutta... The master storyteller is back... First look poster of #Paltan... Stars Jackie Shroff, Suniel Shetty, Arjun Rampal, Sonu Sood, Gurmeet Choudhary, Siddhanth Kapoor, Harshvardhan Rane and Luv Sinha... 7 Sept 2018 release. https://t.co/wiKWopjWsv\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (24 July 2018). \"New release date... #LailaMajnu, which was slated for release on 24 Aug 2018, will now release on 7 Sept 2018... Imtiaz Ali and Ekta Kapoor have also decided to launch the trailer later [was supposed to launch tomorrow]... Directed by Sajid Ali... Poster with new release date: https://t.co/mnFLixlrln\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1021785303005114369","url_text":"\"New release date... #LailaMajnu, which was slated for release on 24 Aug 2018, will now release on 7 Sept 2018... Imtiaz Ali and Ekta Kapoor have also decided to launch the trailer later [was supposed to launch tomorrow]... Directed by Sajid Ali... Poster with new release date: https://t.co/mnFLixlrln\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (16 August 2018). \"Manoj Bajpayee, Ranvir Shorey, Neeraj Kabi, Shahana Goswami and Om Singh... First look poster of psychological thriller #GaliGuleiyan... Directed by Dipesh Jain... 7 Sept 2018 release... Trailer out tomorrow [17 Aug 2018]. https://t.co/MunXQIoe7s\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1029963940267085825","url_text":"\"Manoj Bajpayee, Ranvir Shorey, Neeraj Kabi, Shahana Goswami and Om Singh... First look poster of psychological thriller #GaliGuleiyan... Directed by Dipesh Jain... 7 Sept 2018 release... Trailer out tomorrow [17 Aug 2018]. https://t.co/MunXQIoe7s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Halkaa Movie Review\". The Times of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/halkaa/movie-review/65707786.cms","url_text":"\"Halkaa Movie Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"'Love Sonia'is hard-hitting story that deals with human trafficking\". The Times of India. 17 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/love-sonia-is-a-hard-hitting-story-that-deals-with-human-trafficking/articleshow/65424729.cms","url_text":"\"'Love Sonia'is hard-hitting story that deals with human trafficking\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Jaccky Bhagani, Kritika Kamra share the first poster of Mitron\". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 23 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/jaccky-bhagani-kritika-kamra-share-the-first-poster-of-mitron/story-8amh8nKG1QFIIutpNIjQOO.html","url_text":"\"Jaccky Bhagani, Kritika Kamra share the first poster of Mitron\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Times","url_text":"Hindustan Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Batti Gul Meter Chalu: Even before the release of 'Padmavati', Shahid Kapoor announces his next film – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis\". 19 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-batti-gul-meter-chalu-even-before-the-release-of-padmavati-shahid-kapoor-announces-his-next-film-2553986","url_text":"\"Batti Gul Meter Chalu: Even before the release of 'Padmavati', Shahid Kapoor announces his next film – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manto Trailer: Nawazuddin Siddiqui As Saadat Hasan Manto Is Brilliant. Take A Bow\". The Indian Express. 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/manto-trailer-nawazuddin-siddiqui-as-saadat-hasan-manto-is-brilliant-take-a-bow-1900726","url_text":"\"Manto Trailer: Nawazuddin Siddiqui As Saadat Hasan Manto Is Brilliant. Take A Bow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richa Chadha, Neil Nitin Mukesh gear up for the promotions of Ishqeria\". mid-day. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mid-day.com/articles/richa-chadha-neil-nitin-mukesh-gear-up-for-the-promotions-of-ishqeria/19681177","url_text":"\"Richa Chadha, Neil Nitin Mukesh gear up for the promotions of Ishqeria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Varun Dhawan and Anushka Sharma announce their first film Sui Dhaaga amid riddles. Can you solve them?\". The Indian Express. 4 July 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/varun-dhawan-and-anushka-sharma-announce-their-first-film-sui-dhaaga-amid-riddles-can-you-solve-them-4734488/","url_text":"\"Varun Dhawan and Anushka Sharma announce their first film Sui Dhaaga amid riddles. Can you solve them?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vishal Bhardwaj's Chhuriyaan with Sanya Malhotra renamed Pataakha; will release on September28\". Bollywood Hungama. 23 June 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vishal-bhardwajs-chhuriyaan-sanya-malhotra-renamed-pataakha-will-release-september-28/","url_text":"\"Vishal Bhardwaj's Chhuriyaan with Sanya Malhotra renamed Pataakha; will release on September28\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (23 February 2018). \"#NewsAlert: Salman Khan finalises the release date of #Loveratri: 5 Oct 2018... Stars Aayush Sharma and Warina Hussain... Directed by Abhiraj Minawala\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/967012049195855875","url_text":"\"#NewsAlert: Salman Khan finalises the release date of #Loveratri: 5 Oct 2018... Stars Aayush Sharma and Warina Hussain... Directed by Abhiraj Minawala\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Loveratri\". BookMyShow. 6 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/loveratri/ET00067372","url_text":"\"Loveratri\""}]},{"reference":"\"Loveratri Movie 2018: Plot, Cast & Crew, News, Videos & More - FE\". Filmyearth. 14 May 2018. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180526190333/https://www.filmyearth.com/loveratri-movie-2018/","url_text":"\"Loveratri Movie 2018: Plot, Cast & Crew, News, Videos & More - FE\""},{"url":"https://www.filmyearth.com/loveratri-movie-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Andhadhun' motion poster: Ayushmann Khurrana shares the perks of being a blind man\". The Times of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/andhadhun-motion-poster-ayushmann-khurrana-shares-the-perks-of-being-a-blind-man/articleshow/65438270.cms","url_text":"\"'Andhadhun' motion poster: Ayushmann Khurrana shares the perks of being a blind man\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (25 July 2018). \"Mahesh Bhatt and Vishesh Films new movie #Jalebi - The Everlasting Taste Of Love to release on 12 Oct 2018... Stars Varun Mitra, Rhea Chakraborty and Digangana Suryavanshi... Directed by debutant Pushpdeep Bhardwaj... Produced by Mukesh Bhatt... Here's the motion poster: https://t.co/cAndNAScMh\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1022012471303970817","url_text":"\"Mahesh Bhatt and Vishesh Films new movie #Jalebi - The Everlasting Taste Of Love to release on 12 Oct 2018... Stars Varun Mitra, Rhea Chakraborty and Digangana Suryavanshi... Directed by debutant Pushpdeep Bhardwaj... Produced by Mukesh Bhatt... Here's the motion poster: https://t.co/cAndNAScMh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (24 August 2018). \"New release date for #HelicopterEela: 12 Oct 2018... Since director Pradeep Sarkar is diagnosed with dengue, Ajay Devgn has taken a decision to resume work on the film after Sarkar is discharged from hospital... Ajay Devgn and Jayantilal Gada have now shifted the film to 12 Oct\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1032842278715318273","url_text":"\"New release date for #HelicopterEela: 12 Oct 2018... Since director Pradeep Sarkar is diagnosed with dengue, Ajay Devgn has taken a decision to resume work on the film after Sarkar is discharged from hospital... Ajay Devgn and Jayantilal Gada have now shifted the film to 12 Oct\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (3 September 2018). \"Govinda and Varun Sharma... #FryDay to release on 12 Oct 2018... Directed by Abhishek Dogra... New poster: https://t.co/TxNulCD5q8\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1036495051914797057","url_text":"\"Govinda and Varun Sharma... #FryDay to release on 12 Oct 2018... Directed by Abhishek Dogra... New poster: https://t.co/TxNulCD5q8\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Sohum Shah's Tumbbad gets a release date, Here's all you need to know\". dna. 4 July 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-sohum-shah-s-tumbbad-gets-a-release-date-here-s-all-you-need-to-know-2633358","url_text":"\"Sohum Shah's Tumbbad gets a release date, Here's all you need to know\""}]},{"reference":"Rava, Jurmoloya (7 September 2017). \"Namastey Canada to release next year – Eastern Eye\". Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171027151212/https://www.easterneye.eu/namastey-canada-release-next-year/","url_text":"\"Namastey Canada to release next year – Eastern Eye\""},{"url":"https://www.easterneye.eu/namastey-canada-release-next-year/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Namaste England\". BookMyShow. 6 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/namaste-england/ET00069350","url_text":"\"Namaste England\""}]},{"reference":"\"बधाई हो: इस डेट पर रिलीज़ होगी आमिर खान की 'बेटी' की फिल्म\". Jagaran. 25 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-ayushmann-khurrana-and-sanya-malhotra-starrer-film-badhaai-ho-will-release-on-19-october-18121587.html","url_text":"\"बधाई हो: इस डेट पर रिलीज़ होगी आमिर खान की 'बेटी' की फिल्म\""}]},{"reference":"Kyta Productions [@KytaProductions] (13 September 2018). \"#Baazaar to release on 26th October! The film will be directed by @gauravvkchawla & produced by @ajay0701& @nikkhiladvani! @KytaProductions @EmmayEntertain @Viacom18Movies https://t.co/FADpsDc497\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/KytaProductions/status/1040100398596612096","url_text":"\"#Baazaar to release on 26th October! The film will be directed by @gauravvkchawla & produced by @ajay0701& @nikkhiladvani! @KytaProductions @EmmayEntertain @Viacom18Movies https://t.co/FADpsDc497\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"5 Weddings trailer: This Nargis Fakhri and Rajkummar Rao starrer looks quite dated\". The Indian Express.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/5-weddings-trailer-rajkummar-rao-5205107/","url_text":"\"5 Weddings trailer: This Nargis Fakhri and Rajkummar Rao starrer looks quite dated\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express","url_text":"The Indian Express"}]},{"reference":"\"Sharman Joshi\". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 17 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/1727455837295747/photos/a.2167614823279844/2167613303279996/?type=3&theater","url_text":"\"Sharman Joshi\""}]},{"reference":"\"'दशहरा' में एनकाउंटर स्पेशलिस्ट की भूमिका में नील नितिन मुकेश\". Loktej. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180925134126/http://www.loktej.com/entertainment/nitin-mukesh-will-play-role-of-encounter-specialist-in-the-movie-dassehra-42572","url_text":"\"'दशहरा' में एनकाउंटर स्पेशलिस्ट की भूमिका में नील नितिन मुकेश\""},{"url":"http://www.loktej.com/entertainment/nitin-mukesh-will-play-role-of-encounter-specialist-in-the-movie-dassehra-42572","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Thugs of Hindostan\". BookMyShow. Retrieved 24 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/thugs-of-hindostan/ET00046165","url_text":"\"Thugs of Hindostan\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (21 September 2018). \"Sunny Deol in #MohallaAssi... Costars Sakshi Tanwar and Ravi Kishan... Directed by Chandraprakash Dwivedi... 16 Nov 2018 release... Official announcement: https://t.co/oxMkkstINa\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1043009672104435712","url_text":"\"Sunny Deol in #MohallaAssi... Costars Sakshi Tanwar and Ravi Kishan... Directed by Chandraprakash Dwivedi... 16 Nov 2018 release... Official announcement: https://t.co/oxMkkstINa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (23 October 2018). \"Ronnie Screwvala and Siddharth Roy Kapur join hands... First look poster of #Pihu... Trailer out tomorrow... Directed by Vinod Kapri... 16 Nov 2018 release... #PihuTrailerTomorrow https://t.co/j9hbSGY6ay\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1054590772887072769","url_text":"\"Ronnie Screwvala and Siddharth Roy Kapur join hands... First look poster of #Pihu... Trailer out tomorrow... Directed by Vinod Kapri... 16 Nov 2018 release... #PihuTrailerTomorrow https://t.co/j9hbSGY6ay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (12 November 2018). \"Kunaal Roy Kapur, Zeeshan Quadri, Jaideep Ahlawat and Karishma Sharma... #HotelMilan to release on 16 Nov 2018... Directed by Vishal Mishra... Poster: https://t.co/l5VJMoWM45\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1062027063001931777","url_text":"\"Kunaal Roy Kapur, Zeeshan Quadri, Jaideep Ahlawat and Karishma Sharma... #HotelMilan to release on 16 Nov 2018... Directed by Vishal Mishra... Poster: https://t.co/l5VJMoWM45\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Emraan Hashmi's Tigers to premiere on ZEE5\". 6 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/emraan-hashmi-tigers-zee5-5436096/","url_text":"\"Emraan Hashmi's Tigers to premiere on ZEE5\""}]},{"reference":"Deol, Sunny [@iamsunnydeol] (9 October 2018). \"Have a look at the latest poster of #BhaiajiSuperhit. Coming in theatres on 26th October. X@metromovies_ @realpreityzinta @arshadwarsi @shreyastalpade1 @zeemusiccompany https://t.co/9FhO7aoR2g\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/iamsunnydeol/status/1049484688455159808","url_text":"\"Have a look at the latest poster of #BhaiajiSuperhit. Coming in theatres on 26th October. X@metromovies_ @realpreityzinta @arshadwarsi @shreyastalpade1 @zeemusiccompany https://t.co/9FhO7aoR2g\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Netflix's Indian Original Rajma Chawal is finally set for a global release\". GQ India. Retrieved 1 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gqindia.com/content/netflixs-indian-original-rajma-chawal-is-finally-set-for-a-global-release","url_text":"\"Netflix's Indian Original Rajma Chawal is finally set for a global release\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (29 October 2018). \"Sushant Singh Rajput and Sara Ali Khan... Presenting the first look poster of #Kedarnath... Teaser out at 12 noon tomorrow... Directed by Abhishek Kapoor... Produced by Ronnie Screwvala and Pragya Kapoor... 7 Dec 2018 release... #KedarnathPoster https://t.co/f4VXL6bhX7\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1056977264515129344","url_text":"\"Sushant Singh Rajput and Sara Ali Khan... Presenting the first look poster of #Kedarnath... Teaser out at 12 noon tomorrow... Directed by Abhishek Kapoor... Produced by Ronnie Screwvala and Pragya Kapoor... 7 Dec 2018 release... #KedarnathPoster https://t.co/f4VXL6bhX7\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Kedarnath\". BookMyShow. 6 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kedarnath/ET00059532","url_text":"\"Kedarnath\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zero – Title Announcement – Shah Rukh Khan – Aanand L Rai – Anushka Sharma – Katrina Kaif – 21 Dec18\". Red Chillies Entertainment. 1 January 2018. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2018 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RF7DhGIQE1k","url_text":"\"Zero – Title Announcement – Shah Rukh Khan – Aanand L Rai – Anushka Sharma – Katrina Kaif – 21 Dec18\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211118/RF7DhGIQE1k","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Zero\". BookMyShow. 6 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/zero/ET00068462","url_text":"\"Zero\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (7 December 2017). \"Karan Johar and Rohit Shetty join hands for #Simmba... Stars Ranveer Singh... Directed by Rohit Shetty... Reliance Entertainment presentation... 28 Dec 2018 release... Poster: https://t.co/uwhukxTfGi\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/938596219869208576","url_text":"\"Karan Johar and Rohit Shetty join hands for #Simmba... Stars Ranveer Singh... Directed by Rohit Shetty... Reliance Entertainment presentation... 28 Dec 2018 release... Poster: https://t.co/uwhukxTfGi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Simmba\". BookMyShow. 6 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/simmba/ET00066720","url_text":"\"Simmba\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/hindi","external_links_name":"\"Hindi Movie Releases in 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sanju/box-office/","external_links_name":"\"Sanju Box Office Collection till Now\""},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/padmaavat/box-office/","external_links_name":"\"Padmaavat Box Office coollection\""},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/andhadhun/box-office/","external_links_name":"\"Andhadhun Box Office Collection\""},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/simmba/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office","external_links_name":"\"Simmba Box Office Collection till Now\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/box-office-collection/zero-thugs-of-hindostan-race-3-presenting-khans-box-office-report-of-2018-5516678/","external_links_name":"\"Zero, Race 3 and Thugs of Hindostan: Presenting the Khans' box-office report of 2018\""},{"Link":"https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4098","external_links_name":"\"Race 3 Goes Past 303 crore Worldwide\""},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/baaghi-2-2/box-office/","external_links_name":"\"Baaghi 2 Box Office Collection\""},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-hichki/","external_links_name":"\"Box Office: Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Hichki\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1060910495178227712","external_links_name":"\"Taran Adarsh on Twitter\""},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/badhaai-ho/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office","external_links_name":"\"Badhaai Ho: Box Office\""},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pad-man/box-office/","external_links_name":"\"Pad Man Box Office Collection till Now- Bollywood Hungama\""},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/china-box-office-pad-man-collects-usd-0-14-million-day-14-closes-business-china-rs-66-91-cr/","external_links_name":"\"China box office: Pad Man collects USD 0.14 million on Day 14; closes business in China at Rs. 66.91 cr\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1087230075622240256","external_links_name":"\"#PadMan gains momentum over the weekend in #Japan... Currently running in Week 7... 23 locations this week [18 locations last week]... Fri ¥ 336,500 Sat ¥ 823,900 Sun ¥ 860,200 Total till 20 Jan 2019: ¥ 73,576,400 [₹ 4.80 cr] @comScore\""},{"Link":"http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/vikram-bhatts-1921-starring-zareen-khan-and-karan-kundra-gets-a-release-date/","external_links_name":"\"Vikram Bhatt's 1921 Starring Zareen & Karan Kundra Gets A Release Date\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/1921/ET00060939","external_links_name":"\"1921\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kaalakaandi/ET00054569","external_links_name":"\"Kaalakandi\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/938304234545668096","external_links_name":"\"First look poster of #Kaalakaandi... Stars Saif Ali Khan... Trailer out today [6 Dec 2017]... 12 Jan 2018 release. https://t.co/aXRymDcR4a\""},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodcat.com/anurag-kashyap-directorial-mukkabaaz-release-12th-january-2018/","external_links_name":"\"Anurag Kashyap Directorial 'Mukkabaaz' To Release On 12 January 2018 - BollywoodCat.com\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/mukkabaaz/ET00059419","external_links_name":"\"Mukkabaaz\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kunal-kohli-to-make-his-bollywood-debut-with-jennifer-winget-in-phir-se/articleshow/44803429.cms","external_links_name":"\"Kunal Kohli to make his Bollywood debut with Jennifer Winget in 'Phir Se!'\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/my-birthday-song/ET00067369","external_links_name":"\"My Birthday Song\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/karanjohar/status/940832966133022722","external_links_name":"\"First look of the psychological thriller #MyBirthdaySong starring @sanjaysuri & @Norafatehi written & directed by @samirsoni123 @MyBirthdaySong @kahwafilms https://t.co/5oNVgIwT1q\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/vodka-diaries/ET00058863","external_links_name":"\"Vodka Diaries\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/nirdosh/ET00067088","external_links_name":"\"Nirdosh\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/943723030752063489","external_links_name":"\"#Nirdosh to now release on 19 Jan 2018... Stars Arbaaz Khan, Manjari Fadnnis, Ashmit Patel, Maheck Chahal and Mukul Dev... Poster: https://t.co/TF6fZCQ7HC\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/union-leader/ET00066275","external_links_name":"\"Union Leader\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/936482381535391744","external_links_name":"\"After its Asian premiere at #IFFI2017 Goa, #UnionLeader to release in India on 19 Jan 2018... Stars Rahul Bhat and Tillotama Shome... Directed by Sanjay Patel... Poster: https://t.co/7mmmIUoKWU\""},{"Link":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/padmavati-release-date-january-25-padman-box-office-clash/1/1125922.html","external_links_name":"\"Padmavati is Padmavat: Release date is Jan 25, film to clash with Padman\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/padmaavat-3d/ET00046516","external_links_name":"\"Padmaavat\""},{"Link":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/padman-akshay-kumar-shares-a-happy-new-poster-reveals-release-date/story-wLzvMKMrwQQe78NoLsRJNJ.html","external_links_name":"\"Pad Man: Akshay Kumar shares a happy new poster, reveals release date\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/pad-man/ET00051589","external_links_name":"\"Pad Man\""},{"Link":"https://www.netflix.com/title/80227304","external_links_name":"\"Love Per Square Foot – Netflix Official Site\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/love-per-square-foot/ET00058859","external_links_name":"\"Love Per Square Foot\""},{"Link":"http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aiyaary-padman-release-date-akshay-kumar-sidharth-malhotra-5052501/","external_links_name":"\"Aiyaary averts clash with PadMan, will now release on February 16\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/aiyaary/ET00055890","external_links_name":"\"Aiyaary\""},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-promos/theatrical-trailer-kuchh-bheege-alfaaz/","external_links_name":"\"Watch Theatrical Trailer (Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz) Now\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kuchh-bheege-alfaaz/ET00067539","external_links_name":"\"Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/jaane-kyun-de-yaaron/ET00070339","external_links_name":"\"Jaane Kyun De Yaaron\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/sonu-ke-titu-ki-sweety/ET00058565","external_links_name":"\"Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/933284688117899264","external_links_name":"\"#PyaarKaPunchnama director Luv Ranjan's #SonuKeTituKiSweety to release on 9 Feb 2018 to coincide with Valentine's Day [14 Feb 2018]… Produced by TSeries and Luv Films... Stars Kartik Aaryan, Nushrat Bharucha and Sunny Singh... Here's a pic from the movie: https://t.co/uvR0EfPc66\""},{"Link":"https://www.filmfare.com/news/im-excited-to-take-up-a-genre-like-this-says-anushka-sharma-about-her-upcoming-film-pari-22569.html","external_links_name":"\"\"I'm excited to take up a genre like this\" – says Anushka Sharma about her upcoming film Pari\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/pari/ET00058504","external_links_name":"\"Pari 2018\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/960021508788752384","external_links_name":"\"#VeereyKiWedding release date changed.. Was slated for release on 9 March 2018... Will release one week earlier now: 2 March 2018... Stars Pulkit Samrat, Kriti Kharbanda and Jimmy Sheirgill... Ashuu Trikha directs\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/veerey-ki-wedding/ET00070218","external_links_name":"\"Veerey Ki Wedding\""},{"Link":"http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shooting-for-urvashi-rautela-starrer-hate-story-4-wrapped-up-4933975/","external_links_name":"\"Shooting for Urvashi Rautela starrer Hate Story 4 wrapped up\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/hate-story-4/ET00049879","external_links_name":"\"Hate Story 4\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/dil-juunglee/ET00069270","external_links_name":"\"Dil Juunglee\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/962029242581069824","external_links_name":"\"Following the changes in the release date of #Padmaavat, #PadMan and #Aiyaary, #DilJuunglee - which was scheduled for release on 16 Feb 2018 - has been shifted to next month... The Taapsee Pannu - Saqib Saleem starrer will now release on 9 March 2018\""},{"Link":"http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/3-storeys-teaser-richa-chadha-pulkit-samrat-sharman-joshi-renuka-shahane-farhan-akhtar-watch-video-4972103/","external_links_name":"\"3 Storeys teaser: Farhan Akhtar's next production venture uncovers stories hidden inside a chawl\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/3-storeys/ET00058858","external_links_name":"\"3 Storeys\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/raid/ET00062208","external_links_name":"\"Raid\""},{"Link":"https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/thugs-of-hindostan-tiger-zinda-hai-hichki-release-dates-announced-by-yrf-heres-when-they-come-to-theatres-4047055.html","external_links_name":"\"Thugs of Hindostan, Tiger Zinda Hai, Hichki release dates announced by YRF: Here's when they come to theatres\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/hichki/ET00054008","external_links_name":"\"Hichki\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/TSeries/status/960869710777802758","external_links_name":"\"Here's the official teaser of #ShaadiTeriBajayengeHumBand st. #RajpalYadav, #RahulBagga - https://t.co/xLQBagdoLX Releasing on 23rd March. https://t.co/4SHA3AgKot\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/shaadi-teri-bajayenge-hum-band/ET00070372","external_links_name":"\"Shaadi Teri Bajayenge Hum Band\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/baaghi-2/ET00053840","external_links_name":"\"Baaghi 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.sitejuggler.com/october-movie-review/","external_links_name":"\"October Movie Review – Site Juggler\""},{"Link":"https://www.bumppy.com/anurag-kashyaps-zoo-movie-is-now-available-on-netflix/","external_links_name":"\"Shlok Sharma Zoo movie is now Available on Netflix\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-direct-to-digital-film-meri-nimmo-releases-today/articleshow/63928957.cms","external_links_name":"\"The direct-to-digital film 'Meri Nimmo' releases today\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/985768038656983041","external_links_name":"\"Naseeruddin Shah. Sonali Kulkarni. Aamir Bashir... First look poster of the slice-of-life story #HopeAurHum... Sudip Bandyopadhyay directs... Produced by Samira Bandyopadhyay... 11 May 2018 release... #PVRPictures https://t.co/smhBoZeUXW\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/mumbai/movies/falooda/ET00060926","external_links_name":"\"Falooda Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Mumbai\""},{"Link":"http://www.bollywoodfare.com/2018/03/high-jack-movie-2018-release-date-cast.html","external_links_name":"http://www.bollywoodfare.com/2018/03/high-jack-movie-2018-release-date-cast.html"},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/khajoor-pe-atke-movie-review-manoj-pahwa-vinay-pathak-s-film-lacks-steam/story-5ufAFWIB2ZHzizunBysXnO.html","external_links_name":"\"Khajoor Pe Atke movie review: Manoj Pahwa, Vinay Pathak's film lacks steam\""},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/parmanu-the-story-of-pokhran-movie-review-john-abraham-s-film-climaxes-at-the-right-time/story-eK4JaGlmslX44itC3ERw2N.html","external_links_name":"\"Parmanu The Story of Pokhran movie review: The climax of John Abraham's film keeps you hooked\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/bollywood-films-to-look-forward-in-2018/Sonam-Kapoor-announces-Veere-Di-Wedding-release-date-with-new-film-poster/photostory/62527993.cms","external_links_name":"\"Sonam Kapoor announces 'Veere Di Wedding' release date with new film poster - Bollywood films to look forward in 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/07/07/626555610/bollywood-raises-eyebrows-with-sex-and-the-city-style-rom-com","external_links_name":"\"Bollywood Raises Eyebrows With 'Sex And The City'-Style Rom-Com\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/desi-superheroes-of-bollywood/Bhavesh-Joshi-Superhero-The-release-date-of-the-film-postponed-to-June-1/photostory/64187402.cms","external_links_name":"\"'Bhavesh Joshi Superhero': The release date of the film postponed to June 1 – Desi superheroes of Bollywood\""},{"Link":"https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/phamous-trailer-jackie-shroff-kay-kay-menon-pankaj-tripathi-let-out-their-wild-sides-as-chambal-thugs-4447091.html","external_links_name":"\"Phamous trailer: Jackie Shroff, Kay Kay Menon, Pankaj Tripathi let out their wild sides as Chambal thugs\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/salman-khan-s-race-3-is-a-hit-even-before-its-release-here-s-why-1258211-2018-06-12","external_links_name":"\"Salman Khan's Race 3 is a hit even before its release. Here's why\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanju-trailer-ranbir-kapoor-takes-you-on-an-emotional-rollercoaster-as-he-brings-sanjay-dutts-life-on-celluloid/articleshow/64383503.cms","external_links_name":"\"'Sanju' trailer: Ranbir Kapoor takes you on an emotional rollercoaster as he brings Sanjay Dutt's life on celluloid\""},{"Link":"http://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/hanuman-vs-mahiravana-gets-new-release-date-2114476.html","external_links_name":"\"'Hanuman vs Mahiravana' gets new release date\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/soorma-review-diljit-hits-a-goal/article24412041.ece","external_links_name":"\"'Soorma' review: Diljit hits a goal in film on hockey star\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/when-obama-loved-osama/movieshow/63478903.cms","external_links_name":"When Obama Loved Osama Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos \| eTimes"},{"Link":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/954599509115387904","external_links_name":"\"The lovebirds of #Dhadak... Janhvi and Ishaan... An adaptation of Marathi blockbuster #Sairat... Directed by Shashank Khaitan... 20 July 2018 release. https://t.co/eRZ8SxVaNL\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/963626775132737537","external_links_name":"\"#SahebBiwiAurGangster3 to release on the eve of Sanjay Dutt's birthday: 27 July 2018... Produced by Rahul Mittra... Directed by Tigmanshu Dhulia... Presented by Wave Cinemas... 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Gaol	Victoria Prison	["1 History","2 Preservation Guidelines","3 Preservation of F Hall","3.1 Reasons for preserving F Hall (as submitted by the Central and Western District Council","3.2 Motions passed by the Central & Western District Council on F Hall","3.3 Views of Government on the preservation of F Hall","3.4 Views put forward by the C&W DC on the preservation of F Hall","4 Buildings","5 2006 Public Opening","6 2007 Public Opening","7 In popular culture","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]	Coordinates: 22°16′52″N 114°09′14″E / 22.281073°N 114.153944°E / 22.281073; 114.153944 (Victoria Prison)Former prison in Hong Kong Victoria PrisonOpened4 August 1841Closed2 March 2006CityHong Kong The entrance to Hong Kong's Victoria Prison in 2005. Victoria PrisonTraditional Chinese域多利監獄Simplified Chinese域多利监狱TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinYùduōlì JiānyùYue: CantoneseYale RomanizationWihk dō leih gāam yuhkJyutpingWik6 do1 lei6 gaam1 juk6 Interior of one of the halls The Female Section of Hall D Victoria Prison, was the first and longest-running prison to date in Hong Kong. It is located on Old Bailey Street in Central, Hong Kong Island. Named in honour of Queen Victoria, it was originally known as Victoria Gaol and was renamed into Victoria Prison in 1899. Victoria Prison has been redeveloped into a cultural and shopping destination generally called Tai Kwun (大館). Tai Kwun is composed of three declared monuments: the former Central Police Station, former Central Magistracy and Victoria Prison. History The prison was completed on 4 August 1842. It was originally known as the Victoria Gaol and is said to be the first western building constructed of durable material in Hong Kong. The prison still retains the facade of Victorian architecture, having been built mostly of granite and brick. Ho Chi Minh, the Vietnamese revolutionary, was imprisoned there from 1931 to 1933. During World War II, the prison was occupied by the Japanese and most of its buildings were damaged by bombing. The prison was re-opened for use in 1946 after restoration. When Hong Kong was later declared a port of first asylum for Vietnamese refugees, Victoria Prison became a transit and repatriation centre. It was subsequently developed into an institution with modern management facilities for accommodating discharged inmates of both sexes prior to repatriation or deportation. The prison buildings were declared monuments on 8 September 1995, together with the adjacent former Central Police Station and the former Central Magistracy. It was officially decommissioned on 12 March 2006. It has recently finished renovation and in 2018 Victoria Prison was reopened as The Tai Kwun Center for Heritage and Arts. Preservation Guidelines The completion dates of different parts of the old Central Police Station, the former Central Magistracy and Victoria Prison compound are listed below: Year of Completion Area Heritage Guidelines 1860 D Hall West Wing of Victoria Prison The exterior of the building must be preserved while future developers can apply for renovating the interior of the building 1864 Barrack Block The exterior of the building must be preserved while future developers can apply for renovating the interior of the building 1914 Former Central Magistracy The exterior of the building must be preserved while future developers can apply for renovating the interior of the building 1919 Headquarters Block The exterior of the building must be preserved while future developers can apply for renovating the interior of the building 1910 Block A, B, C, D Both the interior and exterior of the building is to be preserved 1914 B Hall, C Hall East Wing, C Hall West Wing, E Hall Both the interior and exterior of the building is to be preserved 1925 Stable Block Both the interior and exterior of the building is to be preserved 1945 A Hall Both the interior and exterior of the building is to be preserved after 1948 Sanitary Block The exterior of the building must be preserved while the future developer can apply for renovating the interior of the building 1913, 1931, 1948 F Hall and all others Future developers can apply for demolition of these building. Preservation of F Hall Reasons for preserving F Hall (as submitted by the Central and Western District Council In the early 20th century, a series of changes happened in Victoria Prison. The existing F Hall, representing the door to the interior of the prison, was completed in 1913. It was used as a printing factory for prisoners to work and acquire skills. In 1931, F Hall was rebuilt as a two-storey building and a "weaving area" was added. After the Japanese Army invaded Hong Kong during World War II, many parts of the Prison, including F Hall, were severely damaged. F Hall was rebuilt in 1948 and was re-opened as a Government printing workshop (i.e. the former Printing Department). In 1956, the ground floor of F Hall was converted to an office and reception centre of the prison. The Victoria Prison finally closed down in early 2006. The Government declared Victoria Prison as a declared monument in September 1995. In early 2000, the Government planned to develop the Central Police Station and Victoria Prison Compound for cultural and tourism use, and to assign the Tourism Commission, which was responsible for developing the new tourist spots, to co-ordinate the development project. The Government also planned to let private enterprise develop and manage te heritage compound through public tender. Accompanied by representatives of the Antiquities and Monuments Office (AMO), the Central and Western District Council (C&W DC) visited the heritage compound in April 2003. During the visit, the C&W DC learned that the Antiquities Advisory Board (AAB) had considered the 18 buildings in the heritage compound as historical buildings. However, AAB formally laid down a set of guidelines for developing the heritage compound after a meeting held in June 2004. The guidelines pointed out that only 17 buildings in the compound were considered historical buildings and that F Hall, located behind the entrance to Victoria Prison, was not on the list. Motions passed by the Central & Western District Council on F Hall The C&W DC strongly requested that F Hall of Victoria Prison be preserved, and that the future developer of the heritage compound not be given the right to decide whether F Hall should be demolished. The C&W DC also requested the AAB to reconsider the views of the public and the C&W DC. (This motion was passed by the C&W DC at a meeting held on 25 November 2004) Views of Government on the preservation of F Hall In a reply to the C&W DC in November 2004, AMO pointed out that the AAB had considered that in comparison with other historical buildings, the cultural value of F Hall was lower, and therefore F Hall should be kept under the category of non-historical buildings. AAB also viewed that the above decision would not affect the overall historical value of the Victoria Prison Compound. This could enhance the flexibility of the future development of the compound, and allow more creative design that was compatible with the historical buildings in the Victoria Prison Compound. At the C&W DC meeting held on 2 November 2004, Dr. Louis Ng, the former Executive Secretary of the Antiquities and Monuments Office stated that the Government declared the whole heritage compound as declared monuments in 1995. However, the Government did not specify the cultural value and preservation mode of individual buildings in the heritage compound, nor pointed out particularly that F Hall was a historical building. According to the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance, any demolition works to be carried out in the heritage compound is to be approved by the Antiquities Authority (i.e. the Secretary for Home Affairs). Upon receiving an application for demolition of a building in the heritage compound, the Antiquities Authority will consider the cultural value of relevant buildings and the necessity of the demolition works etc. Doctor Louis Ng has clarified that AAB did not ask for demolition of F Hall, but considered if there was a need to fulfill the design, the Board would consider demolition of F Hall. Views put forward by the C&W DC on the preservation of F Hall At a meeting held on 25 November 2004, C&W DC members put forward the following views regarding the preservation of F Hall: Demolition of F Hall would affect unity of the heritage compound, and therefore the future developer should not be given the right to decide whether F Hall should be demolished. F Hall represented the entrance of the whole heritage compound. Without this entrance, the heritage compound could not be regarded as a heritage compound. There was educational value in F Hall. It was a typical prison and was totally different from B Hall and E Hall. If the future developer was given the right to decide whether F Hall should preserved, F Hall would not exist and the history of prisons in Hong Kong would certainly diminish. It was hoped that the Government would review the preservation of F Hall. The Hong Kong Institute of Architects has indicated that F Hall should not be demolished, and only part of F Hall should be redeveloped. The heritage compound reflected the prison development in Hong Kong. If the future developer was given the right to decide whether F Hall should be preserved, they would certainly pull down the building for redevelopment Typical Victoria Prison cell Buildings The prison complex consists of 3 three-storey buildings, 3 two-storey buildings and 3 single-storey buildings. Inside these buildings there are cellular and dormitory accommodations, a special unit, a hospital, a kitchen, dining halls/ dayrooms, a laundry, an exercise yard and an administration block. The prison had undergone several stages of expansion since its original founding with the major one in 1895 when D Hall complex with its Neo-Georgian architectural style was built. A further stage of major expansion took place in 1914 with the addition of B Hall, C Hall and E Hall to cope with the needs of the time. The various buildings were constructed as follows: Hall Constructed A Hall 1945 B Hall 1914 C Hall West 1914 C Hall East 1914 D Hall East 1860 D Hall West 1860 E Hall 1914 F Hall 1913, 1931, 1948 The overall compound also comprises 7 blocks of the old Central Police Station as follows: Hall Constructed Headquarters Block 1919 Block A 1910 Block B 1910 Block C 1910 Block D 1910 Stable Block 1925 Barrack Block 1864 And finally, there is also one former Central Magistracy building built in 1914. The compound is bordered on the North by Hollywood Road, on the South by Chancery Lane, on the East by Arbuthnot Road and on the West by Old Bailey Street. 2006 Public Opening Upon its decommission, the "Victoria Prison Decommissioning Open Days" event was organised. The prison was opened to the public on 11, 17 and 18 March 2006 as a charity event to raise funds for the Community Chest of Hong Kong. Each visitor was asked to donate HK$20 to the charity. Correctional Services department staff volunteers dressed in old staff uniforms helped to provide a glimpse of the changes in attire over the years, when the former Prisons Department was renamed the Correctional Services Department in 1982. A piece of the equipment for administering corporal punishment, called the "Cat-of-nine tails" (a whip), was also on display. 2007 Public Opening The Central and Western District Council organised six Open Days in January 2007 under the title of "Journey to the History of Victoria Prison" Guided tours were led by docents to historical buildings in the heritage compound. There was a "Prison Art Museum" where local artists were given access to several cells that they could decorate or use as a display gallery. The Open Days were scheduled on 6,7,13,14,20 and 21 January 2007 from 09:30 to 16:00. In popular culture Victoria Prison appeared in the 2008 Anthony Horowitz novel Necropolis as Scarlett Adams' and Matthew Freeman's prison when they are captured by the Nightrise corporation. This prison serves as a main setting for Hong Kong TVB drama series Phoenix Rising. See also List of places named for Queen Victoria, for a list of places named after Queen Victoria Malcolm Struan Tonnochy - Superintendent of Victoria Gaol 1876-1882 References ^ "Do you know the early history of Victoria Prison?". Hong Kong Memory. 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2022. ^ Tsui, Enid (9 May 2018). "Former Hong Kong prison and police station turned arts complex to open this month after US$485 million, eight-year restoration". South China Morning Post. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Victoria Prison. Antiquities and Monuments Office Victoria Prison at the Wayback Machine (archived 2004-12-06) - Hong Kong Correctional Services Hong Kong Disciplined Services Collectibles vteCentral, Hong KongAreas Glenealy (Elliot's Vale) Government Hill Tamar History Praya Reclamation Scheme Office buildings Admiralty Centre AIA Central Alexandra House Bank of China Building Bank of China Tower Chater House Cheung Kong Center Edinburgh Tower Exchange Square Gloucester Tower Hang Seng Bank Headquarters Building Hong Kong Club Building HSBC Building International Finance Centre Jardine House LHT Tower Man Yee Building 9 Queen's Road Central Pacific Place Prince's Building St. George's Building Standard Chartered Bank Building Three Garden Road (Citibank Tower) Wing On House World-Wide House York House Government City Hall City Gallery Central Government Complex Former Central Government Offices General Post Office Government House Queensway Government Offices Closed/reprovisioned Beaconsfield House Murray Building Murray House Victoria Prison Legislature/judiciary Court of Final Appeal Building High Court Building (Supreme Court Building) Legislative Council Complex Chinese military PLA Building (Prince of Wales Building) Ching Yi To Barracks Transport Central–Mid-Levels escalators Peak Tram Bus terminuses Central (Exchange Square) Central Piers Ferry piers Central Piers Demolished Blake Pier City Hall Pier Edinburgh Place Pier Outlying Islands Pier Queen's Pier United Pier (Jubilee Street Pier) Relocated Blake Pier MTR stations Admiralty Central Hong Kong Diplomatic missions British Consulate Canadian Consulate EU Office Japanese Consulate South Korean Consulate Taipei Economic and Cultural Office (Chung Hwa Travel Service) U.S. Consulate Other landmarks Battery Path Bishop's House Canossa Hospital The Cenotaph Former Central Magistracy Central Market Chater Garden China Club Connaught Place Conrad Old Dairy Farm Depot Dr Sun Yat-sen Museum Duddell Street Edinburgh Place 8½ Otto e Mezzo Bombana Flagstaff House Foreign Correspondents' Club Four Seasons Hotel Former French Mission Building Graham Street Harcourt Road The Helena May HSBC lions Hong Kong Park Edward Youde Aviary Visual Arts Centre Ice House Street Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception Island Shangri-La Jamia Mosque JW Marriott Hotel Lan Kwai Fong The Landmark L'Atelier de Joël Robuchon Luk Yu Tea House Mandarin Oriental Observation Wheel Old Bailey Street Pedder Building Pedder Street Pottinger Street St. John's Cathedral St. Joseph's Church St. Paul's Church Statue Square Statue of Sir Thomas Jackson, 1st Baronet Tai Kwun Yung Kee Zetland Hall Zoological and Botanical Gardens Demolished Dent's Fountain Furama Hotel Hong Kong Hilton Hong Kong Central Hospital Hong Kong Cricket Club Hongkong Hotel Hutchison House Melcher's Building Murray Barracks Murray Battery Murray Parade Ground Murray Road Multi-storey Car Park Building Pedder Street Clock Tower Queen's Building Hong Kong Red Cross Headquarters Ritz-Carlton Hotel Swire House Tak Shing House Victoria Barracks Wellington Barracks Relocated Murray House Statue of Queen Victoria Education Caritas Institute for Further and Adult Education (Caritas Francis Hsu College) Sacred Heart Canossian School St Joseph's College St. Paul's Co-educational College This list is incomplete. vte Heritage conservation in Hong KongGovernment Antiquities and Monuments Office Antiquities Advisory Board Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance Urban Renewal Authority Lists Declared monuments Grade I buildings Grade II buildings Grade III buildings Oldest buildings Museums Heritage Discovery Centre Heritage Museum Museum of History Government Records Service Heritage trails Central and Western Dr Sun Yat-sen Historical Trail Lung Yeuk Tau Pinewood Battery Ping Shan Tai Tam Waterworks Wan Chai Schemes Revitalising Historic Buildings Through Partnership Scheme Old industrial buildings revitalization Notable casesDemolished Kowloon Station (1978) Hong Kong Club Building (1980) Edinburgh Place Ferry Pier (2006) Queen's Pier (2007) Lee Tung Street (2007) Ho Tung Gardens (2013) Tung Tak Pawn Shop (2015) Union Church (2017) Preserved Ohel Leah Synagogue (1987) Morrison Building (2003) Jessville (2007) King Yin Lei (2007) Wing Lee Street (2011) State Theatre (2017) Ex-Sham Shui Po Service Reservoir (2020) Relocated Murray House (2002) Blake Pier (2007) Pending Nam Koo Terrace Nga Tsin Wai Tsuen Stone House (Diamond Hill) Wan Chai Police Station Adaptive reuseCompleted Blue House Bridges Street Market Central Market Chai Wan Factory Estate Dairy Farm cowsheds Dairy Farm Depot District Office North Former Explosives Magazine Fanling Magistracy Former French Mission Building Island House Kowloon British School Kowloon Fire Station Lai Chi Kok Hospital Lui Seng Chun Ma Tau Kok Animal Quarantine Depot Marine Police Headquarters Mei Ho House North Kowloon Magistracy Old House, Hoi Pa Village PMQ Former RAF Kai Tak station buildings Former Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club Shek Kip Mei Factory Estate Sheung Shui Police Station Stanley Police Station Tai Kwun (Central Police Station, Central Magistracy, Victoria Prison) Tai O Police Station Tai Po Police Station Tsan Yuk Maternity Hospital Blocks of Victoria Barracks Wan Chai Post Office Western Market Blocks of Whitfield Barracks Yau Ma Tei Theatre Pending British Military Hospital Engineer's Office of the Former Pumping Station Fong Yuen Study Hall Haw Par Mansion Homi Villa King Yin Lei Luen Wo Market No. 27 Lugard Road Tai Tam Tuk Raw Water Pumping Station Staff Quarters Compound Old House, Wong Uk Village Facadism Old Mental Hospital Wan Chai Market vtePrisons in ChinaOrganizations Beijing Municipal Administration of Prisons Chongqing Municipal Administration of Prisons Guangdong Prison Administrative Bureau Shanghai Municipal Prison Administration Sichuan Province Prison Administrative Bureau SARs: Hong Kong Correctional Services Correctional Services Bureau (Macau) Prisons Anqing Baihu Beijing Women's Beijing Municipal Beijing Municipal No. 1 Beijing Municipal No. 2 Beijing Office for Criminal Deportation Bengbu Chaohu Chishan Dongguan Drapchi Fuyang Foshan Gaoming Lanzhou Lujiang Liangxiang Lianping Jiangmen Jiaoling Jieyang Jinzhong Jiucheng Administration Branch Jiulong Ma'anshan Panyu Pingshi Qingpu Qingshan Qincheng Shanghai Detention Center Sichuan Provincial Women's Suzhou Shanghai Women's Shushan Tilanqiao Wuhu Yongchuan SARs: Hong Kong Lo Wu Shek Pik Stanley Tai Lam for Women Tai Tam Gap MacauClosed Victoria (Hong Kong) Re-educationthroughlaborcamps Daqing Masanjia Wanjia Shibalihe women's Juvenile facilities Beijing Juvenile Offender Detachment Chongqing Juvenile Offender Detachment Other topics Black jails Capital punishment Human rights Tibet Macao Hong Kong Judicial system Laogai Law enforcement Life imprisonment National security Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location Soft detention Shuanggui Xinjiang internment camps 22°16′52″N 114°09′14″E / 22.281073°N 114.153944°E / 22.281073; 114.153944 (Victoria Prison)	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_Prison.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vprison.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HK_Victoria_Prison_Hall_D_Female_Section.JPG"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Old Bailey Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bailey_Street"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central,_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tai Kwun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Kwun"},{"link_name":"former Central Police Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Police_Station_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"former Central Magistracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_Central_Magistracy"}],"text":"Former prison in Hong KongThe entrance to Hong Kong's Victoria Prison in 2005.Interior of one of the hallsThe Female Section of Hall DVictoria Prison, was the first and longest-running prison to date in Hong Kong. It is located on Old Bailey Street in Central, Hong Kong Island. Named in honour of Queen Victoria, it was originally known as Victoria Gaol and was renamed into Victoria Prison in 1899.[1] Victoria Prison has been redeveloped into a cultural and shopping destination generally called Tai Kwun (大館). Tai Kwun is composed of three declared monuments: the former Central Police Station, former Central Magistracy and Victoria Prison.","title":"Victoria Prison"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ho Chi Minh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"former Central Magistracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_Central_Magistracy"},{"link_name":"Tai Kwun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Kwun"}],"text":"The prison was completed on 4 August 1842. It was originally known as the Victoria Gaol and is said to be the first western building constructed of durable material in Hong Kong. The prison still retains the facade of Victorian architecture, having been built mostly of granite and brick.Ho Chi Minh, the Vietnamese revolutionary, was imprisoned there from 1931 to 1933.[2]During World War II, the prison was occupied by the Japanese and most of its buildings were damaged by bombing. The prison was re-opened for use in 1946 after restoration. When Hong Kong was later declared a port of first asylum for Vietnamese refugees, Victoria Prison became a transit and repatriation centre. It was subsequently developed into an institution with modern management facilities for accommodating discharged inmates of both sexes prior to repatriation or deportation. The prison buildings were declared monuments on 8 September 1995, together with the adjacent former Central Police Station and the former Central Magistracy. It was officially decommissioned on 12 March 2006. It has recently finished renovation and in 2018 Victoria Prison was reopened as The Tai Kwun Center for Heritage and Arts.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The completion dates of different parts of the old Central Police Station, the former Central Magistracy and Victoria Prison compound are listed below:","title":"Preservation Guidelines"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Preservation of F Hall"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Reasons for preserving F Hall (as submitted by the Central and Western District Council","text":"In the early 20th century, a series of changes happened in Victoria Prison. The existing F Hall, representing the door to the interior of the prison, was completed in 1913. It was used as a printing factory for prisoners to work and acquire skills. In 1931, F Hall was rebuilt as a two-storey building and a \"weaving area\" was added. After the Japanese Army invaded Hong Kong during World War II, many parts of the Prison, including F Hall, were severely damaged. F Hall was rebuilt in 1948 and was re-opened as a Government printing workshop (i.e. the former Printing Department). In 1956, the ground floor of F Hall was converted to an office and reception centre of the prison. The Victoria Prison finally closed down in early 2006.The Government declared Victoria Prison as a declared monument in September 1995.In early 2000, the Government planned to develop the Central Police Station and Victoria Prison Compound for cultural and tourism use, and to assign the Tourism Commission, which was responsible for developing the new tourist spots, to co-ordinate the development project. The Government also planned to let private enterprise develop and manage te heritage compound through public tender.Accompanied by representatives of the Antiquities and Monuments Office (AMO), the Central and Western District Council (C&W DC) visited the heritage compound in April 2003. During the visit, the C&W DC learned that the Antiquities Advisory Board (AAB) had considered the 18 buildings in the heritage compound as historical buildings. However, AAB formally laid down a set of guidelines for developing the heritage compound after a meeting held in June 2004. The guidelines pointed out that only 17 buildings in the compound were considered historical buildings and that F Hall, located behind the entrance to Victoria Prison, was not on the list.","title":"Preservation of F Hall"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Motions passed by the Central & Western District Council on F Hall","text":"The C&W DC strongly requested that F Hall of Victoria Prison be preserved, and that the future developer of the heritage compound not be given the right to decide whether F Hall should be demolished. The C&W DC also requested the AAB to reconsider the views of the public and the C&W DC. (This motion was passed by the C&W DC at a meeting held on 25 November 2004)","title":"Preservation of F Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antiquities and Monuments Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquities_and_Monuments_Office"},{"link_name":"Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquities_and_Monuments_Ordinance"},{"link_name":"Secretary for Home Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_for_Home_Affairs"}],"sub_title":"Views of Government on the preservation of F Hall","text":"In a reply to the C&W DC in November 2004, AMO pointed out that the AAB had considered that in comparison with other historical buildings, the cultural value of F Hall was lower, and therefore F Hall should be kept under the category of non-historical buildings. AAB also viewed that the above decision would not affect the overall historical value of the Victoria Prison Compound. This could enhance the flexibility of the future development of the compound, and allow more creative design that was compatible with the historical buildings in the Victoria Prison Compound.At the C&W DC meeting held on 2 November 2004, Dr. Louis Ng, the former Executive Secretary of the Antiquities and Monuments Office stated that the Government declared the whole heritage compound as declared monuments in 1995. However, the Government did not specify the cultural value and preservation mode of individual buildings in the heritage compound, nor pointed out particularly that F Hall was a historical building. According to the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance, any demolition works to be carried out in the heritage compound is to be approved by the Antiquities Authority (i.e. the Secretary for Home Affairs). Upon receiving an application for demolition of a building in the heritage compound, the Antiquities Authority will consider the cultural value of relevant buildings and the necessity of the demolition works etc. Doctor Louis Ng has clarified that AAB did not ask for demolition of F Hall, but considered if there was a need to fulfill the design, the Board would consider demolition of F Hall.","title":"Preservation of F Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Hong Kong Institute of Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hkia.net/"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vprisoncell.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Views put forward by the C&W DC on the preservation of F Hall","text":"At a meeting held on 25 November 2004, C&W DC members put forward the following views regarding the preservation of F Hall:Demolition of F Hall would affect unity of the heritage compound, and therefore the future developer should not be given the right to decide whether F Hall should be demolished.\nF Hall represented the entrance of the whole heritage compound. Without this entrance, the heritage compound could not be regarded as a heritage compound.\nThere was educational value in F Hall. It was a typical prison and was totally different from B Hall and E Hall. If the future developer was given the right to decide whether F Hall should preserved, F Hall would not exist and the history of prisons in Hong Kong would certainly diminish.\nIt was hoped that the Government would review the preservation of F Hall. The Hong Kong Institute of Architects has indicated that F Hall should not be demolished, and only part of F Hall should be redeveloped. The heritage compound reflected the prison development in Hong Kong. If the future developer was given the right to decide whether F Hall should be preserved, they would certainly pull down the building for redevelopmentTypical Victoria Prison cell","title":"Preservation of F Hall"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The prison complex consists of 3 three-storey buildings, 3 two-storey buildings and 3 single-storey buildings. Inside these buildings there are cellular and dormitory accommodations, a special unit, a hospital, a kitchen, dining halls/ dayrooms, a laundry, an exercise yard and an administration block.The prison had undergone several stages of expansion since its original founding with the major one in 1895 when D Hall complex with its Neo-Georgian architectural style was built. A further stage of major expansion took place in 1914 with the addition of B Hall, C Hall and E Hall to cope with the needs of the time.The various buildings were constructed as follows:The overall compound also comprises 7 blocks of the old Central Police Station as follows:And finally, there is also one former Central Magistracy building built in 1914.The compound is bordered on the North by Hollywood Road, on the South by Chancery Lane, on the East by Arbuthnot Road and on the West by Old Bailey Street.","title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Community Chest of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Community_Chest_of_Hong_Kong"}],"text":"Upon its decommission, the \"Victoria Prison Decommissioning Open Days\" event was organised. The prison was opened to the public on 11, 17 and 18 March 2006 as a charity event to raise funds for the Community Chest of Hong Kong. Each visitor was asked to donate HK$20 to the charity.Correctional Services department staff volunteers dressed in old staff uniforms helped to provide a glimpse of the changes in attire over the years, when the former Prisons Department was renamed the Correctional Services Department in 1982.A piece of the equipment for administering corporal punishment, called the \"Cat-of-nine tails\" (a whip), was also on display.","title":"2006 Public Opening"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"docents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docent"}],"text":"The Central and Western District Council organised six Open Days in January 2007 under the title of \"Journey to the History of Victoria Prison\"Guided tours were led by docents to historical buildings in the heritage compound. There was a \"Prison Art Museum\" where local artists were given access to several cells that they could decorate or use as a display gallery.The Open Days were scheduled on 6,7,13,14,20 and 21 January 2007 from 09:30 to 16:00.","title":"2007 Public Opening"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony Horowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Horowitz"},{"link_name":"Necropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necropolis_(2008_novel)"},{"link_name":"Matthew Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Freeman_(Power_of_Five)"},{"link_name":"Nightrise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightrise"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Rising_(Hong_Kong_TV_series)"}],"text":"Victoria Prison appeared in the 2008 Anthony Horowitz novel Necropolis as Scarlett Adams' and Matthew Freeman's prison when they are captured by the Nightrise corporation.\nThis prison serves as a main setting for Hong Kong TVB drama series Phoenix Rising.","title":"In popular culture"}]	[{"image_text":"The entrance to Hong Kong's Victoria Prison in 2005.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Victoria_Prison.jpg/220px-Victoria_Prison.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior of one of the halls","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Vprison.jpg/220px-Vprison.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Female Section of Hall D","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HK_Victoria_Prison_Hall_D_Female_Section.JPG/220px-HK_Victoria_Prison_Hall_D_Female_Section.JPG"},{"image_text":"Typical Victoria Prison cell","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Vprisoncell.jpg/220px-Vprisoncell.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of places named for Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_named_for_Queen_Victoria"},{"title":"Malcolm Struan Tonnochy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Struan_Tonnochy"}]	[{"reference":"\"Do you know the early history of Victoria Prison?\". Hong Kong Memory. 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hkmemory.org/central-police/text/prison-q1-eng.php","url_text":"\"Do you know the early history of Victoria Prison?\""}]},{"reference":"Tsui, Enid (9 May 2018). \"Former Hong Kong prison and police station turned arts complex to open this month after US$485 million, eight-year restoration\". South China Morning Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/culture/arts-entertainment/article/2145426/former-hong-kong-prison-and-police-station-turned-arts","url_text":"\"Former Hong Kong prison and police station turned arts complex to open this month after US$485 million, eight-year restoration\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Victoria_Prison&params=22.281073_N_114.153944_E_type:landmark_region:HK&title=Victoria+Prison","external_links_name":"22°16′52″N 114°09′14″E / 22.281073°N 114.153944°E / 22.281073; 114.153944 (Victoria Prison)"},{"Link":"http://www.hkia.net/","external_links_name":"The Hong Kong Institute of Architects"},{"Link":"http://www.hkmemory.org/central-police/text/prison-q1-eng.php","external_links_name":"\"Do you know the early history of Victoria Prison?\""},{"Link":"https://www.scmp.com/culture/arts-entertainment/article/2145426/former-hong-kong-prison-and-police-station-turned-arts","external_links_name":"\"Former Hong Kong prison and police station turned arts complex to open this month after US$485 million, eight-year restoration\""},{"Link":"http://www.amo.gov.hk/en/monuments_55.php","external_links_name":"Antiquities and Monuments Office"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041206082826/http://www.csd.gov.hk:80/english/ins/ins_ind/ins_hk_vp.html","external_links_name":"Victoria Prison"},{"Link":"http://www.hkdsc.com/","external_links_name":"Hong Kong Disciplined Services Collectibles"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Victoria_Prison&params=22.281073_N_114.153944_E_type:landmark_region:HK&title=Victoria+Prison","external_links_name":"22°16′52″N 114°09′14″E / 22.281073°N 114.153944°E / 22.281073; 114.153944 (Victoria Prison)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingui-Bot%C3%B3_language	Dzubukuá language	["1 Phonology","1.1 Consonants","1.2 Vowels","2 See also","3 References","4 External Links"]	Extinct Karirian language of Brazil DzubukuáKiririNative toBrazilRegionCabrobó, PernambucoEthnicityKiriri peopleExtinctmid-20th centuryLanguage familyMacro-Gê KaririanDzubukuáLanguage codesISO 639-3(included in Karirí-Xocó )Individual code:tgv – Tingui-BotóGlottologdzub1241 Dzubukuá (Dzubucua), or Kiriri, is an extinct Karirian language of Brazil. It is sometimes considered a dialect of a single Kariri language. A short grammatical description is available. It was spoken on the São Francisco River islands, in the Cabrobó area of Pernambuco. Phonology Phonology of the Dzubukuá language: Consonants Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Plosive voiceless p t k voiced b d ɡ Affricate voiceless t͡s voiced d͡z Nasal m n ɲ Fricative h Liquid lateral l rhotic ɾ Semivowel w j Vowels Vowel sounds are presented as and which is written out as a double vowel oe. Nasal vowels are pronounced as along with nasalized double vowels oê and aê, not pronounced as diphthongs, but as nasalized monophthongs . See also Kipeá language References ^ Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices ^ a b c de Queiroz, José Márcio Correia. 2008. Aspectos da fonologia Dzubukuá. MA thesis, Recife: Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. 124pp. External Links Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix:Dzubukuá word list vteMacro-Jê languagesJêCerradoGoyazPanará Southern Kayapó Panará Northern Apinajé Mẽbêngôkre (dialects: Kayapó, Xikrín) Kĩsêdjê (Suyá) Tapayuna Timbira Canela Krahô Pykobjê Krĩkatí Parkatêjê Kỳikatêjê Krẽjê Central (Akuwẽ) Acroá Xakriabá Xavánte Akwẽ-Xerénte (Xerénte) Jê of Paraná Ingain Southern Kaingáng Laklãnõ (Xokléng) Unclassified Jaikó Trans–São FranciscoKrenák Guerén Krenak Nakrehé Maxakalían Malalí Maxakalí Ritual Maxakalí Pataxó Makoní Kapoxó Kamakã Kamakã Kotoxó Masakará Menién WesternMato Grosso Ofayé Rikbáktsa Jabutian Arikapú Djeoromitxi Karajá Karajá Borôro ? Umutína Boróro Bororo of Cabaçal Otuke Gorgotoqui ? Karirí ? Dzubukuá Kamurú Kipeá Sabujá Purian ? Coropó Puri Italics indicate extinct languages	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karirian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karirian_language"},{"link_name":"Kariri language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kariri_language"},{"link_name":"São Francisco River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_River"},{"link_name":"Cabrobó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabrob%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Pernambuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernambuco"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Dzubukuá (Dzubucua), or Kiriri, is an extinct Karirian language of Brazil. It is sometimes considered a dialect of a single Kariri language. A short grammatical description is available.It was spoken on the São Francisco River islands, in the Cabrobó area of Pernambuco.[2]","title":"Dzubukuá language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Phonology of the Dzubukuá language:[2]","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Consonants","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"sub_title":"Vowels","text":"Vowel sounds are presented as [i, ɨ, u, e, o, a] and [œ] which is written out as a double vowel oe. Nasal vowels are pronounced as [ɐ̃, ẽ, ĩ, õ, ũ] along with nasalized double vowels oê and aê, not pronounced as diphthongs, but as nasalized monophthongs [œ̃, æ̃].[2]","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wiktionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary"},{"link_name":"Appendix:Dzubukuá word list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Dzubuku%C3%A1_word_list"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Macro-J%C3%AA_languages"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Macro-J%C3%AA_languages"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Macro-J%C3%AA_languages"},{"link_name":"Macro-Jê languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages"},{"link_name":"Jê","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%AA_languages"},{"link_name":"Cerrado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado_languages"},{"link_name":"Goyaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goyaz_J%C3%AA_languages"},{"link_name":"Southern Kayapó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Kayap%C3%B3_language"},{"link_name":"Panará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panar%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_J%C3%AA_languages"},{"link_name":"Apinajé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apinay%C3%A9_language"},{"link_name":"Mẽbêngôkre (dialects: Kayapó, Xikrín)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayapo_language"},{"link_name":"Kĩsêdjê (Suyá)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suya_language"},{"link_name":"Tapayuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapayuna_language"},{"link_name":"Timbira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbira_language"},{"link_name":"Canela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canela_language"},{"link_name":"Krahô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krah%C3%B4_language"},{"link_name":"Pykobjê","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pykobj%C3%AA_language"},{"link_name":"Krĩkatí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%A9kat%C3%AD_language"},{"link_name":"Parkatêjê","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkat%C3%AAj%C3%AA_language"},{"link_name":"Kỳikatêjê","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BB%B3ikat%C3%AAj%C3%AA_language"},{"link_name":"Krẽjê","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%E1%BA%BDje_language"},{"link_name":"Central (Akuwẽ)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_J%C3%AA_languages"},{"link_name":"Acroá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acro%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Xakriabá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xakriab%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Xavánte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavante_language"},{"link_name":"Akwẽ-Xerénte (Xerénte)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xer%C3%A9nte_language"},{"link_name":"Jê of Paraná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_J%C3%AA_languages"},{"link_name":"Ingain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingain_language"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_J%C3%AA_languages"},{"link_name":"Kaingáng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaingang_language"},{"link_name":"Laklãnõ (Xokléng)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xokleng_language"},{"link_name":"Jaikó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaik%C3%B3_language"},{"link_name":"Trans–São Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93S%C3%A3o_Francisco_languages"},{"link_name":"Krenák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krenak_languages"},{"link_name":"Guerén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guer%C3%A9n_language"},{"link_name":"Krenak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krenak_language"},{"link_name":"Nakrehé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakreh%C3%A9_language"},{"link_name":"Maxakalían","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxakal%C3%ADan_languages"},{"link_name":"Malalí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malal%C3%AD_language"},{"link_name":"Maxakalí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxakal%C3%AD_language"},{"link_name":"Ritual Maxakalí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_Maxakal%C3%AD_language"},{"link_name":"Pataxó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patax%C3%B3_language"},{"link_name":"Makoní","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makon%C3%AD_language"},{"link_name":"Kapoxó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapox%C3%B3_language"},{"link_name":"Kamakã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamak%C3%A3_languages"},{"link_name":"Kamakã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamak%C3%A3_language"},{"link_name":"Kotoxó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotox%C3%B3_language"},{"link_name":"Masakará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakar%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Menién","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meni%C3%A9n_language"},{"link_name":"Ofayé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofay%C3%A9_language"},{"link_name":"Rikbáktsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikbaktsa_language"},{"link_name":"Jabutian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabutian_languages"},{"link_name":"Arikapú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arikap%C3%BA_language"},{"link_name":"Djeoromitxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djeoromitxi_language"},{"link_name":"Karajá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Karajá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Borôro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bororoan_languages"},{"link_name":"Umutína","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umotina_language"},{"link_name":"Boróro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bororo_language"},{"link_name":"Bororo of Cabaçal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bororo_of_Caba%C3%A7al"},{"link_name":"Otuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otuke_language"},{"link_name":"Gorgotoqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgotoqui_language"},{"link_name":"Karirí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kariri_languages"},{"link_name":"Dzubukuá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Kamurú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamur%C3%BA_language"},{"link_name":"Kipeá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipe%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Sabujá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabuj%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Purian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purian_languages"},{"link_name":"Coropó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corop%C3%B3_language"},{"link_name":"Puri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puri_language"},{"link_name":"extinct languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_death"}],"text":"Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix:Dzubukuá word listvteMacro-Jê languagesJêCerradoGoyazPanará\nSouthern Kayapó\nPanará\nNorthern\nApinajé\nMẽbêngôkre (dialects: Kayapó, Xikrín)\nKĩsêdjê (Suyá)\nTapayuna\nTimbira\nCanela\nKrahô\nPykobjê\nKrĩkatí\nParkatêjê\nKỳikatêjê\nKrẽjê\n\nCentral (Akuwẽ)\nAcroá\nXakriabá\nXavánte\nAkwẽ-Xerénte (Xerénte)\n\nJê of Paraná\nIngain\nSouthern\nKaingáng\nLaklãnõ (Xokléng)\n\nUnclassified\nJaikó\nTrans–São FranciscoKrenák\nGuerén\nKrenak\nNakrehé\nMaxakalían\nMalalí\nMaxakalí\nRitual Maxakalí\nPataxó\nMakoní\nKapoxó\nKamakã\nKamakã\nKotoxó\nMasakará\nMenién\nWesternMato Grosso\nOfayé\nRikbáktsa\nJabutian\nArikapú\nDjeoromitxi\nKarajá\nKarajá\nBorôro ?\nUmutína\nBoróro\nBororo of Cabaçal\nOtuke\nGorgotoqui ?\nKarirí ?\nDzubukuá\nKamurú\nKipeá\nSabujá\nPurian ?\nCoropó\nPuri\nItalics indicate extinct languages","title":"External Links"}]	[]	[{"title":"Kipeá language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipe%C3%A1_language"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/dzub1241","external_links_name":"dzub1241"},{"Link":"https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/7319","external_links_name":"Aspectos da fonologia Dzubukuá"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Forman_(That_%2770s_Show)	List of That '70s and '90s Show characters	["1 Cast table","2 Main characters","2.1 Eric Forman","2.2 Donna Pinciotti","2.3 Steven Hyde","2.4 Michael Kelso","2.5 Jacqueline \"Jackie\" Burkhart","2.6 Fez","2.7 Red Forman","2.8 Kitty Forman (née Sigurdson)","2.9 Bob Pinciotti","2.10 Midge Pinciotti","2.11 Laurie Forman","2.12 Leo Chingkwake","2.13 Randy Pearson","2.14 Leia Forman","2.15 Gwen Runck","2.16 Jay Kelso","2.17 Nate Runck","2.18 Ozzie","2.19 Nikki","3 Recurring characters","4 Introduced in That '90s Show","5 Intended recurring roles","6 Notable guest stars","7 References"]	This is a list of characters appearing in the television series That '70s Show and That '90s Show. Cast table Character Portrayed by That '70s Show That '90s Show 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 Eric Forman Topher Grace Main Guest Jackie Burkhart Mila Kunis Main Guest Michael Kelso Ashton Kutcher Main Recurring Guest Steven Hyde Danny Masterson Main Donna Pinciotti Laura Prepon Main Recurring Fez Wilmer Valderrama Main Recurring Kitty Forman Debra Jo Rupp Main Red Forman Kurtwood Smith Main Midge Pinciotti Tanya Roberts Main Guest Recurring Bob Pinciotti Don Stark Main Guest Laurie Forman Lisa Robin Kelly Recurring Main Recurring Christina Moore Recurring Leo Chingkwake Tommy Chong Recurring Main Recurring Main Recurring Randy Pearson Josh Meyers Main Leia Forman Callie Haverda Main Gwen Runck Ashley Aufderheide Main Jay Kelso Mace Coronel Main Nate Runck Maxwell Acee Donovan Main Ozzie Reyn Doi Main Nikki Sam Morelos Main ^ Uncredited in That '70s Show Season 8. ^ Credited in That '70s Show through episodes 1-10 and 13 as main cast; otherwise does not appear and is uncredited. Main characters Eric Forman Portrayed by Topher Grace: The protagonist; Eric is a nice guy, generally nerdy, clumsy, and accident-prone. He does, however, have a deadpan sense of humor that rivals that of his father, Red, and is far from afraid of asserting himself should he be pushed too far. Eric convinces his parents to let his best friend Steven Hyde move in with them, making Hyde like a brother. Red is always hard on him (as a way to toughen him to be a man). He is in a relationship with his longtime love and neighbor Donna Pinciotti. He decides to become a teacher after high school, and he leaves the series at the end of the seventh season to teach in Africa. Eric returns for the series finale, reuniting with Donna. In That '90s Show, it is revealed that Eric eventually married Donna and they had a daughter named Leia, named after Princess Leia. They moved to Chicago and he became an adjunct professor at an unnamed university, teaching "the religion of Star Wars". Eric is based on the adolescence of show creator Mark Brazill. Donna Pinciotti Portrayed by Laura Prepon: Eric's longtime girlfriend (and briefly fiancée). Donna is intelligent, good-looking, and a feminist tomboy. Although she does not agree with what Jackie represents in the beginning of the series, they become friends. Donna is in a relationship with Eric for seven seasons (despite their break-up during season 4). She has brief romances with Michael's brother Casey and with Randy during the final season before rekindling her relationship with Eric at the end of the show's finale. In the time in between the finale of That '70s Show and That '90s Show, Donna and Eric married, moved to Chicago, and had a daughter together. She became a professional author. Steven Hyde Portrayed by Danny Masterson: Eric's best friend and the anti-establishment member of the group. By the end of season one, Kitty Forman prevails on her husband to allow Hyde to move in after he was abandoned by his mother (played by Katey Sagal) and living in squalor. Hyde is promoted to brother to Eric as soon as he moves in. Hyde has a witty, blunt, and sarcastic sense of humor, and a rebellious personality. He is also the smartest and most practical friend in the group, and the other members often ask for his advice. Although Hyde dates Jackie for three seasons, they eventually part and in the final season he marries an exotic dancer/stripper named Samantha, who (unknown to Hyde) was still wed to her first husband, Larry (Sam McMurray), when she married him. As Donna points out in "My Fairy King", that means Hyde and Samantha are not legally married. In the seventh season, Hyde meets his biological father (William Barnett, played by Tim Reid), a wealthy African-American businessman. Hyde also has a strait-laced half-sister named Angie from this newfound relationship. Barnett, who owns a chain of record stores, makes Hyde the manager (and later the owner) of the Point Place store called Grooves. Hyde does not appear nor is mentioned in Season 1 of That '90s Show, leaving his ultimate fate unknown. Michael Kelso Main article: Michael Kelso Portrayed by Ashton Kutcher: The dim-witted, sex-obsessed pretty boy of the group who wants to coast through life on his good looks. He spends the first half of the series in a relationship with the equally vapid Jackie but their relationship comes to an end when Jackie finds out he's been cheating on her with Laurie. In the season 4 finale, Jackie wants to marry Michael but he isn't ready, so he runs away to California with Donna. His best friend is Fez. He fathers a baby girl named Betsy during the seventh season after getting a girl named Brooke pregnant. He becomes a police officer but gets kicked off the force because he does just about everything wrong. He gets a job as a security guard at a Playboy Club in Chicago, and leaves the series during the eighth and final season. He only appears in five episodes during season eight, including the series finale. In season 1 of That '90s Show, Kelso makes a guest appearance where it is revealed he and Jackie were on their "second re-marriage" and that he had become a father for (at least) a second time with a son named Jay. Kelso was portrayed once again by Kutcher in a Robot Chicken sketch entitled "That '00s Show". Critics have noted striking similarities to the portrayal of Kutcher's character Walden Schmidt on Two and a Half Men to that of Kelso. Walden's personality, however, drastically changed since his initial appearances and by the series' end he was a completely changed man. Other similarities drawn are between that of his role as Jesse Montgomery III in the stoner film Dude, Where's My Car? (2000). Jacqueline "Jackie" Burkhart Portrayed by Mila Kunis: The youngest member of the group, Jackie starts the series as being pretty, rich, stylish, spoiled, selfish, conceited, annoying, and immature. She makes thoughtless and superficial comments, which occasionally turn out to be correct. As the series progresses, her wealthy father is jailed and her mother (first played by Eve Plumb in an early episode, and later, permanently, by Brooke Shields) abandons Point Place. Jackie is forced to take a job and becomes less self-centered and needy of genuine love and affection. Partly as a result of these changes, she and Donna become better friends. By the end of the series, Jackie has dated three of the four men of the original group: Kelso, Hyde, and Fez. Jackie lives with Donna after her dad is put in jail and her mom runs away to Mexico. It is revealed in the That 90s Show that she continued an on and off relationship with Michael Kelso marrying him at least twice and had a son with him named Jay. Fez Main article: Fez (That '70s Show) Portrayed by Wilmer Valderrama: The foreign exchange student of the group, whose hormones seem to be out of control. His country of origin is one of the longest-running gags on the show. He is sweet, friendly, perverted, gullible, and rather odd. He enjoys eating candy, drinking beer, and looking at pornography. His best friend is Michael Kelso, and he shares a "younger brother" type relationship with Hyde and Eric. He constantly flirts with Jackie and Donna and often makes romantic advances toward them. Initially, he has a lot of trouble getting attention from girls, but during the eighth season, he becomes a ladies' man. He is in love with Jackie throughout the series, but his love is not reciprocated until the eighth season when they become a couple. However, by the time That '90s Show begins, Fez and Jackie had broken up (a result of Jackie cheating on him with Kelso) and has begun a relationship with Sherri Runck. It is also revealed that Fez had opened up a successful chain of beauty salons in Point Place, and is the only one of Eric’s friends to have maintained a close relationship with the Formans - aside from Donna, who is now married into the family. The series' official web site explains the spelling "Fez", as opposed to "Fes" (short for Foreign Exchange Student), as "poetic license". Red Forman Portrayed by Kurtwood Smith: Kitty's husband, Eric's and Laurie's father, and Hyde's surrogate father. Red is a Navy combat veteran, having served in World War II and the Korean War. Impatient, short-tempered, often grouchy and constantly threatening to "put my foot in your ass", he occasionally displays a soft side. His hobbies include working with his power tools, watching television (especially Green Bay Packers games), reading the newspaper, hunting, and fishing. He shows no respect for Fez because he's a foreigner, sometimes he gives him offensive nicknames like "Tonto" and "Ali Baba". In That '90s Show, Red plays a central role, as his granddaughter (and series protagonist) Leia spends the summer with him and Kitty. Much to Red's chagrin, Leia and her friends spend most of their time hanging out in his basement and, as such, acts curmudgeonly towards them. Kitty Forman (née Sigurdson) Portrayed by Debra Jo Rupp: Eric's and Laurie's mother and Red's wife, Kitty is a cheerful, doting, often oversolicitous mother, who can turn cold and assertive when pushed too far. A nurse and former alcoholic (though she begins again occasionally), her major mood swings are usually attributed to menopause. She is also an overly nurturing mother figure to Eric's friends, especially Fez and Hyde. In That '90s Show, Kitty continues her overbearing actions towards her granddaughter Leia and is overjoyed with happiness with the prospect of Leia and her friends spending time at their house. Kitty also reveals a semi-progressive side of herself, as she accepts Ozzie when he comes out as gay to her. In flashbacks, she was played by Ashley Peldon. Bob Pinciotti Portrayed by Don Stark: Midge's husband, Donna's father. Bob often brags about his service in the National Guard, which invariably irritates Red. Bob is also known for walking around his house with his robe wide open wearing no underwear. He eats constantly, even in bed. Bob is almost always in a good mood and is a ladies' man. His best friend is Red, even though Red sees him as a nuisance. He usually takes the brunt of Red's abuse in a jolly manner. Bob makes a guest appearance in Season 1 of That '90s Show. In this appearance, Bob remains cheerful, jolly, and silly. However, he shows a degree of jealousy towards Red and Kitty for having the ability to spend more time with their granddaughter Leia. Bob attempts to one up them by giving Leia more expensive gifts. Midge Pinciotti Portrayed by Tanya Roberts: Bob's wife and Donna's mother. Midge is the woman that Eric and his male friends fantasize about when coming of age. Although often dim-witted, she is also a kind-hearted woman who develops feminist ideals. She and Bob divorce when she is written out of the series after the third season. She later returns during the sixth and seventh seasons, in a recurring role where she and Bob almost reunite, but they then decide that they are better off apart. Laurie Forman Portrayed by Lisa Robin Kelly/Christina Moore: Eric's beautiful but mean and promiscuous older sister. She is also the foster sister of Steven Hyde. Laurie enjoys tormenting Eric and manipulating her father. She is often seen with various men, mainly Eric's friend Kelso (who cheats on his girlfriend Jackie). Eric, Hyde, and Donna often mock her promiscuity, including calling her "The Village Whore". Laurie has a strained relationship with her mother who, unlike her father, sees Laurie for what she really is. Red finally sees her real self in "Laurie Moves Out", but afterward, still doesn't try to help her become a productive member of society. Laurie leaves the series during the third season but returns in a recurring role during the fifth, somewhat chastened. At one point, she genuinely seeks out a loving relationship (rather than merely physical) with Kelso, who is dumbfounded. She also becomes attached to a baby for whom she is babysitting and feels quasi-maternal pangs, which soon disappear. In season five, she and Fez marry to prevent him from getting deported. In season six she regresses to her previous self, and at one point, Red and Kitty genuinely ponder whether she may have children they don't know about. She and Fez are shown to be unhappy in their marriage, with her constantly cheating, and eventually, with pressure from Red, divorce off-screen after Fez gets his green card. Due to Kelly's health issues, Laurie was portrayed by Moore in season six. She does not appear after the sixth season. In the seventh season, she is briefly mentioned to have moved to Canada. In the series finale, Kitty asks if anyone has seen her recently. In That 90s Show she is indirectly referenced when Red mentions that Eric is their second child. Leo Chingkwake Tommy Chong played Leo Portrayed by Tommy Chong: A hippie, and the owner of a Foto Hut at which Hyde once worked. Leo is an Army veteran who served in World War II, where he was awarded a Purple Heart. He would have had a promising medical career ahead of him after the war ended, but he became the stoner he is today after accepting a ride home with some jazz musicians that were smoking marijuana. Leo often puts play before work and maintains an easy-going attitude in most things, business included. Due to Chong's real-life legal issues at the time, he disappears from the series after season four but is later referenced in season five's "The Battle of Evermore", when the gang goes on an unsuccessful mission to find him, finding only a letter from him explaining that he remembered he has a wife and should probably go back to her. Following Chong's release from prison, he returns in season seven and remains on the series until the show's end. In season 8, he gets a new job working for Hyde at Grooves. Leo makes two appearances in Season 1 of That '90s Show, where it is revealed he has remained a stoner and has unsuccessfully auditioned for The Real World. Randy Pearson Portrayed by Josh Meyers: The newest member of the group, Randy is introduced in the final season. Tall and handsome, he is laid back, polite, and forms a friendship with Red who is impressed at Randy's skill at fixing things. While Hyde, Jackie, Donna, and Kelso accept him as a new member of their group, Fez does not. Randy dates Donna for the majority of season eight, causing Kitty to be infuriated with both of them. Donna eventually breaks up with him, and reconciles with Eric when he returns in the last episode of the series. Leia Forman Portrayed by Callie Haverda. She's the teenage daughter of Eric and Donna Forman and granddaughter of Red and Kitty Forman and Bob Pinciotti, who moves in with them for the summer. Her middle name is Anne while Eric wishes it was Tatooine due to his love for Star Wars. Gwen Runck Portrayed by Ashley Aufderheide, Gwen is a rebellious Riot Grrrl with a loyal heart. Jay Kelso Jay is portrayed by Mace Coronel. He's a charming, flirty young videographer, Leia's love interest, and the son of Michael Kelso (Ashton Kutcher) and Jackie Burkhart (Mila Kunis) from the original series. Nate Runck Portrayed by Maxwell Acee Donovan, Nate is Gwen's easygoing and fun-loving half-brother (as they have the same mother). Ozzie Portrayed by Reyn Doi, Ozzie is an insightful and perceptive teen who is openly gay. However, his parents are not aware of his sexual orientation. Nikki Portrayed by Sam Morelos, Nikki is Nate's ambitious and intelligent girlfriend. Recurring characters Angie Barnett (played by Megalyn Echikunwoke) is Hyde's half-sister. Hyde did not know he had a sister until season 7. Angie graduated from college as a mathematics major. Angie and Hyde worked together managing their father's record store, but Angie did not always like working with him. She dated Kelso, which sometimes annoyed Hyde. Angie got her name because all season 7 episodes were named after Rolling Stones songs, and "Angie" was a song by the Stones. Annette Berkardt (played by Jessica Simpson) was Kelso's girlfriend for a brief period of time in season 5. She acts and talks very similar to Jackie, constantly bossing Kelso around. Eric and Donna once referred to her as a blonde version of Jackie, or "Blackie." Despite this, Jackie and Annette hated each other. Once at The Hub, Jackie said to Annette "I did not know they let 'slutballs' in here". Annette said since she saw Jackie in there she thought it was okay. Later in the episode, when Annette and Kelso were kissing, Jackie yelled "Get off my boyfriend!" to Annette, even though it was months after Kelso and Jackie broke up. This led to Hyde wanting to break up with Jackie. After Hyde and Jackie both reconciled and seeing Kelso is still not over Jackie, Annette decides to break up with Kelso and go back home to California. Beatrice "Bea" Sigurdson (played by Betty White) is Kitty's mother. Bea seems like a friendly old lady but is cold and critical, especially of Kitty. She appeared in a few episodes in season five, often nagging at Burt or saying something rude to Kitty in a faux-friendly manner. She was widowed in "Your Time is Gonna Come" when Burt collapses in the driveway and is rushed to the hospital where he dies. She shows little emotion after her husband's death but Kitty does catch her crying in a bedroom. Bea stays with the Formans for a while after Burt's death, causing Kitty considerable stress. She is mentioned as being deceased by the time of the first episode of That 90s Show. In the seventh episode of That 90s Show, Kitty mentions that they spread Bea's ashes outside a Sizzler restaurant. Bernice Forman (played by Marion Ross) is Red's mother. Bernice resented Kitty and was always mean to her. Kitty revealed it was because Red married her instead of an attractive and wealthy woman he once dated who Bernice liked. She appeared in the episodes "Sunday, Bloody Sunday", "The Best Christmas Ever" and "Grandma's Dead" of season 1, and in a flashback in the episode "Halloween" of season two. In the episode "Grandma's Dead" she dies in Eric's car while he is driving her home after Eric tells her off for her treatment of his mother. Brooke Rockwell (played by Shannon Elizabeth) was the valedictorian of the high school class two years before Eric's class. The summer after Kelso's graduation, she had sex with him at a Molly Hatchet concert in a bathroom stall and got pregnant. Initially, Brooke did not trust Kelso because of his immaturity and did not want him in the child's life. Eventually, Kelso convinced her to give him another chance. Brooke gave birth to their daughter Betsy in 1979. Burt Sigurdson (played by Tom Poston) is Kitty's father. He is often seen avoiding his wife, Bea. In one episode, he bought an ostrich farm, which was right next to a coyote farm. The coyotes ate all the ostriches and the Sigurdsons had to sell the house. Burt died in the driveway on the episode "Your Time is Gonna Come". He is later mentioned in the eighth episode of That 90s Show to have given Kitty beer when she was ten. Caroline "Crazy Caroline" Dupree (played by Allison Munn) was Fez's girlfriend in season 3. Fez quickly learned Caroline is very jealous and paranoid. She made threats against Donna and Jackie because Caroline felt they were going to steal Fez from her, when in fact Jackie and Donna had no intention of doing so. Caroline was once found hiding in the men's bathroom looking for Fez. Fez did not want to be with someone that aggressive and paranoid so he broke up with her. Fez and Caroline were together one last time in the eighth season. She got extremely angry when she found out that Fez had lied to her about Jackie being his roommate, and when she found nude photos of Donna in Fez's Barry White album (Leo hid the nude photos in the album without Fez's knowledge, but Caroline believed they were put there by Fez). Caroline appeared again in "Sheer Heart Attack". Fez was having sex with women once and not seeing them again and then decided that he wanted to be with only one woman, so he called Caroline. Later in the episode, Jackie told Fez that she loved him and then kissed him as Caroline walked in. This, as always, made Caroline angry with Fez and attack him viciously. Casey Kelso (played by Luke Wilson) is Kelso's brother who was in the military. Towards the end of season 4 he was dating Donna. During their relationship, there were instances of them engaging in bad behavior, such as Donna drinking and skipping school to hang out with Casey. Donna's father, Bob, felt that Casey was a bad influence and did not want Donna to date him anymore. Eric was jealous of Casey because he wanted to be with Donna, so Eric wanted them to break up. When Red, Kitty and Bob were discussing Casey's bad influence with Donna and Casey, Casey broke up with Donna, deciding the conflict with the adults to be too much hassle. Donna felt that she and Casey were in love, but Casey cruelly said "I have this thing where I say stuff don't really mean." Kelso said that his brother got bored with his girlfriends and broke up with them. During the summer of 1979, Casey was teaching physical education at Eric's old high school, and Eric was in Casey's class. He likes to call Eric "Foreplay". His last appearance was in the Season 7 episode "2120 So. Michigan Ave". He is later mentioned in the season finale of That 90s Show when Donna tells Leia she dated him while broken up with Eric. Charlie Richardson (played by Bret Harrison) is the son of one of Red's war buddies. Eric held a grudge against him from the time that he let some sick children win "Eric's" goldfish in an egg toss. Charlie only appeared in about three episodes towards the end of season 7. Before the beginning of season 8, Charlie accidentally fell off the water tower and died. The water tower is named the Charlie Richardson Memorial Water Tower in his honor. The show originally planned to have Charlie stay the entire 8th season as a replacement for Eric, but killed Charlie off because Harrison got an offer to star in The Loop. Christine St. George (played by Mary Tyler Moore) is a talk show host of What's Up Wisconsin. In the episode "Sweet Lady", Jackie felt she was destined to be Christine's co-host on the show. She persistently tries to get the job, but Christine St. George makes Jackie her assistant instead. After a few episodes, Jackie was fired for knowing too much about her. Earl Arthur (played by Bob Clendenin) is a friend of Red's who worked for Red at Price Mart. Earl frequently came to work late and slacked off on his job, so Red fired him. In response Earl sued Red for wrongful termination, but the judge ruled in favor of Red when Earl arrived too late for his own hearing. Earl later got a job working at a fast food restaurant, where he is again fired for his poor work ethic (this time for repeatedly eating the restaurant's food while at work). Earl appears in the episodes "Red Fired Up", "Roller Disco" and "Radio Daze". Edna Hyde (played by Katey Sagal) is Hyde's biological mother. She is in the season 1 episodes "Career Day", "Prom Night", and "Punk Chick", only appearing on-screen in "Career Day". She plays a large part in "Career Day" as the school chef "Gross Edna", playing opposite Hyde when he has to help her in the kitchen on Career Day. In other episodes she only has lines yelling at Hyde on the porch from the inside of the house such as: In Prom Night Edna: "They're all gonna laugh at you!" (a prom night reference to the 1976 film, Carrie) Steven: "Shut up ma, you're makin' the night too damn special!" In Punk Chick Steven: "It's still my suitcase!" Edna: "Nothing in this house is yours!" Steven: "Shut up!" Edna then ran off and abandoned Hyde, not heard of again until the 4th season where Hyde claims that she and his stepfather Bud got back together and ran off. After Hyde's abandonment, Kitty prevailed upon Red to let the squalor-ridden Hyde live with the Formans. Fenton (played by Jim Rash) is someone with whom Fez has a feud due to a "half-off sale, a crowded parking lot and a pair of pants that made Fez's ass look like an oil painting" (in Fez's own words). In the fifth season, he was an employee at the jewelry store where Eric bought Donna's engagement ring. He is also the landlord of the apartment that Fez and Kelso moved into in the seventh season, which later became Fez and Jackie's apartment when Kelso moved to Chicago. At first, Fenton did not want to let Kelso and Fez move in because of his feud with Fez, but later when he found out Kelso wanted the apartment to have a place to take care of his daughter, and Fenton got the impression that Kelso and Fez were "life partners", he let them have it. Though Fenton does not state this explicitly, his frequent innuendos about men, his lack of experience with women, his mannerisms and affect overtly imply that he is gay. Whenever he sees Fez, he says "Oh, it's you" in a contemptuous way. Neither Fenton nor Fez specifically explain the reason for their mutual hostility and dislike to Eric, despite his increasing curiosity. Fenton later becomes good friends with Jackie, who persuades him not to evict Fez and end their feud. However, very shortly thereafter she carelessly floods both their apartment and Fenton's apartment directly underneath after falling asleep while running the bathtub. He returns in the finale of That 90s Show, now Sherri's landlord, and reignites his rivalry with Fez. He also mentions that he now owns three houses, a duplex and a Dippin Dots. He is the only character who was not part of the main cast to make an appearance in That 90s Show. Hilary Robinson (played by Lara Everly) is Fez's co-worker at the salon where Fez works in season 8. Fez tries to impress her by trying to look cool, which instead intimidates her. However, when Jackie explains to her who Fez really is, she falls in love with him. Fez and Hilary date for a few weeks before Hilary suddenly decides to become a nun and leaves Fez. Jack Burkhart (played by Paul Kreppel) is the father of Jackie. Jack's imprisonment for bribery and embezzlement causes Jackie to cease being a rich, privileged girl. Joanne Stupac (played by Mo Gaffney) is a girlfriend of Bob who appears in seasons 4 and 5. She meets Bob at the supermarket when Bob, unable to cook, was about to buy a dozen TV dinners. Joanne decides to teach Bob to make a meatloaf so he would not have to buy more TV dinners. She does not get along well with Red. When Red and Joanne first meet, they get into an argument about who would cook the meat and who would make the salad. Joanne works at the dog food factory and hires Eric to put coupons in the dog food bags. Eric eventually loses that job after Joanne breaks up with Bob. Mitch Miller (played by Seth Green) is a student in the same class as Eric. Mitch has a feud with Fez and publishes a photo in the school newspaper of Fez and Kelso kissing each other. Mitch has a crush on Donna, and the two once went to a wedding. Eric is angered when Mitch embarrasses Donna, and Eric and Mitch agree to fight each other the next day at 5:15 PM. Not wanting to fight, Mitch persuades Eric not to fight by offering him a French-made GI Joe called "GI Jacques". Mitch has a father, Charlie Miller, played by Fred Willard. Nina Bartell (played by Joanna Canton) is a girlfriend of Fez in season 5 who works with him at the DMV. Fez loses his virginity to her but it goes badly, so she suggests they need to do it more often to get better. It turns out that the reason she's dating Fez was to anger her parents due to him being "different", They break up a while later because Nina thinks he is too needy. Officer Kennedy (played by James Avery) is Kelso's training officer when he joins the police force. He appears mostly in the 6th season, playing a straight ace to the bumbling Kelso. Pam Burkhart (played by Eve Plumb in season 1 and Brooke Shields in season 6) is the mother of Jackie who was dating Bob Pinciotti in season 6. Once a serious business lady, she flees to Mexico when Jackie's councilman father is arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000. She returns to try to fix her relationship with Jackie. Pam Macy (played by Jennifer Lyons) is a classmate of the main characters of the show. She is mentioned in more episodes than she appears, mostly by Michael Kelso. She appears in the episodes "Prom Night", "Romantic Weekend", and "It's a Wonderful life". In "Prom Night", Michael takes Pam to the prom while temporarily broken up with Jackie. In "Romantic Weekend", Kelso is about to have sex with Pam but is unable to perform, telling his friends "the buffer wouldn't buff." Pam tells the whole school, which causes everyone to tease Kelso. Pastor Dave (played by Kevin McDonald), Pastor Dave is the local pastor at the church. He is overly cheerful and (incorrectly) thinks he is "hip cand cool", up to date with the trends. He is often greeted by Eric and his friends with deadpan voices, and they typically just agree with Dave in the hopes he'll go away. Dave is good friends with Kitty, who helps with the church fundraisers, and has an uneasy friendship with Red (mostly because Red is not used to having friends). His friendship with Red seems to have brought out a less-pure side of Dave, as he spends a day with Red watching football and drinking beer, and once even quit the church because he wanted to watch more football on Sundays (later rejoining as the pastor). He appears primarily in season 3 and 4, but has a few cameos in season 2. Rhonda Tate (played by Cynthia Lamontagne) Often called "Big Rhonda" by her classmates, she is a recurring character during season 4 as Fez's girlfriend. When she and Fez are stuck in the school during a tornado they are about to have sex, but Rhonda changes her mind when the tornado ends. She breaks up with Fez after she chokes him after he wanted to get to third base, which came from bad advice from Casey Kelso. Like Fez, she loves candy. She treats Eric with relentless contempt but is genuinely fond of Fez. She also physically intimidated tiny Jackie by threatening to wrestle her after Jackie gets rude with her. The episode "It's a Wonderful Life" features an alternate timeline where Rhonda goes to the prom with Eric (in this timeline, Eric and Donna were never in a relationship), and they remain together until he dumps her. Eric mentions that the two only had sex three times. Later in the same episode she is seen at their 10-year reunion but now as a trim, beautiful, and sexy woman. Rhonda claims her new body came from being dumped by Eric, leading her to lose weight using Jane Fonda workout tapes before becoming a fitness instructor herself. She thanks him for this. It is also mentioned in the season 3 episode "Kitty's Birthday" that she was hit by a car but was apparently uninjured. Roy Keene (played by Jim Gaffigan) is the kitchen manager of the Holiday Hotel employing Eric, Hyde, and Kelso to work as waiters in the hotel's restaurant during seasons 5 and 6. The character serves as the replacement for Leo, who was written out during season 5. Hyde mentions that Roy is like a father figure since his father abandoned him. Roy has stated that his standards for food service are low, and he goes days without washing his hands. Roy served in the Vietnam War, once describing Eric as "scrawny, but strong... like the Vietcong". He suffers from serious trouble connecting to people. One time, he got the impression a woman was in love with him after she insulted him when he got her some butter, so he hid in her shower to surprise her with flowers. He once mentioned he was living with a woman but moved out when she found out he was living with her in secret. It is revealed in the season 6 episode "A Legal Matter" that he was a police cadet who was kicked out of the police academy for shooting a police horse. Samantha Hyde (played by Judy Tylor) is Hyde's wife during season 8. They got married while Hyde was drunk in Las Vegas. The two barely knew each other when they got married. Hyde did not even remember the wedding and did not know he was married until after Samantha came to Point Place to see Hyde. In the episode "My Fairy King", Hyde learned that Samantha was already married to someone else. After this, Hyde and Samantha's relationship ended. Schatzi is a Dachshund that Red gave Kitty in an attempt to make her happy. Schatzi was in several episodes of season 5, was absent for all of season 6, then returned for only one episode towards the beginning of season 7. Red claimed that his absence was due to hiding under the house because he was afraid of the garden hose. "Schatzi" is German and means "little treasure" or "darling" (diminutive of "Schatz"). In the eighth episode of That 90s Show, Kitty mentions that they don't have a dog anymore, confirming that Schatzi is either dead or no longer lives with the Formans. Steven James "Bud" Hyde Sr. (played by Robert Hays) is Hyde's stepfather. Bud Hyde worked as a bartender and is an alcoholic. Until the end of the 6th season, Hyde thought Bud was his biological father. Bud abandoned Hyde when he was a child and Steven was always angry at Bud for this. They temporarily reconciled in season 3, with Hyde even moving in with him. However, he would leave again at the beginning of season 4 after getting back together with Edna – forcing Hyde to move back to the Forman house. Hyde mentioned that Bud did attempt to get in touch with him again. (Bud was passed out drunk on Hyde's car.) Suzy Simpson (played by Alyson Hannigan) appears in two episodes of season 6. She is Kelso's buddy from the police academy who is also attracted to him. Fez has a crush on Suzy and it is because of her that he and Kelso fight after Kelso lies to Fez saying that Suzy has agreed to go on a date with him when really she thinks that she is dating Kelso. However, when Fez reveals that Kelso's having a Baby with another woman and Kelso reveals that Fez is married, she is furious and wants nothing to do with them. Timmy Thompson (played by Paul Connor) is an annoying fellow student in the gang who always embarrasses someone with loud comments meant for everyone around to hear, such as: "Heeey, Forman and Donna got a motel room and they're going to do it!" "Heeey, I'm taking off my pants!" "Heeey, Forman's on a date with his mom!" "Heeey, Donna's showed her ass!" (while showing everyone a yearbook photo where Donna mooned the camera). He only has real dialogue in the episode "Burning Down The House". William James "WB" Barnett (played by Tim Reid) is Hyde's biological father. Hyde originally thought Bud Hyde was his biological father until the cliffhanger between the 6th and 7th seasons, where Kitty discovers that Hyde's real father is a man who lives in Milwaukee. Sometimes people call Barnett by his initials, "WB". Barnett is wealthy and owns Grooves, a chain of record stores. Barnett put Hyde in charge of the Point Place record store along with his daughter (and Hyde's half sister), Angie. Barnett is an African American, which Hyde believes explains his "coolness, afro and suspicion of The Man" (it can also be noted that when Hyde asked him who killed Kennedy his father stated "I don't know, because they don't want me to know"). WB's last on-screen appearance is in the first half of the series finale which is the twenty-first episode of the eighth season, "Love of My Life" (WB had already appeared in the fourteenth episode of that season, "Son and Daughter"). Introduced in That '90s Show Sherri Runck (played by Andrea Anders) is the single mother of Gwen and Nate Runck, with different men. It is stated that Nate's father, named Brian, lives and works in Japan, where he plays baseball and does commercials for adult diapers, as the oldest player on the team, and Gwen's father is a trucker who sometimes passes through Point Place. She lives in the house next door to Red and Kitty, which she is revealed in the season finale to be renting from Fenton. She had a tendency to sleep with a lot of men before the show, but has a relationship with Fez in the show, which she tries to give up to focus on herself. She befriends Red and Kitty, and is also shown to have issues with her deceased father. In "Boyfriend Day One" it is shown that she does not know how to ride a bike. Intended recurring roles This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Several characters on the series were written as recurring, but made only one appearance. Among them: Tina Pinciotti (played by Amanda Fuller) is the younger sister of Donna. She first appears in "Eric's Burger Job", but make no following appearances aside from a brief mention in the Soap parody in "Vanstock". She is later written out with no explanation, as demonstrated in the season 7 premiere when Kitty refers to Donna as Bob and Midge's only child. Valerie Pinciotti is the older never-seen sister of Donna and Tina Pinciotti, who was said to be away at college in "Eric's Birthday" and never mentioned again. Matthew and Rebecca Erdman (played by Kevin Farley and Shannon Holt) are the prudish, fundamentalist host parents of Fez. They first appear in "Drive-In" and convince Fez the rock music they detest is diabolical by playing a KISS album backwards. Although referenced several times, Fez's host parents make no further appearances in the show. They eventually kick Fez out of their home and take all his money back as rent because he graduated a year ago in season 7. Buddy Morgan (played by Joseph Gordon-Levitt) is introduced in "Eric's Buddy" and was intended to become a recurring character. However, the introduction of a homosexual as a love interest for Eric (at a time when both Eric and Hyde were competing for Donna) did not go over well with audiences, and Buddy was cut from the show. Melissa (played by Reagan Gomez-Preston) appears in "Hyde Gets the Girl" as a potential love interest for Hyde. She was intended to become his on-off girlfriend. Patty (played by Lindsay Sloane) appears in two episodes in season 2. She is introduced in "Eric Gets Suspended" along with her best friend, Mary (played by Melissa Joan Hart). The two go on a double blind date with Hyde and Fez. Hyde initially pairs with Mary, and Fez with Patty. However, in the course of the date Hyde tells Fez to swap dates, because he is hitting it off with Patty. Patty then returns in "Eric and Kitty's Night Out", becoming Fez's girlfriend. Patty's role and impact in the episode implies an intention to continue the character's appearance in the series, but Patty is not seen or mentioned again. Notable guest stars This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Amy Adams Paul Anka Curtis Armstrong James Avery Lynsey Bartilson Jim Beaver Rachel Bilson Charo Erika Christensen Alice Cooper Shae D'lyn Roger Daltrey Ashley Drane Eliza Dushku Alexis Dziena Jamie Farr Jenna Fischer Joe Flaherty Adrienne Frantz Gloria Gaynor Monty Hall Alyson Hannigan Valerie Harper Jenilee Harrison Isaac Hayes Mitch Hedberg Carolyn Hennesy Howard Hesseman Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson Matt and Jeff Hardy Jay Johnson Shirley Jones Richard Karn KISS Richard Kline Christopher Knight Wayne Knight Don Knotts Joseph Gordon-Levitt Lindsay Lohan Justin Long Gavin MacLeod Christopher Masterson Alex Nevil Ted Nugent Keri Lynn Pratt Ethan Peck Jack Riley John Ratzenberger Connie Sawyer Reid Scott Ken Shamrock Jessica Simpson French Stewart Dave Thomas Rozonda Thomas Barry Williams Billy Dee Williams Bruce Willis References ^ Meisler, Andy (October 10, 1999). "Clothes and Hairstyles Do Not a Decade Make". The New York Times. Retrieved January 9, 2010. ^ "It's Only Rock and Roll". That '70s Show. Season 7. Episode 158. 6 Oct 2004. ^ "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-12-28. ^ "Kutcher's channeling Kelso. Bring back Sheen". The Vancouver Sun. September 27, 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-28. ^ "Wilmer Valderrama". That70sShow.com. Carsey-Werner LLC. Archived from the original on 2009-04-29. Retrieved 2009-04-16. ^ "That 70s Show and the Imaginary Fez". Overthinking It. May 4, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2014. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". That70sShow.com. Carsey-Werner LLC. 2004. Archived from the original on 2008-02-06. Retrieved 2009-04-16. ^ Barlow, Helen (2007-01-03). "Charmer out of the '70s". Herald Sun. Melbourne. Retrieved 17 April 2009. ^ "Twiz Tv". vteThat '70s ShowCharacters Michael Kelso Fez Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Related Awards and nominations Home video releases That '80s Show That '90s Show Days Like These "That '90s Show" (The Simpsons episode)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"That '70s Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_%2770s_Show"},{"link_name":"That '90s Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_%2790s_Show"}],"text":"This is a list of characters appearing in the television series That '70s Show and That '90s Show.","title":"List of That '70s and '90s Show characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ Uncredited in That '70s Show Season 8.\n\n^ Credited in That '70s Show through episodes 1-10 and 13 as main cast; otherwise does not appear and is uncredited.","title":"Cast table"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Topher Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topher_Grace"},{"link_name":"nice guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice_guy"},{"link_name":"nerdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerdy"},{"link_name":"deadpan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadpan"},{"link_name":"Princess Leia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Leia"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars"},{"link_name":"Mark Brazill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Brazill"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Eric Forman","text":"Portrayed by Topher Grace: The protagonist; Eric is a nice guy, generally nerdy, clumsy, and accident-prone. He does, however, have a deadpan sense of humor that rivals that of his father, Red, and is far from afraid of asserting himself should he be pushed too far. Eric convinces his parents to let his best friend Steven Hyde move in with them, making Hyde like a brother. Red is always hard on him (as a way to toughen him to be a man). He is in a relationship with his longtime love and neighbor Donna Pinciotti. He decides to become a teacher after high school, and he leaves the series at the end of the seventh season to teach in Africa. Eric returns for the series finale, reuniting with Donna. In That '90s Show, it is revealed that Eric eventually married Donna and they had a daughter named Leia, named after Princess Leia. They moved to Chicago and he became an adjunct professor at an unnamed university, teaching \"the religion of Star Wars\". Eric is based on the adolescence of show creator Mark Brazill.[1]","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laura Prepon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Prepon"},{"link_name":"tomboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomboy"}],"sub_title":"Donna Pinciotti","text":"Portrayed by Laura Prepon: Eric's longtime girlfriend (and briefly fiancée). Donna is intelligent, good-looking, and a feminist tomboy. Although she does not agree with what Jackie represents in the beginning of the series, they become friends. Donna is in a relationship with Eric for seven seasons (despite their break-up during season 4). She has brief romances with Michael's brother Casey and with Randy during the final season before rekindling her relationship with Eric at the end of the show's finale. In the time in between the finale of That '70s Show and That '90s Show, Donna and Eric married, moved to Chicago, and had a daughter together. She became a professional author.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danny Masterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Masterson"},{"link_name":"Katey Sagal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katey_Sagal"},{"link_name":"Sam McMurray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_McMurray"},{"link_name":"My Fairy King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_That_%2770s_Show_episodes_season_8&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"legally married","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigamy"},{"link_name":"Tim Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Reid"}],"sub_title":"Steven Hyde","text":"Portrayed by Danny Masterson: Eric's best friend and the anti-establishment member of the group. By the end of season one, Kitty Forman prevails on her husband to allow Hyde to move in after he was abandoned by his mother (played by Katey Sagal) and living in squalor. Hyde is promoted to brother to Eric as soon as he moves in. Hyde has a witty, blunt, and sarcastic sense of humor, and a rebellious personality. He is also the smartest and most practical friend in the group, and the other members often ask for his advice. Although Hyde dates Jackie for three seasons, they eventually part and in the final season he marries an exotic dancer/stripper named Samantha, who (unknown to Hyde) was still wed to her first husband, Larry (Sam McMurray), when she married him. As Donna points out in \"My Fairy King\", that means Hyde and Samantha are not legally married. In the seventh season, Hyde meets his biological father (William Barnett, played by Tim Reid), a wealthy African-American businessman. Hyde also has a strait-laced half-sister named Angie from this newfound relationship. Barnett, who owns a chain of record stores, makes Hyde the manager (and later the owner) of the Point Place store called Grooves. Hyde does not appear nor is mentioned in Season 1 of That '90s Show, leaving his ultimate fate unknown.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashton Kutcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Kutcher"},{"link_name":"Playboy Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy_Club"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"series finale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_%2770s_Finale"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Robot Chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Chicken"},{"link_name":"Walden Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden_Schmidt"},{"link_name":"Two and a Half Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_and_a_Half_Men"},{"link_name":"stoner film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoner_film"},{"link_name":"Dude, Where's My Car?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dude,_Where%27s_My_Car%3F"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Michael Kelso","text":"Portrayed by Ashton Kutcher: The dim-witted, sex-obsessed pretty boy of the group who wants to coast through life on his good looks. He spends the first half of the series in a relationship with the equally vapid Jackie but their relationship comes to an end when Jackie finds out he's been cheating on her with Laurie. In the season 4 finale, Jackie wants to marry Michael but he isn't ready, so he runs away to California with Donna. His best friend is Fez. He fathers a baby girl named Betsy during the seventh season after getting a girl named Brooke pregnant. He becomes a police officer but gets kicked off the force because he does just about everything wrong. He gets a job as a security guard at a Playboy Club in Chicago, and leaves the series during the eighth and final season. He only appears in five episodes during season eight, including the series finale.[2][3] In season 1 of That '90s Show, Kelso makes a guest appearance where it is revealed he and Jackie were on their \"second re-marriage\" and that he had become a father for (at least) a second time with a son named Jay.Kelso was portrayed once again by Kutcher in a Robot Chicken sketch entitled \"That '00s Show\". Critics have noted striking similarities to the portrayal of Kutcher's character Walden Schmidt on Two and a Half Men to that of Kelso. Walden's personality, however, drastically changed since his initial appearances and by the series' end he was a completely changed man. Other similarities drawn are between that of his role as Jesse Montgomery III in the stoner film Dude, Where's My Car? (2000).[4]","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mila Kunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mila_Kunis"},{"link_name":"Eve Plumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Plumb"},{"link_name":"Brooke Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke_Shields"}],"sub_title":"Jacqueline \"Jackie\" Burkhart","text":"Portrayed by Mila Kunis: The youngest member of the group, Jackie starts the series as being pretty, rich, stylish, spoiled, selfish, conceited, annoying, and immature. She makes thoughtless and superficial comments, which occasionally turn out to be correct. As the series progresses, her wealthy father is jailed and her mother (first played by Eve Plumb in an early episode, and later, permanently, by Brooke Shields) abandons Point Place. Jackie is forced to take a job and becomes less self-centered and needy of genuine love and affection. Partly as a result of these changes, she and Donna become better friends. By the end of the series, Jackie has dated three of the four men of the original group: Kelso, Hyde, and Fez. Jackie lives with Donna after her dad is put in jail and her mom runs away to Mexico.\nIt is revealed in the That 90s Show that she continued an on and off relationship with Michael Kelso marrying him at least twice and had a son with him named Jay.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilmer Valderrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmer_Valderrama"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"foreign exchange student","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_student"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"ladies' man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lady%27s_man"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Fez","text":"Portrayed by Wilmer Valderrama:[5] The foreign exchange student of the group, whose hormones seem to be out of control. His country of origin is one of the longest-running gags on the show.[6] He is sweet, friendly, perverted, gullible, and rather odd. He enjoys eating candy, drinking beer, and looking at pornography. His best friend is Michael Kelso, and he shares a \"younger brother\" type relationship with Hyde and Eric. He constantly flirts with Jackie and Donna and often makes romantic advances toward them. Initially, he has a lot of trouble getting attention from girls, but during the eighth season, he becomes a ladies' man. He is in love with Jackie throughout the series, but his love is not reciprocated until the eighth season when they become a couple. However, by the time That '90s Show begins, Fez and Jackie had broken up (a result of Jackie cheating on him with Kelso) and has begun a relationship with Sherri Runck. It is also revealed that Fez had opened up a successful chain of beauty salons in Point Place, and is the only one of Eric’s friends to have maintained a close relationship with the Formans - aside from Donna, who is now married into the family. The series' official web site explains the spelling \"Fez\", as opposed to \"Fes\" (short for Foreign Exchange Student), as \"poetic license\".[7][8]","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kurtwood Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurtwood_Smith"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers"},{"link_name":"Tonto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonto"},{"link_name":"Ali Baba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Baba"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Red Forman","text":"Portrayed by Kurtwood Smith: Kitty's husband, Eric's and Laurie's father, and Hyde's surrogate father. Red is a Navy combat veteran, having served in World War II and the Korean War. Impatient, short-tempered, often grouchy and constantly threatening to \"put my foot in your ass\", he occasionally displays a soft side. His hobbies include working with his power tools, watching television (especially Green Bay Packers games), reading the newspaper, hunting, and fishing. He shows no respect for Fez because he's a foreigner, sometimes he gives him offensive nicknames like \"Tonto\" and \"Ali Baba\".[9] In That '90s Show, Red plays a central role, as his granddaughter (and series protagonist) Leia spends the summer with him and Kitty. Much to Red's chagrin, Leia and her friends spend most of their time hanging out in his basement and, as such, acts curmudgeonly towards them.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Debra Jo Rupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debra_Jo_Rupp"},{"link_name":"nurse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing"},{"link_name":"alcoholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism"},{"link_name":"menopause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menopause"},{"link_name":"Ashley Peldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Peldon"}],"sub_title":"Kitty Forman (née Sigurdson)","text":"Portrayed by Debra Jo Rupp: Eric's and Laurie's mother and Red's wife, Kitty is a cheerful, doting, often oversolicitous mother, who can turn cold and assertive when pushed too far. A nurse and former alcoholic (though she begins again occasionally), her major mood swings are usually attributed to menopause. She is also an overly nurturing mother figure to Eric's friends, especially Fez and Hyde. In That '90s Show, Kitty continues her overbearing actions towards her granddaughter Leia and is overjoyed with happiness with the prospect of Leia and her friends spending time at their house. Kitty also reveals a semi-progressive side of herself, as she accepts Ozzie when he comes out as gay to her. In flashbacks, she was played by Ashley Peldon.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Stark"}],"sub_title":"Bob Pinciotti","text":"Portrayed by Don Stark: Midge's husband, Donna's father. Bob often brags about his service in the National Guard, which invariably irritates Red. Bob is also known for walking around his house with his robe wide open wearing no underwear. He eats constantly, even in bed. Bob is almost always in a good mood and is a ladies' man. His best friend is Red, even though Red sees him as a nuisance. He usually takes the brunt of Red's abuse in a jolly manner. Bob makes a guest appearance in Season 1 of That '90s Show. In this appearance, Bob remains cheerful, jolly, and silly. However, he shows a degree of jealousy towards Red and Kitty for having the ability to spend more time with their granddaughter Leia. Bob attempts to one up them by giving Leia more expensive gifts.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tanya Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanya_Roberts"}],"sub_title":"Midge Pinciotti","text":"Portrayed by Tanya Roberts: Bob's wife and Donna's mother. Midge is the woman that Eric and his male friends fantasize about when coming of age. Although often dim-witted, she is also a kind-hearted woman who develops feminist ideals. She and Bob divorce when she is written out of the series after the third season. She later returns during the sixth and seventh seasons, in a recurring role where she and Bob almost reunite, but they then decide that they are better off apart.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lisa Robin Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Robin_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Christina Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Moore"},{"link_name":"promiscuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promiscuity"}],"sub_title":"Laurie Forman","text":"Portrayed by Lisa Robin Kelly/Christina Moore: Eric's beautiful but mean and promiscuous older sister. She is also the foster sister of Steven Hyde. Laurie enjoys tormenting Eric and manipulating her father. She is often seen with various men, mainly Eric's friend Kelso (who cheats on his girlfriend Jackie). Eric, Hyde, and Donna often mock her promiscuity, including calling her \"The Village Whore\". Laurie has a strained relationship with her mother who, unlike her father, sees Laurie for what she really is. Red finally sees her real self in \"Laurie Moves Out\", but afterward, still doesn't try to help her become a productive member of society. Laurie leaves the series during the third season but returns in a recurring role during the fifth, somewhat chastened. At one point, she genuinely seeks out a loving relationship (rather than merely physical) with Kelso, who is dumbfounded. She also becomes attached to a baby for whom she is babysitting and feels quasi-maternal pangs, which soon disappear. In season five, she and Fez marry to prevent him from getting deported. In season six she regresses to her previous self, and at one point, Red and Kitty genuinely ponder whether she may have children they don't know about. She and Fez are shown to be unhappy in their marriage, with her constantly cheating, and eventually, with pressure from Red, divorce off-screen after Fez gets his green card. Due to Kelly's health issues, Laurie was portrayed by Moore in season six. She does not appear after the sixth season. In the seventh season, she is briefly mentioned to have moved to Canada. In the series finale, Kitty asks if anyone has seen her recently. In That 90s Show she is indirectly referenced when Red mentions that Eric is their second child.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tommy_Chong_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tommy Chong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Chong"},{"link_name":"Foto Hut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foto_Hut"},{"link_name":"Purple Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Heart"},{"link_name":"real-life legal issues at the time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pipe_Dreams"},{"link_name":"The Battle of Evermore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_That_%2770s_Show_episodes_season_5&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Real World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_World"}],"sub_title":"Leo Chingkwake","text":"Tommy Chong played LeoPortrayed by Tommy Chong: A hippie, and the owner of a Foto Hut at which Hyde once worked. Leo is an Army veteran who served in World War II, where he was awarded a Purple Heart. He would have had a promising medical career ahead of him after the war ended, but he became the stoner he is today after accepting a ride home with some jazz musicians that were smoking marijuana. Leo often puts play before work and maintains an easy-going attitude in most things, business included. Due to Chong's real-life legal issues at the time, he disappears from the series after season four but is later referenced in season five's \"The Battle of Evermore\", when the gang goes on an unsuccessful mission to find him, finding only a letter from him explaining that he remembered he has a wife and should probably go back to her. Following Chong's release from prison, he returns in season seven and remains on the series until the show's end. In season 8, he gets a new job working for Hyde at Grooves. Leo makes two appearances in Season 1 of That '90s Show, where it is revealed he has remained a stoner and has unsuccessfully auditioned for The Real World.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Josh Meyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Meyers_(actor)"}],"sub_title":"Randy Pearson","text":"Portrayed by Josh Meyers: The newest member of the group, Randy is introduced in the final season. Tall and handsome, he is laid back, polite, and forms a friendship with Red who is impressed at Randy's skill at fixing things. While Hyde, Jackie, Donna, and Kelso accept him as a new member of their group, Fez does not. Randy dates Donna for the majority of season eight, causing Kitty to be infuriated with both of them. Donna eventually breaks up with him, and reconciles with Eric when he returns in the last episode of the series.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tatooine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatooine"}],"sub_title":"Leia Forman","text":"Portrayed by Callie Haverda. She's the teenage daughter of Eric and Donna Forman and granddaughter of Red and Kitty Forman and Bob Pinciotti, who moves in with them for the summer. Her middle name is Anne while Eric wishes it was Tatooine due to his love for Star Wars.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riot Grrrl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_Grrrl"}],"sub_title":"Gwen Runck","text":"Portrayed by Ashley Aufderheide, Gwen is a rebellious Riot Grrrl with a loyal heart.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Jay Kelso","text":"Jay is portrayed by Mace Coronel. He's a charming, flirty young videographer, Leia's love interest, and the son of Michael Kelso (Ashton Kutcher) and Jackie Burkhart (Mila Kunis) from the original series.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Nate Runck","text":"Portrayed by Maxwell Acee Donovan, Nate is Gwen's easygoing and fun-loving half-brother (as they have the same mother).","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ozzie","text":"Portrayed by Reyn Doi, Ozzie is an insightful and perceptive teen who is openly gay. However, his parents are not aware of his sexual orientation.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Nikki","text":"Portrayed by Sam Morelos, Nikki is Nate's ambitious and intelligent girlfriend.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Megalyn Echikunwoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalyn_Echikunwoke"},{"link_name":"season 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_That_%2770s_Show_episodes#Season_7:_2004%E2%80%932005"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Angie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_(song)"},{"link_name":"Jessica Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Simpson"},{"link_name":"season 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_That_%2770s_Show_episodes#Season_5:_2002%E2%80%932003"},{"link_name":"Betty White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_White"},{"link_name":"Sizzler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizzler"},{"link_name":"Marion Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Ross"},{"link_name":"Shannon Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Elizabeth"},{"link_name":"Tom Poston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Poston"},{"link_name":"Allison Munn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Munn"},{"link_name":"season 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_That_%2770s_Show_episodes#Season_3:_2000%E2%80%932001"},{"link_name":"eighth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_That_%2770s_Show_episodes#Season_8:_2005%E2%80%932006"},{"link_name":"Barry White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_White"},{"link_name":"Luke Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Wilson"},{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military"},{"link_name":"season 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_That_%2770s_Show_episodes#Season_4:_2001%E2%80%932002"},{"link_name":"physical education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_education"},{"link_name":"Eric's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Forman_(That_%2770s_Show)"},{"link_name":"Bret Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bret_Harrison"},{"link_name":"egg toss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_toss"},{"link_name":"The Loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Loop_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Mary Tyler Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Tyler_Moore"},{"link_name":"Bob Clendenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Clendenin"},{"link_name":"wrongful termination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrongful_termination"},{"link_name":"Katey Sagal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katey_Sagal"},{"link_name":"the 1976 film, Carrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_(1976_film)"},{"link_name":"Jim Rash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Rash"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Dippin Dots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dippin_Dots"},{"link_name":"Paul Kreppel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kreppel"},{"link_name":"Mo Gaffney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Gaffney"},{"link_name":"TV dinners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_dinner"},{"link_name":"meatloaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meatloaf"},{"link_name":"Seth Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Green"},{"link_name":"Fred Willard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Willard"},{"link_name":"DMV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Motor_Vehicles"},{"link_name":"virginity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginity"},{"link_name":"James Avery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Avery,_Sr."},{"link_name":"Eve Plumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Plumb"},{"link_name":"Brooke Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke_Shields"},{"link_name":"the buffer wouldn't buff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction"},{"link_name":"Kevin McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_McDonald"},{"link_name":"Cynthia Lamontagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Lamontagne"},{"link_name":"Jim Gaffigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Gaffigan"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Vietcong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietcong"},{"link_name":"Judy Tylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Tylor"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Dachshund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachshund"},{"link_name":"diminutive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminutive"},{"link_name":"Schatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Schatz"},{"link_name":"Robert Hays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hays"},{"link_name":"bartender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartender"},{"link_name":"alcoholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic"},{"link_name":"6th season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_That_%2770s_Show_episodes#Season_6:_2003%E2%80%932004"},{"link_name":"Alyson Hannigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyson_Hannigan"},{"link_name":"mooned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooning"},{"link_name":"Tim Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Reid"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"The Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man"},{"link_name":"Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"}],"text":"Angie Barnett (played by Megalyn Echikunwoke) is Hyde's half-sister. Hyde did not know he had a sister until season 7. Angie graduated from college as a mathematics major. Angie and Hyde worked together managing their father's record store, but Angie did not always like working with him. She dated Kelso, which sometimes annoyed Hyde. Angie got her name because all season 7 episodes were named after Rolling Stones songs, and \"Angie\" was a song by the Stones.\nAnnette Berkardt (played by Jessica Simpson) was Kelso's girlfriend for a brief period of time in season 5. She acts and talks very similar to Jackie, constantly bossing Kelso around. Eric and Donna once referred to her as a blonde version of Jackie, or \"Blackie.\" Despite this, Jackie and Annette hated each other. Once at The Hub, Jackie said to Annette \"I did not know they let 'slutballs' in here\". Annette said since she saw Jackie in there she thought it was okay. Later in the episode, when Annette and Kelso were kissing, Jackie yelled \"Get off my boyfriend!\" to Annette, even though it was months after Kelso and Jackie broke up. This led to Hyde wanting to break up with Jackie. After Hyde and Jackie both reconciled and seeing Kelso is still not over Jackie, Annette decides to break up with Kelso and go back home to California.\nBeatrice \"Bea\" Sigurdson (played by Betty White) is Kitty's mother. Bea seems like a friendly old lady but is cold and critical, especially of Kitty. She appeared in a few episodes in season five, often nagging at Burt or saying something rude to Kitty in a faux-friendly manner. She was widowed in \"Your Time is Gonna Come\" when Burt collapses in the driveway and is rushed to the hospital where he dies. She shows little emotion after her husband's death but Kitty does catch her crying in a bedroom. Bea stays with the Formans for a while after Burt's death, causing Kitty considerable stress. She is mentioned as being deceased by the time of the first episode of That 90s Show. In the seventh episode of That 90s Show, Kitty mentions that they spread Bea's ashes outside a Sizzler restaurant.\nBernice Forman (played by Marion Ross) is Red's mother. Bernice resented Kitty and was always mean to her. Kitty revealed it was because Red married her instead of an attractive and wealthy woman he once dated who Bernice liked. She appeared in the episodes \"Sunday, Bloody Sunday\", \"The Best Christmas Ever\" and \"Grandma's Dead\" of season 1, and in a flashback in the episode \"Halloween\" of season two. In the episode \"Grandma's Dead\" she dies in Eric's car while he is driving her home after Eric tells her off for her treatment of his mother.\nBrooke Rockwell (played by Shannon Elizabeth) was the valedictorian of the high school class two years before Eric's class. The summer after Kelso's graduation, she had sex with him at a Molly Hatchet concert in a bathroom stall and got pregnant. Initially, Brooke did not trust Kelso because of his immaturity and did not want him in the child's life. Eventually, Kelso convinced her to give him another chance. Brooke gave birth to their daughter Betsy in 1979.\nBurt Sigurdson (played by Tom Poston) is Kitty's father. He is often seen avoiding his wife, Bea. In one episode, he bought an ostrich farm, which was right next to a coyote farm. The coyotes ate all the ostriches and the Sigurdsons had to sell the house. Burt died in the driveway on the episode \"Your Time is Gonna Come\". He is later mentioned in the eighth episode of That 90s Show to have given Kitty beer when she was ten.\nCaroline \"Crazy Caroline\" Dupree (played by Allison Munn) was Fez's girlfriend in season 3. Fez quickly learned Caroline is very jealous and paranoid. She made threats against Donna and Jackie because Caroline felt they were going to steal Fez from her, when in fact Jackie and Donna had no intention of doing so. Caroline was once found hiding in the men's bathroom looking for Fez. Fez did not want to be with someone that aggressive and paranoid so he broke up with her. Fez and Caroline were together one last time in the eighth season. She got extremely angry when she found out that Fez had lied to her about Jackie being his roommate, and when she found nude photos of Donna in Fez's Barry White album (Leo hid the nude photos in the album without Fez's knowledge, but Caroline believed they were put there by Fez). Caroline appeared again in \"Sheer Heart Attack\". Fez was having sex with women once and not seeing them again and then decided that he wanted to be with only one woman, so he called Caroline. Later in the episode, Jackie told Fez that she loved him and then kissed him as Caroline walked in. This, as always, made Caroline angry with Fez and attack him viciously.\nCasey Kelso (played by Luke Wilson) is Kelso's brother who was in the military. Towards the end of season 4 he was dating Donna. During their relationship, there were instances of them engaging in bad behavior, such as Donna drinking and skipping school to hang out with Casey. Donna's father, Bob, felt that Casey was a bad influence and did not want Donna to date him anymore. Eric was jealous of Casey because he wanted to be with Donna, so Eric wanted them to break up. When Red, Kitty and Bob were discussing Casey's bad influence with Donna and Casey, Casey broke up with Donna, deciding the conflict with the adults to be too much hassle. Donna felt that she and Casey were in love, but Casey cruelly said \"I have this thing where I say stuff don't really mean.\" Kelso said that his brother got bored with his girlfriends and broke up with them. During the summer of 1979, Casey was teaching physical education at Eric's old high school, and Eric was in Casey's class. He likes to call Eric \"Foreplay\". His last appearance was in the Season 7 episode \"2120 So. Michigan Ave\". He is later mentioned in the season finale of That 90s Show when Donna tells Leia she dated him while broken up with Eric.\nCharlie Richardson (played by Bret Harrison) is the son of one of Red's war buddies. Eric held a grudge against him from the time that he let some sick children win \"Eric's\" goldfish in an egg toss. Charlie only appeared in about three episodes towards the end of season 7. Before the beginning of season 8, Charlie accidentally fell off the water tower and died. The water tower is named the Charlie Richardson Memorial Water Tower in his honor. The show originally planned to have Charlie stay the entire 8th season as a replacement for Eric, but killed Charlie off because Harrison got an offer to star in The Loop.\nChristine St. George (played by Mary Tyler Moore) is a talk show host of What's Up Wisconsin. In the episode \"Sweet Lady\", Jackie felt she was destined to be Christine's co-host on the show. She persistently tries to get the job, but Christine St. George makes Jackie her assistant instead. After a few episodes, Jackie was fired for knowing too much about her.\nEarl Arthur (played by Bob Clendenin) is a friend of Red's who worked for Red at Price Mart. Earl frequently came to work late and slacked off on his job, so Red fired him. In response Earl sued Red for wrongful termination, but the judge ruled in favor of Red when Earl arrived too late for his own hearing. Earl later got a job working at a fast food restaurant, where he is again fired for his poor work ethic (this time for repeatedly eating the restaurant's food while at work). Earl appears in the episodes \"Red Fired Up\", \"Roller Disco\" and \"Radio Daze\".\nEdna Hyde (played by Katey Sagal) is Hyde's biological mother. She is in the season 1 episodes \"Career Day\", \"Prom Night\", and \"Punk Chick\", only appearing on-screen in \"Career Day\". She plays a large part in \"Career Day\" as the school chef \"Gross Edna\", playing opposite Hyde when he has to help her in the kitchen on Career Day. In other episodes she only has lines yelling at Hyde on the porch from the inside of the house such as:\nIn Prom Night Edna: \"They're all gonna laugh at you!\" (a prom night reference to the 1976 film, Carrie) Steven: \"Shut up ma, you're makin' the night too damn special!\"\nIn Punk Chick Steven: \"It's still my suitcase!\" Edna: \"Nothing in this house is yours!\" Steven: \"Shut up!\"Edna then ran off and abandoned Hyde, not heard of again until the 4th season where Hyde claims that she and his stepfather Bud got back together and ran off. After Hyde's abandonment, Kitty prevailed upon Red to let the squalor-ridden Hyde live with the Formans.Fenton (played by Jim Rash) is someone with whom Fez has a feud due to a \"half-off sale, a crowded parking lot and a pair of pants that made Fez's ass look like an oil painting\" (in Fez's own words). In the fifth season, he was an employee at the jewelry store where Eric bought Donna's engagement ring. He is also the landlord of the apartment that Fez and Kelso moved into in the seventh season, which later became Fez and Jackie's apartment when Kelso moved to Chicago. At first, Fenton did not want to let Kelso and Fez move in because of his feud with Fez, but later when he found out Kelso wanted the apartment to have a place to take care of his daughter, and Fenton got the impression that Kelso and Fez were \"life partners\", he let them have it. Though Fenton does not state this explicitly, his frequent innuendos about men, his lack of experience with women, his mannerisms and affect overtly imply that he is gay. Whenever he sees Fez, he says \"Oh, it's you\" in a contemptuous way. Neither Fenton nor Fez specifically explain the reason for their mutual hostility and dislike to Eric, despite his increasing curiosity. Fenton later becomes good friends with Jackie, who persuades him not to evict Fez and end their feud. However, very shortly thereafter she carelessly floods both their apartment and Fenton's apartment directly underneath after falling asleep while running the bathtub. He returns in the finale of That 90s Show, now Sherri's landlord, and reignites his rivalry with Fez. He also mentions that he now owns three houses, a duplex and a Dippin Dots. He is the only character who was not part of the main cast to make an appearance in That 90s Show.\nHilary Robinson (played by Lara Everly) is Fez's co-worker at the salon where Fez works in season 8. Fez tries to impress her by trying to look cool, which instead intimidates her. However, when Jackie explains to her who Fez really is, she falls in love with him. Fez and Hilary date for a few weeks before Hilary suddenly decides to become a nun and leaves Fez.\nJack Burkhart (played by Paul Kreppel) is the father of Jackie. Jack's imprisonment for bribery and embezzlement causes Jackie to cease being a rich, privileged girl.\nJoanne Stupac (played by Mo Gaffney) is a girlfriend of Bob who appears in seasons 4 and 5. She meets Bob at the supermarket when Bob, unable to cook, was about to buy a dozen TV dinners. Joanne decides to teach Bob to make a meatloaf so he would not have to buy more TV dinners. She does not get along well with Red. When Red and Joanne first meet, they get into an argument about who would cook the meat and who would make the salad. Joanne works at the dog food factory and hires Eric to put coupons in the dog food bags. Eric eventually loses that job after Joanne breaks up with Bob.\nMitch Miller (played by Seth Green) is a student in the same class as Eric. Mitch has a feud with Fez and publishes a photo in the school newspaper of Fez and Kelso kissing each other. Mitch has a crush on Donna, and the two once went to a wedding. Eric is angered when Mitch embarrasses Donna, and Eric and Mitch agree to fight each other the next day at 5:15 PM. Not wanting to fight, Mitch persuades Eric not to fight by offering him a French-made GI Joe called \"GI Jacques\". Mitch has a father, Charlie Miller, played by Fred Willard.\nNina Bartell (played by Joanna Canton) is a girlfriend of Fez in season 5 who works with him at the DMV. Fez loses his virginity to her but it goes badly, so she suggests they need to do it more often to get better. It turns out that the reason she's dating Fez was to anger her parents due to him being \"different\", They break up a while later because Nina thinks he is too needy.\nOfficer Kennedy (played by James Avery) is Kelso's training officer when he joins the police force. He appears mostly in the 6th season, playing a straight ace to the bumbling Kelso.\nPam Burkhart (played by Eve Plumb in season 1 and Brooke Shields in season 6) is the mother of Jackie who was dating Bob Pinciotti in season 6. Once a serious business lady, she flees to Mexico when Jackie's councilman father is arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000. She returns to try to fix her relationship with Jackie.\nPam Macy (played by Jennifer Lyons) is a classmate of the main characters of the show. She is mentioned in more episodes than she appears, mostly by Michael Kelso. She appears in the episodes \"Prom Night\", \"Romantic Weekend\", and \"It's a Wonderful life\". In \"Prom Night\", Michael takes Pam to the prom while temporarily broken up with Jackie. In \"Romantic Weekend\", Kelso is about to have sex with Pam but is unable to perform, telling his friends \"the buffer wouldn't buff.\" Pam tells the whole school, which causes everyone to tease Kelso.\nPastor Dave (played by Kevin McDonald), Pastor Dave is the local pastor at the church. He is overly cheerful and (incorrectly) thinks he is \"hip cand cool\", up to date with the trends. He is often greeted by Eric and his friends with deadpan voices, and they typically just agree with Dave in the hopes he'll go away. Dave is good friends with Kitty, who helps with the church fundraisers, and has an uneasy friendship with Red (mostly because Red is not used to having friends). His friendship with Red seems to have brought out a less-pure side of Dave, as he spends a day with Red watching football and drinking beer, and once even quit the church because he wanted to watch more football on Sundays (later rejoining as the pastor). He appears primarily in season 3 and 4, but has a few cameos in season 2.\nRhonda Tate (played by Cynthia Lamontagne) Often called \"Big Rhonda\" by her classmates, she is a recurring character during season 4 as Fez's girlfriend. When she and Fez are stuck in the school during a tornado they are about to have sex, but Rhonda changes her mind when the tornado ends. She breaks up with Fez after she chokes him after he wanted to get to third base, which came from bad advice from Casey Kelso. Like Fez, she loves candy. She treats Eric with relentless contempt but is genuinely fond of Fez. She also physically intimidated tiny Jackie by threatening to wrestle her after Jackie gets rude with her. The episode \"It's a Wonderful Life\" features an alternate timeline where Rhonda goes to the prom with Eric (in this timeline, Eric and Donna were never in a relationship), and they remain together until he dumps her. Eric mentions that the two only had sex three times. Later in the same episode she is seen at their 10-year reunion but now as a trim, beautiful, and sexy woman. Rhonda claims her new body came from being dumped by Eric, leading her to lose weight using Jane Fonda workout tapes before becoming a fitness instructor herself. She thanks him for this. It is also mentioned in the season 3 episode \"Kitty's Birthday\" that she was hit by a car but was apparently uninjured.\nRoy Keene (played by Jim Gaffigan) is the kitchen manager of the Holiday Hotel employing Eric, Hyde, and Kelso to work as waiters in the hotel's restaurant during seasons 5 and 6. The character serves as the replacement for Leo, who was written out during season 5. Hyde mentions that Roy is like a father figure since his father abandoned him. Roy has stated that his standards for food service are low, and he goes days without washing his hands. Roy served in the Vietnam War, once describing Eric as \"scrawny, but strong... like the Vietcong\". He suffers from serious trouble connecting to people. One time, he got the impression a woman was in love with him after she insulted him when he got her some butter, so he hid in her shower to surprise her with flowers. He once mentioned he was living with a woman but moved out when she found out he was living with her in secret. It is revealed in the season 6 episode \"A Legal Matter\" that he was a police cadet who was kicked out of the police academy for shooting a police horse.\nSamantha Hyde (played by Judy Tylor) is Hyde's wife during season 8. They got married while Hyde was drunk in Las Vegas. The two barely knew each other when they got married. Hyde did not even remember the wedding and did not know he was married until after Samantha came to Point Place to see Hyde. In the episode \"My Fairy King\", Hyde learned that Samantha was already married to someone else. After this, Hyde and Samantha's relationship ended.\nSchatzi is a Dachshund that Red gave Kitty in an attempt to make her happy. Schatzi was in several episodes of season 5, was absent for all of season 6, then returned for only one episode towards the beginning of season 7. Red claimed that his absence was due to hiding under the house because he was afraid of the garden hose. \"Schatzi\" is German and means \"little treasure\" or \"darling\" (diminutive of \"Schatz\"). In the eighth episode of That 90s Show, Kitty mentions that they don't have a dog anymore, confirming that Schatzi is either dead or no longer lives with the Formans.\nSteven James \"Bud\" Hyde Sr. (played by Robert Hays) is Hyde's stepfather. Bud Hyde worked as a bartender and is an alcoholic. Until the end of the 6th season, Hyde thought Bud was his biological father. Bud abandoned Hyde when he was a child and Steven was always angry at Bud for this. They temporarily reconciled in season 3, with Hyde even moving in with him. However, he would leave again at the beginning of season 4 after getting back together with Edna – forcing Hyde to move back to the Forman house. Hyde mentioned that Bud did attempt to get in touch with him again. (Bud was passed out drunk on Hyde's car.)\nSuzy Simpson (played by Alyson Hannigan) appears in two episodes of season 6. She is Kelso's buddy from the police academy who is also attracted to him. Fez has a crush on Suzy and it is because of her that he and Kelso fight after Kelso lies to Fez saying that Suzy has agreed to go on a date with him when really she thinks that she is dating Kelso. However, when Fez reveals that Kelso's having a Baby with another woman and Kelso reveals that Fez is married, she is furious and wants nothing to do with them.\nTimmy Thompson (played by Paul Connor) is an annoying fellow student in the gang who always embarrasses someone with loud comments meant for everyone around to hear, such as:\n\"Heeey, Forman and Donna got a motel room and they're going to do it!\"\n\"Heeey, I'm taking off my pants!\"\n\"Heeey, Forman's on a date with his mom!\"\n\"Heeey, Donna's showed her ass!\" (while showing everyone a yearbook photo where Donna mooned the camera).He only has real dialogue in the episode \"Burning Down The House\".William James \"WB\" Barnett (played by Tim Reid) is Hyde's biological father. Hyde originally thought Bud Hyde was his biological father until the cliffhanger between the 6th and 7th seasons, where Kitty discovers that Hyde's real father is a man who lives in Milwaukee. Sometimes people call Barnett by his initials, \"WB\". Barnett is wealthy and owns Grooves, a chain of record stores. Barnett put Hyde in charge of the Point Place record store along with his daughter (and Hyde's half sister), Angie. Barnett is an African American, which Hyde believes explains his \"coolness, afro and suspicion of The Man\" (it can also be noted that when Hyde asked him who killed Kennedy his father stated \"I don't know, because they don't want me to know\"). WB's last on-screen appearance is in the first half of the series finale which is the twenty-first episode of the eighth season, \"Love of My Life\" (WB had already appeared in the fourteenth episode of that season, \"Son and Daughter\").","title":"Recurring characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrea Anders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Anders"}],"text":"Sherri Runck (played by Andrea Anders) is the single mother of Gwen and Nate Runck, with different men. It is stated that Nate's father, named Brian, lives and works in Japan, where he plays baseball and does commercials for adult diapers, as the oldest player on the team, and Gwen's father is a trucker who sometimes passes through Point Place. She lives in the house next door to Red and Kitty, which she is revealed in the season finale to be renting from Fenton. She had a tendency to sleep with a lot of men before the show, but has a relationship with Fez in the show, which she tries to give up to focus on herself. She befriends Red and Kitty, and is also shown to have issues with her deceased father. In \"Boyfriend Day One\" it is shown that she does not know how to ride a bike.","title":"Introduced in That '90s Show"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amanda Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Fuller"},{"link_name":"Soap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_(TV_show)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Farley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Farley"},{"link_name":"fundamentalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalist"},{"link_name":"KISS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(band)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Gordon-Levitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gordon-Levitt"},{"link_name":"Reagan Gomez-Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_Gomez-Preston"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Sloane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Sloane"},{"link_name":"Melissa Joan Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Joan_Hart"}],"text":"Several characters on the series were written as recurring, but made only one appearance. Among them:Tina Pinciotti (played by Amanda Fuller) is the younger sister of Donna. She first appears in \"Eric's Burger Job\", but make no following appearances aside from a brief mention in the Soap parody in \"Vanstock\". She is later written out with no explanation, as demonstrated in the season 7 premiere when Kitty refers to Donna as Bob and Midge's only child.\nValerie Pinciotti is the older never-seen sister of Donna and Tina Pinciotti, who was said to be away at college in \"Eric's Birthday\" and never mentioned again.\nMatthew and Rebecca Erdman (played by Kevin Farley and Shannon Holt) are the prudish, fundamentalist host parents of Fez. They first appear in \"Drive-In\" and convince Fez the rock music they detest is diabolical by playing a KISS album backwards. Although referenced several times, Fez's host parents make no further appearances in the show. They eventually kick Fez out of their home and take all his money back as rent because he graduated a year ago in season 7.\nBuddy Morgan (played by Joseph Gordon-Levitt) is introduced in \"Eric's Buddy\" and was intended to become a recurring character. However, the introduction of a homosexual as a love interest for Eric (at a time when both Eric and Hyde were competing for Donna) did not go over well with audiences, and Buddy was cut from the show.\nMelissa (played by Reagan Gomez-Preston) appears in \"Hyde Gets the Girl\" as a potential love interest for Hyde. She was intended to become his on-off girlfriend.\nPatty (played by Lindsay Sloane) appears in two episodes in season 2. She is introduced in \"Eric Gets Suspended\" along with her best friend, Mary (played by Melissa Joan Hart). The two go on a double blind date with Hyde and Fez. Hyde initially pairs with Mary, and Fez with Patty. However, in the course of the date Hyde tells Fez to swap dates, because he is hitting it off with Patty. Patty then returns in \"Eric and Kitty's Night Out\", becoming Fez's girlfriend. Patty's role and impact in the episode implies an intention to continue the character's appearance in the series, but Patty is not seen or mentioned again.","title":"Intended recurring roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amy Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Adams"},{"link_name":"Paul Anka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Anka"},{"link_name":"Curtis Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"James Avery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Avery"},{"link_name":"Lynsey Bartilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynsey_Bartilson"},{"link_name":"Jim Beaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Beaver"},{"link_name":"Rachel Bilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Bilson"},{"link_name":"Charo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charo"},{"link_name":"Erika Christensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erika_Christensen"},{"link_name":"Alice Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Shae D'lyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shae_D%27lyn"},{"link_name":"Roger Daltrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Daltrey"},{"link_name":"Ashley Drane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Drane"},{"link_name":"Eliza Dushku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza_Dushku"},{"link_name":"Alexis Dziena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Dziena"},{"link_name":"Jamie Farr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Farr"},{"link_name":"Jenna Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenna_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Joe Flaherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Flaherty"},{"link_name":"Adrienne Frantz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrienne_Frantz"},{"link_name":"Gloria Gaynor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Gaynor"},{"link_name":"Monty Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Hall"},{"link_name":"Alyson Hannigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyson_Hannigan"},{"link_name":"Valerie Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Harper"},{"link_name":"Jenilee Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenilee_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Isaac Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Hayes"},{"link_name":"Mitch Hedberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Hedberg"},{"link_name":"Carolyn Hennesy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_Hennesy"},{"link_name":"Howard Hesseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hesseman"},{"link_name":"Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Matt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Hardy"},{"link_name":"and","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hardy_Boyz"},{"link_name":"Jeff Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Shirley Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Jones"},{"link_name":"Richard Karn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Karn"},{"link_name":"KISS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(band)"},{"link_name":"Richard Kline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kline"},{"link_name":"Christopher Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Knight_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Wayne Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Knight"},{"link_name":"Don Knotts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Knotts"},{"link_name":"Joseph Gordon-Levitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gordon-Levitt"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Lohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Lohan"},{"link_name":"Justin Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Long"},{"link_name":"Gavin MacLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_MacLeod"},{"link_name":"Christopher Masterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Masterson"},{"link_name":"Alex Nevil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Nevil"},{"link_name":"Ted Nugent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nugent"},{"link_name":"Keri Lynn Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keri_Lynn_Pratt"},{"link_name":"Ethan Peck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Peck"},{"link_name":"Jack Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Riley_(actor)"},{"link_name":"John Ratzenberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ratzenberger"},{"link_name":"Connie Sawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie_Sawyer"},{"link_name":"Reid Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Scott_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ken Shamrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Shamrock"},{"link_name":"Jessica Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Simpson"},{"link_name":"French Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Dave Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Thomas_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Rozonda Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozonda_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Barry Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Williams_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Billy Dee Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Dee_Williams"},{"link_name":"Bruce Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Willis"}],"text":"Amy Adams\nPaul Anka\nCurtis Armstrong\nJames Avery\nLynsey Bartilson\nJim Beaver\nRachel Bilson\nCharo\nErika Christensen\nAlice Cooper\nShae D'lyn\nRoger Daltrey\nAshley Drane\nEliza Dushku\nAlexis Dziena\nJamie Farr\nJenna Fischer\nJoe Flaherty\nAdrienne Frantz\nGloria Gaynor\nMonty Hall\nAlyson Hannigan\nValerie Harper\nJenilee Harrison\nIsaac Hayes\nMitch Hedberg\nCarolyn Hennesy\nHoward Hesseman\nDwayne “The Rock” Johnson\nMatt and Jeff Hardy\nJay Johnson\nShirley Jones\nRichard Karn\nKISS\nRichard Kline\nChristopher Knight\nWayne Knight\nDon Knotts\nJoseph Gordon-Levitt\nLindsay Lohan\nJustin Long\nGavin MacLeod\nChristopher Masterson\nAlex Nevil\nTed Nugent\nKeri Lynn Pratt\nEthan Peck\nJack Riley\nJohn Ratzenberger\nConnie Sawyer\nReid Scott\nKen Shamrock\nJessica Simpson\nFrench Stewart\nDave Thomas\nRozonda Thomas\nBarry Williams\nBilly Dee Williams\nBruce Willis","title":"Notable guest stars"}]	[{"image_text":"Tommy Chong played Leo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tommy_Chong_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/170px-Tommy_Chong_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Meisler, Andy (October 10, 1999). \"Clothes and Hairstyles Do Not a Decade Make\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/10/arts/television-radio-clothes-and-hairstyles-do-not-a-decade-make.html?pagewanted=2","url_text":"\"Clothes and Hairstyles Do Not a Decade Make\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"It's Only Rock and Roll\". That '70s Show. Season 7. Episode 158. 6 Oct 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_%2770s_Show_(season_7)#Episodes","url_text":"It's Only Rock and Roll"}]},{"reference":"\"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://tv.nytimes.com/episode/4932472/That-70s-Show/overview","url_text":"\"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Kutcher's channeling Kelso. Bring back Sheen\". The Vancouver Sun. September 27, 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2011/09/27/kutchers-channeling-kelso-bring-back-sheen/","url_text":"\"Kutcher's channeling Kelso. Bring back Sheen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vancouver_Sun","url_text":"The Vancouver Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Wilmer Valderrama\". That70sShow.com. Carsey-Werner LLC. Archived from the original on 2009-04-29. Retrieved 2009-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090429175634/http://www.that70sshow.com/wilmer.html","url_text":"\"Wilmer Valderrama\""},{"url":"http://www.that70sshow.com/wilmer.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"That 70s Show and the Imaginary Fez\". Overthinking It. May 4, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.overthinkingit.com/2012/05/04/that-70s-show-ghost-fez/","url_text":"\"That 70s Show and the Imaginary Fez\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\". That70sShow.com. Carsey-Werner LLC. 2004. Archived from the original on 2008-02-06. Retrieved 2009-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080206041554/http://www.that70sshow.com/index_faq.htm","url_text":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\""},{"url":"http://www.that70sshow.com/index_faq.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Barlow, Helen (2007-01-03). \"Charmer out of the '70s\". Herald Sun. Melbourne. Retrieved 17 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/television/charmer-out-of-the-70s/story-e6frf9ho-1111112764733","url_text":"\"Charmer out of the '70s\""}]},{"reference":"\"Twiz Tv\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.twiztv.com/scripts/that70sshow/season2/that70sshow-202.htm","url_text":"\"Twiz Tv\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_That_%2770s_and_%2790s_Show_characters&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/10/arts/television-radio-clothes-and-hairstyles-do-not-a-decade-make.html?pagewanted=2","external_links_name":"\"Clothes and Hairstyles Do Not a Decade Make\""},{"Link":"http://tv.nytimes.com/episode/4932472/That-70s-Show/overview","external_links_name":"\"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2011/09/27/kutchers-channeling-kelso-bring-back-sheen/","external_links_name":"\"Kutcher's channeling Kelso. Bring back Sheen\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090429175634/http://www.that70sshow.com/wilmer.html","external_links_name":"\"Wilmer Valderrama\""},{"Link":"http://www.that70sshow.com/wilmer.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.overthinkingit.com/2012/05/04/that-70s-show-ghost-fez/","external_links_name":"\"That 70s Show and the Imaginary Fez\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080206041554/http://www.that70sshow.com/index_faq.htm","external_links_name":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\""},{"Link":"http://www.that70sshow.com/index_faq.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/television/charmer-out-of-the-70s/story-e6frf9ho-1111112764733","external_links_name":"\"Charmer out of the '70s\""},{"Link":"http://www.twiztv.com/scripts/that70sshow/season2/that70sshow-202.htm","external_links_name":"\"Twiz Tv\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Illusions:_Reflections	Real Illusions: Reflections	["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 Chart performance","5 Awards","6 References","7 External links"]	2005 studio album by Steve VaiReal Illusions: ReflectionsStudio album by Steve VaiReleasedFebruary 22, 2005 (2005-02-22)StudioThe Mothership Studio in Hollywood Hills; The Harmony Hut in Encino, Los Angeles; De Oosterpoort in Groningen; Paradiso in AmsterdamGenreInstrumental rock, progressive metal, heavy metal, hard rockLength55:10LabelEpicProducerSteve VaiSteve Vai chronology The Ultra Zone(1999) Real Illusions: Reflections(2005) The Story of Light(2012) Real Illusions: Reflections is the seventh studio album by guitarist Steve Vai, released on February 22, 2005, through Epic Records. The album reached No. 147 on the U.S. Billboard 200, as well as No. 88 on the Dutch albums chart and No. 110 on the French albums chart. Described by Vai as "rock fable", Real Illusions: Reflections is the first part of a three-part concept album about a town visited by the godsent Pamposh and his construction of the Church. "Lotus Feet", purposely designated as track seven (see The Seventh Song) and recorded live during three separate concerts in the Netherlands during Vai's 2004 "Aching Hunger Tour", was nominated for Best Rock Instrumental Performance at the 2006 Grammy Awards. Vai cites Bulgarian wedding music as having inspired "Freak Show Excess". Critical reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic Sean Westergaard at AllMusic gave Real Illusions: Reflections four stars out of five, listing "K'm-Pee-Du-Wee", "Firewall", "Yai Yai", "Freak Show Excess" and "Lotus Feet" as highlights. He also remarked favorably about Vai's singing: "As a vocalist, he's gotten way more confident, and while it's doubtful his singing will ever be the primary attraction, he does a fine job here." Track listing All tracks are written by Steve VaiNo.TitleLength1."Building the Church"4:582."Dying for Your Love"4:503."Glorious"4:354."K'm-Pee-Du-Wee"4:005."Firewall"4:196."Freak Show Excess"6:517."Lotus Feet" (live)6:458."Yai Yai"2:379."Midway Creatures"3:4210."I'm Your Secrets"4:2611."Under it All"8:07Total length:55:10 Personnel Steve Vai – lead vocals, guitar, all instrumentation (except where noted), engineering, mixing, production Jeremy Colson – drums, percussion (track 5), additional percussion (tracks 4, 6, 10) Gregg Bissonette – percussion (track 5), additional percussion (tracks 4, 6, 10) Billy Sheehan – bass Bryan Beller – bass (track 7) Jerry Hey – trumpet (track 5) Gary Grant – trumpet (track 5) Dan Higgins – saxophone (track 5) Larry Williams – saxophone (track 5) Bill Reichenbach, Jr. – trombone (track 5) Charlie Loper – trombone (track 5) Stacy Ellis – background vocals (track 5) Metropole Orkest – orchestra (track 7) Chris Opperman – piano (track 7) Pia Vai – harp (track 11) Fire Vai – spoken vocals (track 11) Laurel Fishman – spoken vocals (track 11) Ruby Birman – spoken vocals (track 11) Len Birman – spoken vocals (track 11) Jeff Mallard – spoken vocals (track 11) Michael Mesker – spoken vocals (track 11) Thomas Nordegg – spoken vocals (track 11) David Kole – orchestration (track 7) Dick Bakker – conducting (track 7) Neil Citron – engineering assistance Paul Bliven – engineering assistance Bernie Grundman – mastering Chart performance Year Chart Position 2005 Billboard Independent Albums 15 Dutch albums chart 88 French albums chart 110 Billboard 200 147 Billboard Top Internet Albums 147 Greek Albums 25 Awards Event Title Award Result 2006 Grammys "Lotus Feet" Best Rock Instrumental Performance Nominated References ^ a b c d Westergaard, Sean. "Real Illusions: Reflections - Steve Vai". AllMusic. Retrieved 2014-12-12. ^ a b c d "Real Illusions: Reflections - Steve Vai \| Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 2014-12-12. ^ a b c "Steve Vai - Real Illusions: Reflections (album)". finnishcharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 2014-01-10. ^ Vai, Steve (2005). "Inside Real Illusions: Reflections". vai.com. Retrieved 2014-12-12. ^ a b "48th Grammy Awards - 2006". Rock On The Net. Retrieved 2014-12-12. ^ rkkrah (2008-03-03). "Steve Vai demonstration - Freak Show Excess". YouTube. Retrieved 2014-12-12. ^ Ελληνικό Chart External links In Review: Steve Vai "Real Illusions: Reflections" at Guitar Nine Records vteSteve VaiStudio albums Flex-Able Flex-Able Leftovers (EP) Passion and Warfare Sex & Religion Alien Love Secrets (EP) Fire Garden Flex-Able Leftovers (album) The Ultra Zone Real Illusions: Reflections The Story of Light Modern Primitive Inviolate Vai/Gash Compilations The 7th Song, Enchanting Guitar Melodies (Archives Vol. 1) The Secret Jewel Box FZ Original Recordings; Steve Vai (Archives Vol. 2) The Elusive Light and Sound Vol. 1 Mystery Tracks (Archives Vol. 3) The Infinite Steve Vai: An Anthology Piano Reductions, Vol. 1 (by Mike Keneally) Live &orchestral G3: Live in Concert Alive in an Ultra World G3: Rockin' in the Free World Live in London G3: Live in Tokyo Sound Theories, Vols. 1–2 Stillness in Motion: Vai Live in L.A. Videos Live at the Astoria, London Live in Denver (DVD) Visual Sound Theories Frank Zappa Tinsel Town Rebellion Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar You Are What You Is Ship Arriving Too Late to Save a Drowning Witch The Man from Utopia Them or Us Thing-Fish Frank Zappa Meets the Mothers of Prevention Jazz from Hell Guitar You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 1 You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 3 You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 4 As An Am You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 5 You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 6 Strictly Commercial Have I Offended Someone? Cheap Thrills Son of Cheep Thrills FZ Original Recordings; Steve Vai Archives, Vol. 2 Alcatrazz Disturbing the Peace David Lee Roth Eat 'Em and Smile Skyscraper Public Image Ltd Album Whitesnake Slip of the Tongue Collaborations Generation Axe Related Evo Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Vai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Vai"},{"link_name":"Epic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusicawards-2"},{"link_name":"Dutch albums chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MegaCharts"},{"link_name":"French albums chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finnishcharts-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"concept album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_album"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Seventh Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seventh_Song"},{"link_name":"Best Rock Instrumental Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Instrumental_Performance"},{"link_name":"2006 Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grammy-5"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian wedding music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_wedding_music"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Real Illusions: Reflections is the seventh studio album by guitarist Steve Vai, released on February 22, 2005, through Epic Records.[1] The album reached No. 147 on the U.S. Billboard 200,[2] as well as No. 88 on the Dutch albums chart and No. 110 on the French albums chart.[3]Described by Vai as \"rock fable\",[1] Real Illusions: Reflections is the first part of a three-part concept album about a town visited by the godsent Pamposh and his construction of the Church.[4] \"Lotus Feet\", purposely designated as track seven (see The Seventh Song) and recorded live during three separate concerts in the Netherlands during Vai's 2004 \"Aching Hunger Tour\", was nominated for Best Rock Instrumental Performance at the 2006 Grammy Awards.[5] Vai cites Bulgarian wedding music as having inspired \"Freak Show Excess\".[6]","title":"Real Illusions: Reflections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-1"}],"text":"Sean Westergaard at AllMusic gave Real Illusions: Reflections four stars out of five, listing \"K'm-Pee-Du-Wee\", \"Firewall\", \"Yai Yai\", \"Freak Show Excess\" and \"Lotus Feet\" as highlights. He also remarked favorably about Vai's singing: \"As a vocalist, he's gotten way more confident, and while it's doubtful his singing will ever be the primary attraction, he does a fine job here.\"[1]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All tracks are written by Steve VaiNo.TitleLength1.\"Building the Church\"4:582.\"Dying for Your Love\"4:503.\"Glorious\"4:354.\"K'm-Pee-Du-Wee\"4:005.\"Firewall\"4:196.\"Freak Show Excess\"6:517.\"Lotus Feet\" (live)6:458.\"Yai Yai\"2:379.\"Midway Creatures\"3:4210.\"I'm Your Secrets\"4:2611.\"Under it All\"8:07Total length:55:10","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Vai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Vai"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineer"},{"link_name":"mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing_engineer"},{"link_name":"production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Colson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Colson"},{"link_name":"Gregg Bissonette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_Bissonette"},{"link_name":"Billy Sheehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Sheehan"},{"link_name":"Bryan Beller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Beller"},{"link_name":"Jerry Hey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Hey"},{"link_name":"Dan Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Higgins"},{"link_name":"Bill Reichenbach, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Reichenbach,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Metropole Orkest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropole_Orkest"},{"link_name":"Chris Opperman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Opperman"},{"link_name":"Pia Vai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pia_Maiocco"},{"link_name":"Neil Citron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Citron"},{"link_name":"Bernie Grundman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Grundman"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastering_engineer"}],"text":"Steve Vai – lead vocals, guitar, all instrumentation (except where noted), engineering, mixing, production\nJeremy Colson – drums, percussion (track 5), additional percussion (tracks 4, 6, 10)\nGregg Bissonette – percussion (track 5), additional percussion (tracks 4, 6, 10)\nBilly Sheehan – bass\nBryan Beller – bass (track 7)\nJerry Hey – trumpet (track 5)\nGary Grant – trumpet (track 5)\nDan Higgins – saxophone (track 5)\nLarry Williams – saxophone (track 5)\nBill Reichenbach, Jr. – trombone (track 5)\nCharlie Loper – trombone (track 5)\nStacy Ellis – background vocals (track 5)\nMetropole Orkest – orchestra (track 7)\nChris Opperman – piano (track 7)\nPia Vai – harp (track 11)\nFire Vai – spoken vocals (track 11)\nLaurel Fishman – spoken vocals (track 11)\nRuby Birman – spoken vocals (track 11)\nLen Birman – spoken vocals (track 11)\nJeff Mallard – spoken vocals (track 11)\nMichael Mesker – spoken vocals (track 11)\nThomas Nordegg – spoken vocals (track 11)\nDavid Kole – orchestration (track 7)\nDick Bakker – conducting (track 7)\nNeil Citron – engineering assistance\nPaul Bliven – engineering assistance\nBernie Grundman – mastering","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/real-illusions-reflections-mw0000261218","external_links_name":"\"Real Illusions: Reflections - Steve Vai\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/real-illusions-reflections-mw0000261218/awards","external_links_name":"\"Real Illusions: Reflections - Steve Vai \| Awards\""},{"Link":"http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Steve+Vai&titel=Real+Illusions%3A+Reflections&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Steve Vai - Real Illusions: Reflections (album)\""},{"Link":"http://www.vai.com/minisites/realillusions/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Inside Real Illusions: Reflections\""},{"Link":"http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2006/grammys.htm","external_links_name":"\"48th Grammy Awards - 2006\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/user/rkkrah","external_links_name":"rkkrah"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bDx6dtr2T50","external_links_name":"\"Steve Vai demonstration - Freak Show Excess\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050930224819/http://www.ifpi.gr/chart01.htm","external_links_name":"Ελληνικό Chart"},{"Link":"http://www.guitar9.com/realillusions.html","external_links_name":"In Review: Steve Vai \"Real Illusions: Reflections\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/d2ecf9fb-730f-3e61-b8bf-99838dd4645c","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Murray_Keith	Robert Murray Keith	["1 References"]	British diplomat Robert Murray Keith (died 1774) was a British diplomat. He was descended from a younger son of the 2nd Earl Marischal. Keith was minister in Vienna in 1748 and from 1753 Minister-plenipotentiary. In 1757, he transferred to St. Petersburg (arriving in 1758) and remained there until October 1762, when the imperial government requested that he be replaced by a nobleman. He then retired to live at the Hermitage near Edinburgh, and subsequently held other important diplomatic appointments, being known to his numerous friends, among whom were the leading men of letters of his time, as "Ambassador Keith." In 1772, George III sent Robert Murray Keith to negotiate for the release of his sister Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark, from imprisonment. Keith succeeded in his mission and on 28 May 1772 the Queen was deported from Denmark on board a British frigate which took her to Celle Castle in her brother's German territory of Hanover. Keith married Margaret, daughter of Sir William Cunningham, 2nd baronet, of Caprington before 1730 when their son Robert Murray Keith (the younger) was born. Another son was Sir Basil Keith, a naval officer and Governor of Gibraltar. References ^ Chisholm 1911. ^ Thomas Campbell, ed. New monthly magazine, vol. 85, p. 433 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Keith s.v. Robert Keith". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 716. Eagles, R. D. E. "Keith, Robert (c.1697–1774)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/15271. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.). The first edition of this text is available at Wikisource: "Keith, Robert Murray" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. Diplomatic posts Preceded byThomas Robinson British Minister in Austria 1748–1757 Succeeded byThe Earl of Hyndford Preceded byCharles Hanbury Williams Ambassador to Russia 1758–1762 Succeeded byThe Earl of Buckinghamshire Preceded byPhilip Stanhope British Minister to Saxony 1767–1771 Succeeded byJohn Osborne Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States This English biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"diplomat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomat"},{"link_name":"Earl Marischal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Marischal"},{"link_name":"minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(diplomacy)"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"},{"link_name":"Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Matilda_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Celle Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celle_Castle"},{"link_name":"Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Robert Murray Keith (the younger)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Murray_Keith_(the_younger)"},{"link_name":"Basil Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Keith"},{"link_name":"naval officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Governor of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Robert Murray Keith (died 1774) was a British diplomat. He was descended from a younger son of the 2nd Earl Marischal.Keith was minister in Vienna in 1748 and from 1753 Minister-plenipotentiary. In 1757, he transferred to St. Petersburg (arriving in 1758) and remained there until October 1762, when the imperial government requested that he be replaced by a nobleman. He then retired to live at the Hermitage near Edinburgh, and subsequently held other important diplomatic appointments, being known to his numerous friends, among whom were the leading men of letters of his time, as \"Ambassador Keith.\"[1]In 1772, George III sent Robert Murray Keith to negotiate for the release of his sister Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark, from imprisonment. Keith succeeded in his mission and on 28 May 1772 the Queen was deported from Denmark on board a British frigate which took her to Celle Castle in her brother's German territory of Hanover.[2]Keith married Margaret, daughter of Sir William Cunningham, 2nd baronet, of Caprington before 1730 when their son Robert Murray Keith (the younger) was born. Another son was Sir Basil Keith, a naval officer and Governor of Gibraltar.[citation needed]","title":"Robert Murray Keith"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Keith s.v. Robert Keith\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 716.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Keith_(family)","url_text":"Keith s.v. Robert Keith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Eagles, R. D. E. \"Keith, Robert (c.1697–1774)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/15271.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F15271","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/15271"}]},{"reference":"\"Keith, Robert Murray\" . Dictionary of National Biography. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinar_Sverd_Johnsen	Steinar Sverd Johnsen	["1 Discography","1.1 With Mortem","1.2 With Arcturus","1.3 With Covenant","1.4 As a session musician","1.5 As a guest musician","2 References"]	Steinar Sverd JohnsenSverd (left) with Arcturus guitarist Tore Moren in 2005Background informationBorn1972 (age 51–52)OriginNorwayGenresHeavy metalBlack metalAvant-garde metalIndustrial metalOccupation(s)Musician, SongwriterInstrument(s)Keyboards, Synthesizer, Piano, GuitarMember ofArcturusMusical artist Steinar Sverd Johnsen (born 1972) is a Norwegian keyboardist and composer. Sverd plays keyboards and synthesizers in Arcturus and was also the main composer for the band. He formed the band with Marius Vold (Mortem, Stigma Diabolicum of Thorns, and Jan Axel Blomberg (also known as Hellhammer) of Mayhem in 1987, originally under the moniker Mortem (where he played guitar). The band split up in April 2007, but reformed in 2011. In 1998, Sverd was recruited by the band, The Kovenant, known at the time as Covenant, along with Hellhammer. After the release of the album Nexus Polaris, Sverd and the band parted ways. Sverd has also been a guest on a few releases by prominent Norwegian black metal bands, Ulver and Satyricon. Discography With Mortem Slow Death (demo, 1989) Slow Death (EP, 1990) Ravnsvart (LP, 2019) Slow Death (album + extra tracks, 2022) With Arcturus Promo 90 (Demo, 1990) My Angel (EP, 1991) Constellation (EP, 1994) Aspera Hiems Symfonia (full-length, 1995) La Masquerade Infernale (full-length, 1997) Disguised Masters (compilation, 1999) Aspera Hiems Symfonia/Constellation/My Angel (compilation, 2001) The Sham Mirrors (full-length, 2002) Sideshow Symphonies (full-length, 2005) Shipwrecked in Oslo (live film, 2006) Arcturian (full-length 2015) With Covenant Nexus Polaris (full-length, 1998) As a session musician Satyricon - The Shadowthrone (full-length, 1994) (credited as S.S.) Ved Buens Ende - ...Coiled in Obscurity (compilation, 1995) As a guest musician Ulver - Bergtatt - Et Eeventyr i 5 Capitler (full-length, 1995) Fleurety - Department of Apocalyptic Affairs - (full-length, 2000) References ^ Reesman, Bryan. "Biography: Arcturus". Allmusic. Retrieved 14 March 2010. ^ DaRonco, Mike. "Biography: Kovenant". Allmusic. Retrieved 14 March 2010. vteArcturus Steinar Sverd Johnsen Jan Axel Blomberg Knut Magne Valle Hugh Mingay ICS Vortex Kristoffer Rygg Carl August Tidemann Samoth Studio albums Aspera Hiems Symfonia La Masquerade Infernale The Sham Mirrors Sideshow Symphonies Arcturian Extended plays My Angel Constellation Other releases Disguised Masters Aspera Hiems Symfonia Shipwrecked in Oslo vteThe Kovenant Lex Icon Pzy-Clone Hellhammer Sverd Angel Astennu Eileen Küpper Sarah Jezebel Deva Küth Gerlioz Studio albums In Times Before the Light (1997) Nexus Polaris (1998) Animatronic (1999) SETI (2003) EPs S.E.T.I. 4-Track Club EP (2003) Record labels Nuclear Blast Hammerheart VME/Head Not Found Related groups Dimmu Borgir Troll Authority control databases International VIAF National Norway Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"keyboardist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboardist"},{"link_name":"Arcturus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcturus_(band)"},{"link_name":"Mortem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mortem_(Norwegian_band)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorns_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jan Axel Blomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Axel_Blomberg"},{"link_name":"Mayhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayhem_(band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The Kovenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kovenant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nexus Polaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_Polaris"},{"link_name":"black metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_metal"},{"link_name":"Ulver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulver"},{"link_name":"Satyricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyricon_(band)"}],"text":"Musical artistSteinar Sverd Johnsen (born 1972) is a Norwegian keyboardist and composer. Sverd plays keyboards and synthesizers in Arcturus and was also the main composer for the band. He formed the band with Marius Vold (Mortem, Stigma Diabolicum of Thorns, and Jan Axel Blomberg (also known as Hellhammer) of Mayhem in 1987, originally under the moniker Mortem (where he played guitar).[1] The band split up in April 2007, but reformed in 2011.In 1998, Sverd was recruited by the band, The Kovenant, known at the time as Covenant, along with Hellhammer.[2] After the release of the album Nexus Polaris, Sverd and the band parted ways.Sverd has also been a guest on a few releases by prominent Norwegian black metal bands, Ulver and Satyricon.","title":"Steinar Sverd Johnsen"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"With Mortem","text":"Slow Death (demo, 1989)\nSlow Death (EP, 1990)\nRavnsvart (LP, 2019)\nSlow Death (album + extra tracks, 2022)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aspera Hiems Symfonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspera_Hiems_Symfonia"},{"link_name":"La Masquerade Infernale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Masquerade_Infernale"},{"link_name":"Disguised Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disguised_Masters"},{"link_name":"Aspera Hiems Symfonia/Constellation/My Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspera_Hiems_Symfonia/Constellation/My_Angel"},{"link_name":"The Sham Mirrors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sham_Mirrors"},{"link_name":"Sideshow Symphonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideshow_Symphonies"},{"link_name":"Shipwrecked in Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipwrecked_in_Oslo"},{"link_name":"Arcturian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcturian_(album)"}],"sub_title":"With Arcturus","text":"Promo 90 (Demo, 1990)\nMy Angel (EP, 1991)\nConstellation (EP, 1994)\nAspera Hiems Symfonia (full-length, 1995)\nLa Masquerade Infernale (full-length, 1997)\nDisguised Masters (compilation, 1999)\nAspera Hiems Symfonia/Constellation/My Angel (compilation, 2001)\nThe Sham Mirrors (full-length, 2002)\nSideshow Symphonies (full-length, 2005)\nShipwrecked in Oslo (live film, 2006)\nArcturian (full-length 2015)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nexus Polaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_Polaris"}],"sub_title":"With Covenant","text":"Nexus Polaris (full-length, 1998)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Satyricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyricon_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Shadowthrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadowthrone"},{"link_name":"Ved Buens Ende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ved_Buens_Ende"},{"link_name":"...Coiled in Obscurity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=...Coiled_in_Obscurity&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"As a session musician","text":"Satyricon - The Shadowthrone (full-length, 1994) (credited as S.S.)\nVed Buens Ende - ...Coiled in Obscurity (compilation, 1995)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ulver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulver"},{"link_name":"Bergtatt - Et Eeventyr i 5 Capitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergtatt_-_Et_Eeventyr_i_5_Capitler"},{"link_name":"Fleurety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleurety"},{"link_name":"Department of Apocalyptic Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Apocalyptic_Affairs"}],"sub_title":"As a guest musician","text":"Ulver - Bergtatt - Et Eeventyr i 5 Capitler (full-length, 1995)\nFleurety - Department of Apocalyptic Affairs - (full-length, 2000)","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Reesman, Bryan. \"Biography: Arcturus\". Allmusic. Retrieved 14 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p200250","url_text":"\"Biography: Arcturus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"DaRonco, Mike. \"Biography: Kovenant\". Allmusic. Retrieved 14 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p293766","url_text":"\"Biography: Kovenant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p200250","external_links_name":"\"Biography: Arcturus\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p293766","external_links_name":"\"Biography: Kovenant\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/850149108400768780000","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/9053853","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6c5a856b-55cf-4797-a1ec-879490cf9efe","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauwa_Ibrahim	Hauwa Ibrahim	["1 Life","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Nigerian human rights lawyer (born 1968) Hauwa IbrahimBorn20 January 1968GombeNationalityNigerianOccupationNigerian Human Rights Lawyer.Known forHuman Rights Activism.AwardsEuropean Parliament's Sakharov Prize in 2005. Hauwa Ibrahim (born 1968) is a Nigerian human rights lawyer who won the European Parliament's Sakharov Prize in 2005. Life Ibrahim was born in Gombe in 1968. She was trained to be a lawyer and was considered the first Muslim woman in Nigeria to achieve this distinction. Ibrahim was known for pro bono work defending people condemned under the Islamic Sharia laws that are in force in the northern Nigerian provinces. She claims she defended Amina Lawal, Safiya Hussaini and Hafsatu Abubákar. This has however been refuted by Aliyu Musa Yawuri in her piece 'On Defending Safiyatu Hussaini and Amina Lawal'. In 2005 she was awarded the Sakharov Prize for this work. Hauwa has been a Visiting Professor at Saint Louis University School of Law and Stonehill College, a World Fellow at Yale University, a Radcliffe fellow, and a fellow at both the Human Rights Program and the Islamic Legal Studies Program at Harvard University. Hauwa is presently a teacher and a researcher at Harvard University. She is also one of the 25 leading figures on the Information and Democracy Commission launched by Reporters Without Borders. While a Radcliffe fellow, Ibrahim adopted an interdisciplinary approach to delve into the theoretical foundations of Shariah law and examine how they have influenced legal practice, which has, in turn, affected the human rights of women in West Africa . Her research led to the book Practicing Shariah Law: Seven Strategies for Achieving Justice in Shariah Courts, published in January 2013." See also Nigeria portalBiography portalLaw portal First women lawyers around the world References ^ Ms Meena Sharify-Funk (28 March 2013). Encountering the Transnational: Women, Islam and the Politics of Interpretation. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4094-9856-8. ^ "Nigerian Woman Wins Appeal of Stoning Sentence". PBS NewsHour. 25 September 2003. Retrieved 2018-07-25. ^ "Hauwa Ibrahim \| Nobel Laureate, Human Rights Lawyer \| Katerva". www.katerva.net. Retrieved 2018-07-25. ^ "HAUWA IBRAHIM". Yales.edu. YALE UNIVERSITY. Retrieved 11 March 2019. ^ "Hauwa Ibrahim \| Reporters without borders". 9 September 2018. ^ Harvard Divinity School visiting faculty profile, retrieved 2013. External links Hauwa Ibrahim at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteData from Wikidata Downloadable PDF brochure from the Sakharov Prize ceremony describing the prize, Ibrahim, and her work Frontline (US Public Broadcasting program) interview Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_right"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Sakharov Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakharov_Prize_for_Freedom_of_Thought"}],"text":"Hauwa Ibrahim (born 1968) is a Nigerian human rights lawyer who won the European Parliament's Sakharov Prize in 2005.","title":"Hauwa Ibrahim"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombe,_Gombe"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharify-Funk2013-1"},{"link_name":"pro bono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_bono"},{"link_name":"Sharia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"in force in the northern Nigerian provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia_in_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Amina Lawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina_Lawal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Safiya Hussaini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safiya_Hussaini"},{"link_name":"Hafsatu Abubákar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hafsatu_Abub%C3%A1kar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sakharov Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakharov_Prize"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis University School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_University_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Reporters Without Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders#Publications"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Ibrahim was born in Gombe in 1968. She was trained to be a lawyer and was considered the first Muslim woman in Nigeria to achieve this distinction.[1]Ibrahim was known for pro bono work defending people condemned under the Islamic Sharia laws that are in force in the northern Nigerian provinces. She claims she defended Amina Lawal,[2] Safiya Hussaini and Hafsatu Abubákar. This has however been refuted by Aliyu Musa Yawuri in her piece 'On Defending Safiyatu Hussaini and Amina Lawal'. In 2005 she was awarded the Sakharov Prize for this work.[3]Hauwa has been a Visiting Professor at Saint Louis University School of Law and Stonehill College, a World Fellow at Yale University, a Radcliffe fellow, and a fellow at both the Human Rights Program and the Islamic Legal Studies Program at Harvard University. Hauwa is presently a teacher and a researcher at Harvard University.[4] She is also one of the 25 leading figures on the Information and Democracy Commission launched by Reporters Without Borders.[5]While a Radcliffe fellow, Ibrahim adopted an interdisciplinary approach to delve into the theoretical foundations of Shariah law and examine how they have influenced legal practice, which has, in turn, affected the human rights of women in West Africa . Her research led to the book Practicing Shariah Law: Seven Strategies for Achieving Justice in Shariah Courts, published in January 2013.\"[6]","title":"Life"}]	[]	[{"title":"Nigeria portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Nigeria"},{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg"},{"title":"Law portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law"},{"title":"First women lawyers around the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_women_lawyers_around_the_world"}]	[{"reference":"Ms Meena Sharify-Funk (28 March 2013). Encountering the Transnational: Women, Islam and the Politics of Interpretation. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4094-9856-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fZ2I5gp2r0kC&pg=PA3","url_text":"Encountering the Transnational: Women, Islam and the Politics of Interpretation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-9856-8","url_text":"978-1-4094-9856-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Nigerian Woman Wins Appeal of Stoning Sentence\". PBS NewsHour. 25 September 2003. Retrieved 2018-07-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/africa-july-dec03-amina_lawal_09-25","url_text":"\"Nigerian Woman Wins Appeal of Stoning Sentence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hauwa Ibrahim \| Nobel Laureate, Human Rights Lawyer \| Katerva\". www.katerva.net. Retrieved 2018-07-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.katerva.net/awards/expert-panels/impact-panel/165-hauwa-ibrahim","url_text":"\"Hauwa Ibrahim \| Nobel Laureate, Human Rights Lawyer \| Katerva\""}]},{"reference":"\"HAUWA IBRAHIM\". Yales.edu. YALE UNIVERSITY. Retrieved 11 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldfellows.yale.edu/hauwa-ibrahim","url_text":"\"HAUWA IBRAHIM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hauwa Ibrahim \| Reporters without borders\". 9 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://rsf.org/en/hauwa-ibrahim","url_text":"\"Hauwa Ibrahim \| Reporters without borders\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fZ2I5gp2r0kC&pg=PA3","external_links_name":"Encountering the Transnational: Women, Islam and the Politics of Interpretation"},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/africa-july-dec03-amina_lawal_09-25","external_links_name":"\"Nigerian Woman Wins Appeal of Stoning Sentence\""},{"Link":"http://www.katerva.net/awards/expert-panels/impact-panel/165-hauwa-ibrahim","external_links_name":"\"Hauwa Ibrahim \| Nobel Laureate, Human Rights Lawyer \| Katerva\""},{"Link":"https://worldfellows.yale.edu/hauwa-ibrahim","external_links_name":"\"HAUWA IBRAHIM\""},{"Link":"https://rsf.org/en/hauwa-ibrahim","external_links_name":"\"Hauwa Ibrahim \| Reporters without borders\""},{"Link":"http://wsrp.hds.harvard.edu/people/hauwa-ibrahim","external_links_name":"Harvard Divinity School visiting faculty profile"},{"Link":"http://www.europarl.europa.eu/comparl/afet/droi/sakharov/sacharov_2005_en.pdf","external_links_name":"Downloadable PDF brochure from the Sakharov Prize ceremony describing the prize, Ibrahim, and her work"},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/nigeria/voice01.html","external_links_name":"Frontline (US Public Broadcasting program) interview"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000376809933","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/253727191","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJw8XtrwxKcTxr6tKgQTHC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17128865f","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17128865f","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1046074229","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007453928405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2012045798","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p363303480","external_links_name":"Netherlands"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Sj%C3%B6din	Anna Sjödin	["1 Family life","2 Political career","3 2006 arrest and criminal charges","4 References","5 External links"]	Swedish politician Anna SjödinBorn (1976-04-22) April 22, 1976 (age 48)Össeby-Garn, Vallentuna Municipality Anna Margareta Hartman Sjödin (born April 22, 1976) is a Swedish Social Democratic politician, and elected president of the Social Democratic Youth League from August 3, 2005, to December 16, 2006. She was also elected vice president of the International Union of Socialist Youth (IUSY) at the congress in January 2006. Sjödin is the second woman, after Anna Lindh, to be elected president of the Social Democratic Youth League. Family life Anna Sjödin is born in Össeby-Garn in Stockholm County and was raised outside of Enköping. She played rugby union in her youth and represented Sweden four times in 1994. After completing her secondary education Sjödin spent one year working at a health care facility in England and after that some time at a Kibbutz in Israel. After returning to Sweden she joined the Social Democratic Youth League at the age of 19, and moved to Umeå in order to study social work and public administration (Swedish: Socionom) at Umeå University. After having completed her studies Sjödin worked at a women's shelter. Political career Anna Sjödin was first elected chairperson for the Social Democratic Youth League in Västerbotten, and in 2001 was elected in to the board of the Social Democratic Youth League. In August 2005 Sjödin was unanimously elected as the new chairperson of the Social Democratic Youth League after Ardalan Shekarabi who chose not to stand for re-election after several scandals and divisive battles. In December 2006 she had to resign from the chairperson position after found guilty of a number of severe criminal actions while drunk. See below. Later she has taken a position as a headmaster of a Folk high school in Vindeln, North Sweden. 2006 arrest and criminal charges On January 29, 2006, Sjödin was arrested by the police outside the pub Crazy Horse in Östermalm in Stockholm. According to Babak Jamei, one of the bouncers, a drunk Sjödin not only assaulted him and other bouncers but also used derogatory words--alluding to the fact that he was an immigrant. Sjödin, however, claims that the bouncers assaulted her and her friends. She had to spend the night in the constabulary. The prosecutor rejected Sjödins allegations, but continued investigating the allegations made by the bouncers. During the trial Sjödin continued to claim that the bouncer had shouted profanities at her and her friend and that he was aggressive, but she also admitted that she had drunk a couple of beers, a third of a bottle of wine and one tequila. The barman had determined that Sjödin was too drunk to be served, and called the bouncers to eject Sjödin and her friend. During the trial, witnesses testified that Sjödin, who is a former rugby union footballer, had used violence in resisting her ejection from the pub. On October 12, 2006, the Stockholm district court found Sjödin guilty of assaulting the bouncer on charges of slander (Swedish: förolämpning), criminal conversion (Swedish: egenmäktigt förfarande), assaulting a person holding legal authority (Swedish: våld mot tjänsteman) and resisting lawful apprehension (Swedish: våldsamt motstånd). She was sentenced to pay a fine of 120 days wages (Swedish: dagsböter) at 300 kronor per day (36,000 kronor in total). Sjödin was also ordered to pay 5,500 kronor in damages to Babak Jamei, the doorman. The court found that Sjödin had used words of "racist characteristic", she had used a racist slur and had said that people such as him were not welcome in Sweden. The court said that there was strong evidence that Sjödin had challenged the bouncer's authority. The court also found that Sjödin had ripped Jamei's badge from his jacket and taken it with her into a police car. Sjödin has decided to appeal the verdict to the Svea Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal decided not to try this case (the Court of Appeal can deny cases when the penalty is a fine). She has said she will appeal this denial, since in this case it is not only a fine, but a political career at stake. References ^ "Anna Hartman Sjödin (45 år) Umeå \| Ratsit". ^ New Social Democrat youth leader elected Archived June 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Local, August 3, 2005 ^ "Brawl" leads to SD youth chief arrest Archived June 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Local, January 29, 2006 ^ Prosecutor rejects SD youth leader brawl allegations Archived June 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Local, March 29, 2006 ^ Sjödin faces four charges Archived June 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Local, April 7, 2006 ^ a b Sjödin guilty of Crazy Horse assault Archived June 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Local, October 12, 2006. ^ Anna Sjödin dömd till böter Archived 2006-11-04 at the Wayback Machine (in Swedish), Aftonbladet, October 12, 2006. ^ Sjödin överklagar Archived October 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine (in Swedish), Dagens Nyheter, October 12, 2006. External links Swedish Social Democratic Youth League (in Swedish) Preceded byArdalan Shekarabi Chairperson of the Social Democratic Youth League 2005 - 2006 Succeeded byJytte Guteland Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Youth League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Youth_League"},{"link_name":"International Union of Socialist Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Socialist_Youth"},{"link_name":"IUSY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUSY"},{"link_name":"Anna Lindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Lindh"}],"text":"Anna Margareta Hartman Sjödin[1] (born April 22, 1976) is a Swedish Social Democratic politician, and elected president of the Social Democratic Youth League from August 3, 2005, to December 16, 2006. She was also elected vice president of the International Union of Socialist Youth (IUSY) at the congress in January 2006. Sjödin is the second woman, after Anna Lindh, to be elected president of the Social Democratic Youth League.","title":"Anna Sjödin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Össeby-Garn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%96sseby-Garn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stockholm County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_County"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_women%27s_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"secondary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Kibbutz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibbutz"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"Umeå University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ume%C3%A5_University"}],"text":"Anna Sjödin is born in Össeby-Garn in Stockholm County and was raised outside of Enköping. She played rugby union in her youth and represented Sweden four times in 1994. After completing her secondary education Sjödin spent one year working at a health care facility in England and after that some time at a Kibbutz in Israel. After returning to Sweden she joined the Social Democratic Youth League at the age of 19, and moved to Umeå in order to study social work and public administration (Swedish: Socionom) at Umeå University. After having completed her studies Sjödin worked at a women's shelter.","title":"Family life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Västerbotten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4sterbotten"},{"link_name":"Ardalan Shekarabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardalan_Shekarabi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Folk high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_high_school"},{"link_name":"Vindeln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindeln"}],"text":"Anna Sjödin was first elected chairperson for the Social Democratic Youth League in Västerbotten, and in 2001 was elected in to the board of the Social Democratic Youth League. In August 2005 Sjödin was unanimously elected as the new chairperson of the Social Democratic Youth League after Ardalan Shekarabi who chose not to stand for re-election after several scandals and divisive battles.[2] In December 2006 she had to resign from the chairperson position after found guilty of a number of severe criminal actions while drunk. See below. Later she has taken a position as a headmaster of a Folk high school in Vindeln, North Sweden.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Östermalm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stermalm"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"bouncers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouncer_(doorman)"},{"link_name":"immigrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrant"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-local-6"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"criminal conversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_conversion"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"kronor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_krona"},{"link_name":"racist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racist"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-local-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Svea Court of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svea_Court_of_Appeal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061104081920/http://aftonbladet.se/vss/nyheter/story/0%2C2789%2C906437%2C00.html"}],"text":"On January 29, 2006, Sjödin was arrested by the police outside the pub Crazy Horse in Östermalm in Stockholm. According to Babak Jamei, one of the bouncers, a drunk Sjödin not only assaulted him and other bouncers but also used derogatory words--alluding to the fact that he was an immigrant. Sjödin, however, claims that the bouncers assaulted her and her friends. She had to spend the night in the constabulary.[3] The prosecutor rejected Sjödins allegations, but continued investigating the allegations made by the bouncers.[4][5]During the trial Sjödin continued to claim that the bouncer had shouted profanities at her and her friend and that he was aggressive, but she also admitted that she had drunk a couple of beers, a third of a bottle of wine and one tequila. The barman had determined that Sjödin was too drunk to be served, and called the bouncers to eject Sjödin and her friend. During the trial, witnesses testified that Sjödin, who is a former rugby union footballer, had used violence in resisting her ejection from the pub.[6]On October 12, 2006, the Stockholm district court found Sjödin guilty of assaulting the bouncer on charges of slander (Swedish: förolämpning), criminal conversion (Swedish: egenmäktigt förfarande), assaulting a person holding legal authority (Swedish: våld mot tjänsteman) and resisting lawful apprehension (Swedish: våldsamt motstånd). She was sentenced to pay a fine of 120 days wages (Swedish: dagsböter) at 300 kronor per day (36,000 kronor in total). Sjödin was also ordered to pay 5,500 kronor in damages to Babak Jamei, the doorman. The court found that Sjödin had used words of \"racist characteristic\", she had used a racist slur and had said that people such as him were not welcome in Sweden. The court said that there was strong evidence that Sjödin had challenged the bouncer's authority. The court also found that Sjödin had ripped Jamei's badge from his jacket and taken it with her into a police car.[6][7] Sjödin has decided to appeal the verdict to the Svea Court of Appeal.[8] The Court of Appeal decided not to try this case (the Court of Appeal can deny cases when the penalty is a fine). She has said she will appeal this denial, since in this case it is not only a fine, but a political career at stake.[1]","title":"2006 arrest and criminal charges"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Anna Hartman Sjödin (45 år) Umeå \| Ratsit\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ratsit.se/19760422-Anna_Margareta_Hartman_Sjodin_Umea/2-hsNJ8beB1ntssn2RwSitY3LTr3re1rKovrpqReEYo","url_text":"\"Anna Hartman Sjödin (45 år) Umeå \| Ratsit\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061104081920/http://aftonbladet.se/vss/nyheter/story/0%2C2789%2C906437%2C00.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.ratsit.se/19760422-Anna_Margareta_Hartman_Sjodin_Umea/2-hsNJ8beB1ntssn2RwSitY3LTr3re1rKovrpqReEYo","external_links_name":"\"Anna Hartman Sjödin (45 år) Umeå \| Ratsit\""},{"Link":"http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=1833&date=20050803","external_links_name":"New Social Democrat youth leader elected"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605050141/http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=1833&date=20050803","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=2951&date=20060129","external_links_name":"\"Brawl\" leads to SD youth chief arrest"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605050232/http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=2951&date=20060129","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=3409&date=20060329","external_links_name":"Prosecutor rejects SD youth leader brawl allegations"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605050330/http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=3409&date=20060329","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=3497&date=20060407","external_links_name":"Sjödin faces four charges"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605050549/http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=3497&date=20060407","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=5198&date=20061012","external_links_name":"Sjödin guilty of Crazy Horse assault"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605052030/http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=5198&date=20061012","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/vss/nyheter/story/0,2789,906437,00.html","external_links_name":"Anna Sjödin dömd till böter"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061104081920/http://aftonbladet.se/vss/nyheter/story/0%2C2789%2C906437%2C00.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=1042&a=580058&previousRenderType=6","external_links_name":"Sjödin överklagar"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071001090918/http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=1042&a=580058&previousRenderType=6","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ssu.se/","external_links_name":"Swedish Social Democratic Youth League"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000101685919","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/151515329","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjCMJf33q3pmgf4bm8XBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2010066234","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Couronne	Paris metropolitan area	["1 Overview","2 Extent","3 Population","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	French statistical area Not to be confused with Paris Métro. This article is about the statistical area. For the administrative structure, see Métropole du Grand Paris. Metropolis and metropolitan area in FranceParis metropolitan area aire d'attraction de ParisMetropolis and metropolitan areaParis, the most populated city in the metropolitan areaMap showing the extent of the Paris metropolitan area as of 2020, when it included 1,929 communes and covered 18,941 km2. Central commune Primary urban cluster Secondary urban cluster Peripheral commune Peripheral commune of a functional area with less than 200,000 inhabitantsCountry FranceLargest cityParis (2,165,423)Area • Metro18,941 km2 (7,313 sq mi)Population • Metro13,064,617 • Metro density690/km2 (1,800/sq mi)GDP • Metro€764.8 billion (2021)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) The Paris metropolitan area (French: aire d'attraction de Paris) is a statistical area that describes the reach of commuter movement to and from Paris, France and its surrounding suburbs. Overview In 2020, France's national INSEE statistical bureau introduced the concept "aire d'attraction d'une ville" (functional area), replacing the former "aire urbaine" (urban area). A functional area consists of an urban cluster and the surrounding commuting zone. This concept is consistent with the functional urban area as defined by Eurostat. Created and used from 1996 by France's national INSEE statistical bureau to match international demographic standards, the aire urbaine (literally: 'urban area') was a statistical unit that described the suburban development around centres of urban growth. In 2011, the INSEE reclassified its largest aires urbaines into aires métropolitaines (literally: metropolitan areas) and grandes aires urbaines ('large urban areas'). With this change, the Paris metropolitan area became the largest in France. In France, use of the term 'Paris metropolitan area' is limited to demographic and statistical studies, and, to date, it is not used in economic statistics — the traditional administrative subdivisions commune, département, and région are still referenced for this — though the media will employ it when referring to the electoral tendencies of France's largest cities. In 2010 the government passed a law that invited France's largest city 'metropoles' to work together as an intercommunitary entities (more or less described by the INSEE concept), but the lack of response by the following year moved the government to make the cooperation for many of France's largest cities obligatory, and Paris became a case study all on its own. This latter initiative created the "Métropole du Grand Paris" (official translation: 'Greater Paris metropolitan authority'), a Paris-centred intercommunal cooperation effort enacted from January 1, 2016. The territory it covers is much smaller than the INSEE 'Paris metropolitan area' statistical area: it includes Paris, its neighbouring three departments (or 'petite couronne'), and a few bordering communes in the departments beyond. Extent Map showing the extent of the Paris metropolitan area at the 1999 census, when it included 1,584 communes and covered 14,518 km2. False-color satellite image of the Parisian metropolitan area. As of 2022, the INSEE statistical Paris metropolitan area covers 1,929 communes. With its 18,941 km2 (7,313 sq mi), it extends significantly beyond Paris' administrative Île-de-France region (12,012 km2 (4,638 sq mi)). Outside the Île-de-France region, it covers part of the departments Aisne, Aube, Eure, Eure-et-Loir, Loiret, Marne, Oise, Seine-Maritime and Yonne. The Paris metropolitan area expands at each population census due to the rapid population growth in the Paris area. New communes (municipalities) surrounding Paris are included when they meet the commuter threshold required. At the 1968 census, the earliest date for which population figures were retrospectively computed for French aire urbaines, the Paris metropolitan area had 8,368,459 inhabitants in an area that only encompassed 279 communes in central Île-de-France. By the 1999 census the Paris metropolitan area was slightly larger than Île-de-France and had 11,174,743 inhabitants in 14,518 km2. At the 2010 revision, the aire urbaine of Paris had 1,751 communes. Population The area had a population of 13,064,617 as of 2018. Nearly 20% of France's population resides in the region. The table below shows the population growth of the Paris metropolitan area (aire urbaine), i.e. the urban area (pôle urbain) and the commuter belt (couronne périurbaine) surrounding it. (Note: the area shown in red and pink in the map above): 1968 : 8,368,459 1975 : 9,096,000 1982 : 9,362,000 1990 : 10,291,851 (1,155 communes; 9,679 km²) 1999 : 11,174,743 (1,584 communes; 14,518 km²) 2010 : 12,223,100 (1,751 communes; 17,194 km²) 2018 : 13,064,617 (1,929 communes; 18,941 km²) See also Grand Paris Functional areas of France Île-de-France References ^ "Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2023-12-07. ^ a b "Definition: Functional areas". INSEE. 18 February 2021. ^ "Definition: Urban cluster". INSEE. 19 February 2020. ^ "En France, neuf personnes sur dix vivent dans l'aire d'attraction d'une ville" (in French). INSEE. 21 October 2020. ^ Joubert, Guillaume; Lebrun, Vanessa (Jul 2, 2014). Histoire-Géographie Éducation civique 3e - Prépabrevet Cours & entraînement (in French). Hatier. p. 117. ISBN 978-2218962431. Retrieved 5 April 2017. ^ "Definition: Urban area". INSEE. 13 October 2016. ^ "An administrative segmentation of French territory: 12 metropolitan areas, 29 large urban areas". INSEE. Retrieved 5 April 2017. ^ "Un maillage du territoire français" (PDF). Insee Premiere (in French). 1333: 2. January 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2017. ^ "LOI n° 2010-1563 du 16 décembre 2010 de réforme des collectivités territoriales". legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 5 April 2017. ^ "Affirmation des Metropoles et Grand Paris" (PDF) (in French). May 2014. p. 1.1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2017. ^ "Métropole du Grand Paris - English version". Métropole du Grand Paris. Retrieved 5 April 2017. ^ "Carte des territoires". Métropole du Grand Paris. Retrieved 5 April 2017. ^ a b Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001), INSEE ^ a b c "Comparateur de territoire: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001), Île-de-France (11)" (in French). INSEE. 2022-01-17. Archived from the original on 2022-06-15. Retrieved 2022-10-16. ^ a b c Julien, Philippe (2000). "Mesurer un univers urbain en expansion" (PDF). Économie et statistique (in French). 336: 13–14. doi:10.3406/estat.2000.7508. ^ Aire urbaine 2010 de Paris (001), INSEE ^ Évolution et structure de la population en 2010: Aire urbaine 2010 de Paris (001), INSEE External links (in French) Document about the functioning of Paris Metropolitan Area (in French) Document about the extension of Paris Metropolitan Area vte Paris Arrondissements Paris Centre 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th Airports Charles de Gaulle Orly Archdiocese Architecture era of absolutism tallest buildings Bridges Culture Music Cycling Vélib' Métropole Economy Education History (timeline) Landmarks Libraries Mayors Museums list Squares Topography Transport Métro Transilien Tramways RER Tourism Syndrome Grand Paris Paris metropolitan area Île-de-France France vte Communes in the Paris metropolitan areaPopulation over 2 million Paris Population over 100,000 Argenteuil Boulogne-Billancourt Montreuil Saint-Denis Population over 75,000 Asnières-sur-Seine Aubervilliers Aulnay-sous-Bois Champigny-sur-Marne Colombes Courbevoie Créteil Nanterre Rueil-Malmaison Versailles Vitry-sur-Seine Population over 50,000 Antony Le Blanc-Mesnil Bobigny Bondy Cergy Chelles Clamart Clichy Corbeil-Essonnes Drancy Épinay-sur-Seine Évry-Courcouronnes Fontenay-sous-Bois Issy-les-Moulineaux Ivry-sur-Seine Levallois-Perret Maisons-Alfort Massy Meaux Neuilly-sur-Seine Noisy-le-Grand Pantin Saint-Maur-des-Fossés Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine Sarcelles Sartrouville Sevran Villejuif Population over 25,000 Alfortville Athis-Mons Bagneux Bagnolet Bezons Bois-Colombes Brétigny-sur-Orge Brunoy Bussy-Saint-Georges Cachan Champs-sur-Marne Charenton-le-Pont Châtenay-Malabry Châtillon Chatou Le Chesnay-Rocquencourt Choisy-le-Roi Clichy-sous-Bois Conflans-Sainte-Honorine Cormeilles-en-Parisis La Courneuve Creil Draveil Dreux Eaubonne Élancourt Ermont Étampes Fontenay-aux-Roses Franconville Fresnes Gagny La Garenne-Colombes Garges-lès-Gonesse Gennevilliers Gonesse Goussainville Grigny Guyancourt L'Haÿ-les-Roses Herblay-sur-Seine Houilles Limeil-Brévannes Livry-Gargan Malakoff Mantes-la-Jolie Melun Meudon Montfermeil Montigny-le-Bretonneux Montrouge Les Mureaux Neuilly-sur-Marne Nogent-sur-Marne Noisy-le-Sec Palaiseau Le Perreux-sur-Marne Pierrefitte-sur-Seine Plaisir Le Plessis-Robinson Poissy Pontault-Combault Pontoise Puteaux Rambouillet Ris-Orangis Romainville Rosny-sous-Bois Saint-Cloud Saint-Germain-en-Laye Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Sannois Savigny-sur-Orge Savigny-le-Temple Stains Sucy-en-Brie Suresnes Taverny Thiais Trappes Tremblay-en-France Les Ulis Vanves Vigneux-sur-Seine Villemomble Villeneuve-Saint-Georges Villeparisis Villepinte Villiers-le-Bel Villiers-sur-Marne Vincennes Viry-Châtillon Yerres Population under 25,000 1,792 other communes vteWorld's 50 most-populous urban areas TokyoJakartaDelhiGuangzhou–FoshanMumbaiManilaShanghaiSeoulCairoMexico City KolkataSão PauloNew YorkKarachiDhakaBangkokBeijingMoscowShenzhenBuenos Aires Los AngelesJohannesburg-PretoriaBangaloreChengduHo Chi Minh CityOsaka–Kobe–KyotoLagosIstanbulLahoreKinshasa–Brazzaville TehranChongqingRio de JaneiroXi'anChennaiParisZhengzhouLuandaLondonDongguan LimaWuhanBogotáTianjinHyderabadTaipeiHangzhouNagoyaSurabayaBandung	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris Métro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro"},{"link_name":"Métropole du Grand Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Paris"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"statistical area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_area_(France)"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Paris Métro.This article is about the statistical area. For the administrative structure, see Métropole du Grand Paris.Metropolis and metropolitan area in FranceThe Paris metropolitan area (French: aire d'attraction de Paris) is a statistical area that describes the reach of commuter movement to and from Paris, France and its surrounding suburbs.","title":"Paris metropolitan area"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"INSEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques"},{"link_name":"functional area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_area_(France)"},{"link_name":"urban area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area_(France)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-defaav-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-defaav-2"},{"link_name":"functional urban area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larger_urban_zone"},{"link_name":"Eurostat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurostat"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hatier-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INSEE-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rang_AU-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Métropole du Grand Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Paris"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metropolegrandparis.fr-11"},{"link_name":"petite couronne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France#Petite_Couronne"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carte_des_territoires-12"}],"text":"In 2020, France's national INSEE statistical bureau introduced the concept \"aire d'attraction d'une ville\" (functional area), replacing the former \"aire urbaine\" (urban area).[2] A functional area consists of an urban cluster[3] and the surrounding commuting zone.[2] This concept is consistent with the functional urban area as defined by Eurostat.[4]Created and used from 1996 by France's national INSEE statistical bureau to match international demographic standards,[5] the aire urbaine (literally: 'urban area') was a statistical unit that described the suburban development around centres of urban growth.[6] In 2011, the INSEE reclassified its largest aires urbaines into aires métropolitaines (literally: metropolitan areas) and grandes aires urbaines ('large urban areas').[7] With this change, the Paris metropolitan area became the largest in France.[8]In France, use of the term 'Paris metropolitan area' is limited to demographic and statistical studies, and, to date, it is not used in economic statistics — the traditional administrative subdivisions commune, département, and région are still referenced for this — though the media will employ it when referring to the electoral tendencies of France's largest cities[citation needed]. In 2010 the government passed a law that invited France's largest city 'metropoles' to work together as an intercommunitary entities (more or less described by the INSEE concept),[9] but the lack of response by the following year moved the government to make the cooperation for many of France's largest cities obligatory, and Paris became a case study all on its own.[10]This latter initiative created the \"Métropole du Grand Paris\" (official translation: 'Greater Paris metropolitan authority'), a Paris-centred intercommunal cooperation effort enacted from January 1, 2016.[11] The territory it covers is much smaller than the INSEE 'Paris metropolitan area' statistical area: it includes Paris, its neighbouring three departments (or 'petite couronne'), and a few bordering communes in the departments beyond.[12]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_uu_ua_jms.png"},{"link_name":"communes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_and_vicinities,_LandSat-5_false_color_satellite_image,_2006-07-16.jpg"},{"link_name":"False-color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_color"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cog-13"},{"link_name":"Île-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-compar-14"},{"link_name":"Aisne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisne"},{"link_name":"Aube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aube"},{"link_name":"Eure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eure"},{"link_name":"Eure-et-Loir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eure-et-Loir"},{"link_name":"Loiret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loiret"},{"link_name":"Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marne_(department)"},{"link_name":"Oise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oise"},{"link_name":"Seine-Maritime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Maritime"},{"link_name":"Yonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonne"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cog-13"},{"link_name":"communes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Julien-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meta-16"}],"text":"Map showing the extent of the Paris metropolitan area at the 1999 census, when it included 1,584 communes and covered 14,518 km2.False-color satellite image of the Parisian metropolitan area.As of 2022, the INSEE statistical Paris metropolitan area covers 1,929 communes.[13] With its 18,941 km2 (7,313 sq mi), it extends significantly beyond Paris' administrative Île-de-France region (12,012 km2 (4,638 sq mi)).[14] Outside the Île-de-France region, it covers part of the departments Aisne, Aube, Eure, Eure-et-Loir, Loiret, Marne, Oise, Seine-Maritime and Yonne.[13]The Paris metropolitan area expands at each population census due to the rapid population growth in the Paris area. New communes (municipalities) surrounding Paris are included when they meet the commuter threshold required. At the 1968 census, the earliest date for which population figures were retrospectively computed for French aire urbaines, the Paris metropolitan area had 8,368,459 inhabitants in an area that only encompassed 279 communes in central Île-de-France.[15]By the 1999 census the Paris metropolitan area was slightly larger than Île-de-France and had 11,174,743 inhabitants in 14,518 km2. At the 2010 revision, the aire urbaine of Paris had 1,751 communes.[16]","title":"Extent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-compar-14"},{"link_name":"metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"the map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_uu_ua_jms.png"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Julien-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Julien-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-compar-14"}],"text":"The area had a population of 13,064,617 as of 2018.[14] Nearly 20% of France's population resides in the region.The table below shows the population growth of the Paris metropolitan area (aire urbaine), i.e. the urban area (pôle urbain) and the commuter belt (couronne périurbaine) surrounding it. (Note: the area shown in red and pink in the map above):1968 : 8,368,459[15]\n1975 : 9,096,000\n1982 : 9,362,000\n1990 : 10,291,851[15] (1,155 communes; 9,679 km²)\n1999 : 11,174,743 (1,584 communes; 14,518 km²)\n2010 : 12,223,100[17] (1,751 communes; 17,194 km²)\n2018 : 13,064,617[14] (1,929 communes; 18,941 km²)","title":"Population"}]	[{"image_text":"Map showing the extent of the Paris metropolitan area at the 1999 census, when it included 1,584 communes and covered 14,518 km2.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Paris_uu_ua_jms.png/250px-Paris_uu_ua_jms.png"},{"image_text":"False-color satellite image of the Parisian metropolitan area.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Paris_and_vicinities%2C_LandSat-5_false_color_satellite_image%2C_2006-07-16.jpg/250px-Paris_and_vicinities%2C_LandSat-5_false_color_satellite_image%2C_2006-07-16.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Grand Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Paris"},{"title":"Functional areas of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_area_(France)"},{"title":"Île-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France"}]	[{"reference":"\"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions\". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2023-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en","url_text":"\"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Definition: Functional areas\". INSEE. 18 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c2173","url_text":"\"Definition: Functional areas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Definition: Urban cluster\". INSEE. 19 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c1411","url_text":"\"Definition: Urban cluster\""}]},{"reference":"\"En France, neuf personnes sur dix vivent dans l'aire d'attraction d'une ville\" (in French). INSEE. 21 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4806694","url_text":"\"En France, neuf personnes sur dix vivent dans l'aire d'attraction d'une ville\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"INSEE"}]},{"reference":"Joubert, Guillaume; Lebrun, Vanessa (Jul 2, 2014). Histoire-Géographie Éducation civique 3e - Prépabrevet Cours & entraînement (in French). Hatier. p. 117. ISBN 978-2218962431. Retrieved 5 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n_LFCQAAQBAJ&q=%22aire+urbaine%22+INSEE+histoire&pg=PA117","url_text":"Histoire-Géographie Éducation civique 3e - Prépabrevet Cours & entraînement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2218962431","url_text":"978-2218962431"}]},{"reference":"\"Definition: Urban area\". INSEE. 13 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c2070","url_text":"\"Definition: Urban area\""}]},{"reference":"\"An administrative segmentation of French territory: 12 metropolitan areas, 29 large urban areas\". INSEE. Retrieved 5 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/1280953","url_text":"\"An administrative segmentation of French territory: 12 metropolitan areas, 29 large urban areas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Un maillage du territoire français\" (PDF). Insee Premiere (in French). 1333: 2. January 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/version-html/1280952/ip1333.pdf","url_text":"\"Un maillage du territoire français\""}]},{"reference":"\"LOI n° 2010-1563 du 16 décembre 2010 de réforme des collectivités territoriales\". legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 5 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/loi/2010/12/16/IOCX0922788L/jo#JORFSCTA000023239635","url_text":"\"LOI n° 2010-1563 du 16 décembre 2010 de réforme des collectivités territoriales\""}]},{"reference":"\"Affirmation des Metropoles et Grand Paris\" (PDF) (in French). May 2014. p. 1.1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202857/http://www.cheuvreux-notaires.fr/veille_juridique/nouveautesjuridiques/nju-2014-05-01_article_affirmation-metropole-et-grand-paris-dpi.pdf","url_text":"\"Affirmation des Metropoles et Grand Paris\""},{"url":"http://www.cheuvreux-notaires.fr/veille_juridique/nouveautesjuridiques/nju-2014-05-01_article_affirmation-metropole-et-grand-paris-dpi.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Métropole du Grand Paris - English version\". Métropole du Grand Paris. Retrieved 5 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metropolegrandparis.fr/fr/content/english-version","url_text":"\"Métropole du Grand Paris - English version\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carte des territoires\". Métropole du Grand Paris. Retrieved 5 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metropolegrandparis.fr/fr/content/carte-des-territoires","url_text":"\"Carte des territoires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comparateur de territoire: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001), Île-de-France (11)\" (in French). INSEE. 2022-01-17. Archived from the original on 2022-06-15. Retrieved 2022-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220615101908/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-001+REG-11","url_text":"\"Comparateur de territoire: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001), Île-de-France (11)\""},{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-001+REG-11","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Julien, Philippe (2000). \"Mesurer un univers urbain en expansion\" (PDF). Économie et statistique (in French). 336: 13–14. doi:10.3406/estat.2000.7508.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/estat_0336-1454_2000_num_336_1_7508.pdf","url_text":"\"Mesurer un univers urbain en expansion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Festat.2000.7508","url_text":"10.3406/estat.2000.7508"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c2173","external_links_name":"\"Definition: Functional areas\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c1411","external_links_name":"\"Definition: Urban cluster\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4806694","external_links_name":"\"En France, neuf personnes sur dix vivent dans l'aire d'attraction d'une ville\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n_LFCQAAQBAJ&q=%22aire+urbaine%22+INSEE+histoire&pg=PA117","external_links_name":"Histoire-Géographie Éducation civique 3e - Prépabrevet Cours & entraînement"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c2070","external_links_name":"\"Definition: Urban area\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/1280953","external_links_name":"\"An administrative segmentation of French territory: 12 metropolitan areas, 29 large urban areas\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/version-html/1280952/ip1333.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Un maillage du territoire français\""},{"Link":"https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/loi/2010/12/16/IOCX0922788L/jo#JORFSCTA000023239635","external_links_name":"\"LOI n° 2010-1563 du 16 décembre 2010 de réforme des collectivités territoriales\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202857/http://www.cheuvreux-notaires.fr/veille_juridique/nouveautesjuridiques/nju-2014-05-01_article_affirmation-metropole-et-grand-paris-dpi.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Affirmation des Metropoles et Grand Paris\""},{"Link":"http://www.cheuvreux-notaires.fr/veille_juridique/nouveautesjuridiques/nju-2014-05-01_article_affirmation-metropole-et-grand-paris-dpi.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.metropolegrandparis.fr/fr/content/english-version","external_links_name":"\"Métropole du Grand Paris - English version\""},{"Link":"http://www.metropolegrandparis.fr/fr/content/carte-des-territoires","external_links_name":"\"Carte des territoires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/cog/aire-attraction-ville/AAV2020001-paris","external_links_name":"Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220615101908/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-001+REG-11","external_links_name":"\"Comparateur de territoire: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001), Île-de-France (11)\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-001+REG-11","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/estat_0336-1454_2000_num_336_1_7508.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mesurer un univers urbain en expansion\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Festat.2000.7508","external_links_name":"10.3406/estat.2000.7508"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/cog/aire-urbaine/AU2010001-paris","external_links_name":"Aire urbaine 2010 de Paris (001)"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2044418?sommaire=2133795&geo=AU2010-001","external_links_name":"Évolution et structure de la population en 2010: Aire urbaine 2010 de Paris (001)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718191341/http://www.ile-de-france.equipement.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/emploi2_bassinsvie2_cle0ea6d8.pdf","external_links_name":"Document about the functioning of Paris Metropolitan Area"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081117120915/http://www.iau-idf.fr/fileadmin/Etudes/etude_246/nr_333_31_l_extension_de_l_aire_urbaine.pdf","external_links_name":"Document about the extension of Paris Metropolitan Area"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glogova_massacre	Glogova massacre	["1 Background","2 Massacre","3 Trial","4 See also","5 References"]	Glogova massacrePart of Bosnian WarGlogovaLocationGlogova, Bosnia and HerzegovinaCoordinates44°12′36″N 19°15′36″E / 44.21000°N 19.26000°E / 44.21000; 19.26000Date9 May 1992 (Central European Time)TargetBosniaksAttack typeMass killingsDeaths64PerpetratorsBosnian Serb forces, Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) The Glogova massacre was the mass murder of 64 Bosniak civilians by Serb forces, consisting of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), Bratunac Territorial Defence (TO), local police, and paramilitaries from Serbia, on 9 May 1992. Miroslav Deronjić, the head of the "Bratunac Municipal Board" established by the Serbian Democratic Party (SDS), was sentenced to 10 years in prison by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia for ordering the massacre. Background Village Glogova is located in the Bratunac municipality near Srebrenica in east Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1991, the village had 1,913 residents, including 1,901 identified as Bosnian Muslims (Bosniaks), six as Bosnian Serbs, four as Yugoslavs, one as a Bosnian Croat and one as "other". Massacre On 9 May 1992, Serb forces, composed of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), Bratunac Territorial Defence, the local police, and Serbian paramilitary, entered Glogova, attacking the unarmed and defenseless village. The villagers were rounded up at the village's center and while in progress a number were killed. After being gathered, a group of about 19 Bosniak men were executed at the center. The attackers then made other Bosniaks carry and throw these and other bodies into a river. After doing so they were forced near the river and executed as well. Another group of about 20 Bosniak men were gathered at the village's market and then marched to the river and executed. A total of 64 Bosniak civilians were killed in the massacre and a number were forcibly displaced. A significant portion of Glogova was demolished including houses owned by Bosniaks, the village's mosque, and other private property. Trial On 4 July 2002, an indictment and arrest warrant were filed against Miroslav Deronjić, the head of the SDS-established "Bratunac Municipal Board", by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). The Stabilisation Force (SFOR) captured him shortly afterwards. On 10 July 2002, he pleaded not guilty to all charges of the first indictment. On 30 September 2003, he entered a plea deal and "accepted without any reservation full responsibility for the crimes". He was sentenced to 10 years in prison by the ICTY. The sentence was criticized by dissenting Judge Wolfgang Schomburg as inadequate for the "heinous and long-planned crimes" committed and argued that he should have received a sentence of "no less than twenty years." He also criticized the prosecution for focusing only Deronjić's involvement in Glogova which he considered a part of "a larger criminal plan." Deronjić died of natural causes on 19 May 2007. See also List of massacres in Bosnia and Herzegovina References ^ "162 Bodies Counted as Bosnians Open Mass Graves". Los Angeles Times. 21 July 2001. ^ a b "Prosecutor v. Miroslav Deronjić Judgement" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 30 March 2004. pp. 13, 15, 25–28, 56. ^ "Miroslav Deronjić - Case Information Sheet" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. ^ Simons, Marlise (31 March 2004). "10-Year Term For a Serb In War Crimes Called Light". New York Times. ^ "Bosnian Serb war criminal Deronjic dies in Sweden". Reuters. 19 May 2007. vteBosnian WarPart of the Yugoslav WarsBelligerents Bosniak side Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1st Corps 2nd Corps 3rd Corps 4th Corps 5th Corps 6th Corps 7th Corps Paramilitary Patriotic League Green Berets Croatian Defence Forces Bosnian mujahideen Croat side Croatian Defence Council 1OZ 2OZ 3OZ 4OZ Paramilitary Croatian Defence Forces Knights Serb side Army of Republika Srpska 1st Krajina Corps 2nd Krajina Corps 3rd Corps East Bosnia Corps Herzegovina Corps Sarajevo-Romanija Corps Drina Corps Paramilitary Wolves of Vučjak White Eagles Serb Volunteer Guard Scorpions Yellow Wasps Western Bosnian side National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia Prelude Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting Zulfikarpašić–Karadžić agreement RAM Plan Serb Autonomous Regions Bosanska Krajina Herzegovina North-East Bosnia Romanija Establishment of the Croatian Community of Herzeg Bosnia Establishment of Republika Srpska Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum Sarajevo wedding attack Declaration of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Battle of Bosanski Brod Sijekovac killings Bijeljina massacre 1992 anti-war protests in Sarajevo 1992 Battle of Kupres Siege of Sarajevo Kazani pit killings Foča ethnic cleansing Bosanski Šamac ethnic cleansing Siege of Srebrenica Zvornik massacre Doboj Snagovo massacre Prijedor ethnic cleansing Sarajevo column incident Siege of Goražde Graz agreement Glogova massacre Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing Tuzla column incident Zaklopača massacre Siege of Doboj Bradina massacre Sarajevo bread line massacre Bijeli Potok massacre Pionirska Street fire Operation Jackal Višegrad massacres Bosanska Jagodina Paklenik Barimo Sjeverin Čemerno massacre Siege of Bihać Ahatovići massacre Croat–Bosniak War Operation Vrbas '92 Operation Corridor 92 Bikavac fire Killings in Bratunac and Srebrenica Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia Korićani Cliffs massacre Mičivode massacre Novoseoci massacre Gornja Jošanica massacre 1993 Kravica attack Duša killings Skelani massacre Štrpci Siege of Mostar Srebrenica shelling Ahmići massacre Trusina massacre Sovići and Doljani killings Zenica massacre Vranica case Dobrinja mortar attack Battle of Žepče Battle of Travnik (1993) Battle of Bugojno Operation Irma Operation Neretva '93 Grabovica massacre Mokronoge massacre Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia Inter-Bosniak conflict in Bosanska Krajina Stupni Do massacre Operation Deny Flight Križančevo Selo killings 1994 Operation Tvigi 94 First Markale massacre Banja Luka incident Washington Agreement Establishment of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Operation Bøllebank Attack on Spin magazine journalists Operation Tiger Operation "Breza '94" Battle of Kupres Operation Amanda Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 347 Operation Spider Operation Winter '94 1995 Operation Vlašić Operation Leap 1 Battle of Orašje Operation Leap 2 Split Agreement Operation Summer '95 Pale air strikes Tuzla shelling Battle of Vrbanja Bridge Srebrenica massacre Kravica Battle of Vozuća Operation Miracle Operation Storm Second Markale massacre NATO bombing campaign Operation Mistral 2 Operation Sana Operation Una Operation Southern Move Exodus of Sarajevo Serbs Dayton Agreement Establishment of Bosnia and Herzegovina Internment camps Silos Manjača Liplje Luka Vilina Vlas Omarska Keraterm Trnopolje Sušica Čelebići Musala Batković Dretelj Uzamnica Heliodrom Gabela Vojno Kamenica camp Aspects Ethnic cleansing and massacres Bosnian genocide Bosnian genocide denial Internment camps Rape Peace plans NATO intervention Foreign support Foreign fighters Timeline of the Bosnian War (Timeline of the Croat–Bosniak War) Category Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mass murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_murder"},{"link_name":"Bosniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniak"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav People's Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army"},{"link_name":"Territorial Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Defense_(Yugoslavia)#Dissolution"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1990-2006)"},{"link_name":"Miroslav Deronjić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav_Deronji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Serbian Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Democratic_Party_(Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)"},{"link_name":"International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia"}],"text":"The Glogova massacre was the mass murder of 64 Bosniak civilians by Serb forces, consisting of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), Bratunac Territorial Defence (TO), local police, and paramilitaries from Serbia, on 9 May 1992. Miroslav Deronjić, the head of the \"Bratunac Municipal Board\" established by the Serbian Democratic Party (SDS), was sentenced to 10 years in prison by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia for ordering the massacre.","title":"Glogova massacre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glogova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glogova,_Bratunac"},{"link_name":"Bratunac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratunac"},{"link_name":"Srebrenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebrenica"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTY-2"}],"text":"Village Glogova is located in the Bratunac municipality near Srebrenica in east Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1991, the village had 1,913 residents, including 1,901 identified as Bosnian Muslims (Bosniaks), six as Bosnian Serbs, four as Yugoslavs, one as a Bosnian Croat and one as \"other\".[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yugoslav People's Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTY-2"}],"text":"On 9 May 1992, Serb forces, composed of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), Bratunac Territorial Defence, the local police, and Serbian paramilitary, entered Glogova, attacking the unarmed and defenseless village. The villagers were rounded up at the village's center and while in progress a number were killed. After being gathered, a group of about 19 Bosniak men were executed at the center. The attackers then made other Bosniaks carry and throw these and other bodies into a river. After doing so they were forced near the river and executed as well. Another group of about 20 Bosniak men were gathered at the village's market and then marched to the river and executed. A total of 64 Bosniak civilians were killed in the massacre and a number were forcibly displaced. A significant portion of Glogova was demolished including houses owned by Bosniaks, the village's mosque, and other private property.[2]","title":"Massacre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miroslav Deronjić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav_Deronji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Stabilisation Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilisation_Force"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Schomburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Schomburg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"On 4 July 2002, an indictment and arrest warrant were filed against Miroslav Deronjić, the head of the SDS-established \"Bratunac Municipal Board\", by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). The Stabilisation Force (SFOR) captured him shortly afterwards. On 10 July 2002, he pleaded not guilty to all charges of the first indictment. On 30 September 2003, he entered a plea deal and \"accepted without any reservation full responsibility for the crimes\". He was sentenced to 10 years in prison by the ICTY.[3] The sentence was criticized by dissenting Judge Wolfgang Schomburg as inadequate for the \"heinous and long-planned crimes\" committed and argued that he should have received a sentence of \"no less than twenty years.\" He also criticized the prosecution for focusing only Deronjić's involvement in Glogova which he considered a part of \"a larger criminal plan.\"[4] Deronjić died of natural causes on 19 May 2007.[5]","title":"Trial"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of massacres in Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"}]	[{"reference":"\"162 Bodies Counted as Bosnians Open Mass Graves\". Los Angeles Times. 21 July 2001.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2001/jul/20/news/mn-24469","url_text":"\"162 Bodies Counted as Bosnians Open Mass Graves\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prosecutor v. Miroslav Deronjić Judgement\" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 30 March 2004. pp. 13, 15, 25–28, 56.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icty.org/x/cases/deronjic/tjug/en/sj-040330e.pdf","url_text":"\"Prosecutor v. Miroslav Deronjić Judgement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Miroslav Deronjić - Case Information Sheet\" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icty.org/x/cases/deronjic/cis/en/cis_deronjic.pdf","url_text":"\"Miroslav Deronjić - Case Information Sheet\""}]},{"reference":"Simons, Marlise (31 March 2004). \"10-Year Term For a Serb In War Crimes Called Light\". New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/31/world/10-year-term-for-a-serb-in-war-crimes-called-light.html","url_text":"\"10-Year Term For a Serb In War Crimes Called Light\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bosnian Serb war criminal Deronjic dies in Sweden\". Reuters. 19 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL19395919","url_text":"\"Bosnian Serb war criminal Deronjic dies in Sweden\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Glogova_massacre&params=44_12_36_N_19_15_36_E_","external_links_name":"44°12′36″N 19°15′36″E / 44.21000°N 19.26000°E / 44.21000; 19.26000"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2001/jul/20/news/mn-24469","external_links_name":"\"162 Bodies Counted as Bosnians Open Mass Graves\""},{"Link":"http://www.icty.org/x/cases/deronjic/tjug/en/sj-040330e.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Prosecutor v. Miroslav Deronjić Judgement\""},{"Link":"http://www.icty.org/x/cases/deronjic/cis/en/cis_deronjic.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Miroslav Deronjić - Case Information Sheet\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/31/world/10-year-term-for-a-serb-in-war-crimes-called-light.html","external_links_name":"\"10-Year Term For a Serb In War Crimes Called Light\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL19395919","external_links_name":"\"Bosnian Serb war criminal Deronjic dies in Sweden\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertuis	Pertuis	["1 Population","2 International relations","3 Notable people from Pertuis","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 43°41′42″N 5°30′13″E / 43.695°N 5.5036°E / 43.695; 5.5036Commune in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, FrancePertuisCommuneThe church and the tourist office in the town of Pertuis FlagCoat of armsLocation of Pertuis PertuisShow map of FrancePertuisShow map of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'AzurCoordinates: 43°41′42″N 5°30′13″E / 43.695°N 5.5036°E / 43.695; 5.5036CountryFranceRegionProvence-Alpes-Côte d'AzurDepartmentVaucluseArrondissementAptCantonPertuisIntercommunalityAix-Marseille-ProvenceGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Roger PellencArea166.23 km2 (25.57 sq mi)Population (2021)20,012 • Density300/km2 (780/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code84089 /84120Elevation171–472 m (561–1,549 ft) (avg. 246 m or 807 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Pertuis (French pronunciation: ⓘ; Occitan: Pertús) is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Located south of the Luberon, this town is also near Aix-en-Provence, a famous town. Pertuis has existed since at least 981, while a castle was first built in the 12th century. Population Pertuis has registered significant population growth since the 1960s, with a threefold increase during this period. Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1793 3,700— 1800 4,000+1.12%1806 4,440+1.75%1821 4,616+0.26%1831 4,520−0.21%1836 4,470−0.22%1841 4,380−0.41%1846 4,487+0.48%1851 4,766+1.21%1856 4,959+0.80%1861 4,859−0.41%1866 4,839−0.08%1872 5,494+2.14%1876 5,649+0.70%1881 5,612−0.13%1886 5,484−0.46%1891 4,927−2.12%1896 4,910−0.07%YearPop.±% p.a.1901 4,838−0.30%1906 4,956+0.48%1911 4,973+0.07%1921 4,772−0.41%1926 5,030+1.06%1931 5,401+1.43%1936 5,229−0.65%1946 5,556+0.61%1954 5,621+0.15%1962 6,774+2.36%1968 8,355+3.56%1975 10,117+2.77%1982 12,430+2.99%1990 15,791+3.04%1999 17,833+1.36%2007 18,680+0.58%2012 19,141+0.49%2017 20,380+1.26%Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) International relations See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France Pertuis is twinned with: Alton, Hampshire, England Herborn, Hesse, Germany Este, Veneto, Italy Utiel, Spain Notable people from Pertuis Henry de Saint Didier (16th century), fencer and author of the first French book on fencing (1573) Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau (1715–1789), economist Michèle Torr (1947-), singer Cyril Rool (1975-), footballer Malick Bowens (1941-2017), actor Gallery Église Saint-Nicolas See also Communes of the Vaucluse department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Pertuis, EHESS (in French). ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE ^ "Alton Town Twinning Association". Hampshire County Council. May 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-09-13. Retrieved 2013-07-25. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pertuis. Official website The portal website vte Communes of the Vaucluse department Althen-des-Paluds Ansouis Aptsubpr Aubignan Aurel Auribeau Avignonpref Le Barroux La Bastide-des-Jourdans La Bastidonne Le Beaucet Beaumes-de-Venise Beaumettes Beaumont-de-Pertuis Beaumont-du-Ventoux Bédarrides Bédoin Blauvac Bollène Bonnieux Brantes Buisson Buoux Cabrières-d'Aigues Cabrières-d'Avignon Cadenet Caderousse Cairanne Camaret-sur-Aigues Caromb Carpentrassubpr Caseneuve Castellet-en-Luberon Caumont-sur-Durance Cavaillon Châteauneuf-de-Gadagne Châteauneuf-du-Pape Cheval-Blanc Courthézon Crestet Crillon-le-Brave Cucuron Entraigues-sur-la-Sorgue Entrechaux Faucon Flassan Fontaine-de-Vaucluse Gargas Gignac Gigondas Gordes Goult Grambois Grillon L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue Jonquerettes Jonquières Joucas Lacoste Lafare Lagarde-d'Apt Lagarde-Paréol Lagnes Lamotte-du-Rhône Lapalud Lauris Lioux Loriol-du-Comtat Lourmarin Malaucène Malemort-du-Comtat Maubec Mazan Ménerbes Mérindol Méthamis Mirabeau Modène Mondragon Monieux Monteux Morières-lès-Avignon Mormoiron Mornas La Motte-d'Aigues Murs Oppède Orange Pernes-les-Fontaines Pertuis Peypin-d'Aigues Piolenc Le Pontet Puget Puyméras Puyvert Rasteau Richerenches Roaix Robion La Roque-Alric La Roque-sur-Pernes Roussillon Rustrel Sablet Saignon Saint-Christol Saint-Didier Sainte-Cécile-les-Vignes Saint-Hippolyte-le-Graveyron Saint-Léger-du-Ventoux Saint-Marcellin-lès-Vaison Saint-Martin-de-Castillon Saint-Martin-de-la-Brasque Saint-Pantaléon Saint-Pierre-de-Vassols Saint-Romain-en-Viennois Saint-Roman-de-Malegarde Saint-Saturnin-lès-Apt Saint-Saturnin-lès-Avignon Saint-Trinit Sannes Sarrians Sault Saumane-de-Vaucluse Savoillan Séguret Sérignan-du-Comtat Sivergues Sorgues Suzette Taillades Le Thor La Tour-d'Aigues Travaillan Uchaux Vacqueyras Vaison-la-Romaine Valréas Vaugines Vedène Velleron Venasque Viens Villars Villedieu Villelaure Villes-sur-Auzon Violès Visan Vitrolles-en-Luberon pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area Other IdRef This Vaucluse geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[pɛʁtɥi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-0x010C-pertuis.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-0x010C-pertuis.wav.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-0x010C-pertuis.wav"},{"link_name":"Occitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_language"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Vaucluse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaucluse"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Luberon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luberon"},{"link_name":"Aix-en-Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-en-Provence"}],"text":"Commune in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, FrancePertuis (French pronunciation: [pɛʁtɥi] ⓘ; Occitan: Pertús) is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.Located south of the Luberon, this town is also near Aix-en-Provence, a famous town. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_VVL_engine	Nissan VVL engine	["1 See also","2 Sources"]	Reciprocating internal combustion engine Nissan SR16VEOverviewProduction1997–2001LayoutDisplacement1.6LOutputPower output175 hp (130 kW)Torque output119 lb⋅ft (161 N⋅m) Reciprocating internal combustion engine Nissan SR20VEOverviewProduction2001–2003LayoutDisplacement2.0LOutputPower output204 hp (152 kW)Torque output152 lb⋅ft (206 N⋅m) Reciprocating internal combustion engine Nissan SR20VETOverviewProduction2001–2007LayoutDisplacement2.0LOutputPower output276 hp (206 kW)Torque output228 lb⋅ft (309 N⋅m) Nissan Ecology Oriented Variable Valve Lift and Timing (commonly known as VVL & VVT) is an automobile variable valve timing technology developed by Nissan. VVL varies the duration, and lift of valves by using hydraulic pressure switch between two different sets of camshaft lobes. VVT varies the valve timing throughout the RPM range. Together they function similarly to Honda's VTEC system. The SR20VE is the most common engine with NEO VVL. There have been two main versions of this engine. The first version made 187 hp (139 kW) and 145 lb⋅ft (197 N⋅m) torque. This engine was used by Nissan from 1997 to 2001. It is found in the Nissan Primera, Nissan Bluebird, and the Nissan Wingroad. The second variant of the SR20VE is found only in the 2001 and later P12 Nissan Primera. This version of the SR20VE makes 204 hp (152 kW), and 152 lb⋅ft (206 N⋅m) torque. This engine is commonly known as the SR20VE '20V'. Although, in automotive terms, '20V' would normally be interpreted as having twenty valves, this is incorrect. The name '20V' is the name of the trim level of the Nissan Primera that it is found in. It is also a shortened version of the name SR20VE. This engine has 16 valves like the rest of the SR20 engines. This newer '20V' engine, along with the SR20VET, were the only SR20 engines to get restyled valve covers. It also came with an upgraded intake manifold, which has longer runners and a larger 70 mm (2.8 in) throttle body (earlier SR20VE has 60 mm). Another version of the VVL SR engines, is the 1.6 L SR16VE. The engine block for the SR16VE is the same as the SR20VE; it also has the same cylinder bore. The crankshaft has a shorter stroke, which lowers the displacement, but allows the engine to safely rev to higher RPM. Although this engine has 1.6 L of displacement, it has more aggressive camshaft specifications. It manages to make 173 hp (129 kW). The camshafts from this engine are considered to be an upgrade for SR20VE owners. From 1997 to 1998, Nissan produced 500 limited-edition SR16VE N1 engines. These engines made 197 hp (147 kW). They had further upgraded camshafts, upgraded intake manifold using eight injectors and a larger 70 mm (2.8 in) throttle body. These engines were found in the limited-edition Nissan Pulsar VZ-R N1. They were only sold in Japan. The most powerful VVL engine so far is the SR20VET. The SR20VET is a turbocharged '20V' SR20VE. It uses a Garrett GT2560LS, and makes 280 PS (206 kW; 276 hp). Nissan's technical information about this engine states that it is 9:1 compression ratio, but it really adds up to 8.8:1. Compared to the SR20DET (used in the Nissan Silvia, and Bluebird), the SR20VET (aside from having VVL technology) has improved airflow in the cylinder head, higher compression, and also improved coolant passages. In 1998 Nissan's RB engine was also improved using the NEO Head Technology (but no VVL), which provided the motor better fuel economy and lower exhaust emissions to keep up with emission standards. One difference from Honda's VTEC system is that NEO VVL engages the change of intake and exhaust cams independently for a flatter, more consistent power band. On the SR20VE, the intake camshaft is switched at 5000 rpm, and the exhaust at 6500 rpm. However this trait was not included on the newer '20V' version, as both camshafts engage at the same RPM. See also Nissan Continuous Variable Valve Timing Control Nissan SR engine Nissan Variable Cam Timing Nissan Variable Valve Event and Lift Sources New Zealand Primera Club Nissan Primera Owners Club - Valuable Primera Information SR20forum VVL FAQ FAQ about VVL Nissan Japan Official Nissan of Japan site NeoVVL Owners Club The Resource for the NeoVVL Engine vteNissan Motor CompanyMarques Current Infiniti Nissan Venucia1 Defunct/Integrated Prince Kurogane Aichi Shatai Ohta Jidosha Datsun Sold Nissan Diesel Divisions and subsidiaries Infiniti Nissan Ireland Nissan Korea Nissan Manufacturing Rus (sold off) Nissan Motor Australia Nissan Motor Ibérica Nissan Motor India Nissan Motor Indonesia Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK Nissan Motorsports & Customizing Autech Nismo Nissan New Zealand Nissan North America Nissan Philippines Nissan South Africa Joint ventures Alfa Romeo Nissan Autoveicoli S.p.A. COMPAS (50%) Dongfeng Nissan (50%) Ghandhara Nissan NMKV (50%) Renault Nissan Automotive India Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance RN Bank (30%, sold off) Zhengzhou-Nissan (50%) Shareholdings Jatco (75%) Mitsubishi Motors (34%) Renault (15%) Current Nissan vehiclesCars Almera/V-Drive/Versa/Sunny Altima GT-R Leaf March Sentra/Sylphy Skyline Tiida Z SUVs/crossovers Ariya Juke Kicks Magnite Murano Pathfinder Patrol/Armada Patrol (Y61) Qashqai Terra/X-Terra X-Trail/Rogue Vans/minivans AD Caravan/Urvan Elgrand Interstar Livina Note NV200 Primastar Serena Townstar Kei vehicles Dayz NT100 Clipper NV100 Clipper Roox Sakura Pickup trucks Frontier Navara/Frontier/NP300 Patrol Pickup Commercial trucks Atlas Discontinued vehicles 100NX 180SX 200SX 210 240SX 240Z 280ZX 300C 300ZX 310 350Z 370Z 510 810 1200 Almera Tino Altra Aprio Atleon Auster Avenir Bassara Be-1 Bluebird Caball Cablight Cedric Cefiro Cherry Cima Civilian Crew Cross Cube DC-3 Dualis Echo Expert Evalia Fairlady Figaro Fuga Gazelle Gloria Go/Go+ Grand Livina/Livina Geniss Hardbody Truck Homy Hypermini Junior Kicks (India) Kix Kubistar Lafesta Lannia Largo Latio Laurel Leopard Liberty Maxima mi-Do Micra Mistral Moco Multi Murano CrossCabriolet NP200 NT400 Cabstar NT500 NV1500 NV250 NV2500 HD NV300 NV350 NV3500 HD NV400 NX on-Do Paladin Pao Pino Pintara Pixo Platina Prairie Presage Presea Primera Prince Royal President Pulsar EXA GTI-R Quest R390 GT1 R'nessa Rasheen redi-Go Roadster-Road Star Rogue Sport S-Cargo Saurus Saurus Jr Silvia Skyline Crossover Skyline GT-R Stagea Stanza Teana Terrano Terrano II Terrano (India) Tiida Titan Trade Truck Vanette Versa Note Violet Wingroad Xterra Concept vehicles 126X 216X 240Z Concept 270X 300 Bambu 300 Seta 300XM 315-a AA-X Actic AD-1 AD-2 AL-X Alpha T Amenio AP-X AQ-X ARC-X Ariya AXY AZEAL Bevel BladeGlider Boga C-Note Chapeau Chappo Cocoon Compact Sport CONCEPT 2020 Vision Gran Turismo CQ-X Crossbow CUE-X Cypact Denki Cube Datsun redi-Go Datsun GO-Cross Datsun GO Live Duad Dunehawk Effis Ellure Esflow ESV EV Guide II EV Truck Evalia Extrem FEV FEV-II Foria Forum Friend-ME Fusion Gobi GR-1 GR-2 Gripz GT-R50 Hi-Cross ideo IDS IDx IMk IMx IMq IMs Intima Invitation Jikoo Judo Jura Kicks Kino KYXX Land Glider Lannia LEAF LUC-2 Magnite MID4 Mixim mm.e Moco Nails NCS NEO-X New Mobility Concept NRV-II Nuvu NV2500 NX-018 NX-21 Pivo Pivo 2 Pivo 3 Qazana Resonance Round Box Saurus Serenity Sport Concept Sport Sedan Stylish VI SUT Sway TeRRA Terranaut Tone Townpod Trailrunner TRI-X URGE UV-X Vmotion 2.0 Xmotion XIX XVL Yanya Z Concept Zaroot EnginesStraight-3 HR UD Straight-4 A BD C CA CD CG CR D E FD FJ G (Prince) G (Nissan) GA GB H HR J KA KR L LD MA MR NA NR QD QG QR SD SR UD YD Z ZD Straight-6 H L LD P RB RD S20 SD TB UD V V6 VE VG VQ VR V8 UD VEJ30 VH VK VRH W64 Y V12 GRX-3 UD VRT35 Places Nissan Engine Museum Nissan Proving Grounds Nissan Stadium (Nashville) Nissan Stadium (Yokohama) Other ATTESA CarWings dCi HICAS NAPS Nissan Motors v. Nissan Computer VVEL VVL Yokohama F. Marinos 1A brand of Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd. Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"automobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile"},{"link_name":"variable valve timing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_valve_timing"},{"link_name":"Nissan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan"},{"link_name":"valves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppet_valve"},{"link_name":"hydraulic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic"},{"link_name":"camshaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camshaft"},{"link_name":"Honda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda"},{"link_name":"VTEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VTEC"},{"link_name":"SR20VE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_sr_engine#SR20VE"},{"link_name":"Nissan Primera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Primera"},{"link_name":"Nissan Bluebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Bluebird"},{"link_name":"Nissan Wingroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Wingroad"},{"link_name":"SR20VE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_sr_engine#SR20VE"},{"link_name":"Nissan Primera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Primera"},{"link_name":"SR20VE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_sr_engine#SR20VE"},{"link_name":"SR20VE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_sr_engine#SR20VE"},{"link_name":"Nissan Primera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Primera"},{"link_name":"SR20VE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_SR_engine#SR20VE"},{"link_name":"SR20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_SR_engine"},{"link_name":"SR20VET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_sr_engine#SR20VET"},{"link_name":"SR20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_SR_engine"},{"link_name":"intake manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intake_manifold"},{"link_name":"SR20VE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_sr_engine#SR20VE"},{"link_name":"SR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_SR_engine"},{"link_name":"SR16VE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_sr_engine#SR16VE"},{"link_name":"SR16VE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_sr_engine#SR16VE"},{"link_name":"SR20VE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_sr_engine#SR20VE"},{"link_name":"SR20VE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_sr_engine#SR20VE"},{"link_name":"Nissan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan"},{"link_name":"SR16VE N1 engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_sr_engine#SR16VE_N1"},{"link_name":"Nissan Pulsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Pulsar"},{"link_name":"SR20VET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_sr_engine#SR20VET"},{"link_name":"SR20VET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_sr_engine#SR20VET"},{"link_name":"SR20VE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_sr_engine#SR20VE"},{"link_name":"Garrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_AiResearch"},{"link_name":"Nissan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan"},{"link_name":"compression ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_ratio"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"SR20DET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR20DET"},{"link_name":"Nissan Silvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Silvia"},{"link_name":"SR20VET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_sr_engine#SR20VET"},{"link_name":"cylinder head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_head"},{"link_name":"Nissan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan"},{"link_name":"RB engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_RB_engine"},{"link_name":"Honda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda"},{"link_name":"VTEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VTEC"},{"link_name":"SR20VE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_sr_engine#SR20VE"}],"text":"Reciprocating internal combustion engineReciprocating internal combustion engineNissan Ecology Oriented Variable Valve Lift and Timing (commonly known as VVL & VVT) is an automobile variable valve timing technology developed by Nissan. VVL varies the duration, and lift of valves by using hydraulic pressure switch between two different sets of camshaft lobes. VVT varies the valve timing throughout the RPM range. Together they function similarly to Honda's VTEC system.The SR20VE is the most common engine with NEO VVL. There have been two main versions of this engine. The first version made 187 hp (139 kW) and 145 lb⋅ft (197 N⋅m) torque. This engine was used by Nissan from 1997 to 2001. It is found in the Nissan Primera, Nissan Bluebird, and the Nissan Wingroad.The second variant of the SR20VE is found only in the 2001 and later P12 Nissan Primera. This version of the SR20VE makes 204 hp (152 kW), and 152 lb⋅ft (206 N⋅m) torque. This engine is commonly known as the SR20VE '20V'. Although, in automotive terms, '20V' would normally be interpreted as having twenty valves, this is incorrect. The name '20V' is the name of the trim level of the Nissan Primera that it is found in. It is also a shortened version of the name SR20VE. This engine has 16 valves like the rest of the SR20 engines. This newer '20V' engine, along with the SR20VET, were the only SR20 engines to get restyled valve covers. It also came with an upgraded intake manifold, which has longer runners and a larger 70 mm (2.8 in) throttle body (earlier SR20VE has 60 mm).Another version of the VVL SR engines, is the 1.6 L SR16VE. The engine block for the SR16VE is the same as the SR20VE; it also has the same cylinder bore. The crankshaft has a shorter stroke, which lowers the displacement, but allows the engine to safely rev to higher RPM. Although this engine has 1.6 L of displacement, it has more aggressive camshaft specifications. It manages to make 173 hp (129 kW). The camshafts from this engine are considered to be an upgrade for SR20VE owners.From 1997 to 1998, Nissan produced 500 limited-edition SR16VE N1 engines. These engines made 197 hp (147 kW). They had further upgraded camshafts, upgraded intake manifold using eight injectors and a larger 70 mm (2.8 in) throttle body. These engines were found in the limited-edition Nissan Pulsar VZ-R N1. They were only sold in Japan.The most powerful VVL engine so far is the SR20VET. The SR20VET is a turbocharged '20V' SR20VE. It uses a Garrett GT2560LS, and makes 280 PS (206 kW; 276 hp). Nissan's technical information about this engine states that it is 9:1 compression ratio, but it really adds up to 8.8:1.[citation needed] Compared to the SR20DET (used in the Nissan Silvia, and Bluebird), the SR20VET (aside from having VVL technology) has improved airflow in the cylinder head, higher compression, and also improved coolant passages.In 1998 Nissan's RB engine was also improved using the NEO Head Technology (but no VVL), which provided the motor better fuel economy and lower exhaust emissions to keep up with emission standards.One difference from Honda's VTEC system is that NEO VVL engages the change of intake and exhaust cams independently for a flatter, more consistent power band. On the SR20VE, the intake camshaft is switched at 5000 rpm, and the exhaust at 6500 rpm. However this trait was not included on the newer '20V' version, as both camshafts engage at the same RPM.","title":"Nissan VVL engine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand Primera Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.primeracarclub.co.nz"},{"link_name":"Nissan Primera Owners Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.npoc.co.uk"},{"link_name":"SR20forum VVL FAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sr20forum.com/showthread.php?t=18317"},{"link_name":"Nissan Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nissan.co.jp"},{"link_name":"NeoVVL Owners Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.neovvl.com"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nissan"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Nissan"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nissan"},{"link_name":"Nissan Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan"},{"link_name":"Infiniti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiniti"},{"link_name":"Nissan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan"},{"link_name":"Venucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venucia"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Kurogane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyu_Kogyo_Kurogane"},{"link_name":"Aichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichi_Kokuki"},{"link_name":"Shatai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Shatai"},{"link_name":"Ohta Jidosha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohta_Jidosha"},{"link_name":"Datsun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datsun"},{"link_name":"Nissan Diesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_Trucks"},{"link_name":"Infiniti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiniti"},{"link_name":"Nissan Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Nissan Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Korea"},{"link_name":"Nissan Manufacturing Rus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lada_Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Nissan Motor Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Motor_Australia"},{"link_name":"Nissan Motor Ibérica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Motor_Ib%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"Nissan Motor India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Motor_India_Private_Limited"},{"link_name":"Nissan Motor Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Motor_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Motor_Manufacturing_UK"},{"link_name":"Autech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autech"},{"link_name":"Nismo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nismo"},{"link_name":"Nissan New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Nissan North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_USA"},{"link_name":"Nissan Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Motor_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Nissan South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo Nissan Autoveicoli S.p.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_Arna"},{"link_name":"COMPAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperation_Manufacturing_Plant_Aguascalientes"},{"link_name":"Dongfeng Nissan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongfeng_Nissan"},{"link_name":"Ghandhara Nissan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghandhara_Nissan"},{"link_name":"NMKV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMKV"},{"link_name":"Renault Nissan Automotive India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Nissan_Automotive_India_Private_Limited"},{"link_name":"Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault%E2%80%93Nissan%E2%80%93Mitsubishi_Alliance"},{"link_name":"RN Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RN_Bank"},{"link_name":"Zhengzhou-Nissan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongfeng_Motor_Co.,_Ltd."},{"link_name":"Jatco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatco"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors"},{"link_name":"Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault"},{"link_name":"Current Nissan vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nissan_vehicles"},{"link_name":"Almera/V-Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Almera"},{"link_name":"Versa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Versa"},{"link_name":"Sunny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Sunny"},{"link_name":"Altima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Altima"},{"link_name":"GT-R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_GT-R"},{"link_name":"Leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Leaf"},{"link_name":"March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Micra"},{"link_name":"Sentra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Sentra"},{"link_name":"Sylphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Sylphy"},{"link_name":"Skyline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Skyline"},{"link_name":"Tiida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Pulsar"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Z_(RZ34)"},{"link_name":"Ariya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Ariya"},{"link_name":"Juke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Juke"},{"link_name":"Kicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Kicks"},{"link_name":"Magnite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Magnite"},{"link_name":"Murano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Murano"},{"link_name":"Pathfinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Pathfinder"},{"link_name":"Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Patrol"},{"link_name":"Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Armada"},{"link_name":"Patrol (Y61)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Patrol#Y61"},{"link_name":"Qashqai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Qashqai"},{"link_name":"Terra/X-Terra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Terra"},{"link_name":"X-Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_X-Trail"},{"link_name":"Rogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Rogue"},{"link_name":"AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_AD"},{"link_name":"Caravan/Urvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Caravan"},{"link_name":"Elgrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Elgrand"},{"link_name":"Interstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Master"},{"link_name":"Livina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Livina"},{"link_name":"Note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Note"},{"link_name":"NV200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_NV200"},{"link_name":"Primastar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Trafic"},{"link_name":"Serena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Serena"},{"link_name":"Townstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Kangoo"},{"link_name":"Kei vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kei_car"},{"link_name":"Dayz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_eK"},{"link_name":"NT100 Clipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Carry"},{"link_name":"NV100 Clipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Carry"},{"link_name":"Roox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_eK#eK_Space"},{"link_name":"Sakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Sakura"},{"link_name":"Frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Frontier_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"Navara/Frontier/NP300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Navara"},{"link_name":"Patrol Pickup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Patrol#Y61"},{"link_name":"Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Atlas"},{"link_name":"100NX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_NX"},{"link_name":"180SX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_180SX"},{"link_name":"200SX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_200SX"},{"link_name":"210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Sunny#Datsun_210_(1979-82)"},{"link_name":"240SX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_240SX"},{"link_name":"240Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Fairlady_Z_(S30)"},{"link_name":"280ZX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Fairlady_Z_(S130)"},{"link_name":"300C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_300C"},{"link_name":"300ZX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_300ZX"},{"link_name":"310","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Pulsar#Datsun_310"},{"link_name":"350Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_350Z"},{"link_name":"370Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_370Z"},{"link_name":"510","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datsun_510"},{"link_name":"810","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datsun_810"},{"link_name":"1200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Sunny#B110_(1970%E2%80%931973)"},{"link_name":"Almera Tino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Almera_Tino"},{"link_name":"Altra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_R%27nessa"},{"link_name":"Aprio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_Logan"},{"link_name":"Atleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Atleon"},{"link_name":"Auster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Violet"},{"link_name":"Avenir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Avenir"},{"link_name":"Bassara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Bassara"},{"link_name":"Be-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Be-1"},{"link_name":"Bluebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Bluebird"},{"link_name":"Caball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Caball"},{"link_name":"Cablight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyu_Kogyo_Kurogane"},{"link_name":"Cedric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Cedric"},{"link_name":"Cefiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Cefiro"},{"link_name":"Cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Cherry"},{"link_name":"Cima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Cima"},{"link_name":"Civilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Civilian"},{"link_name":"Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Crew"},{"link_name":"Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datsun_Go"},{"link_name":"Cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Cube"},{"link_name":"DC-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datsun_DC-3"},{"link_name":"Dualis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Qashqai"},{"link_name":"Echo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Civilian"},{"link_name":"Expert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Avenir"},{"link_name":"Evalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_NV200"},{"link_name":"Fairlady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datsun_Sports"},{"link_name":"Figaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Figaro"},{"link_name":"Fuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Fuga"},{"link_name":"Gazelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Silvia"},{"link_name":"Gloria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Gloria"},{"link_name":"Go/Go+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datsun_Go"},{"link_name":"Grand 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Fl%C3%B3rez_Ortiz	Alfonso Flórez Ortiz	["1 References","2 External links"]	Colombian cyclist (1952–1992) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Flórez and the second or maternal family name is Ortíz. Alfonzo Flórez Ortiz (November 5, 1952 – April 25, 1992) was a Colombian road racing cyclist who was a professional from 1985 to 1987, where he rode for the Colombian professional cycling team Café de Colombia team. Born in Bucaramanga, Santander Flórez Ortiz won the most important race in Colombia, the Vuelta a Colombia in 1979 and 1983. He frequently rode for the Colombian national cycling team and won the Tour de l'Avenir in 1980. Flórez made history when he captained the first Colombian cycle team in the Tour de France in 1983. He was murdered in April 1992 in Medellín. References ^ "Alfonso Florez Ortiz". cyclebase.nl. Retrieved 2007-09-10. ^ Colombianen in de Tour Archived 2008-10-30 at the Wayback Machine - Sportgeschiedenis (in Dutch) ^ "ALFONSO FLOREZ ORTIZ:Precursor de los triunfos de Colombia en Europa". pedaleur. Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2007-09-10. External links Alltime Tour de France results - Le Tour This biographical article relating to Colombian cycling is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Café de Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_Colombia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bucaramanga, Santander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucaramanga,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_a_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Tour de l'Avenir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_l%27Avenir"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Medellín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Flórez and the second or maternal family name is Ortíz.Alfonzo Flórez Ortiz (November 5, 1952 – April 25, 1992) was a Colombian road racing cyclist who was a professional from 1985 to 1987, where he rode for the Colombian professional cycling team Café de Colombia team.[1]Born in Bucaramanga, Santander Flórez Ortiz won the most important race in Colombia, the Vuelta a Colombia in 1979 and 1983. He frequently rode for the Colombian national cycling team and won the Tour de l'Avenir in 1980. Flórez made history when he captained the first Colombian cycle team in the Tour de France in 1983.[2]He was murdered in April 1992 in Medellín.[3]","title":"Alfonso Flórez Ortiz"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Alfonso Florez Ortiz\". cyclebase.nl. Retrieved 2007-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclebase.nl/?lang=nl&news=nl&pc=normal&page=renner&db=m&id=5538","url_text":"\"Alfonso Florez Ortiz\""}]},{"reference":"\"ALFONSO FLOREZ ORTIZ:Precursor de los triunfos de Colombia en Europa\". pedaleur. Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2007-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605002547/http://members.fortunecity.es/pedalear/Divers/ciclisan7.htm","url_text":"\"ALFONSO FLOREZ ORTIZ:Precursor de los triunfos de Colombia en Europa\""},{"url":"http://members.fortunecity.es/pedalear/Divers/ciclisan7.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.cyclebase.nl/?lang=nl&news=nl&pc=normal&page=renner&db=m&id=5538","external_links_name":"\"Alfonso Florez Ortiz\""},{"Link":"http://www.sportgeschiedenis.nl/2007/07/17/colombianen-in-de-tour.aspx","external_links_name":"Colombianen in de Tour"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081030070814/http://www.sportgeschiedenis.nl/2007/07/17/colombianen-in-de-tour.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605002547/http://members.fortunecity.es/pedalear/Divers/ciclisan7.htm","external_links_name":"\"ALFONSO FLOREZ ORTIZ:Precursor de los triunfos de Colombia en Europa\""},{"Link":"http://members.fortunecity.es/pedalear/Divers/ciclisan7.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100709064047/http://www.letour.fr/HISTO/fr/TDF/coureur/4616.html","external_links_name":"Alltime Tour de France results"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_Fl%C3%B3rez_Ortiz&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettona	Bettona	["1 History","2 Main sights","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 43°01′09″N 12°29′04″E / 43.01917°N 12.48444°E / 43.01917; 12.48444Comune in Umbria, ItalyBettonaComuneComune di BettonaBettona Coat of armsLocation of Bettona BettonaLocation of Bettona in ItalyShow map of ItalyBettonaBettona (Umbria)Show map of UmbriaCoordinates: 43°01′09″N 12°29′04″E / 43.01917°N 12.48444°E / 43.01917; 12.48444CountryItalyRegionUmbriaProvincePerugiaFrazioniColle, Passaggio, CerretoGovernment • MayorLamberto MarcantoniniArea • Total45 km2 (17 sq mi)Elevation353 m (1,158 ft)Population (30 April 2017) • Total4,371 • Density97/km2 (250/sq mi)DemonymBettonesiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code06084Dialing code075Patron saintSaint CrispoldusSaint dayMay 12WebsiteOfficial website Bettona (Latin: Vettona) is an ancient town and comune of Italy, in the province of Perugia in central Umbria at the northern edge of the Colli Martani range. It is 5 km (3 mi) E of Torgiano and 12 km (7 mi) SW of Assisi. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). Passaggio, Colle, and Cerreto are frazioni of the comune. History The town is of Etruscan origin; its people are first referred to in Pliny, NH III.114 (Vettonenses). After that its people are mentioned in inscriptions and works by ancient authors. Vettona was once the seat of a bishopric. While legend associates two other bishops with the see, the only historically-documented bishop was named Gaudentius, who took part in a synod at Rome called by Pope Hilarius in 465. The synod was held in the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore and the record of that synod is the oldest surviving record of a Roman synod. Under the Latin name Bettonium the bishopric is listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see. Main sights Palazzetto del Podestà Bettona still retains a complete circuit of medieval walls incorporating portions of the original Etruscan walls. The town was sacked in 1352 and very little remains following that, save the churches that have since been completely updated. The town was ordered rebuilt by Cardinal Albornoz, who built a small rocca where the Church of San Crispolto stands. The remains of a draw bridge can be found in a piazza now used for parking near the town's rear gate, Porta Romana. The Pinacoteca Comunale in the Palazzetto del Podestà (1371) has a painting by Perugino, the Madonna of Mercy, as well as other works by Jacopo Siculo, Dono Doni, Fiorenzo di Lorenzo, and Della Robbia. Santa Maria Maggiore church, situated in the historical centre, is the main church of the comune. A Gothic chapel located near the nave entrance and dedicated to Saint Rita, is the only remaining part of the original church. The main altar is in the shape of domed temple, by Cruciano Egiduzio. The apse was frescoed in 1939 by the futurist painter Gerardo Dottori. The church of San Crispolto was erected by monks to preserve the body of the patron saint (eighth century). The current façade is by Antonio Stefanucci. In the “Oratorio of St. Andrea” is a series of paintings from the school of Giotto, dated 1394, which show the Passion of Christ. The paintings were rediscovered during a 1980s restoration. A beautiful carved wooden ceiling and baroque altar also are features of the church. References ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ "Umbria" (in Italian). Retrieved 1 August 2023. ^ Francesco Lanzoni, Le diocesi d'Italia dalle origini al principio del secolo VII (an. 604), vol. I, Faenza 1927, pp. 427–434 ^ Giuseppe Cappelletti, Le Chiese d'Italia della loro origine sino ai nostri giorni, vol. V, Venezia 1846, pp. 190–193 ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 849 ^ Cardinal Albornoz is also responsible for the roccas at Assisi, Spoleto, and Orvieto among others. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bettona. Bettona official site, also in English • http://www.prolocobettona.it/ For information on events in Bettona, visit the site of our Proloco vteUmbria · Comuni of the Province of Perugia Assisi Bastia Umbra Bettona Bevagna Campello sul Clitunno Cannara Cascia Castel Ritaldi Castiglione del Lago Cerreto di Spoleto Citerna Città della Pieve Città di Castello Collazzone Corciano Costacciaro Deruta Foligno Fossato di Vico Fratta Todina Giano dell'Umbria Gualdo Cattaneo Gualdo Tadino Gubbio Lisciano Niccone Magione Marsciano Massa Martana Monte Castello di Vibio Monte Santa Maria Tiberina Montefalco Monteleone di Spoleto Montone Nocera Umbra Norcia Paciano Panicale Passignano sul Trasimeno Perugia Piegaro Pietralunga Poggiodomo Preci San Giustino Sant'Anatolia di Narco Scheggia e Pascelupo Scheggino Sellano Sigillo Spello Spoleto Todi Torgiano Trevi Tuoro sul Trasimeno Umbertide Valfabbrica Vallo di Nera Valtopina Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"province of Perugia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Perugia"},{"link_name":"Umbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbria"},{"link_name":"Colli Martani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colli_Martani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Torgiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torgiano"},{"link_name":"Assisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisi"},{"link_name":"I Borghi più belli d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Borghi_pi%C3%B9_belli_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Passaggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaggio,_Bettona"},{"link_name":"Colle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colle,_Bettona"},{"link_name":"Cerreto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerreto,_Bettona"},{"link_name":"frazioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazioni"}],"text":"Comune in Umbria, ItalyBettona (Latin: Vettona) is an ancient town and comune of Italy, in the province of Perugia in central Umbria at the northern edge of the Colli Martani range. It is 5 km (3 mi) E of Torgiano and 12 km (7 mi) SW of Assisi. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia (\"The most beautiful villages of Italy\").[3] Passaggio, Colle, and Cerreto are frazioni of the comune.","title":"Bettona"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pliny, NH III.114 (Vettonenses)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/3*.html#114"},{"link_name":"Pope Hilarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Hilarius"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Santa_Maria_Maggiore"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"titular see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_see"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The town is of Etruscan origin; its people are first referred to in Pliny, NH III.114 (Vettonenses). After that its people are mentioned in inscriptions and works by ancient authors.Vettona was once the seat of a bishopric. While legend associates two other bishops with the see, the only historically-documented bishop was named Gaudentius, who took part in a synod at Rome called by Pope Hilarius in 465.[4][5] The synod was held in the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore and the record of that synod is the oldest surviving record of a Roman synod.Under the Latin name Bettonium the bishopric is listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bettona_z04.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Albornoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_%C3%81lvarez_Carrillo_de_Albornoz"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Perugino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perugino"},{"link_name":"Jacopo Siculo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo_Siculo"},{"link_name":"Dono Doni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dono_Doni"},{"link_name":"Fiorenzo di Lorenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorenzo_di_Lorenzo"},{"link_name":"Della Robbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_della_Robbia"},{"link_name":"Saint Rita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Rita"},{"link_name":"Cruciano Egiduzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cruciano_Egiduzio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gerardo Dottori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardo_Dottori"},{"link_name":"San Crispolto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crispoldus"},{"link_name":"patron saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saint"},{"link_name":"Antonio Stefanucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Stefanucci&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto"}],"text":"Palazzetto del PodestàBettona still retains a complete circuit of medieval walls incorporating portions of the original Etruscan walls. The town was sacked in 1352 and very little remains following that, save the churches that have since been completely updated. The town was ordered rebuilt by Cardinal Albornoz, who built a small rocca where the Church of San Crispolto stands.[7] The remains of a draw bridge can be found in a piazza now used for parking near the town's rear gate, Porta Romana.The Pinacoteca Comunale in the Palazzetto del Podestà (1371) has a painting by Perugino, the Madonna of Mercy, as well as other works by Jacopo Siculo, Dono Doni, Fiorenzo di Lorenzo, and Della Robbia.Santa Maria Maggiore church, situated in the historical centre, is the main church of the comune. A Gothic chapel located near the nave entrance and dedicated to Saint Rita, is the only remaining part of the original church. The main altar is in the shape of domed temple, by Cruciano Egiduzio. The apse was frescoed in 1939 by the futurist painter Gerardo Dottori.The church of San Crispolto was erected by monks to preserve the body of the patron saint (eighth century). The current façade is by Antonio Stefanucci.In the “Oratorio of St. Andrea” is a series of paintings from the school of Giotto, dated 1394, which show the Passion of Christ. The paintings were rediscovered during a 1980s restoration. A beautiful carved wooden ceiling and baroque altar also are features of the church.","title":"Main sights"}]	[{"image_text":"Palazzetto del Podestà","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bettona_z04.jpg/220px-Bettona_z04.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","url_text":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html","url_text":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Umbria\" (in Italian). Retrieved 1 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://borghipiubelliditalia.it/umbria/","url_text":"\"Umbria\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bettona&params=43_01_09_N_12_29_04_E_region:IT_type:city(4371)","external_links_name":"43°01′09″N 12°29′04″E / 43.01917°N 12.48444°E / 43.01917; 12.48444"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bettona&params=43_01_09_N_12_29_04_E_region:IT_type:city(4371)","external_links_name":"43°01′09″N 12°29′04″E / 43.01917°N 12.48444°E / 43.01917; 12.48444"},{"Link":"http://www.comune.bettona.pg.it/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/3*.html#114","external_links_name":"Pliny, NH III.114 (Vettonenses)"},{"Link":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","external_links_name":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""},{"Link":"http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html","external_links_name":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\""},{"Link":"https://borghipiubelliditalia.it/umbria/","external_links_name":"\"Umbria\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/MN5017ucmf_0#page/n449/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Le diocesi d'Italia dalle origini al principio del secolo VII (an. 604)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cdICAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA190","external_links_name":"Le Chiese d'Italia della loro origine sino ai nostri giorni"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20060214043512/http://www.comune.bettona.pg.it/Default.aspx?lang=en-GB","external_links_name":"Bettona"},{"Link":"http://www.prolocobettona.it/","external_links_name":"http://www.prolocobettona.it/"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/134130366","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14504395w","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14504395w","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4428403-2","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CanStage	Canadian Stage Company	["1 History","2 Current leadership","3 Theatres","4 Awards","5 Partnership with York University","6 Artistic Leadership","7 References","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 43°39′02″N 79°21′50″W / 43.65056°N 79.36389°W / 43.65056; -79.36389Canadian non-profit arts organization This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Canadian StageFormation1988TypeTheatre groupLocationToronto, Ontario, CanadaArtistic director(s)Brendan HealyMatthew Jocelyn (formerly)Websitewww.canadianstage.com Canadian Stage is one of Canada's largest non-profit contemporary theatre companies, based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. History The company was founded in 1988 with the merger of Centre Stage and Toronto Free Theatre. Canadian Stage has produced more than 300 shows - over half of which have been Canadian plays. Canadian Stage also runs a series of development, education, and outreach programs. Martin Bragg stepped down as artistic producer at the end of the 2008-2009 season, his 17th with the company. Following the pandemic, the company expected attendance to increase to approximately 100,000 people. In 2023, the Dream in High Park, the company's series of William Shakespeare plays presented in an open-air amphitheatre, celebrated its 40th anniversary. Current leadership The current artistic director of Canadian Stage is Brendan Healy, who replaced artistic director Matthew Jocelyn in early 2018. Prior to his appointment at Canadian Stage, Healy worked at the Rose Theatre in Brampton, and Buddies in Bad Times Theatre. The current executive director of Canadian Stage is Monica Esteves. Esteves joined Canadian Stage after a tenure at Crow's Theatre. Theatres Canadian Stage presents performances at three venues: the 876-seat Bluma Appel Theatre; the Berkeley Street Theatres (244-seat Berkeley Downstairs Theatre and the 167-seat Berkeley Street Upstairs Theatre); and a 1,000-seat outdoor amphitheatre in Toronto's High Park, where Shakespeare is performed each summer. The company's main stage, The Bluma Appel Theatre, is located in the St. Lawrence Centre for the Arts (a city of Toronto-owned building), at 27 Front Street East. The theatre has been Canadian Stage's home for over 25 years. The St. Lawrence Centre for the Arts was constructed in the late 1960s as part of the city's Centennial Celebrations. Originally named "The Theatre", it was opened in February 1970 and renovated by the Thom Partnership in 1982. The Berkeley Street Theatre complex contains two performance spaces, as well as a rehearsal space, props and wardrobe facilities, and the company's administrative offices. The Berkeley site was originally built by the Consumer's Gas Corporation in 1887 as part of a gas pumping station complex. The Berkeley Downstairs Theatre was originally a pump room and served in that capacity until 1955, when Consumer's Gas moved their production out of downtown Toronto. A wrecking firm was hired to demolish the buildings in February 1971, but the complex was renovated instead. The Berkeley Upstairs Theatre was created as part of the general 1976 renovations of the complex. This building is also owned by the City of Toronto. Situated in the middle of Toronto's High Park, the amphitheatre can seat over 1,000 people. The first production of Shakespeare in High Park was performed in 1983 without a stage. The City of Toronto terraced the hillside of the Amphitheatre to provide seating in 1997. A permanent stage was installed in 2005. Awards This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Canadian Stage is a three-time recipient of the Lieutenant Governor's Award for the Arts, in recognition of building private sector and community support. Canadian Stage has been nominated for 296 Dora Mavor Moore Awards, receiving 62. Partnership with York University Since 2010, Canadian Stage and York University's Faculty of Fine Arts have collaborated through an MFA in Theatre – Stage Direction. The initiative was launched in 2011 to provide training in large-scale theatre directing. The first graduates of the program were Ker Wells and Ted Witzel. Students direct a Canadian Stage production and intern with a theatre. Artistic Leadership This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bill Glassco - Producing Director, 1988–1990 Guy Sprung -Producing and Artistic Director 1990-1992 Bob Baker - Artistic Director, 1992–1998 Martin Bragg - Artistic Producer, 1998–2009 Matthew Jocelyn - Artistic & General Director, 2009–2018 Brendan Healy - Artistic Director, 2018–Present References ^ "Canadian Stage". Charity Intelligence. Retrieved 2023-12-23. ^ "...Canadian Stage - Sharing innovative and vibrant theatre from ." canadianstage.com. Retrieved 12 March 2014. ^ "CANADIAN STAGE". arts.nationalpost.com. Retrieved 12 March 2014. ^ Critic, Richard Ouzounian Theatre (2008-06-19). "Bragg stepping down as artistic producer of Canadian Stage Company". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2024-01-24. ^ "Canadian Stage's new season to feature hit Broadway plays The Lehman Trilogy and The Inheritance". The Globe and Mail. 2023-04-12. Retrieved 2023-10-31. ^ Wilson, Kerrisa (2023-07-27). "'A Midsummer Night's Dream' returns to Toronto's High Park Amphitheatre for 40th anniversary". NOW Toronto. Retrieved 2024-01-24. ^ "Buddies in Bad Times veteran Brendan Healy chosen as new artistic head at Canadian Stage". The Globe and Mail. 2018-07-17. Retrieved 2024-01-08. ^ "Staff / Canadian Stage". www.canadianstage.com. Retrieved 2022-01-28. ^ "TAPA - Monica Esteves". TAPA. 2021-06-18. Retrieved 2024-01-08. ^ "Canadian Stage Company Bluma Appel Theatre". abouttheartists.com. Retrieved 12 March 2014. ^ "Canadian Stage Opens 2013-14 Season with THE FLOOD THEREAFTER and YUKONSTYLE, Sept-Oct 2013". broadwayworld.com. Retrieved 12 March 2014. ^ "St. Lawrence Centre for the Arts". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 2024-01-08. ^ "Canadian Stage". ckc.tcf.ca. Archived from the original on 2014-03-12. Retrieved 12 March 2014. ^ "Canadian Stage". Canadian Stage Website. Retrieved 2016-06-06. External links Official website Authority control databases ISNI VIAF 43°39′02″N 79°21′50″W / 43.65056°N 79.36389°W / 43.65056; -79.36389	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organization"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"}],"text":"Canadian non-profit arts organizationCanadian Stage is one of Canada's largest non-profit contemporary theatre companies, based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.","title":"Canadian Stage Company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canadianstage-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arts-nationalpost-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The company was founded in 1988 with the merger of Centre Stage and Toronto Free Theatre.[1] Canadian Stage has produced more than 300 shows - over half of which have been Canadian plays. Canadian Stage also runs a series of development, education, and outreach programs.[2][3]Martin Bragg stepped down as artistic producer at the end of the 2008-2009 season, his 17th with the company.[4]Following the pandemic, the company expected attendance to increase to approximately 100,000 people.[5]In 2023, the Dream in High Park, the company's series of William Shakespeare plays presented in an open-air amphitheatre, celebrated its 40th anniversary.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rose Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Theatre_Brampton"},{"link_name":"Brampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brampton"},{"link_name":"Buddies in Bad Times Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddies_in_Bad_Times_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The current artistic director of Canadian Stage is Brendan Healy, who replaced artistic director Matthew Jocelyn in early 2018. Prior to his appointment at Canadian Stage, Healy worked at the Rose Theatre in Brampton, and Buddies in Bad Times Theatre.[7]The current executive director of Canadian Stage is Monica Esteves.[8] Esteves joined Canadian Stage after a tenure at Crow's Theatre.[9]","title":"Current leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abouttheartists-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-broadwayworld-11"},{"link_name":"St. Lawrence Centre for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_Centre_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"High Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Park"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Canadian Stage presents performances at three venues: the 876-seat Bluma Appel Theatre; the Berkeley Street Theatres (244-seat Berkeley Downstairs Theatre and the 167-seat Berkeley Street Upstairs Theatre); and a 1,000-seat outdoor amphitheatre in Toronto's High Park, where Shakespeare is performed each summer.[10][11]The company's main stage, The Bluma Appel Theatre, is located in the St. Lawrence Centre for the Arts (a city of Toronto-owned building), at 27 Front Street East. The theatre has been Canadian Stage's home for over 25 years. The St. Lawrence Centre for the Arts was constructed in the late 1960s as part of the city's Centennial Celebrations. Originally named \"The Theatre\", it was opened in February 1970 and renovated by the Thom Partnership in 1982.[12]The Berkeley Street Theatre complex contains two performance spaces, as well as a rehearsal space, props and wardrobe facilities, and the company's administrative offices. The Berkeley site was originally built by the Consumer's Gas Corporation in 1887 as part of a gas pumping station complex. The Berkeley Downstairs Theatre was originally a pump room and served in that capacity until 1955, when Consumer's Gas moved their production out of downtown Toronto. A wrecking firm was hired to demolish the buildings in February 1971, but the complex was renovated instead. The Berkeley Upstairs Theatre was created as part of the general 1976 renovations of the complex. This building is also owned by the City of Toronto.[citation needed]Situated in the middle of Toronto's High Park, the amphitheatre can seat over 1,000 people. The first production of Shakespeare in High Park was performed in 1983 without a stage. The City of Toronto terraced the hillside of the Amphitheatre to provide seating in 1997. A permanent stage was installed in 2005.[citation needed]","title":"Theatres"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Canadian Stage is a three-time recipient of the Lieutenant Governor's Award for the Arts, in recognition of building private sector and community support. Canadian Stage has been nominated for 296 Dora Mavor Moore Awards, receiving 62.","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_University"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ckc-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Since 2010, Canadian Stage and York University's Faculty of Fine Arts have collaborated through an MFA in Theatre – Stage Direction. The initiative was launched in 2011 to provide training in large-scale theatre directing. The first graduates of the program were Ker Wells and Ted Witzel.[13] Students direct a Canadian Stage production and intern with a theatre.[14]","title":"Partnership with York University"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Glassco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Glassco"},{"link_name":"Matthew Jocelyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Jocelyn"}],"text":"Bill Glassco - Producing Director, 1988–1990\nGuy Sprung -Producing and Artistic Director 1990-1992\nBob Baker - Artistic Director, 1992–1998\nMartin Bragg - Artistic Producer, 1998–2009\nMatthew Jocelyn - Artistic & General Director, 2009–2018\nBrendan Healy - Artistic Director, 2018–Present","title":"Artistic Leadership"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Canadian Stage\". Charity Intelligence. Retrieved 2023-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.charityintelligence.ca/charity-details/207-canadian-stage","url_text":"\"Canadian Stage\""}]},{"reference":"\"...Canadian Stage - Sharing innovative and vibrant theatre from .\" canadianstage.com. Retrieved 12 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canadianstage.com/Online/default.asp","url_text":"\"...Canadian Stage - Sharing innovative and vibrant theatre from .\""}]},{"reference":"\"CANADIAN STAGE\". arts.nationalpost.com. Retrieved 12 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://arts.nationalpost.com/tag/canadian-stage/","url_text":"\"CANADIAN STAGE\""}]},{"reference":"Critic, Richard Ouzounian Theatre (2008-06-19). \"Bragg stepping down as artistic producer of Canadian Stage Company\". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2024-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/stage/bragg-stepping-down-as-artistic-producer-of-canadian-stage-company/article_0a319d18-8b09-5534-9846-20e427009a43.html","url_text":"\"Bragg stepping down as artistic producer of Canadian Stage Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Stage's new season to feature hit Broadway plays The Lehman Trilogy and The Inheritance\". The Globe and Mail. 2023-04-12. Retrieved 2023-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/theatre-and-performance/article-canadian-stages-new-season-to-feature-hit-broadway-plays-the-lehman/","url_text":"\"Canadian Stage's new season to feature hit Broadway plays The Lehman Trilogy and The Inheritance\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Kerrisa (2023-07-27). \"'A Midsummer Night's Dream' returns to Toronto's High Park Amphitheatre for 40th anniversary\". NOW Toronto. Retrieved 2024-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://nowtoronto.com/culture/a-midsummer-nights-dream-returns-to-torontos-high-park-amphitheatre/","url_text":"\"'A Midsummer Night's Dream' returns to Toronto's High Park Amphitheatre for 40th anniversary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buddies in Bad Times veteran Brendan Healy chosen as new artistic head at Canadian Stage\". The Globe and Mail. 2018-07-17. Retrieved 2024-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/theatre-and-performance/article-buddies-in-bad-times-veteran-brendan-healy-chosen-as-new-artistic-head/","url_text":"\"Buddies in Bad Times veteran Brendan Healy chosen as new artistic head at Canadian Stage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Staff / Canadian Stage\". www.canadianstage.com. Retrieved 2022-01-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canadianstage.com/about/our-people/staff","url_text":"\"Staff / Canadian Stage\""}]},{"reference":"\"TAPA - Monica Esteves\". TAPA. 2021-06-18. Retrieved 2024-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://tapa.ca/personnel/monica-esteves/","url_text":"\"TAPA - Monica Esteves\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Stage Company Bluma Appel Theatre\". abouttheartists.com. Retrieved 12 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abouttheartists.com/venues/565-canadian-stage-company-bluma-appel-theatre-toronto-canada","url_text":"\"Canadian Stage Company Bluma Appel Theatre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Stage Opens 2013-14 Season with THE FLOOD THEREAFTER and YUKONSTYLE, Sept-Oct 2013\". broadwayworld.com. Retrieved 12 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/toronto/article/Canadian-Stage-to-Open-2013-14-Season-with-THE-FLOOD-THEREAFTER-and-YUKONSTYLE-Sept-Oct-2013-20130921#.UyCGTD-SyBI","url_text":"\"Canadian Stage Opens 2013-14 Season with THE FLOOD THEREAFTER and YUKONSTYLE, Sept-Oct 2013\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Lawrence Centre for the Arts\". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 2024-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/st-lawrence-centre-for-the-arts-emc","url_text":"\"St. Lawrence Centre for the Arts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Stage\". ckc.tcf.ca. Archived from the original on 2014-03-12. Retrieved 12 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140312162353/http://ckc.tcf.ca/org/canadian-stage#","url_text":"\"Canadian Stage\""},{"url":"http://ckc.tcf.ca/org/canadian-stage","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Stage\". Canadian Stage Website. Retrieved 2016-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canadianstage.com/online/default.asp?doWork::WScontent::loadArticle=Load&BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::article_id=911950BB-2D47-47E4-AF5D-CF17C677110E&menu_id=15E09005-38A2-4F59-8532-CB18AC7DE0B3","url_text":"\"Canadian Stage\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Canadian_Stage_Company&params=43_39_02_N_79_21_50_W_region:CA-ON_type:landmark","external_links_name":"43°39′02″N 79°21′50″W / 43.65056°N 79.36389°W / 43.65056; -79.36389"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Stage_Company&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.canadianstage.com/","external_links_name":"www.canadianstage.com"},{"Link":"https://www.charityintelligence.ca/charity-details/207-canadian-stage","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Stage\""},{"Link":"https://www.canadianstage.com/Online/default.asp","external_links_name":"\"...Canadian Stage - Sharing innovative and vibrant theatre from .\""},{"Link":"http://arts.nationalpost.com/tag/canadian-stage/","external_links_name":"\"CANADIAN STAGE\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/stage/bragg-stepping-down-as-artistic-producer-of-canadian-stage-company/article_0a319d18-8b09-5534-9846-20e427009a43.html","external_links_name":"\"Bragg stepping down as artistic producer of Canadian Stage Company\""},{"Link":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/theatre-and-performance/article-canadian-stages-new-season-to-feature-hit-broadway-plays-the-lehman/","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Stage's new season to feature hit Broadway plays The Lehman Trilogy and The Inheritance\""},{"Link":"https://nowtoronto.com/culture/a-midsummer-nights-dream-returns-to-torontos-high-park-amphitheatre/","external_links_name":"\"'A Midsummer Night's Dream' returns to Toronto's High Park Amphitheatre for 40th anniversary\""},{"Link":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/theatre-and-performance/article-buddies-in-bad-times-veteran-brendan-healy-chosen-as-new-artistic-head/","external_links_name":"\"Buddies in Bad Times veteran Brendan Healy chosen as new artistic head at Canadian Stage\""},{"Link":"https://www.canadianstage.com/about/our-people/staff","external_links_name":"\"Staff / Canadian Stage\""},{"Link":"https://tapa.ca/personnel/monica-esteves/","external_links_name":"\"TAPA - Monica Esteves\""},{"Link":"http://www.abouttheartists.com/venues/565-canadian-stage-company-bluma-appel-theatre-toronto-canada","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Stage Company Bluma Appel Theatre\""},{"Link":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/toronto/article/Canadian-Stage-to-Open-2013-14-Season-with-THE-FLOOD-THEREAFTER-and-YUKONSTYLE-Sept-Oct-2013-20130921#.UyCGTD-SyBI","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Stage Opens 2013-14 Season with THE FLOOD THEREAFTER and YUKONSTYLE, Sept-Oct 2013\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/st-lawrence-centre-for-the-arts-emc","external_links_name":"\"St. Lawrence Centre for the Arts\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20140312162353/http://ckc.tcf.ca/org/canadian-stage#","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Stage\""},{"Link":"http://ckc.tcf.ca/org/canadian-stage","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.canadianstage.com/online/default.asp?doWork::WScontent::loadArticle=Load&BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::article_id=911950BB-2D47-47E4-AF5D-CF17C677110E&menu_id=15E09005-38A2-4F59-8532-CB18AC7DE0B3","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Stage\""},{"Link":"https://www.canadianstage.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000103512093","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/154697046","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Canadian_Stage_Company&params=43_39_02_N_79_21_50_W_region:CA-ON_type:landmark","external_links_name":"43°39′02″N 79°21′50″W / 43.65056°N 79.36389°W / 43.65056; -79.36389"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Future_(Nedor_Comics)	Captain Future (Nedor Comics)	["1 Publishing history","2 Fictional biography","2.1 Nedor Comics","2.2 Project Superpowers","3 Powers and abilities","4 References","5 External links"]	Comics character Captain FutureStartling Comics #10 (Sep. 1941), art by Kin Platt.Publication informationPublisherNedor ComicsFirst appearanceStartling Comics #1 (June 1940)Created byKin PlattIn-story informationAlter egoAndrew BryantAbilitiesSuperhuman strengthFlightEnergy bolt projection Captain Future is a fictional superhero character (not to be confused with the pulp magazine character of the same name) who first appeared in Startling Comics #1 (June 1940) from Nedor Comics. Publishing history Captain Future appeared in issues #1-40 of Startling Comics (June 1940 - July 1946). He also appeared in several issues of America's Best Comics. In 2003, he appeared in AC Comics' Sentinels of America #1, along with Black Terror, Miss Masque, Fighting Yank, and The Scarab. In 2004 he appeared in Terra Obscura, Volume Two. In 2008, Captain Future appeared in flashbacks in Dynamite Entertainment's miniseries Project Superpowers; in the one-shot Project Superpowers: Chapter Two Prelude, it was stated that he would appear in future issues in this line. In 2023, he is about to make an appearance as a player in an Untitled visual novel game by the indie game developer JustinXcrafter Games with a complete redesign of his suit. Fictional biography Nedor Comics America's Best Comics #22, Page 43 June, 1947, art by Ken Battefield In 1940, scientist Andrew Bryant discovers that bathing himself in a combination of gamma and infrared rays will grant him superpowers. He uses these powers to fight crime, with the help of his detective girlfriend, Grace Adams of the Agatha Detective Agency. While "powered up" Bryant is super-strong, can fly and hurl bolts of energy from his hands. Strong blows to the head, however, can render him unconscious, and he must frequently use his radiation machine to recharge his powers. According to Jess Nevins' Encyclopedia of Golden Age Superheroes, "his enemies vary from German ("Nazonians") and Japanese agents to Dr. Allirog, a Moreau-like mad scientist who creates "fiendish monsters" and who transplanted his brain into the body of a bear with the head, hands and feet of a gorilla, to Dr. Bio, who creates horse-sized tarantulas with human faces, to kaiju-sized alligators". Project Superpowers At some point after World War II, Captain Future was trapped in the mystical Urn of Pandora by the misguided Fighting Yank, along with dozens of other heroes. Decades later, the Urn was broken and the heroes were freed. In the second volume of Project Superpowers, it is revealed that Captain Future was actually the Greek god Zeus all along. Powers and abilities After bathing himself in gamma and infrared rays, Captain Future gained superhuman strength, flight, and the ability to project energy bolts through his hands, although his powers are only temporary and he must expose himself to the radiation to recharge them. References ^ Markstein, Don. "Captain Future". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Retrieved 2 April 2020. ^ Benton, Mike (1992). Superhero Comics of the Golden Age: The Illustrated History. Dallas: Taylor Publishing Company. pp. 184–185. ISBN 0-87833-808-X. Retrieved 8 April 2020. ^ Benton, Mike (1992). Superhero Comics of the Golden Age: The Illustrated History. Dallas: Taylor Publishing Company. p. 150. ISBN 0-87833-808-X. Retrieved 8 April 2020. ^ Mitchell, Kurt; Thomas, Roy (2019). American Comic Book Chronicles: 1940-1944. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 49. ISBN 978-1605490892. ^ Mougin, Lou (2020). Secondary Superheroes of Golden Age Comics. McFarland & Co. pp. 149–150. ISBN 9781476638607. ^ Nevins, Jess (2013). Encyclopedia of Golden Age Superheroes. High Rock Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-61318-023-5. External links Captain Future at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) Captain Future at The Good Guys & Gals of the Golden Age, vol. 2, no. 22 vteGolden Age of Comic BooksAce Comics Captain Courageous Doctor Nemesis The Flag Lash Lightning The Raven Unknown Soldier Vulcan All-AmericanPublications The Atom Al Pratt Black Canary Dinah Drake Doctor Mid-Nite Charles McNider Doiby Dickles The Flash Jay Garrick The Gay Ghost Green Lantern Alan Scott Hawkgirl Shiera Sanders Hall Hawkman Carter Hall Hop Harrigan Johnny Thunder Justice Society of America The King Mister Terrific Terry Sloane Neptune Perkins Red Tornado Sargon the Sorcerer The Terrific Whatzit Thunderbolt Ultra-Man The Whip Wildcat Ted Grant Wonder Woman Diana Prince Centaur Comics Airman Amazing-Man The Arrow The Clock The Eye Fantom of the Fair Magician from Mars The Masked Marvel Minimidget Charlton Comics Atomic Mouse Captain Atom Nightshade Mr. Muscles Nature Boy Space Adventures Yellowjacket Dell Comics Doctor Hormone Flash Gordon The Owl Phantasmo Supermind's Son Zorro Fawcett Comics Bulletgirl Bulletman Captain Marvel Captain Marvel Jr. Captain Midnight Dan Dare Hoppy the Marvel Bunny Ibis the Invincible Lieutenant Marvels Marvel Family Mary Marvel Master Man Minute-Man Mr. Scarlet Nyoka the Jungle Girl Phantom Eagle Pinky the Whiz Kid Scoop Smith Spy Smasher Squadron of Justice Uncle Marvel Fox Comics Black Fury Blue Beetle Dan Garret The Bouncer Bronze Man Dynamo The Flame Green Mask The Moth Samson Stardust the Super Wizard U.S. Jones Wonder Man Harvey Comics Black Cat Captain 3-D Captain Freedom Green Hornet Invisible Scarlet O'Neil Kato Shock Gibson Spirit of '76 Lev GleasonPublications Captain Battle Claw Crimebuster Daredevil Little Wise Guys Silver Streak MLJ Comics The Black Hood Bob Phantom Captain Flag The Comet The Firefly The Fox The Hangman Rang-a-Tang the Wonder Dog The Shield Super Duck The Web The Wizard National AlliedPublications Ace the Bat-Hound Air Wave Aquaman Batman Batwoman Black Pirate Boy Commandos Captain Comet Chris KL-99 Congo Bill Crimson Avenger Lee Travis Dan the Dyna-Mite Dark Ranger Detective Chimp Doctor Fate Kent Nelson Doctor Occult Genius Jones Gimmick Girl Green Arrow Guardian Hourman Rex Tyler Johnny Chambers King Faraday The Knight Krypto Liberty Belle Manhunter Paul Kirk Martian Manhunter Miss X Mr. America Newsboy Legion Phantom Stranger Rex the Wonder Dog Robin Dick Grayson Robotman Rose Psychic Sandman Wesley Dodds Sandy the Golden Boy Seven Soldiers of Victory Shining Knight Sir Justin Slam Bradley The Spectre Jim Corrigan Speedy Roy Harper Squire Star-Spangled Kid Sylvester Pemberton Starman Ted Knight Stripesy Stuff the Chinatown Kid Superboy Kal-El Superman Superwoman Lois Lane Tarantula TNT Tommy Tomorrow Vigilante Greg Saunders Wonder Woman Zatara Nedor Comics American Crusader American Eagle Black Terror Captain Future Doc Strange Fighting Yank The Ghost Grim Reaper Judy of the Jungle Kara the Jungle Princess Lance Lewis, Space Detective Liberator The Magnet Miss Masque Princess Pantha Pyroman The Scarab The Woman in Red Novelty Press Blue Bolt Dick Cole The Target The Targeteers The Twister PrizePublications Atomic-Man Black Owl Fighting American Green Lama Yank & Doodle Quality Comics #711 The Black Condor Blackhawk Blue Tracer Bozo the Iron Man Captain Triumph Doll Girl Doll Man Firebrand The Human Bomb Invisible Hood The Jester Kid Eternity Lady Luck Madame Fatal Magno Manhunter Merlin the Magician Midnight Miss America Miss Fear Mouthpiece Neon the Unknown Phantom Lady Plastic Man Quicksilver The Ray Red Bee Red Torpedo The Spider Spider Widow Uncle Sam Wildfire Wonder Boy Woozy Winks Timely Comics All-Winners Squad American Ace The Angel Black Marvel Black Widow Claire Voyant Blazing Skull Blonde Phantom Blue Blade Blue Diamond Breeze Barton Bucky Bucky Barnes Captain America Captain Wonder The Challenger Citizen V The Destroyer Dynamic Man Father Time The Ferret Fiery Mask The Fin Golden Girl The Human Torch Jack Frost Laughing Mask Marvel Boy Mercury Miss America Miss Fury Mister E Namor Namora The Patriot Phantom Reporter Red Raven Rockman Silver Scorpion Sun Girl Super Rabbit Thin Man Thunderer Tim Mulrooney Toro Venus The Vision The Whizzer Robert Frank The Witness Young Allies Misc. American Comics Group Superkatt Anglo-American Publishing Commander Steel Atlas Publications Captain Atom Bell Features The Brain Johnny Canuck Nelvana of the Northern Lights Cardal Publishing Streamline Columbia Comics The Face Skyman David McKay Publications Mandrake the Magician The Phantom DC Thomson The Amazing Mr X Jack Flash Dynamic Publications Dynamic Man Yankee Girl Eastern Color Printing Buck Rogers Hydroman Phantom Magician EC Comics Moon Girl Superduperman Elliot Publishing Company Kismet, Man of Fate Fiction House Fantomah Hillman Periodicals Airboy The Heap Holyoke Publishing Cat-Man Kitten Miss Victory L. Miller & Son, Ltd. Kid Marvelman Marvelman Young Marvelman Magazine Enterprises Funnyman Maple Leaf Publishing Brok Windsor Iron Man Rural Home Publications Green Turtle Street & Smith The Avenger Doc Savage The Shadow Supersnipe Wikimedia Commons has media related to Captain Future (Nedor Comics).	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero"},{"link_name":"the pulp magazine character of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Future"},{"link_name":"Nedor Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedor_Comics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Captain Future is a fictional superhero character (not to be confused with the pulp magazine character of the same name) who first appeared in Startling Comics #1 (June 1940) from Nedor Comics.[1]","title":"Captain Future (Nedor Comics)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"AC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Black Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Terror"},{"link_name":"Miss Masque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Masque"},{"link_name":"Fighting Yank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_Yank"},{"link_name":"Scarab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarab_(Nedor)"},{"link_name":"Terra Obscura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Obscura"},{"link_name":"Dynamite Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamite_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Project Superpowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Superpowers"},{"link_name":"JustinXcrafter Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JustinXcrafter_Games&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Captain Future appeared in issues #1-40 of Startling Comics (June 1940 - July 1946).[2] He also appeared in several issues of America's Best Comics.[3]In 2003, he appeared in AC Comics' Sentinels of America #1, along with Black Terror, Miss Masque, Fighting Yank, and The Scarab. In 2004 he appeared in Terra Obscura, Volume Two.In 2008, Captain Future appeared in flashbacks in Dynamite Entertainment's miniseries Project Superpowers; in the one-shot Project Superpowers: Chapter Two Prelude, it was stated that he would appear in future issues in this line.In 2023, he is about to make an appearance as a player in an Untitled visual novel game by the indie game developer JustinXcrafter Games with a complete redesign of his suit.","title":"Publishing history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fictional biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AmericasBestComics2243.jpg"},{"link_name":"scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist"},{"link_name":"gamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray"},{"link_name":"infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared"},{"link_name":"detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Moreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Moreau"},{"link_name":"kaiju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiju"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Nedor Comics","text":"America's Best Comics #22, Page 43 June, 1947, art by Ken BattefieldIn 1940, scientist Andrew Bryant discovers that bathing himself in a combination of gamma and infrared rays will grant him superpowers. He uses these powers to fight crime, with the help of his detective girlfriend, Grace Adams of the Agatha Detective Agency.[4] While \"powered up\" Bryant is super-strong, can fly and hurl bolts of energy from his hands. Strong blows to the head, however, can render him unconscious, and he must frequently use his radiation machine to recharge his powers.[5]According to Jess Nevins' Encyclopedia of Golden Age Superheroes, \"his enemies vary from German (\"Nazonians\") and Japanese agents to Dr. Allirog, a Moreau-like mad scientist who creates \"fiendish monsters\" and who transplanted his brain into the body of a bear with the head, hands and feet of a gorilla, to Dr. Bio, who creates horse-sized tarantulas with human faces, to kaiju-sized alligators\".[6]","title":"Fictional biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Fighting Yank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_Yank"}],"sub_title":"Project Superpowers","text":"At some point after World War II, Captain Future was trapped in the mystical Urn of Pandora by the misguided Fighting Yank, along with dozens of other heroes. Decades later, the Urn was broken and the heroes were freed.In the second volume of Project Superpowers, it is revealed that Captain Future was actually the Greek god Zeus all along.","title":"Fictional biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"After bathing himself in gamma and infrared rays, Captain Future gained superhuman strength, flight, and the ability to project energy bolts through his hands, although his powers are only temporary and he must expose himself to the radiation to recharge them.","title":"Powers and abilities"}]	[{"image_text":"America's Best Comics #22, Page 43 June, 1947, art by Ken Battefield","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/AmericasBestComics2243.jpg/220px-AmericasBestComics2243.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Markstein, Don. \"Captain Future\". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Retrieved 2 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.toonopedia.com/cfuture.htm","url_text":"\"Captain Future\""}]},{"reference":"Benton, Mike (1992). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Hawley_Everett	Elizabeth Hawley Everett	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Death and legacy","5 Selected works","6 References","7 External links"]	Elizabeth Hawley EverettSuperintendent of schools,Highland Park, IllinoisIn office1894–1898 Personal detailsBornElizabeth Caldwell Wilkey HawleyAugust 23, 1857Pekin, Illinois, U.S.DiedSeptember 6, 1940Highland Park, Illinois, U.S.Resting placeWyuka Cemetery, Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.Spouses James Albert Bowen (m. 1881; div. 1885) Francis Dennison Everett (m. 1899; died 1937)ChildrenGeorge Hawley BowenParentsWilliam Caldwell HawleyMary Shuah (Nason) HawleyAlma materUniversity of NebraskaOccupationclubwomansuffragistauthornewspaper founder, editorschool principalsuperintendent of schools Elizabeth Hawley Everett (née, Hawley; after first marriage, Bowen; after second marriage, Everett; August 23, 1857 – September 6, 1940) was an American clubwoman, suffragist, and author. She served as a school principal and a superintendent of schools, and later, was a newspaper founder and editor. She published Hawley and Nason ancestry including the following contributory lines: Welles, Hollister, Treat, Boothe, Thompson, Caldwell, Staples, Tetherly, Coffin, Greenleaf, Brocklebank, Bartlett, Heard, McLellan, Patterson in 1929. Early life and education Elizabeth Caldwell Wilkey Hawley was born in Pekin, Illinois, August 23, 1857. Her parents were William Caldwell Hawley (1830-1918) and Mary Shuah (Nason) Hawley (1829-1909). Her siblings were: Martha Nason, William Norman, George Appleton, Gideon Leonard, and Nathaniel Nason. She was educated in the schools of Mount Pleasant, Iowa, including the Mt. Pleasant Ladies' Seminary. She also attended the University of Nebraska. Career She served as principal of the Everett and Prescott Schools of Lincoln, Nebraska, 1887–94. In 1894–98, she was the superintendent of schools of Highland Park, Illinois. Everett was also active in Bible school work. For fifteen years, she stood for equal suffrage and spoke for it frequently. She was a member of the American Com. YWCA, 1901–06; vice-president, Highland Park Public Library Board, and was a member of the board from 1904; recording secretary, Illinois Equal Suffrage Association; president, Ossoli Club of Highland Park, 1900–02; vice-president, Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs, 1906–08; president, Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs, 1908–10; General Federation of Women's Clubs (secretary, Illinois), 1910–12. Illinois Club Bulletin, Oct. 1909, Vol. 1, No. 1. Everett founded the Illinois Club Bulletin in 1909, as the official organ of the board of directors of the Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs, and edited it three years. She was the author of Hawley and Nason ancestry including the following contributory lines: Welles, Hollister, Treat, Boothe, Thompson, Caldwell, Staples, Tetherly, Coffin, Greenleaf, Brocklebank, Bartlett, Heard, McLellan, Patterson. (Chicago, R.F. Seymour, 1929) Personal life She was twice married. First, on September 13, 1881, at Lincoln, Nebraska, she married James Albert Bowen (b. 1849); they divorced in 1885. Their only child was George Hawley Bowen (1882-1926). Second, on March 2, 1899, she married Francis Dennison Everett (1839-1937), a businessman of Chicago. In religion, she was Presbyterian. Death and legacy Elizabeth Hawley Everett died September 6, 1940, at Highland Park, Illinois, and was buried at Hawley Plot, Wyuka Cemetery, Lincoln, Nebraska. Her stories, records, and reflections were posthumously gathered in The olden time : stories for Betty, by Elizabeth Hawley Everett, Amanda Carson Bank, and Diane Banks (Philadelphia : Xlibris, 2005). Selected works Hawley and Nason ancestry including the following contributory lines: Welles, Hollister, Treat, Boothe, Thompson, Caldwell, Staples, Tetherly, Coffin, Greenleaf, Brocklebank, Bartlett, Heard, McLellan, Patterson., 1929 References ^ a b c d e f g Leonard, John W. (1914). Woman's Who's who of America (Public domain ed.). American Commonwealth Company. p. 280. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ a b Everett, Elizabeth Hawley (1929). Hawley and Nason ancestry, including the following contributory lines: Welles, Hollister, Treat, Boothe, Thompson, Caldwell, Staples, Tetherly, Coffin, Greenleaf, Brocklebank, Bartlett, Heard, McLellan, Patterson. Chicago: R.F. Seymour. pp. 21–22. Retrieved 22 December 2021. ^ Everett, Mrs. Francis D. (1909). "What the State Federations are Doing. Illinois. By Mrs. Francis D. Everett". The Federation Bulletin. 6–7 (Public domain ed.). Illinois State Association of Graduade Nurses: 109. Retrieved 22 December 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ The Magazine of American Genealogy. Vol. 22–27. Institute of American Genealogy. 1932. p. 1641. ^ "Word has been received". The Nebraska State Journal. 14 January 1926. p. 7. Retrieved 22 December 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Marriage licenses have been granted". The Nebraska State Journal. 3 March 1899. p. 6. Retrieved 22 December 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Mrs. Elizabeth Hawley Bowen was married". Lincoln Journal Star. 3 March 1899. p. 5. Retrieved 22 December 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Everett, Elizabeth Hawley, 1857-1940". snaccooperative.org. Social Networks and Archival Context. Retrieved 22 December 2021. ^ a b Hawley, Elizabeth (4 October 2005). The Olden Time: Stories for Betty. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4691-1106-3. Retrieved 22 December 2021. External links Works by or about Elizabeth Hawley Everett at Internet Archive Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"}],"text":"Elizabeth Hawley Everett (née, Hawley; after first marriage, Bowen; after second marriage, Everett; August 23, 1857 – September 6, 1940) was an American clubwoman, suffragist, and author. She served as a school principal and a superintendent of schools, and later, was a newspaper founder and editor. She published Hawley and Nason ancestry including the following contributory lines: Welles, Hollister, Treat, Boothe, Thompson, Caldwell, Staples, Tetherly, Coffin, Greenleaf, Brocklebank, Bartlett, Heard, McLellan, Patterson in 1929.","title":"Elizabeth Hawley Everett"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pekin, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekin,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leonard1914-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-everett1929-2"},{"link_name":"Mount Pleasant, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"University of Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leonard1914-1"}],"text":"Elizabeth Caldwell Wilkey Hawley was born in Pekin, Illinois, August 23, 1857. Her parents were William Caldwell Hawley (1830-1918) and Mary Shuah (Nason) Hawley (1829-1909).[1] Her siblings were: Martha Nason, William Norman, George Appleton, Gideon Leonard, and Nathaniel Nason.[2]She was educated in the schools of Mount Pleasant, Iowa, including the Mt. Pleasant Ladies' Seminary. She also attended the University of Nebraska.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"principal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_teacher"},{"link_name":"Lincoln, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Highland Park, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Park,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leonard1914-1"},{"link_name":"equal suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"YWCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YWCA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leonard1914-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illinois_Club_Bulletin,_Oct._1909,_Vol._1,_No._1.png"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-everett1909-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leonard1914-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-themagazine1932-4"}],"text":"She served as principal of the Everett and Prescott Schools of Lincoln, Nebraska, 1887–94. In 1894–98, she was the superintendent of schools of Highland Park, Illinois. Everett was also active in Bible school work.[1]For fifteen years, she stood for equal suffrage and spoke for it frequently. She was a member of the American Com. YWCA, 1901–06; vice-president, Highland Park Public Library Board, and was a member of the board from 1904; recording secretary, Illinois Equal Suffrage Association; president, Ossoli Club of Highland Park, 1900–02; vice-president, Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs, 1906–08; president, Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs, 1908–10; General Federation of Women's Clubs (secretary, Illinois), 1910–12.[1]Illinois Club Bulletin, Oct. 1909, Vol. 1, No. 1.Everett founded the Illinois Club Bulletin in 1909, as the official organ of the board of directors of the Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs,[3] and edited it three years.[1]She was the author of Hawley and Nason ancestry including the following contributory lines: Welles, Hollister, Treat, Boothe, Thompson, Caldwell, Staples, Tetherly, Coffin, Greenleaf, Brocklebank, Bartlett, Heard, McLellan, Patterson. (Chicago, R.F. Seymour, 1929)[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leonard1914-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-everett1929-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thenebraskastatejournal1926-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thenebraskastatejournal1899-6"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lincolnjournalstar1899-7"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leonard1914-1"}],"text":"She was twice married. First, on September 13, 1881, at Lincoln, Nebraska, she married James Albert Bowen (b. 1849); they divorced in 1885. Their only child was George Hawley Bowen (1882-1926).[1][2][5]\nSecond, on March 2, 1899, she married Francis Dennison Everett (1839-1937),[6] a businessman of Chicago.[7]In religion, she was Presbyterian.[1]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snaccooperative-8"},{"link_name":"Wyuka Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyuka_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hawley2005-9"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Xlibris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xlibris"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hawley2005-9"}],"text":"Elizabeth Hawley Everett died September 6, 1940,[8] at Highland Park, Illinois, and was buried at Hawley Plot, Wyuka Cemetery, Lincoln, Nebraska.[9]Her stories, records, and reflections were posthumously gathered in The olden time : stories for Betty, by Elizabeth Hawley Everett, Amanda Carson Bank, and Diane Banks (Philadelphia : Xlibris, 2005).[9]","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hawley and Nason ancestry including the following contributory lines: Welles, Hollister, Treat, Boothe, Thompson, Caldwell, Staples, Tetherly, Coffin, Greenleaf, Brocklebank, Bartlett, Heard, McLellan, Patterson., 1929","title":"Selected works"}]	[{"image_text":"Illinois Club Bulletin, Oct. 1909, Vol. 1, No. 1.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Illinois_Club_Bulletin%2C_Oct._1909%2C_Vol._1%2C_No._1.png/220px-Illinois_Club_Bulletin%2C_Oct._1909%2C_Vol._1%2C_No._1.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Leonard, John W. (1914). Woman's Who's who of America (Public domain ed.). American Commonwealth Company. p. 280.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Woman%27s_who%27s_who_of_America,_1914-15.djvu/268","url_text":"Woman's Who's who of America"}]},{"reference":"Everett, Elizabeth Hawley (1929). Hawley and Nason ancestry, including the following contributory lines: Welles, Hollister, Treat, Boothe, Thompson, Caldwell, Staples, Tetherly, Coffin, Greenleaf, Brocklebank, Bartlett, Heard, McLellan, Patterson. Chicago: R.F. Seymour. pp. 21–22. Retrieved 22 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hawleynasonances00ever/page/22/mode/2up?q=bowen","url_text":"Hawley and Nason ancestry, including the following contributory lines: Welles, Hollister, Treat, Boothe, Thompson, Caldwell, Staples, Tetherly, Coffin, Greenleaf, Brocklebank, Bartlett, Heard, McLellan, Patterson"}]},{"reference":"Everett, Mrs. Francis D. (1909). \"What the State Federations are Doing. Illinois. By Mrs. Francis D. Everett\". The Federation Bulletin. 6–7 (Public domain ed.). Illinois State Association of Graduade Nurses: 109. Retrieved 22 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yhYkAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA109","url_text":"\"What the State Federations are Doing. Illinois. By Mrs. Francis D. Everett\""}]},{"reference":"The Magazine of American Genealogy. Vol. 22–27. Institute of American Genealogy. 1932. p. 1641.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TWlbAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA1641","url_text":"The Magazine of American Genealogy"}]},{"reference":"\"Word has been received\". The Nebraska State Journal. 14 January 1926. p. 7. Retrieved 22 December 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/314002745/?terms=George%20Hawley%20Bowen&match=1","url_text":"\"Word has been received\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Marriage licenses have been granted\". The Nebraska State Journal. 3 March 1899. p. 6. Retrieved 22 December 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/333750968/?terms=elizabeth%20hawley%20bowen&match=1","url_text":"\"Marriage licenses have been granted\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Mrs. Elizabeth Hawley Bowen was married\". Lincoln Journal Star. 3 March 1899. p. 5. Retrieved 22 December 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/309381158/?terms=elizabeth%20hawley%20bowen&match=1","url_text":"\"Mrs. Elizabeth Hawley Bowen was married\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Everett, Elizabeth Hawley, 1857-1940\". snaccooperative.org. Social Networks and Archival Context. Retrieved 22 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://snaccooperative.org/view/1471101#resources","url_text":"\"Everett, Elizabeth Hawley, 1857-1940\""}]},{"reference":"Hawley, Elizabeth (4 October 2005). The Olden Time: Stories for Betty. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4691-1106-3. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapeang_Thum_Khang_Tboung_Commune	Trapeang Thum Khang Tboung Commune	["1 Administration","2 References"]	Coordinates: 11°01′25″N 104°34′29″E / 11.0236°N 104.5747°E / 11.0236; 104.5747Commune in Takéo, CambodiaTrapeang Thum Khang Tboung ឃុំត្រពាំងធំខាងត្បូងCommune (Khum)Trapeang Thum Khang TboungLocation within CambodiaCoordinates: 11°01′25″N 104°34′29″E / 11.0236°N 104.5747°E / 11.0236; 104.5747Country CambodiaProvinceTakéoDistrictTram KakTime zoneUTC+7Geocode210915 Trapeang Thum Khang Tboung Commune (Khmer: ឃុំត្រពាំងធំខាងត្បូង) is a khum (commune) in Tram Kak District, Takéo Province, Cambodia. Administration As of 2019, Trapeang Thum Khang Tboung Commune has 13 phums (villages) as follows. No. Code Khmer Village 1 21091501 ត្រពាំងកោះ Trapeang Kaoh 2 21091502 ព្រៃក្ដី Prey Kdei 3 21091503 ព្រៃរំដួល Prey Rumduol 4 21091504 ប្រគៀប Prakieb 5 21091505 ត្រពាំងជ្រៃ Trapeang Chrey 6 21091506 សំរោង Samraong 7 21091507 គោចិនលែង Kou Chen Leaeng 8 21091508 ត្រពាំងតាសោម Trapeang Ta Saom 9 21091509 ត្រពាំងឈូក Trapeang Chhuk 10 21091510 ត្រពាំងត្នោត Trapeang Tnaot 11 21091511 ត្រពាំងប្រីយ៍ Trapeang Prei 12 21091512 ត្រពាំងខន Trapeang Khan 13 21091513 ព្រៃព្រាល Prey Preal References ^ "Cambodia Gazetteer Database Online". Cambodia NCDD Databases. National Committee for Sub-National Democratic Development (NCDD). 2019. Retrieved 2019-08-12. vte Takéo provinceCapital: Doun KaevAngkor Borei District Angkor Borei Ba Srae Kouk Thlok Ponley Prek Phtoul Prey Phkoam Bati District Chambak Champei Doung Kandoeng Komar Reachea Krang Leav Krang Thnong Lumpong Pea Ream Pot Sar Sour Phi Tang Doung Tnaot Trapeang Krasang Trapeang Sab Bourei Cholsar District Bourei Cholsar Chey Chouk Doung Khpos Kampong Krasang Kouk Pou Kiri Vong District Angk Prasat Preah Bat Choan Chum Kamnab Kampeaeng Kiri Chong Kaoh Kouk Prech Phnum Den Prey Ampok Prey Rumdeng Ream Andaeuk Saom Ta Our Kaoh Andaet District Krapum Chhuk Pech Sar Prey Khla Prey Yuthka Romenh Thlea Prachum Prey Kabbas District Angkanh Ban Kam Champa Char Kampeaeng Kampong Reab Kdanh Pou Rumchak Prey Kabbas Prey Lvea Prey Phdau Snao Tang Yab Samraŏng District Boeng Tranh Khang Cheung Boeng Tranh Khang Tboung Cheung Kuon Chumreah Pen Khvav Lumchang Rovieng Samraong Soengh Sla Trea Doun Kaev Municipality Baray Roka Knong Roka Krau Tram Kak District Angk Ta Saom Cheang Tong Kus Leay Bour Nhaeng Nhang Our Saray Trapeang Kranhung Otdam Soriya Popel Samraong Srae Ronoung Ta Phem Tram Kak Trapeang Thum Khang Cheung Trapeang Thum Khang Tboung Treang District Angkanh Angk Khnor Chi Khma Khvav Prambei Mum Angk Kev Prey Sloek Roneam Sambuor Sanlong Smaong Srangae Thlok Tralach	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language"},{"link_name":"khum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Tram Kak District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram_Kak_District"},{"link_name":"Takéo Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak%C3%A9o_Province"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"}],"text":"Commune in Takéo, CambodiaTrapeang Thum Khang Tboung Commune (Khmer: ឃុំត្រពាំងធំខាងត្បូង) is a khum (commune) in Tram Kak District, Takéo Province, Cambodia.","title":"Trapeang Thum Khang Tboung Commune"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCDD-gZ-1"}],"text":"As of 2019, Trapeang Thum Khang Tboung Commune has 13 phums (villages) as follows.[1]","title":"Administration"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Cambodia Gazetteer Database Online\". Cambodia NCDD Databases. National Committee for Sub-National Democratic Development (NCDD). 2019. Retrieved 2019-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://db.ncdd.gov.kh/gazetteer","url_text":"\"Cambodia Gazetteer Database Online\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trapeang_Thum_Khang_Tboung_Commune&params=11.0236_N_104.5747_E_region:KH_type:city","external_links_name":"11°01′25″N 104°34′29″E / 11.0236°N 104.5747°E / 11.0236; 104.5747"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trapeang_Thum_Khang_Tboung_Commune&params=11.0236_N_104.5747_E_region:KH_type:city","external_links_name":"11°01′25″N 104°34′29″E / 11.0236°N 104.5747°E / 11.0236; 104.5747"},{"Link":"http://db.ncdd.gov.kh/gazetteer","external_links_name":"\"Cambodia Gazetteer Database Online\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_dysplasias	Osteochondrodysplasia	["1 Types","1.1 Achondroplasia","1.2 Pseudoachondroplasia","1.3 Osteogenesis imperfecta","1.4 Mucopolysaccharidosis","1.5 Cleidocranial dysostosis","1.6 Fibrous dysplasia","1.7 Langer–Giedion syndrome","1.8 Maffucci syndrome","1.9 Osteosclerosis","1.10 Other","2 Diagnosis","2.1 Differential diagnosis","3 Treatment","4 Management","5 Footnotes","5.1 Notes","5.2 References","6 External links"]	Group of disorders of bone and cartilage development Medical conditionOsteochondrodysplasiaOther namesSkeletal dysplasiaSpecialtyOrthopedic An osteochondrodysplasia, or skeletal dysplasia, is a disorder of the development of bone and cartilage. Osteochondrodysplasias are rare diseases. About 1 in 5,000 babies are born with some type of skeletal dysplasia. Nonetheless, if taken collectively, genetic skeletal dysplasias or osteochondrodysplasias comprise a recognizable group of genetically determined disorders with generalized skeletal affection. These disorders lead to disproportionate short stature and bone abnormalities, particularly in the arms, legs, and spine. Skeletal dysplasia can result in marked functional limitation and even mortality. Osteochondrodysplasias or skeletal dysplasia subtypes can overlap in clinical aspects, therefore plain radiography is absolutely necessary to establish an accurate diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging can provide further diagnostic insights and guide treatment strategies especially in cases of spinal involvement. As some disorders that cause skeletal dysplasia have treatments available, early diagnosis is particularly important, but may be challenging due to overlapping features and symptoms that may also be common in unaffected children. Types Achondroplasia Main article: Achondroplasia Achondroplasia is a type of autosomal dominant genetic disorder that is the most common cause of dwarfism. It is also the most common type of non-lethal osteochondrodysplasia or skeletal dysplasia. The prevalence is approximately 1 in 25,000 births. Achondroplastic dwarfs have short stature, with an average adult height of 131 cm (4 feet, 3 inches) for males and 123 cm (4 feet, 0 inches) for females. In achondroplasia the dwarfism is readily apparent at birth. likewise, craniofacial abnormalities in the form of macrocephaly and mid-face hypoplasia are present at birth. The previous clinical findings differentiate between achondroplasia and pseudoachondroplasia in which dwarfism is not recognizable at birth and craniofacial abnormalities are not considered a disease feature. Plain radiography plays an additional and important role in the differential diagnosis of achondroplasia. Pseudoachondroplasia Pseudoachondroplasia is an osteochondrodysplasia made distinctive by disproportionate short stature, hip and knee deformities, brachydactyly (short fingers) and ligamentous laxity. It affects at least 1 in 20,000 individuals. Pseudoachondroplasia is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and is caused solely by mutations in the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein COMP gene. It's distinguished by a moderate to severe form of disproportionate short-limb short stature. The limb shortening is fundamentally confined to the proximal limb segments i.e., Femurs and humeri. A known presenting feature is a waddling gait, noticed at the onset of walking. A prompt diagnosis of a skeletal dysplasia in general and Pseudoachondroplasia in specific is still based upon a comprehensive clinical and radiographic correlation. A detailed radiographic examination of the axial and appendicular skeleton is invaluable for the differential diagnosis of Pseudoachondroplasia. Coxa vara (reduced neck shaft angle), broad femoral necks, short femurs and humeri, and bullet-shaped vertebrae are noticeable radiographic features. Additionally, the presence of metaphyseal broadening, cupping and dense line of ossification about the knee can simulate rachitic changes. These radiographic features are collectively known as rachitic-like changes. The presence of epiphyseal changes serves as an important differentiating feature from achondroplasia. Osteogenesis imperfecta Main article: Osteogenesis imperfecta COL1A1/2-related osteogenesis imperfecta is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. The proportion of cases caused by a De novo COL1A1 or COL1A2 mutations are the cause of osteogenesis imperfecta in the vast majority of perinatally lethal osteogenesis imperfecta, and progressively deforming osteogenesis imperfecta. In classic non-deforming osteogenesis imperfecta with blue sclerae or common variable osteogenesis imperfecta with normal sclerae, nearly 60% of cases are de novo. COL1A1/2-related osteogenesis imperfecta is identified by repeated fractures with trivial trauma, defective dentinogenesis imperfecta (DI), and hearing loss. The clinical features of COL1A1/2-related osteogenesis imperfecta can be highly variable ranging from severe and lethal perinatal fractures to individuals with minimal tendency to repeated fractures and skeletal deformities and with a normal stature and life span. In between the clinical spectrum may include individuals with various degrees of disabling skeletal deformities and short stature. The radiographic findings of osteogenesis imperfecta include; long bone deformations such as bowing of the tibias and femurs, pencil-like deformity and tapering of bones, cortical thinning and rarefaction, pathologic fractures at various degrees of healing, bone shortening and vertebral wedging. Accordingly, COL1A1/2-related osteogenesis imperfecta has been classified into four sub-types (I, II, III, and IV) built upon the diversity of the radioclinical features. Mucopolysaccharidosis Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) constitute a commonly seen group of osteochondrodysplasias. Mucopolysaccharidosis can cause a wide spectrum of clinical and radiologic manifestations ranging from mild skeletal and systemic involvement to severe life-threatening manifestations. It is caused by a contiguous gene duplication or deletion syndrome in which multiple genes are involved. All forms of MPS are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, except fir of MPS II; Hunter syndrome which is X-linked. They are caused by an abnormal function of the lysosomal enzymes, which blocks degradation of mucopolysaccharides and leads to accumulation of harmful byproducts, namely, heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate. The resulting cellular malfunction can lead to a diverse array of skeletal and visceral manifestations. MPS have been subcategorized according to the type of enzyme inadequacy and glycoprotein accumulated. Cleidocranial dysostosis Main article: Cleidocranial dysostosis Cleidocranial dysostosis is a general skeletal condition named for the collarbone (cleido-) and cranium deformities which people with it often have. Common features include: Partly or completely missing collarbones. A soft spot or larger soft area in the top of the head where the fontanelle failed to close. Bones and joints are underdeveloped. The permanent teeth include supernumerary teeth. Permanent teeth not erupting Bossing (bulging) of the forehead. Hypertelorism Fibrous dysplasia Main article: Fibrous dysplasia Fibrous dysplasia causes bone thinning and growths or lesions in one or more bones of the human body. These lesions are tumor-like growths that consist of replacement of the medullary bone with fibrous tissue, causing the expansion and weakening of the areas of bone involved. Especially when involving the skull or facial bones, the lesions can cause externally visible deformities. The skull is often, but not necessarily, affected, and any other bones can be involved. Langer–Giedion syndrome Main article: Langer–Giedion syndrome Langer–Giedion syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder caused by a deletion of chromosomal material. Diagnosis is usually made at birth or in early childhood. The features associated with this condition include mild to moderate learning difficulties, short stature, unique facial features, small head and skeletal abnormalities including bony growths projecting from the surfaces of bones. Maffucci syndrome Main article: Maffucci syndrome Maffucci syndrome is a sporadic disease characterized by the presence of multiple enchondromas associated with multiple simple or cavernous soft tissue hemangiomas. Also lymphangiomas may be apparent. Patients are normal at birth and the syndrome manifests during childhood and puberty. The enchondromas affect the extremities and their distribution is asymmetrical. Osteosclerosis Main article: Osteosclerosis Osteosclerosis, an elevation in bone density, is normally detected on an X-ray as an area of whiteness and is where the bone density has significantly increased. Other Deformity type Erlenmeyer flask gives a distal femur similar to an Erlenmeyer flask. It may result from Gaucher disease. Kashin–Beck disease Melnick–Needles syndrome Ovine chondrodysplasia Familial osteodysplasia, Anderson type Diagnosis The diagnosis is mainly based upon delineating the specific clinical and radiographic pattern of skeletal involvement. However, the different types of skeletal dysplasia can overlap considerably in their clinical presentation. Molecular or genetic analysis may be required to resolve diagnostic difficulties. Differential diagnosis Juvenile idiopathic arthritis may closely resemble the clinical presentation of some osteochondrodysplasias or genetic skeletal dysplsias. In that, both conditions can present with swollen, stiff and deformed joints. Type II collagen disorders are caused by variants in the COL2A1 gene. Type II collagen disorders can result in mild disease or severe which can cause death within weeks of birth. Infants with the severe form of the disease would be born with clear indications of the disease, such as disproportionate short stature, skeletal dysplasia, distinctive eye abnormalities, cleft palate, and others. However, infants with mild disease may only experience arthritis at birth, but may progress to more severe disease later in life. Early diagnosis can be challenging. Furthermore, type II collagenopathies have significant phenotypic overlap with conditions such as MPS. Guidelines are available to ensure healthcare professional are aware of the conditions and the symptoms of disease to support efficient diagnosis. Treatment Emerging therapies for genetic skeletal dysplasias include enzyme replacement therapy, small molecule therapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and gene therapy. These therapies aim at preventing disease progression and thus improving quality of life. Enzyme replacement therapies are some of the mucopolysaccharidoses and Gaucher disease. Results have shown effectivity of enzyme replacement therapy. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can be lifesaving for some disorders, such as with malignant infantile osteopetrosis. Even with treatments such as enzyme replacement therapy and stem cell transplantation, people with skeletal dysplasia often require orthopedic surgery and other disease management interventions. There is a lack of information available to support these patients as most physicians may only see one or two skeletal dysplasia patients in their lifetime. Guidelines are available to support best practices for managing several areas of skeletal dysplasia, such as the craniofacial aspects of skeletal dysplasia, spinal disorders, diagnosis and management of type II collagen disorders, pregnancy of people with skeletal dysplasia, peri-operative management, and foramen magnum stenosis in achondroplasia. Written and video resources for patients with skeletal dysplasia and caregivers are also available. Management Timely management of skeletal dysplasia is important to combat functional deterioration. Due to rarity of the individual disorders that cause skeletal dysplasia, management can be challenging if a patient does not have access to a facility that has physicians who specialize in skeletal dysplasia. Guidelines have been developed for the management different aspects of skeletal dysplasia, including best practices for managing craniofacial and spinal manifestations, diagnosis and management of type II collagen disorders, pregnancy of people with skeletal dysplasia, peri-operative management, and foramen magnum stenosis in achondroplasia. Footnotes Notes ^ Etymology: from Ancient Greek ὀστέο(ν) (ostéo(n)) 'bone', χόνδρο(ς) (khóndro(s)) 'cartiledge', δυσ (dus) 'badly', and -πλασίᾱ (-plasíā) 'formed'. References ^ "Medcyclopaedia - Osteochondrodysplasia". Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. ^ Geister, Krista A.; Camper, Sally A. (2015-01-01). "Advances in Skeletal Dysplasia Genetics". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 16 (1): 199–227. doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-090314-045904. PMC 5507692. PMID 25939055. ^ Mortier, Geert R.; Cohn, Daniel H.; Cormier-Daire, Valerie; Hall, Christine; Krakow, Deborah; Mundlos, Stefan; Nishimura, Gen; Robertson, Stephen; Sangiorgi, Luca; Savarirayan, Ravi; Sillence, David; Superti-Furga, Andrea; Unger, Sheila; Warman, Matthew L. (2019-10-21). "Nosology and classification of genetic skeletal disorders: 2019 revision". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 179 (12): 2393–2419. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.61366. hdl:11343/286524. ISSN 1552-4825. PMID 31633310. S2CID 204813822. ^ a b c d e f EL-Sobky, TA; Shawky, RM; Sakr, HM; Elsayed, SM; Elsayed, NS; Ragheb, SG; Gamal, R (15 November 2017). "A systematized approach to radiographic assessment of commonly seen genetic bone diseases in children: A pictorial review". J Musculoskelet Surg Res. 1 (2): 25. doi:10.4103/jmsr.jmsr_28_17. S2CID 79825711. ^ a b c White, Klane; Bober, Michael B; Cho, Tae-Joon; Goldberg, Michael J; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Irving, Melita; Kamps, Shawn; Mackenzie, William G; Raggio, Cathleen (2020-02-18). "Best practice guidelines for management of spinal disorders in skeletal dysplasia". dx.doi.org. doi:10.21203/rs.2.23876/v1. hdl:11343/245301. PMID 32580780. Retrieved 2023-12-13. ^ Wynn J, King TM, Gambello MJ, Waller DK, Hecht JT (2007). "Mortality in achondroplasia study: A 42-year follow up". Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 143 (21): 2502–11. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31919. PMID 17879967. S2CID 25933218. ^ Briggs, MD; Wright, MJ (16 July 2015). "COMP-Related Pseudoachondroplasia". Pseudoachondroplasia. University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301660. Retrieved 16 April 2018. ^ Steiner, RD; Adsit, J; Basel, D (14 February 2013). "COL1A1/2 Osteogenesis Imperfecta". COL1A1/2-Related Osteogenesis Imperfecta. University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301472. Retrieved 16 April 2018. ^ "Osteogenesis Imperfecta - Children's Health Issues". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Retrieved 2022-11-18. ^ a b "Mucopolysaccharidoses". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18. ^ "Mucopolysaccharidoses - Children's Health Issues". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Retrieved 2022-11-18. ^ "Cleidocranial Dysplasia". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18. ^ "fibrous dysplasia of bone" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary ^ "Fibrous Dysplasia". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18. ^ Devidayal, null; Marwaha, Ram Kumar (2006-02-01). "Langer-Giedion Syndrome". Indian Pediatrics. 43 (2): 174–175. ISSN 0019-6061. PMID 16528117 – via PubMed. ^ "Maffucci Syndrome". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18. ^ "Maffucci syndrome: MedlinePlus Genetics". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-18. ^ "Medcyclopaedia - Osteosclerosis". Retrieved 2007-12-23. ^ Marks, Dawn B.; Swanson, Todd; Sandra I Kim; Marc Glucksman (2007). Biochemistry and molecular biology. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-8624-9. ^ Kaya Akca, U; Simsek Kiper, PO; Urel Demir, G; Sag, E; Atalay, E; Utine, GE; Alikasifoglu, M; Boduroglu, K; Bilginer, Y; Ozen, S (April 2021). "Genetic disorders with symptoms mimicking rheumatologic diseases: A single-center retrospective study" (PDF). European Journal of Medical Genetics. 64 (4): 104185. doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104185. PMID 33662637. S2CID 232122235. ^ Elsebaie, H; Mansour, MA; Elsayed, SM; Mahmoud, S; El-Sobky, TA (December 2021). "Multicentric Osteolysis, Nodulosis, and Arthropathy in two unrelated children with matrix metalloproteinase 2 variants: Genetic-skeletal correlations". Bone Reports. 15: 101106. doi:10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101106. PMC 8283316. PMID 34307793. ^ a b c Savarirayan, Ravi; Bompadre, Viviana; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Goldberg, Michael J.; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Irving, Melita; Kamps, Shawn E.; Mackenzie, William G.; Raggio, Cathleen; Spencer, Samantha S.; White, Klane K. (September 2019). "Best practice guidelines regarding diagnosis and management of patients with type II collagen disorders". Genetics in Medicine. 21 (9): 2070–2080. doi:10.1038/s41436-019-0446-9. ISSN 1098-3600. PMID 30696995. ^ a b Jameson, Elisabeth; Jones, Simon; Remmington, Tracey (18 June 2019). "Enzyme replacement therapy with laronidase (Aldurazyme®) for treating mucopolysaccharidosis type I". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6 (4): CD009354. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009354.pub5. PMC 6581069. PMID 31211405. ^ Savarirayan, Ravi; Tofts, Louise; Irving, Melita; Wilcox, William R.; Bacino, Carlos A.; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Font, Rosendo Ullot; Harmatz, Paul; Rutsch, Frank; Bober, Michael B.; Polgreen, Lynda E.; Ginebreda, Ignacio; Mohnike, Klaus; Charrow, Joel; Hoernschemeyer, Daniel (December 2021). "Safe and persistent growth-promoting effects of vosoritide in children with achondroplasia: 2-year results from an open-label, phase 3 extension study". Genetics in Medicine. 23 (12): 2443–2447. doi:10.1038/s41436-021-01287-7. PMC 8327889. PMID 34341520. ^ a b Hashemi Taheri, Amir Pejman; Radmard, Amir Reza; Kooraki, Soheil; Behfar, Maryam; Pak, Neda; Hamidieh, Amir Ali; Ghavamzadeh, Ardeshir (September 2015). "Radiologic resolution of malignant infantile osteopetrosis skeletal changes following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Radiologic Resolution of MIOP After HSCT". Pediatric Blood & Cancer. 62 (9): 1645–1649. doi:10.1002/pbc.25524. PMID 25820806. S2CID 11287381. ^ a b El-Sobky, Tamer; El-Haddad, Alaa; Elsobky, Ezzat; Elsayed, Solaf; Sakr, Hossam (1 March 2017). "Reversal of skeletal radiographic pathology in a case of malignant infantile osteopetrosis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation". The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. 48 (1): 237–243. doi:10.1016/j.ejrnm.2016.12.013. ^ Shemesh, E; Deroma, L; Bembi, B; Deegan, P; Hollak, C; Weinreb, NJ; Cox, TM (27 March 2015). "Enzyme replacement and substrate reduction therapy for Gaucher disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (3): CD010324. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010324.pub2. PMC 8923052. PMID 25812601. ^ a b Savarirayan, Ravi; Tunkel, David E.; Sterni, Laura M.; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Goldberg, Michael J; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Irving, Melita; Kamps, Shawn E. (2021-01-05). "Best practice guidelines in managing the craniofacial aspects of skeletal dysplasia". dx.doi.org. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-61766/v2. hdl:11343/272597. PMID 33446226. Retrieved 2023-12-13. ^ a b Savarirayan, Ravi; Rossiter, Judith P.; Hoover-Fong, Julie E.; Irving, Melita; Bompadre, Viviana; Goldberg, Michael J.; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Kamps, Shawn E.; Mackenzie, William G.; Raggio, Cathleen; Spencer, Samantha S.; White, Klane K. (December 2018). "Best practice guidelines regarding prenatal evaluation and delivery of patients with skeletal dysplasia". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 219 (6): 545–562. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2018.07.017. ISSN 0002-9378. PMID 30048634. ^ a b White, Klane K.; Bompadre, Viviana; Goldberg, Michael J.; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Hoover-Fong, Julie E.; Irving, Melita; Mackenzie, William G.; Kamps, Shawn E.; Raggio, Cathleen; Redding, Gregory J.; Spencer, Samantha S.; Savarirayan, Ravi; Theroux, Mary C. (August 2017). "Best practices in peri-operative management of patients with skeletal dysplasias". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 173 (10): 2584–2595. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.38357. hdl:11343/293252. ISSN 1552-4825. PMID 28763154. S2CID 22251966. ^ a b White, Klane K.; Savarirayan, Ravi; Goldberg, Michael J.; MacKenzie, William; Bompadre, Viviana; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Parnell, Shawn E.; Raggio, Cathleen; Spencer, Samantha A.; Campbell, Jeffery W.; Rapoport, David M.; Kifle, Yemiserach; Blackledge, Marcella (2016-01-11). "Response: "Best practices in the evaluation and treatment of foramen magnum stenosis in achondroplasia during infancy" and "is there a correlation between sleep disordered breathing and foramen magnum stenosis in children with achondroplasia?"". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 170 (4): 1101–1103. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.37546. hdl:11343/290811. ISSN 1552-4825. PMID 26754314. S2CID 35361558. ^ "Publications". Skeletal Displasia Management Consortium. 27 February 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023. External links ClassificationDICD-10: Q77-Q78OMIM: 184260MeSH: D010009DiseasesDB: 34854SNOMED CT: 240190009External resourcesPatient UK: Osteochondrodysplasia vteOsteochondrodysplasiasOsteodysplasia/osteodystrophyDiaphysis Camurati–Engelmann disease Metaphysis Metaphyseal dysplasia Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Epiphysis Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia Osteosclerosis Raine syndrome Osteopoikilosis Osteopetrosis Other/ungrouped FLNB Boomerang dysplasia Opsismodysplasia Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia McCune–Albright syndrome Chondrodysplasia/chondrodystrophy(including dwarfism)Osteochondroma osteochondromatosis Hereditary multiple exostoses Chondroma/enchondroma enchondromatosis Ollier disease Maffucci syndrome Growth factor receptorFGFR2: Antley–Bixler syndrome FGFR3: Achondroplasia Hypochondroplasia Thanatophoric dysplasia COL2A1 collagen disease Achondrogenesis type 2 Hypochondrogenesis SLC26A2 sulfation defect Achondrogenesis type 1B Autosomal recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia Atelosteogenesis, type II Diastrophic dysplasia Chondrodysplasia punctata Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata Conradi–Hünermann syndrome Other dwarfism Fibrochondrogenesis Short rib – polydactyly syndrome Majewski's polydactyly syndrome Léri–Weill dyschondrosteosis	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone"},{"link_name":"cartilage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"rare diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_disease"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elsobky2017-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"}],"text":"Medical conditionAn osteochondrodysplasia,[note 1] or skeletal dysplasia, is a disorder of the development of bone and cartilage.[1] Osteochondrodysplasias are rare diseases. About 1 in 5,000 babies are born with some type of skeletal dysplasia.[2] Nonetheless, if taken collectively, genetic skeletal dysplasias or osteochondrodysplasias comprise a recognizable group of genetically determined disorders with generalized skeletal affection. These disorders lead to disproportionate short stature and bone abnormalities, particularly in the arms, legs, and spine.[3] Skeletal dysplasia can result in marked functional limitation and even mortality.Osteochondrodysplasias or skeletal dysplasia subtypes can overlap in clinical aspects, therefore plain radiography is absolutely necessary to establish an accurate diagnosis.[4] Magnetic resonance imaging can provide further diagnostic insights and guide treatment strategies especially in cases of spinal involvement. As some disorders that cause skeletal dysplasia have treatments available, early diagnosis is particularly important, but may be challenging due to overlapping features and symptoms[5] that may also be common in unaffected children.","title":"Osteochondrodysplasia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"autosomal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomal"},{"link_name":"dominant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"genetic disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorder"},{"link_name":"dwarfism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17879967-7"},{"link_name":"short stature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_stature"},{"link_name":"pseudoachondroplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoachondroplasia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elsobky2017-5"}],"sub_title":"Achondroplasia","text":"Achondroplasia is a type of autosomal dominant genetic disorder that is the most common cause of dwarfism. It is also the most common type of non-lethal osteochondrodysplasia or skeletal dysplasia. The prevalence is approximately 1 in 25,000 births.[6] Achondroplastic dwarfs have short stature, with an average adult height of 131 cm (4 feet, 3 inches) for males and 123 cm (4 feet, 0 inches) for females. In achondroplasia the dwarfism is readily apparent at birth. likewise, craniofacial abnormalities in the form of macrocephaly and mid-face hypoplasia are present at birth. The previous clinical findings differentiate between achondroplasia and pseudoachondroplasia in which dwarfism is not recognizable at birth and craniofacial abnormalities are not considered a disease feature. Plain radiography plays an additional and important role in the differential diagnosis of achondroplasia.[4]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pseudoachondroplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoachondroplasia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genereviews1-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elsobky2017-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elsobky2017-5"}],"sub_title":"Pseudoachondroplasia","text":"Pseudoachondroplasia is an osteochondrodysplasia made distinctive by disproportionate short stature, hip and knee deformities, brachydactyly (short fingers) and ligamentous laxity. It affects at least 1 in 20,000 individuals. Pseudoachondroplasia is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and is caused solely by mutations in the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein COMP gene.[7] It's distinguished by a moderate to severe form of disproportionate short-limb short stature. The limb shortening is fundamentally confined to the proximal limb segments i.e., Femurs and humeri. A known presenting feature is a waddling gait, noticed at the onset of walking. A prompt diagnosis of a skeletal dysplasia in general and Pseudoachondroplasia in specific is still based upon a comprehensive clinical and radiographic correlation.[4] A detailed radiographic examination of the axial and appendicular skeleton is invaluable for the differential diagnosis of Pseudoachondroplasia. Coxa vara (reduced neck shaft angle), broad femoral necks, short femurs and humeri, and bullet-shaped vertebrae are noticeable radiographic features. Additionally, the presence of metaphyseal broadening, cupping and dense line of ossification about the knee can simulate rachitic changes. These radiographic features are collectively known as rachitic-like changes. The presence of epiphyseal changes serves as an important differentiating feature from achondroplasia.[4]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"osteogenesis imperfecta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteogenesis_imperfecta"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genereviews-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elsobky2017-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Osteogenesis imperfecta","text":"COL1A1/2-related osteogenesis imperfecta is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. The proportion of cases caused by a De novo COL1A1 or COL1A2 mutations are the cause of osteogenesis imperfecta in the vast majority of perinatally lethal osteogenesis imperfecta, and progressively deforming osteogenesis imperfecta. In classic non-deforming osteogenesis imperfecta with blue sclerae or common variable osteogenesis imperfecta with normal sclerae, nearly 60% of cases are de novo. COL1A1/2-related osteogenesis imperfecta is identified by repeated fractures with trivial trauma, defective dentinogenesis imperfecta (DI), and hearing loss. The clinical features of COL1A1/2-related osteogenesis imperfecta can be highly variable ranging from severe and lethal perinatal fractures to individuals with minimal tendency to repeated fractures and skeletal deformities and with a normal stature and life span. In between the clinical spectrum may include individuals with various degrees of disabling skeletal deformities and short stature.[8] The radiographic findings of osteogenesis imperfecta include; long bone deformations such as bowing of the tibias and femurs, pencil-like deformity and tapering of bones, cortical thinning and rarefaction, pathologic fractures at various degrees of healing, bone shortening and vertebral wedging.[4] Accordingly, COL1A1/2-related osteogenesis imperfecta has been classified into four sub-types (I, II, III, and IV) built upon the diversity of the radioclinical features.[9]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mucopolysaccharidoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidoses"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mucopolysaccharidoses-11"},{"link_name":"mucopolysaccharides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucopolysaccharide"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mucopolysaccharidoses-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Mucopolysaccharidosis","text":"Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) constitute a commonly seen group of osteochondrodysplasias. Mucopolysaccharidosis can cause a wide spectrum of clinical and radiologic manifestations ranging from mild skeletal and systemic involvement to severe life-threatening manifestations. It is caused by a contiguous gene duplication or deletion syndrome in which multiple genes are involved. All forms of MPS are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, except fir of MPS II; Hunter syndrome which is X-linked.[10] They are caused by an abnormal function of the lysosomal enzymes, which blocks degradation of mucopolysaccharides and leads to accumulation of harmful byproducts, namely, heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate.[10] The resulting cellular malfunction can lead to a diverse array of skeletal and visceral manifestations. MPS have been subcategorized according to the type of enzyme inadequacy and glycoprotein accumulated.[11]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"collarbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collarbone"},{"link_name":"cranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cranium"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"collarbones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collarbone"},{"link_name":"fontanelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontanelle"},{"link_name":"permanent teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_teeth"},{"link_name":"supernumerary teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperdontia"},{"link_name":"forehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forehead"},{"link_name":"Hypertelorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertelorism"}],"sub_title":"Cleidocranial dysostosis","text":"Cleidocranial dysostosis is a general skeletal condition named for the collarbone (cleido-) and cranium deformities which people with it often have. Common features include:[12]Partly or completely missing collarbones.\nA soft spot or larger soft area in the top of the head where the fontanelle failed to close.\nBones and joints are underdeveloped.\nThe permanent teeth include supernumerary teeth.\nPermanent teeth not erupting\nBossing (bulging) of the forehead.\nHypertelorism","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"lesions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesion"},{"link_name":"tumor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor"},{"link_name":"medullary bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary_bone"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Fibrous dysplasia","text":"Fibrous dysplasia causes bone thinning[13] and growths or lesions in one or more bones of the human body.These lesions are tumor-like growths that consist of replacement of the medullary bone with fibrous tissue, causing the expansion and weakening of the areas of bone involved. Especially when involving the skull or facial bones, the lesions can cause externally visible deformities. The skull is often, but not necessarily, affected, and any other bones can be involved.[14]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genetic disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorder"},{"link_name":"deletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_deletion"},{"link_name":"chromosomal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"skeletal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skeleton"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Langer–Giedion syndrome","text":"Langer–Giedion syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder caused by a deletion of chromosomal material. Diagnosis is usually made at birth or in early childhood. The features associated with this condition include mild to moderate learning difficulties, short stature, unique facial features, small head and skeletal abnormalities including bony growths projecting from the surfaces of bones.[15]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enchondromas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchondroma"},{"link_name":"hemangiomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemangioma"},{"link_name":"lymphangiomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphangioma"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Maffucci syndrome","text":"Maffucci syndrome is a sporadic disease characterized by the presence of multiple enchondromas associated with multiple simple or cavernous soft tissue hemangiomas. Also lymphangiomas may be apparent.[16]Patients are normal at birth and the syndrome manifests during childhood and puberty. The enchondromas affect the extremities and their distribution is asymmetrical.[17]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-titleMedcyclopaedia_-_Osteosclerosis-19"},{"link_name":"X-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray"}],"sub_title":"Osteosclerosis","text":"Osteosclerosis, an elevation in bone density,[18] is normally detected on an X-ray as an area of whiteness and is where the bone density has significantly increased.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"femur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femur"},{"link_name":"Erlenmeyer flask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlenmeyer_flask"},{"link_name":"Gaucher disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaucher_disease"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brschemi-20"},{"link_name":"Kashin–Beck disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashin%E2%80%93Beck_disease"},{"link_name":"Melnick–Needles syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melnick%E2%80%93Needles_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Ovine chondrodysplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovine_chondrodysplasia"},{"link_name":"Familial osteodysplasia, Anderson type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_osteodysplasia,_Anderson_type"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Deformity type Erlenmeyer flask gives a distal femur similar to an Erlenmeyer flask. It may result from Gaucher disease.[19]\nKashin–Beck disease\nMelnick–Needles syndrome\nOvine chondrodysplasia\nFamilial osteodysplasia, Anderson type","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The diagnosis is mainly based upon delineating the specific clinical and radiographic pattern of skeletal involvement. However, the different types of skeletal dysplasia can overlap considerably in their clinical presentation. Molecular or genetic analysis may be required to resolve diagnostic difficulties.[citation needed]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juvenile idiopathic arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_idiopathic_arthritis"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elsebaie-22"},{"link_name":"cleft palate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft_lip_and_cleft_palate"},{"link_name":"arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritis"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-23"}],"sub_title":"Differential diagnosis","text":"Juvenile idiopathic arthritis may closely resemble the clinical presentation of some osteochondrodysplasias or genetic skeletal dysplsias. In that, both conditions can present with swollen, stiff and deformed joints.[20][21]Type II collagen disorders are caused by variants in the COL2A1 gene. Type II collagen disorders can result in mild disease or severe which can cause death within weeks of birth. Infants with the severe form of the disease would be born with clear indications of the disease, such as disproportionate short stature, skeletal dysplasia, distinctive eye abnormalities, cleft palate, and others. However, infants with mild disease may only experience arthritis at birth, but may progress to more severe disease later in life. Early diagnosis can be challenging. Furthermore, type II collagenopathies have significant phenotypic overlap with conditions such as MPS. Guidelines are available to ensure healthcare professional are aware of the conditions and the symptoms of disease to support efficient diagnosis.[22]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jameson-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hashemi-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haddad-27"},{"link_name":"some of the mucopolysaccharidoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidoses"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jameson-24"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"malignant infantile osteopetrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant_infantile_osteopetrosis"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hashemi-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haddad-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-29"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-23"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-32"},{"link_name":"patients with skeletal dysplasia and caregivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.skeletaldysplasia.org/patients"}],"text":"Emerging therapies for genetic skeletal dysplasias include enzyme replacement therapy,[23] small molecule therapy,[24] hematopoietic stem cell transplantation[25][26] and gene therapy. These therapies aim at preventing disease progression and thus improving quality of life. Enzyme replacement therapies are some of the mucopolysaccharidoses[23] and Gaucher disease.[27] Results have shown effectivity of enzyme replacement therapy. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can be lifesaving for some disorders, such as with malignant infantile osteopetrosis.[25][26]Even with treatments such as enzyme replacement therapy and stem cell transplantation, people with skeletal dysplasia often require orthopedic surgery and other disease management interventions. There is a lack of information available to support these patients as most physicians may only see one or two skeletal dysplasia patients in their lifetime. Guidelines are available to support best practices for managing several areas of skeletal dysplasia, such as the craniofacial aspects of skeletal dysplasia,[28] spinal disorders,[5] diagnosis and management of type II collagen disorders,[22] pregnancy of people with skeletal dysplasia,[29] peri-operative management,[30] and foramen magnum stenosis in achondroplasia.[31] Written and video resources for patients with skeletal dysplasia and caregivers are also available.","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elsobky2017-5"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-29"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-23"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-32"}],"text":"Timely management of skeletal dysplasia is important to combat functional deterioration.[4] Due to rarity of the individual disorders that cause skeletal dysplasia, management can be challenging if a patient does not have access to a facility that has physicians who specialize in skeletal dysplasia. Guidelines have been developed for the management different aspects of skeletal dysplasia,[32] including best practices for managing craniofacial[28] and spinal manifestations,[5] diagnosis and management of type II collagen disorders,[22] pregnancy of people with skeletal dysplasia,[29] peri-operative management,[30] and foramen magnum stenosis in achondroplasia.[31]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ Etymology: from Ancient Greek ὀστέο(ν) (ostéo(n)) 'bone', χόνδρο(ς) (khóndro(s)) 'cartiledge', δυσ (dus) 'badly', and -πλασίᾱ (-plasíā) 'formed'.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Medcyclopaedia - Osteochondrodysplasia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20110526161907/http://www.medcyclopaedia.com/library/topics/volume_iii_1/o/osteochondrodysplasia.aspx"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.medcyclopaedia.com/library/topics/volume_iii_1/o/osteochondrodysplasia.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"Advances in Skeletal Dysplasia 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of skeletal radiographic pathology in a case of malignant infantile osteopetrosis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejrnm.2016.12.013"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.ejrnm.2016.12.013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejrnm.2016.12.013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"Enzyme replacement and substrate reduction therapy for Gaucher 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\"Best practices in the evaluation and treatment of foramen magnum stenosis in achondroplasia during infancy\" and \"is there a correlation between sleep disordered breathing and foramen magnum stenosis in children with achondroplasia?\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.37546"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/ajmg.a.37546","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.a.37546"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11343/290811","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/11343%2F290811"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1552-4825","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1552-4825"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"26754314","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26754314"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"35361558","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35361558"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"Publications\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.skeletaldysplasia.org/publications"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ \"Medcyclopaedia - Osteochondrodysplasia\". Archived from the original on 2011-05-26.\n\n^ Geister, Krista A.; Camper, Sally A. (2015-01-01). \"Advances in Skeletal Dysplasia Genetics\". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 16 (1): 199–227. doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-090314-045904. PMC 5507692. PMID 25939055.\n\n^ Mortier, Geert R.; Cohn, Daniel H.; Cormier-Daire, Valerie; Hall, Christine; Krakow, Deborah; Mundlos, Stefan; Nishimura, Gen; Robertson, Stephen; Sangiorgi, Luca; Savarirayan, Ravi; Sillence, David; Superti-Furga, Andrea; Unger, Sheila; Warman, Matthew L. (2019-10-21). \"Nosology and classification of genetic skeletal disorders: 2019 revision\". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 179 (12): 2393–2419. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.61366. hdl:11343/286524. ISSN 1552-4825. PMID 31633310. S2CID 204813822.\n\n^ a b c d e f EL-Sobky, TA; Shawky, RM; Sakr, HM; Elsayed, SM; Elsayed, NS; Ragheb, SG; Gamal, R (15 November 2017). \"A systematized approach to radiographic assessment of commonly seen genetic bone diseases in children: A pictorial review\". J Musculoskelet Surg Res. 1 (2): 25. doi:10.4103/jmsr.jmsr_28_17. S2CID 79825711.\n\n^ a b c White, Klane; Bober, Michael B; Cho, Tae-Joon; Goldberg, Michael J; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Irving, Melita; Kamps, Shawn; Mackenzie, William G; Raggio, Cathleen (2020-02-18). \"Best practice guidelines for management of spinal disorders in skeletal dysplasia\". dx.doi.org. doi:10.21203/rs.2.23876/v1. hdl:11343/245301. PMID 32580780. Retrieved 2023-12-13.\n\n^ Wynn J, King TM, Gambello MJ, Waller DK, Hecht JT (2007). \"Mortality in achondroplasia study: A 42-year follow up\". Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 143 (21): 2502–11. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31919. PMID 17879967. S2CID 25933218.\n\n^ Briggs, MD; Wright, MJ (16 July 2015). \"COMP-Related Pseudoachondroplasia\". Pseudoachondroplasia. University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301660. Retrieved 16 April 2018.\n\n^ Steiner, RD; Adsit, J; Basel, D (14 February 2013). \"COL1A1/2 Osteogenesis Imperfecta\". COL1A1/2-Related Osteogenesis Imperfecta. University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301472. Retrieved 16 April 2018.\n\n^ \"Osteogenesis Imperfecta - Children's Health Issues\". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Retrieved 2022-11-18.\n\n^ a b \"Mucopolysaccharidoses\". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18.\n\n^ \"Mucopolysaccharidoses - Children's Health Issues\". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Retrieved 2022-11-18.\n\n^ \"Cleidocranial Dysplasia\". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18.\n\n^ \"fibrous dysplasia of bone\" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary\n\n^ \"Fibrous Dysplasia\". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18.\n\n^ Devidayal, null; Marwaha, Ram Kumar (2006-02-01). \"Langer-Giedion Syndrome\". Indian Pediatrics. 43 (2): 174–175. ISSN 0019-6061. PMID 16528117 – via PubMed.\n\n^ \"Maffucci Syndrome\". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18.\n\n^ \"Maffucci syndrome: MedlinePlus Genetics\". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-18.\n\n^ \"Medcyclopaedia - Osteosclerosis\". Retrieved 2007-12-23.\n\n^ Marks, Dawn B.; Swanson, Todd; Sandra I Kim; Marc Glucksman (2007). Biochemistry and molecular biology. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-8624-9.\n\n^ Kaya Akca, U; Simsek Kiper, PO; Urel Demir, G; Sag, E; Atalay, E; Utine, GE; Alikasifoglu, M; Boduroglu, K; Bilginer, Y; Ozen, S (April 2021). \"Genetic disorders with symptoms mimicking rheumatologic diseases: A single-center retrospective study\" (PDF). European Journal of Medical Genetics. 64 (4): 104185. doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104185. PMID 33662637. S2CID 232122235.\n\n^ Elsebaie, H; Mansour, MA; Elsayed, SM; Mahmoud, S; El-Sobky, TA (December 2021). \"Multicentric Osteolysis, Nodulosis, and Arthropathy in two unrelated children with matrix metalloproteinase 2 variants: Genetic-skeletal correlations\". Bone Reports. 15: 101106. doi:10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101106. PMC 8283316. PMID 34307793.\n\n^ a b c Savarirayan, Ravi; Bompadre, Viviana; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Goldberg, Michael J.; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Irving, Melita; Kamps, Shawn E.; Mackenzie, William G.; Raggio, Cathleen; Spencer, Samantha S.; White, Klane K. (September 2019). \"Best practice guidelines regarding diagnosis and management of patients with type II collagen disorders\". Genetics in Medicine. 21 (9): 2070–2080. doi:10.1038/s41436-019-0446-9. ISSN 1098-3600. PMID 30696995.\n\n^ a b Jameson, Elisabeth; Jones, Simon; Remmington, Tracey (18 June 2019). \"Enzyme replacement therapy with laronidase (Aldurazyme®) for treating mucopolysaccharidosis type I\". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6 (4): CD009354. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009354.pub5. PMC 6581069. PMID 31211405.\n\n^ Savarirayan, Ravi; Tofts, Louise; Irving, Melita; Wilcox, William R.; Bacino, Carlos A.; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Font, Rosendo Ullot; Harmatz, Paul; Rutsch, Frank; Bober, Michael B.; Polgreen, Lynda E.; Ginebreda, Ignacio; Mohnike, Klaus; Charrow, Joel; Hoernschemeyer, Daniel (December 2021). \"Safe and persistent growth-promoting effects of vosoritide in children with achondroplasia: 2-year results from an open-label, phase 3 extension study\". Genetics in Medicine. 23 (12): 2443–2447. doi:10.1038/s41436-021-01287-7. PMC 8327889. PMID 34341520.\n\n^ a b Hashemi Taheri, Amir Pejman; Radmard, Amir Reza; Kooraki, Soheil; Behfar, Maryam; Pak, Neda; Hamidieh, Amir Ali; Ghavamzadeh, Ardeshir (September 2015). \"Radiologic resolution of malignant infantile osteopetrosis skeletal changes following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Radiologic Resolution of MIOP After HSCT\". Pediatric Blood & Cancer. 62 (9): 1645–1649. doi:10.1002/pbc.25524. PMID 25820806. S2CID 11287381.\n\n^ a b El-Sobky, Tamer; El-Haddad, Alaa; Elsobky, Ezzat; Elsayed, Solaf; Sakr, Hossam (1 March 2017). \"Reversal of skeletal radiographic pathology in a case of malignant infantile osteopetrosis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation\". The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. 48 (1): 237–243. doi:10.1016/j.ejrnm.2016.12.013.\n\n^ Shemesh, E; Deroma, L; Bembi, B; Deegan, P; Hollak, C; Weinreb, NJ; Cox, TM (27 March 2015). \"Enzyme replacement and substrate reduction therapy for Gaucher disease\". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (3): CD010324. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010324.pub2. PMC 8923052. PMID 25812601.\n\n^ a b Savarirayan, Ravi; Tunkel, David E.; Sterni, Laura M.; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Goldberg, Michael J; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Irving, Melita; Kamps, Shawn E. (2021-01-05). \"Best practice guidelines in managing the craniofacial aspects of skeletal dysplasia\". dx.doi.org. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-61766/v2. hdl:11343/272597. PMID 33446226. Retrieved 2023-12-13.\n\n^ a b Savarirayan, Ravi; Rossiter, Judith P.; Hoover-Fong, Julie E.; Irving, Melita; Bompadre, Viviana; Goldberg, Michael J.; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Kamps, Shawn E.; Mackenzie, William G.; Raggio, Cathleen; Spencer, Samantha S.; White, Klane K. (December 2018). \"Best practice guidelines regarding prenatal evaluation and delivery of patients with skeletal dysplasia\". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 219 (6): 545–562. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2018.07.017. ISSN 0002-9378. PMID 30048634.\n\n^ a b White, Klane K.; Bompadre, Viviana; Goldberg, Michael J.; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Hoover-Fong, Julie E.; Irving, Melita; Mackenzie, William G.; Kamps, Shawn E.; Raggio, Cathleen; Redding, Gregory J.; Spencer, Samantha S.; Savarirayan, Ravi; Theroux, Mary C. (August 2017). \"Best practices in peri-operative management of patients with skeletal dysplasias\". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 173 (10): 2584–2595. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.38357. hdl:11343/293252. ISSN 1552-4825. PMID 28763154. S2CID 22251966.\n\n^ a b White, Klane K.; Savarirayan, Ravi; Goldberg, Michael J.; MacKenzie, William; Bompadre, Viviana; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Parnell, Shawn E.; Raggio, Cathleen; Spencer, Samantha A.; Campbell, Jeffery W.; Rapoport, David M.; Kifle, Yemiserach; Blackledge, Marcella (2016-01-11). \"Response: \"Best practices in the evaluation and treatment of foramen magnum stenosis in achondroplasia during infancy\" and \"is there a correlation between sleep disordered breathing and foramen magnum stenosis in children with achondroplasia?\"\". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 170 (4): 1101–1103. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.37546. hdl:11343/290811. ISSN 1552-4825. PMID 26754314. S2CID 35361558.\n\n^ \"Publications\". Skeletal Displasia Management Consortium. 27 February 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.","title":"Footnotes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Medcyclopaedia - Osteochondrodysplasia\". Archived from the original on 2011-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20110526161907/http://www.medcyclopaedia.com/library/topics/volume_iii_1/o/osteochondrodysplasia.aspx","url_text":"\"Medcyclopaedia - Osteochondrodysplasia\""},{"url":"http://www.medcyclopaedia.com/library/topics/volume_iii_1/o/osteochondrodysplasia.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Geister, Krista A.; Camper, Sally A. (2015-01-01). \"Advances in Skeletal Dysplasia Genetics\". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 16 (1): 199–227. doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-090314-045904. PMC 5507692. PMID 25939055.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5507692","url_text":"\"Advances in Skeletal Dysplasia Genetics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-genom-090314-045904","url_text":"10.1146/annurev-genom-090314-045904"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5507692","url_text":"5507692"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25939055","url_text":"25939055"}]},{"reference":"Mortier, Geert R.; Cohn, Daniel H.; Cormier-Daire, Valerie; Hall, Christine; Krakow, Deborah; Mundlos, Stefan; Nishimura, Gen; Robertson, Stephen; Sangiorgi, Luca; Savarirayan, Ravi; Sillence, David; Superti-Furga, Andrea; Unger, Sheila; Warman, Matthew L. (2019-10-21). \"Nosology and classification of genetic skeletal disorders: 2019 revision\". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 179 (12): 2393–2419. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.61366. hdl:11343/286524. ISSN 1552-4825. PMID 31633310. S2CID 204813822.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.61366","url_text":"\"Nosology and classification of genetic skeletal disorders: 2019 revision\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.a.61366","url_text":"10.1002/ajmg.a.61366"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11343%2F286524","url_text":"11343/286524"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1552-4825","url_text":"1552-4825"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31633310","url_text":"31633310"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204813822","url_text":"204813822"}]},{"reference":"EL-Sobky, TA; Shawky, RM; Sakr, HM; Elsayed, SM; Elsayed, NS; Ragheb, SG; Gamal, R (15 November 2017). \"A systematized approach to radiographic assessment of commonly seen genetic bone diseases in children: A pictorial review\". J Musculoskelet Surg Res. 1 (2): 25. doi:10.4103/jmsr.jmsr_28_17. S2CID 79825711.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjmsr.jmsr_28_17","url_text":"\"A systematized approach to radiographic assessment of commonly seen genetic bone diseases in children: A pictorial review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjmsr.jmsr_28_17","url_text":"10.4103/jmsr.jmsr_28_17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:79825711","url_text":"79825711"}]},{"reference":"White, Klane; Bober, Michael B; Cho, Tae-Joon; Goldberg, Michael J; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Irving, Melita; Kamps, Shawn; Mackenzie, William G; Raggio, Cathleen (2020-02-18). \"Best practice guidelines for management of spinal disorders in skeletal dysplasia\". dx.doi.org. doi:10.21203/rs.2.23876/v1. hdl:11343/245301. PMID 32580780. Retrieved 2023-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.23876/v1","url_text":"\"Best practice guidelines for management of spinal disorders in skeletal dysplasia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.21203%2Frs.2.23876%2Fv1","url_text":"10.21203/rs.2.23876/v1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11343%2F245301","url_text":"11343/245301"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32580780","url_text":"32580780"}]},{"reference":"Wynn J, King TM, Gambello MJ, Waller DK, Hecht JT (2007). \"Mortality in achondroplasia study: A 42-year follow up\". Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 143 (21): 2502–11. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31919. PMID 17879967. S2CID 25933218.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.a.31919","url_text":"10.1002/ajmg.a.31919"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17879967","url_text":"17879967"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25933218","url_text":"25933218"}]},{"reference":"Briggs, MD; Wright, MJ (16 July 2015). \"COMP-Related Pseudoachondroplasia\". Pseudoachondroplasia. University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301660. Retrieved 16 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1487/","url_text":"\"COMP-Related Pseudoachondroplasia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20301660","url_text":"20301660"}]},{"reference":"Steiner, RD; Adsit, J; Basel, D (14 February 2013). \"COL1A1/2 Osteogenesis Imperfecta\". COL1A1/2-Related Osteogenesis Imperfecta. University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301472. Retrieved 16 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1295/","url_text":"\"COL1A1/2 Osteogenesis Imperfecta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20301472","url_text":"20301472"}]},{"reference":"\"Osteogenesis Imperfecta - Children's Health Issues\". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Retrieved 2022-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/connective-tissue-disorders-in-children/osteogenesis-imperfecta","url_text":"\"Osteogenesis Imperfecta - Children's Health Issues\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mucopolysaccharidoses\". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/mucopolysaccharidoses/","url_text":"\"Mucopolysaccharidoses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mucopolysaccharidoses - Children's Health Issues\". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Retrieved 2022-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/hereditary-metabolic-disorders/mucopolysaccharidoses?query=Mucopolysaccharidosis","url_text":"\"Mucopolysaccharidoses - Children's Health Issues\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cleidocranial Dysplasia\". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/cleidocranial-dysplasia/","url_text":"\"Cleidocranial Dysplasia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fibrous Dysplasia\". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/fibrous-dysplasia/","url_text":"\"Fibrous Dysplasia\""}]},{"reference":"Devidayal, null; Marwaha, Ram Kumar (2006-02-01). \"Langer-Giedion Syndrome\". Indian Pediatrics. 43 (2): 174–175. ISSN 0019-6061. PMID 16528117 – via PubMed.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16528117/","url_text":"\"Langer-Giedion Syndrome\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0019-6061","url_text":"0019-6061"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16528117","url_text":"16528117"}]},{"reference":"\"Maffucci Syndrome\". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/maffucci-syndrome/","url_text":"\"Maffucci Syndrome\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maffucci syndrome: MedlinePlus Genetics\". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/maffucci-syndrome/","url_text":"\"Maffucci syndrome: MedlinePlus Genetics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Medcyclopaedia - Osteosclerosis\". Retrieved 2007-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.medcyclopaedia.com/library/topics/volume_iii_1/o/osteosclerosis.aspx","url_text":"\"Medcyclopaedia - Osteosclerosis\""}]},{"reference":"Marks, Dawn B.; Swanson, Todd; Sandra I Kim; Marc Glucksman (2007). Biochemistry and molecular biology. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-8624-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/biochemistrymole0000swan_f9p0","url_text":"Biochemistry and molecular biology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-8624-9","url_text":"978-0-7817-8624-9"}]},{"reference":"Kaya Akca, U; Simsek Kiper, PO; Urel Demir, G; Sag, E; Atalay, E; Utine, GE; Alikasifoglu, M; Boduroglu, K; Bilginer, Y; Ozen, S (April 2021). \"Genetic disorders with symptoms mimicking rheumatologic diseases: A single-center retrospective study\" (PDF). European Journal of Medical Genetics. 64 (4): 104185. doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104185. PMID 33662637. S2CID 232122235.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-55736/latest.pdf","url_text":"\"Genetic disorders with symptoms mimicking rheumatologic diseases: A single-center retrospective study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejmg.2021.104185","url_text":"10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104185"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33662637","url_text":"33662637"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232122235","url_text":"232122235"}]},{"reference":"Elsebaie, H; Mansour, MA; Elsayed, SM; Mahmoud, S; El-Sobky, TA (December 2021). \"Multicentric Osteolysis, Nodulosis, and Arthropathy in two unrelated children with matrix metalloproteinase 2 variants: Genetic-skeletal correlations\". Bone Reports. 15: 101106. doi:10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101106. PMC 8283316. PMID 34307793.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8283316","url_text":"\"Multicentric Osteolysis, Nodulosis, and Arthropathy in two unrelated children with matrix metalloproteinase 2 variants: Genetic-skeletal correlations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bonr.2021.101106","url_text":"10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101106"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8283316","url_text":"8283316"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34307793","url_text":"34307793"}]},{"reference":"Savarirayan, Ravi; Bompadre, Viviana; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Goldberg, Michael J.; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Irving, Melita; Kamps, Shawn E.; Mackenzie, William G.; Raggio, Cathleen; Spencer, Samantha S.; White, Klane K. (September 2019). \"Best practice guidelines regarding diagnosis and management of patients with type II collagen disorders\". Genetics in Medicine. 21 (9): 2070–2080. doi:10.1038/s41436-019-0446-9. ISSN 1098-3600. PMID 30696995.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41436-019-0446-9","url_text":"\"Best practice guidelines regarding diagnosis and management of patients with type II collagen disorders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41436-019-0446-9","url_text":"10.1038/s41436-019-0446-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1098-3600","url_text":"1098-3600"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30696995","url_text":"30696995"}]},{"reference":"Jameson, Elisabeth; Jones, Simon; Remmington, Tracey (18 June 2019). \"Enzyme replacement therapy with laronidase (Aldurazyme®) for treating mucopolysaccharidosis type I\". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6 (4): CD009354. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009354.pub5. PMC 6581069. 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Genetics in Medicine. 23 (12): 2443–2447. doi:10.1038/s41436-021-01287-7. PMC 8327889. 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Pediatric Blood & Cancer. 62 (9): 1645–1649. doi:10.1002/pbc.25524. PMID 25820806. S2CID 11287381.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpbc.25524","url_text":"10.1002/pbc.25524"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25820806","url_text":"25820806"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11287381","url_text":"11287381"}]},{"reference":"El-Sobky, Tamer; El-Haddad, Alaa; Elsobky, Ezzat; Elsayed, Solaf; Sakr, Hossam (1 March 2017). \"Reversal of skeletal radiographic pathology in a case of malignant infantile osteopetrosis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation\". The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. 48 (1): 237–243. doi:10.1016/j.ejrnm.2016.12.013.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejrnm.2016.12.013","url_text":"\"Reversal of skeletal radiographic pathology in a case of malignant infantile osteopetrosis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejrnm.2016.12.013","url_text":"10.1016/j.ejrnm.2016.12.013"}]},{"reference":"Shemesh, E; Deroma, L; Bembi, B; Deegan, P; Hollak, C; Weinreb, NJ; Cox, TM (27 March 2015). \"Enzyme replacement and substrate reduction therapy for Gaucher disease\". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (3): CD010324. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010324.pub2. PMC 8923052. PMID 25812601.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8923052","url_text":"\"Enzyme replacement and substrate reduction therapy for Gaucher disease\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD010324.pub2","url_text":"10.1002/14651858.CD010324.pub2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8923052","url_text":"8923052"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25812601","url_text":"25812601"}]},{"reference":"Savarirayan, Ravi; Tunkel, David E.; Sterni, Laura M.; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Goldberg, Michael J; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Irving, Melita; Kamps, Shawn E. (2021-01-05). \"Best practice guidelines in managing the craniofacial aspects of skeletal dysplasia\". dx.doi.org. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-61766/v2. hdl:11343/272597. PMID 33446226. Retrieved 2023-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-61766/v2","url_text":"\"Best practice guidelines in managing the craniofacial aspects of skeletal dysplasia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.21203%2Frs.3.rs-61766%2Fv2","url_text":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-61766/v2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11343%2F272597","url_text":"11343/272597"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33446226","url_text":"33446226"}]},{"reference":"Savarirayan, Ravi; Rossiter, Judith P.; Hoover-Fong, Julie E.; Irving, Melita; Bompadre, Viviana; Goldberg, Michael J.; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Kamps, Shawn E.; Mackenzie, William G.; Raggio, Cathleen; Spencer, Samantha S.; White, Klane K. (December 2018). \"Best practice guidelines regarding prenatal evaluation and delivery of patients with skeletal dysplasia\". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 219 (6): 545–562. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2018.07.017. ISSN 0002-9378. PMID 30048634.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajog.2018.07.017","url_text":"\"Best practice guidelines regarding prenatal evaluation and delivery of patients with skeletal dysplasia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajog.2018.07.017","url_text":"10.1016/j.ajog.2018.07.017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9378","url_text":"0002-9378"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30048634","url_text":"30048634"}]},{"reference":"White, Klane K.; Bompadre, Viviana; Goldberg, Michael J.; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Hoover-Fong, Julie E.; Irving, Melita; Mackenzie, William G.; Kamps, Shawn E.; Raggio, Cathleen; Redding, Gregory J.; Spencer, Samantha S.; Savarirayan, Ravi; Theroux, Mary C. (August 2017). \"Best practices in peri-operative management of patients with skeletal dysplasias\". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 173 (10): 2584–2595. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.38357. hdl:11343/293252. ISSN 1552-4825. PMID 28763154. S2CID 22251966.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.38357","url_text":"\"Best practices in peri-operative management of patients with skeletal dysplasias\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.a.38357","url_text":"10.1002/ajmg.a.38357"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11343%2F293252","url_text":"11343/293252"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1552-4825","url_text":"1552-4825"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28763154","url_text":"28763154"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22251966","url_text":"22251966"}]},{"reference":"White, Klane K.; Savarirayan, Ravi; Goldberg, Michael J.; MacKenzie, William; Bompadre, Viviana; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Parnell, Shawn E.; Raggio, Cathleen; Spencer, Samantha A.; Campbell, Jeffery W.; Rapoport, David M.; Kifle, Yemiserach; Blackledge, Marcella (2016-01-11). \"Response: \"Best practices in the evaluation and treatment of foramen magnum stenosis in achondroplasia during infancy\" and \"is there a correlation between sleep disordered breathing and foramen magnum stenosis in children with achondroplasia?\"\". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 170 (4): 1101–1103. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.37546. hdl:11343/290811. ISSN 1552-4825. PMID 26754314. S2CID 35361558.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.37546","url_text":"\"Response: \"Best practices in the evaluation and treatment of foramen magnum stenosis in achondroplasia during infancy\" and \"is there a correlation between sleep disordered breathing and foramen magnum stenosis in children with achondroplasia?\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.a.37546","url_text":"10.1002/ajmg.a.37546"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11343%2F290811","url_text":"11343/290811"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1552-4825","url_text":"1552-4825"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26754314","url_text":"26754314"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35361558","url_text":"35361558"}]},{"reference":"\"Publications\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match_fishing	Coarse fishing	["1 Bait","2 Licences and fees","3 Tackle and technique","4 Target species","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]	Type of freshwater angling in the United Kingdom and Ireland An angler's catch of coarse fish—painting by Dean Wolstenholme, circa 1850 Coarse fishing (Irish: garbhiascaireacht, Welsh: pysgota bras) is a phrase commonly used in Britain and Ireland. It refers to the angling for rough fish, which are fish species considered undesirable as food or game fish. Freshwater game fish are all salmonids, particularly salmon, trout and char. Generally, coarse fish are freshwater fish that are not salmonids, though there is often disagreement over whether grayling should be classified as a game fish or a coarse fish. Fly fishing is the technique usually used for freshwater game fishing, while other angling techniques are usually used for coarse fishing. The sport of coarse fishing and its techniques are particularly popular in the United Kingdom and mainland Europe, as well as in some former British Commonwealth countries and among British expatriates. The distinction between coarse fish and game fish, terms that developed in the United Kingdom in the early 19th century, has no taxonomic basis Before that time, recreational fishing was a sport of the gentry, who angled for salmon and trout and called them "game fish". There was a view that other fish did not make as good eating, and they were disdained as coarse fish. Coarse fish have scales that are generally larger than the scales of game fish, and tend to inhabit warmer and stiller waters. Bait This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Coarse fish usually have coarser scales than game fish Common carp, a typical coarse fishFerox trout, a typical game fish When fishing on rivers for game fish (i.e., brown, rainbow, brook and sea trout, salmon and in some cases grayling), artificial flies, small spinners and lures are a popular choice for many game anglers due their ability to mimic prey items, (such as small invertebrates), on the surface and top layers of the water, enticing the fish into feeding. Both floating and sinking flies and lures can be used to fish either on the surface or in the upper layers of the water. Usually, in the summer months, a spinner or fly manoeuvre across the surface will bring about a take from a fish due to the tendency of fish to move into the warmest part of the water, the surface and first layer—about 18 inches (46 centimetres)—of water below. When fishing a river for coarse fish species, such as chub, barbel, roach, dace and bream, the favourite hook baits tend to be maggot (white, red, and bronze), caster (maggot chrysalis), worm, cheese, pellets (halibut, trout, and carp), boilies (round boiled baits typically made with fish meal, milk, and soya) and luncheon meat. Loose feed can be any of the above baits with a particle bait, sometimes in the form of hemp seed or a manufactured fishmeal ground bait. For most species, hook baits will work. When targeting more specific species, such as specimen carps, baits such as boilies, large pellets, large bunches of maggots, floating baits, large lungworm, tiger nuts, and meat chunks from cat food can work well. Micro pellets softened along with ground bait can be fed alongside all hook baits. Predatory fish such as pike, zander, perch, and eels can be caught using either dead or live bait, typically in the form of a small fish such as a live roach. However, it is worth noting that some fishing venues prohibit the use of live bait. Spinning, the use of an artificial lure, is also used for predators. Licences and fees Coarse fishing lake For all anglers in England and Wales, anyone aged 17 and over must purchase a valid rod licence before fishing. Children under 13 do not need a licence, and children aged 13–16 must get a free junior licence. This will enable anglers to legally fish in England and Wales for non migratory trout and coarse fish. A single rod licence will enable an angler to fish with up to three rods at any one time. Most commercial fisheries and some rivers are operated on a day ticket basis. In the UK, these can range in price. They are usually paid on the bank with a representative of the venue collecting the fees from anglers from the peg (fishing spot) at some time during the day, or prior to commencing fishing. In some cases, season tickets can be purchased. Some lakes and river stretches are operated by angling clubs which charge annual membership fees. Application forms can be available from local tackle shops or angling club websites. Fishing venues can be operated by syndicates, usually by invitation. They can sometimes be joined by contacting a senior member of the syndicate. Tackle and technique This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The most common types of tackle is the rod and reel, the rod being typically between 8 and 13 feet (2.4–4.0 m) long, and manufactured of tubular carbon fibres or splits of Tonkin bamboo. A reel is then attached near the base of the rod to hold a long length of line, which is run to the tip of the rod through eyelets. Once cast out, the line can be retrieved by winding a handle on the reel. However, the use of "poles" is also widespread. Here, the line is fixed to the very tip of the rod, with no reel used: in order to retrieve the line, the pole itself is taken apart until the line can be swung to hand. Poles are often very long in order to increase the angler's range—up to 52 feet (16 m). The main techniques used are float fishing, bottom fishing (legering) and lure fishing. In float fishing, the bait is suspended beneath a float made of hollow plastic, wood or quill. The top of the float is usually painted a bright colour and bites are indicated by the top of the float dipping under the surface of the water, or moving up in the water. Legering does not use floats. Instead the bait is held on the bottom of the lake or river by a sinker or large weight. Bites are detected by watching the quiver tip of the rod for movement, or with the use of electronic bite alarms, and more advanced tackle such as PVA bags or mesh. With lure fishing, either a brightly coloured fishing lure or a small baitfish attached to the hook is towed through the water to attract predatory fish such as pike, zander and perch. Fly fishing techniques may also be used for certain species, such as grayling or chub. For float and leger fishing, groundbait is usually thrown into the water to attract fish to the area. Typical baits include nightcrawlers, maggots, bread and sweet corn. Lately, advancements in technology and market competitiveness have led to many types of other ingredients being introduced, including chemicals, such as betaine, that stimulate the feeding response in fish. Boilies are popular baits for carp fishing. Target species The main target species for this type of angling include: Name Scientific name Image Variants Barbel Barbus barbus Bream Abramis brama Common carp Cyprinus carpio Grass, Common, Crucian, Leather , Mirror Chub Squalius cephalus Dace Leuciscus leuciscus Ide Leuciscus idus Perch Perca fluviatilis Pike Esox lucius Roach Rutilus rutilus Rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus Tench Tinca tinca Wels catfish Silurus glanis Zander Sander lucioperca Less targeted species include: Bullhead (Cottus gobio) Eel (Anguilla anguilla) Gobio gobio (gudgeon) Common minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) Powan (Coregonus clupeoides) Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernua) Three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) See also Rough fish Bycatch Notes ^ "Pysgotfa - Eisteddfa Fisheries - Criccieth -". www.eisteddfa-fisheries.com. Retrieved 10 September 2021. ^ Component Specification NFQ Level 6 Coarse Angling 6N0640 www.qqi.ie, accessed 10 September 2021 ^ Beattie, Rob (2012-03-22). Fishing, A Very Peculiar History. Andrews UK Limited. ISBN 978-1-908759-85-6. ^ Larry (2015-08-13). "What is Fly Fishing?". Blue Ridge Mountain Life. Retrieved 2022-08-24. ^ a b c Bob McDowall. Coarse fish - Cyprinids – goldfish, carp and others, Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Updated 14 November 2012. ^ Lowerson ^ "The Fishing Museum Online - Game or Coarse?". www.fishingmuseum.org.uk. Retrieved 2023-11-14. ^ "Best Freshwater Fishing Lures". takemefishing.org. November 22, 2023. Retrieved November 22, 2023. ^ a b "Buy a rod fishing licence - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 2018-04-17. References Cholmondeley-Pennell, Henry (1893) Fishing: Pike and other coarse fish 5th edition, revised. Longmans, Green. Cooper, Dave (2004). "First Class Fishing". Fishing Magic. Lowerson, John (1993). Sport and the English middle classes, 1870–1914. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-3777-8. Tranter, Neil (1998). Sport, Economy and Society in Britain 1750–1914. Page 101. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-57217-7. Further reading Bailey, John (2008). Where to Coarse Fish in Britain and Ireland. New Holland Publishers Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84537-934-6. Marston, Robert Bright (1883) Coarse Fish Culture Clowes and Sons, Limited. Partner, Steve (2007). Coarse Fishing Basics. ISBN 978-0-7537-1586-4. External links Coarse fishing at Curlie Carp and Coarse Fishing Baits UK Coarse Fisheries Fishing for fun Henfold Lakes: Coarse Fishery Pictures from Surrey, England Anglers net: Coarse fishing articles Coarse fishing venues on google maps. Angling Social Networking Archived 2008-10-11 at the Wayback Machine Some basic information on choosing coarse fishing tackle a.k.a. carp fishing tackle Have questions about coarse fishing Coarse fishing questions Beginners guide to coarse fishing Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine vteAngling topicsAngling and game fishingAngling Boat fishing Trolling Casting Spey casting Reach cast Surf fishing Rock fishing Bank fishing Jet ski fishing Kayak fishing Centerpin fishing Coarse fish Rough fish Bottom fishing Tackle Techniques Tournaments Traditional fishing boats Angling personalities Television series Confédération Internationale de la Pêche Sportive Game fishing Big-game fishing Land-based game fishing Salmon run International Game Fish Association Sport fish Bass Carp Fly target species Mahi-mahi Marlin Porgie (bream) Shad Smelt whiting Striped bass Swordfish Walleye The catch Bag limits Catch and release Ikejime Minimum landing size Panfish Priest (tool) Tag and release Catch records Europe UK Fly fishingFly fishing Fly fishing tackle Bamboo fly rod Fly rod building Fly casting Fly Casting Analyzer Furled leader Spey casting Reach cast Tenkara fishing Float tube Trout bum Fly waters Bibliography of fly fishing Artificial flies Fly lure Fly tying Adams Amadou Alexandra Clouser Deep Minnow Crazy Charlie Cul De Canard Dave's Hopper Diawl bach Egg sucking leech Elk Hair Caddis Flesh Fly Grey Ghost Streamer Hare's Ear Klinkhammer Lefty's Deceiver Muddler Minnow Parks' Salmonfly Partridge and Orange Pheasant Tail Nymph Red Tag Royal Coachman Royal Wulff Sakasa Kebari Trolling tandem streamer fly Tube fly Woolly Worm Woolly Bugger Organizations American Museum of Fly Fishing Catskill Fly Fishing Center and Museum Fly Fishers International Trout Unlimited Literature Blacker's Art of Fly Making A Book on Angling A Concise Treatise on the Art of Angling Dry-Fly Fishing in Theory and Practice Favorite Flies and Their Histories Floating Flies and How to Dress Them The Fly-fisher's Entomology Fly Fishing A History of Fly Fishing for Trout Minor Tactics of the Chalk Stream Pseudonyms of notable angling authors The American Angler's Book The Salmon Fly The Way of a Trout with the Fly vteFisheries and fishing topic areasFisheries Aquaculture Diversity of fish Fish diseases and parasites Fish farming Fisheries management Fisheries science Individual fishing quota Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing Sustainable fishery Overfishing Wild fisheries Fishing Artisanal fishing Fisherman Fishing vessel History of fishing Industry List of harvested aquatic animals by weight By country Commercial fishing Marketing Markets Processing Products Seafood Recreation Angling Big-game fishing Catch and release Fishing tournaments Fly fishing Techniques Fish trap Fishfinder Fishing net Gathering seafood by hand Handline fishing Spearfishing Trawling Trolling Tackle Artificial flies Bait Bite indicators Hook Line Lures Rod Sinker Locations Fish ponds Fishing banks Fishing villages Marine habitats Glossary Index Outline Category vteFishAbout fish Diversity Ethnoichthyology Evolution Diseases and parasites Fishing Fisheries Environmental impact of fishing - as food Fear of - FishBase Fish kill Hypoxia in - Ichthyology Anatomy andphysiology Age determination Anguilliformity Bone dermal intramembranous ossification Cleithrum Chromatophore Fins dorsal fin Gill branchial arch gill raker gill slit pharyngeal arch pharyngeal slit pseudobranch Glossohyal Jaw hyomandibula pharyngeal jaw Leydig's organ Mauthner cell Meristics Operculum papillare Papilla Photophore Root effect Shark cartilage Scales ganoine Spiral valve Suckermouth Swim bladder physoclisti physostome Teeth pharyngeal shark Teleost leptins Digital Library Sensorysystems Ampullae of Lorenzini Barbel Hydrodynamic reception Electroreception and electrogenesis Jamming avoidance response Lateral line Otolith Capacity for pain Schreckstoff Surface wave detection Vision Weberian apparatus Reproduction Bubble nest Clasper Egg case Development Ichthyoplankton Juvenile Life history theory Milt Mouthbrooder Polyandry Pregnancy Roe Sequential hermaphroditism Spawning triggers Locomotion Fin and flipper locomotion Amphibious Walking Flying Undulatory locomotion Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water RoboTuna Otherbehaviour Aquatic predation Aquatic respiration Bait ball Bottom feeders Cleaner fish Corallivory Diel vertical migration Electric fish Filter feeders Forage fish Migratory Paedophagy Predatory Salmon run Sardine run Scale eaters Schooling fish Sleep Venomous Intelligence By habitat Cave Coastal Coldwater Coral reef Deep-sea Demersal Euryhaline Freshwater Groundfish Pelagic Tropical Other types Bait Coarse Diversity Game Genetically modified Hallucinogenic Oily Poisonous Rough Whitefish CommerceFarming Carp Catfish Octopus Salmonids Tilapia Wild fisheries Predatory billfish mackerel salmon tuna Forage anchovy herring sardine sprats Demersal cod flatfish pollock Major groups Jawless hagfish lampreys Cartilaginous chimaeras sharks rays Bony spiny-finned fleshy-finned Lists Aquarium life Blind Fish common names Fish families Glossary of ichthyology Largest Smallest Threatened rays sharks Prehistoric more lists... Category WikiProject	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dean_Wolstenholme_-_An_Angler%27s_Catch_of_Coarse_Fish_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"angling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angling"},{"link_name":"rough fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_fish"},{"link_name":"game fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_fish"},{"link_name":"salmonids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonid"},{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon"},{"link_name":"trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trout"},{"link_name":"char","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvelinus"},{"link_name":"freshwater fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_fish"},{"link_name":"grayling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymallus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Fly fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_fishing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"mainland Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Europe"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"expatriates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDowallTeAro-5"},{"link_name":"recreational fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_fishing"},{"link_name":"gentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentry"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"scales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_scale"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDowallTeAro-5"}],"text":"An angler's catch of coarse fish—painting by Dean Wolstenholme, circa 1850Coarse fishing (Irish: garbhiascaireacht, Welsh: pysgota bras) is a phrase commonly used in Britain and Ireland.[1][2] It refers to the angling for rough fish, which are fish species considered undesirable as food or game fish. Freshwater game fish are all salmonids, particularly salmon, trout and char. Generally, coarse fish are freshwater fish that are not salmonids, though there is often disagreement over whether grayling should be classified as a game fish or a coarse fish.[3]Fly fishing is the technique usually used for freshwater game fishing, while other angling techniques are usually used for coarse fishing.[4] The sport of coarse fishing and its techniques are particularly popular in the United Kingdom and mainland Europe, as well as in some former British Commonwealth countries and among British expatriates.The distinction between coarse fish and game fish, terms that developed in the United Kingdom in the early 19th century, has no taxonomic basis [5] Before that time, recreational fishing was a sport of the gentry, who angled for salmon and trout and called them \"game fish\". There was a view that other fish did not make as good eating, and they were disdained as coarse fish.[6][7] Coarse fish have scales that are generally larger than the scales of game fish,[5] and tend to inhabit warmer and stiller waters.","title":"Coarse fishing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDowallTeAro-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyprinus_carpio.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Common carp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_carp"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salmo_ferox.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ferox trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferox_trout"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"boilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilie"},{"link_name":"soya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean"},{"link_name":"luncheon meat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luncheon_meat"},{"link_name":"maggots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggot"},{"link_name":"lungworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungworm"}],"text":"Coarse fish usually have coarser scales than game fish [5]Common carp, a typical coarse fishFerox trout, a typical game fishWhen fishing on rivers for game fish (i.e., brown, rainbow, brook and sea trout, salmon and in some cases grayling), artificial flies, small spinners and lures are a popular choice for many game anglers due their ability to mimic prey items, (such as small invertebrates), on the surface and top layers of the water, enticing the fish into feeding.[8]Both floating and sinking flies and lures can be used to fish either on the surface or in the upper layers of the water. Usually, in the summer months, a spinner or fly manoeuvre across the surface will bring about a take from a fish due to the tendency of fish to move into the warmest part of the water, the surface and first layer—about 18 inches (46 centimetres)—of water below. When fishing a river for coarse fish species, such as chub, barbel, roach, dace and bream, the favourite hook baits tend to be maggot (white, red, and bronze), caster (maggot chrysalis), worm, cheese, pellets (halibut, trout, and carp), boilies (round boiled baits typically made with fish meal, milk, and soya) and luncheon meat.Loose feed can be any of the above baits with a particle bait, sometimes in the form of hemp seed or a manufactured fishmeal ground bait.For most species, hook baits will work. When targeting more specific species, such as specimen carps, baits such as boilies, large pellets, large bunches of maggots, floating baits, large lungworm, tiger nuts, and meat chunks from cat food can work well. Micro pellets softened along with ground bait can be fed alongside all hook baits.Predatory fish such as pike, zander, perch, and eels can be caught using either dead or live bait, typically in the form of a small fish such as a live roach. However, it is worth noting that some fishing venues prohibit the use of live bait.Spinning, the use of an artificial lure, is also used for predators.","title":"Bait"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coarse_fishing_water_at_Burton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_481208.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"}],"text":"Coarse fishing lakeFor all anglers in England and Wales, anyone aged 17 and over must purchase a valid rod licence before fishing. Children under 13 do not need a licence, and children aged 13–16 must get a free junior licence.[9] This will enable anglers to legally fish in England and Wales for non migratory trout and coarse fish.A single rod licence will enable an angler to fish with up to three[9] rods at any one time.Most commercial fisheries and some rivers are operated on a day ticket basis. In the UK, these can range in price. They are usually paid on the bank with a representative of the venue collecting the fees from anglers from the peg (fishing spot) at some time during the day, or prior to commencing fishing. In some cases, season tickets can be purchased.Some lakes and river stretches are operated by angling clubs which charge annual membership fees. Application forms can be available from local tackle shops or angling club websites. Fishing venues can be operated by syndicates, usually by invitation. They can sometimes be joined by contacting a senior member of the syndicate.","title":"Licences and fees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tubular carbon fibres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fibers"},{"link_name":"float fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Float_fishing"},{"link_name":"bottom fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_fishing"},{"link_name":"lure fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_lure"},{"link_name":"sinker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinker_(fishing)"},{"link_name":"quiver tip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiver_tip"},{"link_name":"PVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_alcohol"},{"link_name":"fishing lure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_lure"},{"link_name":"baitfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baitfish"},{"link_name":"predatory fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_fish"},{"link_name":"pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esox"},{"link_name":"zander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zander"},{"link_name":"perch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perch"},{"link_name":"Fly fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_fishing"},{"link_name":"chub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_chub"},{"link_name":"groundbait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundbait"},{"link_name":"nightcrawlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm"},{"link_name":"maggots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggot"},{"link_name":"bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread"},{"link_name":"sweet corn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"betaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betaine"},{"link_name":"Boilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilie"}],"text":"The most common types of tackle is the rod and reel, the rod being typically between 8 and 13 feet (2.4–4.0 m) long, and manufactured of tubular carbon fibres or splits of Tonkin bamboo. A reel is then attached near the base of the rod to hold a long length of line, which is run to the tip of the rod through eyelets. Once cast out, the line can be retrieved by winding a handle on the reel.However, the use of \"poles\" is also widespread. Here, the line is fixed to the very tip of the rod, with no reel used: in order to retrieve the line, the pole itself is taken apart until the line can be swung to hand. Poles are often very long in order to increase the angler's range—up to 52 feet (16 m).The main techniques used are float fishing, bottom fishing (legering) and lure fishing.In float fishing, the bait is suspended beneath a float made of hollow plastic, wood or quill. The top of the float is usually painted a bright colour and bites are indicated by the top of the float dipping under the surface of the water, or moving up in the water.\nLegering does not use floats. Instead the bait is held on the bottom of the lake or river by a sinker or large weight. Bites are detected by watching the quiver tip of the rod for movement, or with the use of electronic bite alarms, and more advanced tackle such as PVA bags or mesh.\nWith lure fishing, either a brightly coloured fishing lure or a small baitfish attached to the hook is towed through the water to attract predatory fish such as pike, zander and perch.Fly fishing techniques may also be used for certain species, such as grayling or chub.For float and leger fishing, groundbait is usually thrown into the water to attract fish to the area. Typical baits include nightcrawlers, maggots, bread and sweet corn. Lately, advancements in technology and market competitiveness have led to many types of other ingredients being introduced, including chemicals, such as betaine, that stimulate the feeding response in fish. Boilies are popular baits for carp fishing.","title":"Tackle and technique"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bullhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_bullhead"},{"link_name":"Eel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_eel"},{"link_name":"Gobio gobio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobio_gobio"},{"link_name":"Common minnow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_minnow"},{"link_name":"Powan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powan"},{"link_name":"Ruffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruffe"},{"link_name":"Three-spined stickleback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-spined_stickleback"}],"text":"The main target species for this type of angling include:Less targeted species include:Bullhead (Cottus gobio)\nEel (Anguilla anguilla)\nGobio gobio (gudgeon)\nCommon minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus)\nPowan (Coregonus clupeoides)\nRuffe (Gymnocephalus cernua)\nThree-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)","title":"Target species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Pysgotfa - Eisteddfa Fisheries - Criccieth -\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eisteddfa-fisheries.com/cymraeg/pysgota/bras/index.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Component Specification NFQ Level 6 Coarse Angling 6N0640","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.qqi.ie/sites/docs/AwardsLibraryPdf/6N0640_AwardSpecifications_English.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Fishing, A Very Peculiar History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Qe67BAAAQBAJ&dq=origin+of+the+term+%22coarse+fish%22&pg=PT20"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-908759-85-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908759-85-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"What is Fly Fishing?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//blueridgemountainlife.com/what-is-fly-fishing/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McDowallTeAro_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McDowallTeAro_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McDowallTeAro_5-2"},{"link_name":"Coarse fish - Cyprinids – goldfish, carp and others","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/photograph/15668/coarse-and-fine-scales"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"The Fishing Museum Online - Game or Coarse?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fishingmuseum.org.uk/game_and_coarse.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Best Freshwater Fishing Lures\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.takemefishing.org/freshwater-fishing/freshwater-bait-and-lures/freshwater-lures/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_9-1"},{"link_name":"\"Buy a rod fishing licence - GOV.UK\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gov.uk/fishing-licences"}],"text":"^ \"Pysgotfa - Eisteddfa Fisheries - Criccieth -\". www.eisteddfa-fisheries.com. Retrieved 10 September 2021.\n\n^ Component Specification NFQ Level 6 Coarse Angling 6N0640 www.qqi.ie, accessed 10 September 2021\n\n^ Beattie, Rob (2012-03-22). Fishing, A Very Peculiar History. Andrews UK Limited. ISBN 978-1-908759-85-6.\n\n^ Larry (2015-08-13). \"What is Fly Fishing?\". Blue Ridge Mountain Life. Retrieved 2022-08-24.\n\n^ a b c Bob McDowall. Coarse fish - Cyprinids – goldfish, carp and others, Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Updated 14 November 2012.\n\n^ Lowerson[page needed]\n\n^ \"The Fishing Museum Online - Game or Coarse?\". www.fishingmuseum.org.uk. Retrieved 2023-11-14.\n\n^ \"Best Freshwater Fishing Lures\". takemefishing.org. November 22, 2023. Retrieved November 22, 2023.\n\n^ a b \"Buy a rod fishing licence - GOV.UK\". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 2018-04-17.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84537-934-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84537-934-6"},{"link_name":"Coarse Fish Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=NN81AAAAMAAJ&q=%22Coarse+Fish+Culture%22"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7537-1586-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7537-1586-4"}],"text":"Bailey, John (2008). Where to Coarse Fish in Britain and Ireland. New Holland Publishers Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84537-934-6.\nMarston, Robert Bright (1883) Coarse Fish Culture Clowes and Sons, Limited.\nPartner, Steve (2007). Coarse Fishing Basics. ISBN 978-0-7537-1586-4.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"An angler's catch of coarse fish—painting by Dean Wolstenholme, circa 1850","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Dean_Wolstenholme_-_An_Angler%27s_Catch_of_Coarse_Fish_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Dean_Wolstenholme_-_An_Angler%27s_Catch_of_Coarse_Fish_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coarse fishing lake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Coarse_fishing_water_at_Burton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_481208.jpg/220px-Coarse_fishing_water_at_Burton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_481208.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Rough fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_fish"},{"title":"Bycatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bycatch"}]	[{"reference":"\"Pysgotfa - Eisteddfa Fisheries - Criccieth -\". www.eisteddfa-fisheries.com. Retrieved 10 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eisteddfa-fisheries.com/cymraeg/pysgota/bras/index.php","url_text":"\"Pysgotfa - Eisteddfa Fisheries - Criccieth -\""}]},{"reference":"Beattie, Rob (2012-03-22). Fishing, A Very Peculiar History. Andrews UK Limited. ISBN 978-1-908759-85-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Qe67BAAAQBAJ&dq=origin+of+the+term+%22coarse+fish%22&pg=PT20","url_text":"Fishing, A Very Peculiar History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908759-85-6","url_text":"978-1-908759-85-6"}]},{"reference":"Larry (2015-08-13). \"What is Fly Fishing?\". Blue Ridge Mountain Life. Retrieved 2022-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://blueridgemountainlife.com/what-is-fly-fishing/","url_text":"\"What is Fly Fishing?\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Fishing Museum Online - Game or Coarse?\". www.fishingmuseum.org.uk. Retrieved 2023-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fishingmuseum.org.uk/game_and_coarse.html","url_text":"\"The Fishing Museum Online - Game or Coarse?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best Freshwater Fishing Lures\". takemefishing.org. November 22, 2023. Retrieved November 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.takemefishing.org/freshwater-fishing/freshwater-bait-and-lures/freshwater-lures/","url_text":"\"Best Freshwater Fishing Lures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buy a rod fishing licence - GOV.UK\". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 2018-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/fishing-licences","url_text":"\"Buy a rod fishing licence - GOV.UK\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.eisteddfa-fisheries.com/cymraeg/pysgota/bras/index.php","external_links_name":"\"Pysgotfa - Eisteddfa Fisheries - Criccieth -\""},{"Link":"https://www.qqi.ie/sites/docs/AwardsLibraryPdf/6N0640_AwardSpecifications_English.pdf","external_links_name":"Component Specification NFQ Level 6 Coarse Angling 6N0640"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Qe67BAAAQBAJ&dq=origin+of+the+term+%22coarse+fish%22&pg=PT20","external_links_name":"Fishing, A Very Peculiar History"},{"Link":"https://blueridgemountainlife.com/what-is-fly-fishing/","external_links_name":"\"What is Fly Fishing?\""},{"Link":"http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/15668/coarse-and-fine-scales","external_links_name":"Coarse fish - Cyprinids – goldfish, carp and others"},{"Link":"http://www.fishingmuseum.org.uk/game_and_coarse.html","external_links_name":"\"The Fishing Museum Online - Game or Coarse?\""},{"Link":"https://www.takemefishing.org/freshwater-fishing/freshwater-bait-and-lures/freshwater-lures/","external_links_name":"\"Best Freshwater Fishing Lures\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/fishing-licences","external_links_name":"\"Buy a rod fishing licence - GOV.UK\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vMcaAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Fishing%3A+Pike+and+other+coarse+fish.%22","external_links_name":"Fishing: Pike and other coarse fish"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080509122007/http://www.fishingmagic.com/news/article/mps/UAN/2914/V/3","external_links_name":"\"First Class Fishing\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NN81AAAAMAAJ&q=%22Coarse+Fish+Culture%22","external_links_name":"Coarse Fish Culture"},{"Link":"https://curlie.org/Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/Recreation_and_Sports/Sports/Country_Sports/Fishing/Coarse_Fishing/","external_links_name":"Coarse fishing"},{"Link":"https://premiumcarpfishing.com/collections","external_links_name":"Carp and Coarse Fishing Baits"},{"Link":"https://uk-fisheries.co.uk/","external_links_name":"UK Coarse Fisheries"},{"Link":"http://www.fishing4fun.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Fishing for fun"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100601004056/http://www.henfoldlakesleisure.co.uk/hengal/albums.php","external_links_name":"Coarse Fishery Pictures from Surrey, England"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080705132907/http://www.anglersnet.co.uk/Coarse-Fishing-Articles/index.1.html","external_links_name":"Coarse fishing articles"},{"Link":"http://www.prebait.com/","external_links_name":"Coarse fishing venues on google maps. Angling Social Networking"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081011150617/http://www.prebait.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110201154443/http://carp-fishing-tackle-and-enthusiast.com/","external_links_name":"coarse fishing tackle a.k.a. carp fishing tackle"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155708/http://www.fishingquestions.co.uk/coarse-fishing","external_links_name":"Coarse fishing questions"},{"Link":"http://hcfishing.com/documents/beginners_fishing_guide.html","external_links_name":"Beginners guide to coarse fishing"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402105256/http://hcfishing.com/documents/beginners_fishing_guide.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_Jews	History of the Jews in Belarus	["1 Early history","2 Increasing prosperity and the great charter (1320–1432)","2.1 The Charter of 1388","3 Jagiellon rule","3.1 Expulsion of the Jews in 1495 and return in 1503","3.2 The Act of 1566","4 Effect of the Cossacks' Uprising in Belarus","5 Jewish culture in Belarus","5.1 Items from the Responsa","6 Belarusian Jews under the Russian Empire","7 After the October Revolution","8 World War II","9 Late 20th century to modern days","10 See also","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links"]	Aspect of Jewish history This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "History of the Jews in Belarus" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ethnic group Belarusian Jewsיהודי בלארוסБеларускія габрэіThe location of Belarus (green) in EuropeRegions with significant populations Belarus13,705 (2019) - 70,000 (2014) Israel78,859 Belarusian immigrants to Israel (in the years 1989-2013)LanguagesHebrew, Russian, Yiddish, Polish and BelarusianReligionJudaism, AtheismRelated ethnic groupsJews, Ashkenazi Jews, Sephardi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, Russian Jews, Ukrainian Jews, Lithuanian Jews, Polish Jews, Belarusians Part of a series onJews and Judaism Etymology Who is a Jew? Religion God in Judaism (names) Principles of faith Mitzvot (613) Halakha Shabbat Holidays Prayer Tzedakah Land of Israel Brit Bar and bat mitzvah Marriage Bereavement Baal teshuva Philosophy Ethics Kabbalah Customs Rites Synagogue Rabbi Texts Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Talmud Mishnah Gemara Rabbinic Midrash Tosefta Targum Beit Yosef Mishneh Torah Tur Shulchan Aruch Zohar History General Timeline Land of Israel Name "Judea" Antisemitism Anti-Judaism Persecution Leaders Modern historiography Historical population comparisons Ancient Israel Twelve Tribes of Israel Kingdom of Judah Kingdom of Israel Jerusalem (in Judaism timeline) Temple in Jerusalem (First Second) Assyrian captivity Babylonian captivity Second Temple period Yehud Medinata Maccabean Revolt Hasmonean dynasty Sanhedrin Schisms (Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes, Zealots) Second Temple Judaism (Hellenistic Judaism) Jewish–Roman wars (Great Revolt, Diaspora, Bar Kokhba) Late Antiquity and Middle Ages Rabbinic Judaism History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire Christianity and Judaism (Jews and Christmas) Hinduism and Judaism Islamic–Jewish relations Middle Ages Khazars Golden Age Modern era Haskalah Sabbateans Hasidism Jewish atheism Emancipation Old Yishuv Zionism The Holocaust Israel Arab–Israeli conflict Communities Ashkenazim Galician Litvak Mizrahim Sephardim Teimanim Beta Israel Gruzinim Juhurim Bukharim Italkim Romanyotim Cochinim Bene Israel Berber Related groups Bnei Anusim Lemba Crimean Karaites Krymchaks Kaifeng Jews Igbo Jews Samaritans Crypto-Jews Anusim Dönmeh Marranos Neofiti Xueta Mosaic Arabs Subbotniks Noahides Population Judaism by country Lists of Jews Diaspora Historical population by country Genetic studies Land of Israel Old Yishuv New Yishuv Israeli Jews Africa Algeria Angola Bilad-el-Sudan Botswana Cameroon Cape Verde Benin Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Ethiopia Eritrea Eswatini Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria (Igbo) Republic of the Congo São Tomé and Príncipe Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Tanzania Tunisia Uganda (Abayudaya) Zambia Zimbabwe Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kurdistan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia South Korea Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Taiwan Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Bulgaria Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Italy Latvia Lithuania Moldova Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom Northern America Canada United States Latin America and Caribbean Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guyana Haiti Jamaica Mexico Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Oceania Australia Fiji Guam New Zealand Palau Denominations Orthodox Modern Haredi Hasidic Reform Conservative Karaite Reconstructionist Renewal Science Haymanot Humanistic Culture Customs Minyan Wedding Clothing Niddah Pidyon haben Kashrut Shidduch Zeved habat Conversion to Judaism Aliyah Hiloni Music Religious Secular Art Ancient Yiddish theatre Dance Humour Cuisine American Ashkenazi Bukharan Ethiopian Israeli Israelite Mizrahi Sephardic Literature Israeli Yiddish American Languages Hebrew Biblical Yiddish Yeshivish Jewish Koine Greek Yevanic Judeo-Tat Shassi Judaeo-Iranian Judaeo-Spanish Judeo-Gascon Ghardaïa Sign Bukharian Knaanic Zarphatic Judeo-Italian Judaeo-Georgian Judeo-Aramaic Judeo-Arabic Judeo-Berber Judeo-Malayalam Domari Politics Jewish political movements Autonomism Bundism Feminism Leftism Secularism Territorialism World Agudath Israel Zionism General Green Labor Kahanism Maximalism Neo-Zionism Religious Revisionist Post-Zionism Category Portalvte Part of a series onBelarusians Culture Language Literature Music Art Cinema Cuisine By regions Russia USA Poland Australia United Kingdom Canada Closely related peoples Paleszuki Padlašuki Belarusian Poles Lithuanian Poles Latvian Poles Belarusian Jews Russians Ukrainians Rusyns Cossacks Religion Belarusian Orthodox Church also Autocephalous Catholic Church in Belarus also Belarusian Greek Catholic Church Languages and dialects Belarusian Russian Trasianka Topics History People from Belarus Belarusians Litvins vte The history of the Jews in Belarus begins as early as the 8th century. Jews lived in all parts of the lands of modern Belarus. In 1897, the Jewish population of Belarus reached 910,900, or 14.2% of the total population. Following the Polish-Soviet War (1919-1920), under the terms of the Treaty of Riga, Belarus was split into Eastern Belorussia (under Soviet occupation) and Western Belorussia (under Polish occupation), and causing 350,000-450,000 of the Jews to be governed by Poland. Prior to World War II, Jews were the third largest ethnic group in Belarus and comprised more than 40% of the urban population. The population of cities such as Minsk, Pinsk, Mogilev, Babruysk, Vitebsk, and Gomel was more than 50% Jewish. In 1926 and 1939 there were between 375,000 and 407,000 Jews in Belarus (Eastern Belorussia) or 6.7-8.2% of the total population. Following the Soviet annexation of Eastern Poland in 1939, including Western Belorussia, Belarus would again have 1,175,000 Jews within its borders, including 275,000 Jews from Poland, Ukraine, and elsewhere. It is estimated 800,000 of 900,000 — 90% of the Jews of Belarus —were killed during the Holocaust. According to the 2019 Belarusian census, there were 13,705 self-identifying Jews in Belarus, of which most are of Ashkenazi origin. However, the Israeli embassy in Belarus claims to know about 30-50 thousand Belarusians with Jewish descent (as of 2017). Early history This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Throughout several centuries the lands of modern Belarus and the Republic of Lithuania were both parts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Therefore, the history of Belarusian Jews is closely related to the history of Jews in Lithuania and historically they could be seen as a subset of Lithuanian Jews. As early as the 8th century Jews lived in parts of the lands of modern Belarus. Beginning with that period they conducted the trade between Ruthenia, Lithuania, and the Baltic, especially with Danzig, Julin (Vineta or Wollin, in Pomerania), and other cities on the Vistula, Oder, and Elbe. The origin of Belarusian Jews has been the subject of much speculation. It is believed that they were made up of two distinct streams of Jewish immigration. The older and significantly smaller of the two entered the territory that would later become the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the east. These early immigrants spoke Judeo-Slavic dialects which distinguished them from the later Jewish immigrants who entered the region from the Germanic lands. While the origin of these eastern Jews is not certain, historical evidence places Jewish refugees from Babylonia, Palestine, the Byzantine Empire and other Jewish refugees and settlers in the lands between the Baltic and Black Seas that would become part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The later and much larger stream of immigration originated in the 12th century and received an impetus from the persecution of the German Jews by the Crusaders. The traditional language of the vast majority of Lithuanian Jews, Yiddish, is based largely upon the Medieval German and Hebrew spoken by the western Germanic Jewish immigrants. The peculiar conditions that prevailed in Belarus compelled the first Jewish settlers to adopt a different mode of life from that followed by their western ethnic brethren. At that time there were no cities in the western sense of the word in Belarus, no Magdeburg Rights or close guilds at that time. Increasing prosperity and the great charter (1320–1432) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) With the campaign of Gediminas and his subjection of Kiev and Volhynia (1320–1321) the Jewish inhabitants of these territories were induced to spread throughout the northern provinces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The probable importance of the southern Jews in the development of Belarus and Lithuania is indicated by their numerical prominence in Volhynia in the 13th century. According to an annalist who describes the funeral of the grand duke Vladimir Vasilkovich in the city of Vladimir (Volhynia), "the Jews wept at his funeral as at the fall of Jerusalem, or when being led into the Babylonian captivity." This sympathy and the record thereof would seem to indicate that long before the event in question the Jews had enjoyed considerable prosperity and influence, and this gave them a certain standing under the new régime. They took an active part in the development of the new cities under the tolerant rule of duke Gediminas. Little is known of the fortunes of the Belarusian Jews during the troublous times that followed the death of Gediminas and the accession of his grandson Vitaut (1341). To the latter, the Jews owed a charter of privileges which was momentous in the subsequent history of the Jews of Belarus and Lithuania. The documents granting privileges first to the Jews of Brest (July 1, 1388) and later to those of Hrodna, Troki (1389), Lutsk, Vladimir, and other large towns are the earliest documents to recognize the Jews of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as possessing a distinct organization. The gathering together of the scattered Jewish settlers in sufficient numbers and with enough power to form such an organization and to obtain privileges from their Lithuanian rulers implies the lapse of considerable time. The Jews who dwelt in smaller towns and villages were not in need of such privileges at this time, and the mode of life, as Abraham Harkavy suggests, "the comparative poverty, and the ignorance of Jewish learning among the Lithuanian Jews retarded their intercommunal organization." But powerful forces hastened this organization toward the close of the 14th century. The chief of these was probably the cooperation of the Jews of Poland with their brethren in the GDL. After the death of Casimir III (1370), the condition of the Polish Jews changed for the worse. The influence of the Roman Catholic clergy at the Polish court grew; Louis of Anjou was indifferent to the welfare of his subjects, and his eagerness to convert the Jews to Christianity, together with the increased Jewish immigration from Germany, caused the Polish Jews to become apprehensive for their future. The Charter of 1388 This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) On this account it seems more than likely that influential Polish Jews cooperated with the leading Belarusian and Lithuanian communities in securing a special charter from Vitaut (Witold). The preamble of the charter reads as follows: In the name of God, Amen. All deeds of men, when they are not made known by the testimony of witnesses or in writing, pass away and vanish and are forgotten. Therefore, we, Alexander, also called Vitovt, by the grace of God Grand Duke of Lithuania and ruler of Brest, Dorogicz, Lutsk, Vladimir, and other places, make known by this charter to the present and future generations, or to whomever it may concern to know or hear of it, that, after due deliberation with our nobles we have decided to grant to all the Jews living in our domains the rights and liberties mentioned in the following charter. The charter itself was modeled upon similar documents granted by Casimir the Great, and earlier by Boleslaw of Kalisz, to the Jews in Poland in 1084. Under the charter, the Jews of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania formed a class of freemen subject in all criminal cases directly to the jurisdiction of the grand duke and his official representatives, and in petty suits to the jurisdiction of local officials on an equal footing with the lesser nobles (szlachta), boyars, and other free citizens. The official representatives of the grand duke were the elder (starosta), known as the "Jewish judge" (judex Judæorum), and his deputy. The Jewish judge decided all cases between Christians and Jews and all criminal suits in which Jews were concerned; in civil suits, however, he acted only on the application of the interested parties. Either party who failed to obey the judge's summons had to pay him a fine. To him also belonged all fines collected from Jews for minor offenses. His duties included the guardianship of the persons, property, and freedom of worship of the Jews. He had no right to summon any one to his court except upon the complaint of an interested party. In matters of religion the Jews were given extensive autonomy. Under these equitable laws the Jews of Belarus and Lithuania reached a degree of prosperity unknown to their Polish and German co-religionists at that time. The communities of Brest, Hrodna, Minsk, Troki and Lutsk rapidly grew in wealth and influence. Every community had at its head a Jewish elder. These elders represented the communities in all external relations, in securing new privileges, and in the regulation of taxes. Such officials are not, however, referred to by the title "elder" before the end of the 16th century. Up to that time the documents merely state, for instance, that the "Jews of Brest humbly apply," etc. On assuming office the elders declared under oath that they would discharge the duties of the position faithfully, and would relinquish the office at the expiration of the appointed term. The elder acted in conjunction with the rabbi, whose jurisdiction included all Jewish affairs with the exception of judicial cases assigned to the court of the deputy, and by the latter to the king. In religious affairs, however, an appeal from the decision of the rabbi and the elder was permitted only to a council consisting of the chief rabbis of the king's cities. The cantor, sexton, and shochet were subject to the orders of the rabbi and elder. The goodwill and tolerance of Vitaut endeared him to his Jewish subjects, and for a long time traditions concerning his generosity and nobility of character were current among them. His cousin, the king of Poland Jagiello, did not interfere with his administration during Vitaut's lifetime. Jagiellon rule In 1569 Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were united. It was generally a time of prosperity and relative safety for the Jews of both countries (with the exception of the Chmielnicki Uprising in the 17th century). However, a few events, such as the expulsion of the Jews from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania between 1495 and 1503 occurred just within the Grand Duchy. Expulsion of the Jews in 1495 and return in 1503 This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Casimir was succeeded as king of Poland by his son John Albert, and on the Lithuanian throne by his younger son, Alexander Jagellon. The latter confirmed the charter of privileges granted to the Jews by his predecessors, and even gave them additional rights. His father's Jewish creditors received part of the sums due to them, the rest being withheld under various pretexts. The attitude toward the Jews which had characterized the Lithuanian rulers for generations was unexpectedly and radically changed by a decree promulgated by Alexander in April, 1495. By this decree all Jews living in Lithuania proper and the adjacent territories were summarily ordered to leave the country. The expulsion was evidently not accompanied by the usual cruelties; for there was no popular animosity toward the Jews, and the decree was regarded as an act of mere willfulness on the part of an absolute ruler. Some of the nobility, however, approved Alexander's decree, expecting to profit by the departure of their Jewish creditors, as is indicated by numerous lawsuits on the return of the exiles to Lithuania in 1503. It is known from the Hebrew sources that some of the exiles migrated to the Crimea, and that by far the greater number settled in Poland, where, by permission of King John Albert, they established themselves in the towns situated near the boundary of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This permission, given at first for a period of two years, was extended "because of the extreme poverty of the Jews on account of the great losses sustained by them." The extension, which applied to all the towns of the kingdom, accorded the enjoyment of all the liberties that had been granted to their Polish brethren (Kraków, June 29, 1498). The expelled Karaites settled in the Polish town of Ratno. The causes of the unexpected expulsion were probably many, including religious reasons, the need to fill a depleted treasury by confiscating the Jews' money, personal animosity, and other causes. Soon after Alexander's accession to the throne of Poland he permitted the Jewish exiles to return to Lithuania. Beginning in March, 1503, as is shown by documents still extant, their houses, lands, synagogues, and cemeteries were returned to them, and permission was granted them to collect their old debts. The new charter of privileges permitted them to live throughout Lithuania as before. The return of the Jews and their attempt to regain their old possessions led to many difficulties and lawsuits. Alexander found it necessary to issue an additional decree (April, 1503), directing his vice-regent to enforce the law. In spite of this some of the property was not recovered by the Jews for years. The Act of 1566 This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The middle of the 16th century witnessed a growing antagonism between the lesser nobility and the Jews. Their relations became strained, and the enmity of the Christians began to disturb the life of the Litvak Jews. The anti-Jewish feeling, due at first to economic causes engendered by competition, was fostered by the clergy, who were then engaged in a crusade against "heretics," notably the Lutherans, Calvinists, and Jews. The Reformation, which had spread from Germany, tended to weaken the allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church. Frequent instances occurred of the marriage of Catholic women to Jews, Turks, or Tatars. The Bishop of Wilno (Vilnius) complained to Sigismund August (Dec., 1548) of the frequency of such mixed marriages and of the education of the offspring in their fathers' faiths. The szlachta also saw in the Jews dangerous competitors in commercial and financial undertakings. In their dealings with the agricultural classes the lords preferred the Jews as middlemen, thus creating a feeling of injury on the part of the szlachta. The exemption of the Jews from military service and the power and wealth of the Jewish tax-farmers intensified the resentment of the szlachta. Members of the nobility attempted to compete with the Jews as leaseholders of customs revenues, but were never successful. Since the Jews lived in the towns and on the lands of the king, the nobility could not wield any authority over them nor derive profit from them. They had not even the right to settle Jews on their estates without the permission of the king; but, on the other hand, they were often annoyed by the erection on their estates of the tollhouses of the Jewish tax-collectors. Hence when the strategic moment arrived, the Lithuanian nobility endeavored to secure greater power over the Jews. At the Diet of Vilna in 1551 the nobility urged the imposition of a special polltax of one ducat per head, and the Volhynian nobles demanded that the Jewish tax-collectors be forbidden to erect tollhouses or place guards at the taverns on their estates. The opposition to the Jews was finally crystallized and found definite expression in the repressive Lithuanian statute of 1566, when the nobles of Belarus and Lithuania were first allowed to take part in the national legislation. Paragraph Twelve of this statute contains the following articles: "The Jews shall not wear costly clothing, nor gold chains, nor shall their wives wear gold or silver ornaments. The Jews shall not have silver mountings on their sabers and daggers; they shall be distinguished by characteristic clothes; they shall wear yellow caps, and their wives kerchiefs of yellow linen, in order that all may be enabled to distinguish Jews from Christians." Other restrictions of a similar nature are contained in the same paragraph. However, the king checked the desire of the nobility to modify essentially the old charters of the Jews. Effect of the Cossacks' Uprising in Belarus This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Further information: Khmelnytsky Uprising § Jews The fury of the 1648–1657 Cossack rebellion in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth destroyed the organization of the Jewish communities in Belarus. The survivors who returned to their old homes in the latter half of the 17th century were practically destitute. John Casimir (1648–1668) sought to ameliorate their condition by granting various concessions to the Jewish communities of Lithuania. Attempts to return to the old order in the communal organization were not wanting, as is evident from contemporary documents. Thus in 1672, Jewish elders from various towns and villages in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania secured a charter from King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki (1669–1673), decreeing "that on account of the increasing number of Jews guilty of offenses against the Szlachta and other Christians, which result in the enmity of the Christians toward the Jews, and because of the inability of the Jewish elders to punish such offenders, who are protected by the lords, the king permits the kahals to summon the criminals before the Jewish courts for punishment and exclusion from the community when necessary." The efforts to resurrect the old power of the kahals were not successful. Jewish culture in Belarus This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The founding of the yeshivas in Belarus was due to the Lithuanian-Polish Jews who studied in the west, and to the German Jews who migrated about that time to Belarus, Lithuania and Poland. Very little is known of these early yeshivas. No mention is made of them or of prominent Lithuanian rabbis in Jewish writings until the 16th century. The first known rabbinical authority and head of a yeshiva was Isaac Bezaleel of Vladimir, Volhynia, who was already an old man when Solomon Luria went to Ostrog in the fourth decade of the 16th century. Another rabbinical authority, Kalman Haberkaster, rabbi of Ostrog and predecessor of Luria, died in 1559. Occasional references to the yeshiva of Brest are found in the writings of the contemporary rabbis Solomon Luria (d. 1585), Moses Isserles (d. 1572), and David Gans (d. 1589), who speak of its activity. Of the yeshiva of Ostrog and Vladimir in Volhynia it is known that they were in a flourishing condition at the middle of the 16th century, and that their heads vied with one another in Talmudic scholarship. Mention is also made by Gans of the head of the Kremenetz yeshiva, Isaac Cohen (d. 1573), of whom but little is known otherwise. Volozhin yeshivaAt the time of the Lublin Union, Solomon Luria was rabbi of Ostrog, and was regarded as one of the greatest Talmudic authorities in Poland and the GDL. In 1568 King Sigismund ordered that the suits between Isaac Borodavka and Mendel Isakovich, who were partners in the farming of certain customs taxes in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, be carried for decision to Rabbi Solomon Luria and two auxiliary rabbis from Pinsk and Tiktin. The far-reaching authority of the leading rabbis of Poland and Lithuania, and their wide knowledge of practical life, are apparent from numerous decisions cited in the responsa. They were always the champions of justice and morality. In the Eitan ha-Ezrachi (Ostrog, 1796) of Abraham Rapoport (known also as Abraham Schrenzel; d. 1650), Rabbi Meïr Sack is cited as follows: "I emphatically protest against the custom of our communal leaders of purchasing the freedom of Jewish criminals. Such a policy encourages crime among our people. I am especially troubled by the fact that, thanks to the clergy, such criminals may escape punishment by adopting Christianity. Mistaken piety impels our leaders to bribe the officials, in order to prevent such conversions. We should endeavor to deprive criminals of opportunities to escape justice." The same sentiment was expressed in the 16th century by Maharam Lublin (Responsa, § 138). Another instance, cited by Katz from the same responsa, likewise shows that Jewish criminals invoked the aid of priests against the authority of Jewish courts by promising to become converts to Christianity. Building of a synagogue in Slonim, origin of the Slonim Hasidic dynastyThe decisions of the Polish-Lithuanian rabbis are frequently marked by breadth of view also, as is instanced by a decision of Joel Sirkes (Bayis Hadash, § 127) to the effect that Jews may employ in their religious services the melodies used in Christian churches, "since music is neither Jewish nor Christian, and is governed by universal laws." Decisions by Luria, Meïr Katz, and Mordecai Jaffe show that the rabbis were acquainted with the Russian language and its philology. Jaffe, for instance, in a divorce case where the spelling of the woman's name as Lupka or Lubka was in question, decided that the word is correctly spelled with a "b," and not with a "p," since the origin of the name was the Russian verb lubit = "to love," and not lupit = "to beat" (Levush ha-Butz we-Argaman, § 129). Meïr Katz (Geburat Anashim, § 1) explains that the name of Brest-Litovsk is written in divorce cases "Brest" and not "Brisk," "because the majority of the Lithuanian Jews use the Russian language." It is not so with Brisk, in the district of Kujawa, the name of that town being always spelled "Brisk." Katz (a German) at the conclusion of his responsum expresses the hope that when Lithuania shall have become more enlightened, the people will speak one language only—German—and that also Brest-Litovsk will be written "Brisk." Items from the Responsa The responsa shed an interesting light also on the life of the Lithuanian Jews and on their relations to their Christian neighbors. Benjamin Slonik states in his Mas'at Binyamin (end of sixteenth and beginning of 17th century) that "the Christians borrow clothes and jewelry from the Jews when they go to church." Joel Sirkis (l.c. § 79) relates that a Christian woman came to the rabbi and expressed her regret at having been unable to save the Jew Shlioma from drowning. A number of Christians had looked on indifferently while the drowning Jew was struggling in the water. They were upbraided and beaten severely by the priest, who appeared a few minutes later, for having failed to rescue the Jew. Solomon Luria gives an account (Responsa, § 20) of a quarrel that occurred in a Lithuanian community concerning a cantor whom some of the members wished to dismiss. The synagogue was closed in order to prevent him from exercising his functions, and religious services were thus discontinued for several days. The matter was thereupon carried to the local lord, who ordered the reopening of the building, saying that the house of God might not be closed, and that the cantor's claims should be decided by the learned rabbis of Lithuania. Joseph Katz mentions (She'erit Yosef, § 70) a Jewish community which was forbidden by the local authorities to kill cattle and to sell meat—an occupation which provided a livelihood for a large portion of the Lithuanian Jews. For the period of a year following this prohibition the Jewish community was on several occasions assessed at the rate of three gulden per head of cattle in order to furnish funds with which to induce the officials to grant a hearing of the case. The Jews finally reached an agreement with the town magistrates under which they were to pay forty gulden annually for the right to slaughter cattle. According to Hillel ben Naphtali Herz (Bet Hillel, Yoreh De'ah, § 157), Naphtali says the Jews of Vilna had been compelled to uncover when taking an oath in court, but later purchased from the tribunal the privilege to swear with covered head, a practise subsequently made unnecessary by a decision of one of their rabbis to the effect that an oath might be taken with uncovered head. The responsa of Meir Lublin show (§ 40) that the Lithuanian communities frequently aided the German and the Austrian Jews. On the expulsion of the Jews from Silesia, when the Jewish inhabitants of Silz had the privilege of remaining on condition that they would pay the sum of 2,000 gulden, the Lithuanian communities contributed one-fifth of the amount. Belarusian Jews under the Russian Empire See also: Jewish Polish history during the 19th century and History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet Union Historical Belarusian Jewish populationYearPop.±%1926407,069— 1939375,092−7.9%1959150,090−60.0%1970148,027−1.4%1979135,539−8.4%1989112,031−17.3%199927,798−75.2%200912,926−53.5%201913,705+6.0%Source: Yivoencyclopedia.org Demoscope.ru Jewishdatabank.org AJCarchives.org Pop-stat.mashke.org The Jewish population data includes Mountain Jews, Georgian Jews, Bukharan Jews (or Central Asian Jews), Krymchaks (all per the 1959 Soviet census), and Tats. 2019 Belarus Census The Pale of Settlement, c. 1905. Upon annexation of Belarusian lands, Russian czars included the territory into the so-called Pale of Settlement, a western border region of Imperial Russia in which the permanent residence of Jews was allowed. Though comprising only 20% of the territory of European Russia, the Pale corresponded to the historical borders of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and included much of present-day Belarus, Republic of Lithuania, Poland, Moldova, Ukraine, and parts of western Russia. By the end of the 19th century, many Belarusian Jews were part of the general flight of Jews from Eastern Europe to the New World due to conflicts and pogroms engulfing the Russian Empire and the anti-Semitism of the Russian czars. Millions of Jews, including tens of thousands of Jews from Belarus, emigrated to the United States of America and South Africa. A small number also emigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine. After the October Revolution Jewish political organizations, including the General Jewish Labour Bund, participated in the creation of the Belarusian People's Republic in 1918. During the first years of Soviet power in Belarus, in the 1920s, Yiddish was an official language in East Belarus along with Belarusian, Polish and Russian. Yakov Gamarnik, a Ukrainian Jew, was First Secretary of the Communist Party of Belorussia (i.e. the de facto head of state) from December 1928 to October 1929. However, the Soviet policy later turned against the Jews (see Stalin's antisemitism). World War II Main article: Holocaust in Belarus Atrocities against the Jewish population in the German-conquered areas began almost immediately, with the dispatch of Einsatzgruppen (task groups) to round up Jews and shoot them. Local anti-semites were encouraged to carry out their own pogroms. By the end of 1941, there were more than 5,000 troops devoted to rounding up and killing Jews. The gradual industrialization of killing led to adoption of the Final Solution and the establishment of the Operation Reinhard extermination camps: the machinery of the Holocaust. Of the Soviet Jews who were killed in the Holocaust, 246,000 Jews were Belarusian: some 66% of the total number of Belarusian Jews. Late 20th century to modern days See also: Belarus-Israel relations Jewish population in Belarus (official census data) Silver coin of Belarus, 10 rubles, 2010, 925, diam. 33 mm, revers, Volozhin yeshiva Silver coin of Belarus, 10 rubles, 2010, 925, diam. 33 mm, avers, "Judaism" In 1968, several thousand Jewish youths were arrested for Zionist activity. In the second half of the 20th century, there was a large wave of Belarusian Jews immigrating to Israel (see Aliyah from the Soviet Union in the 1970s), as well as to the United States. In 1979, there were 135,400 Jews in Belarus; a decade later, 112,000 were left. The collapse of the Soviet Union and Belarusian independence saw most of the community, along with the majority of the former Soviet Union's Jewish population, leave for Israel (see Russian immigration to Israel in the 1990s). The 1999 census estimated that there were only 27,798 Jews left in the country, which further declined to 12,926 in 2009 and marginally rose to 13,705 in 2019, although oddly in that year, 10,269 men but only 3,436 women identified as Jewish. However, local Jewish organizations put the number at 50,000 in 2006. About half of the country's Jews live in Minsk. National Jewish organizations, local cultural groups, religious schools, charitable organizations, and organizations for war veterans and Holocaust survivors have been formed. Since the mass immigration of the 1990s, there has been some continuous immigration to Israel. In 2002, 974 Belarusians moved to Israel, and between 2003 and 2005, 4,854 followed suit. In October 2007, Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko, known for his authoritarian rule, was accused of making antisemitic comments; addressing the "miserable state of the city of Babruysk" on a live broadcast on state radio, he stated: "This is a Jewish city, and the Jews are not concerned for the place they live in. They have turned Babruysk into a pigsty. Look at Israel — I was there and saw it myself... I call on Jews who have money to come back to Babruysk." Members of the US House of Representatives sent a letter to the Belarusian ambassador to the US, Mikhail Khvostov, addressing Lukashenko's comments with a strong request to retract them, and the comments also caused a negative reaction from Israel. From having made up about half of the city's population in 1939, in 1999 there were only about 1,000 Jews left in Babruysk. Following the Belarusian protests in 2020 and 2021, Jewish immigration from Belarus increased by 69 percent. After Belarus joined the Russo-Ukrainian war in 2022, Jewish immigration from Belarus increased by 229 percent. See also Judaism portalBelarus portal List of Belarusian Jews Timeline of Jewish history in Lithuania and Belarus History of the Jews in Poland Lithuanian Jews History of the Jews during World War II Gavriil of Belostok, case of blood libel in Belarusian lands Hasidic Judaism Belarus–Israel relations References ^ Israel to sign a visa-waiver program with internationally ostracized Belarus By JTA \| Sep. 13, 2014 ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-12-19. Retrieved 2014-09-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "YIVO \| Belarus". yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 2020-08-17. ^ "Belarus" (PDF). Yad Vashem Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies. Retrieved August 17, 2020. ^ "Newsletters - Tools - Belarus SIG - JewishGen.org". www.jewishgen.org. Retrieved 2020-08-17. ^ Rudling, Per Anders (2013). Himka, John-Paul; Michlic, Joanna Beata (eds.). Invisible Genocide. The Holocaust in Belarus. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 60–62. ISBN 978-0803246478. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) ^ "Belarus marks ghetto's destruction 65 years on". USA Today. Associated Press. 2008-10-21. Retrieved 2016-03-21. ^ "Belarus Virtual Jewish History Tour". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2020-08-17. ^ Archived July 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ Harshav, Benjamin (1999). The Meaning of Yiddish. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 6. "From the fourteenth and certainly by the sixteenth century, the center of European Jewry had shifted to Poland, then ... comprising the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (including today's Byelorussia), Crown Poland, Galicia, the Ukraine and stretching, at times, from the Baltic to the Black Sea, from the approaches to Berlin to a short distance from Moscow." ^ Israeli Ambassador: the closure of the embassy in Minsk was refused due to special relations Alexey ALEXANDROV / 02/16/2017 / 16:24 / Politics ^ "Belarus". European Jewish Congress. 2021-05-03. Retrieved 2023-08-02. ^ Quoted in: Rosenthal, Herman (1904). "Lithuania." The Jewish Encyclopedia. Ed. Isidor Singer. New York: Funk and Wagnalls. p. 118-130; here: p. 119. ^ a b c "Lithuania", The Jewish Encyclopedia ^ "YIVO \| Belarus". Yivoencyclopedia.org. 1943-10-23. Retrieved 2013-04-16. ^ "Приложение Демоскопа Weekly". Demoscope.ru. 2013-01-15. Archived from the original on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2013-04-14. ^ "Powered by Google Docs". Retrieved 2013-04-14. ^ "Year book" (PDF). www.ajcarchives.org. 2002. Retrieved 2019-07-29. ^ "Ethnic composition of Belarus 2009". Pop-stat.mashke.org. Retrieved 2012-12-22. ^ YIVO \| Population and Migration: Population since World War I. Yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved on 2013-04-14. ^ 2019 Belarus Census ^ a b c d "Belarus: Virtual Jewish History Tour". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 1991-04-25. Retrieved 2013-04-16. ^ "The Jewish Community of Minsk". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Retrieved 1 July 2018. ^ Census data cited in: Zeltser, Arkadi (July 15, 2010). "Belarus." YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Retrieved 2016-06-07. ^ Friedman, Alexander (2009). "Jews in Belarus." In: Mark Avrum Ehrlich (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture. Volume 1: Themes and Phenomena of the Jewish Diaspora. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 946-953; here: p. 952. ^ "Belarus president attacks Jews - Israel News, Ynetnews". 2007-10-20. Archived from the original on 2007-10-20. Retrieved 2023-08-02. ^ "Jewish Heritage Research Group in Belarus". 2018-10-02. Archived from the original on 2018-10-02. Retrieved 2023-08-02. ^ "Aliyah to Israel Increased by 31% in 2021 \| The Jewish Agency". www.jewishagency.org. Retrieved 2023-08-02. ^ "2023 sees 434% increase in aliyah from the former Soviet Union". The Jerusalem Post \| JPost.com. Retrieved 2023-08-02. Further reading Adamushko, Vladimir I.; Committee for Archives and Records Management (July 2002). Committee for Archives and Records Management, Republic of Belarus = Комитет по архивам и делопроизводству (PDF) (in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–4. Batrakova, Karina P.; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno (November 2001). National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno (PDF). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2. Batrakova, Karina Petrovna; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno (2002). National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Гродно (PDF) (in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2. Golubovich, Alla; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk (November 2001). National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Mинск (PDF) (in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2. Golubovich, Alla K.; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk (2002). Sources for the Genealogy of Belorussian Jews (PDF). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–3. Yunina, Larisa Ivanova; Grodno Oblast State Archives (2002). Grodno Oblast State Archives (PDF). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2. Rybchonok, Sergey A. (2002). Jewish Census in the Russian Empire and General Compulsory Military Service. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. Wexler, Paul (1973). "Jewish, Tatar and Karaite communal dialects and their Importance for Byelorussian Historical Linguistics". The Journal of Byelorussian Studies. III (1): 41–54. Retrieved 2 June 2024. External links (in Belarusian) Андрэй Шуман. Ашкеназскія габрэі як адзін з карэнных народаў Беларусі (Andrew Schumann. Ashkenazi Jews as one of the indigenous people of Belarus) (in Russian) Иудейская Беларусь: из прошлого в настоящее, Interview with Jakau Hutman (Yakov Gutman) chairman of the World Association of Belarusian Jewry; English Translation Union of Belarusian expatriates to Israel Antisemitism in Twenty-First Century Europe Belarusian Cemetery Index Holocaust of the Soviet Jewry A Demographic Profile of the Jews in Belorussia, 1939–1959 Shtetlinks Brit Hadasha - Messianic Jewish Congregation in Minsk. Jewish Outreach in Belarus. Travel Services and Record Searches Chabad-Lubavitch Centers in Belarus Recollections of Those Rescued by the Bielski Partisans and Survived the Holocaust from Lida, Belarus Lida Memorial Society Homepage Stories and Pictures Jewish Belarus Belarus SIG at JewishGen vte History of Jews and Judaism in Belarus GroupsOrthodox Misnagdim Musar Movement Hasidim Chabad-Lubavitch Karlin Lechovitch Koidanov Slonim Amdur Secular Haskalah Bundism General Jewish Labour Bund Zionist Poale Zion Komverband Jewish Communist Party Hashomer Hatzair Tarbut SynagoguesCurrent Great Synagogue (Grodno) Former Choral Synagogue (Brest) Choral synagogue (Vitebsk) Cold Synagogue, Minsk Cold Synagogue, Mogilev Slonim Synagogue Wołpa Synagogue Zaniomanskaja Synagogue Yeshivas Baranovich Yeshiva Grodno Yeshiva Kaminetz Yeshiva Mir Yeshiva Novardok Yeshiva Radin Yeshiva Slutsk-Kletsk Yeshiva Volozhin Yeshiva Tomchei Tmimim − Lubavitch The HolocaustGhettos Brest Grodno Dzyatlava Kobryn Lakhva Minsk Rakaŭ Pinsk Slonim Concentration camps Davidovka concentration camp Koldichevo Extermination sites and massacres Bronna Góra Dzyatlava massacre Maly Trostenets Slutsk affair Resistance Bielski partisans Łachwa Ghetto uprising Słonim Ghetto Jewish revolt Minsk Ghetto resistance organization Zhetler Battalion Timeline of Jewish history in Lithuania and Belarus List of Belarusian Jews vteHistory of the Jews in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies andother entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Polish-Soviet War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Riga"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk"},{"link_name":"Pinsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinsk"},{"link_name":"Mogilev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogilev"},{"link_name":"Babruysk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babruysk"},{"link_name":"Vitebsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitebsk"},{"link_name":"Gomel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomel"},{"link_name":"Soviet annexation of Eastern Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2019 Belarusian census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Belarusian_census"},{"link_name":"Ashkenazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Ethnic groupThe history of the Jews in Belarus begins as early as the 8th century. Jews lived in all parts of the lands of modern Belarus. In 1897, the Jewish population of Belarus reached 910,900, or 14.2% of the total population.[3] Following the Polish-Soviet War (1919-1920), under the terms of the Treaty of Riga, Belarus was split into Eastern Belorussia (under Soviet occupation) and Western Belorussia (under Polish occupation), [4] and causing 350,000-450,000 of the Jews to be governed by Poland.[5] Prior to World War II, Jews were the third largest ethnic group in Belarus and comprised more than 40% of the urban population. The population of cities such as Minsk, Pinsk, Mogilev, Babruysk, Vitebsk, and Gomel was more than 50% Jewish. In 1926 and 1939 there were between 375,000 and 407,000 Jews in Belarus (Eastern Belorussia) or 6.7-8.2% of the total population. Following the Soviet annexation of Eastern Poland in 1939, including Western Belorussia, Belarus would again have 1,175,000 Jews within its borders, including 275,000 Jews from Poland, Ukraine, and elsewhere. It is estimated 800,000 of 900,000 — 90% of the Jews of Belarus —were killed during the Holocaust.[6][7][8] According to the 2019 Belarusian census, there were 13,705 self-identifying Jews in Belarus, of which most are of Ashkenazi origin.[9][10] However, the Israeli embassy in Belarus claims to know about 30-50 thousand Belarusians with Jewish descent (as of 2017).[11]","title":"History of the Jews in Belarus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"history of Jews in Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews"},{"link_name":"Ruthenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenia"},{"link_name":"Baltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_region"},{"link_name":"Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig"},{"link_name":"Julin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolin_(town)"},{"link_name":"Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Vistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula"},{"link_name":"Oder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder"},{"link_name":"Elbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"German Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Jews"},{"link_name":"Crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Crusades"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg_Rights"},{"link_name":"guilds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Throughout several centuries the lands of modern Belarus and the Republic of Lithuania were both parts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Therefore, the history of Belarusian Jews is closely related to the history of Jews in Lithuania and historically they could be seen as a subset of Lithuanian Jews.As early as the 8th century Jews lived in parts of the lands of modern Belarus. Beginning with that period they conducted the trade between Ruthenia, Lithuania, and the Baltic, especially with Danzig, Julin (Vineta or Wollin, in Pomerania), and other cities on the Vistula, Oder, and Elbe.[citation needed]The origin of Belarusian Jews has been the subject of much speculation. It is believed that they were made up of two distinct streams of Jewish immigration. The older and significantly smaller of the two entered the territory that would later become the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the east. These early immigrants spoke Judeo-Slavic dialects which distinguished them from the later Jewish immigrants who entered the region from the Germanic lands.[citation needed]While the origin of these eastern Jews is not certain, historical evidence places Jewish refugees from Babylonia, Palestine, the Byzantine Empire and other Jewish refugees and settlers in the lands between the Baltic and Black Seas that would become part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The later and much larger stream of immigration originated in the 12th century and received an impetus from the persecution of the German Jews by the Crusaders. The traditional language of the vast majority of Lithuanian Jews, Yiddish, is based largely upon the Medieval German and Hebrew spoken by the western Germanic Jewish immigrants.[12]The peculiar conditions that prevailed in Belarus compelled the first Jewish settlers to adopt a different mode of life from that followed by their western ethnic brethren. At that time there were no cities in the western sense of the word in Belarus, no Magdeburg Rights or close guilds at that time. [citation needed]","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gediminas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gediminas"},{"link_name":"Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev"},{"link_name":"Volhynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volhynia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Vasilkovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Vasilkovich"},{"link_name":"Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr-Volynskyi"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Babylonian captivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivity"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Vitaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaut"},{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_Belarus"},{"link_name":"Hrodna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna"},{"link_name":"Troki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troki"},{"link_name":"Lutsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutsk"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Abraham Harkavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Harkavy"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Casimir III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_III_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Louis of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"With the campaign of Gediminas and his subjection of Kiev and Volhynia (1320–1321) the Jewish inhabitants of these territories were induced to spread throughout the northern provinces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The probable importance of the southern Jews in the development of Belarus and Lithuania is indicated by their numerical prominence in Volhynia in the 13th century. According to an annalist who describes the funeral of the grand duke Vladimir Vasilkovich in the city of Vladimir (Volhynia), \"the Jews wept at his funeral as at the fall of Jerusalem, or when being led into the Babylonian captivity.\"[13] This sympathy and the record thereof would seem to indicate that long before the event in question the Jews had enjoyed considerable prosperity and influence, and this gave them a certain standing under the new régime. They took an active part in the development of the new cities under the tolerant rule of duke Gediminas.Little is known of the fortunes of the Belarusian Jews during the troublous times that followed the death of Gediminas and the accession of his grandson Vitaut (1341). To the latter, the Jews owed a charter of privileges which was momentous in the subsequent history of the Jews of Belarus and Lithuania. The documents granting privileges first to the Jews of Brest (July 1, 1388) and later to those of Hrodna, Troki (1389), Lutsk, Vladimir, and other large towns are the earliest documents to recognize the Jews of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as possessing a distinct organization.[citation needed]The gathering together of the scattered Jewish settlers in sufficient numbers and with enough power to form such an organization and to obtain privileges from their Lithuanian rulers implies the lapse of considerable time. The Jews who dwelt in smaller towns and villages were not in need of such privileges at this time, and the mode of life, as Abraham Harkavy suggests, \"the comparative poverty, and the ignorance of Jewish learning among the Lithuanian Jews retarded their intercommunal organization.\" But powerful forces hastened this organization toward the close of the 14th century. The chief of these was probably the cooperation of the Jews of Poland with their brethren in the GDL. After the death of Casimir III (1370), the condition of the Polish Jews changed for the worse. The influence of the Roman Catholic clergy at the Polish court grew; Louis of Anjou was indifferent to the welfare of his subjects, and his eagerness to convert the Jews to Christianity, together with the increased Jewish immigration from Germany, caused the Polish Jews to become apprehensive for their future.[citation needed]","title":"Increasing prosperity and the great charter (1320–1432)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vitaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaut"},{"link_name":"Boleslaw of Kalisz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boleslaw_of_Kalisz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jews in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"szlachta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlachta"},{"link_name":"boyars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyar"},{"link_name":"Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk"},{"link_name":"shochet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shochet"},{"link_name":"Jagiello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiello"}],"sub_title":"The Charter of 1388","text":"On this account it seems more than likely that influential Polish Jews cooperated with the leading Belarusian and Lithuanian communities in securing a special charter from Vitaut (Witold). The preamble of the charter reads as follows:In the name of God, Amen. All deeds of men, when they are not made known by the testimony of witnesses or in writing, pass away and vanish and are forgotten. Therefore, we, Alexander, also called Vitovt, by the grace of God Grand Duke of Lithuania and ruler of Brest, Dorogicz, Lutsk, Vladimir, and other places, make known by this charter to the present and future generations, or to whomever it may concern to know or hear of it, that, after due deliberation with our nobles we have decided to grant to all the Jews living in our domains the rights and liberties mentioned in the following charter.The charter itself was modeled upon similar documents granted by Casimir the Great, and earlier by Boleslaw of Kalisz, to the Jews in Poland in 1084. Under the charter, the Jews of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania formed a class of freemen subject in all criminal cases directly to the jurisdiction of the grand duke and his official representatives, and in petty suits to the jurisdiction of local officials on an equal footing with the lesser nobles (szlachta), boyars, and other free citizens. The official representatives of the grand duke were the elder (starosta), known as the \"Jewish judge\" (judex Judæorum), and his deputy. The Jewish judge decided all cases between Christians and Jews and all criminal suits in which Jews were concerned; in civil suits, however, he acted only on the application of the interested parties. Either party who failed to obey the judge's summons had to pay him a fine. To him also belonged all fines collected from Jews for minor offenses. His duties included the guardianship of the persons, property, and freedom of worship of the Jews. He had no right to summon any one to his court except upon the complaint of an interested party. In matters of religion the Jews were given extensive autonomy.Under these equitable laws the Jews of Belarus and Lithuania reached a degree of prosperity unknown to their Polish and German co-religionists at that time. The communities of Brest, Hrodna, Minsk, Troki and Lutsk rapidly grew in wealth and influence. Every community had at its head a Jewish elder. These elders represented the communities in all external relations, in securing new privileges, and in the regulation of taxes. Such officials are not, however, referred to by the title \"elder\" before the end of the 16th century. Up to that time the documents merely state, for instance, that the \"Jews of Brest humbly apply,\" etc. On assuming office the elders declared under oath that they would discharge the duties of the position faithfully, and would relinquish the office at the expiration of the appointed term. The elder acted in conjunction with the rabbi, whose jurisdiction included all Jewish affairs with the exception of judicial cases assigned to the court of the deputy, and by the latter to the king. In religious affairs, however, an appeal from the decision of the rabbi and the elder was permitted only to a council consisting of the chief rabbis of the king's cities. The cantor, sexton, and shochet were subject to the orders of the rabbi and elder.The goodwill and tolerance of Vitaut endeared him to his Jewish subjects, and for a long time traditions concerning his generosity and nobility of character were current among them. His cousin, the king of Poland Jagiello, did not interfere with his administration during Vitaut's lifetime.","title":"Increasing prosperity and the great charter (1320–1432)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chmielnicki Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chmielnicki_Uprising"}],"text":"In 1569 Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were united. It was generally a time of prosperity and relative safety for the Jews of both countries (with the exception of the Chmielnicki Uprising in the 17th century). However, a few events, such as the expulsion of the Jews from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania between 1495 and 1503 occurred just within the Grand Duchy.","title":"Jagiellon rule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lithuania proper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania_proper"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Karaites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaite_(Jewish_sect)"},{"link_name":"Ratno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratno"},{"link_name":"synagogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"}],"sub_title":"Expulsion of the Jews in 1495 and return in 1503","text":"Casimir was succeeded as king of Poland by his son John Albert, and on the Lithuanian throne by his younger son, Alexander Jagellon. The latter confirmed the charter of privileges granted to the Jews by his predecessors, and even gave them additional rights. His father's Jewish creditors received part of the sums due to them, the rest being withheld under various pretexts. The attitude toward the Jews which had characterized the Lithuanian rulers for generations was unexpectedly and radically changed by a decree promulgated by Alexander in April, 1495. By this decree all Jews living in Lithuania proper and the adjacent territories were summarily ordered to leave the country.The expulsion was evidently not accompanied by the usual cruelties; for there was no popular animosity toward the Jews, and the decree was regarded as an act of mere willfulness on the part of an absolute ruler. Some of the nobility, however, approved Alexander's decree, expecting to profit by the departure of their Jewish creditors, as is indicated by numerous lawsuits on the return of the exiles to Lithuania in 1503. It is known from the Hebrew sources that some of the exiles migrated to the Crimea, and that by far the greater number settled in Poland, where, by permission of King John Albert, they established themselves in the towns situated near the boundary of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This permission, given at first for a period of two years, was extended \"because of the extreme poverty of the Jews on account of the great losses sustained by them.\" The extension, which applied to all the towns of the kingdom, accorded the enjoyment of all the liberties that had been granted to their Polish brethren (Kraków, June 29, 1498). The expelled Karaites settled in the Polish town of Ratno.The causes of the unexpected expulsion were probably many, including religious reasons, the need to fill a depleted treasury by confiscating the Jews' money, personal animosity, and other causes.Soon after Alexander's accession to the throne of Poland he permitted the Jewish exiles to return to Lithuania. Beginning in March, 1503, as is shown by documents still extant, their houses, lands, synagogues, and cemeteries were returned to them, and permission was granted them to collect their old debts. The new charter of privileges permitted them to live throughout Lithuania as before. The return of the Jews and their attempt to regain their old possessions led to many difficulties and lawsuits. Alexander found it necessary to issue an additional decree (April, 1503), directing his vice-regent to enforce the law. In spite of this some of the property was not recovered by the Jews for years.","title":"Jagiellon rule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heretics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heretics"},{"link_name":"Lutherans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutherans"},{"link_name":"Calvinists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinists"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Wilno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Wilno"},{"link_name":"Sigismund August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_II_August"},{"link_name":"szlachta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlachta"},{"link_name":"Diet of Vilna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diet_of_Vilna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ducat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducat"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian statute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_statute"}],"sub_title":"The Act of 1566","text":"The middle of the 16th century witnessed a growing antagonism between the lesser nobility and the Jews. Their relations became strained, and the enmity of the Christians began to disturb the life of the Litvak Jews. The anti-Jewish feeling, due at first to economic causes engendered by competition, was fostered by the clergy, who were then engaged in a crusade against \"heretics,\" notably the Lutherans, Calvinists, and Jews. The Reformation, which had spread from Germany, tended to weaken the allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church. Frequent instances occurred of the marriage of Catholic women to Jews, Turks, or Tatars. The Bishop of Wilno (Vilnius) complained to Sigismund August (Dec., 1548) of the frequency of such mixed marriages and of the education of the offspring in their fathers' faiths. The szlachta also saw in the Jews dangerous competitors in commercial and financial undertakings. In their dealings with the agricultural classes the lords preferred the Jews as middlemen, thus creating a feeling of injury on the part of the szlachta. The exemption of the Jews from military service and the power and wealth of the Jewish tax-farmers intensified the resentment of the szlachta. Members of the nobility attempted to compete with the Jews as leaseholders of customs revenues, but were never successful. Since the Jews lived in the towns and on the lands of the king, the nobility could not wield any authority over them nor derive profit from them. They had not even the right to settle Jews on their estates without the permission of the king; but, on the other hand, they were often annoyed by the erection on their estates of the tollhouses of the Jewish tax-collectors.Hence when the strategic moment arrived, the Lithuanian nobility endeavored to secure greater power over the Jews. At the Diet of Vilna in 1551 the nobility urged the imposition of a special polltax of one ducat per head, and the Volhynian nobles demanded that the Jewish tax-collectors be forbidden to erect tollhouses or place guards at the taverns on their estates.The opposition to the Jews was finally crystallized and found definite expression in the repressive Lithuanian statute of 1566, when the nobles of Belarus and Lithuania were first allowed to take part in the national legislation. Paragraph Twelve of this statute contains the following articles:\"The Jews shall not wear costly clothing, nor gold chains, nor shall their wives wear gold or silver ornaments. The Jews shall not have silver mountings on their sabers and daggers; they shall be distinguished by characteristic clothes; they shall wear yellow caps, and their wives kerchiefs of yellow linen, in order that all may be enabled to distinguish Jews from Christians.\"Other restrictions of a similar nature are contained in the same paragraph. However, the king checked the desire of the nobility to modify essentially the old charters of the Jews.","title":"Jagiellon rule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khmelnytsky Uprising § Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising#Jews"},{"link_name":"1648–1657 Cossack rebellion in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising"},{"link_name":"John Casimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_Casimir_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Korybut_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki"},{"link_name":"kahals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahal"}],"text":"Further information: Khmelnytsky Uprising § JewsThe fury of the 1648–1657 Cossack rebellion in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth destroyed the organization of the Jewish communities in Belarus. The survivors who returned to their old homes in the latter half of the 17th century were practically destitute. John Casimir (1648–1668) sought to ameliorate their condition by granting various concessions to the Jewish communities of Lithuania. Attempts to return to the old order in the communal organization were not wanting, as is evident from contemporary documents. Thus in 1672, Jewish elders from various towns and villages in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania secured a charter from King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki (1669–1673), decreeing \"that on account of the increasing number of Jews guilty of offenses against the Szlachta and other Christians, which result in the enmity of the Christians toward the Jews, and because of the inability of the Jewish elders to punish such offenders, who are protected by the lords, the king permits the kahals to summon the criminals before the Jewish courts for punishment and exclusion from the community when necessary.\" The efforts to resurrect the old power of the kahals were not successful.","title":"Effect of the Cossacks' Uprising in Belarus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"yeshivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva"},{"link_name":"Isaac Bezaleel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Bezaleel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Solomon Luria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Luria"},{"link_name":"Ostrog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostroh"},{"link_name":"Kalman Haberkaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalman_Haberkaster&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_Belarus"},{"link_name":"Moses Isserles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Isserles"},{"link_name":"David Gans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gans"},{"link_name":"Talmudic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud"},{"link_name":"Kremenetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremenetz"},{"link_name":"Isaac Cohen (d. 1573)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Cohen_(d._1573)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volozhin_yeshiva.jpg"},{"link_name":"Volozhin yeshiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volozhin_yeshiva"},{"link_name":"Lublin Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin_Union"},{"link_name":"Pinsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinsk"},{"link_name":"Tiktin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tykotzin"},{"link_name":"responsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_responsa_in_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Abraham Rapoport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Rapoport"},{"link_name":"Meïr Sack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Me%C3%AFr_Sack&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maharam Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Lublin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Synagogue,_Slonim.jpg"},{"link_name":"Slonim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slonim"},{"link_name":"Slonim Hasidic dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slonim_(Hasidic_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Joel Sirkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Sirkes"},{"link_name":"Meïr Katz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Me%C3%AFr_Katz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mordecai Jaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordecai_Jaffe"},{"link_name":"Russian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Brest-Litovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest-Litovsk"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Brest-Litovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest-Litovsk"}],"text":"The founding of the yeshivas in Belarus was due to the Lithuanian-Polish Jews who studied in the west, and to the German Jews who migrated about that time to Belarus, Lithuania and Poland. Very little is known of these early yeshivas. No mention is made of them or of prominent Lithuanian rabbis in Jewish writings until the 16th century. The first known rabbinical authority and head of a yeshiva was Isaac Bezaleel of Vladimir, Volhynia, who was already an old man when Solomon Luria went to Ostrog in the fourth decade of the 16th century. Another rabbinical authority, Kalman Haberkaster, rabbi of Ostrog and predecessor of Luria, died in 1559. Occasional references to the yeshiva of Brest are found in the writings of the contemporary rabbis Solomon Luria (d. 1585), Moses Isserles (d. 1572), and David Gans (d. 1589), who speak of its activity. Of the yeshiva of Ostrog and Vladimir in Volhynia it is known that they were in a flourishing condition at the middle of the 16th century, and that their heads vied with one another in Talmudic scholarship. Mention is also made by Gans of the head of the Kremenetz yeshiva, Isaac Cohen (d. 1573), of whom but little is known otherwise.Volozhin yeshivaAt the time of the Lublin Union, Solomon Luria was rabbi of Ostrog, and was regarded as one of the greatest Talmudic authorities in Poland and the GDL. In 1568 King Sigismund ordered that the suits between Isaac Borodavka and Mendel Isakovich, who were partners in the farming of certain customs taxes in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, be carried for decision to Rabbi Solomon Luria and two auxiliary rabbis from Pinsk and Tiktin.The far-reaching authority of the leading rabbis of Poland and Lithuania, and their wide knowledge of practical life, are apparent from numerous decisions cited in the responsa. They were always the champions of justice and morality. In the Eitan ha-Ezrachi (Ostrog, 1796) of Abraham Rapoport (known also as Abraham Schrenzel; d. 1650), Rabbi Meïr Sack is cited as follows: \"I emphatically protest against the custom of our communal leaders of purchasing the freedom of Jewish criminals. Such a policy encourages crime among our people. I am especially troubled by the fact that, thanks to the clergy, such criminals may escape punishment by adopting Christianity. Mistaken piety impels our leaders to bribe the officials, in order to prevent such conversions. We should endeavor to deprive criminals of opportunities to escape justice.\" The same sentiment was expressed in the 16th century by Maharam Lublin (Responsa, § 138). Another instance, cited by Katz from the same responsa, likewise shows that Jewish criminals invoked the aid of priests against the authority of Jewish courts by promising to become converts to Christianity.Building of a synagogue in Slonim, origin of the Slonim Hasidic dynastyThe decisions of the Polish-Lithuanian rabbis are frequently marked by breadth of view also, as is instanced by a decision of Joel Sirkes (Bayis Hadash, § 127) to the effect that Jews may employ in their religious services the melodies used in Christian churches, \"since music is neither Jewish nor Christian, and is governed by universal laws.\"Decisions by Luria, Meïr Katz, and Mordecai Jaffe show that the rabbis were acquainted with the Russian language and its philology. Jaffe, for instance, in a divorce case where the spelling of the woman's name as Lupka or Lubka was in question, decided that the word is correctly spelled with a \"b,\" and not with a \"p,\" since the origin of the name was the Russian verb lubit = \"to love,\" and not lupit = \"to beat\" (Levush ha-Butz we-Argaman, § 129). Meïr Katz (Geburat Anashim, § 1) explains that the name of Brest-Litovsk is written in divorce cases \"Brest\" and not \"Brisk,\" \"because the majority of the Lithuanian Jews use the Russian language.\" It is not so with Brisk, in the district of Kujawa, the name of that town being always spelled \"Brisk.\" Katz (a German) at the conclusion of his responsum expresses the hope that when Lithuania shall have become more enlightened, the people will speak one language only—German—and that also Brest-Litovsk will be written \"Brisk.\"","title":"Jewish culture in Belarus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"responsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_responsa_in_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Slonik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Slonik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Slonik"},{"link_name":"Joel Sirkis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Sirkis"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-li_je-14"},{"link_name":"Solomon Luria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Luria"},{"link_name":"Joseph Katz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Katz_(Jewish_writer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"gulden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_gulden"},{"link_name":"Hillel ben Naphtali Herz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillel_ben_Naphtali_Herz"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-li_je-14"},{"link_name":"Meir Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Lublin"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Jews"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria"},{"link_name":"Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-li_je-14"}],"sub_title":"Items from the Responsa","text":"The responsa shed an interesting light also on the life of the Lithuanian Jews and on their relations to their Christian neighbors. Benjamin Slonik [pl] states in his Mas'at Binyamin (end of sixteenth and beginning of 17th century) that \"the Christians borrow clothes and jewelry from the Jews when they go to church.\" Joel Sirkis (l.c. § 79) relates that a Christian woman came to the rabbi and expressed her regret at having been unable to save the Jew Shlioma from drowning. A number of Christians had looked on indifferently while the drowning Jew was struggling in the water. They were upbraided and beaten severely by the priest, who appeared a few minutes later, for having failed to rescue the Jew.[14]Solomon Luria gives an account (Responsa, § 20) of a quarrel that occurred in a Lithuanian community concerning a cantor whom some of the members wished to dismiss. The synagogue was closed in order to prevent him from exercising his functions, and religious services were thus discontinued for several days. The matter was thereupon carried to the local lord, who ordered the reopening of the building, saying that the house of God might not be closed, and that the cantor's claims should be decided by the learned rabbis of Lithuania. Joseph Katz mentions (She'erit Yosef, § 70) a Jewish community which was forbidden by the local authorities to kill cattle and to sell meat—an occupation which provided a livelihood for a large portion of the Lithuanian Jews. For the period of a year following this prohibition the Jewish community was on several occasions assessed at the rate of three gulden per head of cattle in order to furnish funds with which to induce the officials to grant a hearing of the case. The Jews finally reached an agreement with the town magistrates under which they were to pay forty gulden annually for the right to slaughter cattle. According to Hillel ben Naphtali Herz (Bet Hillel, Yoreh De'ah, § 157), Naphtali says the Jews of Vilna had been compelled to uncover when taking an oath in court, but later purchased from the tribunal the privilege to swear with covered head, a practise subsequently made unnecessary by a decision of one of their rabbis to the effect that an oath might be taken with uncovered head.[14]The responsa of Meir Lublin show (§ 40) that the Lithuanian communities frequently aided the German and the Austrian Jews. On the expulsion of the Jews from Silesia, when the Jewish inhabitants of Silz had the privilege of remaining on condition that they would pay the sum of 2,000 gulden, the Lithuanian communities contributed one-fifth of the amount.[14]","title":"Jewish culture in Belarus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish Polish history during the 19th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Polish_history_during_the_19th_century"},{"link_name":"History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia_and_Soviet_Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_showing_percentage_of_Jews_in_the_Pale_of_Settlement_and_Congress_Poland,_c._1905.png"},{"link_name":"Pale of Settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement"},{"link_name":"Pale of Settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement"},{"link_name":"Imperial Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russia"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Republic of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World"},{"link_name":"pogroms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"anti-Semitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Semitism"},{"link_name":"czars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czars"},{"link_name":"United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"British Mandate of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"}],"text":"See also: Jewish Polish history during the 19th century and History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet UnionThe Pale of Settlement, c. 1905.Upon annexation of Belarusian lands, Russian czars included the territory into the so-called Pale of Settlement, a western border region of Imperial Russia in which the permanent residence of Jews was allowed. Though comprising only 20% of the territory of European Russia, the Pale corresponded to the historical borders of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and included much of present-day Belarus, Republic of Lithuania, Poland, Moldova, Ukraine, and parts of western Russia.By the end of the 19th century, many Belarusian Jews were part of the general flight of Jews from Eastern Europe to the New World due to conflicts and pogroms engulfing the Russian Empire and the anti-Semitism of the Russian czars. Millions of Jews, including tens of thousands of Jews from Belarus, emigrated to the United States of America and South Africa. A small number also emigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine.","title":"Belarusian Jews under the Russian Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Jewish Labour Bund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund"},{"link_name":"Belarusian People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"Soviet power in Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Belarus#Belarusian_Soviet_Republic_and_West_Belarus"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"},{"link_name":"East Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Belarus"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Yakov Gamarnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakov_Gamarnik"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Belorussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Belorussia"},{"link_name":"Stalin's antisemitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalin%27s_antisemitism"}],"text":"Jewish political organizations, including the General Jewish Labour Bund, participated in the creation of the Belarusian People's Republic in 1918.During the first years of Soviet power in Belarus, in the 1920s, Yiddish was an official language in East Belarus along with Belarusian, Polish and Russian. Yakov Gamarnik, a Ukrainian Jew, was First Secretary of the Communist Party of Belorussia (i.e. the de facto head of state) from December 1928 to October 1929. However, the Soviet policy later turned against the Jews (see Stalin's antisemitism).","title":"After the October Revolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Einsatzgruppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsatzgruppen"},{"link_name":"anti-semites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-semite"},{"link_name":"pogroms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom"},{"link_name":"Final Solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Solution"},{"link_name":"Operation Reinhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Reinhard"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsource-22"}],"text":"Atrocities against the Jewish population in the German-conquered areas began almost immediately, with the dispatch of Einsatzgruppen (task groups) to round up Jews and shoot them. Local anti-semites were encouraged to carry out their own pogroms. By the end of 1941, there were more than 5,000 troops devoted to rounding up and killing Jews. The gradual industrialization of killing led to adoption of the Final Solution and the establishment of the Operation Reinhard extermination camps: the machinery of the Holocaust. Of the Soviet Jews who were killed in the Holocaust, 246,000 Jews were Belarusian: some 66% of the total number of Belarusian Jews.[22]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belarus-Israel relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus-Israel_relations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jews_in_Belarus,_censuses_1959-2009.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volojin_Yeshibot_10_rub_2010_Revers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Volozhin yeshiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volozhin_yeshiva"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volojin_Yeshibot_10_rub_2010_Avers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Aliyah from the Soviet Union in the 1970s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah_from_the_Soviet_Union_in_the_1970s"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Russian immigration to Israel in the 1990s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_immigration_to_Israel_in_the_1990s"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsource-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsource-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsource-22"},{"link_name":"Alexander Lukashenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko"},{"link_name":"authoritarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism"},{"link_name":"antisemitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"Babruysk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babruysk"},{"link_name":"pigsty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigsty"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"US House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Khvostov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Khvostov"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Belarusian protests in 2020 and 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Russo-Ukrainian war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"See also: Belarus-Israel relationsJewish population in Belarus (official census data)Silver coin of Belarus, 10 rubles, 2010, 925, diam. 33 mm, revers, Volozhin yeshivaSilver coin of Belarus, 10 rubles, 2010, 925, diam. 33 mm, avers, \"Judaism\"In 1968, several thousand Jewish youths were arrested for Zionist activity.[23] In the second half of the 20th century, there was a large wave of Belarusian Jews immigrating to Israel (see Aliyah from the Soviet Union in the 1970s), as well as to the United States. In 1979, there were 135,400 Jews in Belarus; a decade later, 112,000 were left. The collapse of the Soviet Union and Belarusian independence saw most of the community, along with the majority of the former Soviet Union's Jewish population, leave for Israel (see Russian immigration to Israel in the 1990s).[22]The 1999 census estimated that there were only 27,798 Jews left in the country, which further declined to 12,926 in 2009 and marginally rose to 13,705 in 2019, although oddly in that year, 10,269 men but only 3,436 women identified as Jewish.[24] However, local Jewish organizations put the number at 50,000 in 2006.[25] About half of the country's Jews live in Minsk. National Jewish organizations, local cultural groups, religious schools, charitable organizations, and organizations for war veterans and Holocaust survivors have been formed.[22]Since the mass immigration of the 1990s, there has been some continuous immigration to Israel. In 2002, 974 Belarusians moved to Israel, and between 2003 and 2005, 4,854 followed suit.[22]In October 2007, Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko, known for his authoritarian rule, was accused of making antisemitic comments; addressing the \"miserable state of the city of Babruysk\" on a live broadcast on state radio, he stated: \"This is a Jewish city, and the Jews are not concerned for the place they live in. They have turned Babruysk into a pigsty. Look at Israel — I was there and saw it myself... I call on Jews who have money to come back to Babruysk.\"[26] Members of the US House of Representatives sent a letter to the Belarusian ambassador to the US, Mikhail Khvostov, addressing Lukashenko's comments with a strong request to retract them, and the comments also caused a negative reaction from Israel. From having made up about half of the city's population in 1939, in 1999 there were only about 1,000 Jews left in Babruysk.[27]Following the Belarusian protests in 2020 and 2021, Jewish immigration from Belarus increased by 69 percent.[28]After Belarus joined the Russo-Ukrainian war in 2022, Jewish immigration from Belarus increased by 229 percent.[29]","title":"Late 20th century to modern days"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Committee for Archives and Records Management, Republic of Belarus = Комитет по архивам и делопроизводству","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/B&L-Acknowl-Adamushko.pdf"},{"link_name":"National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/ArchBelB.pdf"},{"link_name":"National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Гродно","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/Acknowl-Bel-B.pdf"},{"link_name":"National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Mинск","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/Acknow-Bel-A.pdf"},{"link_name":"Sources for the Genealogy of Belorussian Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/ArchBelA.pdf"},{"link_name":"Grodno Oblast State Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/ArchBelC.pdf"},{"link_name":"Jewish Census in the Russian Empire and General Compulsory Military Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rtrfoundation.org/rybchonok-1.shtml"},{"link_name":"Wexler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wexler_(linguist)"},{"link_name":"\"Jewish, Tatar and Karaite communal dialects and their Importance for Byelorussian Historical Linguistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//brill.com/view/journals/bela/3/1/article-p41_2.xml"},{"link_name":"The Journal of Byelorussian Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Belarusian_Studies"}],"text":"Adamushko, Vladimir I.; Committee for Archives and Records Management (July 2002). Committee for Archives and Records Management, Republic of Belarus = Комитет по архивам и делопроизводству (PDF) (in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–4.\nBatrakova, Karina P.; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno (November 2001). National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno (PDF). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2.\nBatrakova, Karina Petrovna; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno (2002). National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Гродно (PDF) (in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2.\nGolubovich, Alla; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk (November 2001). National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Mинск (PDF) (in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2.\nGolubovich, Alla K.; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk (2002). Sources for the Genealogy of Belorussian Jews (PDF). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–3.\nYunina, Larisa Ivanova; Grodno Oblast State Archives (2002). Grodno Oblast State Archives (PDF). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2.\nRybchonok, Sergey A. (2002). Jewish Census in the Russian Empire and General Compulsory Military Service. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation.\nWexler, Paul (1973). \"Jewish, Tatar and Karaite communal dialects and their Importance for Byelorussian Historical Linguistics\". The Journal of Byelorussian Studies. III (1): 41–54. Retrieved 2 June 2024.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Volozhin yeshiva","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Volozhin_yeshiva.jpg/200px-Volozhin_yeshiva.jpg"},{"image_text":"Building of a synagogue in Slonim, origin of the Slonim Hasidic dynasty","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Synagogue%2C_Slonim.jpg/200px-Synagogue%2C_Slonim.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Pale of Settlement, c. 1905.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Map_showing_percentage_of_Jews_in_the_Pale_of_Settlement_and_Congress_Poland%2C_c._1905.png/220px-Map_showing_percentage_of_Jews_in_the_Pale_of_Settlement_and_Congress_Poland%2C_c._1905.png"},{"image_text":"Jewish population in Belarus (official census data)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Jews_in_Belarus%2C_censuses_1959-2009.png/300px-Jews_in_Belarus%2C_censuses_1959-2009.png"},{"image_text":"Silver coin of Belarus, 10 rubles, 2010, 925, diam. 33 mm, revers, Volozhin yeshiva","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Volojin_Yeshibot_10_rub_2010_Revers.jpg/220px-Volojin_Yeshibot_10_rub_2010_Revers.jpg"},{"image_text":"Silver coin of Belarus, 10 rubles, 2010, 925, diam. 33 mm, avers, \"Judaism\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Volojin_Yeshibot_10_rub_2010_Avers.jpg/220px-Volojin_Yeshibot_10_rub_2010_Avers.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Judaism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Judaism"},{"title":"Belarus portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Belarus"},{"title":"List of Belarusian Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Belarusian_Jews"},{"title":"Timeline of Jewish history in Lithuania and Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history_in_Lithuania_and_Belarus"},{"title":"History of the Jews in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland"},{"title":"Lithuanian Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews"},{"title":"History of the Jews during World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II"},{"title":"Gavriil of Belostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavriil_of_Belostok"},{"title":"blood libel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel"},{"title":"Hasidic Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism"},{"title":"Belarus–Israel relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Israel_relations"}]	[{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2013-12-19. Retrieved 2014-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131219164718/http://www.jafi.org.il/NR/rdonlyres/19B50BA8-1B87-4E80-AEAD-3343EF57203F/0/FSU_8907.xls","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.jafi.org.il/NR/rdonlyres/19B50BA8-1B87-4E80-AEAD-3343EF57203F/0/FSU_8907.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"YIVO \| Belarus\". yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 2020-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Belarus","url_text":"\"YIVO \| Belarus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belarus\" (PDF). Yad Vashem Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies. Retrieved August 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/documents/GenBack/Belarus.pdf","url_text":"\"Belarus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Newsletters - Tools - Belarus SIG - JewishGen.org\". www.jewishgen.org. Retrieved 2020-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/newsletters/misc/DemographicProfile/index.html","url_text":"\"Newsletters - Tools - Belarus SIG - JewishGen.org\""}]},{"reference":"Rudling, Per Anders (2013). Himka, John-Paul; Michlic, Joanna Beata (eds.). Invisible Genocide. The Holocaust in Belarus. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 60–62. ISBN 978-0803246478.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ya7RMPN9-ZsC&q=800%2C000","url_text":"Invisible Genocide. The Holocaust in Belarus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803246478","url_text":"978-0803246478"}]},{"reference":"\"Belarus marks ghetto's destruction 65 years on\". USA Today. Associated Press. 2008-10-21. Retrieved 2016-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-10-21-2660663676_x.htm","url_text":"\"Belarus marks ghetto's destruction 65 years on\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belarus Virtual Jewish History Tour\". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2020-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/belarus-virtual-jewish-history-tour","url_text":"\"Belarus Virtual Jewish History Tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belarus\". European Jewish Congress. 2021-05-03. Retrieved 2023-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://eurojewcong.org/communities/belarus/","url_text":"\"Belarus\""}]},{"reference":"\"YIVO \| Belarus\". Yivoencyclopedia.org. 1943-10-23. Retrieved 2013-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Belarus","url_text":"\"YIVO \| Belarus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Приложение Демоскопа Weekly\". Demoscope.ru. 2013-01-15. Archived from the original on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2013-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131012173257/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/census_types.php?ct=6","url_text":"\"Приложение Демоскопа Weekly\""},{"url":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/census_types.php?ct=6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Powered by Google Docs\". Retrieved 2013-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Rv2hLhme008J:www.jewishdatabank.org/Reports/World_Jewish_Population_2010.pdf+world+jewish+population+2010&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShFmlEo2XYeBjYVUGgz_STm8ZXvaFqIMHdpfxUC8uWpDuLqb9l7GvJbF2piXHqxgDaGkOY3jfCA_RkpUlKLSByoSQC3cLV-5LcpxgXggqUIYwzK9hdfmwVv4Sz0BdeFMxJ_-2To&sig=AHIEtbT5tVUek4PSi_N_5f0Dwe-11sBzMg","url_text":"\"Powered by Google Docs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Year book\" (PDF). www.ajcarchives.org. 2002. Retrieved 2019-07-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/2002_13_WJP.pdf","url_text":"\"Year book\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ethnic composition of Belarus 2009\". Pop-stat.mashke.org. Retrieved 2012-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://pop-stat.mashke.org/belarus-ethnic2009.htm","url_text":"\"Ethnic composition of Belarus 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belarus: Virtual Jewish History Tour\". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 1991-04-25. Retrieved 2013-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Belarus.html","url_text":"\"Belarus: Virtual Jewish History Tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Jewish Community of Minsk\". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Retrieved 1 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/minsk","url_text":"\"The Jewish Community of Minsk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belarus president attacks Jews - Israel News, Ynetnews\". 2007-10-20. Archived from the original on 2007-10-20. Retrieved 2023-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071020040806/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3461548,00.html","url_text":"\"Belarus president attacks Jews - Israel News, Ynetnews\""},{"url":"http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3461548,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jewish Heritage Research Group in Belarus\". 2018-10-02. Archived from the original on 2018-10-02. Retrieved 2023-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181002103123/http://www.jhrgbelarus.org/AboutBelarus_articles.php","url_text":"\"Jewish Heritage Research Group in Belarus\""},{"url":"http://www.jhrgbelarus.org/AboutBelarus_articles.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Aliyah to Israel Increased by 31% in 2021 \| The Jewish Agency\". www.jewishagency.org. Retrieved 2023-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishagency.org/aliyah-to-israel-increased-by-31-in-2021/","url_text":"\"Aliyah to Israel Increased by 31% in 2021 \| The Jewish Agency\""}]},{"reference":"\"2023 sees 434% increase in aliyah from the former Soviet Union\". The Jerusalem Post \| JPost.com. Retrieved 2023-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpost.com/aliyah/article-734334","url_text":"\"2023 sees 434% increase in aliyah from the former Soviet Union\""}]},{"reference":"Adamushko, Vladimir I.; Committee for Archives and Records Management (July 2002). Committee for Archives and Records Management, Republic of Belarus = Комитет по архивам и делопроизводству (PDF) (in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–4.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/B&L-Acknowl-Adamushko.pdf","url_text":"Committee for Archives and Records Management, Republic of Belarus = Комитет по архивам и делопроизводству"}]},{"reference":"Batrakova, Karina P.; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno (November 2001). National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno (PDF). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/ArchBelB.pdf","url_text":"National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno"}]},{"reference":"Batrakova, Karina Petrovna; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno (2002). National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Гродно (PDF) (in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/Acknowl-Bel-B.pdf","url_text":"National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Гродно"}]},{"reference":"Golubovich, Alla; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk (November 2001). National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Mинск (PDF) (in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/Acknow-Bel-A.pdf","url_text":"National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Mинск"}]},{"reference":"Golubovich, Alla K.; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk (2002). Sources for the Genealogy of Belorussian Jews (PDF). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–3.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/ArchBelA.pdf","url_text":"Sources for the Genealogy of Belorussian Jews"}]},{"reference":"Yunina, Larisa Ivanova; Grodno Oblast State Archives (2002). Grodno Oblast State Archives (PDF). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/ArchBelC.pdf","url_text":"Grodno Oblast State Archives"}]},{"reference":"Rybchonok, Sergey A. (2002). Jewish Census in the Russian Empire and General Compulsory Military Service. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rtrfoundation.org/rybchonok-1.shtml","url_text":"Jewish Census in the Russian Empire and General Compulsory Military Service"}]},{"reference":"Wexler, Paul (1973). \"Jewish, Tatar and Karaite communal dialects and their Importance for Byelorussian Historical Linguistics\". The Journal of Byelorussian Studies. III (1): 41–54. Retrieved 2 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wexler_(linguist)","url_text":"Wexler"},{"url":"https://brill.com/view/journals/bela/3/1/article-p41_2.xml","url_text":"\"Jewish, Tatar and Karaite communal dialects and their Importance for Byelorussian Historical Linguistics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Belarusian_Studies","url_text":"The Journal of Byelorussian Studies"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22History+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus%22","external_links_name":"\"History of the Jews in Belarus\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22History+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22History+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22History+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22History+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22History+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.615538","external_links_name":"Israel to sign a visa-waiver program with internationally ostracized Belarus"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131219164718/http://www.jafi.org.il/NR/rdonlyres/19B50BA8-1B87-4E80-AEAD-3343EF57203F/0/FSU_8907.xls","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.jafi.org.il/NR/rdonlyres/19B50BA8-1B87-4E80-AEAD-3343EF57203F/0/FSU_8907.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Belarus","external_links_name":"\"YIVO \| Belarus\""},{"Link":"https://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/documents/GenBack/Belarus.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Belarus\""},{"Link":"https://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/newsletters/misc/DemographicProfile/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Newsletters - Tools - Belarus SIG - JewishGen.org\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ya7RMPN9-ZsC&q=800%2C000","external_links_name":"Invisible Genocide. 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Israel News, Ynetnews\""},{"Link":"http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3461548,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181002103123/http://www.jhrgbelarus.org/AboutBelarus_articles.php","external_links_name":"\"Jewish Heritage Research Group in Belarus\""},{"Link":"http://www.jhrgbelarus.org/AboutBelarus_articles.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.jewishagency.org/aliyah-to-israel-increased-by-31-in-2021/","external_links_name":"\"Aliyah to Israel Increased by 31% in 2021 \| The Jewish Agency\""},{"Link":"https://www.jpost.com/aliyah/article-734334","external_links_name":"\"2023 sees 434% increase in aliyah from the former Soviet Union\""},{"Link":"http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/B&L-Acknowl-Adamushko.pdf","external_links_name":"Committee for Archives and Records Management, Republic of Belarus = Комитет по архивам и делопроизводству"},{"Link":"http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/ArchBelB.pdf","external_links_name":"National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno"},{"Link":"http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/Acknowl-Bel-B.pdf","external_links_name":"National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Гродно"},{"Link":"http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/Acknow-Bel-A.pdf","external_links_name":"National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Mинск"},{"Link":"http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/ArchBelA.pdf","external_links_name":"Sources for the Genealogy of Belorussian Jews"},{"Link":"http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/ArchBelC.pdf","external_links_name":"Grodno Oblast State Archives"},{"Link":"http://www.rtrfoundation.org/rybchonok-1.shtml","external_links_name":"Jewish Census in the Russian Empire and General Compulsory Military Service"},{"Link":"https://brill.com/view/journals/bela/3/1/article-p41_2.xml","external_links_name":"\"Jewish, Tatar and Karaite communal dialects and their Importance for Byelorussian Historical Linguistics\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090901155934/http://arche.by/by/16/30/775/?st-full_text=all","external_links_name":"Андрэй Шуман. Ашкеназскія габрэі як адзін з карэнных народаў Беларусі"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090916035001/http://3dway.org/node/4106","external_links_name":"Иудейская Беларусь: из прошлого в настоящее"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110810201408/http://3szlach.livejournal.com/34549.html","external_links_name":"English Translation"},{"Link":"http://www.souz.co.il/clubs/club.html?Club_ID=1","external_links_name":"Union of Belarusian expatriates to Israel"},{"Link":"http://www.covenant.idc.ac.il/en/vol1/issue2/simon-schaler.html","external_links_name":"Antisemitism in Twenty-First Century Europe"},{"Link":"http://www.graves.by/","external_links_name":"Belarusian Cemetery Index"},{"Link":"http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/newsletter/AltmanReview.htm","external_links_name":"Holocaust of the Soviet Jewry"},{"Link":"http://www.jewishgen.org/belarus/newsletter/DemographicProfile.htm","external_links_name":"A Demographic Profile of the Jews in Belorussia, 1939–1959"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111024205536/http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/","external_links_name":"Shtetlinks"},{"Link":"http://www.brit-hadasha.org/","external_links_name":"Brit Hadasha"},{"Link":"http://www.yadyisroel.com/","external_links_name":"Jewish Outreach in Belarus. Travel Services and Record Searches"},{"Link":"http://www.chabad.org/centers/default_cdo/country/Belarus","external_links_name":"Chabad-Lubavitch Centers in Belarus"},{"Link":"http://www.lidamemorialsociety.org/","external_links_name":"Recollections of Those Rescued by the Bielski Partisans and Survived the Holocaust from Lida, Belarus"},{"Link":"http://belarusdigest.com/story/jewish-belarus-24955/","external_links_name":"Jewish Belarus"},{"Link":"http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/","external_links_name":"Belarus SIG"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddler_(comics)	Fiddler (comics)	["1 Publication history","2 Fictional character biography","2.1 Pre-Crisis","2.2 Post-Crisis","2.3 DC Rebirth","3 Powers and abilities","4 Other characters named Fiddler","5 In other media","5.1 Television","5.2 Miscellaneous","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Comics character FiddlerThe Fiddler as depicted in Who's Who: The Definitive Directory of the DC Universe #8 (October 1985). Art by Sandy Plunkett (penciller) and Joe Rubinstein (inker).Publication informationPublisherDC ComicsFirst appearanceAll-Flash #32 (December 1947 / January 1948)Created byRobert KanigherLee EliasIn-story informationAlter egoIsaac BowinSpeciesHumanTeam affiliationsInjustice SocietySecret SixUnderground SocietyCrime ChampionsBlack Lantern CorpsLegion of ZoomAbilities Musically hypnotize people with irresistible violin music Erect unusually strong hypersonic waves with his magical violin Musical mind-control Beacon Emission The Fiddler is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, primarily as an enemy of the first Flash. Two female incarnations of the Fiddler appear in The Flash, portrayed by Miranda MacDougall and Magda Apanowicz. Additionally, three different incarnations of Fiddler appeared in the first two seasons of Stargirl, portrayed by Timmy Sherrill, Hina Khan, and Max Frantz. Publication history Fiddler first appeared in All-Flash #32 (December 1947/January 1948) and was created by Robert Kanigher and Lee Elias. Earlier, a character with the same name, though only superficially similar, appeared in multiple Action Comics episodes of the Vigilante (starting with Action Comics #59, April 1943 cover date). Fictional character biography The Fiddler's history was changed somewhat during the Crisis on Infinite Earths. Pre-Crisis The Fiddler started out as a thief who was arrested in India and sent to jail. While in prison, he met a fakir, charming a snake in his cell, who taught him the "mystic art" of Indian music. For the next five years, he learned the fakir's secret and made a crude violin made of material he could scrounge in the prison. He developed the ability to use his violin to play sounds that could either hypnotize others, shatter objects, or create barriers. After the fakir declared his student had surpassed him, he used the instrument to hypnotize the guards to open their cells and he and the fakir escaped. He then murdered the fakir and the merchant who had him arrested in the first place. Returning to America, the Fiddler, as he called himself, made his first stop at Keystone City. While the Fiddler managed to humiliate the Flash (Jay Garrick) the first time they met, Flash was able to foil his plan, which involved replacing Maestro Bowin, a violin virtuoso, who was actually the Fiddler's twin brother. The physical similarity between the brothers (who had been separated at birth) also led to Bowin briefly being suspected of the Fiddler's crimes. The Fiddler captured his brother and Flash, but they escaped and the Fiddler apparently committed suicide by diving into a river. As is the case more often than not, the Fiddler survived his plunge into the river and returned to battle the Flash again a few months later. The villain refined his appearance, shaving his dark locks and donning the powdered white wig that became his trademark for the remainder of his life. After the Flash thwarts a petty theft and arrests most of his gang, the Fiddler followed the hero at a distance but was in time to piece together a quarrel between Flash and Joan Williams. The exchange, with Joan annoyed at the time Flash's life took him away from home, inspired the Fiddler to undermine the hero. Using local criminals, the Fiddler arranged for "common citizens" (really members of his gang) to demonstrate that the Flash was not needed. As the Flash arrived always just in time to see the "citizens" route the criminals, he was advised to rest, relax or take a vacation. Eventually, the tricks took their toll and the Flash announced his retirement. As soon as he had supposedly departed, the Fiddler instigated a reign of terror across Keystone, staging almost daily robberies. One evening, Joan was particularly regretful of her admonition of the Flash and took it upon herself to resolve the situation. Using mirrors to blur her form and give her the illusion of speed, she donned a spare uniform and took up pursuit of the Fiddler. While the athletic Joan was quite capable of dealing with ordinary thugs, she was no match for a master criminal such as the Fiddler. To the criminal's astonishment, The Flash appeared to be a woman. Nonetheless, the Fiddler resolved to dispose of her and tied her to the trellis of a nearby train track. As the train bore down on her bound form, the genuine Flash quickly rescued her and bore down on the Fiddler. Not to be easily taken, the Fiddler dove between the ties, falling to his presumed death. Since then, he continued to plague the Flash again and again. He was a member of the second Injustice Society, who captured the JSA and briefly put them under their control before the Harlequin and the Black Canary restored their memories. At Liberty Hall in Independence City, the citizens of that town have gathered en masse to protect the Freedom Bell from the Injustice Society, when strange music suddenly makes everyone want to dance. The music, played by the Fiddler, works like a charm until Dr. Mid-Nite and Wonder Woman show up and seemingly put an end to the fiendish fiddle. But the Fiddler suddenly recovers, plays a few notes (which causes the Freedom Bell to fall on top the duo, trapping them), and he pumps gas inside to overcome them. Unfortunately for the Fiddler, the bell is cracked and the JSA pair survive the effects of the gas by breathing fresh air through that crack. Still, the Fiddler has been warned that, as a last resort, to snap his fingers to put the JSA members back under their hypnotic trance, which he does—and all three then drive away in the Fiddler's Fiddlemobile with the bell in tow. The other JSA members are captured in this way, but again Black Canary and the Harlequin restore the JSAer's minds. Later, the Fiddler was part of a trio of criminals that caused the original Flash to come out of retirement. The Fiddler, along with the Shade and the Thinker, were stopped by the first of many team-ups of Earth-One and Earth-Two heroes in the classic "Flash of Two Worlds" story from The Flash #123 (September 1961). Barry Allen, the Earth-1 Flash, visited Earth-2 accidentally and looked up his comic book hero, the original Flash. Together, the two Flashes stopped the villains, despite the Fiddler briefly placing them both under his control. This issue led to many other team-ups between Earth-1 and Earth-2 heroes and villains. The Fiddler, with the Wizard and Icicle formed the "Crime Champions" who, with the Crime Champions of Earth-1 (Doctor Alchemy, Chronos, and Felix Faust), tried to commit robberies after the Fiddler accidentally discovered a way to travel across the vibratory barriers between the Earths during a jailbreak. This led to the first JLA/JSA team-up. The Fiddler, while committing a million-dollar robbery on Earth-2 escaped Hawkman, the Earth-2 Flash, and the Atom, though the Flashes from both Earths were captured and placed in vibratory spheres, as they might recognize the criminals due to their ability to travel between Earths. Eventually, the villains starting committing crimes on each other's worlds. Using the Wizard's Tibetan magic, the Earth-2 crooks impersonated the Earth-1 crooks, the Fiddler impersonating Felix Faust, and battling Aquaman, the Martian Manhunter, and the Atom. When the Fiddler tried to rob a Museum on Earth-1 in his true form, Hourman and the Earth-2 Atom stopped him. However, the heroes were imprisoned by the Crime Champions in cages in space, but the Green Lanterns helped them to escape and return to Earth, after which the crooks were defeated and jailed on their respective Earths. Post-Crisis The son of British aristocrats, Isaac Bowin had a talent for music, and an impulse to travel. Running out of money, he resorted to theft and robbery to make ends meet until he was arrested in India and sent to jail. He then met a fakir, much as in the Pre-Crisis version. Returning to America and taking on a new identity, that of the Fiddler, Bowin made his first stop at Keystone City. The main difference between this new origin and the original story is that he was aware Maestro Bowin was his twin and wanted to ruin his brother's good name. He continued to plague Jay Garrick for many years, eventually joining with the Thinker and the Shade to remove Keystone City from the world's vision and memory. Barry Allen inadvertently crossed the vibrational barrier the Fiddler created in Grant Morrison's Post-Crisis version of the first Jay/Barry team-up, "Flash of Two Cities." As in the original story, the two Flashes defeated the villains together. For the Fiddler, this period proved an opportune time to join with his old comrade the Wizard in his new Injustice Society, now called "Injustice Unlimited". They overcame the security at the International Trade Conference in Calgary, Canada, namely Infinity, Inc. and a contingent of the Global Guardians. They forced the heroes to help in some mayhem. The Fiddler took Obsidian and the Green Flame to London and, with their help, stole a very prized Stradivarius violin. They then returned to Calgary to share in the stolen wealth being gathered by the Wizard but the plan went haywire when Hourman (Rick Tyler) revived and freed himself, as well as when Solomon Grundy was brought in from the Arctic Circle. It was Hourman who incapacitated the Fiddler by destroying the Stradivarius, and after the confusion he was taken into custody by Canadian law enforcement. In John Ostrander's Hawkworld series, it was revealed that the fakir who taught Bowin his hypnotic skills was actually a demon. The Fiddler apparently dies in that story, but has resurfaced since (possibly through the machinations of the demon Neron, since the Fiddler first reappeared alive in Neron's assembly of supervillains in Underworld Unleashed #1). The same demon would turn a heavy-metal guitarist into a 1990s version of the Fiddler called the Thrasher. The Thrasher was defeated by Hawkman, and has not reappeared. It is not clear if this version of the Fiddler's origin is still in continuity. An Iowa Bowin, claiming to be the Fiddler's great-grandson, appeared in a story set in the future. Although his guitar-based version of his great-grandfather's powers initially caused chaos, he wished to be a hero, working alongside Kid Flash. In the first issue of the Infinite Crisis miniseries Villains United, the Fiddler has joined the Secret Six. Disappointed by the Fiddler's performance against H.I.V.E. agents during their first mission, Mockingbird deems him "incompetent" and orders him killed. Deadshot carries out the execution; following the Fiddler's death, he is replaced on the team by Catman. The Fiddler's violin is later found to be in the possession of the Virtuoso, a woman allied with the Society. Most recently though, a man resembling the Fiddler makes a cameo in Green Arrow/Black Canary, shown upset in a room filled with violins destroyed by a recent fight between the Green Arrow, the Black Canary, and a mugger outside. The Fiddler has been identified as one of the deceased entombed below the Hall of Justice. He is one of many dead super-villains reanimated as members of the Black Lantern Corps. He features prominently as a Black Lantern during a short story-arc running through the one-shot revival issue of Suicide Squad, and the following two issues of Secret Six. The Fiddler is apparently destroyed. DC Rebirth In 2016, DC Comics implemented another relaunch of its books called "DC Rebirth" which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to "The New 52". Fiddler was seen in Zambia partaking in a card game with Psych, Shrike, and Vortex. When Psych detected that Fiddler cheated, Fiddler is held at gun point only for Fiddler, Shrike, and Vortex to be killed by Psych's projections of the people they killed. Eobard Thawne plucked Fiddler from an unspecified point in time and recruited him to join the Legion of Zoom. Powers and abilities The Fiddler possesses magical abilities that he channels through his violins. The musical vibrations he creates can shatter solid objects, create force-fields and hypnotize others due to the sheer amount of sub-level bass. He uses violins gimmicked with weapons such as blades and guns. He travels around in his Fiddle Car, which Jay Garrick recognizes by sight. Other characters named Fiddler There are other characters who went by the name Fiddler: There is an unnamed man who operated as Fiddler and was an enemy of Bulletman and Bulletgirl. His fiddle enabled him to hypnotize anyone. Prior to Isaac Bowin's debut, a man named Benjamin Bowe operated as Fiddler and was an enemy of Vigilante and Stuff the Chinatown Kid. In other media Television A character based on the Fiddler called the Music Master appears in the Justice League two-part episode "Legends", voiced by Udo Kier. He is a supervillain from an alternate universe and member of the Injustice Guild. The Fiddler makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Justice League Unlimited episode "Flash and Substance". Two female incarnations of the Fiddler appear in The Flash. The first, a genderbent version of Isaac Bowin named Izzy Bowin (portrayed by Miranda MacDougall), appears in the episode "Subject 9" as a country singer and violinist who was exposed to dark matter released from the Flash's emergence from the Speed Force as part of the Thinker's plans, which granted her the ability to fire concussive sonic waves. The Flash and the Elongated Man try to protect her from the Thinker, giving her a fiddle with which she can channel her powers through, but the villain succeeds in stealing Izzy's body and powers, killing her in the process. The ninth season reveals that the deaths of Izzy and several other victims of the Thinker were undone by changes in the space-time continuum, but she never encounters Team Flash again. The second incarnation, Andrea Wozzeck (portrayed by Magda Apanowicz), appears in the ninth season (debuting in the same episode that mentions Izzy's resurrection) as a member of the Red Death's Rogues who can manipulate soundwaves through objects that produce sound, such as her fiddle built from Wayne Enterprises technology. The Fiddler and his legacy appears in Stargirl. The original Fiddler appears in a photograph depicted in the episode "S.T.R.I.P.E." that identified him as a member of the Injustice Society of America (ISA), was referenced in the episode "Hourman and Dr. Mid-Nite" as having been an Irishman and enemy of the Justice Society of America (JSA), and shown in a flashback in the episode "Shiv" Pt. 1, portrayed by an uncredited Timmy Sherrill. In the present, his wife Principal Anaya Bowin (portrayed by Hina Khan) took over his legacy and role within the ISA until she is killed by fellow ISA members Sportsmaster and Tigress for insulting them, with Anaya's death being covered up as a hunting accident. Fiddler and Anaya's son Isaac Bowin (portrayed by Max Frantz) is depicted as a young musical prodigy and classmate of Courtney Whitmore who is often picked on by bullies. In the second season, Cindy Burman reveals Isaac's family's legacy to him before recruiting him into Injustice Unlimited. However, he is later consumed by Eclipso while fighting Whitmore's JSA. The Fiddler is not to be confused with the spoof name for the Batman villain, the Riddler, coined by the r/batmanarkham subreddit as an ongoing meme. Miscellaneous The Fiddler appears in issue #8 of the Justice League Unlimited tie-in comic book series. The Fiddler makes a cameo appearance in Batman: The Brave and the Bold #15. See also List of Flash enemies References ^ Cowsill, Alan; Irvine, Alex; Manning, Matthew K.; McAvennie, Michael; Wallace, Daniel (2019). DC Comics Year By Year: A Visual Chronicle. DK Publishing. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-4654-8578-6. ^ Wallace, Dan (2008). "Crazy Creations". In Dougall, Alastair (ed.). The DC Comics Encyclopedia. New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-7566-4119-1. OCLC 213309017. ^ Rovin, Jeff (1987). The Encyclopedia of Supervillains. New York: Facts on File. pp. 128–129. ISBN 0-8160-1356-X. ^ Flash Comics #93. DC Comics. ^ Cowsill, Alan; Irvine, Alex; Manning, Matthew K.; McAvennie, Michael; Wallace, Daniel (2010). DC Comics Year By Year: A Visual Chronicle. DK Publishing. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. ^ Secret Origins #50 (August 1990). DC Comics. ^ Infinity Inc. #35-37 (February–April 1987). DC Comics. ^ The Flash 80-Page Giant #2. DC Comics. ^ Villains United #1 (July 2005). DC Comics. ^ Blackest Night #1 (July 2009). DC Comics. ^ Blackest Night #4 (October 2009). DC Comics. ^ Suicide Squad #67 (January 2010). DC Comics. ^ Secret Six vol. 3 #17-18 (January–February 2010). DC Comics. ^ The Flash vol. 5 #61. DC Comics. ^ The Flash #760. Marvel Comics. ^ Bulletman #11. Fawcett Comics. ^ Action Comics #59. DC Comics. External links The Fiddler at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) vteThe Flash Gardner Fox Harry Lampert The Flash FamilyFlash Jay Garrick Barry Allen Wally West Bart Allen Kid Flash Wally West Bart Allen Irey West Ace West Quick Jesse Chambers Johnny Chambers Reverse-Flash/Zoom Edward Clariss Eobard Thawne Hunter Zolomon Daniel West Other characters Iris West Max Mercury XS Black Flash Cobalt Blue Godspeed Savitar Supportingcharacters Chester P. Runk/Chunk David Singh Green Lantern/Kyle Rayner Elongated Man Justice League Superman Batman Wonder Woman Green Lantern/Hal Jordan Aquaman Martian Manhunter Cyborg Justice Society of America The Atom/Al Pratt Doctor Fate/Kent Nelson Green Lantern/Alan Scott Hawkman/Carter Hall Hourman/Rex Tyler Sandman/Wesley Dodds Spectre/Jim Corrigan Paul Gambi Patty Spivot Más y Menos Pied Piper Red Trinity Solovar Terrific Whatzit Tina McGee Valerie Perez Winky, Blinky, and Noddy EnemiesCore rogues gallery Abra Kadabra Doctor Alchemy/Mister Element Captain Boomerang Captain Cold Golden Glider Gorilla Grodd Heat Wave Mirror Master Pied Piper Rainbow Raider Reverse-Flash/Zoom Daniel West Eobard Thawne Hunter Zolomon Top Trickster Weather Wizard Other supervillains Big Sir Black Flash Blacksmith Blue Trinity Bug-Eyed Bandit Cicada Cobalt Blue Giganta Girder Godspeed Fiddler Johnny Quick Magenta Mongul Rag Doll Thorn Savitar Shade Shrapnel Star Sapphire Tar Pit Thinker T. O. Morrow Turtle/Turtle Man Publications Flash Comics All-Flash Comic Cavalcade The Flash DC Rebirth Flash of Two Worlds (1961) Flashpoint (Elseworlds version, 1999) The Flash: Rebirth (2009) Storylines Flashpoint (2011) Flash War (2018) Finish Line (2020) Locations Central City (Central City Police Department) Flash Museum Iron Heights Penitentiary S.T.A.R. Labs In other mediaFilm Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox (2013) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) soundtrack Barry Allen Television The Flash (1990–1991) The Flash (2014–2023) characters Barry Allen episodes Video games The Flash (1993) Justice League Heroes: The Flash (2006) Category vteJustice Society of America Gardner Fox Sheldon Mayer Initial members Atom (Al Pratt) Doctor Fate (Kent Nelson) Flash (Jay Garrick) Green Lantern (Alan Scott) Hawkman (Carter Hall) Hourman (Rex Tyler) Sandman (Wesley Dodds) Spectre Johnny Thunder and Thunderbolt Other members Amazing-Man (Markus Clay) Atom Smasher Batman Black Adam Black Canary Dinah Drake Dinah Laurel Lance Captain Marvel Citizen Steel Crimson Avenger Cyclone Damage Doctor Fate (Hector Hall) Doctor Mid-Nite Charles McNider Beth Chapel Pieter Cross Dyna-Mite Hawkgirl Kendra Saunders Shiera Sanders Hall Hourman Matthew Tyler Rick Tyler Huntress (Helena Wayne) Jade Jakeem Thunder Jesse Quick/Liberty Belle Judomaster (Sonia Sato) King Chimera Liberty Belle Lightning Magog Manhunter (Kate Spencer) Miss America Mister America (Jeffrey Graves) Mister Terrific Michael Holt Terry Sloane Obsidian Power Girl Red Tornado John Smith Ma Hunkel Robin Sandman (Sandy Hawkins) Star-Spangled Kid (Sylvester Pemberton) Stargirl Starman Jack Knight Ted Knight Thom Kallor S.T.R.I.P.E. Superman Kal-El of Earth-22 Kal-L of Earth-2 Wildcat Ted Grant Yolanda Montez Wonder Woman Diana of Earth-2 Hippolyta EnemiesGolden Age Black Dragon Society Evil Star Injustice Society of the World Brain Wave Fiddler Gambler Harlequin Huntress Icicle Per Degaton Shade Solomon Grundy Sportsmaster Thinker Vandal Savage Wizard Psycho-Pirate Ultra-Humanite Wotan Silver and Bronze Ages Baron Blitzkrieg Darkseid Crime Syndicate of America Epoch Eclipso King Kull Kobra Kung Mordru Nebula Man Secret Society of Super Villains Spirit King Stalker T. O. Morrow Modern Age Anti-Monitor Atomic Skull Axis Amerika Black Adam Blackbriar Thorn Cheetah Crime Doctor Doctor Destiny Doctor Polaris Extant Felix Faust General Wade Eiling Gentleman Ghost Gog Hugo Danner Isis Kulak Major Force Mammoth Mekanique Mirror Master Roulette Sabbac Zoom Related teams All-Star Squadron Freedom Fighters Infinity, Inc. Justice League Seven Soldiers of Victory Squadron of Justice Young All-Stars Storylines America vs. the Justice Society The Justice Society Returns The Lightning Saga Brightest Day Publications All Star Comics America vs. the Justice Society Last Days of the Justice Society of America DC Comics Two Thousand Earth 2 The New Golden Age Related articles Earth-Two List of Justice Society titles In other media Justice League: The New Frontier Smallville Absolute Justice Young Justice Legends of Tomorrow Stargirl Justice Society: World War II Black Adam vteInfinity, Inc.Creators Roy Thomas Jerry Ordway Initial members Brainwave Doctor Midnight Fury Hourman II Huntress Jade Mister Bones Northwind Nuklon Obsidian Power Girl Sliver Scarab Star-Spangled Kid Wildcat II Later members Everyman Mercy Graves Starlight Steel Supporting characters Jonni Thunder Lex Luthor Pat Dugan Solomon Grundy Enemies Blockbuster II Brain Wave Cheetah Darkseid Deathbolt DeSaad Floronic Man Harlequin Injustice Unlimited Artemis Dummy Fiddler Hazard Icicle II Shade Solomon Grundy Sportsmaster Wizard Mist Mister Bones Phobia Plasmus Psycho-Pirate Star Sapphire Thorn Tony Zucco Ultra-Humanite	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"supervillain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervillain"},{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"first Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(Jay_Garrick)"},{"link_name":"The Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(2014_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Magda Apanowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magda_Apanowicz"},{"link_name":"Stargirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargirl_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hina Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hina_X._Khan"}],"text":"The Fiddler is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, primarily as an enemy of the first Flash.Two female incarnations of the Fiddler appear in The Flash, portrayed by Miranda MacDougall and Magda Apanowicz. Additionally, three different incarnations of Fiddler appeared in the first two seasons of Stargirl, portrayed by Timmy Sherrill, Hina Khan, and Max Frantz.","title":"Fiddler (comics)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Kanigher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kanigher"},{"link_name":"Lee Elias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Elias"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Action Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Comics"},{"link_name":"Vigilante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Saunders"}],"text":"Fiddler first appeared in All-Flash #32 (December 1947/January 1948) and was created by Robert Kanigher and Lee Elias.[1]Earlier, a character with the same name, though only superficially similar, appeared in multiple Action Comics episodes of the Vigilante (starting with Action Comics #59, April 1943 cover date).","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crisis on Infinite Earths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_on_Infinite_Earths"}],"text":"The Fiddler's history was changed somewhat during the Crisis on Infinite Earths.","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"fakir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakir"},{"link_name":"charming a snake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_charming"},{"link_name":"violin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dc-ency-aw-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Keystone City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_City"},{"link_name":"Jay Garrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(Jay_Garrick)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Injustice Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injustice_Society"},{"link_name":"Harlequin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlequin_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Black Canary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Canary_(Dinah_Drake)"},{"link_name":"Shade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shade_(character)"},{"link_name":"Thinker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinker_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Earth-One and Earth-Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Barry Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(Barry_Allen)"},{"link_name":"Wizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Icicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icicle_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Doctor Alchemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Alchemy"},{"link_name":"Chronos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronos_(character)"},{"link_name":"Felix Faust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Faust"},{"link_name":"Hawkman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkman"},{"link_name":"Atom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_(Ray_Palmer)"},{"link_name":"Aquaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaman"},{"link_name":"Martian Manhunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_Manhunter"},{"link_name":"Hourman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourman"},{"link_name":"Green Lanterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lantern"}],"sub_title":"Pre-Crisis","text":"The Fiddler started out as a thief who was arrested in India and sent to jail. While in prison, he met a fakir, charming a snake in his cell, who taught him the \"mystic art\" of Indian music. For the next five years, he learned the fakir's secret and made a crude violin made of material he could scrounge in the prison. He developed the ability to use his violin to play sounds that could either hypnotize others, shatter objects, or create barriers.[2] After the fakir declared his student had surpassed him, he used the instrument to hypnotize the guards to open their cells and he and the fakir escaped. He then murdered the fakir and the merchant who had him arrested in the first place.[3]Returning to America, the Fiddler, as he called himself, made his first stop at Keystone City. While the Fiddler managed to humiliate the Flash (Jay Garrick) the first time they met, Flash was able to foil his plan, which involved replacing Maestro Bowin, a violin virtuoso, who was actually the Fiddler's twin brother. The physical similarity between the brothers (who had been separated at birth) also led to Bowin briefly being suspected of the Fiddler's crimes. The Fiddler captured his brother and Flash, but they escaped and the Fiddler apparently committed suicide by diving into a river. As is the case more often than not, the Fiddler survived his plunge into the river and returned to battle the Flash again a few months later. The villain refined his appearance, shaving his dark locks and donning the powdered white wig that became his trademark for the remainder of his life. After the Flash thwarts a petty theft and arrests most of his gang, the Fiddler followed the hero at a distance but was in time to piece together a quarrel between Flash and Joan Williams. The exchange, with Joan annoyed at the time Flash's life took him away from home, inspired the Fiddler to undermine the hero. Using local criminals, the Fiddler arranged for \"common citizens\" (really members of his gang) to demonstrate that the Flash was not needed. As the Flash arrived always just in time to see the \"citizens\" route the criminals, he was advised to rest, relax or take a vacation. Eventually, the tricks took their toll and the Flash announced his retirement. As soon as he had supposedly departed, the Fiddler instigated a reign of terror across Keystone, staging almost daily robberies. One evening, Joan was particularly regretful of her admonition of the Flash and took it upon herself to resolve the situation. Using mirrors to blur her form and give her the illusion of speed, she donned a spare uniform and took up pursuit of the Fiddler. While the athletic Joan was quite capable of dealing with ordinary thugs, she was no match for a master criminal such as the Fiddler. To the criminal's astonishment, The Flash appeared to be a woman. Nonetheless, the Fiddler resolved to dispose of her and tied her to the trellis of a nearby train track. As the train bore down on her bound form, the genuine Flash quickly rescued her and bore down on the Fiddler. Not to be easily taken, the Fiddler dove between the ties, falling to his presumed death.[4]Since then, he continued to plague the Flash again and again. He was a member of the second Injustice Society, who captured the JSA and briefly put them under their control before the Harlequin and the Black Canary restored their memories. At Liberty Hall in Independence City, the citizens of that town have gathered en masse to protect the Freedom Bell from the Injustice Society, when strange music suddenly makes everyone want to dance. The music, played by the Fiddler, works like a charm until Dr. Mid-Nite and Wonder Woman show up and seemingly put an end to the fiendish fiddle. But the Fiddler suddenly recovers, plays a few notes (which causes the Freedom Bell to fall on top the duo, trapping them), and he pumps gas inside to overcome them. Unfortunately for the Fiddler, the bell is cracked and the JSA pair survive the effects of the gas by breathing fresh air through that crack. Still, the Fiddler has been warned that, as a last resort, to snap his fingers to put the JSA members back under their hypnotic trance, which he does—and all three then drive away in the Fiddler's Fiddlemobile with the bell in tow. The other JSA members are captured in this way, but again Black Canary and the Harlequin restore the JSAer's minds.Later, the Fiddler was part of a trio of criminals that caused the original Flash to come out of retirement. The Fiddler, along with the Shade and the Thinker, were stopped by the first of many team-ups of Earth-One and Earth-Two heroes in the classic \"Flash of Two Worlds\" story from The Flash #123 (September 1961).[5] Barry Allen, the Earth-1 Flash, visited Earth-2 accidentally and looked up his comic book hero, the original Flash. Together, the two Flashes stopped the villains, despite the Fiddler briefly placing them both under his control. This issue led to many other team-ups between Earth-1 and Earth-2 heroes and villains. The Fiddler, with the Wizard and Icicle formed the \"Crime Champions\" who, with the Crime Champions of Earth-1 (Doctor Alchemy, Chronos, and Felix Faust), tried to commit robberies after the Fiddler accidentally discovered a way to travel across the vibratory barriers between the Earths during a jailbreak. This led to the first JLA/JSA team-up. The Fiddler, while committing a million-dollar robbery on Earth-2 escaped Hawkman, the Earth-2 Flash, and the Atom, though the Flashes from both Earths were captured and placed in vibratory spheres, as they might recognize the criminals due to their ability to travel between Earths. Eventually, the villains starting committing crimes on each other's worlds. Using the Wizard's Tibetan magic, the Earth-2 crooks impersonated the Earth-1 crooks, the Fiddler impersonating Felix Faust, and battling Aquaman, the Martian Manhunter, and the Atom. When the Fiddler tried to rob a Museum on Earth-1 in his true form, Hourman and the Earth-2 Atom stopped him. However, the heroes were imprisoned by the Crime Champions in cages in space, but the Green Lanterns helped them to escape and return to Earth, after which the crooks were defeated and jailed on their respective Earths.","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Keystone City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_City"},{"link_name":"Grant Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Morrison"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Wizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Injustice Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injustice_Society"},{"link_name":"Infinity, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Global Guardians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Guardians"},{"link_name":"Obsidian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Green Flame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Flame"},{"link_name":"Hourman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourman"},{"link_name":"Solomon Grundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Grundy_(character)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"John Ostrander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ostrander"},{"link_name":"Hawkworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkworld"},{"link_name":"demon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon"},{"link_name":"Neron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neron_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Underworld Unleashed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underworld_Unleashed"},{"link_name":"Hawkman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkman"},{"link_name":"Kid Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Flash_(Iris_West)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Infinite Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Villains United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villains_United"},{"link_name":"Secret Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Six_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Mockingbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockingbird_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Deadshot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadshot"},{"link_name":"Catman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catman_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Virtuoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuoso_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Society_of_Super_Villains"},{"link_name":"Green Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Arrow"},{"link_name":"Black Canary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Canary"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Hall of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_of_Justice_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Black Lantern Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lantern_Corps"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Suicide Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_Squad"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Post-Crisis","text":"The son of British aristocrats, Isaac Bowin had a talent for music, and an impulse to travel. Running out of money, he resorted to theft and robbery to make ends meet until he was arrested in India and sent to jail. He then met a fakir, much as in the Pre-Crisis version.Returning to America and taking on a new identity, that of the Fiddler, Bowin made his first stop at Keystone City. The main difference between this new origin and the original story is that he was aware Maestro Bowin was his twin and wanted to ruin his brother's good name. He continued to plague Jay Garrick for many years, eventually joining with the Thinker and the Shade to remove Keystone City from the world's vision and memory. Barry Allen inadvertently crossed the vibrational barrier the Fiddler created in Grant Morrison's Post-Crisis version of the first Jay/Barry team-up, \"Flash of Two Cities.\" As in the original story, the two Flashes defeated the villains together.[6]For the Fiddler, this period proved an opportune time to join with his old comrade the Wizard in his new Injustice Society, now called \"Injustice Unlimited\". They overcame the security at the International Trade Conference in Calgary, Canada, namely Infinity, Inc. and a contingent of the Global Guardians. They forced the heroes to help in some mayhem. The Fiddler took Obsidian and the Green Flame to London and, with their help, stole a very prized Stradivarius violin. They then returned to Calgary to share in the stolen wealth being gathered by the Wizard but the plan went haywire when Hourman (Rick Tyler) revived and freed himself, as well as when Solomon Grundy was brought in from the Arctic Circle. It was Hourman who incapacitated the Fiddler by destroying the Stradivarius, and after the confusion he was taken into custody by Canadian law enforcement.[7]In John Ostrander's Hawkworld series, it was revealed that the fakir who taught Bowin his hypnotic skills was actually a demon. The Fiddler apparently dies in that story, but has resurfaced since (possibly through the machinations of the demon Neron, since the Fiddler first reappeared alive in Neron's assembly of supervillains in Underworld Unleashed #1). The same demon would turn a heavy-metal guitarist into a 1990s version of the Fiddler called the Thrasher. The Thrasher was defeated by Hawkman, and has not reappeared. It is not clear if this version of the Fiddler's origin is still in continuity.An Iowa Bowin, claiming to be the Fiddler's great-grandson, appeared in a story set in the future. Although his guitar-based version of his great-grandfather's powers initially caused chaos, he wished to be a hero, working alongside Kid Flash.[8]In the first issue of the Infinite Crisis miniseries Villains United, the Fiddler has joined the Secret Six. Disappointed by the Fiddler's performance against H.I.V.E. agents during their first mission, Mockingbird deems him \"incompetent\" and orders him killed. Deadshot carries out the execution; following the Fiddler's death, he is replaced on the team by Catman.[9] The Fiddler's violin is later found to be in the possession of the Virtuoso, a woman allied with the Society. Most recently though, a man resembling the Fiddler makes a cameo in Green Arrow/Black Canary,[volume & issue needed] shown upset in a room filled with violins destroyed by a recent fight between the Green Arrow, the Black Canary, and a mugger outside.The Fiddler has been identified as one of the deceased entombed below the Hall of Justice.[10] He is one of many dead super-villains reanimated as members of the Black Lantern Corps.[11] He features prominently as a Black Lantern during a short story-arc running through the one-shot revival issue of Suicide Squad, and the following two issues of Secret Six.[12] The Fiddler is apparently destroyed.[13]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DC Rebirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Rebirth"},{"link_name":"The New 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_52"},{"link_name":"Psych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psych_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Shrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrike_(identity)"},{"link_name":"Vortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra-Man"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Eobard Thawne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eobard_Thawne"},{"link_name":"Legion of Zoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Zoom_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"DC Rebirth","text":"In 2016, DC Comics implemented another relaunch of its books called \"DC Rebirth\" which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to \"The New 52\". Fiddler was seen in Zambia partaking in a card game with Psych, Shrike, and Vortex. When Psych detected that Fiddler cheated, Fiddler is held at gun point only for Fiddler, Shrike, and Vortex to be killed by Psych's projections of the people they killed.[14]Eobard Thawne plucked Fiddler from an unspecified point in time and recruited him to join the Legion of Zoom.[15]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Fiddler possesses magical abilities that he channels through his violins. The musical vibrations he creates can shatter solid objects, create force-fields and hypnotize others due to the sheer amount of sub-level bass.He uses violins gimmicked with weapons such as blades and guns. He travels around in his Fiddle Car, which Jay Garrick recognizes by sight.","title":"Powers and abilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulletman and Bulletgirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletman_and_Bulletgirl"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Vigilante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Saunders"},{"link_name":"Stuff the Chinatown Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuff_the_Chinatown_Kid"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"There are other characters who went by the name Fiddler:There is an unnamed man who operated as Fiddler and was an enemy of Bulletman and Bulletgirl. His fiddle enabled him to hypnotize anyone.[16]Prior to Isaac Bowin's debut, a man named Benjamin Bowe operated as Fiddler and was an enemy of Vigilante and Stuff the Chinatown Kid.[17]","title":"Other characters named Fiddler"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justice League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Udo Kier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udo_Kier"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Injustice Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injustice_Society"},{"link_name":"Justice League Unlimited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_Unlimited"},{"link_name":"The Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(2014_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"dark matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter"},{"link_name":"Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Allen_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Thinker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinker_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Elongated Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Dibny_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"ninth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(season_9)"},{"link_name":"Magda Apanowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magda_Apanowicz"},{"link_name":"ninth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(season_9)"},{"link_name":"Red Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Death_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Rogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogues_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Wayne Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Stargirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargirl_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Injustice Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injustice_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"Justice Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"Hina Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hina_X._Khan"},{"link_name":"Sportsmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportsmaster"},{"link_name":"Tigress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Brooks"},{"link_name":"Courtney Whitmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Whitmore"},{"link_name":"Cindy Burman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Eclipso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipso"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"A character based on the Fiddler called the Music Master appears in the Justice League two-part episode \"Legends\", voiced by Udo Kier.[citation needed] He is a supervillain from an alternate universe and member of the Injustice Guild.\nThe Fiddler makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Justice League Unlimited episode \"Flash and Substance\".\nTwo female incarnations of the Fiddler appear in The Flash.\nThe first, a genderbent version of Isaac Bowin named Izzy Bowin (portrayed by Miranda MacDougall), appears in the episode \"Subject 9\" as a country singer and violinist who was exposed to dark matter released from the Flash's emergence from the Speed Force as part of the Thinker's plans, which granted her the ability to fire concussive sonic waves. The Flash and the Elongated Man try to protect her from the Thinker, giving her a fiddle with which she can channel her powers through, but the villain succeeds in stealing Izzy's body and powers, killing her in the process. The ninth season reveals that the deaths of Izzy and several other victims of the Thinker were undone by changes in the space-time continuum, but she never encounters Team Flash again.\nThe second incarnation, Andrea Wozzeck (portrayed by Magda Apanowicz), appears in the ninth season (debuting in the same episode that mentions Izzy's resurrection) as a member of the Red Death's Rogues who can manipulate soundwaves through objects that produce sound, such as her fiddle built from Wayne Enterprises technology.\nThe Fiddler and his legacy appears in Stargirl.\nThe original Fiddler appears in a photograph depicted in the episode \"S.T.R.I.P.E.\" that identified him as a member of the Injustice Society of America (ISA), was referenced in the episode \"Hourman and Dr. Mid-Nite\" as having been an Irishman and enemy of the Justice Society of America (JSA), and shown in a flashback in the episode \"Shiv\" Pt. 1, portrayed by an uncredited Timmy Sherrill.\nIn the present, his wife Principal Anaya Bowin (portrayed by Hina Khan) took over his legacy and role within the ISA until she is killed by fellow ISA members Sportsmaster and Tigress for insulting them, with Anaya's death being covered up as a hunting accident.\nFiddler and Anaya's son Isaac Bowin (portrayed by Max Frantz) is depicted as a young musical prodigy and classmate of Courtney Whitmore who is often picked on by bullies. In the second season, Cindy Burman reveals Isaac's family's legacy to him before recruiting him into Injustice Unlimited. However, he is later consumed by Eclipso while fighting Whitmore's JSA.\nThe Fiddler is not to be confused with the spoof name for the Batman villain, the Riddler, coined by the r/batmanarkham subreddit as an ongoing meme.","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batman: The Brave and the Bold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_The_Brave_and_the_Bold_(comics)"}],"sub_title":"Miscellaneous","text":"The Fiddler appears in issue #8 of the Justice League Unlimited tie-in comic book series.\nThe Fiddler makes a cameo appearance in Batman: The Brave and the Bold #15.","title":"In other media"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Flash enemies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Flash_enemies"}]	[{"reference":"Cowsill, Alan; Irvine, Alex; Manning, Matthew K.; McAvennie, Michael; Wallace, Daniel (2019). DC Comics Year By Year: A Visual Chronicle. DK Publishing. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-4654-8578-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-8578-6","url_text":"978-1-4654-8578-6"}]},{"reference":"Wallace, Dan (2008). \"Crazy Creations\". In Dougall, Alastair (ed.). The DC Comics Encyclopedia. New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-7566-4119-1. OCLC 213309017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley","url_text":"Dorling Kindersley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-4119-1","url_text":"978-0-7566-4119-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/213309017","url_text":"213309017"}]},{"reference":"Rovin, Jeff (1987). The Encyclopedia of Supervillains. New York: Facts on File. pp. 128–129. ISBN 0-8160-1356-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-1356-X","url_text":"0-8160-1356-X"}]},{"reference":"Cowsill, Alan; Irvine, Alex; Manning, Matthew K.; McAvennie, Michael; Wallace, Daniel (2010). DC Comics Year By Year: A Visual Chronicle. DK Publishing. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-6742-9","url_text":"978-0-7566-6742-9"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/213309017","external_links_name":"213309017"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2018010101/http://comicbookdb.com/character.php?ID=567","external_links_name":"The Fiddler"},{"Link":"http://comicbookdb.com/character.php?ID=567","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Riu_i_Cabanes	Ramon Riu i Cabanes	["1 External links"]	Bishop of Urgell, ex-officio Co-Prince of Andorra In this Catalan name, the first or paternal surname is Riu and the second or maternal family name is Cabanes; both are generally joined by the conjunction "i". Ramon Riu i Cabanes (17 June 1852 – 27 December 1901) was Bishop of Urgell and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra in 1901. Born in 1852 in Solsona he was appointed Apostolic Administrator of the Diocese of Solsona and Titular Bishop of Tamasus in 1895. In April 1901 he succeeded Salvador Casañas y Pagés as Bishop of Urgell and ecclesiastical Co-Prince of Andorra, he died however just few months after taking office. External links Catholic-Hierarchy Catholic Church titles Preceded bySalvador Casañas i Pagés Bishop of Urgell 1901 Succeeded byJoan Josep Laguarda i Fenollera Regnal titles Preceded bySalvador Casañas i Pagés Co-Prince of Andorra 1901 Served alongside: Émile Loubet Succeeded byJoan Josep Laguarda i Fenollera Authority control databases: National Spain This article about a Spanish Catholic bishop or archbishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an Andorran politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catalan name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ramon_Riu_i_Cabanes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Urgell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Urgell"},{"link_name":"Co-Prince of Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-Prince_of_Andorra"},{"link_name":"Solsona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solsona,_Lleida"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Administrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Administrator"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Solsona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Solsona"},{"link_name":"Titular Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Tamasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamasus"},{"link_name":"Salvador Casañas y Pagés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Casa%C3%B1as_y_Pag%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Urgell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Urgell"}],"text":"In this Catalan name, the first or paternal surname is Riu and the second or maternal family name is Cabanes; both are generally joined by the conjunction \"i\".Ramon Riu i Cabanes (17 June 1852 – 27 December 1901) was Bishop of Urgell and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra in 1901. Born in 1852 in Solsona he was appointed Apostolic Administrator of the Diocese of Solsona and Titular Bishop of Tamasus in 1895. In April 1901 he succeeded Salvador Casañas y Pagés as Bishop of Urgell and ecclesiastical Co-Prince of Andorra, he died however just few months after taking office.","title":"Ramon Riu i Cabanes"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ramon_Riu_i_Cabanes.jpg/220px-Ramon_Riu_i_Cabanes.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/briuy.html","external_links_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1418815","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramon_Riu_i_Cabanes&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramon_Riu_i_Cabanes&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Up_International_Sandwich_Garden	Food at the 1964 New York World's Fair	["1 Background","2 American cuisine","3 Pavilions","4 Legacy","5 References"]	Food at the New York World's Fair of 1964–1965 included dishes from American cuisine and varied international cuisines. When some Western European nations refused to attend the fair, due to a dispute between fair organizer Robert Moses and the World's Fair governing body, it created an opportunity for other countries to introduce affordable, ethnic cuisine to American fairgoers. American cuisine was represented at 50 different restaurants representing the culinary traditions of various states. Smorgasboard could be found at the Minnesota Pavilion and recreations of colonial era dishes from the cuisine of New England were served at the New England States Pavilion. Many international cuisines were also represented including Chinese, Polish, Israeli, Korean, Indian, French, Norwegian and Swedish. The World's Fair was an economic flop, but its cultural influence is still felt in today's culinary culture. Belgian waffles and sangria were introduced to the United States at the World's Fair. Among the other foods served were falafel, kimchi, hummus, tandoori chicken, and Turkish coffee. Background Further information: 1964 New York World's Fair § Development A dispute between the organizer of the World's Fair, Robert Moses, and the governing body for the official World's Fairs resulted in Western nations like Italy, Germany, and France refusing to attend the World's Fair, which created an opportunity for Latin American, Asian, and African countries to introduce their affordable, ethnic cuisines to American fairgoers. The World's Fair has been described as "a coming-out party for all these other countries". At the time of the World's Fair, New York City's selection of foods was more limited than it is in the present day—mostly pizza, corned beef sandwiches, and French haute cuisine. Other foods like Belgian waffles and falafel, which have since become ubiquitous street foods in the dining culture of New York City, were still largely unknown in the 1960s. The World's Fair has been called "the real introduction of the Belgian waffle to America", served topped with strawberries, whipped cream and powdered sugar at the "Belgian village", a recreation of an 18th-century Belgian town. The American-Israel pavilion, which served falafel at the fair, provided the following detailed explanation to introduce the dish to fairgoers: "spicy vegetable patty eaten between slices of a soft, round bread". The World's Fair is viewed by most historians as more of a culturally significant event than an economic success, and its far-reaching impact on culinary culture is still felt today. American cuisine The original plan was for a five-story "World of Food" pavilion, a tribute to American food culture, showcasing a model kitchen with exhibits from major American corporations, but some problems with the financing led to the unfinished pavilion being dismantled two weeks before its scheduled opening date. Some of the corporations that had originally planned to be at the pavilion, like Hershey's and Coca-Cola, found other spots throughout the fair, but American food was decentralized throughout the fair because of the dismantling of the pavilion, and some of the companies that had originally intended to participate at the "World of Food" pavilion did not attend at all. There ended up being around 50 restaurants at various price points offering a selection of American dishes. The Missouri Snack Patio served barbecue ham and hot dogs. Smorgasboard was available at the Minnesota Pavilion, and recreations of colonial era dishes from the cuisine of New England at the New England States Pavilion. The Greyhound Post Houses offered a selection of classic dishes from American cuisine such as clam chowder, fried chicken, cornbread, and pecan pie. Pavilions See also: 1964 New York World's Fair pavilions Bakers came from Europe to make Danish pastry for the fair's Denmark pavilion. Other Danish specialty foods included smorgasbord and fish that had been flown in from the Baltic and North Sea. The Japan pavilion served sukiyaki with shirataki noodles, with thinly sliced beef, vegetables, and bean curd, cooked at the table in a hot pot. Varieties of seafood and vegetable tempura were on the menu, and sushi with warm sake. The Indian pavilion, serving naan and tandoori chicken, was constructed to resemble an ancient temple. At the Korean teahouse costumed waitresses and entertainers performed folk dances for fairgoers who dined on kimchee and bulgogi. The Hong Kong Pavilion served hundreds of entrées, including "shark fin-stuffed dumplings". The venue recreated a Hong Kong dockside with reconstructions of ancient Chinese sailing boats and entertainment that included acrobats and Chinese opera singers. The restaurant at the Swiss pavilion served Swiss wines, cheese dishes like a hot cheese tart, cheese croquettes and cheese fondue and meat and sausage dishes. The desserts included chocolate mousse and chocolate cake, and a kirsch cake. Shish kebab were served at the Morocco pavilion, mezze platter and shwarama at the Lebanese pavilion, and nasi kuning at the Indonesian pavilion (the latter pavilion was seized and shut down during a political scuffle at the United Nations). The Spanish Pavilion featured several restaurants offering traditional dishes from Spain. The Granada restaurant served Spanish ham, gazpacho, callos a la Madrileña and stuffed sweet peppers; paella was the most requested entrée. The Toledo restaurant had dishes like mushrooms with béchamel sauce, pâté with aspic, and sea bass en papillote. A New York Times article from 1964 wrote that they were "the most talked-about restaurants at the fair" and that getting a table could "at times seem a Herculean exercise". Sangria was introduced to the United States at the Spanish Pavilion. The Seven-Up International Sandwich Garden offered fairgoers a buffet-style selection of 16 sandwiches influenced by international cuisines: Sandwich Garden offerings Region Country Bread Filling Northern Europe England Raisin bread Cream cheese and currant jelly Northern Europe Germany Pumpernickel Wurst and spicy dressing Northern Europe Sweden Limpa bread Smoked salmon and chopped egg Northern Europe Scotland Barley bread Sliced lamb with mint dressing The Pacific The Philippines Herb bread Barbecued pork The Pacific Indonesia Cinnamon swirl bread Chicken-ginger-coconut The Pacific Hawaii Coconut bread Lomi-lomi salmon The Pacific Australia Caraway rye bread Sliced beef Mediterranean France French bread Liver pâté Mediterranean Morocco Onion white bread Sliced lamb with tart dressing Mediterranean Italy Sesame bread Provolone and prosciutto Mediterranean Spain Poppyseed white bread "Chicken Valencia" Americas Canada Cheddar bread Baked ham with pickle dressing Americas Argentina Corn bread Churrasco beef Americas United States Whole wheat bread Turkey and cranberry dressing Americas Alaska Buttermilk bread Salmon with lemon dressing At $1.50 (around $12 in 2020) for a platter of four sandwiches, relish, cheese, and candy, and unlimited Seven Up, the sandwich garden was one of the more economical dining options at the fair. The pavilion had a red and white clock tower with a visible Seven Up logo, with covered open-air dining areas and live music. The menu advertised "the food specialties of 16 countries in elaborate sandwiches, plus all the Seven Up the customer can drink". Four sandwiches were offered from each of four regions: Northern Europe, the Pacific, the Mediterranean and the Americas. Each was served on a different oval-shaped bread described as "an innovation to the world of sandwich-making." Legacy In 2019, the "World's Fare" was organized at Citi Field as an "homage to the great Fair of 1964". Over 100 food vendors participated at the event, which featured an international beer garden with over 65 craft brewers. The range of foods included dumplings, empanadas, burgers, fried ice cream, Belgian waffles and tacos. References ^ Kraig, Bruce (January 31, 2013). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, Volume 1. p. 634. ISBN 9780199734962. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved September 27, 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i Levy, Nicole (April 26, 2018). "1964 World's Fair introduced New Yorkers to Belgian waffles and falafel". AM NY. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020. ^ Rombauer, Irma S. (1997). Joy of Cooking. p. 802. ISBN 9780684818702. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved May 21, 2024. ^ "Peace Through Sangria and Egg Rolls: A Look Back at the Culinary Impact of the 1964/65 New York World's Fair". The International Wine & Food Society. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020. ^ a b Smith, Andrew F., ed. (2015). Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City. Oxford University Press. p. 651. ISBN 9780199397020. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved October 3, 2020. ^ "Food at the fair, , © Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno". Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved September 23, 2020.(subscription required) ^ "American Express credit card dining directory 1964..., , Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno". Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved September 23, 2020.(subscription required) ^ "New York World's Fair 1964–65: Japan pavilion, , Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno". Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved September 23, 2020. ^ "Le Chalet: restaurant of the pavilion of Switzerla..., , Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno". Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved September 23, 2020.(subscription required) ^ "Food at the fair, , Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno". Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved September 23, 2020.(subscription required) ^ "The Indonesia Controversy at the New York World's Fair 1964–1965". 2005. Archived from the original on October 14, 2020. Retrieved October 14, 2020. ^ "Dining at the Fair; Restaurants at the Spanish Pavilion Offer Opulence, Style—and Waiting". The New York Times. June 9, 1964. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020. ^ Textbook Of Food & Bevrge Mgmt. McGraw-Hill Education. 2006. ISBN 9780070655737. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved May 21, 2024. ^ a b Menu, Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno, (subscription required) Archived May 21, 2024, at the Wayback Machine ^ "1964 World's Fair introduced New Yorkers to Belgian waffles and falafel". April 26, 2018. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020. ^ a b "World Fair photos". Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020. ^ Belasco, Warren (October 18, 2006). Meals to Come: A History of the Future of Food. University of California Press. p. 224. ISBN 9780520250352. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved May 21, 2024. ^ "The World's Fare Returns To Queens This Month With Over 100 Vendors". SecretNYC. May 11, 2019. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 22, 2020. ^ "A New York Food Festival Aims to Re-Create the 1960s World's Fair". The Wall Street Journal. April 26, 2018. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smorgasboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smorgasboard"},{"link_name":"cuisine of New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Israeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_cuisine"},{"link_name":"economic flop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair#Controversial_ending"},{"link_name":"Belgian waffles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_waffles"},{"link_name":"sangria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangria"},{"link_name":"falafel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falafel"},{"link_name":"kimchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi"},{"link_name":"hummus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummus"},{"link_name":"tandoori chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandoori_chicken"},{"link_name":"Turkish coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_coffee"}],"text":"American cuisine was represented at 50 different restaurants representing the culinary traditions of various states. Smorgasboard could be found at the Minnesota Pavilion and recreations of colonial era dishes from the cuisine of New England were served at the New England States Pavilion. Many international cuisines were also represented including Chinese, Polish, Israeli, Korean, Indian, French, Norwegian and Swedish.The World's Fair was an economic flop, but its cultural influence is still felt in today's culinary culture. Belgian waffles and sangria were introduced to the United States at the World's Fair. Among the other foods served were falafel, kimchi, hummus, tandoori chicken, and Turkish coffee.","title":"Food at the 1964 New York World's Fair"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1964 New York World's Fair § Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair#Development"},{"link_name":"Robert Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moses"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amny-2"},{"link_name":"corned beef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corned_beef"},{"link_name":"haute cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Belgian waffles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_waffle"},{"link_name":"falafel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falafel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amny-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amny-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amny-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sangria-4"}],"text":"Further information: 1964 New York World's Fair § DevelopmentA dispute between the organizer of the World's Fair, Robert Moses, and the governing body for the official World's Fairs resulted in Western nations like Italy, Germany, and France refusing to attend the World's Fair, which created an opportunity for Latin American, Asian, and African countries to introduce their affordable, ethnic cuisines to American fairgoers. The World's Fair has been described as \"a coming-out party for all these other countries\".[2]At the time of the World's Fair, New York City's selection of foods was more limited than it is in the present day—mostly pizza, corned beef sandwiches, and French haute cuisine. Other foods like Belgian waffles and falafel, which have since become ubiquitous street foods in the dining culture of New York City, were still largely unknown in the 1960s.[2] The World's Fair has been called \"the real introduction of the Belgian waffle to America\", served topped with strawberries, whipped cream and powdered sugar at the \"Belgian village\", a recreation of an 18th-century Belgian town.[2][3] The American-Israel pavilion, which served falafel at the fair, provided the following detailed explanation to introduce the dish to fairgoers: \"spicy vegetable patty eaten between slices of a soft, round bread\".[2]The World's Fair is viewed by most historians as more of a culturally significant event than an economic success, and its far-reaching impact on culinary culture is still felt today.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savor-5"},{"link_name":"Hershey's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hershey_Company"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savor-5"},{"link_name":"hot dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_dog"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-food-6"},{"link_name":"Smorgasboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smorgasboard"},{"link_name":"cuisine of New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England"},{"link_name":"American cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_cuisine"},{"link_name":"clam chowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clam_chowder"},{"link_name":"pecan pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecan_pie"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The original plan was for a five-story \"World of Food\" pavilion, a tribute to American food culture, showcasing a model kitchen with exhibits from major American corporations, but some problems with the financing led to the unfinished pavilion being dismantled two weeks before its scheduled opening date.[5] Some of the corporations that had originally planned to be at the pavilion, like Hershey's and Coca-Cola, found other spots throughout the fair, but American food was decentralized throughout the fair because of the dismantling of the pavilion, and some of the companies that had originally intended to participate at the \"World of Food\" pavilion did not attend at all.[5]There ended up being around 50 restaurants at various price points offering a selection of American dishes. The Missouri Snack Patio served barbecue ham and hot dogs.[6] Smorgasboard was available at the Minnesota Pavilion, and recreations of colonial era dishes from the cuisine of New England at the New England States Pavilion. The Greyhound Post Houses offered a selection of classic dishes from American cuisine such as clam chowder, fried chicken, cornbread, and pecan pie.[7]","title":"American cuisine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1964 New York World's Fair pavilions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair_pavilions"},{"link_name":"Danish pastry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_pastry"},{"link_name":"smorgasbord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smorgasbord"},{"link_name":"Baltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amny-2"},{"link_name":"sukiyaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukiyaki"},{"link_name":"shirataki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirataki"},{"link_name":"hot pot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pot"},{"link_name":"tempura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempura"},{"link_name":"sushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushi"},{"link_name":"sake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sake"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"naan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naan"},{"link_name":"tandoori chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandoori_chicken"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amny-2"},{"link_name":"kimchee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchee"},{"link_name":"bulgogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgogi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amny-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amny-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amny-2"},{"link_name":"croquettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croquettes"},{"link_name":"fondue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondue"},{"link_name":"sausage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausage"},{"link_name":"kirsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsch"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Shish kebab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shish_kebab"},{"link_name":"mezze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezze"},{"link_name":"shwarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shwarama"},{"link_name":"nasi kuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_kuning"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foods-10"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"gazpacho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazpacho"},{"link_name":"callos a la Madrileña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callos_a_la_Madrile%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"paella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paella"},{"link_name":"béchamel sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9chamel_sauce"},{"link_name":"pâté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"aspic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspic"},{"link_name":"en papillote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_papillote"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sangria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangria"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-menu-14"},{"link_name":"Seven Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Up"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-photos-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-photos-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-menu-14"}],"text":"See also: 1964 New York World's Fair pavilionsBakers came from Europe to make Danish pastry for the fair's Denmark pavilion. Other Danish specialty foods included smorgasbord and fish that had been flown in from the Baltic and North Sea.[2] The Japan pavilion served sukiyaki with shirataki noodles, with thinly sliced beef, vegetables, and bean curd, cooked at the table in a hot pot. Varieties of seafood and vegetable tempura were on the menu, and sushi with warm sake.[8] The Indian pavilion, serving naan and tandoori chicken, was constructed to resemble an ancient temple.[2] At the Korean teahouse costumed waitresses and entertainers performed folk dances for fairgoers who dined on kimchee and bulgogi.[2] The Hong Kong Pavilion served hundreds of entrées, including \"shark fin-stuffed dumplings\".[2] The venue recreated a Hong Kong dockside with reconstructions of ancient Chinese sailing boats and entertainment that included acrobats and Chinese opera singers.[2] The restaurant at the Swiss pavilion served Swiss wines, cheese dishes like a hot cheese tart, cheese croquettes and cheese fondue and meat and sausage dishes. The desserts included chocolate mousse and chocolate cake, and a kirsch cake.[9] Shish kebab were served at the Morocco pavilion, mezze platter and shwarama at the Lebanese pavilion, and nasi kuning at the Indonesian pavilion[10] (the latter pavilion was seized and shut down during a political scuffle at the United Nations).[11]The Spanish Pavilion featured several restaurants offering traditional dishes from Spain. The Granada restaurant served Spanish ham, gazpacho, callos a la Madrileña and stuffed sweet peppers; paella was the most requested entrée. The Toledo restaurant had dishes like mushrooms with béchamel sauce, pâté with aspic, and sea bass en papillote. A New York Times article from 1964 wrote that they were \"the most talked-about restaurants at the fair\" and that getting a table could \"at times seem a Herculean exercise\".[12] Sangria was introduced to the United States at the Spanish Pavilion.[13]The Seven-Up International Sandwich Garden offered fairgoers a buffet-style selection of 16 sandwiches influenced by international cuisines:[14]At $1.50 (around $12 in 2020) for a platter of four sandwiches, relish, cheese, and candy, and unlimited Seven Up, the sandwich garden was one of the more economical dining options at the fair.[15][16] The pavilion had a red and white clock tower with a visible Seven Up logo, with covered open-air dining areas and live music.[16] The menu advertised \"the food specialties of 16 countries in elaborate sandwiches, plus all the Seven Up the customer can drink\".[17] Four sandwiches were offered from each of four regions: Northern Europe, the Pacific, the Mediterranean and the Americas. Each was served on a different oval-shaped bread described as \"an innovation to the world of sandwich-making.\"[14]","title":"Pavilions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Citi Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citi_Field"},{"link_name":"dumplings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumplings"},{"link_name":"empanadas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empanadas"},{"link_name":"burgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger"},{"link_name":"ice cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream"},{"link_name":"Belgian waffles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_waffle"},{"link_name":"tacos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacos"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"In 2019, the \"World's Fare\" was organized at Citi Field as an \"homage to the great Fair of 1964\". Over 100 food vendors participated at the event, which featured an international beer garden with over 65 craft brewers. The range of foods included dumplings, empanadas, burgers, fried ice cream, Belgian waffles and tacos.[18][19]","title":"Legacy"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Kraig, Bruce (January 31, 2013). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, Volume 1. p. 634. ISBN 9780199734962. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved September 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DOJMAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, Volume 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199734962","url_text":"9780199734962"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240521012537/https://books.google.com/books?id=DOJMAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Levy, Nicole (April 26, 2018). \"1964 World's Fair introduced New Yorkers to Belgian waffles and falafel\". AM NY. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amny.com/eat-and-drink/world-s-fair-food-1-18258740/","url_text":"\"1964 World's Fair introduced New Yorkers to Belgian waffles and falafel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_New_York_Metro","url_text":"AM NY"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201002024853/https://www.amny.com/eat-and-drink/world-s-fair-food-1-18258740/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rombauer, Irma S. (1997). Joy of Cooking. p. 802. ISBN 9780684818702. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved May 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tbyW2LeXIOkC&q=1964","url_text":"Joy of Cooking"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684818702","url_text":"9780684818702"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240521012141/https://books.google.com/books?id=tbyW2LeXIOkC&q=1964#v=snippet&q=1964&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Peace Through Sangria and Egg Rolls: A Look Back at the Culinary Impact of the 1964/65 New York World's Fair\". The International Wine & Food Society. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.iwfs.org/2014/03/peace-through-sangria-and-egg-rolls-a-look-back-at-the-culinary-impact-of-the-196465-new-york-worlds-fair/","url_text":"\"Peace Through Sangria and Egg Rolls: A Look Back at the Culinary Impact of the 1964/65 New York World's Fair\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201111015400/https://blog.iwfs.org/2014/03/peace-through-sangria-and-egg-rolls-a-look-back-at-the-culinary-impact-of-the-196465-new-york-worlds-fair/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Andrew F., ed. (2015). Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City. Oxford University Press. p. 651. ISBN 9780199397020. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved October 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NNieCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA651","url_text":"Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199397020","url_text":"9780199397020"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240521012206/https://books.google.com/books?id=NNieCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA651#v=onepage&q&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Food at the fair, [1964–1965], © Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno\". Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved September 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldsfairs.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/HMLSC_upam_BX33_AMD271a/1","url_text":"\"Food at the fair, [1964–1965], © Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240521012540/https://www.worldsfairs.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/HMLSC_upam_BX33_AMD271a","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"American Express credit card dining directory 1964..., [1964–1965], Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno\". Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved September 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldsfairs.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/HMLSC_upam_BX34_EXP964-235c/1#VisualMaterials","url_text":"\"American Express credit card dining directory 1964..., [1964–1965], Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240521012541/https://www.worldsfairs.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/HMLSC_upam_BX34_EXP964-235c#VisualMaterials","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New York World's Fair 1964–65: Japan pavilion, [1964–1965], Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno\". Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved September 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldsfairs.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/HMLSC_upam_BX32_AMD259/2","url_text":"\"New York World's Fair 1964–65: Japan pavilion, [1964–1965], Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240521012245/https://www.worldsfairs.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/HMLSC_upam_BX32_AMD259","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Le Chalet: restaurant of the pavilion of Switzerla..., [1964–1965], Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno\". Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved September 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldsfairs.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/HMLSC_upam_BX33_EXP964-166c/2","url_text":"\"Le Chalet: restaurant of the pavilion of Switzerla..., [1964–1965], Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240521012215/https://www.worldsfairs.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/HMLSC_upam_BX33_EXP964-166c","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Food at the fair, [1964–1965], Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno\". Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. 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Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/09/archives/dining-at-the-fair-restaurants-at-the-spanish-pavilion-offer.html","url_text":"\"Dining at the Fair; Restaurants at the Spanish Pavilion Offer Opulence, Style—and Waiting\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201001221707/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/09/archives/dining-at-the-fair-restaurants-at-the-spanish-pavilion-offer.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Textbook Of Food & Bevrge Mgmt. McGraw-Hill Education. 2006. ISBN 9780070655737. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved May 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HfHtaq1GWUcC&dq=sangria+world%27s+fair&pg=PA275","url_text":"Textbook Of Food & Bevrge Mgmt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780070655737","url_text":"9780070655737"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240521012645/https://books.google.com/books?id=HfHtaq1GWUcC&dq=sangria+world%27s+fair&pg=PA275","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1964 World's Fair introduced New Yorkers to Belgian waffles and falafel\". April 26, 2018. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. 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Retrieved May 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gbIwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA224","url_text":"Meals to Come: A History of the Future of Food"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520250352","url_text":"9780520250352"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240521012646/https://books.google.com/books?id=gbIwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA224#v=onepage&q&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The World's Fare Returns To Queens This Month With Over 100 Vendors\". SecretNYC. May 11, 2019. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://secretnyc.co/celebrate-iconic-worlds-fair-epic-festival-queens/","url_text":"\"The World's Fare Returns To Queens This Month With Over 100 Vendors\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210917234959/https://secretnyc.co/celebrate-iconic-worlds-fair-epic-festival-queens/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A New York Food Festival Aims to Re-Create the 1960s World's Fair\". The Wall Street Journal. April 26, 2018. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estelle_Winwood	Estelle Winwood	["1 Early life and early career","2 Broadway and West End career","3 Film and television","4 Personal life","5 Select filmography","6 References","7 External links"]	British actress (1883–1984) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Estelle Winwood" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Estelle WinwoodWinwood in 1920BornEstelle Ruth Goodwin(1883-01-24)24 January 1883Lee, Kent, EnglandDied20 June 1984(1984-06-20) (aged 101)Woodland Hills, California, U.S.OccupationActressYears active1903–1983Spouse(s)Arthur Chesney(m. 1907; div. 1928) Francis Barlow Bradley (m. 1928; died 1929) Robert Barton Henderson (m. 1944) Estelle Winwood (born Estelle Ruth Goodwin, 24 January 1883 – 20 June 1984) was an English actress who moved to the United States mid-career and became celebrated for her wit and longevity. Early life and early career Born Estelle Ruth Goodwin in 1883 in Lee, Hundred of Blackheath, Kent, she decided at the age of five that she wanted to be an actress. With her mother's support, but her father's disapproval, she trained with the Lyric Stage Academy in London, before making her professional debut in Johannesburg at the age of 20. During the First World War, she joined the Liverpool Repertory Company before moving on to a career in London's West End. Broadway and West End career She moved to the U.S. in 1916 and made her Broadway début in New York City. Until the beginning of the 1930s, she divided her time between New York City and London. Throughout her career, her first love was the theater; and, as the years passed, she appeared less frequently in London and became a frequent performer on Broadway, appearing in such plays as A Successful Calamity (1917), A Little Journey (1918), Spring Cleaning (1923), The Distaff Side (1934), The Importance of Being Earnest (which she also directed, 1939), When We Are Married (1939), Ladies in Retirement (1940), The Pirate (1942), Ten Little Indians (1944), Lady Windermere's Fan (1947), and The Madwoman of Chaillot (1948). Film and television Like many stage actors of her era, Winwood expressed a distaste for films and resisted the offers she received during the 1920s. She relented and made her film début in Night Angel (1931), but her scenes were cut before the film's release. Her official film début came in The House of Trent (1933), and Quality Street (1937) was her first role of note. She made no cinematic films during the 1940s, but expressed a willingness to participate in the new medium of television, starring in a television production of Blithe Spirit in 1946. During the 1950s, she appeared more frequently in television than she did in film in such series as Robert Montgomery Presents, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, and The Donna Reed Show. She played the character Hortense in the episode "Where's There's a Will" on the ABC sitcom The Real McCoys starring Walter Brennan. Her few films from that period include The Glass Slipper (1955), The Swan (1956), and 23 Paces to Baker Street (1956). Her other film credits include Darby O'Gill and the Little People (1959), The Misfits (1961), The Magic Sword (1962), The Notorious Landlady (1962), Dead Ringer (1964), Camelot (1967) and The Producers (1967). She later denigrated the last film, saying she could not imagine why she had done it except for the money. Her other work for television included guest roles in Dennis the Menace, The Twilight Zone as the elderly wife of the ageless title character in "Long Live Walter Jameson", Thriller, Dr. Kildare, The Man from U.N.C.L.E., The Name of the Game, Bewitched, Batman, Love, American Style, Cannon, Police Story, The F.B.I., and the last episode of Perry Mason, titled "The Case of the Final Fade-Out", in which she played an aging actress who ended up as a second defendant. Winwood also appeared in the Barnaby Jones episode "Murder in the Doll's House". Winwood's final film appearance, at age 92 in Murder by Death (1976), was as an ancient nursemaid to Jessica Marbles (a spoof of Miss Marple, played by Elsa Lanchester). In this film, she joined other veteran actors spoofing some of the most popular detective characters in murder mysteries on film and television (including Nick and Nora Charles and Hercule Poirot). When she took on her final major television role in a 1979 episode of Quincy, she officially became, at age 96, the oldest actor working in the U.S., narrowly beating fellow British actress Ethel Griffies. She continued making appearances until she was 100 years old. When she died at age 101, she was the oldest member in the history of the Screen Actors Guild. Personal life Winwood married three times: to character actor Arthur Chesney in 1907, New Zealand rancher and marine solicitor Francis Barlow Bradley in 1928, and American actor Robert Henderson in 1944, a man many years her junior, whom Winwood lived apart from in her later life, though he would visit her several times a year. Winwood did not have children. Winwood was good friends with Tallulah Bankhead, who died in 1968. Bankhead, actresses Eva Le Gallienne and Blyth Daly, and Winwood were dubbed "The Four Riders of the Algonquin" in the early silent film days, because of their appearances together at the Algonquin Round Table. Winwood appeared as a character in Answered Prayers, Truman Capote's final, unfinished, thinly veiled roman à clef. In the novel, which uses her real name, she attends a drunken dinner party with Bankhead, Dorothy Parker, Montgomery Clift, and the novel's narrator, P.B. Jones. In a 1979 interview, at age 95, Winwood remarked that she smoked three packs of cigarettes a day. On her 100th birthday, Winwood was asked how it felt to have lived so long; she replied "How rude of you to remind me!" Bette Davis, a co-star from Dead Ringer, was photographed at Winwood's side on the occasion in Hollywood, California. Winwood died in her sleep in Woodland Hills, California, in 1984 at age 101. She was interred in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery. Select filmography Year Title Role Notes 1931 The Night Angel (scenes deleted) 1933 The House of Trent Charlotte 1937 Quality Street Mary Willoughby 1946 Blithe Spirit Madame Arcati TV movie 1955 The Glass Slipper Mrs. Denise Toquet 1956 The Swan Symphorosa 23 Paces to Baker Street Barmaid at The Eagle Alfred Hitchcock Presents Monica Laughton Season 1 Episode 25: "There Was an Old Woman" 1958 This Happy Feeling Mrs. Julie Early Alfred Hitchcock Presents Miss Hildy-Lou Season 3 Episode 26: "Bull in a China Shop" 1959 Darby O'Gill and the Little People Sheelah Sugrue Alive and Kicking Mabel 1961 The Misfits Church Lady Collecting Money in Bar 1962 The Magic Sword Sybil The Notorious Landlady Mrs. Dawn Dunhill The Cabinet of Caligari Ruth 1964 Dead Ringer Dona Anna 1967 Camelot Lady Clarinda Games Miss Lou-Betty Beattie The Producers "Hold Me! Touch Me!" 1970 Jenny 1971 Decisions! Decisions! TV movie 1976 Murder by Death Nurse References ^ a b "Entry Information". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 26 October 2022. ^ Samuel G. Freedman (22 June 1984) "ESTELLE WINWOOD, AN ACTRESS WHOSE CAREER BEGAN IN 1888". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 June 2021. ^ a b "Miss Estelle Winwood: A Talent to Amuse" ClassicImages.com. ^ "Box office/business for Murder By Death" IMDb.com. ^ Hal Erickson, Rovi, Estelle Winwood Biography, New York Times via All Media Guide ^ "Milestones: Apr. 16, 1928". Time. 16 April 1928. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 29 January 2023. ^ "ESTIELLE WINWOOD She's Still Spry at 85". Desert Sun 16 March 1968. ^ Bradley, Estelle W.; Henderson, Robert B. "New York, Marriage License Indexes, 1907-2018". Ancestry.com. ^ Harmetz, Aljean; Times, Special To the New York (24 January 1983). "ESTELLE WINWOOD TURNING 100 FEISTILY". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 12 May 2021. ^ Estelle Winwood-- 1979 TV Interview, William Demarest, Pat O'Brien, archived from the original on 13 December 2021, retrieved 12 May 2021 ^ Liebman, Roy (6 February 2017). Broadway Actors in Films, 1894-2015. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-7685-5. External links Biography portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Estelle Winwood. Estelle Winwood at the Internet Broadway Database Estelle Winwood at IMDb Eva Le Gallienne, Estelle Winwood Estelle Winwood lithograph from magazine The Theater November, 1918 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF 2 WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States People Deutsche Synchronkartei Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Estelle Winwood (born Estelle Ruth Goodwin, 24 January 1883 – 20 June 1984) was an English actress who moved to the United States mid-career and became celebrated for her wit and longevity.","title":"Estelle Winwood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birth_Index-1"},{"link_name":"Lee, Hundred of Blackheath, Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee,_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birth_Index-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Classic_Images-3"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Repertory Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Classic_Images-3"}],"text":"Born Estelle Ruth Goodwin[1] in 1883 in Lee, Hundred of Blackheath, Kent,[1] she decided at the age of five that she wanted to be an actress.[2] With her mother's support, but her father's disapproval, she trained with the Lyric Stage Academy in London, before making her professional debut in Johannesburg at the age of 20.[3] During the First World War, she joined the Liverpool Repertory Company before moving on to a career in London's West End.[3]","title":"Early life and early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"The Importance of Being Earnest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest"},{"link_name":"When We Are Married","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_We_Are_Married"},{"link_name":"Ten Little Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_Then_There_Were_None_(play)#Broadway_production"},{"link_name":"Lady Windermere's Fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Windermere%27s_Fan"},{"link_name":"The Madwoman of Chaillot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Madwoman_of_Chaillot"}],"text":"She moved to the U.S. in 1916 and made her Broadway début in New York City. Until the beginning of the 1930s, she divided her time between New York City and London. Throughout her career, her first love was the theater; and, as the years passed, she appeared less frequently in London and became a frequent performer on Broadway, appearing in such plays as A Successful Calamity (1917), A Little Journey (1918), Spring Cleaning (1923), The Distaff Side (1934), The Importance of Being Earnest (which she also directed, 1939), When We Are Married (1939), Ladies in Retirement (1940), The Pirate (1942), Ten Little Indians (1944), Lady Windermere's Fan (1947), and The Madwoman of Chaillot (1948).","title":"Broadway and West End career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The House of Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_of_Trent"},{"link_name":"Quality Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_Street_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Blithe Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blithe_Spirit_(play)"},{"link_name":"Robert Montgomery Presents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Montgomery_Presents"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock Presents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents"},{"link_name":"The Donna Reed Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Donna_Reed_Show"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"The Real McCoys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_McCoys"},{"link_name":"Walter Brennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Brennan"},{"link_name":"The Glass Slipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glass_Slipper_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Swan_(1956_film)"},{"link_name":"23 Paces to Baker Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23_Paces_to_Baker_Street"},{"link_name":"Darby O'Gill and the Little People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darby_O%27Gill_and_the_Little_People"},{"link_name":"The Misfits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Misfits_(1961_film)"},{"link_name":"The Magic Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Sword_(1962_film)"},{"link_name":"The Notorious Landlady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Notorious_Landlady"},{"link_name":"Dead Ringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Ringer_(1964_film)"},{"link_name":"Camelot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelot_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Producers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Producers_(1967_film)"},{"link_name":"Dennis the Menace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_the_Menace_(1959_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Twilight Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_(1959_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Long Live Walter Jameson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Live_Walter_Jameson"},{"link_name":"Thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_(US_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dr. Kildare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Kildare_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Man from U.N.C.L.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_from_U.N.C.L.E."},{"link_name":"The Name of the Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Name_of_the_Game_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Bewitched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewitched"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Love, American Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love,_American_Style"},{"link_name":"Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Police Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Story_(1973_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The F.B.I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_F.B.I._(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Perry Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Mason_(1957_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Barnaby Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnaby_Jones"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Murder by Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_by_Death"},{"link_name":"Miss Marple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Marple"},{"link_name":"Elsa Lanchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsa_Lanchester"},{"link_name":"Nick and Nora Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_and_Nora_Charles"},{"link_name":"Hercule Poirot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercule_Poirot"},{"link_name":"Quincy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy,_M.E."},{"link_name":"Ethel Griffies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Griffies"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Screen Actors Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Like many stage actors of her era, Winwood expressed a distaste for films and resisted the offers she received during the 1920s. She relented and made her film début in Night Angel (1931), but her scenes were cut before the film's release. Her official film début came in The House of Trent (1933), and Quality Street (1937) was her first role of note. She made no cinematic films during the 1940s, but expressed a willingness to participate in the new medium of television, starring in a television production of Blithe Spirit in 1946. During the 1950s, she appeared more frequently in television than she did in film in such series as Robert Montgomery Presents, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, and The Donna Reed Show. She played the character Hortense in the episode \"Where's There's a Will\" on the ABC sitcom The Real McCoys starring Walter Brennan. Her few films from that period include The Glass Slipper (1955), The Swan (1956), and 23 Paces to Baker Street (1956).Her other film credits include Darby O'Gill and the Little People (1959), The Misfits (1961), The Magic Sword (1962), The Notorious Landlady (1962), Dead Ringer (1964), Camelot (1967) and The Producers (1967). She later denigrated the last film, saying she could not imagine why she had done it except for the money.Her other work for television included guest roles in Dennis the Menace, The Twilight Zone as the elderly wife of the ageless title character in \"Long Live Walter Jameson\", Thriller, Dr. Kildare, The Man from U.N.C.L.E., The Name of the Game, Bewitched, Batman, Love, American Style, Cannon, Police Story, The F.B.I., and the last episode of Perry Mason, titled \"The Case of the Final Fade-Out\", in which she played an aging actress who ended up as a second defendant. Winwood also appeared in the Barnaby Jones episode \"Murder in the Doll's House\".Winwood's final film appearance, at age 92[4] in Murder by Death (1976), was as an ancient nursemaid to Jessica Marbles (a spoof of Miss Marple, played by Elsa Lanchester). In this film, she joined other veteran actors spoofing some of the most popular detective characters in murder mysteries on film and television (including Nick and Nora Charles and Hercule Poirot). When she took on her final major television role in a 1979 episode of Quincy, she officially became, at age 96, the oldest actor working in the U.S., narrowly beating fellow British actress Ethel Griffies. She continued making appearances until she was 100 years old.[5] When she died at age 101, she was the oldest member in the history of the Screen Actors Guild. [citation needed]","title":"Film and television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Chesney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Chesney"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Robert Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Henderson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Tallulah Bankhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallulah_Bankhead"},{"link_name":"Eva Le Gallienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Le_Gallienne"},{"link_name":"Blyth Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blyth_Daly"},{"link_name":"Algonquin Round Table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquin_Round_Table"},{"link_name":"Answered Prayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Answered_Prayers"},{"link_name":"Truman Capote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Capote"},{"link_name":"roman à clef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_%C3%A0_clef"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Parker"},{"link_name":"Montgomery Clift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Clift"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Bette Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Davis"},{"link_name":"Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_Village_Memorial_Park_Cemetery"}],"text":"Winwood married three times: to character actor Arthur Chesney in 1907, New Zealand rancher and marine solicitor Francis Barlow Bradley in 1928,[6][7] and American actor Robert Henderson in 1944,[8] a man many years her junior, whom Winwood lived apart from in her later life, though he would visit her several times a year.[9] Winwood did not have children.Winwood was good friends with Tallulah Bankhead, who died in 1968. Bankhead, actresses Eva Le Gallienne and Blyth Daly, and Winwood were dubbed \"The Four Riders of the Algonquin\" in the early silent film days, because of their appearances together at the Algonquin Round Table.\nWinwood appeared as a character in Answered Prayers, Truman Capote's final, unfinished, thinly veiled roman à clef. In the novel, which uses her real name, she attends a drunken dinner party with Bankhead, Dorothy Parker, Montgomery Clift, and the novel's narrator, P.B. Jones.In a 1979 interview, at age 95, Winwood remarked that she smoked three packs of cigarettes a day.[10] On her 100th birthday, Winwood was asked how it felt to have lived so long; she replied \"How rude of you to remind me!\"[11] Bette Davis, a co-star from Dead Ringer, was photographed at Winwood's side on the occasion in Hollywood, California.Winwood died in her sleep in Woodland Hills, California, in 1984 at age 101. She was interred in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Select filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Entry Information\". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 26 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=O50vwYYTmqpqvWY3X1gK4A&scan=1","url_text":"\"Entry Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Milestones: Apr. 16, 1928\". Time. 16 April 1928. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 29 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,786857,00.html","url_text":"\"Milestones: Apr. 16, 1928\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X","url_text":"0040-781X"}]},{"reference":"\"ESTIELLE WINWOOD She's Still Spry at 85\". Desert Sun 16 March 1968.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19680316.2.36&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1","url_text":"\"ESTIELLE WINWOOD She's Still Spry at 85\""}]},{"reference":"Bradley, Estelle W.; Henderson, Robert B. \"New York, Marriage License Indexes, 1907-2018\". Ancestry.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=61406&h=80578&tid=&pid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=kll1447&_phstart=successSource","url_text":"\"New York, Marriage License Indexes, 1907-2018\""}]},{"reference":"Harmetz, Aljean; Times, Special To the New York (24 January 1983). \"ESTELLE WINWOOD TURNING 100 FEISTILY\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 12 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/01/24/arts/estelle-winwood-turning-100-feistily.html","url_text":"\"ESTELLE WINWOOD TURNING 100 FEISTILY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Estelle Winwood-- 1979 TV Interview, William Demarest, Pat O'Brien, archived from the original on 13 December 2021, retrieved 12 May 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZoJ0s8ogK00","url_text":"Estelle Winwood-- 1979 TV Interview, William Demarest, Pat O'Brien"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/ZoJ0s8ogK00","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Liebman, Roy (6 February 2017). Broadway Actors in Films, 1894-2015. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-7685-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ICUSDgAAQBAJ&q=winwood+%22How+rude+of+you+to+remind+me%21%22&pg=PA242","url_text":"Broadway Actors in Films, 1894-2015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7685-5","url_text":"978-0-7864-7685-5"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Estelle+Winwood%22","external_links_name":"\"Estelle Winwood\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Estelle+Winwood%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Estelle+Winwood%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Estelle+Winwood%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Estelle+Winwood%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Estelle+Winwood%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=O50vwYYTmqpqvWY3X1gK4A&scan=1","external_links_name":"\"Entry Information\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/22/obituaries/estelle-winwood-an-actress-whose-career-began-in-1888.html","external_links_name":"\"ESTELLE WINWOOD, AN ACTRESS WHOSE CAREER BEGAN IN 1888\""},{"Link":"http://www.classicimages.com/articles/2010/02/15/past_articles/winwoodestelle.txt","external_links_name":"\"Miss Estelle Winwood: A Talent to Amuse\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0074937/business","external_links_name":"\"Box office/business for Murder By Death\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140309084722/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/77040/Estelle-Winwood/biography","external_links_name":"Estelle Winwood Biography"},{"Link":"https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,786857,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Milestones: Apr. 16, 1928\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X","external_links_name":"0040-781X"},{"Link":"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19680316.2.36&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1","external_links_name":"\"ESTIELLE WINWOOD She's Still Spry at 85\""},{"Link":"https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=61406&h=80578&tid=&pid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=kll1447&_phstart=successSource","external_links_name":"\"New York, Marriage License Indexes, 1907-2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/01/24/arts/estelle-winwood-turning-100-feistily.html","external_links_name":"\"ESTELLE WINWOOD TURNING 100 FEISTILY\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZoJ0s8ogK00","external_links_name":"Estelle Winwood-- 1979 TV Interview, William Demarest, Pat O'Brien"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/ZoJ0s8ogK00","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ICUSDgAAQBAJ&q=winwood+%22How+rude+of+you+to+remind+me%21%22&pg=PA242","external_links_name":"Broadway Actors in Films, 1894-2015"},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/16528","external_links_name":"Estelle Winwood"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0936115/","external_links_name":"Estelle Winwood"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131020090608/http://www.glbtq.com/arts/stage_actors_actresses,4.html","external_links_name":"Eva Le Gallienne, Estelle Winwood"},{"Link":"http://www.printsoldandrare.com/theater/001thea.jpg","external_links_name":"Estelle Winwood"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/501690/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000047630983","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/76516551","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/3802148997640259870001","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqk6pfxgCDGDyWPdFMQMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5673857","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14045643p","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14045643p","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1230828753","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007439678605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2003113737","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.synchronkartei.de/person/u9PKyNOBb","external_links_name":"Deutsche Synchronkartei"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6d53chp","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/260190950","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongori_concentration_camp	Chongori concentration camp	["1 Location","2 Description","3 Purpose","4 Human rights situation","5 Prisoners (Witnesses)","6 See also","7 External links","8 References"]	Coordinates: 42°12′36″N 129°45′13″E / 42.209925°N 129.753658°E / 42.209925; 129.753658Reeducation camp in North Korea Chongori concentration campChosŏn'gŭl전거리 제12호 교화소Hancha全巨里第十二號敎化所Revised RomanizationJeon'geori Je12ho GyohwasoMcCune–ReischauerChŏn'gŏri Che12ho KyohwasoChosŏn'gŭl전거리 정치범 수용소Hancha全巨里政治犯收容所Revised RomanizationJeon'geori Jeongchibeom SuyongsoMcCune–ReischauerChŏn'gŏri Chŏngch'ibŏm Suyongso Part of a series onHuman rights in North Korea Human rights abuses Human rights in North Korea CensorshipMedia Corruption Freedom of religion Disability PrisonsKwanliso (concentration camps) ProstitutionKippumjo (Pleasure Squad) Songbun (ascribed social status) Slavery (Human trafficking) Executions Racism Human experimentation Persecution of Christians Political prisons (Kwanliso) Kaechon (No. 14) Yodok (No. 15 - closed) Hwasong (No. 16) Pukchang (No. 18) Hoeryong (No. 22 - closed) Chongjin (No. 25) Sunghori (No. 26 - closed) Onsong (No. 12 - closed) Re-education camps (Kyohwaso) Kaechon (No. 1) Tongrim (No. 2) Sinuiju (No. 3) Kangdong (No. 4) Sariwon (No. 6) Kanggye (No. 7) Ryongdam (No. 8) Hamhung (No. 9) Chungsan (No. 11) Chongori (No. 12) Oro (No. 22 - closed) Tanchon (No. 77 - closed) Wonsan (No. 88) Hoeryong Abductions and POWs Abductions of Japanese citizens Abductions of South Korean citizens Korean War POWs detained in North Korea International reactions U.S. Law of 2004 Japanese Law of 2006 South Korea Law of 2016 UNGA Resolution 62/167 United Nations COI Report Balloon propaganda campaigns List of human rights reports vte Chongori concentration camp (also spelled Jungeori, Jongori or Jeonger-ri) is a reeducation camp in North Korea. The official name of the camp is Kyo-hwa-so No. 12 (Reeducation camp no. 12). Location According to the United States government, Chongori is located near Chongori, a little village in Musan-ri (Korean: 무산리; RR: Musanri; MR: Musanri), Hoeryong county, at the road and railroad almost halfway between Hoeryong and Chongjin, North Hamgyong province in North Korea. Chongori camp is situated at the end of a small valley 2.5 km (1.6 mi) southeast from the main valley in Pungsan-ri (Korean: 풍산리; RR: Pungsanri; MR: P'ungsanri) and Chongori. ChongoriPyongyangclass=notpageimage\| Location of Chongori camp in North Korea Description Chongori concentration camp is a large prison compound, around 350 m (1,150 ft) long and 150 m (490 ft) wide. The main section is surrounded by a 8 m (26 ft) high wall, while the branch offices are surrounded by barbed wire and an electrified fence. In 2005 the camp contained around 2000 prisoners, mostly non-political criminals, but they were often forced to serve their sentences there as punishment for desperate offences such as stealing food. They are guarded by around 300 prison guards, all of whom are armed with machine guns. From 2006 onward, the number of prisoners significantly increased, because many defectors who were deported from China were arrested and imprisoned in Chongori camp. Theoretically, prisoners should be released after they have completed reeducation through labour and served their full sentences, but because their prison sentences are very long and the camp's living conditions are very harsh, many prisoners do not survive their prison sentences. A former prisoner estimates, that during his eight months of detention, around 800 prisoners died because they were forced to do hard labour and they were only given sub-subsistence level food rations. Purpose The main purpose of Chongori camp is to punish people for usual crimes or political crimes such as illegal border crossings. The prisoners are also used as slave laborers, and as a result, they are forced to do hard and dangerous work for 14 hours a day. There is a copper ore mine, a logging section, a furniture factory and a farming section in the camp. Human rights situation The prisoners in Chongori concentration camp live in crowded, dirty, insect-infested rooms without heating, while there is just one washing room for 1000 prisoners. Because of these bad hygienic conditions, in the summer of 2003, around 190 prisoners died of an infectious disease according to Lee Jun Ha. 70 prisoners sleep in a room which is only designed to hold 20 people, lying on the floor without pillows or blankets. Prisoners only get 140 grams of rice three times a day, while they are being forced to do hard labour such as logging with iron chains. Often, prisoners are killed or they are crippled in work accidents, because they have to do dangerous work with primitive means. A former prisoner reported that accidental deaths occurred every few days in the furniture factory because its machines were antiquated and prisoners seldom slept more than five hours per night. Virtually every day after work and before they receive their dinner, prisoners are forced to engage in mutual criticism sessions and they receive less food as punishment for flaws or shortcomings. Because prisoners are so hungry, they even eat grass and corn which is mixed with cow feces. Lee Jun Ha estimates that around 30 to 40 people died as a result of malnutrition, work accidents or torture each month and their bodies were burnt on a nearby mountain. Prisoners are regularly subjected to beatings, torture and inhuman treatment, all of which are arbitrarily administered at the guards' discretion. When a prisoner breaks a rule, he is tortured and confined in a solitary cell, only 1 square metre (11 sq ft) in area, where he can not stretch his legs for many days or weeks. As an additional punishment, they are only given 1⁄3 of their usual food rations. Several times a year, summary executions were carried out as punishment for failed escape attempts. Kwon Hyo-jin has drawn a series of pictures which show the various forms of torture which he witnessed, such as the "pigeon torture", the "crane torture", the "aeroplane torture", and the "knee joint torture." Other human rights violations and forced labour in Chongori camp are featured in further drawings which he produced for an exhibition on political prison camps in North Korea. The camp's staff has reportedly publicly executed inmates, without due process. Prisoners (Witnesses) Lee Jun Ha (2000–2005 in Chongori) was imprisoned because he accidentally killed his uncle. Kwon Hyo-jin (~2001–2008 in Chongori) was imprisoned because he helped defectors to get to China. He is an artist in ceramics, painting and calligraphy and painted drawings of his experience in Chongori camp. See also Human rights in North Korea Kaechon concentration camp Kwalliso Prisons in North Korea External links Committee for Human Rights in North Korea: The Hidden Gulag - Overview of North Korean prison camps with testimonies and satellite photographs Database Center for North Korean Human Rights: Prisoners in North Korea Today - Comprehensive explanation of detention facilities in North Korea based on numerous defector testimonies Daily NK: Prison Tales – Prison memoir series by Lee Jun Ha One Free Korea: Camp 12 - Chongori camp with satellite photographs Korea Institute for National Unification - White paper on human rights in North Korea 2009 (page 179 and 443) Chosun Ilbo: N. Korea in brutal crackdown on defectors – Many defectors arrested and deported to Chongori camp Chongori concentration camp（全巨里教化所） - North Korean Refugees.com References ^ "The Hidden Gulag – Satellite imagery (p. 227)" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved September 14, 2012. ^ One Free Korea: Camp 12 – Chongori camp with satellite photographs ^ a b The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 8 “What Does the No.12 Reeducation Camp Look Like?” ^ KINU White paper on human rights in North Korea 2009 (Chapter G. Human Rights Violations Inside Political Concentration Camps (Kwanliso), page 101) ^ a b Chosun Ilbo: “N. Korea in brutal crackdown on defectors”, Chosun Ilbo, September 1, 2009 ^ "The Hidden Gulag – Exposing Crimes against Humanity in North Korea's Vast Prison System (p. 88)" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved September 14, 2012. ^ "6.2.3 Working Facilities and Production", Prisoners in North Korea Today (PDF), Database Center for North Korean Human Rights, July 15, 2011, pp. 386–387, archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2014, retrieved May 30, 2012 ^ The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 9 “No. 12 Prison, My Home for a While” ^ The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 31 “Infectious Disease Sweeps the Prison” ^ "6.3.3 Provision of Living Necessities", Prisoners in North Korea Today (PDF), Database Center for North Korean Human Rights, July 15, 2011, p. 402, archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2014, retrieved May 30, 2012 ^ The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 19 “Logging on the Mountain” ^ The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 26 “Fighting Frozen Weather on the Mountain” ^ The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 18 “The Wagon of Spite” ^ a b "The Hidden Gulag – Exposing Crimes against Humanity in North Korea's Vast Prison System (p. 86)" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved September 14, 2012. ^ "6.3.5 Life in Prison", Prisoners in North Korea Today (PDF), Database Center for North Korean Human Rights, July 15, 2011, p. 426, archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2014, retrieved May 30, 2012 ^ The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 13 “A Cruel Realization about the Nature of Man” ^ The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 25 “Mount Bulmang's Tragic Harvest” ^ "6.5.3 Torture and Violence", Prisoners in North Korea Today (PDF), Database Center for North Korean Human Rights, July 15, 2011, pp. 443–444, archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2014, retrieved May 30, 2012 ^ The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 6 “Beatings, Rape, Torture, Atrocities Every Day” ^ The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 21 “Twenty Days in Solitary” ^ "6.2.4 Solitary Confinement", Prisoners in North Korea Today (PDF), Database Center for North Korean Human Rights, July 15, 2011, p. 393, archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2014, retrieved May 30, 2012 ^ The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 24 “Summary Execution of a Runaway from the Camp” ^ a b "Where love does not exist: Chongori prison changing into an exclusive camp for punishment of North Korean defectors". Sage Korea. Retrieved May 25, 2012. ^ The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 2 “Seven Years for Murdering my Alcoholic Uncle” 42°12′36″N 129°45′13″E / 42.209925°N 129.753658°E / 42.209925; 129.753658 vtePrison camps of North KoreaPolitical prison camps (Kwalliso) Chongjin (25) Hoeryong (22) Hwasong (16) Kaechon (14) Onsong (12) Pukchang (18) Yodok (15) Reeducation camps (Kyohwaso) Chongori (12) Chungsan (11) Hamhung (15) Hoeryong () Kangdong (4) Kaechon (1) Oro (22) Ryongdam (8) Sinuiju (3) Sunghori Tanchon (77) Tongrim (2) Sariwon (6) Kanggye (7) Wonsan (88)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reeducation camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Korea#Re-education_camps"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"}],"text":"Reeducation camp in North KoreaChongori concentration camp (also spelled Jungeori, Jongori or Jeonger-ri) is a reeducation camp in North Korea. The official name of the camp is Kyo-hwa-so No. 12 (Reeducation camp no. 12).","title":"Chongori concentration camp"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_North_Korea#Third-level_divisions"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"RR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer"},{"link_name":"Hoeryong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoeryong"},{"link_name":"Chongjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongjin"},{"link_name":"North Hamgyong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Hamgyong_Province"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrnk-1"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"RR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Korea_adm_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage\|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Korea_adm_location_map.svg"}],"text":"According to the United States government, Chongori is located near Chongori, a little village in Musan-ri (Korean: 무산리; RR: Musanri; MR: Musanri), Hoeryong county, at the road and railroad almost halfway between Hoeryong and Chongjin, North Hamgyong province in North Korea.[1] Chongori camp is situated at the end of a small valley 2.5 km (1.6 mi) southeast from the main valley in Pungsan-ri (Korean: 풍산리; RR: Pungsanri; MR: P'ungsanri) and Chongori.[2]ChongoriPyongyangclass=notpageimage\| Location of Chongori camp in North Korea","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailynk.com-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-english.chosun.com-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Chongori concentration camp is a large prison compound, around 350 m (1,150 ft) long and 150 m (490 ft) wide. The main section is surrounded by a 8 m (26 ft) high wall, while the branch offices are surrounded by barbed wire and an electrified fence. In 2005 the camp contained around 2000 prisoners, mostly non-political criminals, but they were often forced to serve their sentences there as punishment for desperate offences such as stealing food. They are guarded by around 300 prison guards, all of whom are armed with machine guns.[3] From 2006 onward, the number of prisoners significantly increased,[4] because many defectors who were deported from China were arrested and imprisoned in Chongori camp.[5] Theoretically, prisoners should be released after they have completed reeducation through labour and served their full sentences, but because their prison sentences are very long and the camp's living conditions are very harsh, many prisoners do not survive their prison sentences. A former prisoner estimates, that during his eight months of detention, around 800 prisoners died because they were forced to do hard labour and they were only given sub-subsistence level food rations.[6]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-english.chosun.com-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailynk.com-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The main purpose of Chongori camp is to punish people for usual crimes or political crimes such as illegal border crossings. The prisoners are also used as slave laborers, and as a result, they are forced to do hard and dangerous work for 14 hours a day.[5] There is a copper ore mine, a logging section,[3] a furniture factory and a farming section in the camp.[7]","title":"Purpose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrnk86-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrnk86-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"malnutrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutrition"},{"link_name":"work accidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_accident"},{"link_name":"torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"summary executions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_execution"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sage-23"},{"link_name":"publicly executed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_execution"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The prisoners in Chongori concentration camp live in crowded, dirty, insect-infested rooms without heating, while there is just one washing room for 1000 prisoners.[8] Because of these bad hygienic conditions, in the summer of 2003, around 190 prisoners died of an infectious disease according to Lee Jun Ha.[9] 70 prisoners sleep in a room which is only designed to hold 20 people, lying on the floor without pillows or blankets.[10]Prisoners only get 140 grams of rice three times a day, while they are being forced to do hard labour such as logging with iron chains.[11] Often, prisoners are killed [12] or they are crippled in work accidents, because they have to do dangerous work with primitive means.[13] A former prisoner reported that accidental deaths occurred every few days in the furniture factory because its machines were antiquated and prisoners seldom slept more than five hours per night.[14] Virtually every day after work and before they receive their dinner, prisoners are forced to engage in mutual criticism sessions[14] and they receive less food as punishment for flaws or shortcomings.[15] Because prisoners are so hungry, they even eat grass and corn which is mixed with cow feces.[16] Lee Jun Ha estimates that around 30 to 40 people died as a result of malnutrition, work accidents or torture each month and their bodies were burnt on a nearby mountain.[17]Prisoners are regularly subjected to beatings,[18] torture and inhuman treatment, all of which are arbitrarily administered at the guards' discretion.[19] When a prisoner breaks a rule, he is tortured and confined in a solitary cell, only 1 square metre (11 sq ft) in area, where he can not stretch his legs for many days or weeks.[20] As an additional punishment, they are only given 1⁄3 of their usual food rations.[21] Several times a year, summary executions were carried out as punishment for failed escape attempts.[22]Kwon Hyo-jin has drawn a series of pictures which show the various forms of torture which he witnessed, such as the \"pigeon torture\", the \"crane torture\", the \"aeroplane torture\", and the \"knee joint torture.\"[23] Other human rights violations and forced labour in Chongori camp are featured in further drawings which he produced for an exhibition on political prison camps in North Korea.The camp's staff has reportedly publicly executed inmates, without due process.[citation needed]","title":"Human rights situation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sage-23"}],"text":"Lee Jun Ha (2000–2005 in Chongori) was imprisoned because he accidentally killed his uncle.[24]\nKwon Hyo-jin (~2001–2008 in Chongori) was imprisoned because he helped defectors to get to China. He is an artist in ceramics, painting and calligraphy and painted drawings of his experience in Chongori camp.[23]","title":"Prisoners (Witnesses)"}]	[]	[{"title":"Human rights in North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Korea"},{"title":"Kaechon concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaechon_concentration_camp"},{"title":"Kwalliso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwalliso"},{"title":"Prisons in North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisons_in_North_Korea"}]	[{"reference":"\"The Hidden Gulag – Satellite imagery (p. 227)\" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved September 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf","url_text":"\"The Hidden Gulag – Satellite imagery (p. 227)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Hidden Gulag – Exposing Crimes against Humanity in North Korea's Vast Prison System (p. 88)\" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved September 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf","url_text":"\"The Hidden Gulag – Exposing Crimes against Humanity in North Korea's Vast Prison System (p. 88)\""}]},{"reference":"\"6.2.3 Working Facilities and Production\", Prisoners in North Korea Today (PDF), Database Center for North Korean Human Rights, July 15, 2011, pp. 386–387, archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2014, retrieved May 30, 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305151841/http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","url_text":"Prisoners in North Korea Today"},{"url":"http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"6.3.3 Provision of Living Necessities\", Prisoners in North Korea Today (PDF), Database Center for North Korean Human Rights, July 15, 2011, p. 402, archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2014, retrieved May 30, 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305151841/http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","url_text":"Prisoners in North Korea Today"},{"url":"http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Hidden Gulag – Exposing Crimes against Humanity in North Korea's Vast Prison System (p. 86)\" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. 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Sage Korea. Retrieved May 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://sagekorea.org/room.php?lang=Eng&room=1#a=0&no=0&m=0","url_text":"\"Where love does not exist: Chongori prison changing into an exclusive camp for punishment of North Korean defectors\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chongori_concentration_camp&params=42.209925_N_129.753658_E_region:KP-HAB_type:landmark_scale:3000","external_links_name":"42°12′36″N 129°45′13″E / 42.209925°N 129.753658°E / 42.209925; 129.753658"},{"Link":"https://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf","external_links_name":"Committee for Human Rights in North Korea: The Hidden Gulag"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305151841/http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","external_links_name":"Database Center for North Korean Human Rights: Prisoners in North Korea Today"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynk.com/english/sub_list_prison.php?cataId=nk02800","external_links_name":"Daily NK: Prison Tales"},{"Link":"http://www.freekorea.us/2009/09/06/revealed-the-first-published-images-of-camp-12-chongo-ri-north-korea/","external_links_name":"One Free Korea: Camp 12"},{"Link":"http://www.kinu.or.kr/2009/0727/white2009_e.pdf","external_links_name":"Korea Institute for National Unification"},{"Link":"http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2009/09/01/2009090100232.html?FORM=ZZNR9","external_links_name":"Chosun Ilbo: N. Korea in brutal crackdown on defectors"},{"Link":"http://www.northkoreanrefugees.com/nk-defectors-tell-about-death-camp-12/#more-334","external_links_name":"Chongori concentration camp（全巨里教化所）"},{"Link":"https://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Hidden Gulag – Satellite imagery (p. 227)\""},{"Link":"http://www.freekorea.us/2009/09/06/revealed-the-first-published-images-of-camp-12-chongo-ri-north-korea/","external_links_name":"One Free Korea: Camp 12 – Chongori camp with satellite photographs"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk02800&num=5091","external_links_name":"The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 8 “What Does the No.12 Reeducation Camp Look Like?”"},{"Link":"http://www.kinu.or.kr/2009/0727/white2009_e.pdf","external_links_name":"KINU White paper on human rights in North Korea 2009 (Chapter G. Human Rights Violations Inside Political Concentration Camps (Kwanliso), page 101)"},{"Link":"http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2009/09/01/2009090100232.html?FORM=ZZNR9","external_links_name":"Chosun Ilbo: “N. Korea in brutal crackdown on defectors”, Chosun Ilbo, September 1, 2009"},{"Link":"https://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Hidden Gulag – Exposing Crimes against Humanity in North Korea's Vast Prison System (p. 88)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305151841/http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","external_links_name":"Prisoners in North Korea Today"},{"Link":"http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk02800&num=5063","external_links_name":"The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 9 “No. 12 Prison, My Home for a While”"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk02800&num=5537","external_links_name":"The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 31 “Infectious Disease Sweeps the Prison”"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305151841/http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","external_links_name":"Prisoners in North Korea Today"},{"Link":"http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk02800&num=5281","external_links_name":"The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 19 “Logging on the Mountain”"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk02800&num=5415","external_links_name":"The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 26 “Fighting Frozen Weather on the Mountain”"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk02800&num=5258","external_links_name":"The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 18 “The Wagon of Spite”"},{"Link":"https://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Hidden Gulag – Exposing Crimes against Humanity in North Korea's Vast Prison System (p. 86)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305151841/http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","external_links_name":"Prisoners in North Korea Today"},{"Link":"http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk02800&num=5122","external_links_name":"The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 13 “A Cruel Realization about the Nature of Man”"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk02800&num=5404","external_links_name":"The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 25 “Mount Bulmang's Tragic Harvest”"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305151841/http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","external_links_name":"Prisoners in North Korea Today"},{"Link":"http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk02800&num=4901","external_links_name":"The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 6 “Beatings, Rape, Torture, Atrocities Every Day”"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk02800&num=5306","external_links_name":"The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 21 “Twenty Days in Solitary”"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305151841/http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","external_links_name":"Prisoners in North Korea Today"},{"Link":"http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk02800&num=5351","external_links_name":"The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 24 “Summary Execution of a Runaway from the Camp”"},{"Link":"http://sagekorea.org/room.php?lang=Eng&room=1#a=0&no=0&m=0","external_links_name":"\"Where love does not exist: Chongori prison changing into an exclusive camp for punishment of North Korean defectors\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk02800&num=4720","external_links_name":"The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 2 “Seven Years for Murdering my Alcoholic Uncle”"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chongori_concentration_camp&params=42.209925_N_129.753658_E_region:KP-HAB_type:landmark_scale:3000","external_links_name":"42°12′36″N 129°45′13″E / 42.209925°N 129.753658°E / 42.209925; 129.753658"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_National_Band	The First National Band	["1 Pre-First National Band","2 Forming The First National Band","3 Career","4 After The First National Band","5 First National Band Redux (2018)","6 Discography","7 References","8 External links"]	American country rock band led by Michael Nesmith This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The First National Band" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The First National BandGenresCountry rockYears active1970 (1970)–1972, 2018 (1972, 2018)LabelsRCAPast membersMichael Nesmith, guitar & vocals O.J. "Red" Rhodes, pedal steel guitar John London, bass guitarJohn Ware, drumsWebsitevideoranch.com The First National Band or Michael Nesmith and The First National Band was an American collaborative band, led by Michael Nesmith after his departure from The Monkees. During the two active years, The First National Band released three albums in the country rock genre in 1970 and 1971. Pre-First National Band During his time in The Monkees, Nesmith was unhappy with the bubblegum pop records that musical director Don Kirshner was providing for the group, and fought to get his own compositions to be recorded under the Monkees name. Before The Monkees, Nesmith had released a handful of singles under the name "Michael Blessing" which were folk rock strongly inspired by the work of Bob Dylan. In 1968, Nesmith released The Wichita Train Whistle Sings as a side-project from the Monkees and, due to continued frustration, bought himself out of his Monkees contract altogether in 1970. Forming The First National Band In 1969, before Nesmith had left the Monkees, it was clear to both him and his friend John Ware that The Monkees were soon coming to an end. Ware suggested that Nesmith form another band with Ware and their mutual friend John London and put his studio connections to good use while he still had the chance. When he was free from his contract, Nesmith took Ware up on his offer, so long as Orville "Red" Rhodes would join. Also, Nesmith did not want to "just do that power trio thing". The First National Band was the start of a long collaboration between Nesmith and Rhodes, which lasted until Rhodes's death in 1995. Career The First National Band endured many problems in its short career. Nesmith's association with the Monkees had made him a joke to some people and as a result many fellow musicians would not take his music seriously. During one of the band's first gigs, they played alongside Gram Parsons and his new band The Flying Burrito Brothers. Nesmith recalls how others seeing a former Monkee decked out in a Nudie suit with a steel player in tow must have been laughable to seasoned Country devotees, such as Parsons. However, their unique sound was enough to win over the LA club scene and create a new image for Nesmith. Nesmith also requested of venues that they not promote or reference his being a Monkee/ex-Monkee in their advertising or the band's introduction. Unfortunately, many Emcees would ignore his request and Nesmith would become irritated with them as well as with folks who would shout out requests of "Last Train to Clarksville" and/or other Monkee hits. During his stint with The Monkees, Nesmith had accumulated an extensive back-catalogue of songs which had not been heard by anyone. This meant that, in their short time as a band, The First National Band was able to release three albums in less than a 12-month span. July 1970 saw the release of Magnetic South, which was the first and "blue" in the trilogy of "red, white and blue" albums and reached No. 143 on the Billboard Albums Chart. This album contained the inclusion of five songs which hailed from Nesmith's Monkees days. It also contained the song "Joanne", which, due to a lot of radio play, surprised the band by reaching No. 21 on the Billboard Singles Chart. However, despite this chart success, the single did not gain the band commercial success because the band were in Britain, on a tour of working-man's clubs, which lasted until "Joanne" had dropped out of the American charts and sunk without a trace. Ware claimed that the band's management believed that, as the Monkees weren't as well known in Britain, it would be the perfect place to try to break in this new change in musical direction. November 1970 saw the release of the band's second "red" album, Loose Salute, which reached No. 159 on the Billboard Album chart. This contained the minor hit "Silver Moon" (Billboard #42) and a re-working of the Monkees song, "Listen to the Band". After the band had returned from Britain, and after "Joanne's" success had long since been forgotten, work was started on the band's final "white" album, Nevada Fighter. Recording for this album started in October 1970, but things within the group started falling apart, which led to both Ware and London leaving the group the following month. Released in May 1971, it failed to chart. After The First National Band Nesmith and Rhodes continued to work together, and recruited a new set of musicians, consisting of members of Elvis Presley's band to work on Nesmith's fifth album, Tantamount to Treason Vol. 1. This was released in May 1972 and credited to "Michael Nesmith & The Second National Band". Nesmith and Rhodes continued to collaborate on Nesmith's later solo albums up until Rhodes's death in 1995. Nesmith continued to release solo albums, the last being Rays in 2006. During Nesmith's 2013 tour of the U.S., an isolated backing track of Rhodes playing the pedal steel from the song "Thanx for the Ride" from Loose Salute was played while Nesmith and his band accompanied the track. First National Band Redux (2018) Nesmith announced The first National Band would be returning with 5 concerts in early 2018 in southern and northern California under the banner "The First National Band Redux". This incarnation of the First National Band is largely in name only, since other than Nesmith, all of the other members are either dead or retired; Nesmith's sons, Christian and Jonathan, are among the members of the new First National Band lineup. The second First National Band includes, in addition to the Nesmiths, Jason Chesney on bass, Pete Finney on steel guitar, and Chistopher Allis on drums, along with backing vocalists Amy Spear and Circe Link. To coincide with the tour, the band's three studio albums will be re-released on colored vinyl in late March, from oldies label Sundazed. Christian and Jonathan also contributed to The Monkees' Christmas album Christmas Party. The band continued to tour throughout 2018 and released a live album from their show at the Troubadour. Nesmith died December 10, 2021. Discography Main article: Michael Nesmith discography References ^ Greene, Andy (January 31, 2018). "Inside the Stunning Resurrection of Michael Nesmith's First National Band". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 1, 2018. ^ "Michael Nesmith & the First National Band Redux". ^ Greene, Andy (10 December 2021). "Michael Nesmith, Monkees singer-songwriter, dead at 78". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 10 December 2021. External links The First National Band discography at Discogs vteMichael NesmithStudio albums The Wichita Train Whistle Sings Magnetic South Loose Salute Nevada Fighter Tantamount to Treason Vol. 1 And the Hits Just Keep on Comin' Pretty Much Your Standard Ranch Stash From a Radio Engine to the Photon Wing Infinite Rider on the Big Dogma Tropical Campfires Rays Soundtracks The Prison: A Book with a Soundtrack The Garden Timerider: The Adventure of Lyle Swann Live albums Live at the Palais Live at the Britt Festival The Amazing ZigZag Concert Movies of the Mind Promotional albums The Michael Nesmith Radio Special Compilations The Newer Stuff The Older Stuff Complete First National Band Recordings Singles "Joanne" "Silver Moon" "Rio" "Cruisin'" Other songs "Different Drum" Associated acts The Monkees First National Band Red Rhodes Christian Nesmith Related articles Elephant Parts Television Parts Pacific Arts Corporation Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Michael Nesmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Nesmith"},{"link_name":"The Monkees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monkees"},{"link_name":"albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album"},{"link_name":"country rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_rock"}],"text":"The First National Band or Michael Nesmith and The First National Band was an American collaborative band, led by Michael Nesmith after his departure from The Monkees. During the two active years, The First National Band released three albums in the country rock genre in 1970 and 1971.","title":"The First National Band"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Monkees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monkees"},{"link_name":"bubblegum pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubblegum_pop"},{"link_name":"Don Kirshner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Kirshner"},{"link_name":"folk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_rock"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"The Wichita Train Whistle Sings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wichita_Train_Whistle_Sings"}],"text":"During his time in The Monkees, Nesmith was unhappy with the bubblegum pop records that musical director Don Kirshner was providing for the group, and fought to get his own compositions to be recorded under the Monkees name. Before The Monkees, Nesmith had released a handful of singles under the name \"Michael Blessing\" which were folk rock strongly inspired by the work of Bob Dylan.In 1968, Nesmith released The Wichita Train Whistle Sings as a side-project from the Monkees and, due to continued frustration, bought himself out of his Monkees contract altogether in 1970.","title":"Pre-First National Band"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ware_(musician)"},{"link_name":"John London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_London"},{"link_name":"Orville \"Red\" Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Rhodes"}],"text":"In 1969, before Nesmith had left the Monkees, it was clear to both him and his friend John Ware that The Monkees were soon coming to an end. Ware suggested that Nesmith form another band with Ware and their mutual friend John London and put his studio connections to good use while he still had the chance. When he was free from his contract, Nesmith took Ware up on his offer, so long as Orville \"Red\" Rhodes would join. Also, Nesmith did not want to \"just do that power trio thing\". The First National Band was the start of a long collaboration between Nesmith and Rhodes, which lasted until Rhodes's death in 1995.","title":"Forming The First National Band"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gram Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_Parsons"},{"link_name":"The Flying Burrito Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flying_Burrito_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Nudie suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudie_Cohn"},{"link_name":"steel player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_guitar"},{"link_name":"Last Train to Clarksville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Train_to_Clarksville"},{"link_name":"Magnetic South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_South_(album)"},{"link_name":"Joanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne_(Michael_Nesmith_song)"},{"link_name":"Loose Salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_Salute"},{"link_name":"Silver Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Moon_(Michael_Nesmith_song)"},{"link_name":"Listen to the Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listen_to_the_Band_(song)"},{"link_name":"Nevada Fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Fighter"}],"text":"The First National Band endured many problems in its short career. Nesmith's association with the Monkees had made him a joke to some people and as a result many fellow musicians would not take his music seriously. During one of the band's first gigs, they played alongside Gram Parsons and his new band The Flying Burrito Brothers. Nesmith recalls how others seeing a former Monkee decked out in a Nudie suit with a steel player in tow must have been laughable to seasoned Country devotees, such as Parsons. However, their unique sound was enough to win over the LA club scene and create a new image for Nesmith. Nesmith also requested of venues that they not promote or reference his being a Monkee/ex-Monkee in their advertising or the band's introduction. Unfortunately, many Emcees would ignore his request and Nesmith would become irritated with them as well as with folks who would shout out requests of \"Last Train to Clarksville\" and/or other Monkee hits.During his stint with The Monkees, Nesmith had accumulated an extensive back-catalogue of songs which had not been heard by anyone. This meant that, in their short time as a band, The First National Band was able to release three albums in less than a 12-month span. July 1970 saw the release of Magnetic South, which was the first and \"blue\" in the trilogy of \"red, white and blue\" albums and reached No. 143 on the Billboard Albums Chart. This album contained the inclusion of five songs which hailed from Nesmith's Monkees days. It also contained the song \"Joanne\", which, due to a lot of radio play, surprised the band by reaching No. 21 on the Billboard Singles Chart. However, despite this chart success, the single did not gain the band commercial success because the band were in Britain, on a tour of working-man's clubs, which lasted until \"Joanne\" had dropped out of the American charts and sunk without a trace. Ware claimed that the band's management believed that, as the Monkees weren't as well known in Britain, it would be the perfect place to try to break in this new change in musical direction.November 1970 saw the release of the band's second \"red\" album, Loose Salute, which reached No. 159 on the Billboard Album chart. This contained the minor hit \"Silver Moon\" (Billboard #42) and a re-working of the Monkees song, \"Listen to the Band\".After the band had returned from Britain, and after \"Joanne's\" success had long since been forgotten, work was started on the band's final \"white\" album, Nevada Fighter. Recording for this album started in October 1970, but things within the group started falling apart, which led to both Ware and London leaving the group the following month. Released in May 1971, it failed to chart.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"Tantamount to Treason Vol. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantamount_to_Treason_Vol._1"},{"link_name":"Rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rays_(Michael_Nesmith_album)"},{"link_name":"Loose Salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_Salute"}],"text":"Nesmith and Rhodes continued to work together, and recruited a new set of musicians, consisting of members of Elvis Presley's band to work on Nesmith's fifth album, Tantamount to Treason Vol. 1. This was released in May 1972 and credited to \"Michael Nesmith & The Second National Band\". Nesmith and Rhodes continued to collaborate on Nesmith's later solo albums up until Rhodes's death in 1995. Nesmith continued to release solo albums, the last being Rays in 2006.During Nesmith's 2013 tour of the U.S., an isolated backing track of Rhodes playing the pedal steel from the song \"Thanx for the Ride\" from Loose Salute was played while Nesmith and his band accompanied the track.","title":"After The First National Band"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Nesmith"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sundazed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundazed_Records"},{"link_name":"Christmas Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Party_(The_Monkees_album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsdeath-3"}],"text":"Nesmith announced The first National Band would be returning with 5 concerts in early 2018 in southern and northern California under the banner \"The First National Band Redux\". This incarnation of the First National Band is largely in name only, since other than Nesmith, all of the other members are either dead or retired; Nesmith's sons, Christian and Jonathan, are among the members of the new First National Band lineup. The second First National Band includes, in addition to the Nesmiths, Jason Chesney on bass, Pete Finney on steel guitar, and Chistopher Allis on drums, along with backing vocalists Amy Spear and Circe Link.[1] To coincide with the tour, the band's three studio albums will be re-released on colored vinyl in late March, from oldies label Sundazed. Christian and Jonathan also contributed to The Monkees' Christmas album Christmas Party. The band continued to tour throughout 2018 and released a live album from their show at the Troubadour.[2]Nesmith died December 10, 2021.[3]","title":"First National Band Redux (2018)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Greene, Andy (January 31, 2018). \"Inside the Stunning Resurrection of Michael Nesmith's First National Band\". Rolling Stone. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Bit	Devil's Bit	["1 History","2 Topography","3 References"]	Mountain in County Tipperary, Ireland For the plant called Devil's Bit, see Succisa pratensis. Devil's BitBearnán ÉileDevil's Bit from the eastHighest pointElevation480 m (1,570 ft)Prominence344ListingMarilynNamingLanguage of nameIrishGeographyDevil's BitLocation in Ireland LocationCounty Tipperary, IrelandOSI/OSNI gridS058744Topo mapOSi Discovery 59 The Devil's Bit or Devil's Bit Mountain (Irish: Bearnán Éile, meaning 'little gapped hill of Éile', historically anglicized as 'Barnane Ely') is a large hill in County Tipperary, Ireland, which rises to 480 metres (1,570 ft). It lies north-west of the town of Templemore. The mountain is usually climbed through the townland of Barnane. There is a car park at the base. History The mountain was historically called Sliabh Aildiúin and Bearnán Éile, after the territory of Éile. According to local legend, the mountain got its current name because the devil took a bite out of it. There is a small gap in the mountain between one outcrop of rock (known as the Rock) and another small plateau. The legend says that the devil broke his teeth taking this bite and spat the Rock of Cashel from his mouth to where it now stands. Historically, Devil's Bit was one of the hills around Ireland that were climbed as part of the Lughnasa festival. The Book of Dimma was supposedly discovered in a cave on the mountain in 1789. It is an illuminated manuscript copy of the four Gospels and was written in the monastery of St. Cronan in Roscrea some time during the 8th century. According to legend, Cronan ordered his scribe Dimma to produce the manuscript before sunset on that day. He then used miraculous powers to ensure that the sun did not set for forty days, and Dimma spent all of this period completing the manuscript without feeling the need to eat or sleep. The manuscript disappeared following the dissolution of the monasteries in the 16th century. There is some debate about whether or not the manuscript was actually found on the Devil's Bit amid claims that it could not have survived without damage in an outdoor environment for over two centuries. The Book of Dimma is currently housed in the library of Trinity College Dublin. The mountain was the scene of a mass anti-tithe meeting on 25 July 1832. The meeting was part of a wider campaign of resistance to the payment of tithes (one-tenth of the value of arable produce) to the Church of Ireland by the majority Catholic population. According to press reports of the time, over 50,000 people attended, many coming from as far away as County Galway, although the attendance would have been larger had there not been confusion about whether or not the meeting was cancelled. Although local folklore states that Daniel O' Connell attended the meeting, it is almost certain that he was not present as he was attending parliamentary debates in Westminster at the time. A semi-fictional account of the meeting was given by Samuel Lover in Legends and Stories of Ireland (1834), where he refers to a mock 'burial' of the tithes by local peasantry. The tower on the approach to the summit is known as Carden's Folly. The Cardens were an Anglo-Irish aristocratic family who arrived in Ireland during the seventeenth century. They purchased estates in Templemore and Barnane and became the principal landlords in the area in subsequent centuries. The most notable Carden was undoubtedly John Rutter Carden (1811–1866), better known as 'Woodcock', so-called by irate tenants because he was as difficult to shoot as the bird of that name. As well as constructing the folly, he built a magnificent family home on the lower slopes of the mountain. Although the house was demolished in the early 20th century, the ruins of the walled garden can still be seen. In 1854, 'Woodcock' made a notorious attempt to kidnap a lady, Eleanor Arbuthnot, with whom he had become obsessed. A detailed history of the Carden family has been published by a descendant, Arthur Eustace Carden. A cross was erected on the Rock in 1953–1954 in celebration of the 'Marian Year dedicated by the Roman Catholic Church. A committee was formed and planning of the work began in early 1953 and construction began in September of that year, it was constructed by the Duggan Brothers. The project manager was Stephen (Steedie) Grey of Templemore. Work was completed at a cost of approximately IR£2,000. The cross was officially blessed by the Archbishop of Cashel and Emly, Most Rev. Dr. Jeremiah Kinane, on Sunday, 22 August 1954. It stands 45 feet high and has a span of 25 feet. The base of 340 tons is 5 feet squared and 10 feet deep. All tools and materials for this construction project were carried to the Rock by hand. The cross is presently illuminated at night. Holy Mass is celebrated at the base of the Rock each year on Rock Sunday, which is the closest Sunday to the feast of St James (25 July). A statue of the Virgin Mary was erected in 1988 on the eastern side of the Rock. A 1980 article in the journal Nature described the finding on the mountain of the earliest record of a fossil flora containing Cooksonia-type sporangia. The Devil's Bit Mountain Statue of the Virgin Mary Carden's Folly Cross on the summit Topography The southwestern extremity of the Slieve Bloom range just touches Tipperary at Roscrea. The valley in which Roscrea stands separates this end of Slieve Bloom from the Devil's Bit range, which begins immediately south of the town and runs southwest. This mountain has a singular gap in its contour (very conspicuous from the railway), from which it was formerly called Barnane-Ely, i.e., the gapped mountain of Ely (the old territory in which it was situated), which is still the name of the parish. The other chief summits are Kilduff Mountain (1,462 feet; 445.6 m), Borrisnoe (1,471 feet; 448.4 m), and Benduff (1,399 feet; 426.4 m), all near Devil's Bit in a line to the northwest; and 4 miles (6.4 km) southwest of Devil's Bit, Knockanora (1,429 feet; 435.6 m) and Latteragh (1,257 feet; 383.1 m). The Devil's Bit offers expansive views of the surrounding countryside. When the cross was erected, it was said that nine counties can be viewed from the summit – Tipperary itself, Clare, Cork, Galway, Kilkenny, Laois, Limerick, Offaly, and Waterford. There is doubt as to whether any part of County Cork is actually visible. One can see the Knockmealdown and Comeragh Mountains in Waterford, along with the Galtees, and, to the north-west, Lough Derg and the River Shannon. The triangulation station which marks the highest point of the mountain is on the 'Long Rock' which lies to the east of the Gap. The Long Rock can be climbed if one passes through the Gap and follows the pathway to the right. There is a military firing range on the western slopes of the mountain. References ^ a b c d "Devilsbit Mountain". MountainViews. Ordnance Survey Ireland. Retrieved 12 July 2015. ^ "Devilsbit Mountain/Bearnán Éile". Placenames Database of Ireland. ^ Halpin, J. (1890), The Book of Dhimma, vol. 11, Irish Ecclesiastical Record, pp. 325–334 ^ "Under the Oak: The Book of Dimma". Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2011. ^ Betham, W. (1826) Irish Antiquarian Researches, Vol. 1, pp. 39–109 available online at Google Books ^ O'Mahony, Felicity (13 June 2007). "Trinity College Dublin Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts". hdl:2262/10540. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Higgins, N. (2002) Tipperary's Tithe War 1830–1838: Parish accounts of resistance against a Church tax, St. Helen's Press, Tipperary ^ The Tipperary Free Press, 25 July 1832 ^ Lover, S. (1834) "The Burial of the Tithe" in Legends and Stories of Ireland, Baldwin & Cradock, London, pp. 67–106 ^ Carden, A. E. (2004) Carden of Barnane: History of the Barnane Estate in County Tipperary ^ The Tipperary Star, 28 August 1954, p.5 ^ Edwards, D.; Feehan, J. (1980). "Records of Cooksonia-type sporangia from late Wenlock strata in Ireland". Nature. 287 (5777): 41–42. Bibcode:1980Natur.287...41E. doi:10.1038/287041a0. S2CID 7958927. ^ "Tipperary". Libraryireland.com. Retrieved 31 October 2021. ^ The Tipperary Star, 28 August 1954, p. 1 ^ Joyce, Patrick Weston (1883). The geography of the counties of Ireland p. 173. Oxford University Wikimedia Commons has media related to Devil's Bit. vteMountains and hills of MunsterLists of mountains in IrelandBallyhoura Mountains Carron Mountain Seefin Boggeragh Mountains Musheramore Mount Hillary Caha Mountains Hungry Hill Sugarloaf (Slieve Gowl) Comeragh Mountains Croughaun Fauscoum Knockanaffrin Derrynasaggart Mountains Caherbarnagh Mullaghanish Paps of Anu Dingle PeninsulaBrandon Group Mount Brandon Central Dingle Beenoskee Slieve Mish Mountains Baurtregaum Caherconree Western Dingle Mount Eagle Galty Mountains Galtymore Lyracappul Temple Hill Iveragh Peninsula Bentee Broaghnabinnia Drung Hill Knocknadobar Stumpa Dúloigh Mullaghanattin Knockmealdown Mountains Knockmealdown Knocknafallia Sugarloaf Hill (Knockmealdowns) MacGillycuddy's Reeks Beenkeragh Brassel Mountain Caher Caher West Top Carrauntoohil Cnoc an Chuillinn Cnoc na Péiste Cnoc na Toinne Cruach Mhór Hag's Tooth Maolán Buí The Big Gun The Bones Mangerton Mountains Mangerton Torc Mountain Shehy Mountains Knockboy Slieve Felim Mountains Silvermine Mountains Slievekimalta Slieve Miskish Mountains Knockoura Sliabh Luachra Mullaghareirk Mountains Stack's Mountains Others An Triúr Deirfiúr Arra Hills Caher Mountain (Cork) Carhoo Hill Devil's Bit Geokaun Knockanore Mountain Mount Gabriel Moylussa Mullaghmore Nowen Hill Purple Mountain Slieve Aughty Slievecallan Slievenamon	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Succisa pratensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succisa_pratensis"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"Éile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ile"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-logainm-2"},{"link_name":"County Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"Templemore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templemore"},{"link_name":"Barnane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnane"}],"text":"For the plant called Devil's Bit, see Succisa pratensis.The Devil's Bit or Devil's Bit Mountain (Irish: Bearnán Éile, meaning 'little gapped hill of Éile', historically anglicized as 'Barnane Ely')[2] is a large hill in County Tipperary, Ireland, which rises to 480 metres (1,570 ft). It lies north-west of the town of Templemore. The mountain is usually climbed through the townland of Barnane. There is a car park at the base.","title":"Devil's Bit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mv-1"},{"link_name":"Éile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ile"},{"link_name":"devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil"},{"link_name":"Rock of Cashel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_of_Cashel"},{"link_name":"Lughnasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lughnasa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mv-1"},{"link_name":"Book of Dimma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Dimma"},{"link_name":"Roscrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscrea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Trinity College Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Folly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folly"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Cashel and Emly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cashel_and_Emly"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Cooksonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooksonia"},{"link_name":"sporangia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporangium"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Devilsbit.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Devil%27s_Bit_Statue_of_Virgin_Mary.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Devil%27s_Bit_Carden%27s_Folly.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Devil%27s_Bit_Cross.jpg"}],"text":"The mountain was historically called Sliabh Aildiúin[1] and Bearnán Éile, after the territory of Éile. According to local legend, the mountain got its current name because the devil took a bite out of it. There is a small gap in the mountain between one outcrop of rock (known as the Rock) and another small plateau. The legend says that the devil broke his teeth taking this bite and spat the Rock of Cashel from his mouth to where it now stands.Historically, Devil's Bit was one of the hills around Ireland that were climbed as part of the Lughnasa festival.[1]The Book of Dimma was supposedly discovered in a cave on the mountain in 1789. It is an illuminated manuscript copy of the four Gospels and was written in the monastery of St. Cronan in Roscrea some time during the 8th century. According to legend, Cronan ordered his scribe Dimma to produce the manuscript before sunset on that day. He then used miraculous powers to ensure that the sun did not set for forty days, and Dimma spent all of this period completing the manuscript without feeling the need to eat or sleep.[3][4] The manuscript disappeared following the dissolution of the monasteries in the 16th century. There is some debate about whether or not the manuscript was actually found on the Devil's Bit amid claims that it could not have survived without damage in an outdoor environment for over two centuries.[5] The Book of Dimma is currently housed in the library of Trinity College Dublin.[6]The mountain was the scene of a mass anti-tithe meeting on 25 July 1832. The meeting was part of a wider campaign of resistance to the payment of tithes (one-tenth of the value of arable produce) to the Church of Ireland by the majority Catholic population.[7] According to press reports of the time, over 50,000 people attended, many coming from as far away as County Galway, although the attendance would have been larger had there not been confusion about whether or not the meeting was cancelled.[8] Although local folklore states that Daniel O' Connell attended the meeting, it is almost certain that he was not present as he was attending parliamentary debates in Westminster at the time. A semi-fictional account of the meeting was given by Samuel Lover in Legends and Stories of Ireland (1834), where he refers to a mock 'burial' of the tithes by local peasantry.[9]The tower on the approach to the summit is known as Carden's Folly. The Cardens were an Anglo-Irish aristocratic family who arrived in Ireland during the seventeenth century. They purchased estates in Templemore and Barnane and became the principal landlords in the area in subsequent centuries. The most notable Carden was undoubtedly John Rutter Carden (1811–1866), better known as 'Woodcock', so-called by irate tenants because he was as difficult to shoot as the bird of that name. As well as constructing the folly, he built a magnificent family home on the lower slopes of the mountain. Although the house was demolished in the early 20th century, the ruins of the walled garden can still be seen. In 1854, 'Woodcock' made a notorious attempt to kidnap a lady, Eleanor Arbuthnot, with whom he had become obsessed. A detailed history of the Carden family has been published by a descendant, Arthur Eustace Carden.[10]A cross was erected on the Rock in 1953–1954 in celebration of the 'Marian Year dedicated by the Roman Catholic Church. A committee was formed and planning of the work began in early 1953 and construction began in September of that year, it was constructed by the Duggan Brothers. The project manager was Stephen (Steedie) Grey of Templemore. Work was completed at a cost of approximately IR£2,000.[11] The cross was officially blessed by the Archbishop of Cashel and Emly, Most Rev. Dr. Jeremiah Kinane, on Sunday, 22 August 1954. It stands 45 feet high and has a span of 25 feet. The base of 340 tons is 5 feet squared and 10 feet deep. All tools and materials for this construction project were carried to the Rock by hand. The cross is presently illuminated at night. Holy Mass is celebrated at the base of the Rock each year on Rock Sunday, which is the closest Sunday to the feast of St James (25 July). A statue of the Virgin Mary was erected in 1988 on the eastern side of the Rock.A 1980 article in the journal Nature described the finding on the mountain of the earliest record of a fossil flora containing Cooksonia-type sporangia.[12]The Devil's Bit MountainStatue of the Virgin MaryCarden's FollyCross on the summit","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slieve Bloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slieve_Bloom"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Clare"},{"link_name":"Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cork"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Galway"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"Laois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Laois"},{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Offaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Offaly"},{"link_name":"Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Waterford"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Knockmealdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockmealdown_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Comeragh Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comeragh_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Galtees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galtee_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Lough Derg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lough_Derg_(Shannon)"},{"link_name":"River Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Shannon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The southwestern extremity of the Slieve Bloom range just touches Tipperary at Roscrea. The valley in which Roscrea stands separates this end of Slieve Bloom from the Devil's Bit range, which begins immediately south of the town and runs southwest. This mountain has a singular gap in its contour (very conspicuous from the railway), from which it was formerly called Barnane-Ely, i.e., the gapped mountain of Ely (the old territory in which it was situated), which is still the name of the parish. The other chief summits are Kilduff Mountain (1,462 feet; 445.6 m), Borrisnoe (1,471 feet; 448.4 m), and Benduff (1,399 feet; 426.4 m), all near Devil's Bit in a line to the northwest; and 4 miles (6.4 km) southwest of Devil's Bit, Knockanora (1,429 feet; 435.6 m) and Latteragh (1,257 feet; 383.1 m).[13]The Devil's Bit offers expansive views of the surrounding countryside. When the cross was erected, it was said that nine counties can be viewed from the summit – Tipperary itself, Clare, Cork, Galway, Kilkenny, Laois, Limerick, Offaly, and Waterford.[14] There is doubt as to whether any part of County Cork is actually visible. One can see the Knockmealdown and Comeragh Mountains in Waterford, along with the Galtees, and, to the north-west, Lough Derg and the River Shannon.[15]The triangulation station which marks the highest point of the mountain is on the 'Long Rock' which lies to the east of the Gap. The Long Rock can be climbed if one passes through the Gap and follows the pathway to the right.There is a military firing range on the western slopes of the mountain.","title":"Topography"}]	[{"image_text":"The Devil's Bit Mountain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Devilsbit.jpg/320px-Devilsbit.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of the Virgin Mary","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Devil%27s_Bit_Statue_of_Virgin_Mary.jpg/320px-Devil%27s_Bit_Statue_of_Virgin_Mary.jpg"},{"image_text":"Carden's Folly","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Devil%27s_Bit_Carden%27s_Folly.jpg/320px-Devil%27s_Bit_Carden%27s_Folly.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cross on the summit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Devil%27s_Bit_Cross.jpg/200px-Devil%27s_Bit_Cross.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Devilsbit Mountain\". MountainViews. Ordnance Survey Ireland. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matan_Baltaxa	Matan Baltaxa	["1 Early life","2 International career","3 Honours","4 References"]	Israeli footballer Matan BaltaxaPersonal informationDate of birth (1995-09-20) 20 September 1995 (age 28)Place of birth Shoham, IsraelHeight 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)Position(s) Left back, Center backTeam informationCurrent team Maccabi Tel AvivNumber 30Youth career2004–2006 Maccabi Tel Aviv2006–2009 Maccabi Shoham2009–2014 Hapoel Petah TikvaSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2013–2017 Hapoel Petah Tikva 66 (7)2017–2022 Maccabi Tel Aviv 30 (2)2018 → Hapoel Acre (loan) 16 (0)2018–2020 → Bnei Yehuda (loan) 66 (3)2022–2024 Austria Wien 14 (1)2024– Maccabi Tel Aviv 8 (0)International career2021 Israel 1 (0) Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 16 April 2024 Matan Baltaxa (or Baltaksa, Hebrew: מתן בלטקסה; born 20 September 1995) is an Israeli footballer who plays for Maccabi Tel Aviv. Early life Baltaxa was born in Shoham, Israel, to a Jewish family. He served as a soldier in the Israel Defense Forces. International career He made his debut for Israel national football team on 9 June 2021 in a friendly against Portugal. Honours Bnei Yehuda Israel State Cup: 2016–17 Maccabi Tel Aviv Toto Cup: 2020-21 Israel Super Cup: 2019, 2020 References ^ "Israel - M. Baltaksa - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway". ^ "Instagram". ^ "Instagram". ^ "Portugal v Israel game report". ESPN. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2021. vteMaccabi Tel Aviv F.C. – current squad 1 Melika 2 A. Cohen 3 Revivo 5 Nachmias 7 Zahavi 9 Turgeman 10 D. Biton 11 Y. Cohen 13 Shlomo 14 van Overeem 15 Malede 16 Kanichowsky 17 Milson 27 Davidzada 30 Baltaxa 32 Balay 33 Itzhak 36 Shahar 38 Azo 42 Peretz 55 N. Bitton 70 Bondoso 72 Kartsev 77 Davida 90 Mishpati Madmon Manager: Keane This biographical article relating to Israeli football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Maccabi Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabi_Tel_Aviv_F.C."}],"text":"Matan Baltaxa (or Baltaksa,[1] Hebrew: מתן בלטקסה; born 20 September 1995) is an Israeli footballer who plays for Maccabi Tel Aviv.","title":"Matan Baltaxa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shoham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoham"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Baltaxa was born in Shoham, Israel, to a Jewish family.[2] He served as a soldier in the Israel Defense Forces.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israel national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"He made his debut for Israel national football team on 9 June 2021 in a friendly against Portugal.[4]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israel State Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_State_Cup"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Israel_State_Cup"},{"link_name":"Toto Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toto_Cup"},{"link_name":"2020-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020-21_Toto_Cup_Al"},{"link_name":"Israel Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Israel_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Israel_Super_Cup"}],"text":"Bnei YehudaIsrael State Cup: 2016–17Maccabi Tel AvivToto Cup: 2020-21\nIsrael Super Cup: 2019, 2020","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Israel - M. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utsav_Gold	Utsav Gold	["1 History","2 References"]	Television channel Utsav GoldCountryIndiaBroadcast areaEuropeHeadquartersMumbai, IndiaProgrammingLanguage(s)Audio:HindiSubtitles:EnglishPicture format1080i HDTV(downscaled to 16:9 576i for the SDTV feed)OwnershipOwnerDisney Star Sister channelsUtsav BharatUtsav PlusHistoryLaunched22 January 2021; 3 years ago (2021-01-22)ReplacedStar Gold Utsav Gold is a European Hindi pay television movie channel broadcasting across Europe and is owned by Disney Star which is part of Disney India. The channel telecasts mainstream Bollywood movies. Its programming is in Hindi and subtitled in English. History The channel launched as Star Gold in September 2000 as a Hindi movie channel. On 6 December 2017 it launched its HD channel in the UK. On 30 December 2020, Disney announced that the Star branding will be replaced with Utsav across Europe from 22 January 2021. References ^ Menka Shivdasani (25 September 2000). "The Gold Rush". The Hindu Business Line. ^ Raj Baddhan (6 December 2017). "Star Gold HD launches in UK on Sky". Biz Asia. ^ "Disney Renaming Star Channels in the Netherlands \| What's on Disney Plus". 30 December 2020. vteDisney StarThe Walt Disney Company IndiaDisney Star channels Star Bharat StarPlus Star Gold Star Gold Select Star Gold 2 Star Kiran Star Jalsha Jalsha Movies Star Movies Star Movies Select Star Pravah Star Pravah Picture Star Utsav Star Utsav Movies Star Sports (India) Star Suvarna Star Suvarna Plus Asianet Digital Network Asianet Asianet Plus Asianet Movies Asianet Middle East Star Vijay Star Vijay Super Star World Star Maa Star Maa Movies Star Maa Gold National Geographic Nat Geo Wild Disney Channel Hungama TV Super Hungama Disney Junior Disney International HD Bindass Utsav Bharat Utsav Gold Utsav Plus Vijay International Star Life (South Africa) Former TV networks BabyTV Star Chinese Channel Star Chinese Movies Star Chinese Movies Legend Xing Kong Channel V Phoenix Chinese Channel Phoenix InfoNews Channel Phoenix Movies Channel Phoenix Hong Kong Channel Phoenix Chinese News and Entertainment Channel Phoenix North America Chinese Channel antv Star One Star Movies Action Star Sports 4 Star News Channel V India BBC World Service Television BBC World News BBC Prime MTV Asia Star Plus Japan Star Sports (East Asia) ESPN Star Sports ESPNews Asia FARSI1 Zemzemeh Rotana Viva Cinema Movies OK Life OK National Geographic (Asia) Star Cricket Hong Kong/Singapore Star Cricket Plus Hong Kong/Singapore Star Premium Star World India Star World Premiere HD Other holdingsCurrent Disney+ Hotstar Star Studios Former Star TV Star China Media Phoenix Television (17.6%) Star DEN (50%) ESPN Star Sports (equity stake, 1996–2012; incl. ESPN Asia 1995-2013, incl. Star Sports Asia 1991-2013) Star Select Disney International Content and Operations The Walt Disney Company vteThe Walt Disney Company Timeline Assets Acquisitions Criticism Logo Headquarters CompanyofficialsKey Founders Walt Disney Roy O. Disney CEO Bob Iger Board ofdirectors Mark Parker (chair) Mary Barra Safra Catz Francis deSouza Michael Froman Bob Iger Maria Elena Lagomasino EntertainmentStudios Walt Disney Pictures Disneynature Walt Disney Animation Studios Pixar Marvel Studios Lucasfilm 20th Century Studios 20th Century Animation 20th Century Family Searchlight Pictures Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Disney Music Group Walt Disney Records Hollywood Records S-Curve Records Disney Theatrical Group Disney Theatrical Productions GeneralEntertainmentDisney BrandedTelevision Disney Channel Disney Junior Disney XD Production Disney Television Animation It's a Laugh Productions ABC EntertainmentGroup ABC ABC News ABC Audio ABC News Radio Lincoln Square Productions ABC News Live ABC Daytime Entertainment Disney Television Studios 20th Television 20th Television Animation Searchlight Television ABC Signature ABC Family Worldwide Freeform BVS Entertainment Onyx Collective FX Networks FX FXX FXM FX Entertainment FX Productions Other units BabyTV (US distribution) A&E Networks (50%) Streaming Disney+ Star Hulu Star+ Distribution Disney–ABC Domestic Television Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment Other ABC TV Stations Localish Movies Anywhere International Disney Branded Television EMEA France Italy CIS Portugal India Disney Star Disney+ Hotstar Star Studios Latin America Argentina Patagonik Film Group (33.3%) Brazil Rede Telecine (12.5%) ExperiencesParks andresorts Disneyland Resort Disneyland Paris Hong Kong Disneyland Resort (43%) Shanghai Disney Resort (43%) Walt Disney Attractions Japan Walt Disney World Imagineering (The Muppets Studio) Experiences Adventures by Disney National Geographic Expeditions Disney Cruise Line Disney Vacation Club ConsumerProducts Disney Store (Outside US & Canada) Disney Publishing Worldwide Disney English NG Media Marvel Comics Disney Online Games & Interactive Experiences ESPN Inc. (80%) ESPN ESPN2 ESPN on ABC ESPN Deportes ESPNews ESPNU ESPN+ ESPN PPV ESPN Classic ESPN Events ESPN Films ESPN International ACC Network Longhorn Network SEC Network Other assets Buena Vista D23 Disney Institute Disney Programs Disney College Program Disney International Programs Disney University National Geographic Partners (73%) National Geographic National Geographic Wild Reedy Creek Energy Services Former/defunctunits andpredecessors ABC Kids Baby Einstein Blue Network Blue Sky Studios American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres Caravan Pictures Capital Cities/ABC CBS/Fox Video Cinergi Pictures Circle 7 Animation Disney Interactive Studios DIC Entertainment Disney Digital Network Disney Store (US & Canada) Disney's One Too Endemol Shine Group Fox 2000 Pictures Fox Animation Studios Fox Networks Group Fox Sports Networks FoxNext GMTV Hollywood Pictures Jetix Jetix Animation Concepts Marvel Entertainment New World Pictures Four Star Television Metromedia Miramax Books Dimension Films Talk MTM Enterprises Playhouse Disney Radio Disney Saban Entertainment SIP Animation Créativité et Développement Fox Children's Productions Marvel Productions DePatie–Freleng Enterprises Toon Disney Touchstone Pictures Touchstone Television TeleColombia Tata Play Walt Disney Television Related Acquisition of 21st Century Fox Florida's Parental Rights in Education Act Reedy Creek Improvement Act Disney v. DeSantis Disney Lorcana Grand Central Creative Campus Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic Disney–Charter dispute Potential acquisition by Apple Retlaw Enterprises Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pay television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_television"},{"link_name":"Disney Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Star"},{"link_name":"Disney India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_India"},{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language"},{"link_name":"subtitled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtitle_(captioning)"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"}],"text":"Television channelUtsav Gold is a European Hindi pay television movie channel broadcasting across Europe and is owned by Disney Star which is part of Disney India. The channel telecasts mainstream Bollywood movies. Its programming is in Hindi and subtitled in English.","title":"Utsav Gold"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The channel launched as Star Gold in September 2000 as a Hindi movie channel.[1] On 6 December 2017 it launched its HD channel in the UK.[2]On 30 December 2020, Disney announced that the Star branding will be replaced with Utsav across Europe from 22 January 2021.[3]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Menka Shivdasani (25 September 2000). \"The Gold Rush\". The Hindu Business Line.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/article29074950.ece","url_text":"\"The Gold Rush\""}]},{"reference":"Raj Baddhan (6 December 2017). \"Star Gold HD launches in UK on Sky\". Biz Asia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizasialive.com/star-gold-hd-launches-uk-sky/","url_text":"\"Star Gold HD launches in UK on Sky\""}]},{"reference":"\"Disney Renaming Star Channels in the Netherlands \| What's on Disney Plus\". 30 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://whatsondisneyplus.com/disney-renaming-star-channels-in-the-netherlands/","url_text":"\"Disney Renaming Star Channels in the Netherlands \| What's on Disney Plus\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/article29074950.ece","external_links_name":"\"The Gold Rush\""},{"Link":"https://www.bizasialive.com/star-gold-hd-launches-uk-sky/","external_links_name":"\"Star Gold HD launches in UK on Sky\""},{"Link":"https://whatsondisneyplus.com/disney-renaming-star-channels-in-the-netherlands/","external_links_name":"\"Disney Renaming Star Channels in the Netherlands \| What's on Disney Plus\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_crusades	Popular crusades	["1 List of popular crusades","2 References"]	Unsanctioned crusades vteCrusadesIdeology and institutions Crusading movement In the Holy Land (1095–1291) First 1101 Norwegian Venetian 1129 Second Third 1197 Fourth Fifth Sixth Barons' Seventh 1267 Catalan Eighth Lord Edward's Fall of Outremer Later Crusades (1291–1717) Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399 Aragonese Smyrniote Alexandrian Savoyard Barbary 1390 1398 1399 Nicopolis Varna Holy Leagues 1332 1495 1511 1526 1535 1538 1571 1594 1684 1717 Northern (1147–1410) Kalmar Wendish Swedish 1150 1249 1293 Livonian Prussian Lithuanian Russian Tatar Against Christians (1209–1485) Albigensian Drenther Stedinger Bosnian Bohemian Despenser's Hussite Popular (1096–1320) People's (1096) Children's Shepherds' (1251) Crusade of the Poor Shepherds' (1320) Reconquista (722–1492) The popular crusades were several movements "animated by crusading enthusiasm" but unsanctioned by the Church. They contrast with the "official crusades" authorised by the Papacy. While the latter consisted of professional armies led by apostolic legates, the popular crusades were generally disorganized and consisted of peasants, artisans and only the occasional knight. The term "popular crusade" is a modern scholarly convention. The distinction between the "hierarchical" (or official) and the popular impulse in crusading was first made by historian Leopold von Ranke in the nineteenth century. Miniature of Peter the Hermit leading the People's Crusade. From the Abreujamen de las estorias (14th century). These events demonstrate the power of crusading ideas and the engagement of non-noble believers with the great events of Latin Christendom. All crusades that were not preached officially were illicit and unaccompanied by papal representation. But it was not until the 1320s that the papacy criticised a popular crusade. The objectives were traditional, such as regaining Jerusalem or liberating the captive King Louis IX of France. Victories in the Smyrniote crusade of 1344 aroused mass enthusiasm in Tuscany and Lombardy. Those who took part in popular crusades perceived themselves as authentic crusaders, evident in the use of pilgrimage and crusade emblems, including the cross. List of popular crusades The movements typically regarded as popular crusades are listed below in chronological order: People's Crusade (1096) Children's Crusade (1212) Shepherds' Crusade (1251) Crusade of the Poor (1309) Shepherds' Crusade (1320) Hungarian Peasants' Crusade (1514) References ^ a b c d e f Gary Dickson, "Popular Crusades and Children's Crusade", in André Vauchez (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (James Clarke & Co., 2002 ). ^ Giles Constable, "The Historiography of the Crusades", in Angeliki E. Laiou and Roy Parviz Mottahedeh (eds.), The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World (Dumbarton Oaks, 2001). ^ a b Gary Dickson, "Popular Crusades", in Alan V. Murray (ed.), The Crusades: An Encyclopedia (ABC-CLIO, 2006), vol. 3, pp. 975–979. ISBN 978-1-57607-862-4.	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1291–1399","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades_after_Acre,_1291%E2%80%931399"},{"link_name":"Aragonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonese_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Smyrniote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrniote_crusades"},{"link_name":"Alexandrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrian_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Savoyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoyard_crusade"},{"link_name":"1390","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_Crusade"},{"link_name":"1398","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_of_Tedelis"},{"link_name":"1399","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bona_crusade"},{"link_name":"Nicopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis"},{"link_name":"Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna"},{"link_name":"Holy Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League"},{"link_name":"1332","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1332)"},{"link_name":"1495","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1495)"},{"link_name":"1511","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai#Holy_League"},{"link_name":"1526","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac"},{"link_name":"1535","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1535)"},{"link_name":"1538","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1538)"},{"link_name":"1571","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)"},{"link_name":"1594","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1594)"},{"link_name":"1684","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1684)"},{"link_name":"1717","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1717)"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Crusades"},{"link_name":"Kalmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmare_ledung"},{"link_name":"Wendish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendish_Crusade"},{"link_name":"1150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Swedish_Crusade"},{"link_name":"1249","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Swedish_Crusade"},{"link_name":"1293","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Swedish_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Livonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_campaign_against_Rus%27"},{"link_name":"Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Vorskla_River"},{"link_name":"Against Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades_against_Christians"},{"link_name":"Albigensian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Drenther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drenther_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Stedinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stedinger_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Bosnian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Bohemian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemian_Crusade_(1340)"},{"link_name":"Despenser's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despenser%27s_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Hussite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussite_Wars"},{"link_name":"Popular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"People's (1096)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Children's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Shepherds' (1251)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1251)"},{"link_name":"Crusade of the Poor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_of_the_Poor"},{"link_name":"Shepherds' (1320)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1320)"},{"link_name":"Reconquista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista"},{"link_name":"crusading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusading"},{"link_name":"the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Papacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papacy"},{"link_name":"apostolic legates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_legate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickson2002-1"},{"link_name":"Leopold von Ranke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Constable-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_the_Hermit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peter the Hermit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Hermit"},{"link_name":"People's Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Abreujamen de las estorias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abreujamen_de_las_estorias"},{"link_name":"Louis IX of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"Smyrniote crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrniote_crusade"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickson2006-3"}],"text":"vteCrusadesIdeology and institutions\nCrusading movement\nIn the Holy Land (1095–1291)\n\nFirst\n1101\nNorwegian\nVenetian\n1129\nSecond\nThird\n1197\nFourth\nFifth\nSixth\nBarons'\nSeventh\n1267\nCatalan\nEighth\nLord Edward's\nFall of Outremer\nLater Crusades (1291–1717)\n\nCrusades after Acre, 1291–1399\nAragonese\nSmyrniote\nAlexandrian\nSavoyard\nBarbary\n1390\n1398\n1399\nNicopolis\nVarna\nHoly Leagues\n1332\n1495\n1511\n1526\n1535\n1538\n1571\n1594\n1684\n1717\nNorthern (1147–1410)\n\nKalmar\nWendish\nSwedish\n1150\n1249\n1293\nLivonian\nPrussian\nLithuanian\nRussian\nTatar\nAgainst Christians (1209–1485)\n\nAlbigensian\nDrenther\nStedinger\nBosnian\nBohemian\nDespenser's\nHussite\nPopular (1096–1320)\n\nPeople's (1096)\nChildren's\nShepherds' (1251)\nCrusade of the Poor\nShepherds' (1320)\nReconquista (722–1492)The popular crusades were several movements \"animated by crusading enthusiasm\" but unsanctioned by the Church. They contrast with the \"official crusades\" authorised by the Papacy. While the latter consisted of professional armies led by apostolic legates, the popular crusades were generally disorganized and consisted of peasants, artisans and only the occasional knight.[1] The term \"popular crusade\" is a modern scholarly convention. The distinction between the \"hierarchical\" (or official) and the popular impulse in crusading was first made by historian Leopold von Ranke in the nineteenth century.[2]Miniature of Peter the Hermit leading the People's Crusade. From the Abreujamen de las estorias (14th century).These events demonstrate the power of crusading ideas and the engagement of non-noble believers with the great events of Latin Christendom. All crusades that were not preached officially were illicit and unaccompanied by papal representation. But it was not until the 1320s that the papacy criticised a popular crusade. The objectives were traditional, such as regaining Jerusalem or liberating the captive King Louis IX of France. Victories in the Smyrniote crusade of 1344 aroused mass enthusiasm in Tuscany and Lombardy. Those who took part in popular crusades perceived themselves as authentic crusaders, evident in the use of pilgrimage and crusade emblems, including the cross.[3]","title":"Popular crusades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"People's Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Crusade"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickson2002-1"},{"link_name":"Children's Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickson2002-1"},{"link_name":"Shepherds' Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1251)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickson2002-1"},{"link_name":"Crusade of the Poor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_of_the_Poor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickson2002-1"},{"link_name":"Shepherds' Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1320)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickson2002-1"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Peasants' Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Peasants%27_Crusade"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickson2006-3"}],"text":"The movements typically regarded as popular crusades are listed below in chronological order:People's Crusade (1096)[1]\nChildren's Crusade (1212)[1]\nShepherds' Crusade (1251)[1]\nCrusade of the Poor (1309)[1]\nShepherds' Crusade (1320)[1]\nHungarian Peasants' Crusade (1514)[3]","title":"List of popular crusades"}]	[{"image_text":"Miniature of Peter the Hermit leading the People's Crusade. From the Abreujamen de las estorias (14th century).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Peter_the_Hermit.jpg/220px-Peter_the_Hermit.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://templar900.smotj.org/images/historiography/Historiography_of_the_Crusades.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Historiography of the Crusades\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Pierre-en-Val	Saint-Pierre-en-Val	["1 Geography","2 Heraldry","3 Population","4 Places of interest","5 See also","6 References"]	Coordinates: 50°01′20″N 1°26′52″E / 50.0222°N 1.4478°E / 50.0222; 1.4478Commune in Normandy, FranceSaint-Pierre-en-ValCommuneThe town hall in Saint-Pierre-en-Val Coat of armsLocation of Saint-Pierre-en-Val Saint-Pierre-en-ValShow map of FranceSaint-Pierre-en-ValShow map of NormandyCoordinates: 50°01′20″N 1°26′52″E / 50.0222°N 1.4478°E / 50.0222; 1.4478CountryFranceRegionNormandyDepartmentSeine-MaritimeArrondissementDieppeCantonEuIntercommunalityCC Villes SœursGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Daniel RocheArea17.73 km2 (2.98 sq mi)Population (2021)1,090 • Density140/km2 (370/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code76638 /76260Elevation40–142 m (131–466 ft) (avg. 50 m or 160 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Saint-Pierre-en-Val (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France. Geography A forestry and farming village situated in the valley of the river Bresle in the Pays de Bray, some 19 miles (31 km) northeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D120 and the D1314 roads. Heraldry Arms of Saint-Pierre-en-Val The arms of Saint-Martin-Pierre-en-Val are blazoned :Azure, 2 keys addorsed Or, on a chief argent a pine cone vert between 2 crescents gules. Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a. 1968671— 1975715+0.91% 1982856+2.60% 1990978+1.68% 19991,018+0.45% 20071,115+1.14% 20121,111−0.07% 20171,100−0.20%Source: INSEE Places of interest The church of St. Pierre, dating from the thirteenth century. See also Communes of the Seine-Maritime department References ^ Liste des maires du département de la Seine-Maritime, 10 August 2020 ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint-Pierre-en-Val. vteCommunes of the Seine-Maritime department Allouville-Bellefosse Alvimare Ambrumesnil Amfreville-la-Mi-Voie Amfreville-les-Champs Anceaumeville Ancourt Ancourteville-sur-Héricourt Ancretiéville-Saint-Victor Ancretteville-sur-Mer Angerville-Bailleul Angerville-la-Martel Angerville-l'Orcher Angiens Anglesqueville-l'Esneval Anglesqueville-la-Bras-Long Anneville-Ambourville Anneville-sur-Scie Annouville-Vilmesnil Anquetierville Anvéville Ardouval Arelaune-en-Seine Argueil Arques-la-Bataille Aubéguimont Aubermesnil-aux-Érables Aubermesnil-Beaumais Auberville-la-Manuel Auberville-la-Renault Aumale Auppegard Authieux-Ratiéville Les Authieux-sur-le-Port-Saint-Ouen Autigny Auvilliers Auzebosc Auzouville-l'Esneval Auzouville-sur-Ry Auzouville-sur-Saâne Avesnes-en-Bray Avesnes-en-Val Avremesnil Bacqueville-en-Caux Bailleul-Neuville Baillolet Bailly-en-Rivière Baons-le-Comte Bardouville Barentin Baromesnil Bazinval Beaubec-la-Rosière Beaumont-le-Hareng Beaurepaire Beaussault Beautot Beauval-en-Caux Beauvoir-en-Lyons Bec-de-Mortagne Belbeuf Bellencombre Bellengreville Belleville-en-Caux La Bellière Belmesnil Bénarville Bénesville Bénouville Bernières Bertheauville Bertreville Bertreville-Saint-Ouen Bertrimont Berville-en-Caux Berville-sur-Seine Beuzeville-la-Grenier Beuzeville-la-Guérard Beuzevillette Bézancourt Bierville Bihorel Biville-la-Baignarde Biville-la-Rivière Blacqueville Blainville-Crevon Blangy-sur-Bresle Blosseville Le Bocasse Bois-d'Ennebourg Bois-Guilbert Bois-Guillaume Bois-Héroult Bois-Himont Bois-l'Évêque Le Bois-Robert Boissay Bolbec Bolleville Bonsecours Boos Bordeaux-Saint-Clair Bornambusc Bosc-Bérenger Bosc-Bordel Bosc-Édeline Bosc-Guérard-Saint-Adrien Bosc-Hyons Bosc-le-Hard Bosc-Mesnil Bosville Boudeville Bouelles La Bouille Bourdainville Le Bourg-Dun Bourville Bouville Brachy Bracquetuit Bradiancourt Brametot Bréauté Brémontier-Merval Bretteville-du-Grand-Caux Bretteville-Saint-Laurent Buchy Bully Bures-en-Bray Butot Butot-Vénesville Cailleville Cailly Callengeville Calleville-les-Deux-Églises Campneuseville Canehan Canouville Canteleu Canville-les-Deux-Églises Cany-Barville Carville-la-Folletière Carville-Pot-de-Fer Le Catelier Catenay Caudebec-lès-Elbeuf Le Caule-Sainte-Beuve Cauville-sur-Mer Les Cent-Acres La Cerlangue La Chapelle-du-Bourgay La Chapelle-Saint-Ouen La Chapelle-sur-Dun La Chaussée Cideville Clais Clasville Claville-Motteville Cléon Clères Cleuville Cléville Cliponville Colleville Colmesnil-Manneville Compainville Conteville Contremoulins Cottévrard Crasville-la-Mallet Crasville-la-Rocquefort Criel-sur-Mer La Crique Criquebeuf-en-Caux Criquetot-l'Esneval Criquetot-le-Mauconduit Criquetot-sur-Longueville Criquetot-sur-Ouville Criquiers Critot Croisy-sur-Andelle Croixdalle Croix-Mare Cropus Crosville-sur-Scie Cuverville Cuverville-sur-Yères Cuy-Saint-Fiacre Dampierre-en-Bray Dampierre-Saint-Nicolas Dancourt Darnétal Daubeuf-Serville Dénestanville Déville-lès-Rouen Dieppesubpr Doudeauville Doudeville Douvrend Drosay Duclair Écalles-Alix Écrainville Écretteville-lès-Baons Écretteville-sur-Mer Ectot-l'Auber Ectot-lès-Baons Elbeuf Elbeuf-en-Bray Elbeuf-sur-Andelle Életot Ellecourt Émanville Envermeu Envronville Épinay-sur-Duclair Épouville Épretot Épreville Ermenouville Ernemont-la-Villette Ernemont-sur-Buchy Esclavelles Eslettes Esteville Étaimpuis Étainhus Étalleville Étalondes Étoutteville Étretat Eu Fallencourt Fécamp Ferrières-en-Bray La Ferté-Saint-Samson Fesques La Feuillie Flamanville Flamets-Frétils Flocques Fongueusemare Fontaine-en-Bray Fontaine-la-Mallet Fontaine-le-Bourg Fontaine-le-Dun Fontaine-sous-Préaux La Fontelaye Fontenay Forges-les-Eaux Foucarmont Foucart Franqueville-Saint-Pierre Fréauville La Frénaye Freneuse Fresles Fresnay-le-Long Fresne-le-Plan Fresnoy-Folny Fresquiennes Freulleville Frichemesnil Froberville Fry Fultot La Gaillarde Gaillefontaine Gainneville Gancourt-Saint-Étienne Ganzeville Gerponville Gerville Goderville Gommerville Gonfreville-Caillot Gonfreville-l'Orcher Gonnetot Gonneville-la-Mallet Gonneville-sur-Scie Gonzeville Goupillières Gournay-en-Bray Gouy Graimbouville Grainville-la-Teinturière Grainville-sur-Ry Grainville-Ymauville Grand-Camp Grand-Couronne Grandcourt Les Grandes-Ventes Le Grand-Quevilly Graval Grèges Grémonville Greuville Grigneuseville Gruchet-le-Valasse Gruchet-Saint-Siméon Grugny Grumesnil Guerville Gueures Gueutteville Gueutteville-les-Grès La Hallotière Le Hanouard Harcanville Harfleur Hattenville Haucourt Haudricourt Haussez Hautot-l'Auvray Hautot-le-Vatois Hautot-Saint-Sulpice Hautot-sur-Mer Hautot-sur-Seine Les Hauts-de-Caux Le Havresubpr La Haye Héberville Hénouville Héricourt-en-Caux Hermanville Hermeville Le Héron Héronchelles Heugleville-sur-Scie Heuqueville Heurteauville Hodeng-au-Bosc Hodeng-Hodenger Houdetot Le Houlme Houppeville Houquetot La Houssaye-Béranger Hugleville-en-Caux Les Ifs Illois Imbleville Incheville Ingouville Isneauville Jumièges Lamberville Lammerville Landes-Vieilles-et-Neuves Lanquetot Lestanville Lillebonne Limésy Limpiville Lindebeuf Lintot Lintot-les-Bois Les Loges La Londe Londinières Longmesnil Longroy Longueil Longuerue Longueville-sur-Scie Louvetot Lucy Luneray Malaunay Malleville-les-Grès Manéglise Manéhouville Maniquerville Manneville-ès-Plains Manneville-la-Goupil Mannevillette Maromme Marques Martainville-Épreville Martigny Martin-Église Massy Mathonville Maucomble Maulévrier-Sainte-Gertrude Mauny Mauquenchy Mélamare Melleville Ménerval Ménonval Mentheville Mésangueville Mesnières-en-Bray Le Mesnil-Durdent Le Mesnil-Esnard Mesnil-Follemprise Le Mesnil-Lieubray Mesnil-Mauger Mesnil-Panneville Mesnil-Raoul Le Mesnil-Réaume Le Mesnil-sous-Jumièges Meulers Millebosc Mirville Molagnies Monchaux-Soreng Monchy-sur-Eu Mont-Cauvaire Mont-Saint-Aignan Montérolier Montigny Montivilliers Montmain Montreuil-en-Caux Montroty Montville Morgny-la-Pommeraye Morienne Mortemer Morville-sur-Andelle Motteville Moulineaux Muchedent Nesle-Hodeng Nesle-Normandeuse Neufbosc Neufchâtel-en-Bray Neuf-Marché La Neuville-Chant-d'Oisel Neuville-Ferrières Néville Nointot Nolléval Normanville Norville Notre-Dame-d'Aliermont Notre-Dame-de-Bliquetuit Notre-Dame-de-Bondeville Notre-Dame-du-Bec Notre-Dame-du-Parc Nullemont Ocqueville Octeville-sur-Mer Offranville Oherville Oissel Omonville Orival Osmoy-Saint-Valery Ouainville Oudalle Ourville-en-Caux Ouville-l'Abbaye Ouville-la-Rivière Paluel Parc-d'Anxtot Pavilly Petit-Caux Petit-Couronne Le Petit-Quevilly Petiville Pierrecourt Pierrefiques Pierreval Pissy-Pôville Pleine-Sève Pommereux Pommeréval Ponts-et-Marais Port-Jérôme-sur-Seine La Poterie-Cap-d'Antifer Préaux Prétot-Vicquemare Preuseville Puisenval Quevillon Quévreville-la-Poterie Quiberville Quièvrecourt Quincampoix Raffetot Rainfreville Réalcamp Rebets La Remuée Rétonval Reuville Ricarville-du-Val Richemont Rieux Rives-en-Seine Riville Robertot Rocquefort Rocquemont Rogerville Rolleville Roncherolles-en-Bray Roncherolles-sur-le-Vivier Ronchois Rosay Rouenpref Roumare Routes Rouville Rouvray-Catillon Rouxmesnil-Bouteilles Royville La Rue-Saint-Pierre Ry Saâne-Saint-Just Sahurs Sainneville Saint-Aignan-sur-Ry Saint-André-sur-Cailly Saint-Antoine-la-Forêt Saint-Arnoult Saint-Aubin-Celloville Saint-Aubin-de-Crétot Saint-Aubin-Épinay Saint-Aubin-le-Cauf Saint-Aubin-lès-Elbeuf Saint-Aubin-Routot Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer Saint-Aubin-sur-Scie Saint-Clair-sur-les-Monts Saint-Crespin Saint-Denis-d'Aclon Saint-Denis-le-Thiboult Saint-Denis-sur-Scie Sainte-Adresse Sainte-Agathe-d'Aliermont Sainte-Austreberthe Sainte-Beuve-en-Rivière Sainte-Colombe Sainte-Croix-sur-Buchy Sainte-Foy Sainte-Geneviève Sainte-Hélène-Bondeville Sainte-Marguerite-sur-Duclair Sainte-Marguerite-sur-Mer Sainte-Marie-au-Bosc Sainte-Marie-des-Champs Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray Saint-Eustache-la-Forêt Saint-Georges-sur-Fontaine Saint-Germain-des-Essourts Saint-Germain-d'Étables Saint-Germain-sous-Cailly Saint-Germain-sur-Eaulne Saint-Gilles-de-Crétot Saint-Gilles-de-la-Neuville Saint-Hellier Saint-Honoré Saint-Jacques-d'Aliermont Saint-Jacques-sur-Darnétal Saint-Jean-de-Folleville Saint-Jean-de-la-Neuville Saint-Jean-du-Cardonnay Saint-Jouin-Bruneval Saint-Laurent-de-Brèvedent Saint-Laurent-en-Caux Saint-Léger-aux-Bois Saint-Léger-du-Bourg-Denis Saint-Léonard Saint-Lucien Saint-Maclou-de-Folleville Saint-Maclou-la-Brière Saint-Mards Saint-Martin-au-Bosc Saint-Martin-aux-Arbres Saint-Martin-aux-Buneaux Saint-Martin-de-Boscherville Saint-Martin-de-l'If Saint-Martin-du-Bec Saint-Martin-du-Manoir Saint-Martin-du-Vivier Saint-Martin-le-Gaillard Saint-Martin-l'Hortier Saint-Martin-Osmonville Saint-Maurice-d'Ételan Saint-Michel-d'Halescourt Saint-Nicolas-d'Aliermont Saint-Nicolas-de-la-Haie Saint-Nicolas-de-la-Taille Saint-Ouen-du-Breuil Saint-Ouen-le-Mauger Saint-Ouen-sous-Bailly Saint-Paër Saint-Pierre-Bénouville Saint-Pierre-de-Manneville Saint-Pierre-des-Jonquières Saint-Pierre-de-Varengeville Saint-Pierre-en-Port Saint-Pierre-en-Val Saint-Pierre-lès-Elbeuf Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Saint-Pierre-le-Viger Saint-Rémy-Boscrocourt Saint-Riquier-en-Rivière Saint-Riquier-ès-Plains Saint-Romain-de-Colbosc Saint-Saëns Saint-Saire Saint-Sauveur-d'Émalleville Saint-Sylvain Saint-Vaast-d'Équiqueville Saint-Vaast-Dieppedalle Saint-Vaast-du-Val Saint-Valery-en-Caux Saint-Victor-l'Abbaye Saint-Vigor-d'Ymonville Saint-Vincent-Cramesnil Sandouville Sassetot-le-Malgardé Sassetot-le-Mauconduit Sasseville Sauchay Saumont-la-Poterie Sauqueville Saussay Sausseuzemare-en-Caux Senneville-sur-Fécamp Sept-Meules Serqueux Servaville-Salmonville Sierville Sigy-en-Bray Smermesnil Sommery Sommesnil Sorquainville Sotteville-lès-Rouen Sotteville-sous-le-Val Sotteville-sur-Mer Tancarville Terres-de-Caux Thérouldeville Theuville-aux-Maillots Thiergeville Thiétreville Thil-Manneville Le Thil-Riberpré Thiouville Le Tilleul Tocqueville-en-Caux Tocqueville-les-Murs Torcy-le-Grand Torcy-le-Petit Le Torp-Mesnil Tôtes Touffreville-la-Corbeline Touffreville-sur-Eu Tourville-la-Rivière Tourville-les-Ifs Tourville-sur-Arques Toussaint Le Trait Trémauville Le Tréport La Trinité-du-Mont Les Trois-Pierres Trouville Turretot Val-de-la-Haye Val-de-Saâne Val-de-Scie Valliquerville Valmont Varengeville-sur-Mer Varneville-Bretteville Vassonville Vatierville Vattetot-sous-Beaumont Vattetot-sur-Mer Vatteville-la-Rue La Vaupalière Veauville-lès-Quelles Vénestanville Ventes-Saint-Rémy Vergetot Veules-les-Roses Veulettes-sur-Mer Vibeuf Vieux-Manoir Vieux-Rouen-sur-Bresle La Vieux-Rue Villainville Villers-Écalles Villers-sous-Foucarmont Villy-sur-Yères Vinnemerville Virville Vittefleur Wanchy-Capval Yainville Yébleron Yerville Ymare Yport Ypreville-Biville Yquebeuf Yvecrique Yvetot Yville-sur-Seine pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases: National France BnF data This Dieppe geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[sɛ̃ pjɛʁ ɑ̃ val]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Seine-Maritime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Maritime"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Normandy, FranceSaint-Pierre-en-Val (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ pjɛʁ ɑ̃ val]) is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France.","title":"Saint-Pierre-en-Val"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"forestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry"},{"link_name":"farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farming"},{"link_name":"Bresle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bresle_(river)"},{"link_name":"Pays de Bray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_de_Bray"},{"link_name":"Dieppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieppe"}],"text":"A forestry and farming village situated in the valley of the river Bresle in the Pays de Bray, some 19 miles (31 km) northeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D120 and the D1314 roads.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Heraldry"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The church of St. Pierre, dating from the thirteenth century.","title":"Places of interest"}]	[{"image_text":"Arms of Saint-Pierre-en-Val","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Blason_Saint-Pierre-en-val.svg/120px-Blason_Saint-Pierre-en-val.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Communes of the Seine-Maritime department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Seine-Maritime_department"}]	[{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-76638","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint-Pierre-en-Val&params=50.0222_N_1.4478_E_type:city(1090)_region:FR-NOR","external_links_name":"50°01′20″N 1°26′52″E / 50.0222°N 1.4478°E / 50.0222; 1.4478"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint-Pierre-en-Val&params=50.0222_N_1.4478_E_type:city(1090)_region:FR-NOR","external_links_name":"50°01′20″N 1°26′52″E / 50.0222°N 1.4478°E / 50.0222; 1.4478"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-76638","external_links_name":"76638"},{"Link":"https://www.seine-maritime.gouv.fr/content/download/26198/186822/file/Liste%20d%C3%A9finitive%20des%20maires%20du%20d%C3%A9partement.pdf","external_links_name":"Liste des maires du département de la Seine-Maritime"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-76638","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-76638#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Population en historique depuis 1968"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152752232","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152752232","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Pierre-en-Val&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmonds_Aerocessories	Oliver Simmonds	["1 Early life","2 Aviation career","3 Parliament","4 Simmonds Aerocessories","5 Bahamas","6 4CYTE (foresight)","7 References","7.1 Notes","8 External links"]	Sir Oliver SimmondsBornOliver Edwin Simmonds(1897-11-22)22 November 1897King's Lynn, Norfolk, EnglandDied26 July 1985(1985-07-26) (aged 87)Guernsey, Channel IslandsNationalityBritishOccupation(s)Aircraft engineer, Member of Parliament, IndustrialistKnown forAircraft designs including the Simmonds SpartanSpouseGladys E. HewittChildrenDoreen P. Kay, Geoffrey R. Simmonds, and Janette P. Gailey Sir Oliver Edwin Simmonds, FRAeS (22 November 1897 – 26 July 1985) was a British aviation pioneer, aircraft engineer and Conservative Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Birmingham Duddeston from 1931 to 1945. Early life Simmonds was born on 22 November 1897 in King's Lynn, Norfolk, the elder son of the Rev Frederick Simmonds, a lawyer by training and a Congregational Minister by avocation. Simmonds was educated at Taunton in Somerset. In early 1916, he volunteered to join the Royal Flying Corps as a pilot. He was trained at Weybridge, Surrey. He received his wings and in March 1916 joined 25 Squadron in France. He piloted a Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2b, a light bomber and observation aircraft. Arthur Tedder, later Deputy Supreme Commander of all Allied Forces in Northern Europe in 1944/45, was also a member of 25 Squadron at that time. Simmonds went up to Cambridge in 1919. He switched from reading History to Engineering, earning his degree in 1922. While at Cambridge he joined the Cambridge University Aeronautical Society. Aviation career Simmonds joined the Royal Aircraft Factory in 1922. During his time at Farnborough, Simmonds wrote a joint paper on the results of a test in the Wind Tunnel. Simmonds was then transferred to the Air Worthiness Dept, which was responsible for approving and granting a British Certificate of Airworthiness to each newly designed aircraft. This position required him to visit the design offices of all the British Aircraft designers, where he saw first hand all the new design ideas that were evolving. After the US won the Schneider Trophy in 1924 at a speed of about 240 mph, the British Air Ministry called for a new monoplane challenger that could achieve 300 mph in level flight. In a search for new talent, R.J. Mitchell at Supermarine interviewed Simmonds and invited him to join the design team. In the 1960s, while talking to another former Schneider team member, he was reminded how the fuselage diameter of the Supermarine S.5 was determined. Simmonds had asked one of the team to put a piece of plywood vertically against the wall. He then sat on the floor with his back to the plywood, while a colleague drew a line around his body. This became the fuselage diameter. Simmonds was a small man physically, which is the reason that the RAF pilots chosen to fly the aircraft were of a similar stature. This Supermarine series of aircraft won the Schneider Trophy in 1927, 1929 and 1931, thereby winning it outright. The last of the Series, the Supermarine S6B was the first aircraft to exceed 400 mph in level flight, over the Solent, on 23 September 1931. During Simmonds time with Supermarine, he had begun, in his spare time, working on the design of a new light aircraft, which he later named the Spartan. It had interchangeable wings and interchangeable tail surfaces, a particular advantage in export markets. This resulted in a disagreement between Simmonds and Supermarine and the former announced in July 1928 that he was leaving Supermarine to form his own company to produce the Spartan. In 1928 Simmonds formed two companies: Simmonds Aircraft, Ltd.— Capital £20,000, in £1 shares. With the purpose of acquiring interests in patents, licences, concessions and the like held by the Simmonds Interchangeable Wing Co., Ltd., and to acquire from O. E. Simmonds licences relating to the building, manufacture, design and sale of the Simmonds Spartan Light Aeroplane. The company produced a significant number of Spartans and also de Havilland Moths under license. In 1931, as the US depression began to be felt in Britain, Simmonds sold his interest in the company to Whitehall Securities Corporation. When the first Simmonds Spartan was rolled out in 1929, Simmonds was able to announce the company had orders for 54 Spartans and had a contract to produce the Blackburn ? Parliament In 1931 Simmonds entered politics as a Conservative. He was elected at the 1931 general election as the MP for Birmingham Duddeston. He held the seat until the 1945 general election. In the House Simmonds spoke on aviation, workers' conditions and Civil Defense. With other MP's he visited Spain during the Civil War there, to study the effects of aerial warfare on the civil population. On his return to Britain he formed the Air Raid Precautions Institute. This institute issued recommendations for the protection of the civilian population in the event of war. Simmonds Aerocessories In 1931, following the sale of Simmonds Aircraft, Simmonds attended the annual Air Show at Le Bourget, which included a large display of aircraft equipment suppliers. One of these was the Coursey Company which made push pull controls for use in operating aircraft control surfaces. Simmonds did an instant market survey and realized this product could end the use of bell cranks and levers to control aircraft flight surfaces. He negotiated an exclusive license to produce and sell these devices in all the world except France. Returning to Britain he set about forming Simmonds Aerocessories Ltd, entering into a manufacturing arrangement with Accles and Shelvoke in Birmingham and establishing a sales and administrative office in London. He soon had many customers. In about 1933, Simmonds travelled to the US and followed up with some of the US contacts he had made back in the Schneider Trophy days. One of these contacts showed him a new nut, which was unique in that it had a red fibre insert, which caused the nut to retain its position on a bolt, irrespective of vibration. Simmonds realized this nut had the potential to do away with cotter pins. The holder of the worldwide patents was a Swede named Renefelt. Simmonds obtained an exclusive license for the rest of the world, with the exception of the US and Sweden. The two licenses for the Push Pull Control and the Elastic Stop Nut became the basis of the company's early rapid growth. In the second half of the 1930s Simmonds established his own manufacturing facilities in the UK, France, Poland, the US and Australia. Offices were also established in Canada. Following the outbreak of WW II, manufacturing facilities were rapidly expanded to meet growing demand. Large manufacturing facilities were then acquired at Treforest, near Cardiff in Glamorganshire. The company also later took over the space owned by the Coty Cosmetics Company, also on the Great West Rd and further space in Sunderland. In the late 1930s Simmonds had become the exclusive British and European licensee for the aircraft fuel gauging systems produced by the Liquidometer Corporation of New York, USA. As part of the company's entry into this market segment, Simmonds had hired a refugee Polish engineer. Between the two of them they conceived how to measure fuel electrically thereby providing much greater accuracy, irrespective of an aircraft's flight attitude. They went on to patent and produce such a system, called Pacitor. The first British aircraft to use this system was the country's first jet fighter, the Gloster Meteor, which first saw combat in 1944, chasing and shooting down many German V-1 missiles. These Pacitor fuel gauging systems were licensed to the US Simmonds company and became the basis of that company evolving after WW II from producing mainly mechanical products to moving first to electro-mechanical products and finally in the 1960s to mostly electronic products. After the end of WW II new orders for all military aircraft came to an abrupt halt. Simmonds consolidated all its reduced operations at its Treforest factory, near Cardiff. In 1947 British Overseas Airways (B.O.A.C.) took over the former Simmonds works on the Great West Road, London. In 1947 the Electric and General Industrial Trusts, Ltd., of which Mr. C. W. Hayward was chairman, bought the entire share capital of Simmonds Aerocessories, Ltd., and Simmonds Products, Ltd. Sir Oliver retained his interests in Simmonds Development Corp., Ltd, which held many of the Simmonds patents. Sir Oliver retained his interests in the US, Canadian and French businesses. This last was also sold in the late 1940s to a French Company. Simmonds Aerocessories was the original manufacturer of surform tools. On selling his Simmonds / Spartan companies Oliver Simmonds established Simmonds Aerocessories. As the company grew it expanded its interests to producing aircraft controls and a fuel measurement tool that became a standard in the industry. Under his auspices the company grew rapidly spreading across all of Europe as a multi-national and then worldwide into Canada, the US and Australia. In 1941 Simmonds Aerocessories built a one-off target drone the OQ-11 which was tested by the USAAF. Bahamas In 1948, Simmonds sold his British-based interests and moved to The Bahamas. He started a construction company and undertook the development of the Balmoral Beach Club, a luxurious hotel on Cable Beach. In its celebrity heyday, the hotel cultivated a relaxed, sophisticated atmosphere and hosted notable guests such as The Beatles who were here to film the movie Help!. Other luminary Balmoral guests included Richard Nixon and the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, the former King Edward VIII and Wallace Simpson. Simmonds helped to stabilize the hotel industry by becoming the President of The Hotel Employer Association and then the President of The Friends of The Bahamas. Sir Oliver built 'High Tor' with its 18-foot gracious high ceiling rooms it was designed with care and with an eye to detail still apparent to this day. Sir Oliver imported English oak panels for doors and an 18th-century carved wooden fireplace as well as many other decorative items. He was an inventor and engineer, there are still features existing today that were considered innovative when he designed them such as the floating spiral staircase and the enormous windows that slide down to disappear completely into the floor. He lived in High Tor until 1963 and he continued to live in Lyford Cay until 1977. 4CYTE (foresight) Sir Oliver invented a game club called 4CYTE (pronounced "foresight"). Each player has an identical set of letters and a six-by-six grid. Players alternate calling letters and placing them on their respective grids. Each player may hold one letter as a stand by. When the grids are filled, the players score the six rows, six column, and two diagonals. When a player has spelled a word that is at least three letters long that player receives points for that scoring line. Longer words are worth more points. The player with the most points wins. In the solitaire version, a player selects thirty six letters and moves them around at will to score a personal best. The President of the club was Sir Oliver Simmonds, and he was the first 4CYTE champion. The International 4 CYTE Champions' Club is an unincorporated association owned by the International Parlour Games Corporation Limited, Nassau, Bahamas. References Notes ^ Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "D" (part 2) ^ a b Craig, F. W. S. (1983) . British parliamentary election results 1918-1949 (3rd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. ISBN 0-900178-06-X. ^ Google Patents: oliver edwin simmonds ^ Flight magazine 1947 ^ "Messrs. Simmonds Aerocessories, Limited". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 421. Commons. 16 April 1946. col. 2522–2523. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 14 September 2023. ^ Advertisement in Flight magazine, 16 July 1942 ^ "Balmoral Bahamas - Its About Living". Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2009. ^ Sylvain, Rick (31 March 1985). "A Hot Spot To Cool Out Near Nassau". Chicago Tribune. Knight-Ridder Newspapers. Retrieved 8 January 2012. The Royal Bahamian, 10 minutes from Nassau, could pass for the tropical, baronial estate of some tycoon who hit it big in sugar or pineapples or something. Certainly, it is the most exclusive and fashionable resort in the Bahamas... ^ "bio". bahamasentertainers.com. ^ "4 CYTE (Foresight) - Image Gallery - BoardGameGeek". boardgamegeek.com. ^ "1stingames.com" (PDF). 1stingames.com. External links Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Oliver Simmonds Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byGeorge Francis Sawyer Member of Parliament for Birmingham Duddeston 1931 – 1945 Succeeded byEdith Wills Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Poland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRAeS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aeronautical_Society"},{"link_name":"aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Duddeston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Duddeston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Sir Oliver Edwin Simmonds, FRAeS (22 November 1897 – 26 July 1985) was a British aviation pioneer, aircraft engineer and Conservative Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Birmingham Duddeston from 1931 to 1945.[1]","title":"Oliver Simmonds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King's Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Lynn"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Congregational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_church"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"25 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._25_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Factory_F.E.2"},{"link_name":"Arthur Tedder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Tedder"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Aeronautical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Aeronautical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Simmonds was born on 22 November 1897 in King's Lynn, Norfolk, the elder son of the Rev Frederick Simmonds, a lawyer by training and a Congregational Minister by avocation. Simmonds was educated at Taunton in Somerset. In early 1916, he volunteered to join the Royal Flying Corps as a pilot. He was trained at Weybridge, Surrey. He received his wings and in March 1916 joined 25 Squadron in France. He piloted a Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2b, a light bomber and observation aircraft. Arthur Tedder, later Deputy Supreme Commander of all Allied Forces in Northern Europe in 1944/45, was also a member of 25 Squadron at that time. Simmonds went up to Cambridge in 1919. He switched from reading History to Engineering, earning his degree in 1922. While at Cambridge he joined the Cambridge University Aeronautical Society.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Aircraft Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment"},{"link_name":"Certificate of Airworthiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Airworthiness"},{"link_name":"Schneider Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schneider_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Air Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Ministry"},{"link_name":"R.J. Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.J._Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Supermarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine"},{"link_name":"Supermarine S.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_S.5"},{"link_name":"plywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plywood"},{"link_name":"Supermarine S6B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_S6B"},{"link_name":"Solent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solent"},{"link_name":"Simmonds Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmonds_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Simmonds Spartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmonds_Spartan"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Moths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Moth"},{"link_name":"Whitehall Securities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall_Securities"}],"text":"Simmonds joined the Royal Aircraft Factory in 1922. During his time at Farnborough, Simmonds wrote a joint paper on the results of a test in the Wind Tunnel. Simmonds was then transferred to the Air Worthiness Dept, which was responsible for approving and granting a British Certificate of Airworthiness to each newly designed aircraft. This position required him to visit the design offices of all the British Aircraft designers, where he saw first hand all the new design ideas that were evolving. After the US won the Schneider Trophy in 1924 at a speed of about 240 mph, the British Air Ministry called for a new monoplane challenger that could achieve 300 mph in level flight. In a search for new talent, R.J. Mitchell at Supermarine interviewed Simmonds and invited him to join the design team. In the 1960s, while talking to another former Schneider team member, he was reminded how the fuselage diameter of the Supermarine S.5 was determined. Simmonds had asked one of the team to put a piece of plywood vertically against the wall. He then sat on the floor with his back to the plywood, while a colleague drew a line around his body. This became the fuselage diameter. Simmonds was a small man physically, which is the reason that the RAF pilots chosen to fly the aircraft were of a similar stature. This Supermarine series of aircraft won the Schneider Trophy in 1927, 1929 and 1931, thereby winning it outright. The last of the Series, the Supermarine S6B was the first aircraft to exceed 400 mph in level flight, over the Solent, on 23 September 1931. During Simmonds time with Supermarine, he had begun, in his spare time, working on the design of a new light aircraft, which he later named the Spartan. It had interchangeable wings and interchangeable tail surfaces, a particular advantage in export markets. This resulted in a disagreement between Simmonds and Supermarine and the former announced in July 1928 that he was leaving Supermarine to form his own company to produce the Spartan.In 1928 Simmonds formed two companies: Simmonds Aircraft, Ltd.— Capital £20,000, in £1 shares. With the purpose of acquiring interests in patents, licences, concessions and the like held by the Simmonds Interchangeable Wing Co., Ltd., and to acquire from O. E. Simmonds licences relating to the building, manufacture, design and sale of the Simmonds Spartan Light Aeroplane. The company produced a significant number of Spartans and also de Havilland Moths under license. In 1931, as the US depression began to be felt in Britain, Simmonds sold his interest in the company to Whitehall Securities Corporation. When the first Simmonds Spartan was rolled out in 1929, Simmonds was able to announce the company had orders for 54 Spartans and had a contract to produce the Blackburn ?","title":"Aviation career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"1931 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Duddeston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Duddeston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-craig-2"},{"link_name":"1945 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-craig-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 1931 Simmonds entered politics as a Conservative. He was elected at the 1931 general election as the MP for Birmingham Duddeston.[2] He held the seat until the 1945 general election.[2] In the House Simmonds spoke on aviation, workers' conditions and Civil Defense. With other MP's he visited Spain during the Civil War there, to study the effects of aerial warfare on the civil population. On his return to Britain he formed the Air Raid Precautions Institute. This institute issued recommendations for the protection of the civilian population in the event of war.[citation needed]","title":"Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le Bourget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Bourget"},{"link_name":"bell cranks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_crank"},{"link_name":"Accles and Shelvoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Accles_and_Shelvoke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cotter pins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_pin"},{"link_name":"Treforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treforest"},{"link_name":"Gloster Meteor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster_Meteor"},{"link_name":"V-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb"},{"link_name":"British Overseas Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_Airways"},{"link_name":"Great West Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A4_road_(England)"},{"link_name":"C. W. Hayward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Hayward"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"surform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surform"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"OQ-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OQ-11&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"USAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAAF"}],"text":"In 1931, following the sale of Simmonds Aircraft, Simmonds attended the annual Air Show at Le Bourget, which included a large display of aircraft equipment suppliers. One of these was the Coursey Company which made push pull controls for use in operating aircraft control surfaces. Simmonds did an instant market survey and realized this product could end the use of bell cranks and levers to control aircraft flight surfaces. He negotiated an exclusive license to produce and sell these devices in all the world except France.Returning to Britain he set about forming Simmonds Aerocessories Ltd, entering into a manufacturing arrangement with Accles and Shelvoke in Birmingham and establishing a sales and administrative office in London. He soon had many customers.In about 1933, Simmonds travelled to the US and followed up with some of the US contacts he had made back in the Schneider Trophy days. One of these contacts showed him a new nut, which was unique in that it had a red fibre insert, which caused the nut to retain its position on a bolt, irrespective of vibration. Simmonds realized this nut had the potential to do away with cotter pins. The holder of the worldwide patents was a Swede named Renefelt. Simmonds obtained an exclusive license for the rest of the world, with the exception of the US and Sweden. The two licenses for the Push Pull Control and the Elastic Stop Nut became the basis of the company's early rapid growth. In the second half of the 1930s Simmonds established his own manufacturing facilities in the UK, France, Poland, the US and Australia. Offices were also established in Canada.Following the outbreak of WW II, manufacturing facilities were rapidly expanded to meet growing demand. Large manufacturing facilities were then acquired at Treforest, near Cardiff in Glamorganshire. The company also later took over the space owned by the Coty Cosmetics Company, also on the Great West Rd and further space in Sunderland.In the late 1930s Simmonds had become the exclusive British and European licensee for the aircraft fuel gauging systems produced by the Liquidometer Corporation of New York, USA. As part of the company's entry into this market segment, Simmonds had hired a refugee Polish engineer. Between the two of them they conceived how to measure fuel electrically thereby providing much greater accuracy, irrespective of an aircraft's flight attitude. They went on to patent and produce such a system, called Pacitor. The first British aircraft to use this system was the country's first jet fighter, the Gloster Meteor, which first saw combat in 1944, chasing and shooting down many German V-1 missiles.These Pacitor fuel gauging systems were licensed to the US Simmonds company and became the basis of that company evolving after WW II from producing mainly mechanical products to moving first to electro-mechanical products and finally in the 1960s to mostly electronic products.After the end of WW II new orders for all military aircraft came to an abrupt halt. Simmonds consolidated all its reduced operations at its Treforest factory, near Cardiff. In 1947 British Overseas Airways (B.O.A.C.) took over the former Simmonds works on the Great West Road, London.In 1947 the Electric and General Industrial Trusts, Ltd., of which Mr. C. W. Hayward was chairman, bought the entire share capital of Simmonds Aerocessories, Ltd., and Simmonds Products, Ltd. Sir Oliver retained his interests in Simmonds Development Corp., Ltd, which held many of the Simmonds patents.[3] Sir Oliver retained his interests in the US, Canadian and French businesses. This last was also sold in the late 1940s to a French Company.[4]Simmonds Aerocessories was the original manufacturer of surform tools.On selling his Simmonds / Spartan companies Oliver Simmonds established Simmonds Aerocessories.[5] As the company grew it expanded its interests to producing aircraft controls and a fuel measurement tool that became a standard in the industry. Under his auspices the company grew rapidly spreading across all of Europe as a multi-national and then worldwide into Canada, the US and Australia.[6] In 1941 Simmonds Aerocessories built a one-off target drone the OQ-11 which was tested by the USAAF.","title":"Simmonds Aerocessories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Cable Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_Beach,_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Help!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help!_(film)"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Edward VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII"},{"link_name":"Wallace Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Simpson"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Lyford Cay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyford_Cay"}],"text":"In 1948, Simmonds sold his British-based interests and moved to The Bahamas. He started a construction company and undertook the development of the Balmoral Beach Club,[7] a luxurious hotel on Cable Beach. In its celebrity heyday, the hotel cultivated a relaxed, sophisticated atmosphere and hosted notable guests such as The Beatles who were here to film the movie Help!. Other luminary Balmoral guests included Richard Nixon and the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, the former King Edward VIII and Wallace Simpson.[8]Simmonds helped to stabilize the hotel industry by becoming the President of The Hotel Employer Association and then the President of The Friends of The Bahamas.[9]\nSir Oliver built 'High Tor' with its 18-foot gracious high ceiling rooms it was designed with care and with an eye to detail still apparent to this day. Sir Oliver imported English oak panels for doors and an 18th-century carved wooden fireplace as well as many other decorative items. He was an inventor and engineer, there are still features existing today that were considered innovative when he designed them such as the floating spiral staircase and the enormous windows that slide down to disappear completely into the floor. He lived in High Tor until 1963 and he continued to live in Lyford Cay until 1977.","title":"Bahamas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Sir Oliver invented a game club called 4CYTE (pronounced \"foresight\").[10] \nEach player has an identical set of letters and a six-by-six grid. Players alternate calling letters and placing them on their respective grids. Each player may hold one letter as a stand by. When the grids are filled, the players score the six rows, six column, and two diagonals. When a player has spelled a word that is at least three letters long that player receives points for that scoring line. Longer words are worth more points. The player with the most points wins. In the solitaire version, a player selects thirty six letters and moves them around at will to score a personal best.[11]The President of the club was Sir Oliver Simmonds, and he was the first 4CYTE champion. The International 4 CYTE Champions' Club is an unincorporated association owned by the International Parlour Games Corporation Limited, Nassau, Bahamas.","title":"4CYTE (foresight)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Craig, F. W. S. (1983) [1969]. British parliamentary election results 1918-1949 (3rd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. ISBN 0-900178-06-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._S._Craig","url_text":"Craig, F. W. S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900178-06-X","url_text":"0-900178-06-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Messrs. Simmonds Aerocessories, Limited\". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 421. Commons. 16 April 1946. col. 2522–2523. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1946/apr/16/messrs-simmonds-aerocessories-limited","url_text":"\"Messrs. Simmonds Aerocessories, Limited\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090719134747/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1946/apr/16/messrs-simmonds-aerocessories-limited","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Balmoral Bahamas - Its About Living\". Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090621071054/http://www.balmoralbahamas.com/index.htm","url_text":"\"Balmoral Bahamas - Its About Living\""},{"url":"http://www.balmoralbahamas.com/index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sylvain, Rick (31 March 1985). \"A Hot Spot To Cool Out Near Nassau\". Chicago Tribune. Knight-Ridder Newspapers. Retrieved 8 January 2012. The Royal Bahamian, 10 minutes from Nassau, could pass for the tropical, baronial estate of some tycoon who hit it big in sugar or pineapples or something. Certainly, it is the most exclusive and fashionable resort in the Bahamas...","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1985-03-31/travel/8501180452_1_exclusive-tropical-hideaway-restaurant-manager","url_text":"\"A Hot Spot To Cool Out Near Nassau\""}]},{"reference":"\"bio\". bahamasentertainers.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://bahamasentertainers.com/Artist/LouAOrch/la_bio.html","url_text":"\"bio\""}]},{"reference":"\"4 CYTE (Foresight) - Image Gallery - BoardGameGeek\". boardgamegeek.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://boardgamegeek.com/images/boardgame/8032/4-cyte-foresight","url_text":"\"4 CYTE (Foresight) - Image Gallery - BoardGameGeek\""}]},{"reference":"\"1stingames.com\" (PDF). 1stingames.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.1stingames.com/rules/4cyte/index.pdf","url_text":"\"1stingames.com\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150215181722/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Dcommons2.htm","external_links_name":"Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with \"D\" (part 2)"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/?oq=oliver+edwin+simmonds","external_links_name":"oliver edwin simmonds"},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1946/apr/16/messrs-simmonds-aerocessories-limited","external_links_name":"\"Messrs. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_Karakatsanis	Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Karakatsanis	["1 By year","1.1 2012","1.2 2013","1.3 2014","1.4 2015","1.5 2016","1.6 2017"]	This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Karakatsanis" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This is a list of the reasons written by Justice Karakatsanis during her tenure as puisne justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. By year 2012 Statistics 4 Majority or Plurality 0 Concurrence 0 Other 0 Dissent 0 Concurrence/dissent Total = 4 Written opinions = 4 Oral opinions = 0 Unanimous decisions = 3 Case name Issue Co-authored by Joined by R v Tse 2012 SCC 16 Whether s. 184.4 of the Criminal Code infringes the right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure under s. 8 of the Charter Moldaver J Unanimous R v Maybin 2012 SCC 24 Criminal law – Causation and intervening acts – Unanimous Southcott Estates Inc v Toronto Catholic District School Board 2012 SCC 51 Contracts – Whether plaintiff seeking specific performance has obligation to mitigate losses – LeBel, Deschamps, Abella, Rothstein and Cromwell JJ R v Davey 2012 SCC 75 Whether it was appropriate for the Crown to seek personal opinions of local police officers as to the "suitability" of prospective jurors for use in exercise of peremptory challenges; Whether there should have been disclosure of same to the defence; Whether there is a reasonable possibility that such conduct affected trial fairness or gave rise to an appearance of unfairness, such that a miscarriage of justice occurred – Unanimous 2013 Statistics 9 Majority or Plurality 1 Concurrence 0 Other 3 Dissent 0 Concurrence/dissent Total = 13 Written opinions = 13 Oral opinions = 0 Unanimous decisions = 4 Case name Issue Co-authored by Joined by R v Sanichar 2013 SCC 4 Whether appellate court erred in setting aside convictions and ordering a new trial – McLachlin CJ and Abella, Rothstein, Moldaver and Wagner JJ Manitoba Metis Federation Inc v Canada (AG) 2013 SCC 14 Aboriginal law and the honour of the Crown McLachlin CJ LeBel, Fish, Abella and Cromwell JJ Penner v Niagara (Regional Police Services Board) 2013 SCC 19 Issue estoppel: administrative tribunal proceedings and civil proceedings Cromwell J McLachlin CJ and Fish J R v Vuradin 2013 SCC 38 Whether trial judge's reasons for judgment were sufficient and whether trial judge properly applied the burden of proof in a criminal case – Unanimous R v Youvarajah 2013 SCC 41 Admissibility of hearsay evidence: prior inconsistent statements – McLachlin CJ and Fish, Abella and Cromwell JJ Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique v British Columbia 2013 SCC 42 Civil procedure – Admissibility of affidavits in languages other than English under 1731 English Act received into British Columbia law providing English as language of court "proceedings" – LeBel and Abella JJ Ontario v Criminal Lawyers' Association of Ontario 2013 SCC 43 Jurisdiction of courts – Whether superior and statutory courts have inherent jurisdiction to determine the rate of remuneration of amici curiae – McLachlin CJ and Rothstein, Moldaver and Wagner JJ Marine Services International Ltd v Ryan Estate 2013 SCC 44 Division of powers – Whether negligence action brought by dependents under federal maritime legislation is prohibited by provincial workers' compensation legislation LeBel J Unanimous R v Chehil 2013 SCC 49 Unreasonable search and seizure under s. 8 of the Charter and whether police had reasonable grounds to suspect the accused was involved in a drug-related offence – Unanimous Cuthbertson v Rasouli 2013 SCC 53 Health law – Consent to withdrawal of treatment; whether withdrawal constitutes "treatment" under Ontario Health Care Consent Act – Abella J Sun-Rype Products Ltd v Archer Daniels Midland Co 2013 SCC 58 Civil procedure – Certification of class actions – Cromwell J McLean v British Columbia (Securities Commission) 2013 SCC 67 Judicial review and standard of review of securities commission decision – – R v McRae 2013 SCC 68 Offence of uttering threats Cromwell J Unanimous 2014 2014 statistics 9 Majority or Plurality 2 Concurrence 0 Other 2 Dissent 0 Concurrence/dissent Total = 13 Written opinions = 11 Oral opinions = 2 Unanimous decisions = 8 Case name Issue Co-authored by Joined by Hryniak v Mauldin 2014 SCC 7 Summary judgments – Unanimous Bruno Appliance and Furniture, Inc v Hryniak 2014 SCC 8 Summary judgments – Unanimous Reference Re Supreme Court Act, ss 5 and 6 2014 SCC 21 Eligibility requirements to the Supreme Court of Canada McLachlin CJ and LeBel, Abella, Cromwell and Wagner JJ – Martin v Alberta (Workers' Compensation Board) 2014 SCC 25 Judicial review of workers' compensation decision – Unanimous R v Summers 2014 SCC 26 Sentencing and credit for pre-sentence detention under the Criminal Code – Unanimous R v Carvery 2014 SCC 27 Sentencing and credit for pre-sentence detention under the Criminal Code – Unanimous R v Quesnelle 2014 SCC 46 Whether police occurrence reports prepared in the investigation of unrelated incidents involving a complainant or witness are "records" within the meaning of s. 278.1 of the Criminal Code – Unanimous R v Hart 2014 SCC 52 Admissibility of "Mr. Big" confessions – – R v Conception 2014 SCC 60 Mental disorders and dispositions by a court or review board – McLachlin CJ and Moldaver and Wagner JJ British Columbia Teachers' Federation v British Columbia School Employers' Association 2014 SCC 70 Judicial review of labour arbitration – Unanimous (oral) Wakeling v United States of America 2014 SCC 72 Unreasonable search and seizure under s. 8 of the Charter and the disclosure of intercepted private communications without consent – Abella and Cromwell JJ R v Wilcox 2014 SCC 75 Offence of aggravated sexual assault and credibility of complainant – Unanimous (oral) R v Fearon 2014 SCC 77 Unreasonable search and seizure and search incident to arrest under s. 8 of the Charter – LeBel and Abella JJ 2015 Statistics 7 Majority or Plurality 1 Concurrence 0 Other 2 Dissent 1 Concurrence/dissent Total 11 Written opinions = XXX Oral opinions = XXX Unanimous decisions = 3 Case name Issue Co-authored by Joined by Tervita Corp v Canada (Commissioner of Competition 2015 SCC 3 Legal test for when a merger gives rise to a substantial prevention of competition under the Competition Act; Defence of statutory efficiencies – – R v Grant 2015 SCC 9 Appropriate framework for determining the admissibility of defence-led evidence concerning an unknown third-party suspect – Unanimous Quebec (AG) v Canada (AG) 2015 SCC 14 Whether federal legislation abolishing the long-gun registry also containing provision requiring the destruction of long-gun registration data is ultra vires the criminal law power of Parliament under s. 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867 Cromwell J McLachlin CJ and Rothstein and Moldaver JJ Association des parents de l'école Rose-des-vents v British Columbia (Education) 2015 SCC 21 Minority language education rights and the manner in which courts should assess whether children of rights holders are provided with an educational experience equivalent to that provided in schools of the linguistic majority of the province or territory; Whether a finding of a lack of equivalence amounts to a breach of s. 23 of the Charter – Unanimous Henry v British Columbia (AG) 2015 SCC 24 Wrongful conviction of claimant; Civil action alleging breach of Charter rights resulting from Crown counsel's wrongful non-disclose of relevant information; Whether s. 24(1) authorizes courts to award damages against Crown for wrongful non-disclosure, and the level of fault claimant must establish to meet liability threshold for awarding s. 24(1) damages McLachlin CJ – R v Kokopenace 2015 SCC 28 Appropriate legal test for representativeness on jury roll; Jury representativeness under ss. 11(d) and (f) and 15 of the Charter – – R v Barabash 2015 SCC 29 Offence of child pornography and whether the "private use" exception under s 163.1 of the Criminal Code requires a separate and additional inquiry into the minors' exploitation, or whether an exploitation inquiry is included under the lawfulness inquiry – Unanimous Goodwin v British Columbia (Superintendent of Motor Vehicles) 2015 SCC 46 Whether an automatic roadside prohibition scheme enacted under s. 92(13) of the Constitution Act, 1867 is ultra vires provincial authority as being exclusively within federal government's criminal law power under s. 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867; Whether same automatic roadside prohibition regime creates an offence within the meaning of s. 11 of the Charter and infringes the presumption of innocence under s. 11(d) of same; Whether same automatic roadside prohibition scheme infringes the right to be secure against unreasonable search and seizure under s. 8 of the Charter – Cromwell, Moldaver, Wagner, Gascon and Côté JJ Caron v Alberta 2015 SCC 56 Whether provincial Languages Act is ultra vires or inoperative insofar that by requiring provincial laws and regulates to be enacted, printed and published in English only, it abrogates the constitutional duty owed by Alberta to enact, print and publish its laws and regulations in both English and French in Rupert's Land and North-Western Territory Order (1870) Cromwell J McLachlin CJ and Rothstein, Moldaver and Gascon JJ Canadian Broadcasting Corp v SODRAC 2003 Inc 2015 SCC 57 Intellectual property and copyright – – Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce v Green 2015 SCC 60 Limitation period of class actions – Moldaver and Gascon JJ Tervita Corp v Canada (Commissioner of Competition), 2015 SCC 3 (dissent) R v Grant, 2015 SCC 9 (unanimous) Quebec (AG) v Canada (AG), 2015 SCC 14 (majority) Association des parents de l'école Rose-des-vents v British Columbia, 2015 SCC 21 (unanimous) Henry v British Columbia (AG), 2015 SCC 24 (concurrence) R v Kokopenace, 2015 SCC 28 (concurrence) R v Barabash, 2015 SCC 29 (unanimous) Goodwin v British Columbia (Superintendent of Motor Vehicles), 2015 SCC 46 (majority) Caron v Alberta, 2015 SCC 56 (majority) Canadian Broadcasting Corp v SODRAC 2003 Inc, 2015 SCC 57 (dissent) Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce v Green, 2015 SCC 60 (majority in CIBC and IMAX; dissent in part in Celestica) 2016 2016 statistics 8 Majority or Plurality 1 Concurrence 0 Other 0 Dissent 1 Concurrence/dissent Total = 10 Written opinions = 10 Oral opinions = 0 Unanimous decisions = 1 Case name Issue Co-authored by Joined by Carter v Canada (AG) 2016 SCC 4 Motion seeking an order extending the suspension of the declaration of constitutional invalidity issued in Carter v Canada (AG), 2015 SCC 5 Abella, Wagner, Gascon and Côté JJ – R v Saeed 2016 SCC 24 Unreasonable search and seizure under s. 8 of the Charter – – R v Williamson 2016 SCC 28 Right to be tried within a reasonable time under s. 11 of the Charter Moldaver and Brown JJ Abella and Côté JJ R v Jordan 2016 SCC 27 Right to be tried within a reasonable time under s. 11 of the Charter Moldaver and Brown JJ Abella and Côté JJ Wilson v Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd 2016 SCC 29 Unjust dismissal of non-unionized employees under the Canada Labour Code McLachlin CJ and Wagner and Gascon JJ – R v KRJ 2016 SCC 31 Sentencing and s. 11 of the Charter – McLachlin CJ and Cromwell, Moldaver, Wagner, Gascon and Côté JJ Conférence des juges de paix magistrats du Québec v Quebec (AG) 2016 SCC 39 Provincial legislation amending status of justices of the peace; judicial independence Wagner and Côté JJ Unanimous R v Diamond 2016 SCC 46 – Wagner and Brown JJ Edmonton (City of) v Edmonton East (Capilano) Shopping Centres Ltd 2016 SCC 47 Municipal property assessment for taxation purposes – Abella, Cromwell, Wagner and Gascon JJ Windsor (City of) v Canadian Transit Co 2016 SCC 54 Jurisdiction of courts – McLachlin CJ and Cromwell, Wagner and Gascon JJ 2017 2017 statistics 9 Majority or Plurality 0 Concurrence 0 Other 1 Dissent 1 Concurrence/dissent Total = 11 Written opinions = 9 Oral opinions = 2 Unanimous decisions = 6 Case name Issue Co-authored by Joined by Sabean v Portage La Prairie Mutual Insurance Co 2017 SCC 7 Automobile insurance – Unanimous R v Olotu 2017 SCC 11 Criminal law – Misapprehension of evidence – Unanimous (oral) R v Bingley 2017 SCC 12 Expert opinion evidence – Gascon J Pintea v Johns 2017 SCC 23 Contempt of court – Unanimous (oral) Douez v Facebook, Inc 2017 SCC 33 Private intentional law – Jurisdiction Wagner and Gascon JJ – R v Bradshaw 2017 SCC 35 Admissibility of hearsay evidence – McLachlin CJ and Abella, Wagner and Brown JJ Clyde River (Hamlet of) v Petroleum Geo-Services Inc 2017 SCC 40 Aboriginal treaty rights and the Crown's duty to consult Brown J Unanimous Chippewas of the Thames First Nation v Enbridge Pipelines Inc 2017 SCC 41 Aboriginal treaty rights and the Crown's duty to consult Brown J Unanimous Association of Justice Counsel v Canada (AG) 2017 SCC 55 Judicial review of a labour arbitrator's interpretation of a collective agreement and management rights clause – McLachlin CJ and Abella, Wagner, Gascon, Brown and Rowe JJ First Nation of Nacho Nyak Dun v Yukon 2017 SCC 58 Aboriginal treaty rights and honour of the Crown – Unanimous R v Boutilier 2017 SCC 64 Constitutional law – Fundamental justice and sentencing – – vteCases and reasons of the Supreme Court of CanadaNotable cases by era Richards through Fauteux Court (1875–1973) Laskin Court (1973–1984) Dickson Court (1984–1990) Lamer Court (1990–2000) McLachlin Court (2000 to 2017) Wagner Court (2017 to date) Reasons by year(1982 to date) 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Reasons byjusticeCurrent Wagner Karakatsanis Côté Rowe Martin Kasirer Jamal O'Bonsawin Moreau Former Lamer McLachlin Wilson L'Heureux-Dubé Sopinka Gonthier Cory Iacobucci Major Bastarache Binnie Arbour LeBel Deschamps Fish Abella Charron Rothstein Cromwell Moldaver Gascon Brown Anonymous "By the Court" reasons Cases and reasonsby type of judgment Oral reasons "By the Court" reasons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justice Karakatsanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromache_Karakatsanis"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckenham_and_Penge_Grammar_School	Langley Park School for Boys	["1 Location","2 Admissions","3 Sport","4 Music","5 History","6 Headteachers","7 Notable former pupils","7.1 Beckenham and Penge County Grammar School","8 Arms","9 See also","10 Notes","11 External links","12 References","13 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°23′19″N 0°01′16″W / 51.3887°N 0.0212°W / 51.3887; -0.0212 This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Langley Park School for Boys" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Academy in Beckenham, Greater London, EnglandLangley Park School for BoysLocationBeckenham, Greater London, BR3 3BPEnglandCoordinates51°23′19″N 0°01′16″W / 51.3887°N 0.0212°W / 51.3887; -0.0212InformationTypeAcademyMotto"mores et studia"Established1901Department for Education URN136586 TablesOfstedReportsGenderCo-ed for 16+, boys-only from 11-16Age11 to 18Colour(s) MaroonFormer pupilsOld BeccehamiansWebsitehttp://www.lpsb.org.ukLangley Park School for Boys is a boys secondary academy school in Beckenham in the London Borough of Bromley, with a co-ed sixth form. On 31 March 2011, the school converted from a Foundation School to an academy and its current status is that of an "Academy Converter". Location It is situated near Eden Park and the Bethlem Royal Hospital on Hawksbrook Lane close to the boundary of the London Borough of Bromley with the London Borough of Croydon. Construction for the new school building was completed in December 2011, and the staff and pupils moved into the building in January 2012, following which the old buildings were demolished. Admissions At 11+, admission to the school is according to the London Borough of Bromley education admissions procedures. At 16+, the school has changed its admissions policy and it is now also dependent on the proximity of the pupil's home to the school. At 16+, the school is co-educational. Sport Langley Park School for Boys is one of the minority of state schools that play rugby and hockey, and is one of the top three hockey schools in the country, having competed in the last four national finals. In 2004 the under-16 team were crowned national champions, the first comprehensive school to achieve this. More recently during the 2021/22 season the 1st XI finished 7th in the England Hockey Tier 1 Championship; of which 1 player (Dan Hamilton) carried on the success internationally, captaining England juniors in the 4 Nations Tournament and European Championships in Hanau, Germany. In the 2021 Cricket season, the 1st XI won the Kent cup beating out Simon Langton Grammar School for Boys by 33 runs after 35 overs. In 2021/22, the U15 rugby squad made it to the semi-finals of the Schools Vase, where they lost to Torquay Boys Grammar School. Despite the match ending in a 12-12 draw and taking place in a neutral venue, Torquay went through as they were drawn to be the away side in this tie, following standard tiebreaker practice in previous rounds. The new buildings for the school provide private hockey facilities for the school, which are currently being shared with Langley Park School for Girls. Other sports include tennis, basketball, football and table tennis. Music Langley Park School for Boys' music department offers groups from the traditional concert band, chamber orchestra, brass band and choir, to world music styles, including a Cuban band and an African drumming group. In 2013, the brass band was one of the finalists of the national Music for Youth competition who were selected to perform at Royal Albert Hall. The band played in the Primary Proms show, and performed Take That's "Shine", the theme from The Magnificent Seven and Concierto de Aranjuez. History The school was originally the Beckenham Technical Institute, opening in 1901 and situated in what is now Venue 28, Beckenham. The school went through a variety of name changes in its early days: the Technical Day School, Beckenham; Beckenham Secondary School; Beckenham County School for Boys; Beckenham and Penge County School for Boys; in 1944 it was the Beckenham and Penge County Grammar School under headmaster L.W. White, MA (Cantab). In 1950 the school was mentioned in the scientific journal Nature. The article in Nature explained that a periodical named "Beckenham and Penge Grammar School : Scientific Society Proceedings" existed in which scientific work done by the boys was reported. By 1954 it was called Beckenham and Penge Grammar School for Boys. An increase in size meant the school moved to new buildings in High St, Penge, in 1931. It moved from Penge to its present location in Eden Park, Beckenham, in January 1969, at which point it adopted its current name. Around 1973 or 1974 Langley Park School for Boys converted from Grammar to a Comprehensive intake school, as many others did, in line with the policies of Labour Education Secretary Shirley Williams and the Comprehensive intake, including streaming, worked its way up the age-groups through subsequent years. In the late 1980s, schools could opt out of local government control by becoming a Grant-maintained school which were funded by a direct grant of money from the central government. This new arrangement enabled schools to have greater control of their finances than they would have had under local government control. Hansard indicates that a ballot of parents occurred on 8 March 1991 regarding the question of the school becoming a "grant maintained school". The school was given a grant of £60,000 as a transitional grant. The school outgrew its present accommodation and a completely new building was constructed adjacent to the location of the former school, which was occupied from January 2012. The school motto, Mores et Studia, means "good character and learning". Headteachers The school started in 1901, as the Beckenham Technical Institute at a site close to Beckenham's public baths the headmaster was Mr C.T.F. Watts, in 1931 he was replaced by Mr Sidney Gammon who had been at the Windsor County School. On 23 October 1940 Mr Gammon was killed by a bomb dropped during the war, he lived at 9 Foxgrove Avenue and his estate was valued at £4271 18 s and 5d. Mr Gammon was replaced by Mr L.W. White who was appointed in September 1941. In December 1962, Mr white retired and was replaced with Mr D.A. Raeburn. Five terms after the school relocated to its current site, off South Eden Park Road, headmaster David A. Raeburn retired, and was replaced by B.A. Phythian (a master from the Manchester Grammar School and a successful academic author), who led the school as it converted to comprehensive status. Brian Phythian had written and edited books on English language, and a book on the Manchester Grammar School. In 1993 on 23 March Brian Arthur Phythian of Brackenden Leafy Grove (Keston) died. In December 1989, Brian Phythian was succeeded by R.V.P. Sheffield, who was in the post until 1999, leaving the school under allegations of financial irregularities. The deputy headteacher, K McGregor, took over as acting headteacher until the appointment of R Northcott in 2001, who retired in July 2013. It is stated in the 1990 year book that Mr Sheffield had a degree in Psychology from the University of Nottingham and a MEd from Birmingham University. The yearbook also states that Mr Sheffield was working in a school in Waddington before being senior master at a school in Worcester in 1978, in 1984 he became deputy head at Newent School. In July 2022, Steve Parsons resigned as Headmaster. He had an eight-year tenure, beginning in September 2013. The current headteacher is Suzanne Munday, who took the role in April 2023. Notable former pupils This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Langley Park School for Boys" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Rory Allen, former Tottenham Hotspur and Portsmouth footballer Matt Hankin, English rugby union player Robert Key, Managing Director of the England Men's Cricket Team, former England cricketer and Kent captain Nick Land, English philosopher Jack McManus, singer/songwriter Henry Mee, artist Tom Misch, singer, songwriter, producer Ben Phillips, former Kent cricketer Bradley Pritchard, former Charlton Athletic footballer Dave Roberts, author of The Bromley Boys (in which Roberts recounts his time as a pupil at Langley Park) Beckenham and Penge County Grammar School See also: Category:People educated at Beckenham and Penge County Grammar School Hugh Bean CBE, professor of violin at the Royal College of Music 1954–2003 Carey Blyton, composer of Bananas in Pyjamas Harold Sydney Bride, wireless operator on the RMS Titanic David Case, air commodore, highest ranking black officer in the British Forces Air Vice-Marshal Ronald Dick CB, station commander of RAF Honington 1978–80, and head of British Defence Staff – US 1984–88 Michael Finnissy, composer and professor of composition since 1999 at the University of Southampton Patrick Ground, Conservative MP for Feltham and Heston 1983–92 Norman Hunter, writer, creator of Professor Branestawm Keith Lewin, professor of international education and director of the Centre for International Education at the University of Sussex John Clifford Strong CBE, Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands 1978–82 John Tyndall, Neo-Nazi political activist Derek Underwood, Kent and England bowler (known as "Deadly" by the Australians) White Tricycle. Electric blues trio of Gordon Coxon, Andrew Kelsall and Martin Phillips Bill Wyman, musician, ex-member of the Rolling Stones Arms Coat of arms of Langley Park School for Boys Notes Granted on 4 August 1926. Crest On a wreath Argent and Gules, an oak tree fructed Proper an escutcheon Or charged with a mitre Gules, mantled Gules doubled Argent. Escutcheon Tierced in pale Gules, Azure and lozengy Gules and Ermine the first charged with a horse forcene Argent the second with a cross moline Or. Motto 'Mores et Studia' The shield depicts the 'white horse of Kent' and the two families taking control of the Manor of Beckenham: Bruyns (1300-1465), and de la Rokele (1240-1300). An allusion to a neighbouring woodland owned by Westminster Abbey is made in the crest of an oak tree and a mitre. The motto was suggested by a master. See also Langley Park School for Girls Notes ^ Also known as Langley Park Boys' School or LPBS External links It owns a converted church in Youlgreave, used for school trips involving visits to Alton Towers, sporting, and other leisure activities. There is also a regularly-used location within Dover that the school uses for a Year 9 trip. References ^ Edubase ^ Roll Of Honour, England Hockey ^ ^ ^ Schools Rugby: U18 & U15 Schools Cup and Vase semi final review – Excitement, joy, and no little controversy, March 7, 2022, NextGenXV ^ Nature (1950) 166: 768. doi:10.1038/166768b0 ^ "Grant-maintained Schools (Hansard, 6 November 1992)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 6 November 1992. ^ https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/ Probate granted in 1941 ^ Langley Park Boys School Yearbook 1990 ^ A Concise Dictionary of Correct English, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1979, ISBN 978-1442233867 ^ English grammar, B.A. Phythian, Teach Yourself, Sevenoaks, 1980 ^ A concise dictionary of foreign expressions, B.A. Phythian, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1982, ISBN 034028174X ^ A concise dictionary of English idioms, B.A. Phythian, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1993 ^ Considering poetry : an approach to criticism, W. Barton and others, edited by B.A. Phythian, English Universities Press, London, 1970 ^ The Manchester Grammar School, 1515–1965, Edited by J.A Graham and Brian Arthur Phythian, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1965 ^ probatesearch.service.gov.uk search probate granted 1993 ^ Suspended Head Will Face Hearing, 1 January 2000, News Shopper ^ "Langley Park School for Boys - GOV.UK". get-information-schools.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 27 April 2023. ^ Godwin, Hugh (3 April 2009). "Young England star gearing up for Four Nations battle". Wandsworth Times. Retrieved 22 May 2023. ^ Marshall, Chris, ed. (2008). The Cricketers' Who's Who. Green Umbrella Publishing. p. 350. ISBN 978-1-906229-63-4. ^ a b "School 'Boys' Reunited". News Shopper. Retrieved 5 January 2022. ^ Havens, Lyndsey (30 March 2018). "Tom Misch On Avoiding Jazz Snobbery and Why New School Hip-Hop Is 'Missing The Musicality'". Billboard. Retrieved 22 May 2023. ^ The Cricketer' Who's Who 1996. Harpenden: Queen Anne Press. 1996. p. 442. ISBN 1852915684. ^ Dowlen, Jerry (7 October 2008). "Book review: The Bromley Boys". News Shopper. Retrieved 29 October 2023. ^ Roberts, Dave (2008). The Bromley Boys. London: Portico Books. p. 98. ^ Copsey, Nigel (2008). Contemporary British Fascism: The British National Party and the Quest for Legitimacy (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. p. 110. ISBN 978-0230574373. ^ Crofton, Philip (2004). Famous Cricketers No 85 - Derek Underwood. Kit Bartlett, Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians. Nottingham: Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians. p. 6. ISBN 1-902171-96-9. OCLC 70172815. ^ "Langley Park School for Boys". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 7 June 2023. ^ "Langley Park School for Boys". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 7 June 2023. External links Langley Park School for Boys website vteSchools and colleges in BromleySecondary schools Bishop Justus CE School Bullers Wood School Bullers Wood School for Boys Charles Darwin School Chislehurst School for Girls Coopers School Darrick Wood School Harris Academy Beckenham Harris Academy Bromley Harris Academy Orpington Hayes School Kemnal Technology College Langley Park School for Boys Langley Park School for Girls Ravens Wood School Ravensbourne School Grammar schools Newstead Wood School St Olave's Grammar School Independent schools Bishop Challoner School Bromley High School Darul Uloom London Eltham College Further education colleges Bromley College of Further & Higher Education Defunct schools All Saints Catholic School Holy Trinity College Walsingham School Authority control databases ISNI	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"academy school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_(English_school)"},{"link_name":"Beckenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckenham"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Bromley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Bromley"},{"link_name":"sixth form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_form"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edubase-2"}],"text":"Academy in Beckenham, Greater London, EnglandLangley Park School for Boys[a] is a boys secondary academy school in Beckenham in the London Borough of Bromley, with a co-ed sixth form. 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Construction for the new school building was completed in December 2011, and the staff and pupils moved into the building in January 2012, following which the old buildings were demolished.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Borough of Bromley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Bromley"}],"text":"At 11+, admission to the school is according to the London Borough of Bromley education admissions procedures.\nAt 16+, the school has changed its admissions policy and it is now also dependent on the proximity of the pupil's home to the school.\nAt 16+, the school is co-educational.","title":"Admissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Simon Langton Grammar School for Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Langton_Grammar_School_for_Boys"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Schools Vase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFU_National_Schools_Cup"},{"link_name":"Torquay Boys Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquay_Boys_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Langley Park School for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley_Park_School_for_Girls"}],"text":"Langley Park School for Boys is one of the minority of state schools that play rugby and hockey, and is one of the top three hockey schools in the country, having competed in the last four national finals.[citation needed]In 2004 the under-16 team were crowned national champions, the first comprehensive school to achieve this.[2] More recently during the 2021/22 season the 1st XI finished 7th in the England Hockey Tier 1 Championship;[3] of which 1 player (Dan Hamilton) carried on the success internationally, captaining England juniors in the 4 Nations Tournament and European Championships in Hanau, Germany. [4]In the 2021 Cricket season, the 1st XI won the Kent cup beating out Simon Langton Grammar School for Boys by 33 runs after 35 overs.[citation needed]In 2021/22, the U15 rugby squad made it to the semi-finals of the Schools Vase, where they lost to Torquay Boys Grammar School. Despite the match ending in a 12-12 draw and taking place in a neutral venue, Torquay went through as they were drawn to be the away side in this tie, following standard tiebreaker practice in previous rounds.[5]The new buildings for the school provide private hockey facilities for the school, which are currently being shared with Langley Park School for Girls. Other sports include tennis, basketball, football and table tennis.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"concert band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_band"},{"link_name":"chamber orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_orchestra"},{"link_name":"brass band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_band"},{"link_name":"choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir"},{"link_name":"brass band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_band"},{"link_name":"Music for Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_for_Youth"},{"link_name":"Royal Albert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall"},{"link_name":"Take That","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_That"},{"link_name":"Shine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shine_(Take_That_song)"},{"link_name":"The Magnificent Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magnificent_Seven"},{"link_name":"Concierto de Aranjuez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concierto_de_Aranjuez"}],"text":"Langley Park School for Boys' music department offers groups from the traditional concert band, chamber orchestra, brass band and choir, to world music styles, including a Cuban band and an African drumming group.In 2013, the brass band was one of the finalists of the national Music for Youth competition who were selected to perform at Royal Albert Hall. The band played in the Primary Proms show, and performed Take That's \"Shine\", the theme from The Magnificent Seven and Concierto de Aranjuez.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge)"},{"link_name":"(Cantab)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Penge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penge"},{"link_name":"Eden Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Park,_London"},{"link_name":"Beckenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckenham"},{"link_name":"Grant-maintained school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant-maintained_school"},{"link_name":"Hansard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The school was originally the Beckenham Technical Institute, opening in 1901 and situated in what is now Venue 28, Beckenham. The school went through a variety of name changes in its early days: the Technical Day School, Beckenham; Beckenham Secondary School; Beckenham County School for Boys; Beckenham and Penge County School for Boys; in 1944 it was the Beckenham and Penge County Grammar School under headmaster L.W. White, MA (Cantab). In 1950 the school was mentioned in the scientific journal Nature.[6] The article in Nature explained that a periodical named \"Beckenham and Penge Grammar School : Scientific Society Proceedings\" existed in which scientific work done by the boys was reported. By 1954 it was called Beckenham and Penge Grammar School for Boys.An increase in size meant the school moved to new buildings in High St, Penge, in 1931. It moved from Penge to its present location in Eden Park, Beckenham, in January 1969, at which point it adopted its current name. Around 1973 or 1974 Langley Park School for Boys converted from Grammar to a Comprehensive intake school, as many others did, in line with the policies of Labour Education Secretary Shirley Williams and the Comprehensive intake, including streaming, worked its way up the age-groups through subsequent years. In the late 1980s, schools could opt out of local government control by becoming a Grant-maintained school which were funded by a direct grant of money from the central government. This new arrangement enabled schools to have greater control of their finances than they would have had under local government control. Hansard indicates that a ballot of parents occurred on 8 March 1991 regarding the question of the school becoming a \"grant maintained school\". The school was given a grant of £60,000 as a transitional grant.[7]The school outgrew its present accommodation and a completely new building was constructed adjacent to the location of the former school, which was occupied from January 2012.The school motto, Mores et Studia, means \"good character and learning\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Keston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keston"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"University of Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Birmingham University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_University"},{"link_name":"Waddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waddington,_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester,_England"},{"link_name":"Newent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newent"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The school started in 1901, as the Beckenham Technical Institute at a site close to Beckenham's public baths the headmaster was Mr C.T.F. Watts, in 1931 he was replaced by Mr Sidney Gammon who had been at the Windsor County School. On 23 October 1940 Mr Gammon was killed by a bomb dropped during the war, he lived at 9 Foxgrove Avenue and his estate was valued at £4271 18 s and 5d.[8]Mr Gammon was replaced by Mr L.W. White who was appointed in September 1941. In December 1962, Mr white retired and was replaced with Mr D.A. Raeburn.[9]Five terms after the school relocated to its current site, off South Eden Park Road, headmaster David A. Raeburn retired, and was replaced by B.A. Phythian (a master from the Manchester Grammar School and a successful academic author), who led the school as it converted to comprehensive status. Brian Phythian had written and edited books on English language, and a book on the Manchester Grammar School.[10][11][12][13][14][15] In 1993 on 23 March Brian Arthur Phythian of Brackenden Leafy Grove (Keston) died.[16]In December 1989, Brian Phythian was succeeded by R.V.P. Sheffield, who was in the post until 1999, leaving the school under allegations of financial irregularities.[17] The deputy headteacher, K McGregor, took over as acting headteacher until the appointment of R Northcott in 2001, who retired in July 2013. It is stated in the 1990 year book that Mr Sheffield had a degree in Psychology from the University of Nottingham and a MEd from Birmingham University. The yearbook also states that Mr Sheffield was working in a school in Waddington before being senior master at a school in Worcester in 1978, in 1984 he became deputy head at Newent School. In July 2022, Steve Parsons resigned as Headmaster. He had an eight-year tenure, beginning in September 2013.The current headteacher is Suzanne Munday,[18] who took the role in April 2023.","title":"Headteachers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rory Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Allen"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C."},{"link_name":"Matt Hankin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Hankin"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Robert Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Key_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"England Men's Cricket Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Nick Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Land"},{"link_name":"Jack McManus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_McManus_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Henry Mee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Mee"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-22"},{"link_name":"Tom Misch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Misch"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Ben Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Phillips_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Bradley Pritchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Pritchard"},{"link_name":"Charlton Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"The Bromley Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bromley_Boys"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Rory Allen, former Tottenham Hotspur and Portsmouth footballer\nMatt Hankin, English rugby union player[19]\nRobert Key, Managing Director of the England Men's Cricket Team, former England cricketer and Kent captain[20]\nNick Land, English philosopher\nJack McManus, singer/songwriter\nHenry Mee, artist[21]\nTom Misch, singer, songwriter, producer[22]\nBen Phillips, former Kent cricketer[23]\nBradley Pritchard, former Charlton Athletic footballer\nDave Roberts, author of The Bromley Boys (in which Roberts recounts his time as a pupil at Langley Park)[24][25]","title":"Notable former pupils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People educated at Beckenham and Penge County Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Beckenham_and_Penge_County_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Hugh Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Bean"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Carey Blyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carey_Blyton"},{"link_name":"Bananas in Pyjamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bananas_in_Pyjamas"},{"link_name":"Harold Sydney Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Sydney_Bride"},{"link_name":"RMS Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Titanic"},{"link_name":"David Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Case_(British_officer)"},{"link_name":"Air Vice-Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Vice-Marshal"},{"link_name":"Ronald Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Dick"},{"link_name":"RAF Honington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Honington"},{"link_name":"British Defence Staff – US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Defence_Staff_%E2%80%93_US"},{"link_name":"Michael Finnissy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Finnissy"},{"link_name":"University of Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southampton"},{"link_name":"Patrick Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Ground"},{"link_name":"Feltham and Heston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feltham_and_Heston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Norman Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Hunter_(author)"},{"link_name":"Professor Branestawm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Branestawm"},{"link_name":"Keith Lewin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Lewin"},{"link_name":"University of Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John Clifford Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clifford_Strong"},{"link_name":"Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands"},{"link_name":"John Tyndall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Derek Underwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Underwood"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Bill Wyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Wyman"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-22"}],"sub_title":"Beckenham and Penge County Grammar School","text":"See also: Category:People educated at Beckenham and Penge County Grammar SchoolHugh Bean CBE, professor of violin at the Royal College of Music 1954–2003\nCarey Blyton, composer of Bananas in Pyjamas\nHarold Sydney Bride, wireless operator on the RMS Titanic\nDavid Case, air commodore, highest ranking black officer in the British Forces\nAir Vice-Marshal Ronald Dick CB, station commander of RAF Honington 1978–80, and head of British Defence Staff – US 1984–88\nMichael Finnissy, composer and professor of composition since 1999 at the University of Southampton\nPatrick Ground, Conservative MP for Feltham and Heston 1983–92\nNorman Hunter, writer, creator of Professor Branestawm\nKeith Lewin, professor of international education and director of the Centre for International Education at the University of Sussex[citation needed]\nJohn Clifford Strong CBE, Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands 1978–82\nJohn Tyndall, Neo-Nazi political activist[26]\nDerek Underwood, Kent and England bowler (known as \"Deadly\" by the Australians)[27]White Tricycle. Electric blues trio of Gordon Coxon, Andrew Kelsall and Martin PhillipsBill Wyman, musician, ex-member of the Rolling Stones[21]","title":"Notable former pupils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"white horse of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_horse_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"mitre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitre"},{"link_name":"motto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motto"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"The shield depicts the 'white horse of Kent' and the two families taking control of the Manor of Beckenham: Bruyns (1300-1465), and de la Rokele (1240-1300). An allusion to a neighbouring woodland owned by Westminster Abbey is made in the crest of an oak tree and a mitre. The motto was suggested by a master.[29]","title":"Arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Also known as Langley Park Boys' School or LPBS","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Langley Park School for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley_Park_School_for_Girls"}]	[{"reference":"\"Grant-maintained Schools (Hansard, 6 November 1992)\". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 6 November 1992.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1992/nov/06/grant-maintained-schools-1","url_text":"\"Grant-maintained Schools (Hansard, 6 November 1992)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"}]},{"reference":"\"Langley Park School for Boys - GOV.UK\". get-information-schools.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 27 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/136586#school-dashboard","url_text":"\"Langley Park School for Boys - GOV.UK\""}]},{"reference":"Godwin, Hugh (3 April 2009). \"Young England star gearing up for Four Nations battle\". Wandsworth Times. Retrieved 22 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wandsworthguardian.co.uk/sport/4264344.young-england-star-gearing-up-for-four-nations-battle/","url_text":"\"Young England star gearing up for Four Nations battle\""}]},{"reference":"Marshall, Chris, ed. (2008). The Cricketers' Who's Who. Green Umbrella Publishing. p. 350. ISBN 978-1-906229-63-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906229-63-4","url_text":"978-1-906229-63-4"}]},{"reference":"\"School 'Boys' Reunited\". News Shopper. Retrieved 5 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/30543.school-boys-reunited/","url_text":"\"School 'Boys' Reunited\""}]},{"reference":"Havens, Lyndsey (30 March 2018). \"Tom Misch On Avoiding Jazz Snobbery and Why New School Hip-Hop Is 'Missing The Musicality'\". Billboard. Retrieved 22 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/tom-misch-interview-geography-8263181/","url_text":"\"Tom Misch On Avoiding Jazz Snobbery and Why New School Hip-Hop Is 'Missing The Musicality'\""}]},{"reference":"The Cricketer' Who's Who 1996. Harpenden: Queen Anne Press. 1996. p. 442. ISBN 1852915684.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpenden","url_text":"Harpenden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne_Press","url_text":"Queen Anne Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1852915684","url_text":"1852915684"}]},{"reference":"Dowlen, Jerry (7 October 2008). \"Book review: The Bromley Boys\". News Shopper. Retrieved 29 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsshopper.co.uk/sport/otherfootball/2458193.book-review-the-bromley-boys/","url_text":"\"Book review: The Bromley Boys\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Dave (2008). The Bromley Boys. London: Portico Books. p. 98.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Copsey, Nigel (2008). Contemporary British Fascism: The British National Party and the Quest for Legitimacy (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. p. 110. ISBN 978-0230574373.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230574373","url_text":"978-0230574373"}]},{"reference":"Crofton, Philip (2004). Famous Cricketers No 85 - Derek Underwood. Kit Bartlett, Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians. Nottingham: Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians. p. 6. ISBN 1-902171-96-9. OCLC 70172815.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70172815","url_text":"Famous Cricketers No 85 - Derek Underwood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902171-96-9","url_text":"1-902171-96-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70172815","url_text":"70172815"}]},{"reference":"\"Langley Park School for Boys\". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 7 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldry-wiki.com/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Langley_Park_School_for_Boys","url_text":"\"Langley Park School for Boys\""}]},{"reference":"\"Langley Park School for Boys\". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 7 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldry-wiki.com/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Langley_Park_School_for_Boys","url_text":"\"Langley Park School for Boys\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Langley_Park_School_for_Boys&params=51.3887_N_0.0212_W_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100","external_links_name":"51°23′19″N 0°01′16″W / 51.3887°N 0.0212°W / 51.3887; -0.0212"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Langley+Park+School+for+Boys%22","external_links_name":"\"Langley Park School for Boys\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Langley+Park+School+for+Boys%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Langley+Park+School+for+Boys%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Langley+Park+School+for+Boys%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Langley+Park+School+for+Boys%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Langley+Park+School+for+Boys%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Langley_Park_School_for_Boys&params=51.3887_N_0.0212_W_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100","external_links_name":"51°23′19″N 0°01′16″W / 51.3887°N 0.0212°W / 51.3887; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Relief_2014_Special	Beckham in Peckham	["1 Synopsis","2 Episode cast","3 References","4 External links"]	Episode of Only Fools and Horses "Beckham in Peckham"Only Fools and Horses episodeRodney and Del Boy, pictured with former professional footballer David Beckham.Directed byTony DowWritten byJim Sullivan, Dan Sullivan and John SullivanProduced byClyde HolcroftOriginal air date21 March 2014 (2014-03-21)Running time10 minutes and 30 secondsGuest appearance David Beckham as himself List of episodes "Beckham in Peckham" is a 10 minute edition of the BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses, broadcast as part of the Sport Relief 2014 appeal on 21 March 2014. Actors David Jason and Nicholas Lyndhurst reprised their roles as Del Boy and Rodney in the sketch written by Jim Sullivan and Dan Sullivan; the script included previously unused material written by their father John Sullivan, who created and wrote every episode of the series. David Beckham guest starred, Beckham having got in touch with Jim Sullivan. According to Shazam Productions there was a lot of interest in the sketch. The return of Only Fools and Horses was eagerly awaited by fans of the show, which ran from 1981 until 2003. This special sketch was dedicated to the memory of John Sullivan and Roger Lloyd-Pack, who had both died prior to its broadcast. Synopsis An unspecified amount of time after the series' last regular episode "Sleepless in Peckham", Del Boy is in Peckham market, trying to sell "Golden Balls" underpants which are supposedly endorsed and signed by David Beckham (in return for Del Boy securing a bouncy castle for the birthday party of one of Beckham's son's, Brooklyn, who Del incorrectly calls Brookside), with Rodney serving as a less-than-enthusiastic model. After failing to sell anything, the Trotters retreat to a nearby cafe, where Rodney complains about Del's treatment of him. Del apologises, mentioning several incidents where he had mistreated Rodney (in previous regular Only Fools and Horses episodes). It is then revealed that sharing the table with the two is David Beckham, who really has endorsed the underpants. The three briefly chat, including Rodney and Beckham discussing their favourite artist (Rodney choosing Matisse, and Beckham choosing Tony Hart), before Beckham gives Rodney tips on how to model underwear effectively, advising him to "glide" and "oscillate." Later on, Del is again trying to sell the underpants, with Rodney putting on a bizarre, vaguely feminine walk, and being even more angry at Del than he was before, telling him "Derek, I'm going to kill you". Beckham is discreetly watching this, when a young boy walks up to him, and asks him if he's David Beckham. He says that he is, and signs the boy's football, but says not to tell anyone he is there, as he does not want to draw anymore attention to himself. Beckham then attempts to lean back on a goods cart, but a trader has moved it away while he wasn't looking and he falls to the ground (referencing a famous moment in the episode "Yuppy Love"), getting the attention of everyone in the market. Del and Rodney comment, "What a plonker!" Episode cast Actor Role David Jason Derek Trotter Nicholas Lyndhurst Rodney Trotter David Beckham himself Joe Sullivan Young Boy References ^ a b "Football legend David Beckham to join Del and Rodney in Only Fools and Horses sketch for Sport Relief \| Shazam Productions". shazamtv.com. Retrieved 31 March 2014. ^ "BBC - Beckham in Peckham". ^ The Independent ^ "Del Boy and Rodney to return for a one-off Only Fools and Horses sketch for Sport Relief \| Shazam Productions". shazamtv.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014. ^ "I was such a nervous wreck about Only Fools part I couldn't sleep, says David Beckham". Irish Independent. 11 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014. ^ "Sport Relief sketch \| Shazam Productions". shazamtv.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014. ^ "BBC News - David Beckham to appear in Only Fools and Horses". BBC News. 21 January 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014. ^ "Del Boy and Rodney to return in Only Fools and Horses sketch". The Independent. 4 January 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014. ^ Digital Spy External links "Beckham in Peckham" at IMDb Sport Relief TV revealed Only Fools and Horses sketch to appear on Sport Relief Sport Relief 2014: David Beckham in Only Fools and Horses Only Fools and Horses to return with new sketch for Sport Relief vteOnly Fools and Horses episodesSeries 1 (1981) "Big Brother" "Go West Young Man" "Cash and Curry" "The Second Time Around" "A Slow Bus to Chingford" "The Russians Are Coming" Series 2 (1982) "The Long Legs of the Law" "Ashes to Ashes" "A Losing Streak" "No Greater Love" "The Yellow Peril" "It Never Rains..." "A Touch of Glass" Series 3 (1983) "Homesick" "Healthy Competition" "Friday the 14th" "Yesterday Never Comes" "May the Force Be with You" "Wanted" "Who's a Pretty Boy?" Series 4 (1985) "Happy Returns" "Strained Relations" "Hole in One" "It's Only Rock and Roll" "Sleeping Dogs Lie" "Watching the Girls Go By" "As One Door Closes" Series 5 (1986) "From Prussia with Love" "The Miracle of Peckham" "The Longest Night" "Tea for Three" "Video Nasty" "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" Series 6 (1989) "Yuppy Love" "Danger UXD" "Chain Gang" "The Unlucky Winner Is..." "Sickness and Wealth" "Little Problems" Series 7 (1990–91) "The Sky's the Limit" "The Chance of a Lunchtime" "Stage Fright" "The Class of '62" "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Uncle" "Three Men, a Woman and a Baby" Specials "Christmas Crackers" (1981) "Diamonds Are for Heather" (1982) "Thicker than Water" (1983) "To Hull and Back" (1985) "A Royal Flush" (1986) "The Frog's Legacy" (1987) "Dates" (1988) "The Jolly Boys' Outing" (1989) "Rodney Come Home" (1990) "Miami Twice" (1991) "Mother Nature's Son" (1992) "Fatal Extraction" (1993) "Heroes and Villains" (1996) "Modern Men" (1996) "Time on Our Hands" (1996) "If They Could See Us Now" (2001) "Strangers on the Shore" (2002) "Sleepless in Peckham" (2003) Other episodes The Funny Side of Christmas: "Christmas Trees" (1982) "Licensed to Drill" (1984) "White Mice" (1985) "Royal Variety Show" (1986) "The Robin Flies at Dawn" (1990) "Comic Relief special" (1997) "Beckham in Peckham" (2014)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Only Fools and Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_Fools_and_Horses"},{"link_name":"Sport Relief 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Relief_2014"},{"link_name":"David Jason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jason"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Lyndhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Lyndhurst"},{"link_name":"Del Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Boy"},{"link_name":"Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Trotter"},{"link_name":"Jim Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Sullivan_(writer)"},{"link_name":"John Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sullivan_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shazamtv2-4"},{"link_name":"David Beckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beckham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shazamtv-1"},{"link_name":"Jim Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Sullivan_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shazamtv3-6"},{"link_name":"Only Fools and Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_Fools_and_Horses"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"John Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sullivan_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Roger Lloyd-Pack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Lloyd-Pack"}],"text":"Episode of Only Fools and Horses\"Beckham in Peckham\"[2][3] is a 10 minute edition of the BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses, broadcast as part of the Sport Relief 2014 appeal on 21 March 2014. Actors David Jason and Nicholas Lyndhurst reprised their roles as Del Boy and Rodney in the sketch written by Jim Sullivan and Dan Sullivan; the script included previously unused material written by their father John Sullivan, who created and wrote every episode of the series.[4] David Beckham guest starred,[1] Beckham having got in touch with Jim Sullivan.[5]According to Shazam Productions there was a lot of interest in the sketch.[6] The return of Only Fools and Horses was eagerly awaited by fans of the show, which ran from 1981 until 2003.[7][8]This special sketch was dedicated to the memory of John Sullivan and Roger Lloyd-Pack, who had both died prior to its broadcast.","title":"Beckham in Peckham"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sleepless in Peckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepless_in_Peckham"},{"link_name":"Tony Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hart"},{"link_name":"Yuppy Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuppy_Love"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"An unspecified amount of time after the series' last regular episode \"Sleepless in Peckham\", Del Boy is in Peckham market, trying to sell \"Golden Balls\" underpants which are supposedly endorsed and signed by David Beckham (in return for Del Boy securing a bouncy castle for the birthday party of one of Beckham's son's, Brooklyn, who Del incorrectly calls Brookside), with Rodney serving as a less-than-enthusiastic model. After failing to sell anything, the Trotters retreat to a nearby cafe, where Rodney complains about Del's treatment of him. Del apologises, mentioning several incidents where he had mistreated Rodney (in previous regular Only Fools and Horses episodes). It is then revealed that sharing the table with the two is David Beckham, who really has endorsed the underpants. The three briefly chat, including Rodney and Beckham discussing their favourite artist (Rodney choosing Matisse, and Beckham choosing Tony Hart), before Beckham gives Rodney tips on how to model underwear effectively, advising him to \"glide\" and \"oscillate.\"Later on, Del is again trying to sell the underpants, with Rodney putting on a bizarre, vaguely feminine walk, and being even more angry at Del than he was before, telling him \"Derek, I'm going to kill you\". Beckham is discreetly watching this, when a young boy walks up to him, and asks him if he's David Beckham. He says that he is, and signs the boy's football, but says not to tell anyone he is there, as he does not want to draw anymore attention to himself. Beckham then attempts to lean back on a goods cart, but a trader has moved it away while he wasn't looking and he falls to the ground (referencing a famous moment in the episode \"Yuppy Love\"), getting the attention of everyone in the market. Del and Rodney comment, \"What a plonker!\"[9]","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episode cast"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Football legend David Beckham to join Del and Rodney in Only Fools and Horses sketch for Sport Relief \| Shazam Productions\". shazamtv.com. Retrieved 31 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://shazamtv.com/blog/football-legend-david-beckham-to-join-del-and-rodney-in-only-fools-and-horses-sketch-for-sport-relief/","url_text":"\"Football legend David Beckham to join Del and Rodney in Only Fools and Horses sketch for Sport Relief \| Shazam Productions\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC - Beckham in Peckham\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p085mmxb","url_text":"\"BBC - Beckham in Peckham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Del Boy and Rodney to return for a one-off Only Fools and Horses sketch for Sport Relief \| Shazam Productions\". shazamtv.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305145955/http://shazamtv.com/blog/del-boy-and-rodney-to-return-for-a-one-off-only-fools-and-horses-sketch-for-sport-relief/","url_text":"\"Del Boy and Rodney to return for a one-off Only Fools and Horses sketch for Sport Relief \| Shazam Productions\""},{"url":"http://shazamtv.com/blog/del-boy-and-rodney-to-return-for-a-one-off-only-fools-and-horses-sketch-for-sport-relief/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"I was such a nervous wreck about Only Fools part I couldn't sleep, says David Beckham\". Irish Independent. 11 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/tv-radio/i-was-such-a-nervous-wreck-about-only-fools-part-i-couldnt-sleep-says-david-beckham-30082076.html","url_text":"\"I was such a nervous wreck about Only Fools part I couldn't sleep, says David Beckham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sport Relief sketch \| Shazam Productions\". shazamtv.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305160516/http://shazamtv.com/blog/sport-relief-sketch/","url_text":"\"Sport Relief sketch \| Shazam Productions\""},{"url":"http://shazamtv.com/blog/sport-relief-sketch/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC News - David Beckham to appear in Only Fools and Horses\". BBC News. 21 January 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-25810546","url_text":"\"BBC News - David Beckham to appear in Only Fools and Horses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Del Boy and Rodney to return in Only Fools and Horses sketch\". The Independent. 4 January 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/del-boy-and-rodney-to-return-in-only-fools-and-horses-sketch-9038677.html","url_text":"\"Del Boy and Rodney to return in Only Fools and Horses sketch\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://shazamtv.com/blog/football-legend-david-beckham-to-join-del-and-rodney-in-only-fools-and-horses-sketch-for-sport-relief/","external_links_name":"\"Football legend David Beckham to join Del and Rodney in Only Fools and Horses sketch for Sport Relief \| Shazam Productions\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p085mmxb","external_links_name":"\"BBC - Beckham in Peckham\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/sport-relief-2014-david-beckham-makes-acting-debut-only-fools-and-horses-debut-beckham-in-peckham-9208768.html","external_links_name":"The Independent"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305145955/http://shazamtv.com/blog/del-boy-and-rodney-to-return-for-a-one-off-only-fools-and-horses-sketch-for-sport-relief/","external_links_name":"\"Del Boy and Rodney to return for a one-off Only Fools and Horses sketch for Sport Relief \| Shazam Productions\""},{"Link":"http://shazamtv.com/blog/del-boy-and-rodney-to-return-for-a-one-off-only-fools-and-horses-sketch-for-sport-relief/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/tv-radio/i-was-such-a-nervous-wreck-about-only-fools-part-i-couldnt-sleep-says-david-beckham-30082076.html","external_links_name":"\"I was such a nervous wreck about Only Fools part I couldn't sleep, says David Beckham\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305160516/http://shazamtv.com/blog/sport-relief-sketch/","external_links_name":"\"Sport Relief sketch \| Shazam Productions\""},{"Link":"http://shazamtv.com/blog/sport-relief-sketch/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-25810546","external_links_name":"\"BBC News - David Beckham to appear in Only Fools and Horses\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/del-boy-and-rodney-to-return-in-only-fools-and-horses-sketch-9038677.html","external_links_name":"\"Del Boy and Rodney to return in Only Fools and Horses sketch\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/news/a559439/david-beckham-makes-only-fools-and-horses-cameo-shut-up-you-tart.html","external_links_name":"Digital Spy"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3672826/","external_links_name":"\"Beckham in Peckham\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140301001545/https://www.sportrelief.com/latest/news/sport-relief-tv-revealed","external_links_name":"Sport Relief TV revealed"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-25599046","external_links_name":"Only Fools and Horses sketch to appear on Sport Relief"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/25820571","external_links_name":"Sport Relief 2014: David Beckham in Only Fools and Horses"},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/news/a541468/only-fools-and-horses-to-return-with-new-sketch-for-sport-relief.html","external_links_name":"Only Fools and Horses to return with new sketch for Sport Relief"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anusara_Yoga	Anusara School of Hatha Yoga	["1 Style of yoga","2 Founder","2.1 2012 scandal and exit from Anusara","3 References","4 External links"]	School of modern yoga ASHY Anusara yogaFounderJohn FriendEstablished1997Practice emphasesAlignment, "heart opening" postures and the spiritual and meditative aspects of hatha yogaRelated schoolsIyengar Yoga Anusara School of Hatha Yoga, also known as Anusara Yoga (In Hindi:अनुसार योग) is the successor of a modern school of hatha yoga founded by American-born yoga teacher John Friend in 1997. Friend derived his style from the Iyengar style of yoga and reintroduced elements of Hindu spirituality into a more health-oriented Western approach to Yoga. Style of yoga The Anusara style emphasizes a set of Universal Principles of Alignment which underlie all of the physical asanas and are connected to philosophical aspects of the practice. The school's ideology is "grounded in a Tantric philosophy of intrinsic goodness". The term "Anusara (a-nu-sar-a), means 'flowing with Grace,' 'flowing with Nature' and 'following your heart,'" as interpreted from the Sanskrit anusāra (अनुसार), meaning "custom, usage, natural state or condition". Instructors who are certified to teach Anusara are exclusively associated with the Anusara School of Hatha Yoga, formed in 2012, after John Friend and Anusara Inc. were embroiled in a scandal that resulted in Friend's stepping down from his role in Anusara. Friend transferred all rights to the name “Anusara” to the newly formed school and dissolved Anusara, Inc. The Anusara School of Hatha Yoga (ASHY) became a non-profit corporation in 2017 and is recognized as a 501(c)(3) by the United States Internal Revenue Service. It has over 800 teachers worldwide. Founder John Friend starting a workshop in Copenhagen, June 2010, while he was still associated with Anusara Main article: John Friend (yogi) John Friend (born May 30, 1959) started practicing yoga postures as shown in the book Integral Yoga Hatha by Swami Satchidananda at age 13. He lived in Ohio until 19 years old, and then moved to Texas. Before becoming a yoga teacher, Friend worked as a financial analyst until he quit in 1986 to teach yoga full-time. In the years following he traveled to California to study with Judith Lasater, and began to focus on Iyengar yoga. Friend was a popular teacher in the Iyengar style and, during the 1990s, served on the board of the Iyengar Yoga Organization for four years before leaving to found Anusara, Inc. in 1997. Since 2012, Friend has had no role in Anusara nor the training and certifying of teachers in the Anusara School of Hatha Yoga. 2012 scandal and exit from Anusara In February 2012 an anonymous author published online accusations against Friend. The allegations accused Friend of being associated with a Wiccan coven made up of Anusara teachers and employees, and that Friend engaged in sexual relations with women in the coven, several of whom were married. Friend was also accused of de-funding employees' benefits plans without notifying them, and for arranging delivery of marijuana shipped for his own use to Anusara's main office. Friend soon announced his resignation as officer and director of Anusara Inc. In September 2012, Friend returned to teaching a set hatha yoga sequence of 108 asanas called "The Roots" based on Anusara's Universal Principles of Alignment. References ^ Principles of Anusara yoga philosophy ^ Mom, Chicago. "John Friend Steps Down as Anusara Yoga Leader". ChicagoMom. Retrieved 17 February 2012. ^ Anusara Yoga site ^ a b "About John Friend". ^ Swartz, Mimi (July 21, 2010). "The Yoga Mogul". The New York Times. ^ "John Friend, Head of Anusara: The Accusations". YogaDork. Retrieved 15 February 2012. ^ a b c Roig-Franzia, Manuel (29 March 2012). "Scandal contorts future of John Friend, Anusara yoga". Washington Post. Retrieved 29 March 2012. ^ "Anusara Exodus Continues: Amy Ippoliti Latest Teacher to Publicly Resign". Yogadork. Retrieved 13 February 2012. ^ "Update: More Anusara Teacher Reactions; Noah Maze, Bernadette Birney and Others Continue Wave of resignations". YogaDork. Retrieved 13 February 2012. ^ Friend, John. "The Roots Practice". John Friend Inc. Retrieved 17 September 2012. External links Anusara yoga site vteYoga as exerciseTopicsAsanas List of asanas Standing asanas Downward dog Lotus position Meditation seats Sun Salutation Tree pose Warrior Accompaniments Drishti Pranayama Vinyāsa Hasta Vinyasas Teacher training Standards British Wheel of Yoga European Union of Yoga André Van Lysebeth Yoga Alliance Therapy Yoga using props 1979 Accessible yoga 2002 Trauma-sensitive yoga 2007 Restorative Yoga 2008 Yoga nidra International Association of Yoga Therapists • Richard Miller Janice Gates Events Competitive yoga International Day of Yoga Journals Asana Journal Yoga Journal Props Yoga brick Yoga mat Angela Farmer Hugger Mugger Yoga pants Lululemon HistoryEarly Early modern yoga Vivekananda 1896 Raja Yoga Pierre Bernard Harmonial gymnastics/yoga Marguerite Agniel Mary Bagot Stack Genevieve Stebbins Physical culture B. C. Ghosh K. V. Iyer Seetharaman Sundaram Paramahansa Yogananda Autobiography of a Yogi Aspects Hot yoga Science of yoga Sexual abuse by yoga gurus Matthew Remski Yoga and cultural appropriation In advertising For children For women Geeta Iyengar Yoga tourism Hybrids 1938 Naked yoga 1990 Mindful Yoga Frank Jude Boccio Anne Cushman Janice Gates Jon Kabat-Zinn Cyndi Lee Phillip Moffitt 2003 Acroyoga Doga 2013 Paddleboard Yoga 2014 Aerial yoga Beer yoga By country America 1961 Yoga for Health 1970 Lilias, Yoga and You Britain 1976 Lyn Marshall France Germany India Italy Russia Sweden 2015 Rachel Brathen Switzerland 1941 Selvarajan Yesudian Books 1996 Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace 2004 Yoga in Modern India A History of Modern Yoga 2005 Positioning Yoga 2010 Yoga Body The Subtle Body 2015 Selling Yoga 2016 The Path of Modern Yoga 2017 Roots of Yoga 2019 Yoga in Britain 2020 The Story of Yoga Films 2006 Guru 2009 Enlighten Up! 2012 Breath of the Gods Schools(Gurus) 1918 The Yoga Institute Shri Yogendra Hansa Yogendra 1924 Kaivalyadhama Swami Kuvalayananda 1934 Viniyoga Tirumalai Krishnamacharya Yoga Makaranda T. K. V. Desikachar A. G. Mohan Indra Devi Srivatsa Ramaswami Vanda Scaravelli c. 1948 Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga K. Pattabhi Jois Mysore style Tim Miller Kino MacGregor Larry Schultz 1959 Sivananda Yoga Vishnudevananda Saraswati Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga 1963 Bihar School of Yoga Satyananda Saraswati 1965 Ananda Yoga Kriyananda 1966 Integral Yoga Satchidananda Saraswati 1966 Kripalu Yoga Amrit Desai Stephen Cope 1971 Himalayan Institute Swami Rama 1973 Bikram Yoga Bikram Choudhury 1975 Iyengar Yoga B. K. S. Iyengar Light on Yoga Yoga the Iyengar Way 1975 Dharma Mittra c. 1975 Yin Yoga Paulie Zink Paul Grilley Sarah Powers 1982 Forrest Yoga 1984 Jivamukti Yoga Sharon Gannon 1995 Power Yoga Beryl Bender Birch Bryan Kest 1997 Anusara Yoga John Friend 2006 Core Strength Vinyasa Yoga (Sadie Nardini) Related Yoga Hatha yoga Modern yoga Post-lineage yoga Asanas (template) List of yoga schools Yoga scholars (template) Yoga teachers (category) Modern Yoginis (template) vteAsanasAsana • Kriya • Mudra • Drishti • Pranayama • Sun Salutation • Vinyasa • Yoga as exercise • Yoga as therapy • Hatha yoga • YogaBackbends Anjaneyasana (crescent moon) Bidalasana (cat)/Bitilasana (cow) Bhujangasana (cobra) Chakrasana (wheel) or Urdhva Dhanurasana (upward bow) Viparita Dandasana (inverted staff) Kapotasana (pigeon) Eka Pada Rajakapotasana (king pigeon) Ushtrasana (camel) Arm balances Ashtavakrasana (8-angled) Bakasana (crane) or Kakasana (crow) Koundinyasana (the sage Kaundinya) Kukkutasana (cockerel) Mayurasana (peacock) Tittibhasana (firefly) Inverted Adho Mukha Svanasana (downward dog) Adho Mukha Vrkshasana (handstand) Halasana (plough) Sarvangasana (shoulderstand) Setu Bandha Sarvangasana (bridge) Shirshasana (headstand) Viparita Karani (legs up the wall) Vrischikasana (scorpion) Reclining Anantasana (Vishnu's couch) Ashtanga Namaskara (eight-limbed) Bhekasana (frog) Chaturanga Dandasana (low plank) Dhanurasana (bow) Jathara Parivartanasana (belly twist) Makarasana (crocodile) Matsyasana (fish) Shalabhasana (locust) Shavasana (corpse) Vasishtasana (side plank) Yoganidrasana (yogic sleep) SittingMeditation Baddha Konasana (cobbler) Gomukhasana (cow face) Gorakshasana (cowherd) Padmasana (lotus) Siddhasana (accomplished) Simhasana (lion) Vajrasana (thunderbolt) Twists Bharadvajasana (the sage Bharadvaja) Marichyasana (the sage Marichi) Matsyendrasana (the sage Matsyendra, lord of the fishes) Pashasana (noose) Other Akarna Dhanurasana (shooting bow) Balasana (child) Garbha Pindasana (embryo in womb) Hanumanasana (monkey) Kraunchasana (heron) Kurmasana (tortoise) Malasana (garland) Mandukasana (frog) Mulabandhasana (root lock) Navasana (boat) Paschimottanasana (seated forward bend) Samakonasana (split) Virasana (hero) StandingBoth legs Parighasana (gate) Parshvottanasana (intense side stretch) Prasarita Padottanasana (wide stance forward bend) Tadasana (mountain) Trikonasana (triangle) Utkatasana (powerful) Uttanasana (standing forward bend) Utthita Parshvakonasana (sideways) Virabhadrasana (warrior) One leg Ardha Chandrasana (half moon) Durvasasana (the sage Durvasa) Garudasana (eagle) Natarajasana (lord of the dance) Utthita Padangusthasana (standing big toe hold) Vrikshasana (tree)	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_for_the_Anusara_School_of_Hatha_Yoga.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"hatha yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatha_yoga"},{"link_name":"John Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Friend_(yogi)"},{"link_name":"Iyengar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyengar_Yoga"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"health-oriented Western approach to Yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_for_therapeutic_purposes"}],"text":"ASHYAnusara School of Hatha Yoga, also known as Anusara Yoga (In Hindi:अनुसार योग) is the successor of a modern school of hatha yoga founded by American-born yoga teacher John Friend in 1997. Friend derived his style from the Iyengar style of yoga and reintroduced elements of Hindu spirituality into a more health-oriented Western approach to Yoga.","title":"Anusara School of Hatha Yoga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"asanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asana"},{"link_name":"Tantric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago_Mom-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Anusara style emphasizes a set of Universal Principles of Alignment which underlie all of the physical asanas and are connected to philosophical aspects of the practice. The school's ideology is \"grounded in a Tantric philosophy of intrinsic goodness\".[1]\nThe term \"Anusara (a-nu-sar-a), means 'flowing with Grace,' 'flowing with Nature' and 'following your heart,'\" as interpreted from the Sanskrit anusāra (अनुसार), meaning \"custom, usage, natural state or condition\".Instructors who are certified to teach Anusara are exclusively associated with the Anusara School of Hatha Yoga, formed in 2012, after John Friend and Anusara Inc. were embroiled in a scandal that resulted in Friend's stepping down from his role in Anusara.[2] Friend transferred all rights to the name “Anusara” to the newly formed school and dissolved Anusara, Inc.The Anusara School of Hatha Yoga (ASHY) became a non-profit corporation in 2017 and is recognized as a 501(c)(3) by the United States Internal Revenue Service. It has over 800 teachers worldwide.[3]","title":"Style of yoga"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JohnFriendCopenhagen2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-4"},{"link_name":"Swami Satchidananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Satchidananda"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"financial analyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_analyst"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-4"}],"text":"John Friend starting a workshop in Copenhagen, June 2010, while he was still associated with AnusaraJohn Friend (born May 30, 1959)[4] started practicing yoga postures as shown in the book Integral Yoga Hatha by Swami Satchidananda at age 13. He lived in Ohio until 19 years old, and then moved to Texas. Before becoming a yoga teacher, Friend worked as a financial analyst until he quit in 1986 to teach yoga full-time. In the years following he traveled to California to study with Judith Lasater, and began to focus on Iyengar yoga. Friend was a popular teacher in the Iyengar style and, during the 1990s, served on the board of the Iyengar Yoga Organization for four years before leaving to found Anusara, Inc. in 1997.[5][4] Since 2012, Friend has had no role in Anusara nor the training and certifying of teachers in the Anusara School of Hatha Yoga.","title":"Founder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yoga_Dork_Accuse-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP_feature-7"},{"link_name":"Wiccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca"},{"link_name":"coven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coven"},{"link_name":"marijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP_feature-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP_feature-7"},{"link_name":"asanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asana"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JF_Inc:_Roots-10"}],"sub_title":"2012 scandal and exit from Anusara","text":"In February 2012 an anonymous author published online accusations against Friend.[6][7] The allegations accused Friend of being associated with a Wiccan coven made up of Anusara teachers and employees, and that Friend engaged in sexual relations with women in the coven, several of whom were married. Friend was also accused of de-funding employees' benefits plans without notifying them, and for arranging delivery of marijuana shipped for his own use to Anusara's main office.[7][8][9] Friend soon announced his resignation as officer and director of Anusara Inc.[7] In September 2012, Friend returned to teaching a set hatha yoga sequence of 108 asanas called \"The Roots\" based on Anusara's Universal Principles of Alignment.[10]","title":"Founder"}]	[{"image_text":"ASHY","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/31/Logo_for_the_Anusara_School_of_Hatha_Yoga.jpg/220px-Logo_for_the_Anusara_School_of_Hatha_Yoga.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Friend starting a workshop in Copenhagen, June 2010, while he was still associated with Anusara","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/JohnFriendCopenhagen2010.jpg/170px-JohnFriendCopenhagen2010.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Mom, Chicago. \"John Friend Steps Down as Anusara Yoga Leader\". ChicagoMom. Retrieved 17 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagonow.com/ups-and-downs-of-a-yoga-mom/2012/02/john-friend-steps-down-as-anusara-yoga-leader/","url_text":"\"John Friend Steps Down as Anusara Yoga Leader\""}]},{"reference":"\"About John Friend\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anusara.com/?pagerequested=about_john_friend","url_text":"\"About John Friend\""}]},{"reference":"Swartz, Mimi (July 21, 2010). \"The Yoga Mogul\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/25/magazine/25Yoga-t.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss&pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"The Yoga Mogul\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"John Friend, Head of Anusara: The Accusations\". YogaDork. Retrieved 15 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yogadork.com/news/john-friend-head-of-anusara-wiccan-leader-sexual-deviant-pension-withholding-homewrecker-the-accusations","url_text":"\"John Friend, Head of Anusara: The Accusations\""}]},{"reference":"Roig-Franzia, Manuel (29 March 2012). \"Scandal contorts future of John Friend, Anusara yoga\". Washington Post. Retrieved 29 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/scandal-contorts-future-of-john-friend-anusara-yoga/2012/03/28/gIQAeLVThS_story.html?hpid=z2","url_text":"\"Scandal contorts future of John Friend, Anusara yoga\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anusara Exodus Continues: Amy Ippoliti Latest Teacher to Publicly Resign\". Yogadork. Retrieved 13 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yogadork.com/news/anusara-exodus-continues-amy-ippoliti-latest-teacher-to-publicly-resign/","url_text":"\"Anusara Exodus Continues: Amy Ippoliti Latest Teacher to Publicly Resign\""}]},{"reference":"\"Update: More Anusara Teacher Reactions; Noah Maze, Bernadette Birney and Others Continue Wave of resignations\". YogaDork. Retrieved 13 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yogadork.com/news/update-more-anusara-teacher-reactions-noah-maze-bernadette-birney-and-others-continue-wave-of-resignations/","url_text":"\"Update: More Anusara Teacher Reactions; Noah Maze, Bernadette Birney and Others Continue Wave of resignations\""}]},{"reference":"Friend, John. \"The Roots Practice\". John Friend Inc. Retrieved 17 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.johnfriend.com/the-roots-practice/","url_text":"\"The Roots Practice\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.anusarayoga.com/philosophy/","external_links_name":"Principles of Anusara yoga philosophy"},{"Link":"http://www.chicagonow.com/ups-and-downs-of-a-yoga-mom/2012/02/john-friend-steps-down-as-anusara-yoga-leader/","external_links_name":"\"John Friend Steps Down as Anusara Yoga Leader\""},{"Link":"https://www.anusarayoga.com/anusara-school-of-hatha-yoga-2/","external_links_name":"Anusara Yoga site"},{"Link":"http://www.anusara.com/?pagerequested=about_john_friend","external_links_name":"\"About John Friend\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/25/magazine/25Yoga-t.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss&pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"\"The Yoga Mogul\""},{"Link":"http://www.yogadork.com/news/john-friend-head-of-anusara-wiccan-leader-sexual-deviant-pension-withholding-homewrecker-the-accusations","external_links_name":"\"John Friend, Head of Anusara: The Accusations\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/scandal-contorts-future-of-john-friend-anusara-yoga/2012/03/28/gIQAeLVThS_story.html?hpid=z2","external_links_name":"\"Scandal contorts future of John Friend, Anusara yoga\""},{"Link":"http://www.yogadork.com/news/anusara-exodus-continues-amy-ippoliti-latest-teacher-to-publicly-resign/","external_links_name":"\"Anusara Exodus Continues: Amy Ippoliti Latest Teacher to Publicly Resign\""},{"Link":"http://www.yogadork.com/news/update-more-anusara-teacher-reactions-noah-maze-bernadette-birney-and-others-continue-wave-of-resignations/","external_links_name":"\"Update: More Anusara Teacher Reactions; Noah Maze, Bernadette Birney and Others Continue Wave of resignations\""},{"Link":"http://www.johnfriend.com/the-roots-practice/","external_links_name":"\"The Roots Practice\""},{"Link":"http://www.anusarayoga.com/","external_links_name":"Anusara yoga site"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dariunq	Dariunq	["1 See also","2 References"]	This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Dariunq" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Dariunq was a region of the old Armenia c. 300-800 ruled by the Bagratuni family. See also List of regions of old Armenia References This Armenia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Middle Eastern history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Bagratuni family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagratuni_Dynasty"}],"text":"Dariunq was a region of the old Armenia c. 300-800 ruled by the Bagratuni family.","title":"Dariunq"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of regions of old Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_old_Armenia"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dariunq%22","external_links_name":"\"Dariunq\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dariunq%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dariunq%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dariunq%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dariunq%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dariunq%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dariunq&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dariunq&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Rock_(song)	Brighton Rock (song)	["1 History","2 Live performances","3 Personnel","4 References"]	1974 song by Queen"Brighton Rock"Song by Queenfrom the album Sheer Heart Attack PublishedQueen Music Ltd.Released8 November 1974 (1974-11-08)RecordedJuly–September 1974Studio AIR Rockfield Trident Wessex Sound GenreHard rockLength5:11Label EMI (UK) Parlophone (Europe) Elektra (US) Songwriter(s)Brian MayProducer(s)Roy Thomas BakerQueen "Brighton Rock" is a song by British rock band Queen, written by lead guitarist Brian May. The song is the opening track on their third studio album Sheer Heart Attack. The song features one of Queen's longest guitar solos which is more than three minutes long. The solo has been performed live by Brian May at most concerts since its release. The song gained popularity after its prominent use in the 2017 Edgar Wright film Baby Driver. History May wrote the song shortly before the completion of Queen II in 1973, but because the band did not have enough time to record it, it was not included. Before the song was recorded in 1974, variations of the solo were part of "Son and Daughter". The song, the first track on the album Sheer Heart Attack, tells the story of two young lovers named Jenny and Jimmy meeting in Brighton on a public holiday. Jenny cannot linger because she is afraid her mother will find out "how I spent my holiday", but afterwards "writes a letter every day"; Jimmy, who was eager on the day, responds that he is afraid of discovery by "my lady". The song samples the track "Carnival Midway" from stock sound effect library series titled "Authentic Sound Effects" compiled by Jac Holzman who signed Queen to Elektra Records in the US. The song was listed among Guitar World's Top 100 Greatest Guitar Solos of All Time, ranking at #41. The song was prominently featured in two scenes in the 2017 Edgar Wright film Baby Driver: early in the film, when Baby (portrayed by Ansel Elgort) and Buddy (portrayed by Jon Hamm) discuss it and Baby describes it as "his killer track", and during the climactic face-off between Baby and Buddy, who plays the song on his car stereo because of the earlier conversation. The song's usage in the film led to a resurgence of popularity for the track. Live performances The song is probably best known for its lengthy guitar solo interlude. This featured May's technique of using multiple echoes used to build up guitar harmony and contrapuntal melodic lines. The studio version only contains one "main" guitar and one "echoed" guitar for a short section, but live, he would usually split his guitar signal into "main" and two "echoed", with each going to a separate bank of amplifiers. The live piece is often between 9 and 13 minutes long. May performed part of the "Brighton Rock" solo at the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. Personnel Freddie Mercury - lead vocals, backing vocals Brian May - electric guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals (bridge) Roger Taylor - drums, backing vocals John Deacon - bass guitar References ^ Moriarty, Frank (2003). Seventies Rock: The Decade of Creative Chaos. Taylor Trade Pub. p. 320. ISBN 978-1-58979-024-7. ^ Deriso, Nick (29 June 2017). "The Long Journey Queen's 'Brighton Rock' Took to the 'Baby Driver' Soundtrack". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 30 May 2020. ^ Lemieux, Patrick (11 August 2014). "The Black, White and Grey of Queen II". QueenOnline.com. Retrieved 30 May 2020. ^ a b Guarisco, Donald A. "Brighton Rock - Queen \| Song Info". AllMusic. Retrieved 1 September 2011. ^ "Brighton Rock". The Mod Generation. Retrieved 30 May 2020. ^ "Songs that Sampled Carnival Midway by Jac Holzman", WhoSampled, retrieved 10 January 2024 ^ "Jac Holzman – Authentic Sound Effects Volume 1", Discogs, retrieved 10 January 2024 ^ "100 Greatest Guitar Solos: No. 41 "Brighton Rock" (Brian May)". Guitar World. 28 October 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2020. ^ Pardiwalla, Tanzim (16 April 2020). "Filmsplaining: How Edgar Wright's 'Baby Driver' Made Music the Ultimate Escape". Mashable India. Retrieved 30 May 2020. ^ Willman, Chris (29 June 2017). "The Soundtrack to 'Baby Driver' Is a Music Nerd's Dream — and Director Edgar Wright's". Variety. Retrieved 30 May 2020. ^ Wyse, Alex (14 April 2020). "Edgar Wright's 10 Most Impressive Action Sequences". Screen Rant. Retrieved 30 May 2020. ^ Tanatarova, Elmira (16 April 2020). "Car chases, heists and road trips: the best automotive films to watch during lockdown". The Telegraph. Retrieved 30 May 2020. ^ Minsker, Evan (5 July 2017). "Behind the Music of Baby Driver, With Director Edgar Wright". Pitchfork. Retrieved 30 May 2020. ^ Hart, Ron (6 July 2017). "Edgar Wright Explains How He Crafted the Perfect Soundtrack for Baby Driver". Esquire. Retrieved 30 May 2020. ^ "Olympics closing ceremony: playlist". The Telegraph. 12 August 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2012. vteQueen songsQueen "Keep Yourself Alive" "Liar" Queen II "Seven Seas of Rhye" Sheer Heart Attack "Killer Queen" "Now I'm Here" "Flick of the Wrist" "Lily of the Valley" "Stone Cold Crazy" "Brighton Rock" A Night at the Opera "Bohemian Rhapsody" "You're My Best Friend" "Death on Two Legs (Dedicated to...)" "I'm in Love with My Car" "'39" "Sweet Lady" "The Prophet's Song" "Love of My Life" "Good Company" "God Save the Queen" A Day at the Races "Somebody to Love" "Tie Your Mother Down" "Teo Torriatte (Let Us Cling Together)" "Good Old-Fashioned Lover Boy" "Long Away" News of the World "We Will Rock You" "We Are the Champions" "Spread Your Wings" "It's Late" "Sheer Heart Attack" Jazz "Bicycle Race" "Fat Bottomed Girls" "Don't Stop Me Now" "Mustapha" "Jealousy" The Game "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" "Save Me" "Play the Game" "Another One Bites the Dust" "Need Your Loving Tonight" Flash Gordon "Flash's Theme" Hot Space "Under Pressure" "Body Language" "Las Palabras de Amor (The Words of Love)" "Calling All Girls" "Staying Power" "Back Chat" The Works "Radio Ga Ga" "I Want to Break Free" "It's a Hard Life" "Hammer to Fall" "Is This the World We Created...?" A Kind of Magic "One Vision" "A Kind of Magic" "Princes of the Universe" "Friends Will Be Friends" "Pain Is So Close to Pleasure" "Who Wants to Live Forever" "One Year of Love" The Miracle "I Want It All" "Breakthru" "The Invisible Man" "Scandal" "The Miracle" Innuendo "Innuendo" "I'm Going Slightly Mad" "Headlong" "These Are the Days of Our Lives" "The Show Must Go On" "I Can't Live with You" "Ride the Wild Wind" Made in Heaven "Heaven for Everyone" "A Winter's Tale" "Too Much Love Will Kill You" "I Was Born to Love You" "Let Me Live" "You Don't Fool Me" "Made in Heaven" "Mother Love" Queen Rocks "No-One but You (Only the Good Die Young)" Queen Forever "Let Me in Your Heart Again" "Love Kills" "There Must Be More to Life Than This" Other songs "Thank God It's Christmas" "Face It Alone" Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"Brian May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_May"},{"link_name":"Sheer Heart Attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheer_Heart_Attack"},{"link_name":"Brian May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_May"},{"link_name":"Edgar Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Wright"},{"link_name":"Baby Driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Driver"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"\"Brighton Rock\" is a song by British rock band Queen, written by lead guitarist Brian May. The song is the opening track on their third studio album Sheer Heart Attack. The song features one of Queen's longest guitar solos which is more than three minutes long. The solo has been performed live by Brian May at most concerts since its release. The song gained popularity after its prominent use in the 2017 Edgar Wright film Baby Driver.[2]","title":"Brighton Rock (song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sheer Heart Attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheer_Heart_Attack"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton"},{"link_name":"public holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brighton-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"stock sound effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_sound_effect"},{"link_name":"Jac Holzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jac_Holzman"},{"link_name":"Elektra Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_Records"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Guitar World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_World"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Edgar Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Wright"},{"link_name":"Baby Driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Driver"},{"link_name":"Ansel Elgort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansel_Elgort"},{"link_name":"Jon Hamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Hamm"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"May wrote the song shortly before the completion of Queen II in 1973, but because the band did not have enough time to record it, it was not included. Before the song was recorded in 1974, variations of the solo were part of \"Son and Daughter\".[3]The song, the first track on the album Sheer Heart Attack, tells the story of two young lovers named Jenny and Jimmy meeting in Brighton on a public holiday.[4] Jenny cannot linger because she is afraid her mother will find out \"how I spent my holiday\", but afterwards \"writes a letter every day\"; Jimmy, who was eager on the day, responds that he is afraid of discovery by \"my lady\".[5]The song samples the track \"Carnival Midway\" from stock sound effect library series titled \"Authentic Sound Effects\" compiled by Jac Holzman who signed Queen to Elektra Records in the US.[6][7]The song was listed among Guitar World's Top 100 Greatest Guitar Solos of All Time, ranking at #41.[8]The song was prominently featured in two scenes in the 2017 Edgar Wright film Baby Driver: early in the film, when Baby (portrayed by Ansel Elgort) and Buddy (portrayed by Jon Hamm) discuss it and Baby describes it as \"his killer track\", and during the climactic face-off between Baby and Buddy, who plays the song on his car stereo because of the earlier conversation. The song's usage in the film led to a resurgence of popularity for the track.[9][10][11][12][13][14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brighton-4"},{"link_name":"contrapuntal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrapuntal"},{"link_name":"closing ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony"},{"link_name":"2012 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The song is probably best known for its lengthy guitar solo interlude.[4] This featured May's technique of using multiple echoes used to build up guitar harmony and contrapuntal melodic lines. The studio version only contains one \"main\" guitar and one \"echoed\" guitar for a short section, but live, he would usually split his guitar signal into \"main\" and two \"echoed\", with each going to a separate bank of amplifiers.The live piece is often between 9 and 13 minutes long. May performed part of the \"Brighton Rock\" solo at the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.[15]","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freddie Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Mercury"},{"link_name":"Brian May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_May"},{"link_name":"Roger Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Taylor_(Queen_drummer)"},{"link_name":"John Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deacon"}],"text":"Freddie Mercury - lead vocals, backing vocals\nBrian May - electric guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals (bridge)\nRoger Taylor - drums, backing vocals\nJohn Deacon - bass guitar","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Moriarty, Frank (2003). Seventies Rock: The Decade of Creative Chaos. Taylor Trade Pub. p. 320. ISBN 978-1-58979-024-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/seventiesrockdec0000mori","url_text":"Seventies Rock: The Decade of Creative Chaos"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/seventiesrockdec0000mori/page/320/mode/2up","url_text":"320"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58979-024-7","url_text":"978-1-58979-024-7"}]},{"reference":"Deriso, Nick (29 June 2017). \"The Long Journey Queen's 'Brighton Rock' Took to the 'Baby Driver' Soundtrack\". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ultimateclassicrock.com/queen-brighton-rock-baby-driver/","url_text":"\"The Long Journey Queen's 'Brighton Rock' Took to the 'Baby Driver' Soundtrack\""}]},{"reference":"Lemieux, Patrick (11 August 2014). \"The Black, White and Grey of Queen II\". QueenOnline.com. Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.queenonline.com/features/the-black-white-and-grey-of-queen-ii-fan-feature-by-patrick-lemieux","url_text":"\"The Black, White and Grey of Queen II\""}]},{"reference":"Guarisco, Donald A. \"Brighton Rock - Queen \| Song Info\". AllMusic. Retrieved 1 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/song/brighton-rock-mt0008534470","url_text":"\"Brighton Rock - Queen \| Song Info\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Brighton Rock\". The Mod Generation. Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.themodgeneration.co.uk/2011/02/brighton-rock.html","url_text":"\"Brighton Rock\""}]},{"reference":"\"Songs that Sampled Carnival Midway by Jac Holzman\", WhoSampled, retrieved 10 January 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whosampled.com/Jac-Holzman/Carnival-Midway/sampled/","url_text":"\"Songs that Sampled Carnival Midway by Jac Holzman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhoSampled","url_text":"WhoSampled"}]},{"reference":"\"Jac Holzman – Authentic Sound Effects Volume 1\", Discogs, retrieved 10 January 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/master/604739-Jac-Holzman-Authentic-Sound-Effects-Volume-1","url_text":"\"Jac Holzman – Authentic Sound Effects Volume 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"}]},{"reference":"\"100 Greatest Guitar Solos: No. 41 \"Brighton Rock\" (Brian May)\". Guitar World. 28 October 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guitarworld.com/features/100-greatest-guitar-solos-no-41-brighton-rock-brian-may","url_text":"\"100 Greatest Guitar Solos: No. 41 \"Brighton Rock\" (Brian May)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_World","url_text":"Guitar World"}]},{"reference":"Pardiwalla, Tanzim (16 April 2020). \"Filmsplaining: How Edgar Wright's 'Baby Driver' Made Music the Ultimate Escape\". Mashable India. Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/13226/filmsplaining-how-edgar-wrights-baby-driver-made-music-the-ultimate-escape","url_text":"\"Filmsplaining: How Edgar Wright's 'Baby Driver' Made Music the Ultimate Escape\""}]},{"reference":"Willman, Chris (29 June 2017). \"The Soundtrack to 'Baby Driver' Is a Music Nerd's Dream — and Director Edgar Wright's\". Variety. Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2017/film/news/baby-driver-movie-music-1202482594/","url_text":"\"The Soundtrack to 'Baby Driver' Is a Music Nerd's Dream — and Director Edgar Wright's\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Wyse, Alex (14 April 2020). \"Edgar Wright's 10 Most Impressive Action Sequences\". Screen Rant. Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/edgar-wright-best-outstanding-action-scenes/","url_text":"\"Edgar Wright's 10 Most Impressive Action Sequences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant","url_text":"Screen Rant"}]},{"reference":"Tanatarova, Elmira (16 April 2020). \"Car chases, heists and road trips: the best automotive films to watch during lockdown\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cars/features/road-trips-car-chases-heists-best-automotive-movies-2010s/","url_text":"\"Car chases, heists and road trips: the best automotive films to watch during lockdown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Minsker, Evan (5 July 2017). \"Behind the Music of Baby Driver, With Director Edgar Wright\". Pitchfork. Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/behind-the-music-of-baby-driver-with-director-edgar-wright/","url_text":"\"Behind the Music of Baby Driver, With Director Edgar Wright\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"Hart, Ron (6 July 2017). \"Edgar Wright Explains How He Crafted the Perfect Soundtrack for Baby Driver\". Esquire. Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/a56151/edgar-wright-baby-driver-soundtrack/","url_text":"\"Edgar Wright Explains How He Crafted the Perfect Soundtrack for Baby Driver\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)","url_text":"Esquire"}]},{"reference":"\"Olympics closing ceremony: playlist\". The Telegraph. 12 August 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/london-2012/9470803/Olympics-closing-ceremony-playlist.html","url_text":"\"Olympics closing ceremony: playlist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Telegraph"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/seventiesrockdec0000mori","external_links_name":"Seventies Rock: The Decade of Creative Chaos"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/seventiesrockdec0000mori/page/320/mode/2up","external_links_name":"320"},{"Link":"https://ultimateclassicrock.com/queen-brighton-rock-baby-driver/","external_links_name":"\"The Long Journey Queen's 'Brighton Rock' Took to the 'Baby Driver' Soundtrack\""},{"Link":"http://www.queenonline.com/features/the-black-white-and-grey-of-queen-ii-fan-feature-by-patrick-lemieux","external_links_name":"\"The Black, White and Grey of Queen II\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/song/brighton-rock-mt0008534470","external_links_name":"\"Brighton Rock - Queen \| Song Info\""},{"Link":"http://www.themodgeneration.co.uk/2011/02/brighton-rock.html","external_links_name":"\"Brighton Rock\""},{"Link":"https://www.whosampled.com/Jac-Holzman/Carnival-Midway/sampled/","external_links_name":"\"Songs that Sampled Carnival Midway by Jac Holzman\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/master/604739-Jac-Holzman-Authentic-Sound-Effects-Volume-1","external_links_name":"\"Jac Holzman – Authentic Sound Effects Volume 1\""},{"Link":"https://www.guitarworld.com/features/100-greatest-guitar-solos-no-41-brighton-rock-brian-may","external_links_name":"\"100 Greatest Guitar Solos: No. 41 \"Brighton Rock\" (Brian May)\""},{"Link":"https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/13226/filmsplaining-how-edgar-wrights-baby-driver-made-music-the-ultimate-escape","external_links_name":"\"Filmsplaining: How Edgar Wright's 'Baby Driver' Made Music the Ultimate Escape\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2017/film/news/baby-driver-movie-music-1202482594/","external_links_name":"\"The Soundtrack to 'Baby Driver' Is a Music Nerd's Dream — and Director Edgar Wright's\""},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/edgar-wright-best-outstanding-action-scenes/","external_links_name":"\"Edgar Wright's 10 Most Impressive Action Sequences\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cars/features/road-trips-car-chases-heists-best-automotive-movies-2010s/","external_links_name":"\"Car chases, heists and road trips: the best automotive films to watch during lockdown\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/behind-the-music-of-baby-driver-with-director-edgar-wright/","external_links_name":"\"Behind the Music of Baby Driver, With Director Edgar Wright\""},{"Link":"https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/a56151/edgar-wright-baby-driver-soundtrack/","external_links_name":"\"Edgar Wright Explains How He Crafted the Perfect Soundtrack for Baby Driver\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/london-2012/9470803/Olympics-closing-ceremony-playlist.html","external_links_name":"\"Olympics closing ceremony: playlist\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/bb356ec2-9032-43e9-b8de-b1b96307edb9","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Poniatowski_(1676-1762)	Stanisław Poniatowski (1676–1762)	["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 The Great Northern War and subsequent Swedish service","1.3 Later years: Polish politician and magnate","2 Family","3 References"]	Castellan of Kraków (1676–1762) Not to be confused with Stanisław August Poniatowski. Stanisław PoniatowskiPortrait by Marcello Bacciarelli, 1758Born(1676-09-15)15 September 1676Chojnik, Poland, Polish–Lithuanian CommonwealthDied29 August 1762(1762-08-29) (aged 85)Ryki, Poland, Polish–Lithuanian CommonwealthNoble familyPoniatowskiSpouse(s)Teresa Woynianka-JasienieckaKonstancja CzartoryskaIssueKazimierz PoniatowskiJakub PoniatowskiFranciszek Poniatowski Aleksander Poniatowski Ludwika Maria PoniatowskaIzabella PoniatowskaStanisław August PoniatowskiAndrzej PoniatowskiMichał Jerzy PoniatowskiFatherFranciszek Poniatowski MotherHelena Niewiarowska Stanisław Poniatowski (15 September 1676 – 29 August 1762) was a Polish military commander, diplomat, and noble. Throughout his career, Poniatowski served in various military offices, and was a general in both the Swedish and Polish–Lithuanian militaries. He also held numerous civil positions, including those of podstoli of Lithuania and Grand Treasurer of the Lithuanian army in 1722, voivode of the Masovian Voivodeship in 1731, regimentarz of the Crown Army in 1728, and castellan of Kraków in 1752. Throughout his lifetime, he served in many starost positions. Poniatowski was involved in Commonwealth politics, and was a prominent member of the Familia, a faction led by the Czartoryski family. On a number of occasions he was in service of Stanisław I Leszczyński, the principal rival of Augustus II for the throne of Poland. Having served under Leszczyński as a military officer and envoy during the Great Northern War, Poniatowski later embraced the Russian-supported Augustus. Subsequently, during the War of the Polish Succession, he returned, with the majority of the Familia, to his earlier allegiance. He later effected a reconciliation with Augustus III, and eventually became one of the new king's chief advisors. Poniatowski's fifth son, Stanisław August Poniatowski, reigned as the last king of Poland from 1764 until 1795, when he abdicated as a result of the Third Partition of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and Austria. His grandson, Prince Józef Antoni Poniatowski, was a Polish general and later a Marshal of the First French Empire, serving under Napoleon I. Biography Early life Poniatowski was born on 15 September 1676 in the village of Chojnik, now part of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship. He was the son of Franciszek Poniatowski (1651–1691), "Master of the Hunt" in 1680 and cup-bearer at Wyszogród in 1690, and his wife Helena Niewiarowska, (died 1673/74). He was also the paternal grandson of one Jan Poniatowski, who died before 1676, although rumors regarding his parentage claimed that he was the son of Hetman Jan Kazimierz Sapieha by an unknown Polish Jewish woman, later adopted by Franciszek. He received elementary education in Kraków, at either the Kraków Academy or at the Nowodworski School. At 13, he was sent to Vienna, capital of the Holy Roman Empire where he spent two years, and afterward traveled to Serbia, then a province of that empire. There, he volunteered to join Imperial forces campaigning against the Ottomans in the Great Turkish War. He served as an adjutant to Michał Franciszek Sapieha, and later commanded a company of cuirassiers. He participated in the Battle of Zenta in 1697. After the Treaty of Karlowitz of 1699, which ended the war, he returned to Lithuania. Upon his return, he wed Teresa Woynianka-Jasieniecka, but their marriage ended abruptly with her death not long afterward. The union, however, raised his social status. In 1700, he participated in the Lithuanian Civil War as a supporter of the Sapieha family, fighting in the Battle of Valkininkai. Here, he was captured, but managed to escape, and he later served as Sapieha's emissary to Charles XII, king of Sweden. The Great Northern War and subsequent Swedish service In 1702, Swedish forces invaded the Commonwealth as part of the Great Northern War, which had begun in 1700 between the Swedish Empire and the Tsardom of Russia. Augustus II, king of Poland and Elector of Saxony, was an ally of the Russian tsar Peter I. Augustus's forces were defeated, and the king himself was forced back to Saxony. He was replaced by Charles with Stanisław Leszczyński, a Polish nobleman and count of the Holy Roman Empire. Poniatowski, serving as a negotiator between the Wielkopolska Confederation and Charles XII, took the side of Leszczyński and distanced himself from the Sapiehas, formerly his patrons. In 1705, he became the colonel over Leszczyński's newly raised Trabant guard, modeled after the reputable Swedish Drabant Corps. In 1708, Leszczyński appointed Poniatowski his personal representative to Charles XII. He participated in the Battle of Holowczyn that year, and served as an aide to Charles XII during his exile in the Ottoman Empire after the Battle of Poltava in 1709. Here, he worked to establish an alliance between the Ottomans and the Swedes, aiming to bring the Ottomans into the war against Russia. Due to diplomatic efforts on the part of the French, aligned with Sweden, the Ottomans began to campaign against the Russians in 1710. With this change in Ottoman foreign policy came the dismissal of Çorlulu Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier of Ahmed III. His successor, Köprülü Numan Pasha, was an acquaintance of Poniatowski and had been a supporter of an anti-Russian shift in Ottoman politics. Poniatowski accompanied the Ottomans during the Pruth River Campaign, but was dissatisfied with the Treaty of the Pruth, which saw the withdrawal of the Ottomans from the war. His attempts to prolong and inflame the conflict failed, resulting in a loss of his status in the Empire and his eventual departure from it in 1713. Poniatowski did not return to Poland, as Lesczyński had been forced to retreat to Swedish Pomerania upon the return of Augustus in 1709. With the support of Russian forces, Augustus had forced Lesczyński from the throne and had retaken the crown in that year. Instead, Poniatowski entered the service of Sweden, serving as a diplomat for both Charles XII and Lesczyński. He was later involved in mediation attempts between Lesczyński and Augustus, and also joined the Swedish army in various campaigns, being wounded during one in 1716. During the course of his diplomatic activities, he traveled throughout Europe, including to such countries as Prussia, France, and Spain. For his service to Charles XII, he received the position of the governor of Palatine Zweibrücken, then in personal union with Sweden. Later years: Polish politician and magnate Portrait of Stanisław Poniatowski and Konstancja Czartoryska Upon Charles's death in 1718, he continued to serve Leszczyński as a diplomat. In 1719 he was briefly imprisoned in Copenhagen, and requested official leave from the Swedish government, which he received that year, thus ending his service as a Swedish diplomat. He returned to the Commonwealth, where he used the title of a general of cavalry. On 14 September 1720 he married Princess Konstancja Czartoryska; this marriage brought him significant wealth. Over the next few years, he became increasingly involved in the creation of the Familia political faction, and most of his ensuing actions had the goal of increasing the Familia's political power. On 5 December 1722 he received the office of Podstoli of Lithuania (podstoli litewski) in 1722, and 16 December, Grand Treasurer of Lithuanian Army (podskarbi wielki litewski), and became increasingly allied with August II On 20 December 1724 he received the military rank of General of the Lithuanian Army (generał lejtnant wojsk litewskich). In 1726 he became the Knight of the Order of the White Eagle. He was also promised the position of Grand Crown Hetman by August II, receiving in 1728 the rank of a Crown regimentarz. During a period in which no Crown hetmans were appointed, he acted as de facto commander of the Polish–Lithuanian army. He enjoyed support from the military, but his forays into politics gained him significant opposition among the szlachta, led by the Potocki family. He became the voivode of the Masovian Voivodeship in 1731. After August II's death in 1733, he rekindled his old ties with Leszczyński, but made some attempts to secure his own election to the throne. Eventually, however, he decided to grant Leszczyński his full support, doing so during the convocation sejm of 1733. He again served as Leszczyński's diplomat during the following War of the Polish Succession. In 1734, he switched sides and joined the supported Augustus III. After several years of distrust, August III started treating Poniatowski as one of his major advisers. Over the next few years, throughout the 1740s, he and familiar supported plans for reform and strengthening the Commonwealth, however most of them have failed due to liberum veto disrupting the Sejm proceedings. Those failures likely resulted in his apathy, and he became much less active on the political scene in the 1750s. On 6 June 1752 he received the office of castellan of Kraków. Near the end of his life, Poniatowski was among the richest magnates in the Commonwealth, with the value of his estates estimated at about 4 million zlotys. He died in Ryki on 29 August 1762, shortly after suffering a serious fall while walking. Family He was the son of Franciszek Poniatowski (1640/1650 – 1691–1695), łowczy podlaski in 1680 and cześnik wyszogrodzki in 1690, and his wife Helena Niewiarowska, who he had married in 1673 or 1674. His older brother Józef Poniatowski (1674 – after 1731) was a generał wojsk koronnych and married Helena Otfinowska, without issue. His younger siblings were Michał Jacenty Poniatowski, a Dominican, and Zofia Agnieszka Poniatowska , a Carmelitan Abbess in Kraków. He married firstly shortly after 1701 and divorced Teresa Woynianka-Jasieniecka, who died after 1710, without issue, and secondly Princess Konstancja Czartoryska on 14 September 1720. They had eight children. He was the father of: Kazimierz Poniatowski (15 September 1721 – 13 April 1800), podkomorzy wielki koronny between 1742 and 1773 and generał wojsk koronnych, who was created a Prince on 4 December 1764 and married on 21 January 1751 Apolonia Ustrzycka (17 January 1736–1814) and had issue Franciszek Poniatowski (1723 – 1749/1759), canon and provost in the Cathedral of Kraków (kanonik i proboszcz katedralny krakowski), chancellor of Gniezno in 1748 Aleksander Poniatowski (1725 – killed in action on 29 June 1744), adiutant of Karl von Lothringen Ludwika Maria Poniatowska (30 November 1728 – 10 February 1781), who married in 1745 Jan Jakub Zamoyski (? - 10 February 1790), wojewoda podolski in 1770, IX ordynat till in 1780 and starosta lubelski, and had female issue (Urszula Zamoyska (c. 1750–1808), who married firstly and divorced before 1781 Wincenty Potocki (? - 1825), podkomorzy wielki koronny, and married secondly Michal Jerzy Mniszech, marszalek wielki koronny) Izabella Poniatowska, (1 July 1730 – 14 February 1808) was a Polish noblewoman, countess and princess. She was a sister of Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski, who in 1764 became King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and reigned as Stanisław II Augustus. She married, firstly on 19 November 1748 as his third wife Hetman Jan Klemens Branicki in 1756, and secondly the Masovian voivode Andrzej Mokronowski, without issue. Stanisław II August (Poniatowski), the last King of Poland and Grand-Duke of Lithuania, who was crowned in 1764. Andrzej Poniatowski (16 July 1734/5 – Vienna, 3/5 March 1773), Austrian General-Lieutenant in 1760, Austrian Fieldmarshall in 1771 and starost prenski, who was created a Prince on 10 December 1765, and married on 3 May 1761 Maria Teresa, Countess Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau (14 February 1740 – 25 September 1806), and had issue Michał Jerzy Poniatowski (12 October 1736 – 12 August 1794), opat tyniecki i czerwinski, Bishop of Plock and koadiutor krakowski in 1773 and Archbishop of Gniezno in 1784, who was created a Prince on 4 December 1764 References ^ a b c d e f g h i Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 471. ^ Jerzy Łojek, Dzieje zdrajcy, Katowice, 1988; ISBN 83-216-0759-4, p. 189. ^ Emil Hildebrand, Svensk historisk bibliografi, Volume 10. Svenska Historiska Föreningen, 1890. p. 196. ^ a b c d Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 472. ^ a b Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 473. ^ a b c d e f g h Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 474. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 479. ^ a b c d e Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 475. ^ a b c d e Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 476. ^ Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 477. ^ Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 478. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stanisław Poniatowski. vteLithuanian Grand Treasurers16th century Mikołaj Naruszewicz Lawryn Warzyniec Wojna Jan Chlebowicz Teodor Skumin Tyszkiewicz Dymitr Chalecki Andrzej Zawisza 17th century Hieronim Wołłowicz Krzysztof Naruszewicz Stefan Pac Mikołaj Tryzna Mikołaj Kiszka Gedeon Michał Tryzyna Wincenty Gosiewski Hieronim Kryszpin Kirszenstein Benedykt Sapieha 18th century Marcjan Dominik Wołłowicz Ludwik Konstanty Pociej Kazimierz Czartoryski Michał Kazimierz Kociełł Stanisław Poniatowski Jan Michał Sołłohub Jerzy Detloff Fleming Michał Brzostowski Stanisław Poniatowski Ludwik Skumin Tyszkiewicz Michał Kleofas Ogiński Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Netherlands Poland Vatican People Deutsche Biographie	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanisław August Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"podstoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podstoli"},{"link_name":"Grand Treasurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Treasurer"},{"link_name":"voivode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode"},{"link_name":"Masovian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"regimentarz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimentarz"},{"link_name":"Crown Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Army"},{"link_name":"castellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellan"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"starost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starost"},{"link_name":"Familia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"Czartoryski family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czartoryski_family"},{"link_name":"Stanisław I Leszczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_I_Leszczy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Augustus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_II"},{"link_name":"Great Northern War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_War"},{"link_name":"War of the Polish Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession"},{"link_name":"Augustus III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_III"},{"link_name":"Stanisław August Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"Third Partition of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Prince Józef Antoni Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"Marshal of the First French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_France"},{"link_name":"Napoleon I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I"}],"text":"Castellan of Kraków (1676–1762)Not to be confused with Stanisław August Poniatowski.Stanisław Poniatowski (15 September 1676 – 29 August 1762) was a Polish military commander, diplomat, and noble. Throughout his career, Poniatowski served in various military offices, and was a general in both the Swedish and Polish–Lithuanian militaries. He also held numerous civil positions, including those of podstoli of Lithuania and Grand Treasurer of the Lithuanian army in 1722, voivode of the Masovian Voivodeship in 1731, regimentarz of the Crown Army in 1728, and castellan of Kraków in 1752. Throughout his lifetime, he served in many starost positions.Poniatowski was involved in Commonwealth politics, and was a prominent member of the Familia, a faction led by the Czartoryski family. On a number of occasions he was in service of Stanisław I Leszczyński, the principal rival of Augustus II for the throne of Poland. Having served under Leszczyński as a military officer and envoy during the Great Northern War, Poniatowski later embraced the Russian-supported Augustus. Subsequently, during the War of the Polish Succession, he returned, with the majority of the Familia, to his earlier allegiance. He later effected a reconciliation with Augustus III, and eventually became one of the new king's chief advisors.Poniatowski's fifth son, Stanisław August Poniatowski, reigned as the last king of Poland from 1764 until 1795, when he abdicated as a result of the Third Partition of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and Austria. His grandson, Prince Józef Antoni Poniatowski, was a Polish general and later a Marshal of the First French Empire, serving under Napoleon I.","title":"Stanisław Poniatowski (1676–1762)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chojnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chojnik,_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Lesser Poland Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb471-1"},{"link_name":"Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"Master of the Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81owczy"},{"link_name":"cup-bearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cup-bearer"},{"link_name":"Wyszogród","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyszogr%C3%B3d"},{"link_name":"Niewiarowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niewiarowscy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb471-1"},{"link_name":"Hetman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetmans_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Jan Kazimierz Sapieha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Kazimierz_Sapieha_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Polish Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Kraków Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Academy"},{"link_name":"Nowodworski School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart%C5%82omiej_Nowodworski_High_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb471-1"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Great Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Turkish_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb471-1"},{"link_name":"Michał Franciszek Sapieha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Franciszek_Sapieha"},{"link_name":"cuirassiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuirassier"},{"link_name":"Battle of Zenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zenta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb471-1"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Karlowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Karlowitz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb471-1"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Civil_War_(1697%E2%80%931702)"},{"link_name":"Sapieha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapieha"},{"link_name":"Battle of Valkininkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Valkininkai_(1700)"},{"link_name":"Charles XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XII"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb471-1"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Poniatowski was born on 15 September 1676 in the village of Chojnik, now part of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship.[1] He was the son of Franciszek Poniatowski (1651–1691), \"Master of the Hunt\" in 1680 and cup-bearer at Wyszogród in 1690, and his wife Helena Niewiarowska, (died 1673/74). He was also the paternal grandson of one Jan Poniatowski, who died before 1676,[1] although rumors regarding his parentage claimed that he was the son of Hetman Jan Kazimierz Sapieha by an unknown Polish Jewish woman, later adopted by Franciszek.[2]He received elementary education in Kraków, at either the Kraków Academy or at the Nowodworski School.[1] At 13, he was sent to Vienna, capital of the Holy Roman Empire where he spent two years, and afterward traveled to Serbia, then a province of that empire. There, he volunteered to join Imperial forces campaigning against the Ottomans in the Great Turkish War.[1] He served as an adjutant to Michał Franciszek Sapieha, and later commanded a company of cuirassiers. He participated in the Battle of Zenta in 1697.[1]After the Treaty of Karlowitz of 1699, which ended the war, he returned to Lithuania. Upon his return, he wed Teresa Woynianka-Jasieniecka, but their marriage ended abruptly with her death not long afterward. The union, however, raised his social status.[1] In 1700, he participated in the Lithuanian Civil War as a supporter of the Sapieha family, fighting in the Battle of Valkininkai. Here, he was captured, but managed to escape, and he later served as Sapieha's emissary to Charles XII, king of Sweden.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Northern War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_War"},{"link_name":"Swedish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Tsardom of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Augustus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_the_Strong"},{"link_name":"Elector of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elector_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Peter I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Leszczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Wielkopolska Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wielkopolska_Confederation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb471-1"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"Trabant guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabant_(military)"},{"link_name":"Drabant Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drabant_Corps_of_Charles_XII"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shb196-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb472-4"},{"link_name":"Battle of Holowczyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Holowczyn"},{"link_name":"Battle of Poltava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb472-4"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_de_France"},{"link_name":"Çorlulu Ali Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87orlulu_Ali_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Grand Vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Vizier"},{"link_name":"Ahmed III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_III"},{"link_name":"Köprülü Numan Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_Numan_Pasha"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb472-4"},{"link_name":"Pruth River Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruth_River_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Treaty of the Pruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pruth"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb472-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb473-5"},{"link_name":"Swedish Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb473-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb474-6"},{"link_name":"Palatine Zweibrücken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_Zweibr%C3%BCcken"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb474-6"}],"sub_title":"The Great Northern War and subsequent Swedish service","text":"In 1702, Swedish forces invaded the Commonwealth as part of the Great Northern War, which had begun in 1700 between the Swedish Empire and the Tsardom of Russia. Augustus II, king of Poland and Elector of Saxony, was an ally of the Russian tsar Peter I. Augustus's forces were defeated, and the king himself was forced back to Saxony. He was replaced by Charles with Stanisław Leszczyński, a Polish nobleman and count of the Holy Roman Empire. Poniatowski, serving as a negotiator between the Wielkopolska Confederation and Charles XII, took the side of Leszczyński and distanced himself from the Sapiehas, formerly his patrons.[1] In 1705, he became the colonel over Leszczyński's newly raised Trabant guard, modeled after the reputable Swedish Drabant Corps.[3]In 1708, Leszczyński appointed Poniatowski his personal representative to Charles XII.[4] He participated in the Battle of Holowczyn that year, and served as an aide to Charles XII during his exile in the Ottoman Empire after the Battle of Poltava in 1709. Here, he worked to establish an alliance between the Ottomans and the Swedes, aiming to bring the Ottomans into the war against Russia.[4] Due to diplomatic efforts on the part of the French, aligned with Sweden, the Ottomans began to campaign against the Russians in 1710. With this change in Ottoman foreign policy came the dismissal of Çorlulu Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier of Ahmed III. His successor, Köprülü Numan Pasha, was an acquaintance of Poniatowski and had been a supporter of an anti-Russian shift in Ottoman politics.[4]Poniatowski accompanied the Ottomans during the Pruth River Campaign, but was dissatisfied with the Treaty of the Pruth, which saw the withdrawal of the Ottomans from the war.[4] His attempts to prolong and inflame the conflict failed, resulting in a loss of his status in the Empire and his eventual departure from it in 1713.[5]Poniatowski did not return to Poland, as Lesczyński had been forced to retreat to Swedish Pomerania upon the return of Augustus in 1709. With the support of Russian forces, Augustus had forced Lesczyński from the throne and had retaken the crown in that year. Instead, Poniatowski entered the service of Sweden, serving as a diplomat for both Charles XII and Lesczyński. He was later involved in mediation attempts between Lesczyński and Augustus, and also joined the Swedish army in various campaigns, being wounded during one in 1716. During the course of his diplomatic activities, he traveled throughout Europe, including to such countries as Prussia, France, and Spain.[5][6] For his service to Charles XII, he received the position of the governor of Palatine Zweibrücken, then in personal union with Sweden.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Museum_in_Poznan_-_rodzice_kr%C3%B3la_Poniatowskiego.JPG"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb474-6"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb474-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb474-6"},{"link_name":"Princess Konstancja Czartoryska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstancja_Czartoryska_(1700%E2%80%931759)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb474-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb480-7"},{"link_name":"Familia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_(Polish_political_party)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb474-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb475-8"},{"link_name":"Podstoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podstoli"},{"link_name":"Grand Treasurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Treasurer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb474-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb475-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb475-8"},{"link_name":"Order of the White Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb476-9"},{"link_name":"Grand Crown Hetman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Crown_Hetman"},{"link_name":"regimentarz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimentarz"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb475-8"},{"link_name":"szlachta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlachta"},{"link_name":"Potocki family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potocki_family"},{"link_name":"voivode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode"},{"link_name":"Masovian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb475-8"},{"link_name":"his own election to the throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_election_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb476-9"},{"link_name":"convocation sejm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convocation_sejm"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb476-9"},{"link_name":"War of the Polish Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb476-9"},{"link_name":"Augustus III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb476-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb477-10"},{"link_name":"liberum veto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberum_veto"},{"link_name":"Sejm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb478-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb480-7"},{"link_name":"castellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb480-7"},{"link_name":"magnates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnate"},{"link_name":"zlotys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_zloty"},{"link_name":"Ryki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryki"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb480-7"}],"sub_title":"Later years: Polish politician and magnate","text":"Portrait of Stanisław Poniatowski and Konstancja CzartoryskaUpon Charles's death in 1718, he continued to serve Leszczyński as a diplomat.[6] In 1719 he was briefly imprisoned in Copenhagen, and requested official leave from the Swedish government, which he received that year, thus ending his service as a Swedish diplomat.[6] He returned to the Commonwealth, where he used the title of a general of cavalry.[6] On 14 September 1720 he married Princess Konstancja Czartoryska;[6] this marriage brought him significant wealth.[7] Over the next few years, he became increasingly involved in the creation of the Familia political faction, and most of his ensuing actions had the goal of increasing the Familia's political power.[6][8]On 5 December 1722 he received the office of Podstoli of Lithuania (podstoli litewski) in 1722, and 16 December, Grand Treasurer of Lithuanian Army (podskarbi wielki litewski), and became increasingly allied with August II[6][8] On 20 December 1724 he received the military rank of General of the Lithuanian Army (generał lejtnant wojsk litewskich).[8] In 1726 he became the Knight of the Order of the White Eagle.[9] He was also promised the position of Grand Crown Hetman by August II, receiving in 1728 the rank of a Crown regimentarz. During a period in which no Crown hetmans were appointed, he acted as de facto commander of the Polish–Lithuanian army.[8] He enjoyed support from the military, but his forays into politics gained him significant opposition among the szlachta, led by the Potocki family. He became the voivode of the Masovian Voivodeship in 1731.[8]After August II's death in 1733, he rekindled his old ties with Leszczyński, but made some attempts to secure his own election to the throne.[9] Eventually, however, he decided to grant Leszczyński his full support, doing so during the convocation sejm of 1733.[9] He again served as Leszczyński's diplomat during the following War of the Polish Succession.[9]In 1734, he switched sides and joined the supported Augustus III.[9] After several years of distrust, August III started treating Poniatowski as one of his major advisers.[10] Over the next few years, throughout the 1740s, he and familiar supported plans for reform and strengthening the Commonwealth, however most of them have failed due to liberum veto disrupting the Sejm proceedings.[11] Those failures likely resulted in his apathy, and he became much less active on the political scene in the 1750s.[7] On 6 June 1752 he received the office of castellan of Kraków.[7]Near the end of his life, Poniatowski was among the richest magnates in the Commonwealth, with the value of his estates estimated at about 4 million zlotys. He died in Ryki on 29 August 1762, shortly after suffering a serious fall while walking.[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franciszek Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franciszek_Poniatowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb471-1"},{"link_name":"Józef Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"Michał Jacenty Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micha%C5%82_Jacenty_Poniatowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dominican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"Zofia Agnieszka Poniatowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zofia_Agnieszka_Poniatowska&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zofia_Agnieszka_Poniatowska"},{"link_name":"Carmelitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelites"},{"link_name":"Abbess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbess"},{"link_name":"Princess Konstancja Czartoryska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstancja_Czartoryska_(1700%E2%80%931759)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb480-7"},{"link_name":"Kazimierz Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb480-7"},{"link_name":"Franciszek Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franciszek_Poniatowski_(1723%E2%80%931749)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_Poniatowski_(kanonik)"},{"link_name":"canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(priest)"},{"link_name":"provost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Gniezno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gniezno"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb480-7"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Poniatowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"killed in action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"Karl von Lothringen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_von_Lothringen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb480-7"},{"link_name":"Ludwika Maria Poniatowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwika_Maria_Poniatowska"},{"link_name":"Jan Jakub Zamoyski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Jakub_Zamoyski"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb480-7"},{"link_name":"Izabella Poniatowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izabella_Poniatowska"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb480-7"},{"link_name":"Stanisław II August (Poniatowski)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb480-7"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb480-7"},{"link_name":"Michał Jerzy Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Jerzy_Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Plock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Plock"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Gniezno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Gniezno"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb480-7"}],"text":"He was the son of Franciszek Poniatowski [pl] (1640/1650 – 1691–1695), łowczy podlaski in 1680 and cześnik wyszogrodzki in 1690, and his wife Helena Niewiarowska, who he had married in 1673 or 1674.[1] His older brother Józef Poniatowski (1674 – after 1731) was a generał wojsk koronnych and married Helena Otfinowska, without issue. His younger siblings were Michał Jacenty Poniatowski, a Dominican, and Zofia Agnieszka Poniatowska [pl], a Carmelitan Abbess in Kraków. He married firstly shortly after 1701 and divorced Teresa Woynianka-Jasieniecka, who died after 1710, without issue, and secondly Princess Konstancja Czartoryska on 14 September 1720. They had eight children.[7]He was the father of:Kazimierz Poniatowski (15 September 1721 – 13 April 1800), podkomorzy wielki koronny between 1742 and 1773 and generał wojsk koronnych, who was created a Prince on 4 December 1764 and married on 21 January 1751 Apolonia Ustrzycka (17 January 1736–1814) and had issue[7]\nFranciszek Poniatowski [pl] (1723 – 1749/1759), canon and provost in the Cathedral of Kraków (kanonik i proboszcz katedralny krakowski), chancellor of Gniezno in 1748[7]\nAleksander Poniatowski [pl] (1725 – killed in action on 29 June 1744), adiutant of Karl von Lothringen[7]\nLudwika Maria Poniatowska (30 November 1728 – 10 February 1781), who married in 1745 Jan Jakub Zamoyski (? - 10 February 1790), wojewoda podolski in 1770, IX ordynat till in 1780 and starosta lubelski, and had female issue (Urszula Zamoyska (c. 1750–1808), who married firstly and divorced before 1781 Wincenty Potocki (? - 1825), podkomorzy wielki koronny, and married secondly Michal Jerzy Mniszech, marszalek wielki koronny)[7]\nIzabella Poniatowska,[7] (1 July 1730 – 14 February 1808) was a Polish noblewoman, countess and princess. She was a sister of Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski, who in 1764 became King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and reigned as Stanisław II Augustus. She married, firstly on 19 November 1748 as his third wife Hetman Jan Klemens Branicki in 1756, and secondly the Masovian voivode Andrzej Mokronowski, without issue.\nStanisław II August (Poniatowski), the last King of Poland and Grand-Duke of Lithuania, who was crowned in 1764.[7]\nAndrzej Poniatowski (16 July 1734/5 – Vienna, 3/5 March 1773), Austrian General-Lieutenant in 1760, Austrian Fieldmarshall in 1771 and starost prenski, who was created a Prince on 10 December 1765, and married on 3 May 1761 Maria Teresa, Countess Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau (14 February 1740 – 25 September 1806), and had issue[7]\nMichał Jerzy Poniatowski (12 October 1736 – 12 August 1794), opat tyniecki i czerwinski, Bishop of Plock and koadiutor krakowski in 1773 and Archbishop of Gniezno in 1784, who was created a Prince on 4 December 1764[7]","title":"Family"}]	[{"image_text":"Portrait of Stanisław Poniatowski and Konstancja Czartoryska","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/National_Museum_in_Poznan_-_rodzice_kr%C3%B3la_Poniatowskiego.JPG/220px-National_Museum_in_Poznan_-_rodzice_kr%C3%B3la_Poniatowskiego.JPG"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000010923344X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/89648972","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwMD8Y9hw4Y3VQ3XjYVmd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb106768965","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb106768965","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/141224967","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p314872051","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810689863605606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/254279","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd141224967.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Johnson_(pilot_boat)	Josiah Johnson (pilot boat)	["1 Construction and service","2 End of service","3 See also","4 References"]	New York Pilot boat History United States NameJosiah Johnson NamesakeJosiah Johnson Sr. OwnerJosiah Johnson Sr. OperatorJ. R. Allcock, Isaac Campbell, William Caroll, and William Qualey In serviceEarly 1840s Out of serviceMarch 6, 1869 HomeportNew York FateSank General characteristics Propulsionschooner sail Sail planSchooner-rigged The Josiah Johnson was a 19th-century Sandy Hook pilot boat built in the early 1840s by Sandy Hook pilot Josiah Johnson Sr. She was named after the builder. The Josiah Johnson was struck down by the schooner Wanata off of Barnegat and sank in 1869. This resulted in a collision case to recover damages that went to the District Court. The court found that the Wanata was at fault for not keeping a lookout. Construction and service The New York pilot boat Josiah Johnson, No. 23, was built by Sandy Hook pilot Captain Josiah Johnson Sr. (1795–1871), who named the new pilot boat after himself. In 1843, Johnson came to Brooklyn with his nephew, Josiah Johnson Jr., (1832–1919) who became a successful Sandy Hook pilot. In 1864, the pilot-boat Josiah Johnson, No. 23, while coming through The Narrows, was run into by the Hamburg steamship Germania. The Johnson received damages to her rigging. On March 23, 1868, the pilot-boat Josiah Johnson, No. 23 returned from a north-east gale, along with other pilot boats, and anchored in the lower New York Bay. End of service Schooner Wanata, c. 1860-1875. On March 6, 1869, the pilot-boat Josiah Johnson, No. 23 was struck by the schooner Wanata while anchored fifteen miles north of Barnegat Light, New Jersey. The accident happened at night when the wind was strong and the Wanata's lights had blown out. The Johnson sank in ten minutes. Captain Hawkins of the schooner was able to bring the crew of the pilot-boat on board and bring them back to the port of New York. There were thirteen persons on board including six pilots. The pilots on the boat were: J. R. Allcock, Isaac Campbell, William Caroll, and William Qualey.: p115 On March 10, 1869, the pilot boat Mary and Catherine took the place of the Josiah Johnson which was lost in the collision with the schooner Wanata. The crew of the Johnson were transferred to the Mary & Catherine. On October 1870, the collision with the Wanata went to the New York District Court as Case No. 17,138, to recover $23,000 in damages caused by the schooner Wanata. The outcome was that the schooner was at fault in not keeping a lookout, which contributed to the collision. See also List of Northeastern U. S. Pilot Boats References ^ a b Russell, Charles Edward (1929). From Sandy Hook to 62°. New York: Century Co. p. 148. OCLC 3804485. ^ "Death Of Capt. Josiah Johnson. One of the Oldest of the New York Pilots". The Sun. New York, New York. 4 Dec 1871. p. 1. ^ "Collision". New York Sun. New York, New York. 1864. ^ "Miscellaneous". New York Daily Herald. New York, New York. 23 Mar 1868. p. 8. ^ "Collision Off The Coast". New York Daily Herald New York, New York. New York, New York. 8 Mar 1869. p. 10. Retrieved 2020-04-21. ^ Allen, Edward L. (1922). Pilot Lore From sail to Steam. New York: The United New York and New Jersey Sandy Hook Pilots Benevolent Associations. p. 29. ^ "Shipping Notes". New York Daily Herald. New York, New York. 10 Mar 1869. p. 10. Retrieved 2020-04-21. ^ "The WANATA". law.resource.org. 1870. Retrieved 2020-04-21. Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Wanata vteList of Northeastern U.S. pilot boatsNew York pilot boats America Actaea Ambrose Snow Abraham Leggett Alexander M. Lawrence Ariel Patterson Anthony B. Neilson Blossom Caldwell H. Colt Caprice Charlotte Webb Charles H. Marshall Christian Bergh David T. Leahy David Mitchell David Carll Elbridge T. Gerry Edward Cooper E. K. Collins Elwood Walter Edmund Driggs Edward F. Williams Enchantress Edmund Blunt Favorita Fannie Francis Perkins George W. Blunt Gratitude Hope Hermann Oelrichs Isaac Webb Independence James Stafford James Avery James Funk James M. Waterbury Jacob A. Westervelt Jacob Bell Joseph F. Loubat Joseph Pulitzer Joseph N. Lord Josiah Johnson Jesse Carll John D. Jones Mary Taylor Mary A. Williams Mary Ann Mary and Catherine Moses H. Grinnell New York Nettle Pet Phantom Richard K. Fox Sandy Hook Thomas H. Smith Washington William J. Romer William Bell William H. Bateman William H. Starbuck William H. Aspinwall Widgeon Yankee Virginia Boston pilot boats Adams America Columbia Coquette Caleb Curtis D. J. Lawlor Eben D. Jordan Edwin Forrest Daniel Webster Dancing Feather Enchantress Florence Friend Fleur de Lis George H. Warren George Peabody Gracie Hesper Northern Light Lillie Louise Liberty Minerva Pilot Roseway Sylph William Starkey Varuna New Jersey pilot boats A. T. Stewart Centennial Edward E. Barrett Ezra Nye George Steers James Gordon Bennett James W. Elwell John McKeon Mary E. Fish New Jersey Thomas S. Negus Thomas D. Harrison Trenton W. W. Story Philadelphia pilot boats E. C. Knight Enoch Turley John G. Whilldin J. Henry Edmunds Philadelphia William W. Ker Delaware pilot boats Thomas Howard Thomas F. Bayard Ebe W. Tunnell Organizations Sandy Hook Pilots Association vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1869Shipwrecks 19 Jan: Unio c. Jan: Glide 13 Feb: Providence 4 Mar: Alliance 6 Mar: Josiah Johnson 9 Mar: Blue Jacket 26 Mar: Mystery 11 May: Chōyō Maru 15 May: Cheduba c. May: Banryū c. May: Matoaka c. Jul: Chameleon 11 Aug: Hamilla Mitchell 12 Sep: Carnatic 23 Sep: Ocean Wave 20 Oct: Diana 30 Oct: Lightning 30 Nov: A. T. Stewart c. Dec: Atlanta Other incidents Jan: USS Kansas 2 Feb: General McPherson 30 Mar: HMS Charybdis 5 Apr: HMS Rapid 12 May: Mississippi 20 May: Alexandre Pétion 5 Jun: HMS Cadmus Sep: SMS Vulcano 11 Oct: HMS Rapid 18 Oct: HMS Tamar 15 Nov: HMS Royal Oak 11 Dec: HMS Bristol Unknown: Ironsides ← 1868 1870 →	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sandy Hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Pilots"},{"link_name":"pilot boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_boat"},{"link_name":"Josiah Johnson Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josiah_Johnson_Sr.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barnegat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnegat_Bay"},{"link_name":"District Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Court"},{"link_name":"lookout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookout"}],"text":"The Josiah Johnson was a 19th-century Sandy Hook pilot boat built in the early 1840s by Sandy Hook pilot Josiah Johnson Sr. She was named after the builder. The Josiah Johnson was struck down by the schooner Wanata off of Barnegat and sank in 1869. This resulted in a collision case to recover damages that went to the District Court. The court found that the Wanata was at fault for not keeping a lookout.","title":"Josiah Johnson (pilot boat)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Josiah Johnson Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josiah_Johnson_(pilot)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russell-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Narrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Narrows"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"lower New York Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_New_York_Bay"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The New York pilot boat Josiah Johnson, No. 23, was built by Sandy Hook pilot Captain Josiah Johnson Sr. (1795–1871), who named the new pilot boat after himself. In 1843, Johnson came to Brooklyn with his nephew, Josiah Johnson Jr., (1832–1919) who became a successful Sandy Hook pilot.[1][2]In 1864, the pilot-boat Josiah Johnson, No. 23, while coming through The Narrows, was run into by the Hamburg steamship Germania. The Johnson received damages to her rigging.[3]On March 23, 1868, the pilot-boat Josiah Johnson, No. 23 returned from a north-east gale, along with other pilot boats, and anchored in the lower New York Bay.[4]","title":"Construction and service"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wanata_schooner.png"},{"link_name":"Barnegat Light, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnegat_Light,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"port of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lore-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russell-1"},{"link_name":"Mary and Catherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_and_Catherine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"District Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Court"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Schooner Wanata, c. 1860-1875.On March 6, 1869, the pilot-boat Josiah Johnson, No. 23 was struck by the schooner Wanata while anchored fifteen miles north of Barnegat Light, New Jersey. The accident happened at night when the wind was strong and the Wanata's lights had blown out. The Johnson sank in ten minutes. Captain Hawkins of the schooner was able to bring the crew of the pilot-boat on board and bring them back to the port of New York. There were thirteen persons on board including six pilots. The pilots on the boat were: J. R. Allcock, Isaac Campbell, William Caroll, and William Qualey.[5][6][1]: p115On March 10, 1869, the pilot boat Mary and Catherine took the place of the Josiah Johnson which was lost in the collision with the schooner Wanata. The crew of the Johnson were transferred to the Mary & Catherine.[7]On October 1870, the collision with the Wanata went to the New York District Court as Case No. 17,138, to recover $23,000 in damages caused by the schooner Wanata. The outcome was that the schooner was at fault in not keeping a lookout, which contributed to the collision.[8]","title":"End of service"}]	[{"image_text":"Schooner Wanata, c. 1860-1875.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wanata_schooner.png/220px-Wanata_schooner.png"}]	[{"title":"List of Northeastern U. S. Pilot Boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Northeastern_U._S._Pilot_Boats"}]	[{"reference":"Russell, Charles Edward (1929). From Sandy Hook to 62°. New York: Century Co. p. 148. OCLC 3804485.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7KBOAQAAMAAJ&q=Josiah%20Johnson","url_text":"From Sandy Hook to 62°"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3804485","url_text":"3804485"}]},{"reference":"\"Death Of Capt. Josiah Johnson. One of the Oldest of the New York Pilots\". The Sun. New York, New York. 4 Dec 1871. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%25209%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201871%2520Sep-jun%25201872%2520Grayscale%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201871%2520Sep-jun%25201872%2520Grayscale%2520-%25200324.pdf%23xml%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.fultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Dffffffffa329c40e%26DocId%3D1106105%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cDISK%2520T%26HitCount%3D4%26hits%3D17c5%2B17c6%2B17c7%2B17c8%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%25209%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201871%2520Sep-jun%25201872%2520Grayscale%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201871%2520Sep-jun%25201872%2520Grayscale%2520-%25200324.pdf&xml=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Dffffffffa329c40e%26DocId%3D1106105%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cDISK%2520T%26HitCount%3D4%26hits%3D17c5%2B17c6%2B17c7%2B17c8%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&openFirstHlPage=false","url_text":"\"Death Of Capt. 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New York Daily Herald. New York, New York. 23 Mar 1868. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75351597/north-east-gale/","url_text":"\"Miscellaneous\""}]},{"reference":"\"Collision Off The Coast\". New York Daily Herald New York, New York. New York, New York. 8 Mar 1869. p. 10. Retrieved 2020-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/76196778/collision/","url_text":"\"Collision Off The Coast\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Edward L. (1922). Pilot Lore From sail to Steam. New York: The United New York and New Jersey Sandy Hook Pilots Benevolent Associations. p. 29.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/pilotlorefromsai00unit/page/20/mode/2up?q=Josiah+Johnson","url_text":"Pilot Lore From sail to Steam"}]},{"reference":"\"Shipping Notes\". New York Daily Herald. New York, New York. 10 Mar 1869. p. 10. Retrieved 2020-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75351202/collision/","url_text":"\"Shipping Notes\""}]},{"reference":"\"The WANATA\". law.resource.org. 1870. Retrieved 2020-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F.Cas/0029.f.cas/0029.f.cas.0148.2.html","url_text":"\"The WANATA\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7KBOAQAAMAAJ&q=Josiah%20Johnson","external_links_name":"From Sandy Hook to 62°"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3804485","external_links_name":"3804485"},{"Link":"https://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%25209%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201871%2520Sep-jun%25201872%2520Grayscale%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201871%2520Sep-jun%25201872%2520Grayscale%2520-%25200324.pdf%23xml%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.fultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Dffffffffa329c40e%26DocId%3D1106105%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cDISK%2520T%26HitCount%3D4%26hits%3D17c5%2B17c6%2B17c7%2B17c8%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%25209%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201871%2520Sep-jun%25201872%2520Grayscale%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201871%2520Sep-jun%25201872%2520Grayscale%2520-%25200324.pdf&xml=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Dffffffffa329c40e%26DocId%3D1106105%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cDISK%2520T%26HitCount%3D4%26hits%3D17c5%2B17c6%2B17c7%2B17c8%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&openFirstHlPage=false","external_links_name":"\"Death Of Capt. Josiah Johnson. One of the Oldest of the New York Pilots\""},{"Link":"https://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%25209%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201864%2520Dec-Dec%25201865%2520%2520Grayscale%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201864%2520Dec-Dec%25201865%2520%2520Grayscale%2520-%25200592.pdf%23xml%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.fultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Dffffffff9821e727%26DocId%3D1101177%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cDISK%2520T%26HitCount%3D4%26hits%3Dcf4%2Bcf5%2Bcf6%2Bcf7%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%25209%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201864%2520Dec-Dec%25201865%2520%2520Grayscale%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201864%2520Dec-Dec%25201865%2520%2520Grayscale%2520-%25200592.pdf&xml=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Dffffffff9821e727%26DocId%3D1101177%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cDISK%2520T%26HitCount%3D4%26hits%3Dcf4%2Bcf5%2Bcf6%2Bcf7%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&openFirstHlPage=false","external_links_name":"\"Collision\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75351597/north-east-gale/","external_links_name":"\"Miscellaneous\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/76196778/collision/","external_links_name":"\"Collision Off The Coast\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/pilotlorefromsai00unit/page/20/mode/2up?q=Josiah+Johnson","external_links_name":"Pilot Lore From sail to Steam"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75351202/collision/","external_links_name":"\"Shipping Notes\""},{"Link":"https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F.Cas/0029.f.cas/0029.f.cas.0148.2.html","external_links_name":"\"The WANATA\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_A._Johnson	Violet A. Johnson	["1 Early life","2 Community work and suffrage","3 Personal life","4 References"]	American civic leader (b. 1870, d. 1939) Violet A. JohnsonBorn1870Wilmington, North CarolinaDiedNovember 21, 1939Summit, New JerseyNationalityAmericanOccupation(s)Civic leader, suffragist Violet A. Johnson (1870 – November 21, 1939) was an American civic leader and suffragist. Early life Johnson was born in Wilmington, North Carolina. She became a domestic servant for the John Eggers family in the early 1890s, first in New York, then in Summit, New Jersey in 1897 where the family relocated. Community work and suffrage Johnson served as a housekeeper to the Eggers family for 45 years. In the late 1890s, she also organized a Bible study group that became Summit's first African-American church, Fountain Baptist Church. At the church, Johnson was founder and president of the missionary society and president of the Deaconess Board, among other leadership roles. By joining the all-white New Jersey Women's Suffrage Association (NJWSA), Johnson's leadership helped transform New Jersey's women's suffrage movement into a multi-racial movement. During World War I, she organized black women and girls for war relief work, and kept the clubs going after the war. After suffrage was won in 1920, she organized voter registration campaigns, and gave speeches on behalf of candidates she endorsed. In the late 1920s Johnson established the Girls Industrial Home, a school for training African-American women and girls for domestic work. She was a founder and officer of the Summit chapter of the NAACP, and served as a trustee of the National Training School for Women and Girls in Washington, D.C. She was also active in the Federation of Colored Women's Clubs of New Jersey, as chair of its anti-lynching campaign. Personal life Johnson died in 1939, in Summit, New Jersey, aged 69 years. Florence Spearing Randolph officiated at her funeral service, at the church Johnson founded. References ^ a b c d e Adams, Betty Livingston. "Biographical Sketch of Violet A. Johnson, 1870-1939" Alexander Street, Biographical Database of NAWSA Suffragists, 1890-1920. ^ a b Collier-Thomas, Bettye; Franklin, V.P. (2001). Sisters in the Struggle: African American Women in the Civil Rights-Black Power Movement. New York: New York University Press. pp. 24–25. ^ a b c "Miss Johnson, Church Founder, Dies in Summit". The Courier-News. 1939-11-24. p. 14. Retrieved 2020-06-23 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Kurlander, Karen (June 11, 2018). "Summit Council Approves Placement of Fountain Baptist Historical Marker". Tap Into Summit. Retrieved March 6, 2020. ^ Deweese, Charles W. (2005). Women Deacons and Deaconesses: 400 Years of Baptist Service. Mercer University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-86554-438-3. ^ Collier-Thomas, Bettye (2010-02-02). Jesus, Jobs, and Justice: African American Women and Religion. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 281–282. ISBN 978-0-307-59305-4. ^ a b Adams, Betty (2016). Black Women's Christian Activism: Seeking Social Justice in a Northern Suburb. New York: NYU Press. p. 59. ISBN 9780814745465. ^ "Four Things You Need to Know About Drew Alum's New Book". Drew. Retrieved March 9, 2020.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suffragist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Violet A. Johnson (1870 – November 21, 1939) was an American civic leader and suffragist.[1]","title":"Violet A. Johnson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilmington, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Summit, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"}],"text":"Johnson was born in Wilmington, North Carolina.[1] She became a domestic servant for the John Eggers family in the early 1890s, first in New York, then in Summit, New Jersey in 1897 where the family relocated.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"NAACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP"},{"link_name":"National Training School for Women and Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nannie_Helen_Burroughs_School"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"anti-lynching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-lynching_movement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"Johnson served as a housekeeper to the Eggers family for 45 years.[3] In the late 1890s, she also organized a Bible study group that became Summit's first African-American church, Fountain Baptist Church.[4] At the church, Johnson was founder and president of the missionary society and president of the Deaconess Board, among other leadership roles.[1][5][6] By joining the all-white New Jersey Women's Suffrage Association (NJWSA), Johnson's leadership helped transform New Jersey's women's suffrage movement into a multi-racial movement.[7][8]During World War I, she organized black women and girls for war relief work, and kept the clubs going after the war. After suffrage was won in 1920, she organized voter registration campaigns, and gave speeches on behalf of candidates she endorsed.[1]In the late 1920s Johnson established the Girls Industrial Home, a school for training African-American women and girls for domestic work.[2] She was a founder and officer of the Summit chapter of the NAACP, and served as a trustee of the National Training School for Women and Girls in Washington, D.C. She was also active in the Federation of Colored Women's Clubs of New Jersey, as chair of its anti-lynching campaign.[1][3]","title":"Community work and suffrage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Florence Spearing Randolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Spearing_Randolph"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"}],"text":"Johnson died in 1939, in Summit, New Jersey, aged 69 years.[3] Florence Spearing Randolph officiated at her funeral service, at the church Johnson founded.[7]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Collier-Thomas, Bettye; Franklin, V.P. (2001). Sisters in the Struggle: African American Women in the Civil Rights-Black Power Movement. New York: New York University Press. pp. 24–25.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Miss Johnson, Church Founder, Dies in Summit\". The Courier-News. 1939-11-24. p. 14. Retrieved 2020-06-23 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/53975174/miss-johnson-church-founder-dies-in/","url_text":"\"Miss Johnson, Church Founder, Dies in Summit\""}]},{"reference":"Kurlander, Karen (June 11, 2018). \"Summit Council Approves Placement of Fountain Baptist Historical Marker\". Tap Into Summit. Retrieved March 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tapinto.net/towns/summit/sections/government/articles/summit-council-approves-placement-of-fountain-bap","url_text":"\"Summit Council Approves Placement of Fountain Baptist Historical Marker\""}]},{"reference":"Deweese, Charles W. (2005). Women Deacons and Deaconesses: 400 Years of Baptist Service. Mercer University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-86554-438-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UBVt_ddjEbwC&q=%22Violet+A.+Johnson%22+%22New+Jersey%22&pg=PA75","url_text":"Women Deacons and Deaconesses: 400 Years of Baptist Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-438-3","url_text":"978-0-86554-438-3"}]},{"reference":"Collier-Thomas, Bettye (2010-02-02). Jesus, Jobs, and Justice: African American Women and Religion. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 281–282. ISBN 978-0-307-59305-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FES5klacj0AC&q=%22Violet+A.+Johnson%22+%22New+Jersey%22&pg=PA281","url_text":"Jesus, Jobs, and Justice: African American Women and Religion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-59305-4","url_text":"978-0-307-59305-4"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Betty (2016). Black Women's Christian Activism: Seeking Social Justice in a Northern Suburb. New York: NYU Press. p. 59. ISBN 9780814745465.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vq84DwAAQBAJ&q=Violet&pg=PA150","url_text":"Black Women's Christian Activism: Seeking Social Justice in a Northern Suburb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814745465","url_text":"9780814745465"}]},{"reference":"\"Four Things You Need to Know About Drew Alum's New Book\". Drew. Retrieved March 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drew.edu/news/2016/07/11/four-things-you-need-to-know-about-drew-alums-new-book","url_text":"\"Four Things You Need to Know About Drew Alum's New Book\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1010113639","external_links_name":"\"Biographical Sketch of Violet A. Johnson, 1870-1939\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/53975174/miss-johnson-church-founder-dies-in/","external_links_name":"\"Miss Johnson, Church Founder, Dies in Summit\""},{"Link":"https://www.tapinto.net/towns/summit/sections/government/articles/summit-council-approves-placement-of-fountain-bap","external_links_name":"\"Summit Council Approves Placement of Fountain Baptist Historical Marker\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UBVt_ddjEbwC&q=%22Violet+A.+Johnson%22+%22New+Jersey%22&pg=PA75","external_links_name":"Women Deacons and Deaconesses: 400 Years of Baptist Service"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FES5klacj0AC&q=%22Violet+A.+Johnson%22+%22New+Jersey%22&pg=PA281","external_links_name":"Jesus, Jobs, and Justice: African American Women and Religion"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vq84DwAAQBAJ&q=Violet&pg=PA150","external_links_name":"Black Women's Christian Activism: Seeking Social Justice in a Northern Suburb"},{"Link":"https://www.drew.edu/news/2016/07/11/four-things-you-need-to-know-about-drew-alums-new-book","external_links_name":"\"Four Things You Need to Know About Drew Alum's New Book\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyword_advertising	Keyword advertising	["1 Trademark issues","2 See also","3 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Keyword advertising" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Keyword advertising is a form of online advertising in which an advertiser pays to have an advertisement appear in the results listing when a person uses a particular phrase to search the Web, typically by employing a search engine. The particular phrase is composed of one or more key terms that are linked to one or more advertisements. The most common form or keyword advertising, focused on payment methods, is pay per click (PPC), with other forms being cost per action (CPA) or cost per mille (CPM). The first documented attempt at keyword advertising was 1996, by the search company OpenText, just a few years after the first attempt at banner advertisements. However, the project was soon abandoned. In 1997 Yahoo!, through its partnership with Flycast Communications, successfully launched banner advertising based on keyword searches. Their concept originated from discussions in late 1996 with Chip Royce, head of online marketing for InterZine Productions of Boca Raton, Florida, who suggested that ads around keyword results would provide more effective results for advertisers. In 1996, Yahoo! obliged placing targeted ad banners when the keyword "Golf" was searched by Yahoo! users. Yahoo! later turned this opportunity into a formal marketing program for its entire customer base and promoted this in a July 1997 article in the now defunct 'Internet Week' magazine. In 1998, GoTo.com launched the first commercially successful keyword auction model, with a patent on the concept issued in 1998. Google Ads is the most well-known keyword advertising platform. Google displays search ads specifically targeted to the word(s) typed into a search box on the results page, and these keyword cause targeted ads also appear on content sites based on Google's system's interpretation of the subject matter on each page of the site. This is known as contextual advertising. Other search engines offering keyword advertising include Yahoo! Search Marketing, Bing Ads, and Looksmart, along with many others. A less common type of keyword advertising hyper-links individual words within the text of a page to small pop-ups displayed by mouseover. Advertising of this type is offered by Kontera, Vibrant Media, and LinkWorth. Kontera's version is named ContentLink, Vibrant Media's version is called IntelliTXT and LinkWorth's version is called LinkWords. They refer to their product as in-text placement. Advertisers choosing to test this type will want to exercise moderation to increase Internet user acceptance. Trademark issues There have been a number of trademark infringement cases brought by brand owners and companies concerned with how other keyword advertisers used their trademarks or brands in pay-per-click or keyword advertising. Courts in the U.S. and around the world have been slow to issue clear guidance on the issue of whether the use of trademarks as keywords constitutes trademark infringement. This lack of guidance, however, may be partially due to the fact that the majority of keyword advertising cases are settled out of court and do not proceed to trial. This leaves courts unable to make legal decisions on issues brought in these cases. As a result, there are still many unanswered questions on the issue of whether the sale or purchase and use of a trademark as a keyword to trigger Internet advertisements is trademark infringement. In 2013, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals held in Lens.com, Inc. v. 1-800 Contacts, Inc. that online contact lens seller Lens.com did not commit trademark infringement when it purchased search advertisements using competitor 1-800 Contacts' federally registered 1800 CONTACTS trademark as a keyword. In August 2016, the Federal Trade Commission filed an administrative complaint against 1-800 Contacts alleging, among other things, that its search advertising trademark enforcement practices have unreasonably restrained competition in violation of the FTC Act. 1-800 Contacts has denied all wrongdoing and is scheduled to appear before an FTC administrative law judge in April 2017. See also Bananabay II, 2011 decision of the Federal Court of Justice of Germany (BGH). Rosetta Stone v. Google Inc, 676 F.3d 144 (4th Cir. 2012). References ^ Fain, D.C. and Pedersen, J.O. (2006) ‘Sponsored search: a brief history’, Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 32, pp.12, 13. ^ Jansen, B. J. and Mullen, T. (2008) Sponsored search: An overview of the concept, history, and technology, International Journal of Electronic Business. 6(2), 114 – 131. ^ Jansen, B. J. (2011). Chapter 1. Understanding Sponsored Search: Coverage of the Core Elements of Keyword Advertising. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. ^ Vibrant Media / IntelliTXT Contextual Advertising Gets $25 M in Funding (2005) ^ Rosso, Mark; Jansen, Bernard (Jim) (August 2010), "Brand Names as Keywords in Sponsored Search Advertising", Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 27 (1): 81–98, doi:10.17705/1CAIS.02706 ^ David O. Klein & Joshua R. Wueller, Trademark Enforcement and Internet Search Advertising: A Regulatory Risk for Brand Owners, IP Litigator, Nov./Dec. 2016.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pay per click","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_per_click"},{"link_name":"cost per action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_per_action"},{"link_name":"banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_banner"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Google Ads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_AdWords"},{"link_name":"contextual advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextual_advertising"},{"link_name":"search engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engines"},{"link_name":"Yahoo! Search Marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Search_Marketing"},{"link_name":"Bing Ads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Ads"},{"link_name":"Looksmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looksmart"},{"link_name":"mouseover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouseover"},{"link_name":"Kontera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kontera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"IntelliTXT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IntelliTXT"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Keyword advertising is a form of online advertising in which an advertiser pays to have an advertisement appear in the results listing when a person uses a particular phrase to search the Web, typically by employing a search engine. The particular phrase is composed of one or more key terms that are linked to one or more advertisements. The most common form or keyword advertising, focused on payment methods, is pay per click (PPC), with other forms being cost per action (CPA) or cost per mille (CPM).The first documented attempt at keyword advertising was 1996, by the search company OpenText, just a few years after the first attempt at banner advertisements. However, the project was soon abandoned.In 1997 Yahoo!, through its partnership with Flycast Communications, successfully launched banner advertising based on keyword searches. Their concept originated from discussions in late 1996 with Chip Royce, head of online marketing for InterZine Productions of Boca Raton, Florida, who suggested that ads around keyword results would provide more effective results for advertisers. In 1996, [citation needed] Yahoo! obliged placing targeted ad banners when the keyword \"Golf\" was searched by Yahoo! users. Yahoo! later turned this opportunity into a formal marketing program for its entire customer base and promoted this in a July 1997 article in the now defunct 'Internet Week' magazine.In 1998, GoTo.com launched the first commercially successful keyword auction model, with a patent on the concept issued in 1998.[1][2][3]Google Ads is the most well-known keyword advertising platform. Google displays search ads specifically targeted to the word(s) typed into a search box on the results page, and these keyword cause targeted ads also appear on content sites based on Google's system's interpretation of the subject matter on each page of the site. This is known as contextual advertising. Other search engines offering keyword advertising include Yahoo! Search Marketing, Bing Ads, and Looksmart, along with many others.A less common type of keyword advertising hyper-links individual words within the text of a page to small pop-ups displayed by mouseover. Advertising of this type is offered by Kontera, Vibrant Media, and LinkWorth. Kontera's version is named ContentLink, Vibrant Media's version is called IntelliTXT[4] and LinkWorth's version is called LinkWords. They refer to their product as in-text placement. Advertisers choosing to test this type will want to exercise moderation to increase Internet user acceptance.","title":"Keyword advertising"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lens.com, Inc. v. 1-800 Contacts, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens.com,_Inc._v._1-800_Contacts,_Inc."},{"link_name":"trademark infringement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_infringement"},{"link_name":"1-800 Contacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-800_Contacts"},{"link_name":"Federal Trade Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission"},{"link_name":"administrative law judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law_judge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"There have been a number of trademark infringement cases brought by brand owners and companies concerned with how other keyword advertisers used their trademarks or brands in pay-per-click or keyword advertising. Courts in the U.S. and around the world have been slow to issue clear guidance on the issue of whether the use of trademarks as keywords constitutes trademark infringement. This lack of guidance, however, may be partially due to the fact that the majority of keyword advertising cases are settled out of court and do not proceed to trial. This leaves courts unable to make legal decisions on issues brought in these cases. As a result, there are still many unanswered questions on the issue of whether the sale or purchase and use of a trademark as a keyword to trigger Internet advertisements is trademark infringement.[5]In 2013, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals held in Lens.com, Inc. v. 1-800 Contacts, Inc. that online contact lens seller Lens.com did not commit trademark infringement when it purchased search advertisements using competitor 1-800 Contacts' federally registered 1800 CONTACTS trademark as a keyword. In August 2016, the Federal Trade Commission filed an administrative complaint against 1-800 Contacts alleging, among other things, that its search advertising trademark enforcement practices have unreasonably restrained competition in violation of the FTC Act. 1-800 Contacts has denied all wrongdoing and is scheduled to appear before an FTC administrative law judge in April 2017.[6]","title":"Trademark issues"}]	[]	[{"title":"Bananabay II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bananabay_II"},{"title":"Rosetta Stone v. Google Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Stone_v._Google_Inc"}]	[{"reference":"Vibrant Media / IntelliTXT Contextual Advertising Gets $25 M in Funding (2005)","urls":[{"url":"https://www.searchenginejournal.com/vibrant-media-intellitxt-contextual-advertising-gets-25-m-in-funding/2579/","url_text":"Vibrant Media / IntelliTXT Contextual Advertising Gets $25 M in Funding (2005)"}]},{"reference":"Rosso, Mark; Jansen, Bernard (Jim) (August 2010), \"Brand Names as Keywords in Sponsored Search Advertising\", Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 27 (1): 81–98, doi:10.17705/1CAIS.02706","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17705%2F1CAIS.02706","url_text":"10.17705/1CAIS.02706"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Keyword+advertising%22","external_links_name":"\"Keyword advertising\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Keyword+advertising%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Keyword+advertising%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Keyword+advertising%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Keyword+advertising%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Keyword+advertising%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.searchenginejournal.com/vibrant-media-intellitxt-contextual-advertising-gets-25-m-in-funding/2579/","external_links_name":"Vibrant Media / IntelliTXT Contextual Advertising Gets $25 M in Funding (2005)"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.17705%2F1CAIS.02706","external_links_name":"10.17705/1CAIS.02706"},{"Link":"https://ssrn.com/abstract=2897528","external_links_name":"Trademark Enforcement and Internet Search Advertising: A Regulatory Risk for Brand Owners"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIFA_Award_for_Best_Performance_in_a_Negative_Role	IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role	["1 Multiple wins","2 Awards","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The IIFA Best Villain Award is chosen via a worldwide poll and the winner is announced at the ceremony. Superlatives Rishi Kapoor and Akshaye Khanna are the only actors to win the award twice. Naseeruddin Shah and Boman Irani are the only actors nominated 3 times winning once. Manoj Bajpayee is the only actor nominated 3 times without winning. Bipasha Basu is the only actress nominated multiple times without winning. John Abraham, Prakash Raj and Kay Kay Menon are actors nominated twice winning once. Nana Patekar was also nominated for Best supporting actor the same year. Multiple wins Wins Recipient 2 Akshaye Khanna, Rishi Kapoor Awards The winners are listed below:- Year Actor/Actress Character Name Film 2000 Naseeruddin Shah Gulfam Hassan Sarfarosh 2001 Sushant Singh Durga Narayan Chaudhary Jungle 2002 Akshay Kumar Vikram Bajaj (Vicky) Ajnabee 2003 Akshaye Khanna Karan Malhotra Humraaz 2004 Feroz Khan Saba Karim Shah Janasheen 2005 John Abraham Kabir Dhoom 2006 Nana Patekar Tabrez Alam Apaharan 2007 Saif Ali Khan Ishwar 'Langda' Tyagi Omkara 2008 Vivek Oberoi Mahindra 'Maya' Dolas Shootout at Lokhandwala 2009 Akshaye Khanna Rajiv Singh Race 2010 Boman Irani Viru Sahastrabuddhe (Virus) 3 Idiots 2011 Sonu Sood Chedi Singh Dabangg 2012 Prakash Raj Jaikant Shikre Singham 2013 Rishi Kapoor Rauf Lala Agneepath 2014 DCP Ravikant Phogat Aurangzeb 2015 Kay Kay Menon Khurram Meer Haider 2016 Darshan Kumar Satbir NH10 2017 Jim Sarbh Khalil Neerja See also IIFA Awards Bollywood Cinema of India References ^ "IIFA Awards 2016: The Complete List of Winners". News18. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016. External links Official site vteIIFA AwardsMain awards Best Movie Best Director Best Actor Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Best Performance in a Negative Role Best Performance in a Comic Role Star Debut of the Year – Male Star Debut of the Year – Female Best Music Director Best Lyricist Best Playback Singer Male Best Playback Singer Female Technical awards Best Art Direction Best Action Best Background Score Best Cinematography Best Choreography Best Costume Design Best Dialogue Best Editing Best Makeup Best Screenplay Best Sound Recording Best Sound Re-Recording Best Special Effects Best Story Special awards Style Icon Style Diva Most Glamorous Star of the Year Hottest Pair Lifetime Achievement Award Ceremonies 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2022 2023 IIFA Utsavam 2016 2017 vteIIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role Naseeruddin Shah (2000) Sushant Singh (2001) Akshay Kumar (2002) Akshaye Khanna (2003) Feroz Khan (2004) John Abraham (2005) Nana Patekar (2006) Saif Ali Khan (2007) Vivek Oberoi (2008) Akshaye Khanna (2009) Boman Irani (2010) Sonu Sood (2011) Prakash Raj (2012) Rishi Kapoor (2013) Rishi Kapoor (2014) Kay Kay Menon (2015) Darshan Kumar (2016) Jim Sarbh (2017)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rishi Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Akshaye Khanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akshaye_Khanna"},{"link_name":"Naseeruddin Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naseeruddin_Shah"},{"link_name":"Boman Irani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boman_Irani"},{"link_name":"Manoj Bajpayee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoj_Bajpayee"},{"link_name":"Bipasha Basu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipasha_Basu"},{"link_name":"John Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Abraham"},{"link_name":"Prakash Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakash_Raj"},{"link_name":"Kay Kay Menon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Kay_Menon"},{"link_name":"Nana Patekar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_Patekar"}],"text":"The IIFA Best Villain Award is chosen via a worldwide poll and the winner is announced at the ceremony.SuperlativesRishi Kapoor and Akshaye Khanna are the only actors to win the award twice.Naseeruddin Shah and Boman Irani are the only actors nominated 3 times winning once.Manoj Bajpayee is the only actor nominated 3 times without winning.Bipasha Basu is the only actress nominated multiple times without winning.John Abraham, Prakash Raj and Kay Kay Menon are actors nominated twice winning once.Nana Patekar was also nominated for Best supporting actor the same year.","title":"IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Multiple wins"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The winners are listed below:-","title":"Awards"}]	[]	[{"title":"IIFA Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Indian_Film_Academy_Awards"},{"title":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"title":"Cinema of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_India"}]	[{"reference":"\"IIFA Awards 2016: The Complete List of Winners\". News18. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news18.com/news/movies/iifa-awards-2016-the-complete-list-of-winners-1262131.html","url_text":"\"IIFA Awards 2016: The Complete List of Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News18","url_text":"News18"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22IIFA+Award+for+Best+Performance+in+a+Negative+Role%22","external_links_name":"\"IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22IIFA+Award+for+Best+Performance+in+a+Negative+Role%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22IIFA+Award+for+Best+Performance+in+a+Negative+Role%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22IIFA+Award+for+Best+Performance+in+a+Negative+Role%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22IIFA+Award+for+Best+Performance+in+a+Negative+Role%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22IIFA+Award+for+Best+Performance+in+a+Negative+Role%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.news18.com/news/movies/iifa-awards-2016-the-complete-list-of-winners-1262131.html","external_links_name":"\"IIFA Awards 2016: The Complete List of Winners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090822183347/http://www.iifa.com/web07/cntnt/iifa.htm","external_links_name":"Official site"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%27s_College_Finchley	Christ's College, Finchley	["1 History","1.1 Alder School, Long Lane","1.2 Christ's College, Hendon Lane","1.3 Christ's College, East End Road","2 Motto and badge","3 Combined Cadet Force","4 Rugby union","5 Notable former pupils","6 Notes and references","7 Further reading"]	Coordinates: 51°35′28″N 0°11′13″W / 51.591°N 0.187°W / 51.591; -0.187 Academy in London, UKChrist's College FinchleyAddressEast End RoadLondon, N2 0SEUKCoordinates51°35′28″N 0°11′13″W / 51.591°N 0.187°W / 51.591; -0.187InformationTypeAcademyEstablished1857; 167 years ago (1857)Department for Education URN137388 TablesOfstedReportsHeadteacherSamson OlusanyaGenderBoys and girlsAge11 to 18Enrolment860Websitehttp://www.ccfplus.com/school/ Christ's College is a secondary school with academy status in East Finchley, London, United Kingdom. It falls under the London Borough of Barnet Local Education Authority for admissions. Since September 2018, Christ’s College Finchley has offered education to both girls and boys joining Year 7. The school presently has 860 pupils and specialises in Maths and Sciences. History The history of the contemporary Christ’s College has its roots in two different schools: Chapel Street School, founded by Rev Watson in 1842, later named Alder School Finchley Hall School, founded by Rev Thomas Reader White in 1857, later named Christ’s College. Alder School Badge, the tree is an Alder Tree, but the hunting horns are taken from Borough of Finchley's coat of arms Alder School, Long Lane A British School in Chapel Street, East Finchley was opened by local Congregationalists in 1842, but in 1876 fire destroyed the original building, and the new building became Finchley’s first Board School in 1881. East Finchley grew rapidly in the 1880s, and the Finchley School Board decided to build a new building in Long Lane which was opened in 1884, with the staff and pupils moving to the new premises at the end of that year. In 1931, the school opened a secondary wing and was renamed Alder School, after a chairman of Finchley’s Education committee. It was organised into three school houses, Rangers, Archers, and Foresters. In 1944 it became a mixed Secondary Modern School, and an all-boys school in 1958. It was organised into four school houses, Rangers (Yellow), Archers (Red), Foresters (Green) & Rovers (Blue). The school was seen as providing a necessary education for skilled workers in the light engineering works of Finchley, such as Simms Motor Units, Hendon and Barnet, and was well thought of. It was also host to Bob Cobbing, the Concrete Sound poet and Jeff Nuttall author of the best seller, 'Bomb Culture' during the 1960s. It was merged with Christ's College in 1978, and the buildings at Long Lane were demolished. Christ's College, Hendon Lane The former Christ’s College building on Hendon Lane In 1857 the Rev Thomas Reader White, Rector of St Mary’s Finchley, opened Finchley Hall School, in Hendon Lane (next to the church, on the site of what used to be Church End Library) in what had been a local inn, the Queen's Head. The following year he had the stable block and the village "cage" removed and a new school built, to designs by Anthony Salvin. The school was an Anglican School, intended to provide a public school education at a reasonable rate. The school became popular, and a new building was constructed across the road in 1860, with money provided by White's brother who was a rich London merchant, and it was renamed Christ's College. The designs were by the architect Edward Roberts, and its main feature was a 120-foot tower, a local landmark. The school flourished as a private school during the 1860s and 1870s, when its Headmaster was the Rev T C Whitehead. It was under Whitehead that the school was first divided into four houses: North, South, East, and West. With the loss of its founder, then the self-styled Warden, to a disorder of the brain in 1877, the school went into decline. In 1902, the school was taken over by Middlesex County Council, as the first Middlesex County grammar school, but under John Tindal Phillipson, headmaster since 1895, attempts that were made to rename the school and change its character were resisted, and on the whole the transition was a smooth one. A rifle club was formed in 1904, which soon became a cadet corps. Until 1906 the school playing fields were directly behind St Mary’s church, but in 1906 new fields were acquired further down the hill, near to Dollis Brook. In 1927, the school increased in size with new buildings, and ceased to be an Anglican institution. In 1972, a new annexe for design and technology was built on land in East Finchley. As a county grammar the school had a strong academic reputation, particularly in the sciences, with many pupils continuing their education at Oxford and Cambridge universities. In 1990 the Hendon Lane (Upper School) site was closed and the school moved in its entirety to the East Finchley site. For some time the building was unused and it was proposed as a venue for an arts centre, but eventually it was sold to a Jewish school (Pardes House Grammar School). Christ's College, East End Road With the foundation of the present school in 1978, the school was split into Upper school, which used the Hendon Lane site, and the Lower. The whole school moved to the new site in 1991, under the Headmastership of Brian Fletcher. In 2002, the then Headmaster Paul O'Shea expanded the sixth form, with the first intake of girls. Christ's College has become a specialist Mathematics and Computing College, which means the school receives additional funds for investment in its Mathematics and Computing departments. The school's current headmaster is Mr Samson Olusanya. Motto and badge The school badge since 1906 has been a combination of the three notched swords of the traditional county of Middlesex and a finch over an oak tree, the old unofficial arms of the Urban District of Finchley. The motto adopted in 1905 is Usque Proficiens meaning "Advance all the way". Combined Cadet Force The first instance of cadet activity at Christ's College was in 1864, when a Cadet Corps attached to the 14th (Highgate) Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps was formed at the school. This was disbanded in 1867, and few records remain. The present Cadet Unit was founded in 1904 with the formation of a Rifle Club. Although mainly a rifle club, its members carried military ranks and took part in regular training days. The transformation to a true Cadet Unit took place in 1911 when No.2 Company, 1st Cadet Battalion, The Middlesex Regiment (as it was officially called) was started at the school. In 1938 the unit was temporarily badged Royal Artillery as 'C' (Cadet) Battery of the 61st (Finsbury) Anti-aircraft Brigade. By 1942 the Unit had rejoined the 1st Cadet Battalion wearing the badges of the Middlesex Regiment. When the 1st Cadet Battalion was disbanded in 1948, The Unit became Christ's College Contingent, Combined Cadet Force, a self-administering unit, which it remains today. In 1952, the Unit was presented with its own Colours, in memory of those members of the Contingent who fell in battle during the Second World War. The school's Combined Cadet Force (CCF) is among the tiny handful in the country to carry colours. The last major change was in 1969 when the affiliation to the Middlesex Regiment ceased and permission was given for the Contingent to wear the badges of the Parachute Regiment. From 2020, The unit has become Coldstream Guards. Rugby union The school has made contributions to the sport of rugby union. The scrum cap was invented at the school and first worn by the school's 1st XV. Three alumni went on to make notable contributions to the sport: C. J. Monro (at Christ’s College 1867–69), introduced rugby to New Zealand R. W. Shepstone Giddy (at Christ’s College 1871–74) and later Solicitor General, Cape Colony, was one of the men who introduced rugby to South Africa W. P. Carpmael, who was at the school from 1876 to 1883, founded the Barbarian Football Club, the team that by tradition plays the last match in a tour of the UK by Australia, New Zealand or South Africa. Notable former pupils David Bernstein, FA Chairman Peter Bonnington, British Formula One engineer. He is currently the senior race engineer for Lewis Hamilton at Mercedes-Benz in Formula One from 1986-1994 Sir Arnold Burgen, President of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology 1972-5 and of Academia Europaea from 1988–94 Leslie Burgin, Liberal MP for Luton from 1929–31 Richard Desmond, Publisher and proprietor of the Daily Express Frank "Lofty" England, Jaguar Cars' Le Mans-winning team manager and later company CEO Nick Fudge, painter, sculptor, and digital artist Harvey Goldsmith, Entertainment promoter Sir Demis Hassabis Computer game designer, artificial intelligence programmer, neuroscientist and world-class games player Izrael Hieger Biochemist who discovered the first known organic carcinogenic compound Professor Anthony Hollander, Head of the Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool from 2014 to present Stanley Kalms, Baron Kalms Sir John Kingman, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Bristol from 1985–2001 Sir Peter Lachmann, Sheila Joan Smith Professor of Immunology at the University of Cambridge from 1977–99 Roger Lyons, General Secretary of Amicus from 2002-4, and of MSF from 1992–2002 Louis Marks, television screenwriter and producer Parry Mitchell, Baron Mitchell Stanley Mitchell, UK academic and Russian scholar Edward Warner Moeran, Labour MP for South Bedfordshire from 1950-1 Charles John Monro, introduced Rugby Union to New Zealand Ray Park, actor David Pentecost, composer, writer, retired I.T. specialist Steve Richards, political correspondent and GMTV presenter Charles Saatchi, advertising executive and art collector Daniel Sabbagh, Associate Editor at The Guardian newspaper Sir Jonathan Henry Sacks, Baron Sacks, Chief Rabbi of Great Britain Will Self, novelist, journalist, broadcaster Jon Sopel, BBC journalist and former presenter of The Politics Show Michael Stern, Conservative MP for Bristol North West Sir Peter Strawson, philosopher Alfred Wilkins, cricketer Sir William Tritton, co-invented the tank Eric Williams, writer R. K. 'Bobby' Wilson, British tennis icon, four times Wimbledon quarter finalist David Young, Baron Young of Graffham Prof Graham Zellick, CBE, QC, Vice-Chancellor, University of London 1997-2003 Notes and references ^ "ABOUT US - SCHOOL'S HISTORY". www.christscollegefinchley.org.uk. Retrieved 2 April 2023. ^ Staff Christ's College, Finchley, nzrugby.co.nz, 21 December 2005. Cites New Zealand Rugby Museum ^ Hayward, Anthony (7 October 2010). "Louis Marks obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 April 2021. Further reading School Website Ofsted data for this school, Ofsted website. vteSchools and colleges in BarnetPrimary schools Danegrove Primary School London Academy St Mary's and St John's CE School Wren Academy Secondary schools Ashmole Academy Bishop Douglass Catholic School Christ's College The Compton School Copthall School East Barnet School Finchley Catholic High School Friern Barnet School Hasmonean High School Hendon School Jewish Community Secondary School London Academy Mill Hill County High School Queen Elizabeth's School for Girls St Andrew the Apostle Greek Orthodox School St James' Catholic High School St Mary's and St John's Church of England School The Totteridge Academy Whitefield School Wren Academy Grammar schools Henrietta Barnett School Queen Elizabeth's School St Michael's Catholic Grammar School Independent schools Brampton College Dwight School Holland House School King Alfred School Mill Hill School Mount House School North London Grammar School Pardes House Grammar School Susi Earnshaw Theatre School FE & sixth form colleges Barnet and Southgate College Woodhouse College Defunct schools Aida Foster Theatre School Church Farm Industrial School for Boys Friern Barnet Grammar School The Mount School Woodhouse Grammar School Authority control databases ISNI	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"academy status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_(English_school)"},{"link_name":"East Finchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Finchley"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Barnet"},{"link_name":"Local Education Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Education_Authority"},{"link_name":"Year 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_7"}],"text":"Academy in London, UKChrist's College is a secondary school with academy status in East Finchley, London, United Kingdom. It falls under the London Borough of Barnet Local Education Authority for admissions. Since September 2018, Christ’s College Finchley has offered education to both girls and boys joining Year 7. The school presently has 860 pupils and specialises in Maths and Sciences.","title":"Christ's College, Finchley"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alder_badge.jpg"}],"text":"The history of the contemporary Christ’s College has its roots in two different schools:Chapel Street School, founded by Rev Watson in 1842, later named Alder School\nFinchley Hall School, founded by Rev Thomas Reader White in 1857, later named Christ’s College.Alder School Badge, the tree is an Alder Tree, but the hunting horns are taken from Borough of Finchley's coat of arms","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Alder School, Long Lane","text":"A British School in Chapel Street, East Finchley was opened by local Congregationalists in 1842, but in 1876 fire destroyed the original building, and the new building became Finchley’s first Board School in 1881. East Finchley grew rapidly in the 1880s, and the Finchley School Board decided to build a new building in Long Lane which was opened in 1884, with the staff and pupils moving to the new premises at the end of that year.In 1931, the school opened a secondary wing and was renamed Alder School, after a chairman of Finchley’s Education committee. It was organised into three school houses, Rangers, Archers, and Foresters. In 1944 it became a mixed Secondary Modern School, and an all-boys school in 1958. It was organised into four school houses, Rangers (Yellow), Archers (Red), Foresters (Green) & Rovers (Blue).The school was seen as providing a necessary education for skilled workers in the light engineering works of Finchley, such as Simms Motor Units, Hendon and Barnet, and was well thought of. It was also host to Bob Cobbing, the Concrete Sound poet and Jeff Nuttall author of the best seller, 'Bomb Culture' during the 1960s. It was merged with Christ's College in 1978, and the buildings at Long Lane were demolished.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christs_College_old_building_on_hendon_lane.JPG"},{"link_name":"Anthony Salvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Salvin"},{"link_name":"Middlesex County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_County_Council"},{"link_name":"Pardes House Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardes_House_Grammar_School"}],"sub_title":"Christ's College, Hendon Lane","text":"The former Christ’s College building on Hendon LaneIn 1857 the Rev Thomas Reader White, Rector of St Mary’s Finchley, opened Finchley Hall School, in Hendon Lane (next to the church, on the site of what used to be Church End Library) in what had been a local inn, the Queen's Head. The following year he had the stable block and the village \"cage\" removed and a new school built, to designs by Anthony Salvin. The school was an Anglican School, intended to provide a public school education at a reasonable rate.The school became popular, and a new building was constructed across the road in 1860, with money provided by White's brother who was a rich London merchant, and it was renamed Christ's College. The designs were by the architect Edward Roberts, and its main feature was a 120-foot tower, a local landmark. The school flourished as a private school during the 1860s and 1870s, when its Headmaster was the Rev T C Whitehead. It was under Whitehead that the school was first divided into four houses: North, South, East, and West.With the loss of its founder, then the self-styled Warden, to a disorder of the brain in 1877, the school went into decline. In 1902, the school was taken over by Middlesex County Council, as the first Middlesex County grammar school, but under John Tindal Phillipson, headmaster since 1895, attempts that were made to rename the school and change its character were resisted, and on the whole the transition was a smooth one. A rifle club was formed in 1904, which soon became a cadet corps. Until 1906 the school playing fields were directly behind St Mary’s church, but in 1906 new fields were acquired further down the hill, near to Dollis Brook.In 1927, the school increased in size with new buildings, and ceased to be an Anglican institution. In 1972, a new annexe for design and technology was built on land in East Finchley. As a county grammar the school had a strong academic reputation, particularly in the sciences, with many pupils continuing their education at Oxford and Cambridge universities. In 1990 the Hendon Lane (Upper School) site was closed and the school moved in its entirety to the East Finchley site. For some time the building was unused and it was proposed as a venue for an arts centre, but eventually it was sold to a Jewish school (Pardes House Grammar School).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mathematics and Computing College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_and_Computing_College"}],"sub_title":"Christ's College, East End Road","text":"With the foundation of the present school in 1978, the school was split into Upper school, which used the Hendon Lane site, and the Lower. The whole school moved to the new site in 1991, under the Headmastership of Brian Fletcher. In 2002, the then Headmaster Paul O'Shea expanded the sixth form, with the first intake of girls.Christ's College has become a specialist Mathematics and Computing College, which means the school receives additional funds for investment in its Mathematics and Computing departments. The school's current headmaster is Mr Samson Olusanya.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex"},{"link_name":"finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The school badge since 1906 has been a combination of the three notched swords of the traditional county of Middlesex and a finch over an oak tree, the old unofficial arms of the Urban District of Finchley. The motto adopted in 1905 is Usque Proficiens meaning \"Advance all the way\".[1]","title":"Motto and badge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cadet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadet"},{"link_name":"The Middlesex Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Middlesex_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Royal Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"Combined Cadet Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Cadet_Force"},{"link_name":"the Middlesex Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Middlesex_Regiment"},{"link_name":"the Parachute Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachute_Regiment_(United_Kingdom)"}],"text":"The first instance of cadet activity at Christ's College was in 1864, when a Cadet Corps attached to the 14th (Highgate) Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps was formed at the school. This was disbanded in 1867, and few records remain.The present Cadet Unit was founded in 1904 with the formation of a Rifle Club. Although mainly a rifle club, its members carried military ranks and took part in regular training days. The transformation to a true Cadet Unit took place in 1911 when No.2 Company, 1st Cadet Battalion, The Middlesex Regiment (as it was officially called) was started at the school. In 1938 the unit was temporarily badged Royal Artillery as 'C' (Cadet) Battery of the 61st (Finsbury) Anti-aircraft Brigade. By 1942 the Unit had rejoined the 1st Cadet Battalion wearing the badges of the Middlesex Regiment. When the 1st Cadet Battalion was disbanded in 1948, The Unit became Christ's College Contingent, Combined Cadet Force, a self-administering unit, which it remains today.In 1952, the Unit was presented with its own Colours, in memory of those members of the Contingent who fell in battle during the Second World War. The school's Combined Cadet Force (CCF) is among the tiny handful in the country to carry colours. The last major change was in 1969 when the affiliation to the Middlesex Regiment ceased and permission was given for the Contingent to wear the badges of the Parachute Regiment. From 2020, The unit has become Coldstream Guards.","title":"Combined Cadet Force"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scrum cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrum_cap"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"C. J. Monro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_John_Monro"},{"link_name":"R. W. Shepstone Giddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._W._Shepstone_Giddy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"W. P. Carpmael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Percy_Carpmael"},{"link_name":"Barbarian Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The school has made contributions to the sport of rugby union. The scrum cap was invented at the school and first worn by the school's 1st XV.[when?] Three alumni went on to make notable contributions to the sport:C. J. Monro (at Christ’s College 1867–69), introduced rugby to New Zealand\nR. W. Shepstone Giddy (at Christ’s College 1871–74) and later Solicitor General, Cape Colony, was one of the men who introduced rugby to South Africa\nW. P. Carpmael, who was at the school from 1876 to 1883, founded the Barbarian Football Club, the team that by tradition plays the last match in a tour of the UK by Australia, New Zealand or South Africa.[2]","title":"Rugby union"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bernstein_(executive)"},{"link_name":"FA Chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Peter Bonnington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bonnington"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"Lewis Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz in Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One"},{"link_name":"Arnold Burgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Burgen"},{"link_name":"International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Basic_and_Clinical_Pharmacology"},{"link_name":"Academia Europaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Europaea"},{"link_name":"Leslie Burgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Burgin"},{"link_name":"Luton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Richard Desmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Desmond"},{"link_name":"Daily Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Express"},{"link_name":"Frank \"Lofty\" England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofty_England"},{"link_name":"Jaguar Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_Cars"},{"link_name":"Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"Nick Fudge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Fudge"},{"link_name":"Harvey Goldsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Goldsmith"},{"link_name":"Demis Hassabis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demis_Hassabis"},{"link_name":"neuroscientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscientist"},{"link_name":"Izrael Hieger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrael_Hieger"},{"link_name":"Anthony Hollander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hollander"},{"link_name":"University of Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Stanley Kalms, Baron Kalms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kalms,_Baron_Kalms"},{"link_name":"John Kingman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kingman"},{"link_name":"University of Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bristol"},{"link_name":"Peter Lachmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lachmann"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Roger Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Lyons"},{"link_name":"Amicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_(trade_union)"},{"link_name":"MSF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing,_Science_and_Finance"},{"link_name":"Louis Marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Marks"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Parry Mitchell, Baron Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parry_Mitchell,_Baron_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Stanley Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Edward Warner Moeran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Warner_Moeran"},{"link_name":"South Bedfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bedfordshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Charles John Monro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_John_Monro"},{"link_name":"Ray Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Park"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"David Pentecost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pentecost"},{"link_name":"Steve Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Richards"},{"link_name":"Charles Saatchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Saatchi"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Sir Jonathan Henry Sacks, Baron Sacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Sacks"},{"link_name":"Will Self","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Self"},{"link_name":"Jon Sopel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Sopel"},{"link_name":"Michael Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stern_(British_politician)"},{"link_name":"Bristol North West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_North_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Sir Peter Strawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._F._Strawson"},{"link_name":"Alfred Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wilkins"},{"link_name":"Sir William Tritton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Tritton"},{"link_name":"Eric Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Williams_(writer)"},{"link_name":"R. K. 'Bobby' Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Wilson_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"David Young, Baron Young of Graffham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Young,_Baron_Young_of_Graffham"},{"link_name":"Prof Graham Zellick, CBE, QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_J_Zellick"},{"link_name":"Vice-Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-Chancellor"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"}],"text":"David Bernstein, FA Chairman\nPeter Bonnington, British Formula One engineer. He is currently the senior race engineer for Lewis Hamilton at Mercedes-Benz in Formula One from 1986-1994\nSir Arnold Burgen, President of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology 1972-5 and of Academia Europaea from 1988–94\nLeslie Burgin, Liberal MP for Luton from 1929–31\nRichard Desmond, Publisher and proprietor of the Daily Express\nFrank \"Lofty\" England, Jaguar Cars' Le Mans-winning team manager and later company CEO\nNick Fudge, painter, sculptor, and digital artist\nHarvey Goldsmith, Entertainment promoter\nSir Demis Hassabis Computer game designer, artificial intelligence programmer, neuroscientist and world-class games player\nIzrael Hieger Biochemist who discovered the first known organic carcinogenic compound\nProfessor Anthony Hollander, Head of the Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool from 2014 to present\nStanley Kalms, Baron Kalms\nSir John Kingman, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Bristol from 1985–2001\nSir Peter Lachmann, Sheila Joan Smith Professor of Immunology at the University of Cambridge from 1977–99\nRoger Lyons, General Secretary of Amicus from 2002-4, and of MSF from 1992–2002\nLouis Marks, television screenwriter and producer[3]\nParry Mitchell, Baron Mitchell\nStanley Mitchell, UK academic and Russian scholar\nEdward Warner Moeran, Labour MP for South Bedfordshire from 1950-1\nCharles John Monro, introduced Rugby Union to New Zealand\nRay Park, actor[citation needed]\nDavid Pentecost, composer, writer, retired I.T. specialist\nSteve Richards, political correspondent and GMTV presenter\nCharles Saatchi, advertising executive and art collector\nDaniel Sabbagh, Associate Editor at The Guardian newspaper\nSir Jonathan Henry Sacks, Baron Sacks, Chief Rabbi of Great Britain\nWill Self, novelist, journalist, broadcaster\nJon Sopel, BBC journalist and former presenter of The Politics Show\nMichael Stern, Conservative MP for Bristol North West\nSir Peter Strawson, philosopher\nAlfred Wilkins, cricketer\nSir William Tritton, co-invented the tank\nEric Williams, writer\nR. K. 'Bobby' Wilson, British tennis icon, four times Wimbledon quarter finalist\nDavid Young, Baron Young of Graffham\nProf Graham Zellick, CBE, QC, Vice-Chancellor, University of London 1997-2003","title":"Notable former pupils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"ABOUT US - SCHOOL'S HISTORY\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.christscollegefinchley.org.uk/School-s-History/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Christ's College, Finchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nzrugby.co.nz/TheGame/History/ChristCollegeFinchley/tabid/1041/Default.aspx"},{"link_name":"nzrugby.co.nz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nzrugby.co.nz"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Rugby Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Rugby_Museum"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Louis Marks obituary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2010/oct/07/louis-marks-obituary"}],"text":"^ \"ABOUT US - SCHOOL'S HISTORY\". www.christscollegefinchley.org.uk. Retrieved 2 April 2023.\n\n^ Staff Christ's College, Finchley, nzrugby.co.nz, 21 December 2005. Cites New Zealand Rugby Museum\n\n^ Hayward, Anthony (7 October 2010). \"Louis Marks obituary\". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 April 2021.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"School Website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.christscollegefinchley.org.uk/"},{"link_name":"Ofsted data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050909231928/http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/reports/index.cfm?fuseaction=summary&id=101350"},{"link_name":"Ofsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofsted"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Schools_and_colleges_in_Barnet"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Schools_and_colleges_in_Barnet"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Schools_and_colleges_in_Barnet"},{"link_name":"Schools and colleges in Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_the_London_Borough_of_Barnet"},{"link_name":"Danegrove Primary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danegrove_Primary_School"},{"link_name":"London Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Academy"},{"link_name":"St Mary's and St John's CE School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_and_St_John%27s_Church_of_England_School"},{"link_name":"Wren Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wren_Academy"},{"link_name":"Ashmole Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmole_Academy"},{"link_name":"Bishop Douglass Catholic School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Douglass_Catholic_School"},{"link_name":"Christ's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"The Compton School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Compton_School"},{"link_name":"Copthall School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copthall_School"},{"link_name":"East Barnet School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Barnet_School"},{"link_name":"Finchley Catholic High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finchley_Catholic_High_School"},{"link_name":"Friern Barnet School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friern_Barnet_School"},{"link_name":"Hasmonean High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonean_High_School"},{"link_name":"Hendon School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendon_School"},{"link_name":"Jewish Community Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Community_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"London Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Academy"},{"link_name":"Mill Hill County High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Hill_County_High_School"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth's School for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth%27s_School_for_Girls"},{"link_name":"St Andrew the Apostle Greek Orthodox School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew_the_Apostle_Greek_Orthodox_School"},{"link_name":"St James' Catholic High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27_Catholic_High_School,_Colindale"},{"link_name":"St Mary's and St John's Church of England School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_and_St_John%27s_Church_of_England_School"},{"link_name":"The Totteridge Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Totteridge_Academy"},{"link_name":"Whitefield School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitefield_School"},{"link_name":"Wren Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wren_Academy"},{"link_name":"Henrietta Barnett School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Barnett_School"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth%27s_School,_Barnet"},{"link_name":"St Michael's Catholic Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Catholic_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Brampton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brampton_College"},{"link_name":"Dwight School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_School_London"},{"link_name":"Holland House School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_House_School"},{"link_name":"King Alfred School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Alfred_School,_London"},{"link_name":"Mill Hill School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Hill_School"},{"link_name":"Mount House School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_House_School"},{"link_name":"North London Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_London_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Pardes House Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardes_House_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Susi Earnshaw Theatre School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susi_Earnshaw_Theatre_School"},{"link_name":"Barnet and Southgate College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnet_and_Southgate_College"},{"link_name":"Woodhouse College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhouse_College"},{"link_name":"Aida Foster Theatre School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida_Foster_Theatre_School"},{"link_name":"Church Farm Industrial School for Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Farm_Industrial_School_for_Boys"},{"link_name":"Friern Barnet Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friern_Barnet_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"The Mount School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mount_School,_Mill_Hill"},{"link_name":"Woodhouse Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhouse_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5108635#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000404778186"}],"text":"School Website\nOfsted data for this school, Ofsted website.vteSchools and colleges in BarnetPrimary schools\nDanegrove Primary School\nLondon Academy\nSt Mary's and St John's CE School\nWren Academy\nSecondary schools\nAshmole Academy\nBishop Douglass Catholic School\nChrist's College\nThe Compton School\nCopthall School\nEast Barnet School\nFinchley Catholic High School\nFriern Barnet School\nHasmonean High School\nHendon School\nJewish Community Secondary School\nLondon Academy\nMill Hill County High School\nQueen Elizabeth's School for Girls\nSt Andrew the Apostle Greek Orthodox School\nSt James' Catholic High School\nSt Mary's and St John's Church of England School\nThe Totteridge Academy\nWhitefield School\nWren Academy\nGrammar schools\nHenrietta Barnett School\nQueen Elizabeth's School\nSt Michael's Catholic Grammar School\nIndependent schools\nBrampton College\nDwight School\nHolland House School\nKing Alfred School\nMill Hill School\nMount House School\nNorth London Grammar School\nPardes House Grammar School\nSusi Earnshaw Theatre School\nFE & sixth form colleges\nBarnet and Southgate College\nWoodhouse College\nDefunct schools\nAida Foster Theatre School\nChurch Farm Industrial School for Boys\nFriern Barnet Grammar School\nThe Mount School\nWoodhouse Grammar SchoolAuthority control databases \nISNI","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Alder School Badge, the tree is an Alder Tree, but the hunting horns are taken from Borough of Finchley's coat of arms","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/86/Alder_badge.jpg"},{"image_text":"The former Christ’s College building on Hendon Lane","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Christs_College_old_building_on_hendon_lane.JPG/220px-Christs_College_old_building_on_hendon_lane.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"ABOUT US - SCHOOL'S HISTORY\". www.christscollegefinchley.org.uk. Retrieved 2 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.christscollegefinchley.org.uk/School-s-History/","url_text":"\"ABOUT US - SCHOOL'S HISTORY\""}]},{"reference":"Hayward, Anthony (7 October 2010). \"Louis Marks obituary\". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2010/oct/07/louis-marks-obituary","url_text":"\"Louis Marks obituary\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Christ%27s_College,_Finchley&params=51.591_N_0.187_W_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100","external_links_name":"51°35′28″N 0°11′13″W / 51.591°N 0.187°W / 51.591; -0.187"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Christ%27s_College,_Finchley&params=51.591_N_0.187_W_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100","external_links_name":"51°35′28″N 0°11′13″W / 51.591°N 0.187°W / 51.591; -0.187"},{"Link":"https://get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/137388","external_links_name":"137388"},{"Link":"https://www.compare-school-performance.service.gov.uk/school/137388","external_links_name":"Tables"},{"Link":"https://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/inspection-reports/find-inspection-report/provider/ELS/137388","external_links_name":"Reports"},{"Link":"http://www.ccfplus.com/school/","external_links_name":"http://www.ccfplus.com/school/"},{"Link":"https://www.christscollegefinchley.org.uk/School-s-History/","external_links_name":"\"ABOUT US - SCHOOL'S HISTORY\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzrugby.co.nz/TheGame/History/ChristCollegeFinchley/tabid/1041/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"Christ's College, Finchley"},{"Link":"http://www.nzrugby.co.nz/","external_links_name":"nzrugby.co.nz"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2010/oct/07/louis-marks-obituary","external_links_name":"\"Louis Marks obituary\""},{"Link":"https://www.christscollegefinchley.org.uk/","external_links_name":"School Website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050909231928/http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/reports/index.cfm?fuseaction=summary&id=101350","external_links_name":"Ofsted data"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000404778186","external_links_name":"ISNI"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shri_Swaminarayan_Mandir_Dholera	Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Dholera	["1 About the Mandir","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"]	Hindu temple in Gujarat, India Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, DholeraThe temple at DholeraReligionAffiliationHinduismDeityRadha KrishnaFestivalsJanmashtami, Radhashtami, HoliLocationLocationDholeraStateGujaratCountryIndiaArchitectureCreatorSwaminarayanCompletedMay 19, 1826 Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Dholera is a Hindu temple in Dholera, Gujarat, India, and is one of nine Shri Swaminarayan Temples built by Swaminarayan. About the Mandir Central Altar of the temple Madan Mohan dev (Krishna at center), Radha ji (Right) and HariKrishna Maharaj (Left). Dholera itself is an ancient port-city, 30 km from Dhandhuka of Ahmedabad district. The making this temple with three spires was supervised and planned by Nishkulanand Swami, Atmanand Swami, Akshardanand Swami and Dharmprasad Swami. The land on which the building is sited was donated by Darbar Punjabhai. Swaminarayan Bhagwan, when camping in Kamiala, was requested by the devotees Shri Punjabhai and others, to go to Dholera to install idols in the new temple in Dholera. Swaminarayan bhagwan asked Brahmin priests to find out an auspicious time for the installation ceremony. Swaminarayan bhagwan graced Dholera on the request from Punjabhai and other devotees, and on May 19, 1826, and installed the idols of Madan Mohan dev and his own form, Harikrishna Maharaj, at the principal seat of the temple amidst Vedic hymns. Swaminarayan bhagwan then appointed Adbhutanand Swami as the temple's mahant. The central altar is graced with the idols of deities Madan Mohan Dev (Krishna), Radha ji and HariKrishna Maharaj. Besides the deities in the inner temple and Garbhagriha, Hanuman and Ganapati grace Roop Chowki near the main stairway of the temple. On the west, near the steps, there are the idols of Sheshashayi, Suryanarayan, Dharm-Bhakti and Ghanshyam Maharaj. The idols of Shankar and Parvati are on the right hand side. Notes ^ Williams 2001, p. 29 ^ Dave, Ramesh (2009). Sahajanand Charitra. Ahmedabad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith. p. 149. ISBN 978-81-7526-152-5. ^ Dave, Ramesh (2009). Sahajanand Charitra. Ahmedabad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith. p. 150. ISBN 978-81-7526-152-5. References Williams, Raymond (2001), Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-65422-7 Shri Swaminarayan Mandirs - Dholera External links Official NarNarayan Dev Gadi Website vteNar Narayan Dev Gadi and Lakshmi Narayan Dev GadiSwaminarayan Temples (Mandirs) Ahmedabad Vadtal Bhuj Dholera Gadhada Junagadh Mumbai London Auckland Karachi New Jersey Nairobi Cardiff Oldham Sarangpur Chicago Brighton Downey Bhuj (New temple) Bolton List of Swaminarayan temples Establishments Swaminarayan Museum Major Deities Swaminarayan Nar Narayan Lakshmi Narayan Radha Krishna Radha Ramana Rama Revati-Baldevji Gopinathji Maharaj Madan Mohan Dev Hanuman Ganesha Shiva Parvati Suryanarayan Noted Saints Muktanand Swami Brahmanand Swami Premanand Swami Gopalanand Swami Nishkulanand Swami Gunatitanand Swami Nityanand Swami Scriptures and other books Vachanamrut Shikshapatri Shrimad Satsangi Jivan Swamini Vato Desh Vibhag Lekh Present Heads Acharya Shree Koshalendraprasadji Maharaj (Ahmedabad) Acharya Shree Ajendraprasadji Maharaj (Vadtal) Acharya Shree Rakeshprasadji Maharaj (Vadtal) Devotional Songs Jay Sadguru Swami Shri Radhika Krishnashtaka Organisations Nar Narayan Dev Gadi ISSO NNDYM Lakshmi Narayan Dev Gadi ISSM SSAUSM Swaminarayan Gurukul vteHindu Temples in GujaratStructuraltemples Ambika Temple, Girnar Brahma Temple, Khedbrahma Dwarkadhish Temple Firangi Deval Galteshwar Temple Gop Temple Jasmalnathji Mahadev Temple Kaleshwari temples Kalika Mata Temple, New Dhrewad Magderu Pindara temples Rama Lakshamana Temple, Baradia Ranakdevi's Temple Roda temples Rudra Mahalaya Shamlaji Shitala Mata Temple, Butapaldi Shiva Temple, Kera Shiva Temple, Bavka Somnath Temple Sun Temple, Modhera Othertemples Ahmedabad Kali Bari Swaminarayan Akshardham (Gandhinagar) Ambaji Bhalka Camp Hanuman Temple Chotila Khodaldham Hanuman temple, Salangpur Swaminarayan Temple, Ahmedabad New Swaminarayan temple, Bhuj Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Dholera Swaminarayan Mandir, Gadhada Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Junagadh Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Tithal Swaminarayan Mandir, Vadtal Tadkeshwar Mahadev Temple Gorthiya Mahadev Temple Santram Mandir	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindu temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_temple"},{"link_name":"Dholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dholera"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Shri Swaminarayan Temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shri_Swaminarayan_Temples"},{"link_name":"Swaminarayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaminarayan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Dholera is a Hindu temple in Dholera, Gujarat, India, and is one of nine Shri Swaminarayan Temples built by Swaminarayan.[1]","title":"Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Dholera"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madan_Mohan_Dev_Dholera.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dholera"},{"link_name":"Ahmedabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad"},{"link_name":"spires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhara"},{"link_name":"Nishkulanand Swami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishkulanand_Swami"},{"link_name":"Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Vedic hymns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"mahant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahant"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Madan Mohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madan_Mohan"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"Radha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha"},{"link_name":"Garbhagriha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbhagriha"},{"link_name":"Hanuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman"},{"link_name":"Ganapati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganapati"},{"link_name":"Suryanarayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya"},{"link_name":"Ghanshyam Maharaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaminarayan#Childhood_as_Ghanshyam"},{"link_name":"Shankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Parvati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvati"}],"text":"Central Altar of the temple Madan Mohan dev (Krishna at center), Radha ji (Right) and HariKrishna Maharaj (Left).Dholera itself is an ancient port-city, 30 km from Dhandhuka of Ahmedabad district.The making this temple with three spires was supervised and planned by Nishkulanand Swami, Atmanand Swami, Akshardanand Swami and Dharmprasad Swami.The land on which the building is sited was donated by Darbar Punjabhai. Swaminarayan Bhagwan, when camping in Kamiala, was requested by the devotees Shri Punjabhai and others, to go to Dholera to install idols in the new temple in Dholera. Swaminarayan bhagwan asked Brahmin priests to find out an auspicious time for the installation ceremony.Swaminarayan bhagwan graced Dholera on the request from Punjabhai and other devotees, and on May 19, 1826, and installed the idols of Madan Mohan dev and his own form, Harikrishna Maharaj, at the principal seat of the temple amidst Vedic hymns.[2] Swaminarayan bhagwan then appointed Adbhutanand Swami as the temple's mahant.[3]The central altar is graced with the idols of deities Madan Mohan Dev (Krishna), Radha ji and HariKrishna Maharaj. Besides the deities in the inner temple and Garbhagriha, Hanuman and Ganapati grace Roop Chowki near the main stairway of the temple. On the west, near the steps, there are the idols of Sheshashayi, Suryanarayan, Dharm-Bhakti and Ghanshyam Maharaj. The idols of Shankar and Parvati are on the right hand side.","title":"About the Mandir"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Williams 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWilliams2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-7526-152-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7526-152-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-7526-152-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7526-152-5"}],"text":"^ Williams 2001, p. 29\n\n^ Dave, Ramesh (2009). Sahajanand Charitra. Ahmedabad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith. p. 149. ISBN 978-81-7526-152-5.\n\n^ Dave, Ramesh (2009). Sahajanand Charitra. Ahmedabad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith. p. 150. ISBN 978-81-7526-152-5.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Central Altar of the temple Madan Mohan dev (Krishna at center), Radha ji (Right) and HariKrishna Maharaj (Left).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Madan_Mohan_Dev_Dholera.jpg/200px-Madan_Mohan_Dev_Dholera.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Dave, Ramesh (2009). Sahajanand Charitra. Ahmedabad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith. p. 149. ISBN 978-81-7526-152-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7526-152-5","url_text":"978-81-7526-152-5"}]},{"reference":"Dave, Ramesh (2009). Sahajanand Charitra. Ahmedabad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith. p. 150. ISBN 978-81-7526-152-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7526-152-5","url_text":"978-81-7526-152-5"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Raymond (2001), Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-65422-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65422-7","url_text":"978-0-521-65422-7"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.swaminarayansatsang.com/temples/templesdetails.asp?Mandirid=148","external_links_name":"Shri Swaminarayan Mandirs - Dholera"},{"Link":"http://swaminarayan.info/","external_links_name":"Official NarNarayan Dev Gadi Website"},{"Link":"http://www.swaminarayanvadtalgadi.org/temples/temple-india/temple-dholera","external_links_name":"[1]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCtfiye,_%C4%B0neg%C3%B6l	Lütfiye, İnegöl	["1 References"]	Village in Turkey Neighbourhood in İnegöl, Bursa, TurkeyLütfiyeNeighbourhoodCountryTurkeyProvinceBursaDistrictİnegölPopulation (2022)152Time zoneTRT (UTC+3) Lütfiye is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of İnegöl, Bursa Province in Turkey. Its population is 152 (2022). References ^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023. ^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023. vteNeighbourhoods of İnegöl District Akbaşlar Akhisar Akıncılar Alibey Aşağıballık Babaoğlu Bahariye Bahçekaya Baykoca Bayramşah Bilalköy Boğazköy Burhaniye Çavuşköy Çaylıca Çayyaka Çeltikçi Cemiyet Cerrah Çiftlikköy Çitli Cuma Cumhuriyet Deydinler Dipsizgöl Doğanyurdu Dömez Edebey Elmaçayır Ertuğrulgazi Esenköy Esentepe Eski Bahçekaya Eskikaracakaya Eskiköy Eymir Fatih Fevziye Fındıklı Gazelli Gedikpınar Gülbahçe Gündüzlü Güneykestane Güzelyurt Hacıkara Halhalca Hamamlı Hamidiye Hamitabat Hamzabey Hasanpaşa Hayriye Hilmiye Hocaköy Huzur İclaliye İhsaniye İsaören Karagölet Karahasanlar Karakadı Karalar Kayapınar Kemalpaşa Kestanealanı Kınık Kıran Kocakonak Konurlar Kozluca Küçükyenice Kulaca Kurşunlu Lütfiye Madenköy Mahmudiye Mesudiye Mezit Muratbey Olukman Orhaniye Ortaköy Osmaniye Osmaniyeköy Özlüce Paşaören Rüştiye Saadet Sarıpınar Şehitler Sinanbey Şipali Soğukdere Süle Süleymaniye Sulhiye Sultaniye Sülüklügöl Sungurpaşa Süpürtü Tahtaköprü Tekkeköy Tokuş Tüfekçikonak Turgutalp Turgutalpköy Tuzla Yeni Yenice Yeniceköy Yeniköy Yeniyörük Yiğit Yukarıballık Yunusemre This geographical article about a location in Bursa Province, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"İnegöl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0neg%C3%B6l"},{"link_name":"Bursa Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Neighbourhood in İnegöl, Bursa, TurkeyLütfiye is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of İnegöl, Bursa Province in Turkey.[1] Its population is 152 (2022).[2]","title":"Lütfiye, İnegöl"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","url_text":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx","external_links_name":"Mahalle"},{"Link":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","external_links_name":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%C3%BCtfiye,_%C4%B0neg%C3%B6l&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godley,_Greater_Manchester	Godley, Greater Manchester	["1 Industry","2 Transport","3 References"]	Coordinates: 53°27′13″N 2°03′49″W / 53.4536°N 2.0635°W / 53.4536; -2.0635 Human settlement in EnglandGodleyGodleyLocation within Greater ManchesterMetropolitan boroughTamesideMetropolitan countyGreater ManchesterRegionNorth WestCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townHYDEPostcode districtSK14Dialling code0161PoliceGreater ManchesterFireGreater ManchesterAmbulanceNorth West UK ParliamentStalybridge and Hyde List of places UK England Greater Manchester 53°27′13″N 2°03′49″W / 53.4536°N 2.0635°W / 53.4536; -2.0635 Godley is a suburb of Hyde, Greater Manchester, England. Mottram Road in Godley, with a viaduct of the Glossop Line The area formed part of the municipal borough of Hyde in Cheshire from 1881 to 1974, when it became part of the metropolitan borough of Tameside. The earliest recorded agriculture in Tameside east of the River Tame was in Godley, from 1211–1249. In 1851, Godley Reservoir was completed. Industry In the early 1880s, John Broomer developed an early form of margarine called Butterine. He established a factory in the Olive Tree works, a former hat factory on Mottram Road previously occupied by Henry Taylor Wrigley. In 1888, the Danish margarine manufacturer Otto Monsted acquired the Olive Tree works. The factory was sold to Maypole Dairies in 1902 and later used by Walls to manufacture ice cream and meat products. Transport Godley is served by Godley railway station, which replaced the nearby Godley East railway station. References Notes ^ Vision of Britain Archived 2007-10-01 at the Wayback Machine - Godley parish ^ Vision of Britain Archived 2007-10-01 at the Wayback Machine - Hyde MB ^ Nevell (1991), p. 52. ^ Hydonian ^ IST Journal, Summer 2012 Bibliography Nevell, Mike (1991), Tameside 1066–1700, Tameside Metropolitan Borough and University of Manchester Archaeological Unit, ISBN 1-871324-02-5 This Greater Manchester location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Manchester"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mottram_Road,_Godley.jpg"},{"link_name":"Glossop Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossop_Line"},{"link_name":"municipal borough of Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Borough_of_Hyde"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Tameside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tameside"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref_-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref_a-2"},{"link_name":"River Tame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Tame,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref_b-3"},{"link_name":"Godley Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godley_Reservoir"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandGodley is a suburb of Hyde, Greater Manchester, England.Mottram Road in Godley, with a viaduct of the Glossop LineThe area formed part of the municipal borough of Hyde in Cheshire from 1881 to 1974, when it became part of the metropolitan borough of Tameside.[1][2]The earliest recorded agriculture in Tameside east of the River Tame was in Godley, from 1211–1249.[3]In 1851, Godley Reservoir was completed.","title":"Godley, Greater Manchester"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Otto Monsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Monsted"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall%27s_(meat)"}],"text":"In the early 1880s, John Broomer developed an early form of margarine called Butterine.[4] He established a factory in the Olive Tree works, a former hat factory on Mottram Road previously occupied by Henry Taylor Wrigley. In 1888, the Danish margarine manufacturer Otto Monsted acquired the Olive Tree works.[5] The factory was sold to Maypole Dairies in 1902 and later used by Walls to manufacture ice cream and meat products.","title":"Industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Godley railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Godley East railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godley_East_railway_station"}],"text":"Godley is served by Godley railway station, which replaced the nearby Godley East railway station.","title":"Transport"}]	[{"image_text":"Mottram Road in Godley, with a viaduct of the Glossop Line","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mottram_Road%2C_Godley.jpg/220px-Mottram_Road%2C_Godley.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Nevell, Mike (1991), Tameside 1066–1700, Tameside Metropolitan Borough and University of Manchester Archaeological Unit, ISBN 1-871324-02-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_University","url_text":"University of Manchester Archaeological Unit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-871324-02-5","url_text":"1-871324-02-5"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Godley,_Greater_Manchester&params=53.4536_N_2.0635_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"53°27′13″N 2°03′49″W / 53.4536°N 2.0635°W / 53.4536; -2.0635"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Godley,_Greater_Manchester&params=53.4536_N_2.0635_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"53°27′13″N 2°03′49″W / 53.4536°N 2.0635°W / 53.4536; -2.0635"},{"Link":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10113982","external_links_name":"Vision of Britain"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071001030217/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10113982","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10173802","external_links_name":"Vision of Britain"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071001021155/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10173802","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://hydonian.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/otto-monsted.html","external_links_name":"Hydonian"},{"Link":"http://relativecosmos.com/journal/IST%20Journal%20Summer%202012%20(final)%20dist.pdf","external_links_name":"IST Journal"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Godley,_Greater_Manchester&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faster,_Faster	Deprisa, deprisa	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Analysis","4 Reception","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]	1981 Spanish filmDeprisa, deprisaDirected byCarlos SauraWritten byBlanca AstiasuCarlos SauraProduced byElías QuerejetaCarlos SauraStarringBerta SocuéllamosJosé Antonio ValdelomarJesús AriasJosé María Hervás RoldánCinematographyTeo EscamillaEdited byJean HamonRelease dates February 1981 (1981-02) (BIFF) 2 April 1981 (1981-04-02) (Spain) Running time107 minutesCountrySpainLanguageSpanish Deprisa, deprisa (English: Hurry, Hurry!) is a 1981 Spanish film directed by Carlos Saura. It tells the story of a gang of juvenile delinquents and is considered one of the classics of the quinqui film genre. In the English-speaking world, it has been released under the titles Faster, Faster and Fast, Fast. Plot Pablo and Meca, two young urban delinquents, live from day to day by a series of robberies, mostly car thefts. During one such robbery, the car's owner catches the two in the act. They roll up the windows and lock the doors to prevent intrusion. Helplessly trapped inside the troublesome vehicle by a mob that has now closed in around them, the pair forces a clear path through the crowd by brandishing a gun, before making their escape into the street. However, the stolen car only proves to be the first step in a more elaborate scheme. Spotting an attractive waitress named Ángela at a local cafeteria, Pablo is immediately captivated by the receptive (and equally restless) young woman, who soon becomes his lover, promising to stay together always. Pablo teaches Ángela to shoot a gun and, subsequently, inducts her into their gang after an afternoon of makeshift target shooting. The gang now consists of four members: Pablo, Meca, Ángela, and Sebastian or "Sebas". Sebas has joined the group to help in a series of more ambitious thefts, but he is initially unhappy with the presence of a girl in the band. Pablo, with Meca's support, assures him that Ángela can hold her own. In the first robbery, that of a factory office on the outskirts of Madrid, Ángela, disguised as a boy with a mustache, serves as a lookout. In the second holdup, she shoots one of the guards who has fired at the gang's car. At the conclusion of each of these robberies, Meca brings the getaway car, usually a stolen one, to a deserted area and set it ablaze. He stands by the side of the fire and enjoys viewing the flames. Alternately spending their idle time at discothèques and video arcades, acting on their impulsive whims, and succumbing to the intoxication of drug use, the emboldened quartet begins to stage an ever-escalating series of hold-ups throughout the city. Their share of the money from the two successful robberies enables Ángela and Pablo to buy a new apartment on the outskirts of the city. It is from this location that the gang plans a third robbery, the assault on a branch bank in one of the more congested middle-class neighborhoods of Madrid. During this robbery, Sebas kills one of the guards and is, in turn, gunned down outside the bank by a squad of police who have surrounded the area. Pablo, Meca, and Ángela manage to make a getaway, but Pablo has been seriously wounded and is bleeding profusely. Ángela brings him back to the apartment to nurse him while Meca disposes of the getaway car in the usual manner. However, the black cloud of smoke attracts a police helicopter and Meca is killed as he resists arrest. Understanding the seriousness of Pablo's wound, Ángela calls a doctor who, upon arriving at the apartment, confirms the gravity of Pablo's condition. He has been shot in the liver and must be brought to a hospital if he is to survive. Refusing, she offers him a large bundle of cash if he will treat Pablo right there. Taking the money in his black satchel, the physician promises to return shortly with instruments for surgery. Hours pass, but the doctor does not come back. Pablo, who remains unconscious, lies immobile on the bed. He stops breathing while Ángela sits in the darkened room staring at him. When she realizes he is dead, she fills her own duffel bag with the remaining money from the robbery and walks out of the apartment. She disappears into the shadows of the approaching night walking towards the city. Cast The film was shot using a nonprofessional cast of actors from the Villaverde area just south of Madrid. Two members of the principal cast were arrested for separate criminal incidents during the filming, causing a stir in their Spanish homeland. Berta Socuéllamos Zarco - Ángela José Antonio Valdelomar - Pablo Jesús Arias Aranzueque - Meca José María Hervás Roldán - Sebas María del Mar Serrano - María Consuelo Pascual - Abuela André Falcon - Cajero Yves Arcanel - Interventor Yves Barsacq - Luis Analysis Deprisa, deprisa is a raw and sobering portrait of a generation at an existential crossroads, struggling to find mooring and direction in an uncertain climate of transformative, social revolution, as Spain emerged from the repression of fascism towards the liberalization of democracy. It is this dichotomy that is reflected in the recurring image of passing trains that bisect the horizon - a perennial view from the public housing suburb outside the city where Pablo and Ángela live - a visual bifurcation that illustrates, not only their socioeconomic marginality, but also exposes their irreparable moral fissure. The film captures the rootlessness of a morally stunted, lost generation that has come of age at a time of profound political and cultural transformation. The reckless, thrill-seeking, young anti-heroes of Carlos Saura's Deprisa, deprisa also indirectly bear the scars of a life lived in the periphery - paradoxically insulated from the tyranny of institutional rule, but also divorced from the inured resilience engendered by its imposed sense of order. Carlos Saura described Deprisa, deprisa as a "romantic" film, in the historical sense of the word, as it expresses the outlook of the twentieth century rebel who stood outside society and who rejected social norms. The film's four young protagonists, rebelling against the constraints of social organization, are in fact, products of the very system that they reject and that has rejected them. Reception Deprisa, deprisa was a critical and financial success, winning the Golden Bear at the 31st Berlin International Film Festival in 1981. The film opened to excellent reviews in Madrid and was producer Elías Querejeta’s largest grossing production of the fifteen years of his collaboration with director Carlos Saura. The film was also ensnared in controversy. In France and West Germany there was talk of its being banned due to the view that the film glorified violence and drug culture. Eventually, however, it was released with restrictive classifications in both countries. In Spain, the conservative newspaper ABC criticized the film's social realism and accused Saura of paying his cast in hard drugs. Saura denied the accusation, saying that his cast of real life delinquents, including Jesús Arias who was on day release from prison, had a much better idea than he of where to get drugs. Notes ^ Alonso, Guillermo (11 February 2019). "Historia negra del cine quinqui: la reivindicación de un género que no dejó supervivientes". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 February 2020. ^ D'Lugo, The Films of Carlos Saura, p. 163 ^ "Strictly Film School". Archived from the original on 2008-02-19. Retrieved 2008-01-20. ^ a b "Strictly Film School". Archived from the original on 2008-02-19. Retrieved 2008-01-20. ^ D'Lugo, The Films of Carlos Saura, p. 164 ^ D'Lugo, The Films of Carlos Saura, p. 165 ^ "Berlinale 1981: Prize Winners". berlinale.de. Retrieved 2010-08-29. ^ a b D'Lugo, The Films of Carlos Saura, p. 173 ^ Stone, Spanish Cinema, p. 74 ^ Stone, Spanish Cinema, p. 84 References D'Lugo, Marvin, The Films of Carlos Saura, Princeton University Press, 1991, ISBN 0-691-03142-8 Stone, Robe, Spanish Cinema, Pearson Education, 2002, ISBN 0-582-43715-6 Strictly Film School Archived 2008-02-19 at the Wayback Machine External links Deprisa Deprisa at IMDb Strictly Film School vteFilms directed by Carlos Saura Cuenca (1958) The Delinquents (1959) Weeping for a Bandit (1963) The Hunt (1966) Peppermint Frappé (1967) Stress Is Three (1968) Honeycomb (1969) The Garden of Delights (1970) Ana and the Wolves (1972) Cousin Angelica (1973) Cría Cuervos (1975) Elisa, vida mía (1977) Blindfolded Eyes (1978) Mama Turns 100 (1979) Faster, Faster (1980) Blood Wedding (1981) Sweet Hours (1981) Antonieta (1982) Carmen (1983) Los Zancos (1984) El amor brujo (1986) El Dorado (1988) The Dark Night (1989) ¡Ay Carmela! (1990) The South (1990) Marathon (1992) Sevillanas (1992) Outrage (1993) Flamenco (1995) Taxi (1996) Little Bird (1997) Tango (1998) Goya in Bordeaux (1999) Bunuel and King Solomon's Table (2001) Salomé (2002) The 7th Day (2004) Iberia (2005) Fados (2007) I, Don Giovanni (2009) Flamenco, Flamenco (2010) Zonda, folclore argentino (2015) J: Beyond Flamenco (2016) Renzo Piano, an Architect for Santander (2018) The King of All the World (2021) Las paredes hablan (2022) vteBerlin International Film Festival Golden Bear1951–1975 Cinderella (1951) Four in a Jeep (1951) In Beaver Valley (1951) Justice Is Done (1951) Without Leaving an Address (1951) One Summer of Happiness (1952) The Wages of Fear (1953) Hobson's Choice (1954) Die Ratten (1955) Invitation to the Dance (1956) 12 Angry Men (1957) Wild Strawberries (1958) Les Cousins (1959) El Lazarillo de Tormes (1960) La Notte (1961) A Kind of Loving (1962) Bushido, Samurai Saga (1963) To Bed or Not to Bed (1963) Dry Summer (1964) Alphaville (1965) Cul-de-sac (1966) The Departure (1967) Who Saw Him Die? (1968) Early Works (1969) The Garden of the Finzi-Continis (1971) The Canterbury Tales (1972) Distant Thunder (1973) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz (1974) Adoption (1975) 1976–2000 Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson (1976) The Ascent (1977) Ascensor (1978) Las truchas (1978) What Max Said (1978) David (1979) Heartland (1980) Palermo or Wolfsburg (1980) Deprisa, Deprisa (1981) Veronika Voss (1982) Ascendancy (1983) La colmena (1983) Love Streams (1984) Wetherby (1985) The Woman and the Stranger (1985) Stammheim (1986) The Theme (1987) Red Sorghum (1988) Rain Man (1989) Larks on a String (1990) Music Box (1990) The House of Smiles (1991) Grand Canyon (1992) The Wedding Banquet (1993) Woman Sesame Oil Maker (1993) In the Name of the Father (1994) The Bait (1995) Sense and Sensibility (1996) The People vs. Larry Flynt (1997) Central Station (1998) The Thin Red Line (1999) Magnolia (2000) 2001–present Intimacy (2001) Bloody Sunday (2002) Spirited Away (2002) In This World (2003) Head-On (2004) U-Carmen eKhayelitsha (2005) Grbavica (2006) Tuya's Marriage (2007) Elite Squad (2008) The Milk of Sorrow (2009) Honey (2010) A Separation (2011) Caesar Must Die (2012) Child's Pose (2013) Black Coal, Thin Ice (2014) Taxi (2015) Fire at Sea (2016) On Body and Soul (2017) Touch Me Not (2018) Synonyms (2019) There Is No Evil (2020) Bad Luck Banging or Loony Porn (2021) Alcarràs (2022) On the Adamant (2023)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_in_film"},{"link_name":"Spanish film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Carlos Saura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Saura"},{"link_name":"juvenile delinquents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_delinquent"},{"link_name":"quinqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinqui_(film_genre)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-1"},{"link_name":"English-speaking world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-speaking_world"}],"text":"Deprisa, deprisa (English: Hurry, Hurry!) is a 1981 Spanish film directed by Carlos Saura. It tells the story of a gang of juvenile delinquents and is considered one of the classics of the quinqui film genre.[1]In the English-speaking world, it has been released under the titles Faster, Faster and Fast, Fast.","title":"Deprisa, deprisa"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Pablo and Meca, two young urban delinquents, live from day to day by a series of robberies, mostly car thefts. During one such robbery, the car's owner catches the two in the act. They roll up the windows and lock the doors to prevent intrusion. Helplessly trapped inside the troublesome vehicle by a mob that has now closed in around them, the pair forces a clear path through the crowd by brandishing a gun, before making their escape into the street. However, the stolen car only proves to be the first step in a more elaborate scheme. Spotting an attractive waitress named Ángela at a local cafeteria, Pablo is immediately captivated by the receptive (and equally restless) young woman, who soon becomes his lover, promising to stay together always. Pablo teaches Ángela to shoot a gun and, subsequently, inducts her into their gang after an afternoon of makeshift target shooting.The gang now consists of four members: Pablo, Meca, Ángela, and Sebastian or \"Sebas\". Sebas has joined the group to help in a series of more ambitious thefts, but he is initially unhappy with the presence of a girl in the band. Pablo, with Meca's support, assures him that Ángela can hold her own.In the first robbery, that of a factory office on the outskirts of Madrid, Ángela, disguised as a boy with a mustache, serves as a lookout. In the second holdup, she shoots one of the guards who has fired at the gang's car. At the conclusion of each of these robberies, Meca brings the getaway car, usually a stolen one, to a deserted area and set it ablaze. He stands by the side of the fire and enjoys viewing the flames.Alternately spending their idle time at discothèques and video arcades, acting on their impulsive whims, and succumbing to the intoxication of drug use, the emboldened quartet begins to stage an ever-escalating series of hold-ups throughout the city.Their share of the money from the two successful robberies enables Ángela and Pablo to buy a new apartment on the outskirts of the city. It is from this location that the gang plans a third robbery, the assault on a branch bank in one of the more congested middle-class neighborhoods of Madrid. During this robbery, Sebas kills one of the guards and is, in turn, gunned down outside the bank by a squad of police who have surrounded the area. Pablo, Meca, and Ángela manage to make a getaway, but Pablo has been seriously wounded and is bleeding profusely.Ángela brings him back to the apartment to nurse him while Meca disposes of the getaway car in the usual manner. However, the black cloud of smoke attracts a police helicopter and Meca is killed as he resists arrest. Understanding the seriousness of Pablo's wound, Ángela calls a doctor who, upon arriving at the apartment, confirms the gravity of Pablo's condition. He has been shot in the liver and must be brought to a hospital if he is to survive. Refusing, she offers him a large bundle of cash if he will treat Pablo right there. Taking the money in his black satchel, the physician promises to return shortly with instruments for surgery. Hours pass, but the doctor does not come back. Pablo, who remains unconscious, lies immobile on the bed. He stops breathing while Ángela sits in the darkened room staring at him. When she realizes he is dead, she fills her own duffel bag with the remaining money from the robbery and walks out of the apartment. She disappears into the shadows of the approaching night walking towards the city.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D'Lugo_163-2"},{"link_name":"Berta Socuéllamos Zarco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berta_Socu%C3%A9llamos_Zarco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berta_Socu%C3%A9llamos_Zarco"},{"link_name":"José Antonio Valdelomar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Valdelomar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Valdelomar"},{"link_name":"Jesús Arias Aranzueque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jes%C3%BAs_Arias_Aranzueque&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Arias_Aranzueque"},{"link_name":"María del Mar Serrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mar%C3%ADa_del_Mar_Serrano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_del_Mar_Serrano"},{"link_name":"André Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Falcon"},{"link_name":"Yves Barsacq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Barsacq"}],"text":"The film was shot using a nonprofessional cast of actors from the Villaverde area just south of Madrid.[2] Two members of the principal cast were arrested for separate criminal incidents during the filming, causing a stir in their Spanish homeland.Berta Socuéllamos Zarco [es] - Ángela\nJosé Antonio Valdelomar [es] - Pablo\nJesús Arias Aranzueque [es] - Meca\nJosé María Hervás Roldán - Sebas\nMaría del Mar Serrano [es] - María\nConsuelo Pascual - Abuela\nAndré Falcon - Cajero\nYves Arcanel - Interventor\nYves Barsacq - Luis","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-[https://web.archive.org/web/20080219122206/http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html_Strictly_Film_School]-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-[http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html_Strictly_Film_School]-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-[http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html_Strictly_Film_School]-4"},{"link_name":"Carlos Saura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Saura"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D'Lugo_164-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D'Lugo_165-6"}],"text":"Deprisa, deprisa is a raw and sobering portrait of a generation at an existential crossroads, struggling to find mooring and direction in an uncertain climate of transformative, social revolution, as Spain emerged from the repression of fascism towards the liberalization of democracy.[3]\nIt is this dichotomy that is reflected in the recurring image of passing trains that bisect the horizon - a perennial view from the public housing suburb outside the city where Pablo and Ángela live - a visual bifurcation that illustrates, not only their socioeconomic marginality, but also exposes their irreparable moral fissure.[4]The film captures the rootlessness of a morally stunted, lost generation that has come of age at a time of profound political and cultural transformation. The reckless, thrill-seeking, young anti-heroes of Carlos Saura's Deprisa, deprisa also indirectly bear the scars of a life lived in the periphery - paradoxically insulated from the tyranny of institutional rule, but also divorced from the inured resilience engendered by its imposed sense of order.[4]Carlos Saura described Deprisa, deprisa as a \"romantic\" film, in the historical sense of the word, as it expresses the outlook of the twentieth century rebel who stood outside society and who rejected social norms.[5] The film's four young protagonists, rebelling against the constraints of social organization, are in fact, products of the very system that they reject and that has rejected them.[6]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golden Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Bear"},{"link_name":"31st Berlin International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_Berlin_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-berlinale-7"},{"link_name":"Elías Querejeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%ADas_Querejeta"},{"link_name":"Carlos Saura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Saura"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D'Lugo_173-8"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D'Lugo_173-8"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stone_74-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stone_84-10"}],"text":"Deprisa, deprisa was a critical and financial success, winning the Golden Bear at the 31st Berlin International Film Festival in 1981.[7] The film opened to excellent reviews in Madrid and was producer Elías Querejeta’s largest grossing production of the fifteen years of his collaboration with director Carlos Saura.[8] The film was also ensnared in controversy. In France and West Germany there was talk of its being banned due to the view that the film glorified violence and drug culture. Eventually, however, it was released with restrictive classifications in both countries.[8]In Spain, the conservative newspaper ABC criticized the film's social realism and accused Saura of paying his cast in hard drugs.[9] Saura denied the accusation, saying that his cast of real life delinquents, including Jesús Arias who was on day release from prison, had a much better idea than he of where to get drugs.[10]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:02_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Historia negra del cine quinqui: la reivindicación de un género que no dejó supervivientes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//elpais.com/elpais/2019/02/06/icon/1549449208_098050.html"},{"link_name":"El País","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-D'Lugo_163_2-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-[https://web.archive.org/web/20080219122206/http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html_Strictly_Film_School]_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"Strictly Film School\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080219122206/http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-[http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html_Strictly_Film_School]_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-[http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html_Strictly_Film_School]_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"Strictly Film School\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080219122206/http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-D'Lugo_164_5-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-D'Lugo_165_6-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-berlinale_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"Berlinale 1981: Prize Winners\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1981/03_preistr_ger_1981/03_Preistraeger_1981.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-D'Lugo_173_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-D'Lugo_173_8-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stone_74_9-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stone_84_10-0"}],"text":"^ Alonso, Guillermo (11 February 2019). \"Historia negra del cine quinqui: la reivindicación de un género que no dejó supervivientes\". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 February 2020.\n\n^ D'Lugo, The Films of Carlos Saura, p. 163\n\n^ \"Strictly Film School\". Archived from the original on 2008-02-19. Retrieved 2008-01-20.\n\n^ a b \"Strictly Film School\". Archived from the original on 2008-02-19. Retrieved 2008-01-20.\n\n^ D'Lugo, The Films of Carlos Saura, p. 164\n\n^ D'Lugo, The Films of Carlos Saura, p. 165\n\n^ \"Berlinale 1981: Prize Winners\". berlinale.de. Retrieved 2010-08-29.\n\n^ a b D'Lugo, The Films of Carlos Saura, p. 173\n\n^ Stone, Spanish Cinema, p. 74\n\n^ Stone, Spanish Cinema, p. 84","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Alonso, Guillermo (11 February 2019). \"Historia negra del cine quinqui: la reivindicación de un género que no dejó supervivientes\". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/02/06/icon/1549449208_098050.html","url_text":"\"Historia negra del cine quinqui: la reivindicación de un género que no dejó supervivientes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs","url_text":"El País"}]},{"reference":"\"Strictly Film School\". Archived from the original on 2008-02-19. Retrieved 2008-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080219122206/http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html","url_text":"\"Strictly Film School\""},{"url":"http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Strictly Film School\". Archived from the original on 2008-02-19. Retrieved 2008-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080219122206/http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html","url_text":"\"Strictly Film School\""},{"url":"http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Berlinale 1981: Prize Winners\". berlinale.de. Retrieved 2010-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1981/03_preistr_ger_1981/03_Preistraeger_1981.html","url_text":"\"Berlinale 1981: Prize Winners\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/02/06/icon/1549449208_098050.html","external_links_name":"\"Historia negra del cine quinqui: la reivindicación de un género que no dejó supervivientes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080219122206/http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html","external_links_name":"\"Strictly Film School\""},{"Link":"http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080219122206/http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html","external_links_name":"\"Strictly Film School\""},{"Link":"http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1981/03_preistr_ger_1981/03_Preistraeger_1981.html","external_links_name":"\"Berlinale 1981: Prize Winners\""},{"Link":"http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html","external_links_name":"Strictly Film School"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080219122206/http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0082259/","external_links_name":"Deprisa Deprisa"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080219122206/http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html","external_links_name":"Strictly Film School"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Nicolas_Church,_H%C3%A9r%C3%A9mence	Saint-Nicolas Church, Hérémence	["1 References","2 Further reading"]	Coordinates: 46°10′50″N 7°24′16″E / 46.1805°N 7.4045°E / 46.1805; 7.4045 You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (July 2022) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 5,971 articles in the main category, and specifying\|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You should also add the template {{Translated\|fr\|Église Saint-Nicolas (Hérémence)}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Saint-Nicolas Church is a Catholic church in Hérémence, Switzerland, known for its brutalist modern architecture. It was designed by Walter Maria Förderer (March 21, 1928–June 29, 2006). References ^ Walter Maria Förderer’s 1960s European churches remain avant-garde today Wallpaper, JONATHAN BELL, OCTOBER 07, 2022 ^ Walter Maria Förderer is the masterful modern architect you've never heard of Archinect, Shane Reiner-Roth, May 7, 2019 Further reading Pierre Imhasly, Oswald Ruppen, Jacques Dominique Rouiller, Hérémence Béton, Lausanne : Ed. du Grand-Pont, 1974, 105 p. Guide artistique de la Suisse: Fribourg, Freiburg, Valais, Wallis (in French), vol. 4b, Bern: Société d'histoire de l'art en Suisse, 2012, p. 440, ISBN 978-3-906131-99-3 Authority control databases VIAF 46°10′50″N 7°24′16″E / 46.1805°N 7.4045°E / 46.1805; 7.4045	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heremence_Kirche-5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hérémence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9r%C3%A9mence"},{"link_name":"brutalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutalist"},{"link_name":"Walter Maria Förderer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Maria_F%C3%B6rderer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Saint-Nicolas Church is a Catholic church in Hérémence, Switzerland, known for its brutalist modern architecture. It was designed by Walter Maria Förderer (March 21, 1928–June 29, 2006).[1][2]","title":"Saint-Nicolas Church, Hérémence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-906131-99-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-906131-99-3"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16028671#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/150501437"},{"link_name":"46°10′50″N 7°24′16″E / 46.1805°N 7.4045°E / 46.1805; 7.4045","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint-Nicolas_Church,_H%C3%A9r%C3%A9mence&params=46.1805_N_7.4045_E_type:landmark_region:CH"}],"text":"Pierre Imhasly, Oswald Ruppen, Jacques Dominique Rouiller, Hérémence Béton, Lausanne : Ed. du Grand-Pont, 1974, 105 p.\nGuide artistique de la Suisse: Fribourg, Freiburg, Valais, Wallis (in French), vol. 4b, Bern: Société d'histoire de l'art en Suisse, 2012, p. 440, ISBN 978-3-906131-99-3Authority control databases \nVIAF46°10′50″N 7°24′16″E / 46.1805°N 7.4045°E / 46.1805; 7.4045","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Heremence_Kirche-5.jpg/220px-Heremence_Kirche-5.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Guide artistique de la Suisse: Fribourg, Freiburg, Valais, Wallis (in French), vol. 4b, Bern: Société d'histoire de l'art en Suisse, 2012, p. 440, ISBN 978-3-906131-99-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-906131-99-3","url_text":"978-3-906131-99-3"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint-Nicolas_Church,_H%C3%A9r%C3%A9mence&params=46.1805_N_7.4045_E_type:landmark_region:CH","external_links_name":"46°10′50″N 7°24′16″E / 46.1805°N 7.4045°E / 46.1805; 7.4045"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://www.wallpaper.com/architecture/walter-maria-forderer-1960s-churches","external_links_name":"Walter Maria Förderer’s 1960s European churches remain avant-garde today"},{"Link":"https://archinect.com/news/article/150135420/walter-maria-f-rderer-is-the-masterful-modern-architect-you-ve-never-heard-of","external_links_name":"Walter Maria Förderer is the masterful modern architect you've never heard of"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/150501437","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint-Nicolas_Church,_H%C3%A9r%C3%A9mence&params=46.1805_N_7.4045_E_type:landmark_region:CH","external_links_name":"46°10′50″N 7°24′16″E / 46.1805°N 7.4045°E / 46.1805; 7.4045"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popovka,_Yukchinskoye_Rural_Settlement,_Vozhegodsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast	Popovka, Yukchinskoye Rural Settlement, Vozhegodsky District, Vologda Oblast	["1 Geography","2 References"]	Village in Vologda Oblast, RussiaPopovka ПоповкаVillagePopovkaShow map of Vologda OblastPopovkaShow map of RussiaCoordinates: 60°21′N 40°51′E / 60.350°N 40.850°E / 60.350; 40.850CountryRussiaRegionVologda OblastDistrictVozhegodsky DistrictTime zoneUTC+3:00 Popovka (Russian: Поповка) is a rural locality (a village) in Vozhegodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 14 as of 2002. Geography The distance to Vozhega is 69 km, to Sosnovitsa is 1 km. Grishinskaya, Sosnovitsa, Vasilyevskaya are the nearest rural localities. References ^ Поповка ^ Данные переписи 2002 года: таблица 2С. М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 2004. vteRural localities in Vozhegodsky DistrictA-M Abaturikha Agafonovskaya Alferyevskaya Andreyevskaya Anisimovskaya Ankudinovskaya Antsiferovskaya Antsiferovskaya (Yavengskoye Rural Settlement) Anufriyevskaya Baranikha Baranovskaya Barkanovskaya Baza Beketovo Beketovskaya Belavinskaya Blinovskaya Bolshaya Klimovskaya Bolshaya Nazarovskaya Bolshoye Ramenye Bor Borisovo Boyarskaya Bucherovskaya Bukhara Bykovo Bykovskaya (Yavengskoye Rural Settlement) Bykovskaya (Yuchkinskoye Rural Settlement) Checheninskaya Chernovskaya Chichirino Danilovskaya Derevenka Dorkovskaya Dorovikha Drovdil Dubrovinskaya Fatyanovo Fedyayevskaya Fedyuninskaya Filatovskaya Fominskaya Fomishchevo Funikovo Galuninskaya Gashkovo Glazunovskaya Gora (Tiginskoye Rural Settlement) Gora (Yavengskoye Rural Settlement) Gorka (Beketovskoye Rural Settlement) Gorka (Mishutinskoye Rural Settlement) Gridinskaya Grishinskaya Grishkovskaya Gubinskaya Ignatovskaya Isakovo Isakovskaya Ivankovo Ivanovskaya (Mishutinsky Selsoviet) Ivanovskaya (Vozhegodsky Selsoviet) Ivoninskaya Kadnikovsky Karpovskaya Karpovskaya Khmelevskaya Khmylitsa Khodinskaya Kholdynka Kholuy Khvostovo (Beketovskoye Rural Settlement) Khvostovo (Yuchkinskoye Rural Settlement) Kladovka Klimovskaya (Mishutinsky Selsoviet) Klimovskaya (Nizhneslobodsky Selsoviet) Konechnaya (Lipino-Kalikinsky Selsoviet) Konechnaya (Punemsky Selsoviet) Konevka Korgozero Korotkovskaya Korotyginskaya Korovinskaya Koryakinskaya Kostyuninskaya Kozlovo (Beketovskoye Rural Settlement) Kozlovo (Yavengskoye Rural Settlement) Krapivino Kropufinskaya Kubinskaya Kuklinskaya Kuritsino Kurshiyevskaya Kutilovo Kuznetsovskaya Leshchevka Levinskaya (Nizhneslobodskoye Rural Settlement) Levinskaya (Tiginskoye Rural Settlement) Levkovskaya Lobanikha Loshchinskaya Lukyanovskaya Lupachikha Malaya Nazarovskaya Malaya Maleyevskaya Maloye Ramenye Manuilovskaya Maryinskaya Matveyevskaya Miguyevskaya Mikhaylovskaya Mikheyevskaya Mishutinskaya Mitinskaya (Nizhneslobodskoye Rural Settlement) Mitinskaya (Yavengskoye Rural Settlement) Mitrofanovo Molodyozhny Munskaya Mushchininskaya Myshino Mytnik N-Z Nadporozhye Navolok Nazarovskaya Nefedovskaya Nefedovskaya Nekrasovskaya Nikitino Nikitinskaya Nikolskaya Nikulskaya Nizhnyaya Novaya Novozhilikha Ogarkovskaya Ogibalovo Okulovskaya (Nizhneslobodsky Selsoviet) Okulovskaya (Ramensky Selsoviet) Okulovskaya-1 Olekhovskaya Olshukovskaya Olyushino Olyushinskaya Osiyevskaya Ospodarevskaya Otradnoye Ozhiginskaya Padinskaya Pankovo Panteleyevskaya Patrakeyevskaya Pavlovskaya (Nizhneslobodsky Selsoviet) Pavlovskaya (Vozhegodsky Selsoviet) Pavlovskaya (Yavengsky Selsoviet) Pekhtach Pelevikha Perepechikha Peshkovo Pesok (Tavengsky Selsoviet) Pesok (Tiginsky Selsoviet) Pestinskaya Petrovka Petrovo Petrovskaya Pilyevo Podolnaya Podsosenye Pogorelka Pogorelovo Pokrovskaya Pokrovskoye Popovka Kalikinskaya Popovka (Mishutinskoye Rural Settlement) Popovka (Vozhegodskoye Urban Settlement) Popovka (Yukchinskoye Rural Settlement) Porokhino Pozdeyevskaya Pozhar Pozharishche Proletarsky Rakishevo Repnyakovskaya Rubtsovo Ruchyevskaya Safonovskaya Salnik Samoylovskaya Savinskaya (Tiginsky Selsoviet) Savinskaya (Vozhegodsky Selsoviet) Semyonovskaya (Beketovsky Selsoviet) Semyonovskaya (Yavengskoye Rural Settlement) Senkinskaya Shchegolikha Shchekotovskaya Sigovskaya Soroginskaya Sorozhinskaya Sosnovitsa Stepanikha (Tiginskoye Rural Settlement) Stepanikha (Vozhegodskoye Urban Settlement) Stepanovskaya Stolbikha Strokavino Surkovskaya Syamba Syrnevo Tarasovskaya (Beketovsky Selsoviet) Tarasovskaya (Yavengskoye Rural Settlement) Tigino Timoninskaya Timoshinskaya Tingotomo Todelovskaya Tupitsyno Turabovskaya Turovo Tyurikovskaya Uglenskaya Ugol Ulitinskaya Vafunenskaya Vasilyevskaya (Yavengskoye Rural Settlement) Vasilyevskaya (Yuchkinskoye Rural Settlement) Vershina Voskresenskoye Vysokaya Yagrysh Yakhrenga Yakovlevo Yakuninskaya Yakushevskaya Yakutinskaya Yefimovskaya Yekimovskaya Yelenskaya Yemelyanovskaya Yereminskaya Yesinskaya Yeskinskaya Yurkovskaya Zabereznik Zaozerye Zarechnaya Zasukhonskaya Zavrag Zinenskaya Zuyevo This Vozhegodsky District location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Vozhegodsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vozhegodsky_District"},{"link_name":"Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Popovka (Russian: Поповка) is a rural locality (a village) in Vozhegodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 14 as of 2002.[2]","title":"Popovka, Yukchinskoye Rural Settlement, Vozhegodsky District, Vologda Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vozhega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vozhega"}],"text":"The distance to Vozhega is 69 km, to Sosnovitsa is 1 km. Grishinskaya, Sosnovitsa, Vasilyevskaya are the nearest rural localities.","title":"Geography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Popovka,_Yukchinskoye_Rural_Settlement,_Vozhegodsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast&params=60_21_N_40_51_E_type:city_region:RU-VLG","external_links_name":"60°21′N 40°51′E / 60.350°N 40.850°E / 60.350; 40.850"},{"Link":"https://wikimapia.org/19060487/ru/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0","external_links_name":"Поповка"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Popovka,_Yukchinskoye_Rural_Settlement,_Vozhegodsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandnes_Township,_Yellow_Medicine_County,_Minnesota	Sandnes Township, Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota	["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 References"]	Coordinates: 44°40′26″N 95°38′55″W / 44.67389°N 95.64861°W / 44.67389; -95.64861 Township in Minnesota, United StatesSandnes Township, MinnesotaTownshipSandnes Township, MinnesotaLocation within the state of MinnesotaShow map of MinnesotaSandnes Township, MinnesotaSandnes Township, Minnesota (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 44°40′26″N 95°38′55″W / 44.67389°N 95.64861°W / 44.67389; -95.64861CountryUnited StatesStateMinnesotaCountyYellow MedicineArea • Total36.1 sq mi (93.4 km2) • Land36.1 sq mi (93.4 km2) • Water0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2)Elevation1,050 ft (320 m)Population (2000) • Total197 • Density5.5/sq mi (2.1/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)FIPS code27-58378GNIS feature ID0665545 Sandnes Township is a township in Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 197 at the 2000 census. Sandnes Township was organized in 1872, and named after Sandnes, in Norway. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.1 square miles (93.4 km2), of which 36.1 square miles (93.4 km2) is land and 0.03% is water. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 197 people, 69 households, and 54 families residing in the township. The population density was 5.5 people per square mile (2.1/km2). There were 75 housing units at an average density of 2.1/sq mi (0.8/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 97.97% White, 0.51% Pacific Islander, 0.51% from other races, and 1.02% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.55% of the population. There were 69 households, out of which 37.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.4% were married couples living together, 1.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.7% were non-families. 21.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.33. In the township the population was spread out, with 31.5% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.5 males. The median income for a household in the township was $45,000, and the median income for a family was $46,875. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,280. None of the families and 2.0% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 7.7% of those over 64. References ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 596. vteMunicipalities and communities of Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota, United StatesCounty seat: Granite FallsCities Canby Clarkfield Echo Granite Falls‡ Hanley Falls Hazel Run Porter St. Leo Wood Lake Map of Minnesota highlighting Yellow Medicine CountyTownships Burton Echo Florida Fortier Friendship Hammer Hazel Run Lisbon Minnesota Falls Norman Normania Omro Oshkosh Posen Sandnes Sioux Agency Stony Run Swede Prairie Tyro Wergeland Wood Lake Indianreservation Upper Sioux Indian Reservation Unincorporated communities Burr Lorne Normania Spring Creek Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Minnesota portal United States portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yellow Medicine County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Medicine_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Sandnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandnes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Township in Minnesota, United StatesSandnes Township is a township in Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 197 at the 2000 census.Sandnes Township was organized in 1872, and named after Sandnes, in Norway.[3]","title":"Sandnes Township, Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.1 square miles (93.4 km2), of which 36.1 square miles (93.4 km2) is land and 0.03% is water.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-1"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[1] of 2000, there were 197 people, 69 households, and 54 families residing in the township. The population density was 5.5 people per square mile (2.1/km2). There were 75 housing units at an average density of 2.1/sq mi (0.8/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 97.97% White, 0.51% Pacific Islander, 0.51% from other races, and 1.02% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.55% of the population.There were 69 households, out of which 37.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.4% were married couples living together, 1.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.7% were non-families. 21.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.33.In the township the population was spread out, with 31.5% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.5 males.The median income for a household in the township was $45,000, and the median income for a family was $46,875. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,280. None of the families and 2.0% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 7.7% of those over 64.","title":"Demographics"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Minnesota highlighting Yellow Medicine County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Yellow_Medicine_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Yellow_Medicine_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 596.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog","url_text":"Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog/page/n613","url_text":"596"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sandnes_Township,_Yellow_Medicine_County,_Minnesota&params=44_40_26_N_95_38_55_W_region:US-MN_type:city(197)","external_links_name":"44°40′26″N 95°38′55″W / 44.67389°N 95.64861°W / 44.67389; -95.64861"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sandnes_Township,_Yellow_Medicine_County,_Minnesota&params=44_40_26_N_95_38_55_W_region:US-MN_type:city(197)","external_links_name":"44°40′26″N 95°38′55″W / 44.67389°N 95.64861°W / 44.67389; -95.64861"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog","external_links_name":"Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog/page/n613","external_links_name":"596"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendricks,_Kentucky	Hendricks, Kentucky	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 37°41′59″N 83°7′22″W / 37.69972°N 83.12278°W / 37.69972; -83.12278Unincorporated community in Kentucky, United States Unincorporated community in Kentucky, United StatesHendricks, KentuckyUnincorporated communityHendricksShow map of KentuckyHendricksShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 37°41′59″N 83°7′22″W / 37.69972°N 83.12278°W / 37.69972; -83.12278CountryUnited StatesStateKentuckyCountyMagoffinElevation876 ft (267 m)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)GNIS feature ID508222 Hendricks is an unincorporated community in Magoffin County, Kentucky, United States. It lies along Route 30 south of the city of Salyersville, the county seat of Magoffin County. Its elevation is 876 feet (267 m). References ^ Rand McNally. The Road Atlas '06. Chicago: Rand McNally, 2006, p. 43. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Hendricks, Kentucky, Geographic Names Information System, 1979-09-20. Accessed 2008-01-03. vteMunicipalities and communities of Magoffin County, Kentucky, United StatesCounty seat: SalyersvilleCity Salyersville Location of Magoffin County, KentuckyUnincorporatedcommunities Bethanna Burning Fork Cisco Cutuno Duco Edna Elsie Ever Falcon Flat Fork Foraker Fredville Fritz Gapville Gunlock Gypsy Harper Hendricks Ivyton Lickburg Logville Maggard Marshallville Mashfork Mason Ova Plutarch Royalton Sublett Swampton Tiptop Waldo Wheelersburg Wonnie Kentucky portal United States portal This Magoffin County, Kentucky state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Magoffin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magoffin_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Route 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Route_30"},{"link_name":"Salyersville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyersville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Kentucky, United StatesUnincorporated community in Kentucky, United StatesHendricks is an unincorporated community in Magoffin County, Kentucky, United States. It lies along Route 30 south of the city of Salyersville, the county seat of Magoffin County.[1] Its elevation is 876 feet (267 m).[2]","title":"Hendricks, Kentucky"}]	[{"image_text":"Location of Magoffin County, Kentucky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Magoffin_County.svg/200px-Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Magoffin_County.svg.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hendricks,_Kentucky&params=37_41_59_N_83_7_22_W_type:city_region:US-KY","external_links_name":"37°41′59″N 83°7′22″W / 37.69972°N 83.12278°W / 37.69972; -83.12278"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hendricks,_Kentucky&params=37_41_59_N_83_7_22_W_type:city_region:US-KY","external_links_name":"37°41′59″N 83°7′22″W / 37.69972°N 83.12278°W / 37.69972; -83.12278"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/508222","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Hendricks, Kentucky"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hendricks,_Kentucky&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_Church,_Pendlebury	St Augustine's Church, Pendlebury	["1 History","2 Architecture","2.1 Exterior","2.2 Interior","3 Clergy","4 Churchyard","5 Reception","6 Current condition","7 See also","8 External links","9 References"]	Coordinates: 53°30′39″N 2°19′21″W / 53.5107°N 2.3224°W / 53.5107; -2.3224 Church in Greater Manchester, EnglandSt Augustine's ChurchSt Augustine's Church53°30′39″N 2°19′21″W / 53.5107°N 2.3224°W / 53.5107; -2.3224LocationPendlebury,Greater ManchesterCountryEnglandDenominationAnglicanChurchmanshipAnglo-CatholicHistoryDedicationSt AugustineConsecratedMay 1874ArchitectureFunctional statusActiveHeritage designationGrade IArchitect(s)George Frederick BodleyArchitectural typeChurchStyleGothic RevivalGroundbreaking1871Completed1874SpecificationsMaterialsRed brickAdministrationProvinceYorkDioceseManchesterArchdeaconrySalfordDeaneryEcclesParishSwinton and Pendlebury St. Augustine's Church is an active Anglican church in Pendlebury, Greater Manchester, England. Dedicated to St Augustine, it is part of the benefice of Swinton and Pendlebury along with St Peter's Church in Swinton and All Saints' Church in Wardley. The church is in the Eccles deanery, the archdeaconry of Salford and the diocese of Manchester. The church was granted Grade II* listed status in 1966 but has since been upgraded to Grade I. Called the "Miners' Cathedral", due to its almost cathedralesque stature, in the heart of a one time coal-mining community, it was also sometimes locally called "Gussie's". The church is situated on Bolton Road and has a connected primary school. History Manchester banker, Edward Stanley Heywood of Heywood's Bank commissioned G. F. Bodley to design the church in March 1870. Its foundation stone was laid in the following September and it was consecrated in May 1874. Heywood paid for its construction, decoration and furnishings. The church was constructed to the design of Bodley and Thomas Garner between 1871 and 1874. The cost, £3,300 (£330,000 in 2021) was largely borne by Heywood. Bodley designed a bell tower for the south-east side, higher than the main roof, but it was not built. Architecture Exterior The church is built of red brick and has clay tile roof and stone dressings. It was inspired by the Gothic cathedrals in Albi and Toulouse in France. Its nave and chancel occupy ten bays under a continuous roof. The church has a door at the west end, a porch on the south side and vestry on the north. The bays are separated by shallow weathered buttresses that terminate in triangular gablets above the coped parapet which has pierced quatrefoils above the chancel. The nave and chancel are differentiated by their windows. The nave has three-light windows below blank arches while the chancel has four-light windows with reticulated tracery. The east window between angled buttresses topped by crocketted pinnacles has seven lights decorated with flowing reticulated tracery. The west window has five lights. Clifton Hall Colliery disaster memorial. Interior High altar, church interior The church has large internal buttresses that are pierced by passage aisles and which support high-level arches. The barrel roof is richly painted above chancel. An elaborately carved rood screen separates the nave from the chancel and the sanctuary is raised. The reredos is decorated with painted figures. The organ case, rood screen and sedilia were designed by Bodley. The ornate font on a carved stone is raised from the ground by several steps, and above it is a carved wooden hood suspended from the walls. Clergy The first vicar, Doctor Alfred Dewes (b. Coventry 1825; d. Pendlebury 1911), was vicar from the consecration of the church in 1874 until his death in 1911. He worked unceasingly throughout the smallpox and cholera outbreaks, helping the poor and afflicted. Both vicar and church were the focal point for the mourning following the Clifton Hall Colliery explosion on 18 June 1885, in which 178 men and boys were killed. Churchyard War memorial on the south side of the churchyard Below the east window is a memorial to 64 victims of the Clifton Hall Colliery disaster who were buried in the churchyard. The churchyard also contains war graves of twelve service personnel of the Great War and four of the Second World War. Reception Nicholas Pevsner writing in the Buildings of England described the church as one of the greatest and most moving of all Victorian churches, with an interior of "breathtaking majesty and purity". The church was the subject of drawings and paintings by artist L.S. Lowry who lived at 117 Station Road, Pendlebury, between 1909 and 1948. Current condition In recent years, several church restoration projects have been completed, including re-pointing southeast side and the addition of toilets and kitchen. The church is in need of at least £1 million for refurbishments to the interior roof and to repair the pointing on the exterior of the church, and is a priority project for English Heritage, who quote it as being "exceptionally important". See also Greater Manchester portal Grade I listed churches in Greater Manchester Listed buildings in Swinton and Pendlebury External links Image of the church. St. Augustine's C of E Primary School Website. References ^ Church list, anglican.org, retrieved 30 November 2014 ^ a b c d Historic England, "Church of St Augustine (1067508)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 30 November 2014 ^ a b c Hartwell, Clare; Hyde, Matthew; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2004). Manchester and the South-East (Rev. and expanded. ed.). New Haven, Conn. : Yale University Press. pp. 558–561. ISBN 0300105835. ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 11 June 2022. ^ "English Heritage inspires Greater Manchester to help historic places of worship", Government News Network, retrieved 4 July 2006. ^ CWGC Cemetery Report. Breakdown obtained from casualty record. ^ Destiny at the dark end of the street, The Tate, retrieved 12 April 2016 ^ "The Diocese of Manchester: Handling problems in partnership", English Heritage, retrieved 4 July 2006. vteBuildings and structures in the City of Salford, EnglandItalics denote building under constructionHighrises (over 100 metres) Anaconda Cut (131m) Highrises (over 50 metres) City Central (80m) Salford Cathedral (73m) Peel House (55m) Notable lowrises Boothstown Mines Rescue Station Centenary Building Forest Bank Islington Mill Kersal Cell Lowry Hotel Ordsall Hall Peel Building Port Salford Salford Civic Centre Salford Lads' Club Salford Museum and Art Gallery Salford Royal Hospital Salford Town Hall Threlfalls Brewery Wardley Hall Working Class Movement Library Worsley Court House Worsley Old Hall Places of worship Salford Cathedral Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation St Augustine's St Clement's St James' St Luke's St Mark's St Mary the Virgin, Eccles St Mary the Virgin, Ellenbrook St Paul's St Philip's St Thomas' Transportation Anchorage Broadway Clifton City Airport Eccles Interchange Eccles Exchange Quay Harbour City Irlam Ladywell Langworthy Moorside MediaCity UK Patricroft Salford Central Salford Crescent Salford Quays Swinton Walkden Weaste Shopping centres Salford Shopping Centre Swinton Square The Lowry Sports and entertainment AJ Bell Stadium British Wrestling Academy Broughton Cricket Club Ground Cleavley Athletics Track The Cliff Manchester Tennis and Racquet Club Moor Lane Victoria Theatre Memorials Mark Addy Joseph Brotherton Charles Hallé Clifton Hall Colliery Disaster Oliver Heywood Bridges Albert Bridge Barton Road Swing Bridge Barton Swing Aqueduct Blackfriars Bridge Cadishead Viaduct Clifton Aqueduct Clifton Viaduct Irwell Railway bridge Media City Footbridge Palatine Bridge Salford Quays Bridge Trinity Bridge Victoria Bridge Lists Castles Churches Grade I listed Grade II* listed Mills Monuments Schools Tallest Listed buildings in Eccles Irlam Salford Swinton and Pendlebury Worsley	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"Pendlebury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendlebury"},{"link_name":"Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"St Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"benefice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefice"},{"link_name":"Swinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinton,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Wardley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardley,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Eccles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccles,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"deanery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deanery"},{"link_name":"archdeaconry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeaconry"},{"link_name":"diocese of Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"listed status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-2"},{"link_name":"coal-mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-mining"},{"link_name":"Bolton Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A666_road"}],"text":"Church in Greater Manchester, EnglandSt. Augustine's Church is an active Anglican church in Pendlebury, Greater Manchester, England. Dedicated to St Augustine, it is part of the benefice of Swinton and Pendlebury along with St Peter's Church in Swinton and All Saints' Church in Wardley. The church is in the Eccles deanery, the archdeaconry of Salford and the diocese of Manchester.[1] The church was granted Grade II* listed status in 1966 but has since been upgraded to Grade I.[2]Called the \"Miners' Cathedral\", due to its almost cathedralesque stature, in the heart of a one time coal-mining community, it was also sometimes locally called \"Gussie's\".The church is situated on Bolton Road and has a connected primary school.","title":"St Augustine's Church, Pendlebury"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heywood's Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heywood%27s_Bank"},{"link_name":"G. F. Bodley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frederick_Bodley"},{"link_name":"Thomas Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Garner"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pevsner-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-UK-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pevsner-3"},{"link_name":"bell tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_tower"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-2"}],"text":"Manchester banker, Edward Stanley Heywood of Heywood's Bank commissioned G. F. Bodley to design the church in March 1870. Its foundation stone was laid in the following September and it was consecrated in May 1874. Heywood paid for its construction, decoration and furnishings. The church was constructed to the design of Bodley and Thomas Garner between 1871 and 1874.[3] The cost, £3,300 (£330,000 in 2021)[4][3] was largely borne by Heywood.Bodley designed a bell tower for the south-east side, higher than the main roof, but it was not built.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albi_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"chancel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancel"},{"link_name":"bays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"vestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestry"},{"link_name":"buttresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttress"},{"link_name":"coped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coping_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"parapet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapet"},{"link_name":"quatrefoils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatrefoil"},{"link_name":"tracery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracery"},{"link_name":"crocketted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocket"},{"link_name":"pinnacles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnacle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clifton_Hall_Colliery_disaster_memorial.JPG"},{"link_name":"Clifton Hall Colliery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Hall_Colliery"}],"sub_title":"Exterior","text":"The church is built of red brick and has clay tile roof and stone dressings. It was inspired by the Gothic cathedrals in Albi and Toulouse in France. Its nave and chancel occupy ten bays under a continuous roof. The church has a door at the west end, a porch on the south side and vestry on the north. The bays are separated by shallow weathered buttresses that terminate in triangular gablets above the coped parapet which has pierced quatrefoils above the chancel. The nave and chancel are differentiated by their windows. The nave has three-light windows below blank arches while the chancel has four-light windows with reticulated tracery. The east window between angled buttresses topped by crocketted pinnacles has seven lights decorated with flowing reticulated tracery. The west window has five lights.[2]Clifton Hall Colliery disaster memorial.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Augustine%27s_Church_high_altar,_Pendlebury,_Greater_Manchester.jpg"},{"link_name":"aisles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisle"},{"link_name":"barrel roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_roof"},{"link_name":"rood screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rood_screen"},{"link_name":"sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"reredos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reredos"},{"link_name":"sedilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedilia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-2"},{"link_name":"font","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismal_font"}],"sub_title":"Interior","text":"High altar, church interiorThe church has large internal buttresses that are pierced by passage aisles and which support high-level arches. The barrel roof is richly painted above chancel. An elaborately carved rood screen separates the nave from the chancel and the sanctuary is raised. The reredos is decorated with painted figures. The organ case, rood screen and sedilia were designed by Bodley.[2] The ornate font on a carved stone is raised from the ground by several steps, and above it is a carved wooden hood suspended from the walls.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry"},{"link_name":"Pendlebury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendlebury"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"cholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera"},{"link_name":"Clifton Hall Colliery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Hall_Colliery"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The first vicar, Doctor Alfred Dewes (b. Coventry 1825; d. Pendlebury 1911), was vicar from the consecration of the church in 1874 until his death in 1911. He worked unceasingly throughout the smallpox and cholera outbreaks, helping the poor and afflicted. Both vicar and church were the focal point for the mourning following the Clifton Hall Colliery explosion on 18 June 1885, in which 178 men and boys were killed.[5]","title":"Clergy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:War_Memorial,_St_Augustine%27s_churchyard.JPG"},{"link_name":"war graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission"},{"link_name":"Great War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwgc-6"}],"text":"War memorial on the south side of the churchyardBelow the east window is a memorial to 64 victims of the Clifton Hall Colliery disaster who were buried in the churchyard. The churchyard also contains war graves of twelve service personnel of the Great War and four of the Second World War.[6]","title":"Churchyard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicholas Pevsner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Pevsner"},{"link_name":"Buildings of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildings_of_England"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pevsner-3"},{"link_name":"L.S. Lowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.S._Lowry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pendlebury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendlebury"}],"text":"Nicholas Pevsner writing in the Buildings of England described the church as one of the greatest and most moving of all Victorian churches, with an interior of \"breathtaking majesty and purity\".[3]The church was the subject of drawings and paintings by artist L.S. Lowry[7] who lived at 117 Station Road, Pendlebury, between 1909 and 1948.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In recent years, several church restoration projects have been completed, including re-pointing southeast side and the addition of toilets and kitchen. \nThe church is in need of at least £1 million for refurbishments to the interior roof and to repair the pointing on the exterior of the church, and is a priority project for English Heritage, who quote it as being \"exceptionally important\".[8]","title":"Current condition"}]	[{"image_text":"Clifton Hall Colliery disaster memorial.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Clifton_Hall_Colliery_disaster_memorial.JPG/220px-Clifton_Hall_Colliery_disaster_memorial.JPG"},{"image_text":"High altar, church interior","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/St_Augustine%27s_Church_high_altar%2C_Pendlebury%2C_Greater_Manchester.jpg/170px-St_Augustine%27s_Church_high_altar%2C_Pendlebury%2C_Greater_Manchester.jpg"},{"image_text":"War memorial on the south side of the churchyard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/War_Memorial%2C_St_Augustine%27s_churchyard.JPG/220px-War_Memorial%2C_St_Augustine%27s_churchyard.JPG"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:England_Greater_Manchester_numbered.svg"},{"title":"Greater Manchester portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Greater_Manchester"},{"title":"Grade I listed churches in Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_I_listed_churches_in_Greater_Manchester"},{"title":"Listed buildings in Swinton and Pendlebury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Swinton_and_Pendlebury"}]	[{"reference":"Church list, anglican.org, retrieved 30 November 2014","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manchester.anglican.org/churches/parish-list?search=pendlebury","url_text":"Church list"}]},{"reference":"Historic England, \"Church of St Augustine (1067508)\", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 30 November 2014","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1067508","url_text":"\"Church of St Augustine (1067508)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Hartwell, Clare; Hyde, Matthew; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2004). Manchester and the South-East (Rev. and expanded. ed.). New Haven, Conn. [u.a.]: Yale University Press. pp. 558–561. ISBN 0300105835.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300105835","url_text":"0300105835"}]},{"reference":"Clark, Gregory (2017). \"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 11 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/","url_text":"\"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\""}]},{"reference":"Destiny at the dark end of the street, The Tate, retrieved 12 April 2016","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/destiny-dark-end-street","url_text":"Destiny at the dark end of the street"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate","url_text":"Tate"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Augustine%27s_Church,_Pendlebury&params=53.5107_N_2.3224_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"53°30′39″N 2°19′21″W / 53.5107°N 2.3224°W / 53.5107; -2.3224"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Augustine%27s_Church,_Pendlebury&params=53.5107_N_2.3224_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"53°30′39″N 2°19′21″W / 53.5107°N 2.3224°W / 53.5107; -2.3224"},{"Link":"http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/LAN/Pendlebury/StAugustine.shtml","external_links_name":"Image of the church"},{"Link":"https://staugustines.salford.sch.uk/","external_links_name":"St. Augustine's C of E Primary School Website"},{"Link":"http://www.manchester.anglican.org/churches/parish-list?search=pendlebury","external_links_name":"Church list"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1067508","external_links_name":"\"Church of St Augustine (1067508)\""},{"Link":"https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/","external_links_name":"\"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\""},{"Link":"http://www.gnn.gov.uk/content/detail.asp?NewsAreaID=2&ReleaseID=200671","external_links_name":"\"English Heritage inspires Greater Manchester to help historic places of worship\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/41160/PENDLEBURY%20(ST.%20AUGUSTINE%20OF%20CANTERBURY)%20CHURCHYARD","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/destiny-dark-end-street","external_links_name":"Destiny at the dark end of the street"},{"Link":"http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/upload/pdf/30_The_Diocese_of_Manchester.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Diocese of Manchester: Handling problems in partnership\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside,_Worcestershire	Districts of Redditch	["1 Abbeydale","2 Astwood Bank","3 Batchley","4 Brockhill","5 Callow Hill","6 Church Green","7 Church Hill","8 Crabbs Cross","9 Enfield","10 Feckenham","11 Greenlands","12 Headless Cross","13 Hunt End","14 Ipsley","15 Lakeside","16 Lodge Park","17 Matchborough","18 Moons Moat","19 Oakenshaw","19.1 Oakenshaw South","20 Park Farm","21 Riverside","22 Smallwood","23 Southcrest","24 St Georges","25 Town Centre","26 Walkwood","27 Washford","28 Webheath","29 Winyates","30 Wirehill","31 Woodrow","32 References","33 Sources"]	Coordinates: 52°17′N 1°56′W / 52.28°N 1.93°W / 52.28; -1.93 Human settlement in EnglandRedditchRedditchLocation within WorcestershirePopulation85,261 DistrictRedditchShire countyWorcestershireRegionWest MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPostcode districtB96, B97, B98Dialling code01527PoliceWest MerciaFireHereford and WorcesterAmbulanceWest Midlands UK ParliamentRedditch List of places UK England Worcestershire 52°17′N 1°56′W / 52.28°N 1.93°W / 52.28; -1.93 Redditch is a town and local government district in north-east Worcestershire, England. The town is divided into separate districts. All street-name signs in Redditch have the street name in white lettering on a blue background and the district name in black lettering on a white background at the bottom of the sign. In the New Town areas the roads are usually named in alphabetical order and house numbering in the cul-de-sac closes is consecutive, starting with number 1 as the first house on the left as you enter, and the highest house number will be on the opposite side of the road as you leave. Abbeydale Abbeydale, along with Batchley and Mayfields, were post-WWII 1950s housing estates built to cope with a population boom and the local councils enforcement of the Conservative government's 'Homes for Heroes' pledge after the 1951 United Kingdom general election. Astwood Bank Main article: Astwood Bank Batchley Redditch United F.C.'s Valley Stadium is located off the Bromsgrove Road, in Batchley. Batchley was originally a pre-WWII housing estate which has continued to expand to meet need for affordable accommodation until the present day. The original estate included many Orlit prefabricated houses though none remain today they were still present into the 1980s. Generally with an equal mixture of privately owned, private rental and social housing it hosts a number of diverse cultural and socio-economic groups. It has three local schools and a park and fishing lake. There are a number of small privately owned local shops and a Tesco Express with external ATM. It is within a short walking distance of Redditch town centre. Brockhill Situated in the north west of the town. Almost entirely a modern residential area and home to many housing estates that to this day are still being constructed since 1996 The district lends its name to Brockhill (HM Prison), a Young Offenders Institution at the Hewell Grange complex. Callow Hill Main article: Callow Hill, Worcestershire Church Green Church Green and St. Stephen's Church in central Redditch A commercial district and public space in the centre of Redditch, Church Green forms part of the town centre, however it is treated as a district and typically appears in addresses for buildings located there. Church Green forms a traditional centre for the town, like a village green or town square, and features a bandstand and fountain (see picture, right). Dominated by St Stephen's church, it is home to several banks, estate agents, charity shops, a Chinese restaurant and other businesses. Church Green West historically formed part of the major trunk road, A441 from Birmingham to Evesham. Church Hill The largest estate in Redditch, occupying the north-east corner of the town, Church Hill Ward has yearly elections of Councillors due to its size and the number of councillors. Church Hill is one of the more recent Redditch developments, beginning in 1975. Church Hill has a distinctive layout similar to the Radburn model, with access roads Paper Mill Drive, Ravensbank Drive and Moons Moat Drive largely encircling the estate. Residences are almost exclusively built around cul-de-sacs. The estate comprises Moon's Moat, Marlfield Barn, and Bomford Hill which boasts a Peace Memorial. Unlike the many monotenure housing estates in the UK and globally, but in common with many newer estates in Redditch Church Hill is divided into districts correlated with tenure: Bomford Hill Peace Memorial Church Hill North - primarily private residential Church Hill Centre - a small commercial centre with a community centre and flats run by the YMCA, a medical centre, dentist, shops and a take-away, and first and middle schools. Church Hill South - primarily social housing The North and South parts are separated by Church Hill Way (a buses only road), with Church Hill Centre in the middle. Church Hill's geometric layout, a characteristic of planned new town developments, largely separates private (North) residents from social (South) residents in their day-to-day lives, whilst bringing together the children of both sides of the community at common schools (in particular, at Church Hill Middle School). Church Hill North previously had two first schools, Ravensbank First School (then changed to the present Abbeywood First school) and Marfield Farm First School; however, this has since been closed and demolished. It has been characterised by some as something of a social planning experiment.. The estate is named after St Leonards church and the hill it stands on slightly north of Church Hill at Beoley. Crabbs Cross Main article: Crabbs Cross Enfield Named after the Enfield Motorbike factory the area is mainly an industrial estate. The area was greatly improved during the industrial revolution as a main area in the town for the production of needles and fishing hooks. It is also the location of Mettis Aerospace which during World War Two was a producer of parts for Spitfire aircraft. Opposite Mettis on Windsor Road was the old Redditch Gas works which have now been demolished and replaced with a series of apartment blocks and houses. It is also the home to the local Fire Station which is part of the Hereford and Worcester Fire and Rescue Service, the station has 3 main fire engines. There is also a small retail park which includes a Sainsburys Supermarket & Petrol station and the royal mail delivery office. Also situated is the DVLA test centre for North Worcestershire Feckenham Main article: Feckenham Feckenham is in practical terms a separate village, but is governed by Redditch Borough Council and counts administratively as a district. Feckenham village arose because it straddled the ancient saltway track between Alcester and Droitwich (later a Roman road, now the modern B4090 road), and the early stretches of the Bow Brook. Feckenham Forest once covered a substantial area of Worcestershire. It was used as a Norman royal hunting forest, and there was a royal hunting lodge near the village. Greenlands Greenlands is situated in between Woodrow & Lodge Park. Its mainly known for its 3 large football fields and having a walkway through to Tesco Extra and Oakenshaw which is a popular place for dog walks. It's also home to the South Redditch social club and The Greenlands (Formerly Mayfly Public House) which has been there since 1958. The rest of Greenlands consist of 1950, 60s and 70s built housing estates. Also situated is; an off license, Chinese take away and a basketball court with mini Skatepark. Headless Cross Birchfield Road, Headless Cross Water Tower, Headless Cross Like Crabbs Cross, Headless Cross was once a village in its own right, it is thought to be named after Headless Cross farm, which was situated roughly where Vaynor Drive is today. Headless Cross may be derived from Smeethehedley, itself an indication of a role in Feckenham Forest. Keeping with the Redditch tradition of needle manufacture, Headless Cross once accommodated 3 needle works: the Needle Factory, located where Stonehouse Close is today; Phoenix Works on Birchfield Road and Mount Pleasant Mill on Evesham Road. A large brickworks was situated on Marlpit Lane, as well as a smaller one along Birchfield Road. There are 2 schools in Headless Cross: The Vaynor First School and Walkwood CE Middle School, both located on Feckenham Road. Due to its slight altitude advantage, both of Redditch's water towers were built in Headless Cross. The old one still stands having been converted into a private residence. The distinctive shape of the new water tower has become something of a local icon and can be seen dominating the skyline from as far as the Hollybush Inn on Gorcott Hill, approximately 6 km to the east in Warwickshire. The village also inspired the 1989 Black Sabbath song 'Headless Cross' which features on the album of the same name. Headless Cross is also the site of an Iron Age hill fort. Hunt End Main article: Hunt End Ipsley Ipsley is home to the corporate headquarters of engineering firm GKN and the former headquarters of Solicitors Regulation Authority, which has since been transformed into apartments. Ipsley is one of the few estates in the town to not have any Council owned housing. In common with Winyates Green, all homes in the Ipsley estate are privately owned. Lakeside Lakeside is a largely industrial area of the town. Its location is in close proximity to the Arrow Valley Park. There is also a small housing estate. Lodge Park The first houses of the estate built on the Studley Road began construction in the end of the 1950s and finished in the mid-60s to be added to in the 1980s at the top of Barlich Way. There is also a social club with the view of Lodge Park and an outlet of shops one of which Tesco Express which has had its current position since 2003. There are ten different designs of housing in Lodge Park many with their own garages, not including the architects house, which stands on a corner of Barlich Way and Red Hill which features a double garage and a utility room. It is a lovely place to live and features both a middle and a first school. Matchborough Matchborough is a large district of Redditch. Its location lies between Winyates, Ipsley and Washford. Matchborough is the location of Arrow Vale High School and Matchborough First School. Matchborough consists of 2 areas, Matchborough East and Matchborough West, it also has a small shopping centre called Matchborough Centre, similar to Church Hill and Winyates Centres. Matchborough contains the area's most iconic feature, Matchborough Pond located near Arrow Vale High School. Moons Moat The district of Moon's Moat is an industrial and business estate in the north east of Redditch between Church Hill and Winyates. Moon's Moat itself is located in Church Hill. The district takes its name from an ancient moated homestead which was founded by Monks and dates back to the 12th century. It is now a listed heritage site. The medieval homestead was inhabited by the Mohun family which is where the name "Moon's" Moat comes from (Mohun being an early name for Moon). The homestead was last in use in the 18th century, but by the end that century the Mohuns had died out. The homestead fell into disuse and became a ruin. What was left of the homestead was removed so that nothing visible now remains on the site. The Moon's Moat site is believed by some to be haunted by the ghost of Lady Mohun who is said to appear on or near to the site on the eve of St Agnes (21 January). There is some folklore and history associated with the site concerning a suicide and a murder which may explain the ghost story. Oakenshaw Oakenshaw is a largely residential area with a mix of privately owned and social housing. There is a prominent McDonald's in the centre of Oakenshaw on the A441 traffic island and nearby is the largest retail outlet in Redditch, Tesco Extra. This area gets its name from Oakenshaw Farm, sometimes known as Pheasant Farm. The farm was located, where the underpass from Tesco to Greenlands is today, and a small lane ran from opposite Yvonne Road in Crabbs Cross to Oakenshaw Road in Greenlands, in which modern Oakenshaw lies upon. Oakenshaw South Oakenshaw South was built in the 1980s and consists of ten residential closes, all leading off Grangers Lane. Built on land once belonging to Woodrow Farm, the particularly long pathway dividing Oakenshaw South is in fact the old lane linking the Slough to Woodrow Farm and then onto Studley Road. The Bridleway adjacent to Yarr Mill Close was the first stretch of the lane off the Slough, the pathway opposite carries on until the bend, where the lane was lifted to build Stoneleigh Close. The lane continues south towards Woodrow Drive, then rises to a pathed platform which was once the Redditch to Evesham Railway line. Woodrow Farm was located just before the rise and bend of the path, on the left looking towards the Rough Hill drive Round-a-bout. The old lane continued through what is now Bushley Close, Woodrow North to the Studley Road junction at Woodrow Centre. Park Farm Park Farm is an area in south-east Redditch largely comprising industrial and commercial properties Politically, Park Farm is within the Greenlands ward represented by Councillors Joanna Kane and Juma Begum from the Labour Party, and Councillor Emma Marshall from the Conservative Party. Riverside The Redditch area of Riverside runs alongside the River Arrow. Located between the areas of Enfield and Abbeydale is the location of Forge Mill Needle Museum and the ruins of Bordesley Abbey. Also located in Riverside is the Abbey Stadium Sports Complex and Redditch Crematorium. The Abbey Stadium has a swimming pool built in 2011. It gained some notoriety at that time as it is partially heated using waste heat from the nearby Crematorium. Smallwood Named for the Smallwood Brothers, this area of Redditch contains the Smallwood Alms Houses and the old Victorian factories of Millsborough House. It is also the location of a B&Q outlet, ASDA Superstore and Matalan. It also is the location of the Redditch Central Mosque. Southcrest Southcrest is a residential area of Redditch located on and to the south of Mount Pleasant, between the Town Centre and Headless Cross. It houses the Southcrest Hotel and Plymouth Road Cemetery, and is one of the oldest areas of Redditch. Most of the older buildings date from the late Victorian era and include Southcrest Works, which have now been renovated into privately owned apartments. St Georges St Georges is a residential area of Redditch to the south east of the Town Centre. It is home to St George the Martyr Church, Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church, and St Georges Church of England First School. It is largely based around the roads of Beoley Road West and St Georges Road. Town Centre Worcester Square layout The primary commercial core of Redditch is the indoor Kingfisher Shopping Centre. Designed like an out of town mall facility, with fully covered walkways and integrated multi-storey car parks, the Kingfisher Centre was built in place of several established Redditch town centre streets. The walkways are named after these streets. The centre, along with Church Green and municipal buildings such as the Town Hall, Redditch Central Library and Heart of Worcestershire College are enclosed on three sides by the raised one-way, three-lane Redditch Ringway. Designed for access to the car parks, it illustrates the early roads for prosperity approach in new town design philosophy applied in the UK in the 1960s and 1980s. Walkwood Walkwood is a small suburb of Redditch and is home to the Bramley Cottage Inn and Walkwood Coppice, a nature reserve. Nearby is Morton Stanley Park, a large open area of parkland, which hosts the annual Morton Stanley Festival. On Mason Road there is a small shopping arcade including a post office. Washford Washford is primarily a modern industrial estate in south-east Redditch. It is home to the corporate headquarters of automotive and bicycle accessories retailer Halfords, along with large compressor manufacturer Gardner Denver who have their UK headquarters situated on the old Hydrovane site on Claybrook Drive. The estate also comprises many smaller businesses along the Hemming Road industrial estate. It is named after the Washford Mill, which is now a popular public house and restaurant, though a Mill has stood on this site since 1066 and is mentioned in the Domesday Book. Many areas of Redditch have similar very early origins: Ipsley, Batchley, Feckenham, Bordesley and Beoley were all Saxon settlements. Webheath Webheath is a district of Redditch, in Worcestershire, England. The district neighbours Batchley and the village of Callow Hill. It is also near Feckenham and Astwood Bank. Webheath used to be a village in its own right but is now part of the town of Redditch. Webheath is home to two first schools, both located on Downsell Road: Webheath Academy Primary School Mount Carmel Catholic First School Webheath comes under the West Ward on Redditch Borough Council. It is represented by two councillors, Matthew Dormer (Conservative) and David Thain (Green). Webheath is the westernmost district of the Redditch constituency. Winyates Arriving at Arrow Valley Lake from the East Winyates is a new town estate in eastern Redditch. It comprises: Winyates West Winyates East Winyates Green, to the east of Winyates East The West and East areas are separated by Winyates Way, a continuation of Church Hill Way and Matchborough Way, which is largely a bus lane though access is available to Winyates Shopping Centre. Winyates West adjoins Arrow Valley Park, accessible by a footpath under Battens Drive. Winyates is home to the Ipsley Alders Marsh Nature Reserve which is an SSSI. Politically, Winyates elects three councillors to Redditch Borough Council. Tenacres first school is located in Winyates East. Ipsley Middle School and Roman Way First School are located in Winyates West. Wirehill Wire Hill is a small estate which only contains houses. It is located opposite what was once The Jolly Farmer pub in Woodrow, and lies on the same road as the Alexandra Hospital. It is only accessible by Nine Days Lane. The entrance to Wire Hill Woods, which is an area of special scientific interest (SSSI) can also be found here. Woodrow This area gets its name from Woodrow Farm which in fact, was located where Oakenshaw South is today. Some roads in Woodrow North's closes, such as Bushley and Cropthorne, are remains of the old Woodrow Farm lane, which started at the Studley Road junction, where Woodrow Centre is today, ending at the Slough in Crabbs Cross. Woodrow North is council housing, whereas Woodrow South is a mix of private and council dwellings. The Alexandra Hospital is located in Woodrow. References ^ 2001 UK Census reports the Church Hill ward has a population of 8493 ^ "D-block GB-404000-267000". Domesday Reloaded. BBC. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. ^ Moon's Moat itself is in Church Hill; the Moons Moat estate is named after the moat. ^ Humphreys FSA, John. "Forest of Feckenham". Transactions and Proceedings. Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeology Society. 44–45: 115–132. ^ Bowen 1952, pp. 33–34 ^ The Solicitors Regulation Authority contact us page giving address in Ipsley ^ "Redditch Council - Morton Stanley Festival". Archived from the original on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015. Sources Bowen, AR (1952). "The Hill-Forts of Worcestershire and its Borders". Transactions of the Worcestershire Archaeological Society. New Series. XXIX: 33–37. vteDistricts of Redditch Abbeydale Astwood Bank Batchley Brockhill Callow Hill Church Green Church Hill Crabbs Cross Cruise Hill Elcocks Brook Enfield Feckenham Greenlands Ham Green Headless Cross Hunt End Ipsley Lakeside Lodge Park Matchborough Moons Moat Oakenshaw Park Farm Riverside Smallwood Southcrest Town Centre Walkwood Washford Webheath Winyates Wire Hill Woodrow	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Redditch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redditch"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town"},{"link_name":"local government district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"house numbering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_numbering"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandRedditch is a town and local government district in north-east Worcestershire, England.\nThe town is divided into separate districts.\nAll street-name signs in Redditch have the street name in white lettering on a blue background and the district name in black lettering on a white background at the bottom of the sign. In the New Town areas the roads are usually named in alphabetical order and house numbering in the cul-de-sac closes is consecutive, starting with number 1 as the first house on the left as you enter, and the highest house number will be on the opposite side of the road as you leave.","title":"Districts of Redditch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1951 United Kingdom general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election"}],"text":"Abbeydale, along with Batchley and Mayfields, were post-WWII 1950s housing estates built to cope with a population boom and the local councils enforcement of the Conservative government's 'Homes for Heroes' pledge after the 1951 United Kingdom general election.","title":"Abbeydale"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Astwood Bank"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Redditch United F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redditch_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Valley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valley_Stadium&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Redditch United F.C.'s Valley Stadium is located off the Bromsgrove Road, in Batchley.Batchley was originally a pre-WWII housing estate which has continued to expand to meet need for affordable accommodation until the present day. The original estate included many Orlit prefabricated houses though none remain today they were still present into the 1980s. Generally with an equal mixture of privately owned, private rental and social housing it hosts a number of diverse cultural and socio-economic groups. It has three local schools and a park and fishing lake. There are a number of small privately owned local shops and a Tesco Express with external ATM. It is within a short walking distance of Redditch town centre.","title":"Batchley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brockhill (HM Prison)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockhill_(HM_Prison)"}],"text":"Situated in the north west of the town. Almost entirely a modern residential area and home to many housing estates that to this day are still being constructed since 1996\nThe district lends its name to Brockhill (HM Prison), a Young Offenders Institution at the Hewell Grange complex.","title":"Brockhill"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Callow Hill"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Redditch_015.jpg"},{"link_name":"A441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evesham_Road_(A441)"}],"text":"Church Green and St. Stephen's Church in central RedditchA commercial district and public space in the centre of Redditch, Church Green forms part of the town centre, however it is treated as a district and typically appears in addresses for buildings located there. Church Green forms a traditional centre for the town, like a village green or town square, and features a bandstand and fountain (see picture, right). Dominated by St Stephen's church, it is home to several banks, estate agents, charity shops, a Chinese restaurant and other businesses.\nChurch Green West historically formed part of the major trunk road, A441 from Birmingham to Evesham.","title":"Church Green"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Radburn model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radburn_model"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"monotenure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotenure"},{"link_name":"housing estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_estates"},{"link_name":"tenure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_tenure"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bomford_Hill-160.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Beoley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beoley"}],"text":"The largest estate in Redditch,[1] occupying the north-east corner of the town, Church Hill Ward has yearly elections of Councillors due to its size and the number of councillors.Church Hill is one of the more recent Redditch developments, beginning in 1975.[2] Church Hill has a distinctive layout similar to the Radburn model, with access roads Paper Mill Drive, Ravensbank Drive and Moons Moat Drive largely encircling the estate. Residences are almost exclusively built around cul-de-sacs. The estate comprises Moon's Moat,[3] Marlfield Barn, and Bomford Hill which boasts a Peace Memorial. Unlike the many monotenure housing estates in the UK and globally, but in common with many newer estates in Redditch Church Hill is divided into districts correlated with tenure:Bomford Hill Peace MemorialChurch Hill North - primarily private residential\nChurch Hill Centre - a small commercial centre with a community centre and flats run by the YMCA, a medical centre, dentist, shops and a take-away, and first and middle schools.\nChurch Hill South - primarily social housingThe North and South parts are separated by Church Hill Way (a buses only road), with Church Hill Centre in the middle. Church Hill's geometric layout, a characteristic of planned new town developments, largely separates private (North) residents from social (South) residents in their day-to-day lives, whilst bringing together the children of both sides of the community at common schools (in particular, at Church Hill Middle School). Church Hill North previously had two first schools, Ravensbank First School (then changed to the present Abbeywood First school) and Marfield Farm First School; however, this has since been closed and demolished. It has been characterised by some as something of a social planning experiment.[citation needed].The estate is named after St Leonards church and the hill it stands on slightly north of Church Hill at Beoley.","title":"Church Hill"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Crabbs Cross"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hereford and Worcester Fire and Rescue Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford_and_Worcester_Fire_and_Rescue_Service"},{"link_name":"DVLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVLA"}],"text":"Named after the Enfield Motorbike factory the area is mainly an industrial estate. The area was greatly improved during the industrial revolution as a main area in the town for the production of needles and fishing hooks. It is also the location of Mettis Aerospace which during World War Two was a producer of parts for Spitfire aircraft. Opposite Mettis on Windsor Road was the old Redditch Gas works which have now been demolished and replaced with a series of apartment blocks and houses. It is also the home to the local Fire Station which is part of the Hereford and Worcester Fire and Rescue Service, the station has 3 main fire engines. There is also a small retail park which includes a Sainsburys Supermarket & Petrol station and the royal mail delivery office. Also situated is the DVLA test centre for North Worcestershire","title":"Enfield"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Feckenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feckenham"},{"link_name":"Feckenham Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feckenham_Forest"}],"text":"Feckenham is in practical terms a separate village, but is governed by Redditch Borough Council and counts administratively as a district.Feckenham village arose because it straddled the ancient saltway track between Alcester and Droitwich (later a Roman road, now the modern B4090 road), and the early stretches of the Bow Brook.Feckenham Forest once covered a substantial area of Worcestershire. It was used as a Norman royal hunting forest, and there was a royal hunting lodge near the village.","title":"Feckenham"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Greenlands is situated in between Woodrow & Lodge Park. Its mainly known for its 3 large football fields and having a walkway through to Tesco Extra and Oakenshaw which is a popular place for dog walks. It's also home to the South Redditch social club and The Greenlands (Formerly Mayfly Public House) which has been there since 1958. The rest of Greenlands consist of 1950, 60s and 70s built housing estates. Also situated is; an off license, Chinese take away and a basketball court with mini Skatepark.","title":"Greenlands"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchfield_Road,_Redditch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1089482.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Headless_Cross_Water_Tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_7379.jpg"},{"link_name":"Feckenham Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feckenham_Forest"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-humpheys-4"},{"link_name":"brickworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickworks"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Birchfield Road, Headless CrossWater Tower, Headless CrossLike Crabbs Cross, Headless Cross was once a village in its own right, it is thought to be named after Headless Cross farm, which was situated roughly where Vaynor Drive is today. Headless Cross may be derived from Smeethehedley, itself an indication of a role in Feckenham Forest.[4]Keeping with the Redditch tradition of needle manufacture, Headless Cross once accommodated 3 needle works: the Needle Factory, located where Stonehouse Close is today; Phoenix Works on Birchfield Road and Mount Pleasant Mill on Evesham Road. A large brickworks was situated on Marlpit Lane, as well as a smaller one along Birchfield Road.There are 2 schools in Headless Cross: The Vaynor First School and Walkwood CE Middle School, both located on Feckenham Road.Due to its slight altitude advantage, both of Redditch's water towers were built in Headless Cross. The old one still stands having been converted into a private residence. The distinctive shape of the new water tower has become something of a local icon and can be seen dominating the skyline from as far as the Hollybush Inn on Gorcott Hill, approximately 6 km to the east in Warwickshire.The village also inspired the 1989 Black Sabbath song 'Headless Cross' which features on the album of the same name.Headless Cross is also the site of an Iron Age hill fort.[5]","title":"Headless Cross"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hunt End"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GKN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKN"},{"link_name":"Solicitors Regulation Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitors_Regulation_Authority"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Ipsley is home to the corporate headquarters of engineering firm GKN and the former headquarters of Solicitors Regulation Authority, which has since been transformed into apartments.[6] Ipsley is one of the few estates in the town to not have any Council owned housing. In common with Winyates Green, all homes in the Ipsley estate are privately owned.","title":"Ipsley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arrow Valley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_Valley_Park"}],"text":"Lakeside is a largely industrial area of the town. Its location is in close proximity to the Arrow Valley Park. There is also a small housing estate.","title":"Lakeside"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The first houses of the estate built on the Studley Road began construction in the end of the 1950s and finished in the mid-60s to be added to in the 1980s at the top of Barlich Way. There is also a social club with the view of Lodge Park and an outlet of shops one of which Tesco Express which has had its current position since 2003. There are ten different designs of housing in Lodge Park many with their own garages, not including the architects house, which stands on a corner of Barlich Way and Red Hill which features a double garage and a utility room. It is a lovely place to live and features both a middle and a first school.","title":"Lodge Park"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Matchborough is a large district of Redditch. Its location lies between Winyates, Ipsley and Washford. Matchborough is the location of Arrow Vale High School and Matchborough First School. Matchborough consists of 2 areas, Matchborough East and Matchborough West, it also has a small shopping centre called Matchborough Centre, similar to Church Hill and Winyates Centres. Matchborough contains the area's most iconic feature, Matchborough Pond located near Arrow Vale High School.","title":"Matchborough"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The district of Moon's Moat is an industrial and business estate in the north east of Redditch between Church Hill and Winyates. Moon's Moat itself is located in Church Hill.The district takes its name from an ancient moated homestead which was founded by Monks and dates back to the 12th century. It is now a listed heritage site. The medieval homestead was inhabited by the Mohun family which is where the name \"Moon's\" Moat comes from (Mohun being an early name for Moon). The homestead was last in use in the 18th century, but by the end that century the Mohuns had died out. The homestead fell into disuse and became a ruin. What was left of the homestead was removed so that nothing visible now remains on the site.The Moon's Moat site is believed by some to be haunted by the ghost of Lady Mohun who is said to appear on or near to the site on the eve of St Agnes (21 January). There is some folklore and history associated with the site concerning a suicide and a murder which may explain the ghost story.","title":"Moons Moat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"},{"link_name":"Tesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesco"}],"text":"Oakenshaw is a largely residential area with a mix of privately owned and social housing. There is a prominent McDonald's in the centre of Oakenshaw on the A441 traffic island and nearby is the largest retail outlet in Redditch, Tesco Extra.This area gets its name from Oakenshaw Farm, sometimes known as Pheasant Farm. The farm was located, where the underpass from Tesco to Greenlands is today, and a small lane ran from opposite Yvonne Road in Crabbs Cross to Oakenshaw Road in Greenlands, in which modern Oakenshaw lies upon.","title":"Oakenshaw"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Oakenshaw South","text":"Oakenshaw South was built in the 1980s and consists of ten residential closes, all leading off Grangers Lane.Built on land once belonging to Woodrow Farm, the particularly long pathway dividing Oakenshaw South is in fact the old lane linking the Slough to Woodrow Farm and then onto Studley Road. The Bridleway adjacent to Yarr Mill Close was the first stretch of the lane off the Slough, the pathway opposite carries on until the bend, where the lane was lifted to build Stoneleigh Close. The lane continues south towards Woodrow Drive, then rises to a pathed platform which was once the Redditch to Evesham Railway line. Woodrow Farm was located just before the rise and bend of the path, on the left looking towards the Rough Hill drive Round-a-bout. The old lane continued through what is now Bushley Close, Woodrow North to the Studley Road junction at Woodrow Centre.","title":"Oakenshaw"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"}],"text":"Park Farm is an area in south-east Redditch largely comprising industrial and commercial propertiesPolitically, Park Farm is within the Greenlands ward represented by Councillors Joanna Kane and Juma Begum from the Labour Party, and Councillor Emma Marshall from the Conservative Party.","title":"Park Farm"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Redditch area of Riverside runs alongside the River Arrow. Located between the areas of Enfield and Abbeydale is the location of Forge Mill Needle Museum and the ruins of Bordesley Abbey. Also located in Riverside is the Abbey Stadium Sports Complex and Redditch Crematorium. The Abbey Stadium has a swimming pool built in 2011. It gained some notoriety at that time as it is partially heated using waste heat from the nearby Crematorium.","title":"Riverside"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B&Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%26Q"},{"link_name":"ASDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASDA"},{"link_name":"Matalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matalan"},{"link_name":"Redditch Central Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redditch_Central_Mosque"}],"text":"Named for the Smallwood Brothers, this area of Redditch contains the Smallwood Alms Houses and the old Victorian factories of Millsborough House. It is also the location of a B&Q outlet, ASDA Superstore and Matalan. It also is the location of the Redditch Central Mosque.","title":"Smallwood"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Southcrest is a residential area of Redditch located on and to the south of Mount Pleasant, between the Town Centre and Headless Cross. It houses the Southcrest Hotel and Plymouth Road Cemetery, and is one of the oldest areas of Redditch. Most of the older buildings date from the late Victorian era and include Southcrest Works, which have now been renovated into privately owned apartments.","title":"Southcrest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel_Church,_Redditch"}],"text":"St Georges is a residential area of Redditch to the south east of the Town Centre. It is home to St George the Martyr Church, Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church, and St Georges Church of England First School. It is largely based around the roads of Beoley Road West and St Georges Road.","title":"St Georges"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Redditch001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kingfisher Shopping Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingfisher_Shopping_Centre"},{"link_name":"multi-storey car parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multistorey_car_park"},{"link_name":"Heart of Worcestershire College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Worcestershire_College"}],"text":"Worcester Square layoutThe primary commercial core of Redditch is the indoor Kingfisher Shopping Centre. Designed like an out of town mall facility, with fully covered walkways and integrated multi-storey car parks, the Kingfisher Centre was built in place of several established Redditch town centre streets. The walkways are named after these streets.\nThe centre, along with Church Green and municipal buildings such as the Town Hall, Redditch Central Library and Heart of Worcestershire College are enclosed on three sides by the raised one-way, three-lane Redditch Ringway. Designed for access to the car parks, it illustrates the early roads for prosperity approach in new town design philosophy applied in the UK in the 1960s and 1980s.","title":"Town Centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Walkwood is a small suburb of Redditch and is home to the Bramley Cottage Inn and Walkwood Coppice, a nature reserve. Nearby is Morton Stanley Park, a large open area of parkland, which hosts the annual Morton Stanley Festival.[7] On Mason Road there is a small shopping arcade including a post office.","title":"Walkwood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Halfords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfords"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"}],"text":"Washford is primarily a modern industrial estate in south-east Redditch. It is home to the corporate headquarters of automotive and bicycle accessories retailer Halfords, along with large compressor manufacturer Gardner Denver who have their UK headquarters situated on the old Hydrovane site on Claybrook Drive. The estate also comprises many smaller businesses along the Hemming Road industrial estate. It is named after the Washford Mill, which is now a popular public house and restaurant, though a Mill has stood on this site since 1066 and is mentioned in the Domesday Book. Many areas of Redditch have similar very early origins: Ipsley, Batchley, Feckenham, Bordesley and Beoley were all Saxon settlements.","title":"Washford"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Redditch Borough Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redditch_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales"}],"text":"Webheath is a district of Redditch, in Worcestershire, England. The district neighbours Batchley and the village of Callow Hill. It is also near Feckenham and Astwood Bank. Webheath used to be a village in its own right but is now part of the town of Redditch.Webheath is home to two first schools, both located on Downsell Road:Webheath Academy Primary School\nMount Carmel Catholic First SchoolWebheath comes under the West Ward on Redditch Borough Council. It is represented by two councillors, Matthew Dormer (Conservative) and David Thain (Green).Webheath is the westernmost district of the Redditch constituency.","title":"Webheath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ArrowValleyLake_WaterTower.JPG"},{"link_name":"Arrow Valley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_Valley_Country_Park"},{"link_name":"SSSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSSI"},{"link_name":"Redditch Borough Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redditch_Borough_Council"}],"text":"Arriving at Arrow Valley Lake from the EastWinyates is a new town estate in eastern Redditch. It comprises:Winyates West\nWinyates East\nWinyates Green, to the east of Winyates EastThe West and East areas are separated by Winyates Way, a continuation of Church Hill Way and Matchborough Way, which is largely a bus lane though access is available to Winyates Shopping Centre. Winyates West adjoins Arrow Valley Park, accessible by a footpath under Battens Drive.Winyates is home to the Ipsley Alders Marsh Nature Reserve which is an SSSI.Politically, Winyates elects three councillors to Redditch Borough Council.Tenacres first school is located in Winyates East. Ipsley Middle School and Roman Way First School are located in Winyates West.","title":"Winyates"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Wire Hill is a small estate which only contains houses. It is located opposite what was once The Jolly Farmer pub in Woodrow, and lies on the same road as the Alexandra Hospital. It is only accessible by Nine Days Lane. The entrance to Wire Hill Woods, which is an area of special scientific interest (SSSI) can also be found here.","title":"Wirehill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexandra Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Hospital_(Redditch)"}],"text":"This area gets its name from Woodrow Farm which in fact, was located where Oakenshaw South is today. Some roads in Woodrow North's closes, such as Bushley and Cropthorne, are remains of the old Woodrow Farm lane, which started at the Studley Road junction, where Woodrow Centre is today, ending at the Slough in Crabbs Cross. Woodrow North is council housing, whereas Woodrow South is a mix of private and council dwellings.The Alexandra Hospital is located in Woodrow.","title":"Woodrow"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Redditch"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Redditch"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Redditch"},{"link_name":"Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Redditch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redditch"},{"link_name":"Abbeydale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Abbeydale"},{"link_name":"Astwood Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astwood_Bank"},{"link_name":"Batchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batchley"},{"link_name":"Brockhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Brockhill"},{"link_name":"Callow Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callow_Hill,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Church Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Green,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Church Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Hill,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Crabbs Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crabbs_Cross"},{"link_name":"Cruise Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_Hill"},{"link_name":"Elcocks Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elcocks_Brook"},{"link_name":"Enfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfield,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Feckenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feckenham"},{"link_name":"Greenlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlands,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Ham Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham_Green,_Redditch"},{"link_name":"Headless Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headless_Cross,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Hunt End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_End"},{"link_name":"Ipsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipsley"},{"link_name":"Lakeside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeside,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Lodge Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodge_Park,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Matchborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matchborough"},{"link_name":"Moons Moat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_Moat"},{"link_name":"Oakenshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakenshaw,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Park Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Farm,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Riverside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Smallwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallwood,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Southcrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southcrest"},{"link_name":"Town Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redditch_Town_Centre"},{"link_name":"Walkwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkwood"},{"link_name":"Washford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washford,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Webheath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webheath"},{"link_name":"Winyates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winyates"},{"link_name":"Wire Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_Hill"},{"link_name":"Woodrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow,_Worcestershire"}],"text":"Bowen, AR (1952). \"The Hill-Forts of Worcestershire and its Borders\". Transactions of the Worcestershire Archaeological Society. New Series. XXIX: 33–37.vteDistricts of Redditch\nAbbeydale\nAstwood Bank\nBatchley\nBrockhill\nCallow Hill\nChurch Green\nChurch Hill\nCrabbs Cross\nCruise Hill\nElcocks Brook\nEnfield\nFeckenham\nGreenlands\nHam Green\nHeadless Cross\nHunt End\nIpsley\nLakeside\nLodge Park\nMatchborough\nMoons Moat\nOakenshaw\nPark Farm\nRiverside\nSmallwood\nSouthcrest\nTown Centre\nWalkwood\nWashford\nWebheath\nWinyates\nWire Hill\nWoodrow","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Church Green and St. Stephen's Church in central Redditch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Redditch_015.jpg/220px-Redditch_015.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bomford Hill Peace Memorial","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bomford_Hill-160.jpg/220px-Bomford_Hill-160.jpg"},{"image_text":"Birchfield Road, Headless Cross","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Birchfield_Road%2C_Redditch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1089482.jpg/220px-Birchfield_Road%2C_Redditch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1089482.jpg"},{"image_text":"Water Tower, Headless Cross","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Headless_Cross_Water_Tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_7379.jpg/220px-Headless_Cross_Water_Tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_7379.jpg"},{"image_text":"Worcester Square layout","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Redditch001.jpg/220px-Redditch001.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arriving at Arrow Valley Lake from the East","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/ArrowValleyLake_WaterTower.JPG/220px-ArrowValleyLake_WaterTower.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"D-block GB-404000-267000\". Domesday Reloaded. BBC. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180102140038/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/domesday/dblock/GB-404000-267000/page/2","url_text":"\"D-block GB-404000-267000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"},{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/domesday/dblock/GB-404000-267000/page/2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Humphreys FSA, John. \"Forest of Feckenham\". Transactions and Proceedings. Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeology Society. 44–45: 115–132.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Redditch Council - Morton Stanley Festival\". Archived from the original on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150420232835/http://www.redditchbc.gov.uk/things-to-do/things-to-visit/morton-stanley-festival.aspx","url_text":"\"Redditch Council - Morton Stanley Festival\""},{"url":"http://www.redditchbc.gov.uk/things-to-do/things-to-visit/morton-stanley-festival.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bowen, AR (1952). \"The Hill-Forts of Worcestershire and its Borders\". Transactions of the Worcestershire Archaeological Society. New Series. XXIX: 33–37.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Districts_of_Redditch&params=52.28_N_1.93_W_region:GB_type:city(85261)","external_links_name":"52°17′N 1°56′W / 52.28°N 1.93°W / 52.28; -1.93"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Districts_of_Redditch&params=52.28_N_1.93_W_region:GB_type:city(85261)","external_links_name":"52°17′N 1°56′W / 52.28°N 1.93°W / 52.28; -1.93"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180102140038/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/domesday/dblock/GB-404000-267000/page/2","external_links_name":"\"D-block GB-404000-267000\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/domesday/dblock/GB-404000-267000/page/2","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sra.org.uk/contact-us/","external_links_name":"The Solicitors Regulation Authority"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150420232835/http://www.redditchbc.gov.uk/things-to-do/things-to-visit/morton-stanley-festival.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Redditch Council - Morton Stanley Festival\""},{"Link":"http://www.redditchbc.gov.uk/things-to-do/things-to-visit/morton-stanley-festival.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner,_Colorado	Gardner, Colorado	["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 37°47′20″N 105°09′52″W / 37.7888656°N 105.1644577°W / 37.7888656; -105.1644577 (Gardner CDP, Colorado)Census-designated place in Huerfano County, Colorado, United States Census-designated place in Colorado, United StatesGardner, ColoradoCensus-designated placeGardner on a snowy day in late 2014.GardnerLocation of the Gardner CDP in the State of Colorado.Coordinates: 37°47′20″N 105°09′52″W / 37.7888656°N 105.1644577°W / 37.7888656; -105.1644577 (Gardner CDP, Colorado)Country United StatesState ColoradoCountyHuerfano CountyGovernment • Typeunincorporated townArea • Total2.472 sq mi (6.403 km2) • Land2.472 sq mi (6.403 km2) • Water0.000 sq mi (0.000 km2)Elevation7,024 ft (2,141 m)Population (2020) • Total106 • Density43/sq mi (17/km2)Time zoneUTC-7 (MST) • Summer (DST)UTC-6 (MDT)ZIP Code81040Area code719GNIS featureGardner CDP Gardner is a census-designated place (CDP) and post office in and governed by Huerfano County, Colorado, United States. The Gardner post office has the ZIP Code 81040. At the United States Census 2020, the population of the Gardner CDP was 106. History The Gardner Post Office has been in operation since 1871. The community has the name of Herbert Gardner, a local pioneer. Herbert was the son of Henry Gardner. Geography The Gardner CDP has an area of 1,582 acres (6.403 km2), all land. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 2020106—United States Census Bureau The United States Census Bureau defined the Gardner CDP for the United States Census 2020. See also Colorado portal List of census-designated places in Colorado References ^ a b c "State of Colorado Census Designated Places - BAS20 - Data as of January 1, 2020". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 22, 2020. ^ a b c "U.S. Board on Geographic Names: Domestic Names". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved December 22, 2020. ^ a b "Gardner CDP, Colorado". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 5, 2022. ^ a b "Look Up a ZIP Code". United States Postal Service. Retrieved December 22, 2020. ^ "Post offices". Jim Forte Postal History. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2016. ^ Dawson, John Frank. Place names in Colorado: why 700 communities were so named, 150 of Spanish or Indian origin. Denver, CO: The J. Frank Dawson Publishing Co. p. 23. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gardner, Colorado. Gardner @ Sangres.com Gardner, Colorado Mining Claims And Mines Huerfano County website vteMunicipalities and communities of Huerfano County, Colorado, United StatesCounty seat: WalsenburgCity Walsenburg Map of Colorado highlighting Huerfano CountyTown La Veta CDP Gardner Unincorporatedcommunities Cuchara Farisita Farista Pictou Pryor Red Wing Ghost towns Badito Calumet Delcarbon Malachite Tioga Colorado portal United States portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"post office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_office"},{"link_name":"Huerfano County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huerfano_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"ZIP Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP_Code"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZIPcode-4"},{"link_name":"United States Census 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_2020"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2020-3"}],"text":"Census-designated place in Huerfano County, Colorado, United StatesCensus-designated place in Colorado, United StatesGardner is a census-designated place (CDP) and post office in and governed by Huerfano County, Colorado, United States. The Gardner post office has the ZIP Code 81040.[4] At the United States Census 2020, the population of the Gardner CDP was 106.[3]","title":"Gardner, Colorado"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Henry Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Gardner"}],"text":"The Gardner Post Office has been in operation since 1871.[5] The community has the name of Herbert Gardner, a local pioneer.[6] Herbert was the son of Henry Gardner.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CO_CDP_2020-1"}],"text":"The Gardner CDP has an area of 1,582 acres (6.403 km2), all land.[1]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"United States Census 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_2020"}],"text":"The United States Census Bureau defined the Gardner CDP for the United States Census 2020.","title":"Demographics"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Colorado highlighting Huerfano County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Map_of_Colorado_highlighting_Huerfano_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Colorado_highlighting_Huerfano_County.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Colorado portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Colorado"},{"title":"List of census-designated places in Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_census-designated_places_in_Colorado"}]	[{"reference":"\"State of Colorado Census Designated Places - BAS20 - Data as of January 1, 2020\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/bvp20/tigerweb_bvp20_cdp_2020_co.html","url_text":"\"State of Colorado Census Designated Places - BAS20 - Data as of January 1, 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Board on Geographic Names: Domestic Names\". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved December 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/board-on-geographic-names/domestic-names","url_text":"\"U.S. Board on Geographic Names: Domestic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Gardner CDP, Colorado\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/all?q=Gardner%20CDP,%20Colorado","url_text":"\"Gardner CDP, Colorado\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Look Up a ZIP Code\". United States Postal Service. Retrieved December 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookup","url_text":"\"Look Up a ZIP Code\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service","url_text":"United States Postal Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Post offices\". Jim Forte Postal History. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306120236/http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?state=CO","url_text":"\"Post offices\""},{"url":"http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?state=CO","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dawson, John Frank. 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Frank Dawson Publishing Co. p. 23.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015051116740;view=1up;seq=29","url_text":"Place names in Colorado: why 700 communities were so named, 150 of Spanish or Indian origin"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gardner,_Colorado&params=37.7888656_N_105.1644577_W_region:US-CO_type:city&title=Gardner+CDP%2C+Colorado","external_links_name":"37°47′20″N 105°09′52″W / 37.7888656°N 105.1644577°W / 37.7888656; -105.1644577 (Gardner CDP, Colorado)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gardner,_Colorado&params=37.7888656_N_105.1644577_W_region:US-CO_type:city&title=Gardner+CDP%2C+Colorado","external_links_name":"37°47′20″N 105°09′52″W / 37.7888656°N 105.1644577°W / 37.7888656; -105.1644577 (Gardner CDP, Colorado)"},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:2805922,Gardner%20Census%20Designated%20Place","external_links_name":"Gardner CDP"},{"Link":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/bvp20/tigerweb_bvp20_cdp_2020_co.html","external_links_name":"\"State of Colorado Census Designated Places - BAS20 - Data as of January 1, 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/board-on-geographic-names/domestic-names","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Board on Geographic Names: Domestic Names\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/all?q=Gardner%20CDP,%20Colorado","external_links_name":"\"Gardner CDP, Colorado\""},{"Link":"https://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookup","external_links_name":"\"Look Up a ZIP Code\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306120236/http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?state=CO","external_links_name":"\"Post offices\""},{"Link":"http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?state=CO","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015051116740;view=1up;seq=29","external_links_name":"Place names in Colorado: why 700 communities were so named, 150 of Spanish or Indian origin"},{"Link":"http://www.sangres.com/colorado/huerfano/gardner.htm","external_links_name":"Gardner @ Sangres.com"},{"Link":"https://thediggings.com/places/co055-99927562","external_links_name":"Gardner, Colorado Mining Claims And Mines"},{"Link":"https://www.huerfano.us/","external_links_name":"Huerfano County website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islesford,_Maine	Islesford, Maine	["1 Access","2 Culture","3 Education","4 Notable people","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 44°15′43″N 68°14′02″W / 44.26194°N 68.23389°W / 44.26194; -68.23389Hamlet in Cranberry Isles, Maine, US A church in Islesford Islesford Market Islesford Historical Museum Islesford is a hamlet located on Little Cranberry Island in Hancock County, Maine, United States. It is one of the five islands of the town of Cranberry Isles. It lies in the Atlantic Ocean southeast of Mount Desert Island, which is the site of Acadia National Park. As of 2013, the year-round population was approximately sixty-five. Access Travelers can reach the island village via the Beal and Bunker mail boat and ferry service that runs from the village of Northeast Harbor in the town of Mount Desert; the Cranberry Cove Boating ferry service from Southwest Harbor and Manset; and during the summer on various water taxis including 'Cadillac Water Taxi", and "Delight," both leaving from various harbors. Culture Little Cranberry Island hosts several seasonal cultural venues including the Islesford Dock Gallery and Restaurant, Islesford Pottery, Islesford Artists Fine Art Gallery, The Islesford Congregational Church, (housing the famed Sea Glass Windows by Ashley Bryan), and the Islesford Historical Museum, which is part of Acadia National Park. In 1980, the museum was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. Education Islesford is home to the town's two-room public school, the Ashley Bryan School. The school was named in 2011 and is the first Maine public school to be named for a visual artist or for an African-American. As of 2017, the school had 14 students in grades kindergarten through eighth grade, with two full-time teachers. The Ashley Bryan School is one of six one and two-room island schools that make up the inter-island Outer Island Teaching and Learning Collaborative. This collaboration allows for remote live teaching and learning among schools and students on Matinicus Island, Monhegan Island, Isle au Haut, Cliff Island, Frenchboro, and The Ashley Bryan School in the Cranberry Islands. Notable people Following his retirement from his professorship of art at Dartmouth College, illustrator and artist Ashley Bryan retired to Islesford. The Ashley Bryan Center is located there. Folklorist Mary Winslow Smyth summered in Islesford, and used the town as her base for the fieldwork, which produced Minstrelsy of Maine: Folk-songs and Ballads of the Woods and the Coast and British Ballads from Maine. References ^ "Getting to Islesford". Town of Islesford. Retrieved March 8, 2017. ^ "National Register of Historical Places - MAINE (ME), Hancock County". nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com. Retrieved January 29, 2020. ^ "The ASHLEY BRYAN SCHOOL!". The Outer Islands Teaching and Learning Cooperative website. Retrieved March 8, 2017. ^ "Welcome to The Outer Islands TLC!". The Outer Islands Teaching and Learning Cooperative website. Retrieved March 8, 2017. ^ "Ashley Bryan". Simon and Schuster. Retrieved March 8, 2017. ^ Bob Keyes (August 6, 2014). "Author and illustrator Ashley Bryan comes of age". Portland Press-Herald. Retrieved March 8, 2017. ^ MacDougall, Pauleena (2001). McEntire, Nancy C. (ed.). ""Understanding the Hearts of the People": Fanny Hardy Eckstorm and Phillips Barry". The Folklore Historian (Journal of the Folklore and History Section, American Folklore Society). Indiana State University. 18: 17–28. ISSN 1041-8644. Retrieved March 8, 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Islesford, Maine. Islesford town website Little Cranberry Island website Ashley Bryan Center website Ashley Bryan School website Life on an Island: Early Settlers Off the Rock-Bound Coast of Maine, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan vteMunicipalities and communities of Hancock County, Maine, United StatesCounty seat: EllsworthCity Ellsworth Hancock County mapTowns Amherst Aurora Bar Harbor Blue Hill Brooklin Brooksville Bucksport Castine Cranberry Isles Dedham Deer Isle Eastbrook Franklin Frenchboro Gouldsboro Great Pond Hancock Lamoine Mariaville Mount Desert Orland Osborn Otis Penobscot Sedgwick Sorrento Southwest Harbor Stonington Sullivan Surry Swan's Island Tremont Trenton Verona Island Waltham Winter Harbor Unorganizedterritories Central Hancock East Hancock Marshall Island Northwest Hancock CDPs Bar Harbor Blue Hill Bucksport Castine Northeast Harbor Southwest Harbor Winter Harbor Othervillages Bass Harbor Birch Harbor East Blue Hill East Orland Harborside Islesford Minturn Prospect Harbor Salsbury Cove Sargentville Somesville Sunset Maine portal United States portal 44°15′43″N 68°14′02″W / 44.26194°N 68.23389°W / 44.26194; -68.23389 Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_%2B_Fog_%2B_Church_in_Islesford,_Maine.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Islesford_Market_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Islesford_Historical_Museum_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"Little Cranberry Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Cranberry_Island"},{"link_name":"Hancock County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hancock_County,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Cranberry Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry_Isles,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Mount Desert Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Desert_Island"},{"link_name":"Acadia National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadia_National_Park"}],"text":"Hamlet in Cranberry Isles, Maine, USA church in IslesfordIslesford MarketIslesford Historical MuseumIslesford is a hamlet located on Little Cranberry Island in Hancock County, Maine, United States. It is one of the five islands of the town of Cranberry Isles. It lies in the Atlantic Ocean southeast of Mount Desert Island, which is the site of Acadia National Park. As of 2013, the year-round population was approximately sixty-five.","title":"Islesford, Maine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mail boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_boat"},{"link_name":"Northeast Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Harbor,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Mount Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Desert,_Maine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GettingTo-1"}],"text":"Travelers can reach the island village via the Beal and Bunker mail boat and ferry service that runs from the village of Northeast Harbor in the town of Mount Desert; the Cranberry Cove Boating ferry service from Southwest Harbor and Manset; and during the summer on various water taxis including 'Cadillac Water Taxi\", and \"Delight,\" both leaving from various harbors.[1]","title":"Access"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashley Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Bryan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Little Cranberry Island hosts several seasonal cultural venues including the Islesford Dock Gallery and Restaurant, Islesford Pottery, Islesford Artists Fine Art Gallery, The Islesford Congregational Church, (housing the famed Sea Glass Windows by Ashley Bryan), and the Islesford Historical Museum, which is part of Acadia National Park. In 1980, the museum was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.[2]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Matinicus Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matinicus_Island"},{"link_name":"Monhegan Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monhegan_Island"},{"link_name":"Isle au Haut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_au_Haut"},{"link_name":"Cliff Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Island"},{"link_name":"Frenchboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenchboro"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OuterIslands-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OuterIslands2-4"}],"text":"Islesford is home to the town's two-room public school, the Ashley Bryan School. The school was named in 2011 and is the first Maine public school to be named for a visual artist or for an African-American.[citation needed] As of 2017, the school had 14 students in grades kindergarten through eighth grade, with two full-time teachers. The Ashley Bryan School is one of six one and two-room island schools that make up the inter-island Outer Island Teaching and Learning Collaborative. This collaboration allows for remote live teaching and learning among schools and students on Matinicus Island, Monhegan Island, Isle au Haut, Cliff Island, Frenchboro, and The Ashley Bryan School in the Cranberry Islands.[3][4]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dartmouth College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College"},{"link_name":"Ashley Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Bryan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SimonSchuster-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PressHerald-6"},{"link_name":"Mary Winslow Smyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Winslow_Smyth"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FolkloreHistorian-7"}],"text":"Following his retirement from his professorship of art at Dartmouth College, illustrator and artist Ashley Bryan retired to Islesford.[5] The Ashley Bryan Center is located there.\n[6]Folklorist Mary Winslow Smyth summered in Islesford, and used the town as her base for the fieldwork, which produced Minstrelsy of Maine: Folk-songs and Ballads of the Woods and the Coast and British Ballads from Maine.[7]","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"A church in Islesford","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sun_%2B_Fog_%2B_Church_in_Islesford%2C_Maine.jpg/250px-Sun_%2B_Fog_%2B_Church_in_Islesford%2C_Maine.jpg"},{"image_text":"Islesford Market","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Islesford_Market_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-Islesford_Market_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Islesford Historical Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Islesford_Historical_Museum_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-Islesford_Historical_Museum_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hancock County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_Maine_highlighting_Hancock_County.svg/80px-Map_of_Maine_highlighting_Hancock_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Getting to Islesford\". Town of Islesford. Retrieved March 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.islesford.com/node/3","url_text":"\"Getting to Islesford\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Register of Historical Places - MAINE (ME), Hancock County\". nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com. Retrieved January 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/me/hancock/state2.html","url_text":"\"National Register of Historical Places - MAINE (ME), Hancock County\""}]},{"reference":"\"The ASHLEY BRYAN SCHOOL!\". The Outer Islands Teaching and Learning Cooperative website. Retrieved March 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://outerislandstlc.org/ashley-bryan-school/","url_text":"\"The ASHLEY BRYAN SCHOOL!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to The Outer Islands TLC!\". The Outer Islands Teaching and Learning Cooperative website. Retrieved March 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://outerislandstlc.org/","url_text":"\"Welcome to The Outer Islands TLC!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ashley Bryan\". Simon and Schuster. Retrieved March 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.simonandschuster.com/authors/Ashley-Bryan/706174","url_text":"\"Ashley Bryan\""}]},{"reference":"Bob Keyes (August 6, 2014). \"Author and illustrator Ashley Bryan comes of age\". Portland Press-Herald. Retrieved March 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pressherald.com/2014/08/06/author-and-illustrator-ashley-bryan-comes-of-age/","url_text":"\"Author and illustrator Ashley Bryan comes of age\""}]},{"reference":"MacDougall, Pauleena (2001). McEntire, Nancy C. (ed.). \"\"Understanding the Hearts of the People\": Fanny Hardy Eckstorm and Phillips Barry\". The Folklore Historian (Journal of the Folklore and History Section, American Folklore Society). Indiana State University. 18: 17–28. ISSN 1041-8644. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blairsville,_Georgia	Blairsville, Georgia	["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Demographics","3.1 2020 census","3.2 2010 census","4 Arts and culture","4.1 Annual cultural events","4.2 Points of interest","5 Education","6 Notable people","7 Infrastructure","7.1 Transportation","8 Media","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]	Coordinates: 34°52′32″N 83°57′24″W / 34.87556°N 83.95667°W / 34.87556; -83.95667 City in Georgia, United StatesBlairsville, GeorgiaCityHistoric Union County Courthouse SealNickname: City of MountainsMotto: A Place for All SeasonsLocation in Union County and the state of GeorgiaCoordinates: 34°52′32″N 83°57′24″W / 34.87556°N 83.95667°W / 34.87556; -83.95667CountryUnited StatesStateGeorgiaCountyUnionArea • Total1.11 sq mi (2.88 km2) • Land1.11 sq mi (2.86 km2) • Water0.01 sq mi (0.02 km2)Elevation1,893 ft (577 m)Population (2020) • Total616 • Density556.96/sq mi (215.08/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP codes30512, 30514Area code706FIPS code13-08480GNIS feature ID2403875Websitewww.blairsville-ga.gov Blairsville is a city and the county seat of Union County, on the northern border of Georgia, United States. It was founded near the Nottely River, which was dammed in 1942 as part of the Tennessee Valley Authority project, forming Lake Nottely. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 616. History Blairsville City Hall, located in the historic Old Union County Jail building During the 1830s, the United States conducted Indian Removal of the Cherokee Nation and other Southeast tribes, to what was designated as Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. This area along the Nottely River was part of the large Cherokee territory and the leader Goingsnake was born here in 1758. After American settlers moved into this area, in 1835 the Georgia General Assembly designated Blairsville as the Union County seat. The town is named after American Revolutionary War veteran James Blair. The neighboring city of Dahlonega was known as the first site of gold in the United States, but the Blairsville area was known to have the purest gold in the mountains of northern Georgia. Assayers in Washington, D.C. could tell by looking that gold ore was from the Coosa Mines because it was “the yellowest gold” submitted and its brilliant color set it apart. This area of northern Georgia was still rural and isolated before World War II. During the Great Depression, under the President Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, the Nottely River was selected as part of the Tennessee Valley Authority projects. The river was dammed in order to form a reservoir to generate hydroelectric power. It also created a lake with recreational opportunities. This was one of the projects that produced electrification in a rural area. Geography U.S. Routes 19 and 76, as well as Georgia State Route 515 (Zell Miller Mountain Parkway), are the main highways through the city. U.S. 19 leads north 21 mi (34 km) to Murphy, North Carolina and south 34 mi (55 km) to Dahlonega. U.S. 76 and GA-515 run through the city together, leading northeast 8 mi (13 km) to Young Harris and west 23 mi (37 km) to Blue Ridge. Atlanta is 99 mi (159 km) to the south via U.S. 19. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.1 square miles (2.8 km2), all land. Climate Blairsville has a humid subtropical climate, yet due to its elevation of 1,883 feet (574 m), typically records far lower temperatures at night than what is encountered in much of the Southeastern U.S., and has slightly higher precipitation totals (56 inches or 1,420 millimetres annually) than most locations in the state; the average diurnal temperature variation exceeds 25 °F (14 °C) in each of the spring and autumn months. Snow usually occurs several times every year. The average annual snowfall is 4 inches. The monthly daily mean temperature ranges from 36.8 °F (2.7 °C) in January to 73.3 °F (22.9 °C) in July. There are 7.6 days of 90 °F (32 °C) highs and 4.6 days where the high fails to rise above freezing annually. Climate data for Blairsville, Georgia (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1931–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 76(24) 76(24) 89(32) 89(32) 94(34) 100(38) 100(38) 98(37) 95(35) 91(33) 83(28) 74(23) 100(38) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 49.4(9.7) 53.2(11.8) 60.3(15.7) 69.2(20.7) 76.1(24.5) 81.9(27.7) 84.8(29.3) 84.1(28.9) 79.5(26.4) 70.4(21.3) 60.7(15.9) 52.5(11.4) 68.5(20.3) Daily mean °F (°C) 37.4(3.0) 40.5(4.7) 47.1(8.4) 55.0(12.8) 63.0(17.2) 70.2(21.2) 73.5(23.1) 72.6(22.6) 67.2(19.6) 56.7(13.7) 47.0(8.3) 40.6(4.8) 55.9(13.3) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 25.4(−3.7) 27.7(−2.4) 33.9(1.1) 40.9(4.9) 50.0(10.0) 58.5(14.7) 62.1(16.7) 61.1(16.2) 54.9(12.7) 42.9(6.1) 33.3(0.7) 28.7(−1.8) 43.3(6.3) Record low °F (°C) −16(−27) −8(−22) −5(−21) 16(−9) 23(−5) 34(1) 40(4) 42(6) 26(−3) 14(−10) 0(−18) −9(−23) −16(−27) Average precipitation inches (mm) 5.85(149) 4.76(121) 5.56(141) 5.15(131) 4.49(114) 5.57(141) 4.88(124) 5.27(134) 4.42(112) 4.21(107) 4.68(119) 5.46(139) 60.30(1,532) Average snowfall inches (cm) 0.5(1.3) 0.4(1.0) 1.0(2.5) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 1.2(3.0) 3.1(7.9) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 12.3 12.1 12.6 11.3 11.8 13.7 12.9 12.1 9.8 9.0 9.8 12.2 139.6 Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.0 Source: NOAA Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1880101—189011412.9%190014123.7%191020344.0%192023013.3%193029829.6%194045853.7%1950430−6.1%19604371.6%197049112.4%19805307.9%19905646.4%200065916.8%2010652−1.1%2020616−5.5%U.S. Decennial Census 2020 census Blairsville racial composition Race Num. Perc. White (non-Hispanic) 486 78.9% Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 54 8.77% Native American 3 0.49% Asian 2 0.32% Other/Mixed 17 2.76% Hispanic or Latino 54 8.77% As of the 2020 United States census, there were 616 people, 230 households, and 110 families residing in the city. 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 652 people living in the city. The population density was 529 inhabitants per square mile (204/km2). The racial makeup of the city was: White alone - 577 (88.5%), African American - 30 (4.6%), Hispanic - 30 (4.6%), two or more other races - 10 (1.5%), American Indian alone - 4 (0.6%), Asian - 1 (0.2%). There were 226 households, out of which 23.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 27.4% were married couples living together, 15.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54.9% were non-families. 50.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.95 and the average family size was 2.92. In the city, the population was spread out, with 14.3% under the age of 18, 15.2% from 18 to 24, 39.0% from 25 to 44, 17.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 151.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 167.8 males. The median income for a household in the city was $14,120, and the median income for a family was $24,712. Males had a median income of $21,953 versus $28,125 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,865. About 16.8% of families and 26.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.2% of those under age 18 and 23.7% of those age 65 or over. Arts and culture Annual cultural events The Sorghum Festival is held every year on the second and third weekends in October, celebrating the sorghum harvest and showcasing rural mountain culture, including bluegrass music and clogging. The Spring Arts and Crafts Festival is held every year during the last weekend in May. Assorted artists from all over North Georgia participate, as well as local artists, restaurants and businesses. Held on the historic town square, there are activities for children and musical acts that will appeal to everyone. The Green Bean Festival is held annually on the last weekend in July. It features beauty pageants, green bean pizza eating contests, a canning contest, a green bean recipe contest, a tractor parade, fresh produce, crafts, and many activities for children. Points of interest Nearby Lake Nottely is a Tennessee Valley Authority reservoir. In addition to helping generate hydroelectric power, the lake serves as a local recreational resource. It was created by damming the Nottely River as part of a regional, large-scale project for rural electrification and development. The Appalachian Trail in Georgia has elevations that vary from about 2500 to 4,500 feet (1,400 m), with many steep climbs. It extends some 75 miles (121 km) through the Chattahoochee National Forest. Butternut Creek Golf Course is an 18-hole mountainside public golf course located within the city limits. Encompassing nearly two-thirds of the county, the Chattahoochee National Forest has a series of winding trails. Visitors may hike through scenic mountains, and by rushing rivers, and cascading waterfalls. Main article: Brasstown Bald View of Lake Trahlyta in Vogel State Park Brasstown Bald is the highest mountain peak in Georgia. It has a park with a picnic area and a small observation tower near the peak. This features a movie chronicling the change of seasons and the effects of pollution on the mountain. The peak may be reached by bus or by walking from a point halfway to the top, beyond which private vehicles are not allowed. Vogel State Park is a park located on Highway 19/129 approximately eleven miles (18 km) south of Blairsville. It is centered around Lake Trahlyta. Amenities: Approximately five miles (8.0 km) of hiking trails Access to the Appalachian Trail Paddleboat rentals and fishing Miniature golf course 35 rental cabins 103 campsites The park has seasonal programs: Fall Festival Pioneer Christmas Kids Fishing Rodeo Summer Saturday music events September All-Day Mountain Music Festival Education Blairsville is in proximity to several colleges. North Georgia Technical College has a campus in town. Young Harris College in Young Harris, and the University of North Georgia in Dahlonega are nearby. The public education system for Blairsville is supervised by the Union County School District, a relatively small school district, which manages the five schools in the system. The Union County School District conducts classes for pre-school to grade twelve. Its facilities consist of two elementary schools, a middle school, and two high schools. The district has 172 full-time teachers and over 2,598 students. Union County Middle School in Blairsville Union County Elementary School Union County Primary School Union County Middle School Union County High School Woody Gap High/Elementary School Blairsville is home to one alternative school, the Mountain Education Center High School, which is an evening school. Union County schools are acclaimed for their excellence and influencing the local community through their excellence and dedication. The Union County Public Library is part of the Mountain Regional Library System, which manages four libraries in the region. It is a member of Georgia Library PINES (the Public Information Network for Electronic Services) along with Mountain Regional Library in Young Harris, Towns County Public Library in Hiawassee, and Fannin County Public Library in Blue Ridge. There are some private schools nearby as well: The Mountain Area Christian Academy, in Morganton, Georgia Eastgate Life Academy, in Hiawassee, Georgia Murphy Adventist Christian School, in Murphy, North Carolina Notable people Jonathan Davenport - Dirt Super Late Model and NASCAR Cup Series driver Infrastructure Transportation U.S. Route 76 and Zell Miller Mountain Parkway (GA 515) are the main highways that run through Blairsville. U.S. 76 and GA-515 lead northeast from the city 8 miles (13 km) to Young Harris and west 23 miles (37 km) to Blue Ridge. U.S. Routes 19 and 129 also run through the city together, leading north 21 miles (34 km) to Murphy, North Carolina and south 35 miles (56 km) to Dahlonega. Atlanta is 99 miles (159 km) south via U.S. 19/129. Blairsville Airport (ICAO: KDZJ, FAA LID: DZJ formerly 46A) is located in the city. Media The Blairsville area is served by a few local television stations, one newspaper, magazines, and numerous local radio stations. They broadcast several genres of music, and sports, news, and talk radio. The North Georgia News is the primary newspaper and legal organ for the area. A member of the Georgia Press Association, the NGN is Blairsville's only accredited media outlet. Montefino Magazine is an aspirational publication based in Blairsville; it covers lifestyle and social news for Blairsville, Union County, and surrounding areas. Blairsville has 12 local radio stations. WUCG-FM 93.1 is based in Blairsville, 1210-AM (WDGR), 89.5-FM (WNGU), and 104.3-FM (WZTR) are based in Dahlonega. WCVP-AM (600), WCNG-FM (102.7), and WKRK-AM (1320) are based in Murphy, North Carolina. 95.1-FM (WJRB) is based in Young Harris, Georgia, while 105.1-FM (WNGA) and 89.9-FM (WTFH) are based in Helen. 1230-AM/97.7-FM (WJUL) is based in Hiawassee. 103.9-FM (WPPL) is based in Blue Ridge. The local television station is W50AB (channel 50), based in Hiawassee. See also Georgia (U.S. state) portal United Community Bank References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 18, 2021. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Blairsville, Georgia ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011. ^ Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. p. 20. ISBN 0-915430-00-2. ^ Candler, A.D.; Evans, C.A. (1906). Georgia: Comprising Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons Arranged in Cyclopedic Form ... State historical association. p. 192. Retrieved January 13, 2017. ^ Georgia. Dept. of Agriculture; Nesbitt, R.T. (1895). Georgia: Her Resources and Possibilities. Franklin Printing and Publishing Company. p. 338. Retrieved January 13, 2017. ^ McCall, H.H. (2010). Roster of Revolutionary Soldiers in Georgia. Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 13. ISBN 9780806302201. Retrieved January 13, 2017. ^ Dyer Jones, Ethelene. "Gold in Union County". unioncountyhistory.org. Archived from the original on February 10, 2015. Retrieved February 10, 2015. ^ "Climate Blairsville". ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 24, 2021. ^ "Station: Blairsville EXP STN, GA". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 24, 2021. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 14, 2021. ^ "www.blairsvillesorghumfestival.com". www.blairsvillesorghumfestival.com. Retrieved October 3, 2016. ^ "greenbeanfestival.com". greenbeanfestival.com. Archived from the original on July 27, 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2012. ^ "North Georgia Technical College". Northgatech.edu. Retrieved September 30, 2011. ^ "Young Harris College". Yhc.edu. Retrieved September 30, 2011. ^ "University of North Georgia". ung.edu. Retrieved October 5, 2013. ^ "Union County Schools Website". Ucschools.org. Retrieved April 29, 2012. ^ Georgia Board of Education, Retrieved 2010-06-29. ^ School Stats, Retrieved 2010-06-29. ^ "Mountain Education Center High School". Mountaineducationcenter.net. Archived from the original on June 10, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2011. ^ "Union County High School". Montefino Magazine. Archived from the original on August 25, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2016. ^ "Union County Public Library Website". Georgia.educationbug.org. June 1, 2007. Retrieved September 30, 2011. ^ "Mountain Regional Library System". Mountainregionallibrary.org. Retrieved September 30, 2011. ^ "Mountain Area Christian Academy". Macalions.org. September 23, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2011. ^ "Murphy Adventist Christian School". Murphy Adventist Christian School. Retrieved September 30, 2011. ^ Airport information for KDZJ at AirNav ^ "KDZJ - Blairsville Airport". AirNav. Retrieved July 13, 2012. ^ "North Georgia News". Nganews.com. Archived from the original on May 1, 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2012. ^ "Montefino Magazine". CPXMarketing. Archived from the original on April 30, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blairsville, Georgia. Blairsville, GA City Website Blairsville, GA Website Blairsville Chamber of Commerce Blairsville Downtown Development Authority Vogel State Park Georgia State Parks and Historic Sites Stories and Events from the North Georgia News Montefino Magazine vteMunicipalities and communities of Union County, Georgia, United StatesCounty seat: BlairsvilleCity Blairsville Map of Georgia highlighting Union CountyUnincorporatedcommunities Baxter Choestoe Ivylog Suches Ghost town Youngcane Georgia portal United States portal vteCounty seats of Georgia Abbeville Adel Alamo Albany Alma Americus Appling Ashburn Athens Atlanta Augusta Bainbridge Barnesville Baxley Blackshear BlaIrsville Blakely Blue Ridge Brunswick Buchanan Buena Vista Butler Cairo Calhoun Camilla Canton Carnesville Carrollton Cartersville Cedartown Chatsworth Clarkesville Claxton Clayton Cleveland Cochran Colquitt Columbus Conyers Cordele Covington Crawfordville Cumming Cusseta Cuthbert Dahlonega Dallas Dalton Danielsville Darien Dawson Dawsonville Decatur Donalsonville Douglas Douglasville Dublin Eastman Eatonton Elberton Ellaville Ellijay Evans Fayetteville Fitzgerald Folkston Fort Gaines Fort Valley Franklin Gainesville Georgetown Gibson Gray Greensboro Greenville Griffin Hamilton Hartwell Hawkinsville Hazlehurst Hiawassee Hinesville Homer Homerville Irwinton Jackson Jasper Jefferson Jeffersonville Jesup Jonesboro Knoxville LaFayette LaGrange Lakeland Lawrenceville Leesburg Lexington Lincolnton Louisville Ludowici Lumpkin Lyons Macon Madison Marietta McDonough McRae–Helena Metter Milledgeville Millen Monroe Monticello Morgan Moultrie Mount Vernon Nahunta Nashville Newnan Newton Ocilla Oglethorpe Pearson Pembroke Perry Preston Quitman Reidsville Ringgold Rome Sandersville Savannah Soperton Sparta Springfield Statenville Statesboro Summerville Swainsboro Sylvania Sylvester Talbotton Thomaston Thomasville Thomson Tifton Toccoa Trenton Valdosta Vienna Warrenton Washington Watkinsville Waycross Waynesboro Winder Woodbine Wrightsville Zebulon Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Union County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-4"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Valley Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"}],"text":"City in Georgia, United StatesBlairsville is a city and the county seat of Union County, on the northern border of Georgia, United States.[4] It was founded near the Nottely River, which was dammed in 1942 as part of the Tennessee Valley Authority project, forming Lake Nottely. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 616.","title":"Blairsville, Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Union_County_Jail,_Blairsville_(Union_County,_Georgia).JPG"},{"link_name":"Indian Removal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Removal"},{"link_name":"Cherokee Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_(19th_century)"},{"link_name":"Indian Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Territory"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Nottely River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottely_River"},{"link_name":"Goingsnake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goingsnake"},{"link_name":"Georgia General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"James Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Blair_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google3-8"},{"link_name":"Dahlonega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlonega,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Valley Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority"}],"text":"Blairsville City Hall, located in the historic Old Union County Jail buildingDuring the 1830s, the United States conducted Indian Removal of the Cherokee Nation and other Southeast tribes, to what was designated as Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. This area along the Nottely River was part of the large Cherokee territory and the leader Goingsnake was born here in 1758.After American settlers moved into this area, in 1835 the Georgia General Assembly designated Blairsville as the Union County seat.[5] The town is named after American Revolutionary War veteran James Blair.[6][7][8]The neighboring city of Dahlonega was known as the first site of gold in the United States, but the Blairsville area was known to have the purest gold in the mountains of northern Georgia. Assayers in Washington, D.C. could tell by looking that gold ore was from the Coosa Mines because it was “the yellowest gold” submitted and its brilliant color set it apart.[9]This area of northern Georgia was still rural and isolated before World War II. During the Great Depression, under the President Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, the Nottely River was selected as part of the Tennessee Valley Authority projects. The river was dammed in order to form a reservoir to generate hydroelectric power. It also created a lake with recreational opportunities. This was one of the projects that produced electrification in a rural area.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_76_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgia State Route 515","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_515"},{"link_name":"Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Dahlonega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlonega,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Young Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Harris,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Blue Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"U.S. Routes 19 and 76, as well as Georgia State Route 515 (Zell Miller Mountain Parkway), are the main highways through the city. U.S. 19 leads north 21 mi (34 km) to Murphy, North Carolina and south 34 mi (55 km) to Dahlonega. U.S. 76 and GA-515 run through the city together, leading northeast 8 mi (13 km) to Young Harris and west 23 mi (37 km) to Blue Ridge. Atlanta is 99 mi (159 km) to the south via U.S. 19.According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.1 square miles (2.8 km2), all land.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"diurnal temperature variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nws-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI-12"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Blairsville has a humid subtropical climate, yet due to its elevation of 1,883 feet (574 m), typically records far lower temperatures at night than what is encountered in much of the Southeastern U.S., and has slightly higher precipitation totals (56 inches or 1,420 millimetres annually) than most locations in the state; the average diurnal temperature variation exceeds 25 °F (14 °C) in each of the spring and autumn months. Snow usually occurs several times every year. The average annual snowfall is 4 inches.[10] The monthly daily mean temperature ranges from 36.8 °F (2.7 °C) in January to 73.3 °F (22.9 °C) in July. There are 7.6 days of 90 °F (32 °C) highs and 4.6 days where the high fails to rise above freezing annually.Climate data for Blairsville, Georgia (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1931–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n76(24)\n\n76(24)\n\n89(32)\n\n89(32)\n\n94(34)\n\n100(38)\n\n100(38)\n\n98(37)\n\n95(35)\n\n91(33)\n\n83(28)\n\n74(23)\n\n100(38)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n49.4(9.7)\n\n53.2(11.8)\n\n60.3(15.7)\n\n69.2(20.7)\n\n76.1(24.5)\n\n81.9(27.7)\n\n84.8(29.3)\n\n84.1(28.9)\n\n79.5(26.4)\n\n70.4(21.3)\n\n60.7(15.9)\n\n52.5(11.4)\n\n68.5(20.3)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n37.4(3.0)\n\n40.5(4.7)\n\n47.1(8.4)\n\n55.0(12.8)\n\n63.0(17.2)\n\n70.2(21.2)\n\n73.5(23.1)\n\n72.6(22.6)\n\n67.2(19.6)\n\n56.7(13.7)\n\n47.0(8.3)\n\n40.6(4.8)\n\n55.9(13.3)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n25.4(−3.7)\n\n27.7(−2.4)\n\n33.9(1.1)\n\n40.9(4.9)\n\n50.0(10.0)\n\n58.5(14.7)\n\n62.1(16.7)\n\n61.1(16.2)\n\n54.9(12.7)\n\n42.9(6.1)\n\n33.3(0.7)\n\n28.7(−1.8)\n\n43.3(6.3)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−16(−27)\n\n−8(−22)\n\n−5(−21)\n\n16(−9)\n\n23(−5)\n\n34(1)\n\n40(4)\n\n42(6)\n\n26(−3)\n\n14(−10)\n\n0(−18)\n\n−9(−23)\n\n−16(−27)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n5.85(149)\n\n4.76(121)\n\n5.56(141)\n\n5.15(131)\n\n4.49(114)\n\n5.57(141)\n\n4.88(124)\n\n5.27(134)\n\n4.42(112)\n\n4.21(107)\n\n4.68(119)\n\n5.46(139)\n\n60.30(1,532)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n0.5(1.3)\n\n0.4(1.0)\n\n1.0(2.5)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n1.2(3.0)\n\n3.1(7.9)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n12.3\n\n12.1\n\n12.6\n\n11.3\n\n11.8\n\n13.7\n\n12.9\n\n12.1\n\n9.8\n\n9.0\n\n9.8\n\n12.2\n\n139.6\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n0.2\n\n0.2\n\n0.2\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.4\n\n1.0\n\n\nSource: NOAA[11][12]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"}],"sub_title":"2020 census","text":"As of the 2020 United States census, there were 616 people, 230 households, and 110 families residing in the city.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-3"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[3] of 2010, there were 652 people living in the city. The population density was 529 inhabitants per square mile (204/km2). The racial makeup of the city was: White alone - 577 (88.5%), African American - 30 (4.6%), Hispanic - 30 (4.6%), two or more other races - 10 (1.5%), American Indian alone - 4 (0.6%), Asian - 1 (0.2%).There were 226 households, out of which 23.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 27.4% were married couples living together, 15.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54.9% were non-families. 50.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.95 and the average family size was 2.92.In the city, the population was spread out, with 14.3% under the age of 18, 15.2% from 18 to 24, 39.0% from 25 to 44, 17.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 151.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 167.8 males.The median income for a household in the city was $14,120, and the median income for a family was $24,712. Males had a median income of $21,953 versus $28,125 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,865. About 16.8% of families and 26.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.2% of those under age 18 and 23.7% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"sorghum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_sorghum"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Annual cultural events","text":"The Sorghum Festival[15] is held every year on the second and third weekends in October, celebrating the sorghum harvest and showcasing rural mountain culture, including bluegrass music and clogging.\nThe Spring Arts and Crafts Festival is held every year during the last weekend in May. Assorted artists from all over North Georgia participate, as well as local artists, restaurants and businesses. Held on the historic town square, there are activities for children and musical acts that will appeal to everyone.\nThe Green Bean Festival[16] is held annually on the last weekend in July. It features beauty pageants, green bean pizza eating contests, a canning contest, a green bean recipe contest, a tractor parade, fresh produce, crafts, and many activities for children.","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Nottely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Nottely"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Valley Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Trail"},{"link_name":"Chattahoochee National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattahoochee_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Chattahoochee National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattahoochee_National_Forest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vogel_state_park.JPG"},{"link_name":"Lake Trahlyta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Trahlyta"},{"link_name":"Vogel State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogel_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Brasstown Bald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasstown_Bald"},{"link_name":"Vogel State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogel_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Lake Trahlyta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Trahlyta"}],"sub_title":"Points of interest","text":"Nearby Lake Nottely is a Tennessee Valley Authority reservoir. In addition to helping generate hydroelectric power, the lake serves as a local recreational resource. It was created by damming the Nottely River as part of a regional, large-scale project for rural electrification and development.The Appalachian Trail in Georgia has elevations that vary from about 2500 to 4,500 feet (1,400 m), with many steep climbs. It extends some 75 miles (121 km) through the Chattahoochee National Forest.Butternut Creek Golf Course is an 18-hole mountainside public golf course located within the city limits.Encompassing nearly two-thirds of the county, the Chattahoochee National Forest has a series of winding trails. Visitors may hike through scenic mountains, and by rushing rivers, and cascading waterfalls.View of Lake Trahlyta in Vogel State ParkBrasstown Bald is the highest mountain peak in Georgia. It has a park with a picnic area and a small observation tower near the peak. This features a movie chronicling the change of seasons and the effects of pollution on the mountain. The peak may be reached by bus or by walking from a point halfway to the top, beyond which private vehicles are not allowed.Vogel State Park is a park located on Highway 19/129 approximately eleven miles (18 km) south of Blairsville. It is centered around Lake Trahlyta.Amenities:Approximately five miles (8.0 km) of hiking trails\nAccess to the Appalachian Trail\nPaddleboat rentals and fishing\nMiniature golf course\n35 rental cabins\n103 campsitesThe park has seasonal programs:Fall Festival\nPioneer Christmas\nKids Fishing Rodeo\nSummer Saturday music events\nSeptember All-Day Mountain Music Festival","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Georgia Technical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Georgia_Technical_College"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Young Harris College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Harris_College"},{"link_name":"Young Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Harris,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"University of North Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Dahlonega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlonega,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Union County School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County_School_District_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Union_County_Middle_School_in_Blairsville,_Ga.jpg"},{"link_name":"Union County High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County_High_School_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Woody Gap High/Elementary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woody_Gap_High/Elementary_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Public Information Network for Electronic Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Information_Network_for_Electronic_Services"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Blairsville is in proximity to several colleges. North Georgia Technical College has a campus in town.[17] Young Harris College in Young Harris,[18] and the University of North Georgia in Dahlonega are nearby.[19]The public education system for Blairsville is supervised by the Union County School District, a relatively small school district, which manages the five schools in the system.[20]The Union County School District conducts classes for pre-school to grade twelve. Its facilities consist of two elementary schools, a middle school, and two high schools.[21] The district has 172 full-time teachers and over 2,598 students.[22]Union County Middle School in BlairsvilleUnion County Elementary School\nUnion County Primary School\nUnion County Middle School\nUnion County High School\nWoody Gap High/Elementary SchoolBlairsville is home to one alternative school, the Mountain Education Center High School, which is an evening school.[23]Union County schools are acclaimed for their excellence and influencing the local community through their excellence and dedication.[24]The Union County Public Library is part of the Mountain Regional Library System, which manages four libraries in the region. It is a member of Georgia Library PINES (the Public Information Network for Electronic Services) along with Mountain Regional Library in Young Harris, Towns County Public Library in Hiawassee, and Fannin County Public Library in Blue Ridge.[25][26]There are some private schools nearby as well:The Mountain Area Christian Academy, in Morganton, Georgia[27]\nEastgate Life Academy, in Hiawassee, Georgia\nMurphy Adventist Christian School, in Murphy, North Carolina[28]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jonathan Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Davenport"},{"link_name":"Dirt Super Late Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_model"},{"link_name":"NASCAR Cup Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR_Cup_Series"}],"text":"Jonathan Davenport - Dirt Super Late Model and NASCAR Cup Series driver","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Route 76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_76_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Zell Miller Mountain Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_515"},{"link_name":"Young Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Harris,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Blue Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_129_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Dahlonega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlonega,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Blairsville Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blairsville_Airport"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"LID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Transportation","text":"U.S. Route 76 and Zell Miller Mountain Parkway (GA 515) are the main highways that run through Blairsville. U.S. 76 and GA-515 lead northeast from the city 8 miles (13 km) to Young Harris and west 23 miles (37 km) to Blue Ridge. U.S. Routes 19 and 129 also run through the city together, leading north 21 miles (34 km) to Murphy, North Carolina and south 35 miles (56 km) to Dahlonega. Atlanta is 99 miles (159 km) south via U.S. 19/129.Blairsville Airport (ICAO: KDZJ[29], FAA LID: DZJ formerly 46A) is located in the city.[30]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Dahlonega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlonega,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"WJRB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJRB"},{"link_name":"Young Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Harris,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Helen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"WJUL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJUL"},{"link_name":"Hiawassee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiawassee,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Blue Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge,_Georgia"}],"text":"The Blairsville area is served by a few local television stations, one newspaper, magazines, and numerous local radio stations. They broadcast several genres of music, and sports, news, and talk radio.The North Georgia News is the primary newspaper and legal organ for the area.[31] A member of the Georgia Press Association, the NGN is Blairsville's only accredited media outlet. Montefino Magazine is an aspirational publication based in Blairsville; it covers lifestyle and social news for Blairsville, Union County, and surrounding areas.[32]Blairsville has 12 local radio stations. WUCG-FM 93.1 is based in Blairsville, 1210-AM (WDGR), 89.5-FM (WNGU), and 104.3-FM (WZTR) are based in Dahlonega. WCVP-AM (600), WCNG-FM (102.7), and WKRK-AM (1320) are based in Murphy, North Carolina. 95.1-FM (WJRB) is based in Young Harris, Georgia, while 105.1-FM (WNGA) and 89.9-FM (WTFH) are based in Helen. 1230-AM/97.7-FM (WJUL) is based in Hiawassee. 103.9-FM (WPPL) is based in Blue Ridge.The local television station is W50AB (channel 50), based in Hiawassee.","title":"Media"}]	[{"image_text":"Blairsville City Hall, located in the historic Old Union County Jail building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Old_Union_County_Jail%2C_Blairsville_%28Union_County%2C_Georgia%29.JPG/200px-Old_Union_County_Jail%2C_Blairsville_%28Union_County%2C_Georgia%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"View of Lake Trahlyta in Vogel State Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Vogel_state_park.JPG/220px-Vogel_state_park.JPG"},{"image_text":"Union County Middle School in Blairsville","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Union_County_Middle_School_in_Blairsville%2C_Ga.jpg/220px-Union_County_Middle_School_in_Blairsville%2C_Ga.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Georgia highlighting Union County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Map_of_Georgia_highlighting_Union_County.svg/86px-Map_of_Georgia_highlighting_Union_County.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Georgia (U.S. state) portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"title":"United Community Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Community_Bank"}]	[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_13.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""},{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. p. 20. ISBN 0-915430-00-2.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kenkrakow.com/gpn/b.pdf","url_text":"Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915430-00-2","url_text":"0-915430-00-2"}]},{"reference":"Candler, A.D.; Evans, C.A. (1906). Georgia: Comprising Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons Arranged in Cyclopedic Form ... State historical association. p. 192. Retrieved January 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EMEBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA192","url_text":"Georgia: Comprising Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons Arranged in Cyclopedic Form ..."}]},{"reference":"Georgia. Dept. of Agriculture; Nesbitt, R.T. (1895). Georgia: Her Resources and Possibilities. Franklin Printing and Publishing Company. p. 338. Retrieved January 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/georgiaherresou00nesbgoog","url_text":"Georgia: Her Resources and Possibilities"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/georgiaherresou00nesbgoog/page/n388","url_text":"338"}]},{"reference":"McCall, H.H. (2010). Roster of Revolutionary Soldiers in Georgia. Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 13. ISBN 9780806302201. Retrieved January 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c6PBnS_rh1wC&pg=PA13","url_text":"Roster of Revolutionary Soldiers in Georgia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806302201","url_text":"9780806302201"}]},{"reference":"Dyer Jones, Ethelene. \"Gold in Union County\". unioncountyhistory.org. Archived from the original on February 10, 2015. Retrieved February 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150210065735/http://www.unioncountyhistory.org/Home/styled-33/","url_text":"\"Gold in Union County\""},{"url":"http://www.unioncountyhistory.org/Home/styled-33/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Climate Blairsville\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usclimatedata.com/climate/blairsville/georgia/united-states/usga0052","url_text":"\"Climate Blairsville\""}]},{"reference":"\"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=ffc","url_text":"\"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Station: Blairsville EXP STN, GA\". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00090969&format=pdf","url_text":"\"Station: Blairsville EXP STN, GA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US1308480&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"www.blairsvillesorghumfestival.com\". www.blairsvillesorghumfestival.com. Retrieved October 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blairsvillesorghumfestival.com/","url_text":"\"www.blairsvillesorghumfestival.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"greenbeanfestival.com\". greenbeanfestival.com. Archived from the original on July 27, 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120727032245/http://www.greenbeanfestival.com/","url_text":"\"greenbeanfestival.com\""},{"url":"http://www.greenbeanfestival.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"North Georgia Technical College\". Northgatech.edu. Retrieved September 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northgatech.edu/about/campus_blairsville.cfm","url_text":"\"North Georgia Technical College\""}]},{"reference":"\"Young Harris College\". Yhc.edu. Retrieved September 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yhc.edu/","url_text":"\"Young Harris College\""}]},{"reference":"\"University of North Georgia\". ung.edu. Retrieved October 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ung.edu/","url_text":"\"University of North Georgia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Union County Schools Website\". Ucschools.org. Retrieved April 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ucschools.org/","url_text":"\"Union County Schools Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mountain Education Center High School\". Mountaineducationcenter.net. Archived from the original on June 10, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080610141017/http://www.mountaineducationcenter.net/","url_text":"\"Mountain Education Center High School\""},{"url":"http://www.mountaineducationcenter.net/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Union County High School\". Montefino Magazine. Archived from the original on August 25, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160825174234/http://www.montefinomagazine.com/current-issue/union-county-high-school","url_text":"\"Union County High School\""},{"url":"http://www.montefinomagazine.com/current-issue/union-county-high-school","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Union County Public Library Website\". Georgia.educationbug.org. June 1, 2007. Retrieved September 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://georgia.educationbug.org/public-library/3359-union-county-public-library.html","url_text":"\"Union County Public Library Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mountain Regional Library System\". Mountainregionallibrary.org. Retrieved September 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mountainregionallibrary.org/","url_text":"\"Mountain Regional Library System\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mountain Area Christian Academy\". Macalions.org. September 23, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.macalions.org/","url_text":"\"Mountain Area Christian Academy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Murphy Adventist Christian School\". Murphy Adventist Christian School. Retrieved September 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.murphyadventistchristianschool.com/","url_text":"\"Murphy Adventist Christian School\""}]},{"reference":"\"KDZJ - Blairsville Airport\". AirNav. Retrieved July 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airnav.com/airport/KDZJ","url_text":"\"KDZJ - Blairsville Airport\""}]},{"reference":"\"North Georgia News\". Nganews.com. Archived from the original on May 1, 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120501131932/http://nganews.com/content.aspx?IsHome=1&MemberID=1281&ID=2354&Module=Quickpage","url_text":"\"North Georgia News\""},{"url":"http://www.nganews.com/content.aspx?IsHome=1&MemberID=1281&ID=2354&Module=Quickpage","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Montefino Magazine\". CPXMarketing. Archived from the original on April 30, 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Harpers_Ferry	Battle of Harpers Ferry	["1 Background","2 Battle","2.1 September 12","2.2 September 13","2.3 September 14","2.4 September 15","3 Aftermath","4 Inquiry","5 Battlefield preservation","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 39°19′22″N 77°43′49″W / 39.3228°N 77.7302°W / 39.3228; -77.7302Battle of the American Civil War Not to be confused with John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry. 39°19′22″N 77°43′49″W / 39.3228°N 77.7302°W / 39.3228; -77.7302 Battle of Harpers FerryPart of the American Civil WarHarpers Ferry in West Virginia in 1865DateSeptember 12, 1862 (1862-09-12)–September 15, 1862 (1862-09-15)LocationJefferson County, West Virginia, Loudoun County, Virginia, and Washington County, MarylandResult Confederate victoryBelligerents United States (Union) Confederate StatesCommanders and leaders Dixon S. Miles † Julius White Stonewall Jackson A.P. HillStrength 14,000 21,000–26,000Casualties and losses 12,636 total 44 killed 173 wounded 12,419 captured 286 total 39 killed 247 woundedvteMaryland campaign Mile Hill Harpers Ferry Crampton's Gap South Mountain Antietam Shepherdstown Chambersburg Raid Unison The Battle of Harpers Ferry was fought September 12–15, 1862, as part of the Maryland Campaign of the American Civil War. As Confederate Army General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army invaded Maryland, a portion of his army under Major General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson surrounded, bombarded, and captured the Union garrison at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia). As Lee's Army of Northern Virginia advanced down the Shenandoah Valley into Maryland, he planned to capture the garrison at Harpers Ferry to secure his line of supply back to Virginia. Although he was being pursued at a leisurely pace by Major General George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac, outnumbering him more than two to one, Lee chose the risky strategy of dividing his army and sent one portion to converge and attack Harpers Ferry from three directions. Colonel Dixon S. Miles, Union commander at Harpers Ferry, insisted on keeping most of the troops near the town instead of taking up commanding positions on the surrounding heights. The slim defenses of the most important position, Maryland Heights, first encountered the approaching Confederates on September 12, but only brief skirmishing ensued. Strong attacks by two Confederate brigades on September 13 drove the Union troops from the heights. During the fighting on Maryland Heights, the other Confederate columns arrived and were astonished to see that critical positions to the west and south of town were not defended. Jackson methodically positioned his artillery around Harpers Ferry and ordered Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill to move down the west bank of the Shenandoah River in preparation for a flank attack on the Federal left the next morning. By the morning of September 15, Jackson had positioned nearly 50 guns on Maryland Heights and at the base of Loudoun Heights. He began a fierce artillery barrage from all sides and ordered an infantry assault. Miles realized that the situation was hopeless and agreed with his subordinates to raise the white flag of surrender. Before he could surrender personally, he was mortally wounded by an artillery shell and died the next day. After processing more than 12,000 Union prisoners, Jackson's men then rushed to Sharpsburg, Maryland, to rejoin Lee for the Battle of Antietam. Background Maryland Campaign, actions September 3–15, 1862 Confederate Union Harpers Ferry is a small town at the confluence of the Potomac River and the Shenandoah River, the site of a historic Federal arsenal founded by President George Washington in 1799 and a bridge for the critical Baltimore and Ohio Railroad across the Potomac. In 1859 it was the site of the abolitionist John Brown's attack on the Federal arsenal. At the time the garrison at Harpers Ferry – officially the Railroad Brigade of the Middle Department, Eighth Army Corps, the purpose of which was to protect the strategically vital Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, where they passed through the area, and the lower Shenandoah Valley – was the last remaining sizable Union force south of the Potomac River, consisting of about 10,400 men, later joined by 2,500 from the Union garrison at Martinsburg – plus a large cache of small arms as well as artillery pieces, wagons, and Union uniforms. The town was virtually indefensible, as it was dominated on all sides by higher ground. To the west, the ground rose gradually for about a mile and a half to Bolivar Heights, a plateau 669 feet (204 m) high, that stretches from the Potomac to the Shenandoah; further west and parallel was Schoolhouse Ridge. To the south, across the Shenandoah, Loudoun Heights overlooks from 1,180 feet (360 m). And to the northeast, across the Potomac, the southernmost extremity of Elk Ridge forms the 1,476-foot-high crest of Maryland Heights. A Federal soldier wrote that if these three heights could not be held, Harpers Ferry would be "no more defensible than a well bottom." As Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia (ANV) advanced into Maryland, Lee expected that the Union garrisons that potentially blocked his supply line in the Shenandoah Valley, at Winchester, Martinsburg, and Harpers Ferry, would be cut off and abandoned without firing a shot, but the garrisons, Harpers Ferry specifically, were still manned. Lee planned to capture the garrison to secure his logistical support and potential retreat back to Virginia. Although he was being pursued at a measured pace by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan and the Union Army of the Potomac, which outnumbered him by more than two to one, Lee chose the risky strategy of dividing his army in order to seize Harpers Ferry. While the rest of the ANV remained at Boonsboro — later minus the corps of Maj. Gen. James Longstreet which Lee sent north to Hagerstown to protect against the reported movement of Pennsylvania militia there, which proved illusory – Lee sent three columns of troops to converge and attack Harpers Ferry from separate directions. The largest column, 11,500 men under Jackson, was to recross the Potomac and circle around to the west of Harpers Ferry and attack it from Bolivar Heights, while the other two columns, under Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws (8,000 men) and Brig. Gen. John George Walker (3,400), were to capture Maryland Heights and Loudoun Heights respectively, commanding the town from the east and south. McClellan had wanted to add the Harpers Ferry garrison to his field army, but general-in-chief Henry Halleck had refused, saying that the movement would be too difficult and that the garrison had to defend itself "until the latest moment," or until McClellan could relieve it. Halleck had probably expected its commander, Col. Dixon Stansbury Miles, to show some military knowledge and courage. Miles was a 38-year veteran of the U.S. Army and the Mexican–American War, but who had been disgraced after the First Battle of Bull Run when a court of inquiry held that he had been drunk during the battle. Miles swore off liquor and was sent to the supposedly quiet post at Harpers Ferry. His garrison comprised 14,000 men, many inexperienced, including 2,500 who had been forced out of Martinsburg by the approach of Jackson's men on September 11. On the night of September 11, McLaws arrived at Brownsville, 6 miles northeast of Harpers Ferry. He left 3,000 men near Brownsville Gap to protect his rear and moved 3,000 others toward the Potomac River to seal off any eastern escape route from Harpers Ferry. He dispatched the veteran brigades of Brig. Gens. Joseph B. Kershaw and William Barksdale to seize Maryland Heights on September 12. The other Confederate columns were making slow progress and were behind schedule. Jackson's men were delayed at Martinsburg. Walker's men were ordered to destroy the aqueduct carrying the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal across the Monocacy River where it empties into the Potomac, but his engineers had difficulty demolishing the stone structure and the attempt was eventually abandoned. Walker reentered Virginia, in Loudoun County on September 9, across from Point of Rocks. Walker was escorted by Col. E.V. White, Loudoun native, and his 35th Virginia Cavalry Battalion. White was unhappy with the assignment and preferred to be with the rest of the army. Unfortunately White had gotten into an altercation with Maj. Gen. J. E. B. Stuart in Frederick and was subsequently ordered back to Virginia by Lee. White led Walker on a meandering route around the Short Hill Mountain to reach the base of Loudoun Heights four days later on September 13. So the attack on Harpers Ferry that had been planned for September 11 was delayed, increasing the risk that McClellan might engage and destroy a portion of Lee's army while it was divided. Battle September 12 William MacLeod, Maryland Heights - Siege of Harpers Ferry, 1863 Battle of Harpers Ferry Miles divided his 10,400 garrison troops into four brigades, making sure that the raw, inexperienced men he had recently received were balanced by more experienced soldiers. He positioned two brigades, about 7,000 men, on Bolivar Heights, in a line that stretched from the Potomac River to the Shenandoah. On nearby Camp Hill, he placed a 1,000-man brigade of heavy artillery and supporting infantry to cover the position on Bolivar Heights. Miles did not position men on Loudoun Heights, considering it the least important of the heights as he deemed it too difficult for Confederate artillery to be placed there; in any event, any Rebel force there could be attacked by the artillery on Maryland Heights. Miles did not believe that the Rebels would come by that route, and would instead approach via Bolivar Heights. The defenses of the most important position, Maryland Heights, were designed to fight off raiders, but not to hold the heights themselves. There was a powerful artillery battery halfway up the heights: two 9-inch (230 mm) naval Dahlgren rifles, one 50-pounder Parrott rifle, and four 12-pounder smoothbores, which could protect the Camp Hill and Bolivar Heights positions. On the crest, Miles assigned Col. Thomas H. Ford of the 32nd Ohio Infantry to command parts of four regiments, 1,600 men. Some of these men, including those of the 126th New York, had been in the Army only 21 days and lacked basic combat skills; they had only just arrived at Harpers Ferry. They erected primitive breastworks and sent skirmishers a quarter-mile in the direction of the Confederates. On September 12 they encountered the approaching men from Kershaw's South Carolina brigade, who had been moving slowly through the very difficult terrain on Elk Ridge. Rifle volleys from behind abatis caused the Confederates to stop for the night. September 13 Kershaw began his attack at about 6:30 a.m., September 13. He planned to push his own brigade directly against the Union breastworks while Barksdale's Mississippians flanked the Federal right. Kershaw's men charged into the abatis twice and were driven back with heavy losses. The inexperienced New York troops were holding their own. Their commander, Col. Ford, felt ill that morning and stayed back two miles (3 km) behind the lines, leaving the fighting to Col. Eliakim Sherrill, the second-ranking officer. Sherrill was wounded by a minié ball through the cheek and tongue while rallying his men and had to be carried from the field, making the green troops grow panicky. As Barksdale's Mississippians approached on the flank, the New Yorkers broke and fled rearward. Although Maj. Sylvester Hewitt ordered the remaining units to reform farther along the ridge, orders came at 3:30 p.m. from Col. Ford to retreat. (In doing so, he apparently neglected to send for the 900 men of the 115th New York, waiting in reserve midway up the slope.) His men destroyed their artillery pieces and crossed a pontoon bridge back to Harpers Ferry. Ford later insisted he had the authority from Miles to order the withdrawal, but a court of inquiry concluded that he had "abandoned his position without sufficient cause," and recommended his dismissal from the Army. During the fighting on Maryland Heights, the other Confederate columns arrived—Walker to the base of Loudoun Heights at 10 a.m. and Jackson's three divisions (Brig. Gen. John R. Jones to the north, Brig. Gen. Alexander R. Lawton in the center, and Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill to the south) to the west of Bolivar Heights at 11 a.m.—and were astonished to see that these positions were not defended. Inside the town, the Union officers realized they were surrounded and pleaded with Miles to attempt to recapture Maryland Heights, but he refused, insisting that the force on Bolivar Heights would protect the town. He exclaimed, "I am ordered to hold this place and God damn my soul to hell if I don't." In fact, Jackson's and Miles's forces to the west of town were roughly equal, but Miles was ignoring the threat from the artillery massing to his northeast and south. Late that night, Miles sent Capt. Charles Russell of the 1st Maryland Cavalry with nine troopers to slip through the enemy lines and take a message to McClellan, or any other general he could find, informing them that the besieged town could hold out only for 48 hours. Otherwise, he would be forced to surrender. Russell's men slipped across South Mountain and reached McClellan's headquarters at Frederick. The general was surprised and dismayed to receive the news. He wrote a message to Miles that a relief force was on the way and told him, "Hold out to the last extremity. If it is possible, re-occupy the Maryland Heights with your whole force." McClellan ordered Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin and his VI Corps to march from Crampton's Gap to relieve Miles. Although three couriers were sent with this information on different routes, none of them reached Harpers Ferry in time. September 14 Union military positions near Harpers Ferry in both 1862 and 1864. Restored Civil War period map. While battles raged at the passes on South Mountain, Jackson had methodically positioned his artillery around Harpers Ferry. This included four Parrott rifles to the summit of Maryland Heights, a task that required 200 men wrestling the ropes of each gun. Although Jackson wanted all of his guns to open fire simultaneously, Walker on Loudoun Heights grew impatient and began an ineffectual bombardment with five guns shortly after 1 p.m. Jackson ordered A.P. Hill to move down the west bank of the Shenandoah in preparation for a flank attack on the Federal left the next morning. That night, the Union officers realized they had less than 24 hours left, but they made no attempt to recapture Maryland Heights. Unbeknownst to Miles, only a single Confederate regiment now occupied the crest, after McLaws had withdrawn the remainder to meet the Union assault at Crampton's Gap. Col. Benjamin F. "Grimes" Davis proposed to Miles that his troopers of the 8th New York Cavalry, the Loudoun Rangers, the 12th Illinois Cavalry and some smaller units from Maryland and Rhode Island, attempt to break out. Cavalry forces were essentially useless in the defense of the town. Miles dismissed the idea as "wild and impractical," but Davis was adamant and Miles relented when he saw that the fiery Mississippian intended to break out, with or without permission. Davis and Col. Arno Voss led their 1,400 cavalrymen out of Harpers Ferry on a pontoon bridge across the Potomac, turning left onto a narrow road that wound to the west around the base of Maryland Heights in the north toward Sharpsburg. Despite a number of close calls with returning Confederates from South Mountain, the cavalry column encountered a wagon train approaching from Hagerstown with James Longstreet's reserve supply of ammunition. They were able to trick the wagoneers into following them in another direction and they repulsed the Confederate cavalry escort in the rear of the column, and the southern teamsters found themselves surrounded by Federals in the morning. Capturing more than 40 enemy ordnance wagons, Davis had lost not a single man in combat, the first great cavalry exploit of the war for the Army of the Potomac. September 15 At dawn, McLaws' repositioning of his Confederate troops – 8,000 men in two lines across the floor of Pleasant Valley – was revealed to Franklin, who had been tasked by McClellan to "cut off, destroy or capture McLaws' command and relieve Colonel Miles." It was a bluff by McLaws, and it worked because Franklin was convinced that he was outnumbered two-to-one and that it would be "suicidal to attack" the Confederate formation. The deceived Franklin thus halted only six miles from Harpers Ferry; there would be no relief for Miles' garrison. By the morning of September 15, Jackson had positioned nearly 50 guns on Maryland Heights and at the base of Loudoun Heights, prepared to enfilade the rear of the Federal line on Bolivar Heights. Jackson began a fierce artillery barrage from all sides and ordered an infantry assault for 8 a.m. Miles realized that the situation was hopeless. He had no expectation that relief would arrive from McClellan in time and his artillery ammunition was in short supply. At a council of war with his brigade commanders, he agreed to raise the white flag of surrender. But he would not be personally present at any ceremony. He was confronted by a captain of the 126th New York Infantry, who said, "For ——'s sake, Colonel, don't surrender us. Don't you hear the signal guns? Our forces are near us. Let us cut our way out and join them." But Miles replied, "Impossible. They will blow us out of this place in half an hour." As the captain turned away in disdain, a shell exploded, shattering Miles's left leg. So disgusted were the men of the garrison with Miles's behavior, which some claimed involved being drunk again, it was difficult to find a man who would take him to the hospital. He was mortally wounded and died the next day. Some historians have speculated that Miles was struck deliberately by fire from his own men. With Miles incapacitated, the formal surrender of the garrison to Jackson was undertaken by Brigadier General Julius White – a political general who had commanded the Union forces from the Martinsburg garrison, and who had come to Harper's Ferry with his troops, but, although senior to Miles, had not taken command of the garrison there, deferring instead to the commander on the scene. Aftermath Jackson had achieved victory at minor expense. The Confederate Army sustained 286 casualties (39 killed, 247 wounded), mostly from the fighting on Maryland Heights, while the Union Army sustained 12,636 (44 killed, 173 wounded, 12,419 captured). It was the largest surrender of Federal forces during the Civil War, and the largest number of United States troops to surrender until the fall of Bataan in the Philippines during World War II. The Union garrison also surrendered 13,000 small arms, 200 wagons, and 73 artillery pieces. The list of captured artillery pieces included one 50-pounder Parrott rifle (spiked), six M1841 24-pounder howitzers, four 20-pounder Parrott rifles, eight M1841 12-pounder field guns (2 spiked), four 12-pounder Napoleons (2 spiked), six M1841 6-pounder field guns, two 10-pounder Dahlgren guns (spiked), 10 3-inch Ordnance rifles, and six 3-inch James rifles. Confederate soldiers feasted on Union food supplies and helped themselves to fresh blue Federal uniforms, which would cause some confusion in the coming days. About the only unhappy men in Jackson's force were the cavalrymen, who had hoped to replenish their exhausted mounts, but were not able to because of Col. Grimes Davis' breakout. Map of Harpers Ferry Battlefield core and study areas by the American Battlefield Protection Program Jackson sent off a courier to Lee with the news. "Through God's blessing, Harper's Ferry and its garrison are to be surrendered." As he rode into town to supervise his men, Union prisoners lined the roadside, eager for a look at the famous Stonewall. One of them observed Jackson's dirty, seedy uniform and remarked, "Boys, he isn't much for looks, but if we'd had him we wouldn't have been caught in this trap." By early afternoon, Jackson received an urgent message from General Lee, telling him to get his troops to Sharpsburg as quickly as possible. Jackson left A.P. Hill at Harpers Ferry to manage the parole of Federal prisoners and began marching to join the Battle of Antietam. Inquiry The War Department appointed a special commission under Major General David Hunter to determine the reasons for the loss at Harpers Ferry. During 15 days of testimony, resulting in over 900 pages of evidence, the commission focused on Miles' competence and loyalty, his defense of the garrison, the action of his subordinate officers, and missed opportunities for escape and rescue. The commission found that a primary cause of the defeat lay in the actions of Colonel Thomas H. Ford in his defense of Maryland Heights, which it found to be "without ability". Ford's abandonment of his post was seen to be without sufficient cause, and his general military capacity was determined to be of nature as to disqualify him from further military command. General John E. Wool, who as commander of the Middle Department in Baltimore was Miles' superior until he was placed under McClellan's orders, and who had ordered Miles to defend "at all hazards" the indefensible position, received censure for putting Miles in command at Harpers Ferry. General McClellan also came in for criticism for failing to relieve and protect the garrison. Finally, although Colonel Miles was dead, and the commission expressed some reluctance to criticize an officer who could not speak on his own behalf, he was nevertheless described as having "incapacity, amounting to almost imbecility the shameful surrender of this important post." The commission opined that if McClellan's forces had been faster to reach Harpers Ferry, or if Miles had managed to hold on without surrendering so quickly, "the enemy would have been forced to raise the siege, or have been taken in detail." General Henry Halleck — who, as General-in-Chief had refused McClellan's request to attach the Harpers Ferry garrison to the Army of the Potomac, thus denying him an additional 11,000 troops, and leaving Miles in an untenable situation — was not mentioned in the commission's criticism. Battlefield preservation The Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved 542 acres (2.19 km2) of the battlefield in nine acquisitions since 2002, much of which has been incorporated into the Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, which also preserves portions of the battlefield. Additional areas are preserved within the Harpers Ferry Historic District and the National Register of Historic Places listed B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing. See also American Civil War portal Origins of the American Civil War List of American Civil War battles Maryland Campaign Battle of Antietam Harpers Ferry National Historical Park References Citations ^ Bailey (1984), p. 38; Bodart (1908), p. 527; Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001), p. 345; Kennedy (1998), p. 113; Rafuse (2008), p. 219; Robertson (1997), p. 602; Sears (1983), p. 88; Murfin (2004), p. 86; McPherson (2002), p. 106The strength of the Union forces is estimated at 12,737 by Eicher, p. 345; 13,000 (110,500 initially plus 2,500 from Martinsburg) by McPherson, p. 106 and Sears, p. 88; 12,000 by Murfin, p. 86 and 14,000 by Bailey, p. 38, Kennedy, p. 113, Rafuse, p. 219, Robertson, p. 602, and Bodart, p. 527. ^ Bailey (1984), pp. 38–39; Bodart (1908), p. 527; Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001), p. 345; Kennedy (1998), p. 113; Rafuse (2008), p. 219; Robertson (1997), p. 602The Confederate strength is estimated as 26,000 by Rafuse, p. 216, (Jackson 14,000, McLaws 8,000, Walker 4,000). Bailey, p. 38, estimates 21,000 ("7,000 more" than his Union estimate of 14,000). Robertson, p. 602, estimates 23,000. ^ a b c eHistory: Harpers Ferry @ Ohio State University. ^ a b c NPS CWSAC Report. ^ Carman (2010), pp. 283–355; Gottfried (2013), p. 18-104; Hartwig (2012), p. 553–581; Teetor (1982), p. 11-240. ^ Wolff (2000), p. 928. ^ a b Murfin (2004), p. 86. ^ Sears (2017), p. 353. ^ Sears (1983), p. 88. ^ a b Bailey (1984), p. 39. ^ Sears (1983), p. 83. ^ Frye (1989), p. 19. ^ Bailey (1984), p. 38-39. ^ Sears (1983), p. 89. ^ Bailey (1984), p. 38-39; Bodart (1908), p. 257; Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001), p. 345; Kennedy (1998), p. 113; Rafuse (2008), p. 219; Robertson (1997), p. 602. ^ Sears (1983), p. 95. ^ Divine (1985). ^ a b Murfin (2004), p. 139. ^ Frye (1989), p. 17. ^ Frye (1989), pp. 17–18. ^ Murfin (2004), p. 144. ^ Sears (1983), p. 122. ^ Frye (1989), p. 18. ^ Sears (1983), pp. 122–123. ^ Frye (1989), p. 21. ^ a b Bailey (1984), p. 43. ^ Sears (1983), p. 133; Wolff (2000), p. 930. ^ Bailey (1984), p. 56. ^ Bailey (1984), p. 56; Silkenat (2019), pp. 55–71. ^ Bailey (1984), pp. 57–58; Sears (1983), pp. 151–152. ^ Hartwig (2012), pp. 553–581. ^ Frye (1989), p. 32. ^ Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001), p. 347. ^ Sears (1983), pp. 123, 153. ^ Frye (1989), p. 22. ^ Sears (1983), p. 153; Murfin (2004), p. 203Sears gives the number captured as just over 11,500, while Murfin reports 11,000. ^ Robertson (1997), p. 606. ^ NPS Bolivar HeightsHistorical sign on site ^ Bailey (1984), p. 59. ^ Johnson & Anderson (1995), p. 108. ^ Sears (1983), pp. 153–154. ^ Sears (1983), p. 154. ^ Hartwig (2012), p. 124; Robertson (1997), p. 606. ^ a b c Frye (1989), p. 34. ^ Sears (2017), pp. 359–360. ^ Sears (2017), p. 360. ^ American Battlefield Trust - Saved Land. ^ American Battlefield Trust - What Might Have Been: Harpers Ferry. ^ NPS Battlefield Protection. ^ Esposito (1959), p. 75. Bibliography Books Bailey, Ronald H. (1984). Grunewald, Henry Anatole (ed.). The Bloodiest Day: The Battle of Antietam (PDF). Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. p. 176. ISBN 0809447401. OCLC 10925005. Retrieved April 14, 2017. Bodart, Gaston (1908). Militär-historisches kreigs-lexikon, (1618–1905) (PDF) (in German). Stern. Carman, Ezra Ayers (2010). Clemens, Thomas G. (ed.). The Maryland campaign of September 1862. Vol. 1, South Mountain (eBook). New York: Savas Beatie. p. 491. ISBN 978-1611210552. Divine, John E. (1985). 35th Battalion Virginia Cavalry (eBook). Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard. p. 112. ISBN 093091919X. Retrieved May 8, 2015. Eicher, David J.; McPherson, James M.; McPherson, James Alan (2001). The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-1846-9. OCLC 892938160. Esposito, Vincent J. (1959). West Point Atlas of American Wars. New York: Frederick A. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8050-3391-5. OCLC 60298522. Frye, Dennis E. (1989). "Drama Between the Rivers: Harpers Ferry in the 1862 Maryland Campaign". In Gallagher, Gary W. (ed.). Antietam : essays on the 1862 Maryland Campaign. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. pp. 14–34. ISBN 0-87338-400-8. Gottfried, Bradley M. (2013). The Maps of Antietam, eBook Short #2: The Siege and Capture of Harpers Ferry, September 12–15, 1862 (eBook) (1st ed.). Havertown, PA: Savas Beatie. p. 188. ISBN 978-1611214987. Hartwig, D. Scott (2012). To Antietam Creek: The Maryland Campaign of 1862 (eBook). Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 794. ISBN 978-1421408767. OCLC 830023821. Johnson, Curt; Anderson, Richard C. Jr. (1995). Artillery Hell: The Employment of Artillery at Antietam. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-623-0. Kennedy, Frances H., ed. (1998). The Civil War Battlefield Guide (Kindle) (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. ISBN 0-395-74012-6. Retrieved June 24, 2020. McPherson, James M. (2002). Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-965-46118-1. Murfin, James V. (2004) . The Gleam of Bayonets : the Battle of Antietam and Robert E. Lee's Maryland Campaign, September 1862. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. ISBN 978-0-8071-3020-9. Rafuse, Ethan Sepp (2008). Antietam, South Mountain, and Harpers Ferry : a Battlefield Guide (eBook). This Hallowed Ground. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 283. ISBN 978-0803219434. Retrieved May 8, 2015. Robertson, James I. Jr. (1997). Stonewall Jackson: The Man, The Soldier, The Legend (PDF). London: Prentice Hall International. p. 950. ISBN 978-0-02-864685-5. OCLC 1151321680. Retrieved 6 July 2020. Sears, Stephen W. (1983). Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam (PDF). New York: Ticknor & Fields (Popular Library). ISBN 978-0395656686. OCLC 12308045. Retrieved 25 September 2017. Sears, Stephen W. (2017). Lincoln's Lieutenants: The High Command of the Army of the Potomac. Boston: Mariner Books. ISBN 978-1-328-91579-5. Silkenat, David (2019). Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War (PDF). Civil War America. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 368. ISBN 978-1469649740. OCLC 1088722636. Teetor, Paul R. (1982). A Matter of Hours: Treason at Harper's Ferry (PDF). Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 309. ISBN 083863012X. OCLC 563196790. Wolff, Robert S. (2000). Heidler, David S.; Heidler, Jeanne T. (eds.). Harper's Ferry, (West) Virginia. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-04758-X. Other "Saved Land". battlefields.org. American Battlefield Trust. Retrieved May 25, 2018. "What Might Have Been: Harpers Ferry, West Virginia". battlefields.org. American Battlefield Trust. 6 December 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2018. "Bolivar Heights". NPS.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved September 20, 2022. "American Battlefield Protection Program". NPS.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved September 20, 2022. "Harpers Ferry". OSU eHistory. Ohio State University. Retrieved September 21, 2022. CWSAC Report Update and Resurvey: Individual Battlefield Profiles "Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation's Civil War Battlefields, Technical Volume II: Battle Summaries" (PDF). National Park Service. p. 187. Retrieved 5 October 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Harper's Ferry. Animated history of the Battle of Antietam Portal: American Civil War vteEastern theater of the American Civil War1861Campaigns Chesapeake blockade (May–Jun) Western Virginia (Jun–Dec) Manassas (Jul) Carolina coast blockade (Aug) McClellan's operations (Oct–Dec) Potomac blockade (Oct–Jan 1862) Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run 1862Campaigns Burnside's NC Expedition (Feb–Jun) Jackson's Valley (Mar–Jun) Peninsula (Mar–Jul) Northern Virginia (Jul-Sep) Maryland (Sep) Fredericksburg (Nov–Dec) Goldsboro Expedition (Dec) Major battles Hampton Roads Williamsburg Seven Pines Seven Days Battles Oak Grove Beaver Dam Creek Gaines' Mill Garnett's & Golding's Farm Savage's Station White Oak Swamp Glendale Malvern Hill 2nd Bull Run Antietam Fredericksburg 1863Campaigns Tidewater operations (Mar–Apr) Chancellorsville (Apr–May) Gettysburg (Jun–Jul) Bristoe (Oct–Nov) Mine Run (Nov–Dec) Major battles Chancellorsville Gettysburg 1864Campaigns Valley campaigns (May–Oct): Lynchburg, Early's B&O raid, Sheridan's campaign Operations against Plymouth (Apr–May) Bermuda Hundred (May) Overland (May–Jun) Petersburg (Jun–Mar 1865) Major battles Wilderness Spotsylvania Court House North Anna Cold Harbor Trevilian Station 2nd Petersburg Crater 2nd Deep Bottom Globe Tavern 3rd Winchester Chaffin's Farm Cedar Creek Boydton Plank Road 1865Campaigns Wilmington (Dec–Feb) Appomattox (Mar–Apr) Major battles 2nd Fort Fisher Bentonville Fort Stedman Five Forks 3rd Petersburg Sailor's Creek Appomattox Court House Armies James Potomac Virginia Shenandoah Northern Virginia GeographyDepartments Monongahela Susquehanna Landforms Cumberland Valley Gettysburg-Newark Lowlands Shenandoah Valley vteLoudoun County in the American Civil WarBattles Battle of Ball's Bluff Battle of Dranesville Battle of Harpers Ferry Battle of Aldie Battle of Middleburg Battle of Upperville Skirmishes Fight at Waterford Battle of Mile Hill Affair at Glenmore Farm Battle of Unison Fight at Aldie Skirmish at Miskel Farm Blackleys Grove 2nd Dranesville Action at Mount Zion Church Battle of Loudoun Heights Heaton's Crossroads Harmony Skirmish Raids Burning Raid George's Schoolhouse Raid Units Confederate 35th Battalion of Virginia Cavalry 43rd Battalion of Virginia Cavalry 7th Virginia Cavalry 8th Virginia Infantry Union Loudoun Rangers People Confederate Robert H. Chilton John Janney John Mobberly Elijah V. White Union Samuel C. Means Sites Ball's Bluff Battlefield and National Cemetery Harpers Ferry National Historical Park Fort Johnston Fort Evans Fort Beauregard Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Raid_on_Harper%27s_Ferry"},{"link_name":"39°19′22″N 77°43′49″W / 39.3228°N 77.7302°W / 39.3228; -77.7302","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Harpers_Ferry&params=39.3228_N_77.7302_W_type:event_region:US_scale:30000"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NWDNS-165-SB-26_Harpers_Ferry_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Jefferson County, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Loudoun County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Washington County, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Confederate States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Dixon S. 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Miles † Julius White\n Stonewall Jackson A.P. HillStrength\n14,000[1]\n21,000–26,000[2]Casualties and losses\n12,636 total 44 killed 173 wounded 12,419 captured[3][4]\n286 total 39 killed 247 wounded[3][4]vteMaryland campaign\nMile Hill\nHarpers Ferry\nCrampton's Gap\nSouth Mountain\nAntietam\nShepherdstown\nChambersburg Raid\nUnisonThe Battle of Harpers Ferry was fought September 12–15, 1862, as part of the Maryland Campaign of the American Civil War. As Confederate Army General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army invaded Maryland, a portion of his army under Major General Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson surrounded, bombarded, and captured the Union garrison at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia).As Lee's Army of Northern Virginia advanced down the Shenandoah Valley into Maryland, he planned to capture the garrison at Harpers Ferry to secure his line of supply back to Virginia. Although he was being pursued at a leisurely pace by Major General George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac, outnumbering him more than two to one, Lee chose the risky strategy of dividing his army and sent one portion to converge and attack Harpers Ferry from three directions. Colonel Dixon S. Miles, Union commander at Harpers Ferry, insisted on keeping most of the troops near the town instead of taking up commanding positions on the surrounding heights. The slim defenses of the most important position, Maryland Heights, first encountered the approaching Confederates on September 12, but only brief skirmishing ensued. Strong attacks by two Confederate brigades on September 13 drove the Union troops from the heights.During the fighting on Maryland Heights, the other Confederate columns arrived and were astonished to see that critical positions to the west and south of town were not defended. Jackson methodically positioned his artillery around Harpers Ferry and ordered Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill to move down the west bank of the Shenandoah River in preparation for a flank attack on the Federal left the next morning. By the morning of September 15, Jackson had positioned nearly 50 guns on Maryland Heights and at the base of Loudoun Heights. He began a fierce artillery barrage from all sides and ordered an infantry assault. Miles realized that the situation was hopeless and agreed with his subordinates to raise the white flag of surrender. Before he could surrender personally, he was mortally wounded by an artillery shell and died the next day. After processing more than 12,000 Union prisoners, Jackson's men then rushed to Sharpsburg, Maryland, to rejoin Lee for the Battle of Antietam.[5]","title":"Battle of Harpers Ferry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maryland_Campaign_1862.pdf"},{"link_name":"confluence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence"},{"link_name":"Potomac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_River"},{"link_name":"Shenandoah River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_River"},{"link_name":"historic Federal arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_Armory"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2000928-6"},{"link_name":"Baltimore and Ohio Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad"},{"link_name":"John Brown's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)"},{"link_name":"attack on the Federal arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurfin200486-7"},{"link_name":"Baltimore and Ohio Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake and Ohio Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Canal"},{"link_name":"Shenandoah Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2017353-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurfin200486-7"},{"link_name":"Martinsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinsburg,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears198388-9"},{"link_name":"Bolivar Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivar_Heights_Battlefield"},{"link_name":"Loudoun Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_Heights_(mountain)"},{"link_name":"Elk Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk_Ridge_(Maryland)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey198439-10"},{"link_name":"Gen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_officers_in_the_Confederate_States_Army#General"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee"},{"link_name":"Army of Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears198383-11"},{"link_name":"logistical support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_service_support_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"George B. McClellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan"},{"link_name":"Army of the Potomac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac"},{"link_name":"Boonsboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boonsboro,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"James Longstreet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet"},{"link_name":"Hagerstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagerstown,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye198919-12"},{"link_name":"Lafayette McLaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_McLaws"},{"link_name":"John George Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_George_Walker"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey198438-39-13"},{"link_name":"Henry Halleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Halleck"},{"link_name":"Dixon Stansbury Miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixon_Stansbury_Miles"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Bull Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears198389-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey198438-39Bodart1908257EicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001345Kennedy1998113Rafuse2008219Robertson1997602-15"},{"link_name":"Brownsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Joseph B. Kershaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_B._Kershaw"},{"link_name":"William Barksdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barksdale"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey198439-10"},{"link_name":"aqueduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocacy_Aqueduct"},{"link_name":"Monocacy River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocacy_River"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears198395-16"},{"link_name":"Loudoun County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Point of Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_Rocks,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"E.V. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_V._White"},{"link_name":"35th Virginia Cavalry Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_Virginia_Cavalry_Battalion"},{"link_name":"J. E. B. Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart"},{"link_name":"Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Short Hill Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Hill_Mountain"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDivine1985-17"}],"text":"Maryland Campaign, actions September 3–15, 1862 Confederate UnionHarpers Ferry is a small town at the confluence of the Potomac River and the Shenandoah River, the site of a historic Federal arsenal founded by President George Washington in 1799 [6] and a bridge for the critical Baltimore and Ohio Railroad across the Potomac. In 1859 it was the site of the abolitionist John Brown's attack on the Federal arsenal.At the time the garrison at Harpers Ferry – officially the Railroad Brigade of the Middle Department, Eighth Army Corps,[7] the purpose of which was to protect the strategically vital Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, where they passed through the area, and the lower Shenandoah Valley[8] – was the last remaining sizable Union force south of the Potomac River,[7] consisting of about 10,400 men, later joined by 2,500 from the Union garrison at Martinsburg[9] – plus a large cache of small arms as well as artillery pieces, wagons, and Union uniforms. The town was virtually indefensible, as it was dominated on all sides by higher ground. To the west, the ground rose gradually for about a mile and a half to Bolivar Heights, a plateau 669 feet (204 m) high, that stretches from the Potomac to the Shenandoah; further west and parallel was Schoolhouse Ridge. To the south, across the Shenandoah, Loudoun Heights overlooks from 1,180 feet (360 m). And to the northeast, across the Potomac, the southernmost extremity of Elk Ridge forms the 1,476-foot-high crest of Maryland Heights. A Federal soldier wrote that if these three heights could not be held, Harpers Ferry would be \"no more defensible than a well bottom.\"[10]As Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia (ANV) advanced into Maryland, Lee expected that the Union garrisons that potentially blocked his supply line in the Shenandoah Valley, at Winchester, Martinsburg, and Harpers Ferry, would be cut off and abandoned without firing a shot,[11] but the garrisons, Harpers Ferry specifically, were still manned. Lee planned to capture the garrison to secure his logistical support and potential retreat back to Virginia.Although he was being pursued at a measured pace by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan and the Union Army of the Potomac, which outnumbered him by more than two to one, Lee chose the risky strategy of dividing his army in order to seize Harpers Ferry. While the rest of the ANV remained at Boonsboro — later minus the corps of Maj. Gen. James Longstreet which Lee sent north to Hagerstown to protect against the reported movement of Pennsylvania militia there,[12] which proved illusory – Lee sent three columns of troops to converge and attack Harpers Ferry from separate directions. The largest column, 11,500 men under Jackson, was to recross the Potomac and circle around to the west of Harpers Ferry and attack it from Bolivar Heights, while the other two columns, under Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws (8,000 men) and Brig. Gen. John George Walker (3,400), were to capture Maryland Heights and Loudoun Heights respectively, commanding the town from the east and south.[13]McClellan had wanted to add the Harpers Ferry garrison to his field army, but general-in-chief Henry Halleck had refused, saying that the movement would be too difficult and that the garrison had to defend itself \"until the latest moment,\" or until McClellan could relieve it. Halleck had probably expected its commander, Col. Dixon Stansbury Miles, to show some military knowledge and courage. Miles was a 38-year veteran of the U.S. Army and the Mexican–American War, but who had been disgraced after the First Battle of Bull Run when a court of inquiry held that he had been drunk during the battle. Miles swore off liquor and was sent to the supposedly quiet post at Harpers Ferry.[14] His garrison comprised 14,000 men, many inexperienced, including 2,500 who had been forced out of Martinsburg by the approach of Jackson's men on September 11.[15]On the night of September 11, McLaws arrived at Brownsville, 6 miles northeast of Harpers Ferry. He left 3,000 men near Brownsville Gap to protect his rear and moved 3,000 others toward the Potomac River to seal off any eastern escape route from Harpers Ferry. He dispatched the veteran brigades of Brig. Gens. Joseph B. Kershaw and William Barksdale to seize Maryland Heights on September 12.[10] The other Confederate columns were making slow progress and were behind schedule. Jackson's men were delayed at Martinsburg. Walker's men were ordered to destroy the aqueduct carrying the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal across the Monocacy River where it empties into the Potomac, but his engineers had difficulty demolishing the stone structure and the attempt was eventually abandoned.[16]Walker reentered Virginia, in Loudoun County on September 9, across from Point of Rocks. Walker was escorted by Col. E.V. White, Loudoun native, and his 35th Virginia Cavalry Battalion. White was unhappy with the assignment and preferred to be with the rest of the army. Unfortunately White had gotten into an altercation with Maj. Gen. J. E. B. Stuart in Frederick and was subsequently ordered back to Virginia by Lee. White led Walker on a meandering route around the Short Hill Mountain to reach the base of Loudoun Heights four days later on September 13.[17] So the attack on Harpers Ferry that had been planned for September 11 was delayed, increasing the risk that McClellan might engage and destroy a portion of Lee's army while it was divided.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_MacLeod,_Maryland_Heights_-_Siege_of_Harpers_Ferry,_1863,_NGA_176395.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harpers_Ferry.png"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurfin2004139-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye198917-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye198917%E2%80%9318-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurfin2004139-18"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurfin2004144-21"},{"link_name":"artillery battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_battery"},{"link_name":"Parrott rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrott_rifle"},{"link_name":"smoothbores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoothbore"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears1983122-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye198918-23"},{"link_name":"Thomas H. Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H._Ford"},{"link_name":"32nd Ohio Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_Ohio_Infantry"},{"link_name":"126th New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/126th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears1983122%E2%80%93123-24"},{"link_name":"Rifle volleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volley_fire_(infantry_tactic)"},{"link_name":"abatis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abatis"}],"sub_title":"September 12","text":"William MacLeod, Maryland Heights - Siege of Harpers Ferry, 1863Battle of Harpers FerryMiles divided his 10,400 garrison troops into four brigades, making sure that the raw, inexperienced men he had recently received were balanced by more experienced soldiers. He positioned two brigades, about 7,000 men, on Bolivar Heights, in a line that stretched from the Potomac River to the Shenandoah.[18][19] On nearby Camp Hill, he placed a 1,000-man brigade of heavy artillery and supporting infantry to cover the position on Bolivar Heights. Miles did not position men on Loudoun Heights, considering it the least important of the heights as he deemed it too difficult for Confederate artillery to be placed there; in any event, any Rebel force there could be attacked by the artillery on Maryland Heights.[20][18] Miles did not believe that the Rebels would come by that route, and would instead approach via Bolivar Heights.[21]The defenses of the most important position, Maryland Heights, were designed to fight off raiders, but not to hold the heights themselves. There was a powerful artillery battery halfway up the heights: two 9-inch (230 mm) naval Dahlgren rifles, one 50-pounder Parrott rifle, and four 12-pounder smoothbores,[22] which could protect the Camp Hill and Bolivar Heights positions.[23] On the crest, Miles assigned Col. Thomas H. Ford of the 32nd Ohio Infantry to command parts of four regiments, 1,600 men. Some of these men, including those of the 126th New York, had been in the Army only 21 days and lacked basic combat skills; they had only just arrived at Harpers Ferry. They erected primitive breastworks and sent skirmishers a quarter-mile in the direction of the Confederates.[24] On September 12 they encountered the approaching men from Kershaw's South Carolina brigade, who had been moving slowly through the very difficult terrain on Elk Ridge. Rifle volleys from behind abatis caused the Confederates to stop for the night.","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eliakim Sherrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliakim_Sherrill"},{"link_name":"minié ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_ball"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye198921-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey198443-26"},{"link_name":"John R. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Jones"},{"link_name":"Alexander R. Lawton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_R._Lawton"},{"link_name":"A.P. Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.P._Hill"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey198443-26"},{"link_name":"1st Maryland Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Regiment_Maryland_Volunteer_Cavalry"},{"link_name":"South Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Mountain_(Maryland_and_Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"William B. Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Franklin"},{"link_name":"VI Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VI_Corps_(Union_Army)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears1983133Wolff2000930-27"}],"sub_title":"September 13","text":"Kershaw began his attack at about 6:30 a.m., September 13. He planned to push his own brigade directly against the Union breastworks while Barksdale's Mississippians flanked the Federal right. Kershaw's men charged into the abatis twice and were driven back with heavy losses. The inexperienced New York troops were holding their own. Their commander, Col. Ford, felt ill that morning and stayed back two miles (3 km) behind the lines, leaving the fighting to Col. Eliakim Sherrill, the second-ranking officer. Sherrill was wounded by a minié ball through the cheek and tongue while rallying his men and had to be carried from the field, making the green troops grow panicky.[25] As Barksdale's Mississippians approached on the flank, the New Yorkers broke and fled rearward. Although Maj. Sylvester Hewitt ordered the remaining units to reform farther along the ridge, orders came at 3:30 p.m. from Col. Ford to retreat. (In doing so, he apparently neglected to send for the 900 men of the 115th New York, waiting in reserve midway up the slope.) His men destroyed their artillery pieces and crossed a pontoon bridge back to Harpers Ferry. Ford later insisted he had the authority from Miles to order the withdrawal, but a court of inquiry concluded that he had \"abandoned his position without sufficient cause,\" and recommended his dismissal from the Army.[26]During the fighting on Maryland Heights, the other Confederate columns arrived—Walker to the base of Loudoun Heights at 10 a.m. and Jackson's three divisions (Brig. Gen. John R. Jones to the north, Brig. Gen. Alexander R. Lawton in the center, and Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill to the south) to the west of Bolivar Heights at 11 a.m.—and were astonished to see that these positions were not defended. Inside the town, the Union officers realized they were surrounded and pleaded with Miles to attempt to recapture Maryland Heights, but he refused, insisting that the force on Bolivar Heights would protect the town. He exclaimed, \"I am ordered to hold this place and God damn my soul to hell if I don't.\"[26] In fact, Jackson's and Miles's forces to the west of town were roughly equal, but Miles was ignoring the threat from the artillery massing to his northeast and south.Late that night, Miles sent Capt. Charles Russell of the 1st Maryland Cavalry with nine troopers to slip through the enemy lines and take a message to McClellan, or any other general he could find, informing them that the besieged town could hold out only for 48 hours. Otherwise, he would be forced to surrender. Russell's men slipped across South Mountain and reached McClellan's headquarters at Frederick. The general was surprised and dismayed to receive the news. He wrote a message to Miles that a relief force was on the way and told him, \"Hold out to the last extremity. If it is possible, re-occupy the Maryland Heights with your whole force.\" McClellan ordered Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin and his VI Corps to march from Crampton's Gap to relieve Miles. Although three couriers were sent with this information on different routes, none of them reached Harpers Ferry in time.[27]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Attack_on_Harper%27s_Ferrypass5.jpg"},{"link_name":"South Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_South_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Parrott rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrott_rifles"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey198456-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey198456Silkenat201955%E2%80%9371-29"},{"link_name":"Benjamin F. \"Grimes\" Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Davis"},{"link_name":"8th New York Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_New_York_Cavalry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Loudoun Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Arno Voss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno_Voss"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey198457%E2%80%9358Sears1983151%E2%80%93152-30"}],"sub_title":"September 14","text":"Union military positions near Harpers Ferry in both 1862 and 1864. Restored Civil War period map.While battles raged at the passes on South Mountain, Jackson had methodically positioned his artillery around Harpers Ferry. This included four Parrott rifles to the summit of Maryland Heights, a task that required 200 men wrestling the ropes of each gun. Although Jackson wanted all of his guns to open fire simultaneously, Walker on Loudoun Heights grew impatient and began an ineffectual bombardment with five guns shortly after 1 p.m. Jackson ordered A.P. Hill to move down the west bank of the Shenandoah in preparation for a flank attack on the Federal left the next morning.[28]That night, the Union officers realized they had less than 24 hours left, but they made no attempt to recapture Maryland Heights. Unbeknownst to Miles, only a single Confederate regiment now occupied the crest, after McLaws had withdrawn the remainder to meet the Union assault at Crampton's Gap.[29]Col. Benjamin F. \"Grimes\" Davis proposed to Miles that his troopers of the 8th New York Cavalry, the Loudoun Rangers, the 12th Illinois Cavalry and some smaller units from Maryland and Rhode Island, attempt to break out. Cavalry forces were essentially useless in the defense of the town. Miles dismissed the idea as \"wild and impractical,\" but Davis was adamant and Miles relented when he saw that the fiery Mississippian intended to break out, with or without permission. Davis and Col. Arno Voss led their 1,400 cavalrymen out of Harpers Ferry on a pontoon bridge across the Potomac, turning left onto a narrow road that wound to the west around the base of Maryland Heights in the north toward Sharpsburg. Despite a number of close calls with returning Confederates from South Mountain, the cavalry column encountered a wagon train approaching from Hagerstown with James Longstreet's reserve supply of ammunition. They were able to trick the wagoneers into following them in another direction and they repulsed the Confederate cavalry escort in the rear of the column, and the southern teamsters found themselves surrounded by Federals in the morning. Capturing more than 40 enemy ordnance wagons, Davis had lost not a single man in combat, the first great cavalry exploit of the war for the Army of the Potomac.[30]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartwig2012553%E2%80%93581-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye198932-32"},{"link_name":"enfilade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfilade_and_defilade"},{"link_name":"council of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_war"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001347-33"},{"link_name":"Julius White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_White"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears1983123,_153-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye198922-35"}],"sub_title":"September 15","text":"At dawn, McLaws' repositioning of his Confederate troops – 8,000 men in two lines across the floor of Pleasant Valley – was revealed to Franklin, who had been tasked by McClellan to \"cut off, destroy or capture McLaws' command and relieve Colonel Miles.\" It was a bluff by McLaws, and it worked because Franklin was convinced that he was outnumbered two-to-one and that it would be \"suicidal to attack\" the Confederate formation.[31] The deceived Franklin thus halted only six miles from Harpers Ferry; there would be no relief for Miles' garrison.[32]By the morning of September 15, Jackson had positioned nearly 50 guns on Maryland Heights and at the base of Loudoun Heights, prepared to enfilade the rear of the Federal line on Bolivar Heights. Jackson began a fierce artillery barrage from all sides and ordered an infantry assault for 8 a.m. Miles realized that the situation was hopeless. He had no expectation that relief would arrive from McClellan in time and his artillery ammunition was in short supply. At a council of war with his brigade commanders, he agreed to raise the white flag of surrender. But he would not be personally present at any ceremony. He was confronted by a captain of the 126th New York Infantry, who said, \"For ——'s sake, Colonel, don't surrender us. Don't you hear the signal guns? Our forces are near us. Let us cut our way out and join them.\" But Miles replied, \"Impossible. They will blow us out of this place in half an hour.\" As the captain turned away in disdain, a shell exploded, shattering Miles's left leg. So disgusted were the men of the garrison with Miles's behavior, which some claimed involved being drunk again, it was difficult to find a man who would take him to the hospital. He was mortally wounded and died the next day. Some historians have speculated that Miles was struck deliberately by fire from his own men.[33] With Miles incapacitated, the formal surrender of the garrison to Jackson was undertaken by Brigadier General Julius White – a political general who had commanded the Union forces from the Martinsburg garrison, and who had come to Harper's Ferry with his troops, but, although senior to Miles, had not taken command of the garrison there, deferring instead to the commander on the scene.[34][35]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''eHistory:_Harpers_Ferry_@_Ohio_State_University''-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NPS_CWSAC_Report''-4"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears1983153Murfin2004203-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1997606-37"},{"link_name":"fall of Bataan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Bataan"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NPS_Bolivar_Heights''-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey198459-39"},{"link_name":"Parrott rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrott_rifle"},{"link_name":"M1841 24-pounder howitzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1841_24-pounder_howitzer"},{"link_name":"20-pounder Parrott rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-pounder_Parrott_rifle"},{"link_name":"12-pounder Napoleons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-pounder_Napoleon"},{"link_name":"M1841 6-pounder field guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1841_6-pounder_field_gun"},{"link_name":"Dahlgren guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlgren_gun"},{"link_name":"3-inch Ordnance rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-inch_Ordnance_rifle"},{"link_name":"James rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_rifle"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonAnderson1995108-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears1983153%E2%80%93154-41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harpers_Ferry_Battlefield_West_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"American Battlefield Protection Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Battlefield_Protection_Program"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears1983154-42"},{"link_name":"Battle of Antietam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartwig2012124Robertson1997606-43"}],"text":"Jackson had achieved victory at minor expense. The Confederate Army sustained 286 casualties (39 killed, 247 wounded), mostly from the fighting on Maryland Heights, while the Union Army sustained 12,636 (44 killed, 173 wounded, 12,419 captured).[3][4][36] It was the largest surrender of Federal forces during the Civil War,[37] and the largest number of United States troops to surrender until the fall of Bataan in the Philippines during World War II.[38] The Union garrison also surrendered 13,000 small arms, 200 wagons, and 73 artillery pieces.[39] The list of captured artillery pieces included one 50-pounder Parrott rifle (spiked), six M1841 24-pounder howitzers, four 20-pounder Parrott rifles, eight M1841 12-pounder field guns (2 spiked), four 12-pounder Napoleons (2 spiked), six M1841 6-pounder field guns, two 10-pounder Dahlgren guns (spiked), 10 3-inch Ordnance rifles, and six 3-inch James rifles.[40]Confederate soldiers feasted on Union food supplies and helped themselves to fresh blue Federal uniforms, which would cause some confusion in the coming days. About the only unhappy men in Jackson's force were the cavalrymen, who had hoped to replenish their exhausted mounts, but were not able to because of Col. Grimes Davis' breakout.[41]Map of Harpers Ferry Battlefield core and study areas by the American Battlefield Protection ProgramJackson sent off a courier to Lee with the news. \"Through God's blessing, Harper's Ferry and its garrison are to be surrendered.\" As he rode into town to supervise his men, Union prisoners lined the roadside, eager for a look at the famous Stonewall. One of them observed Jackson's dirty, seedy uniform and remarked, \"Boys, he isn't much for looks, but if we'd had him we wouldn't have been caught in this trap.\"[42] By early afternoon, Jackson received an urgent message from General Lee, telling him to get his troops to Sharpsburg as quickly as possible. Jackson left A.P. Hill at Harpers Ferry to manage the parole of Federal prisoners and began marching to join the Battle of Antietam.[43]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hunter"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye198934-44"},{"link_name":"John E. Wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Wool"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye198934-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2017359%E2%80%93360-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye198934-44"},{"link_name":"Henry Halleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Halleck"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2017360-46"}],"text":"The War Department appointed a special commission under Major General David Hunter to determine the reasons for the loss at Harpers Ferry. During 15 days of testimony, resulting in over 900 pages of evidence, the commission focused on Miles' competence and loyalty, his defense of the garrison, the action of his subordinate officers, and missed opportunities for escape and rescue.[44]The commission found that a primary cause of the defeat lay in the actions of Colonel Thomas H. Ford in his defense of Maryland Heights, which it found to be \"without ability\". Ford's abandonment of his post was seen to be without sufficient cause, and his general military capacity was determined to be of nature as to disqualify him from further military command. General John E. Wool, who as commander of the Middle Department in Baltimore was Miles' superior until he was placed under McClellan's orders, and who had ordered Miles to defend \"at all hazards\" the indefensible position, received censure for putting Miles in command at Harpers Ferry. General McClellan also came in for criticism for failing to relieve and protect the garrison.[44][45]Finally, although Colonel Miles was dead, and the commission expressed some reluctance to criticize an officer who could not speak on his own behalf, he was nevertheless described as having \"incapacity, amounting to almost imbecility [for] the shameful surrender of this important post.\" The commission opined that if McClellan's forces had been faster to reach Harpers Ferry, or if Miles had managed to hold on without surrendering so quickly, \"the enemy would have been forced to raise the siege, or have been taken in detail.\"[44]General Henry Halleck — who, as General-in-Chief had refused McClellan's request to attach the Harpers Ferry garrison to the Army of the Potomac, thus denying him an additional 11,000 troops, and leaving Miles in an untenable situation — was not mentioned in the commission's criticism.[46]","title":"Inquiry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil War Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_War_Trust"},{"link_name":"American Battlefield Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Battlefield_Trust"},{"link_name":"Harpers Ferry National Historical Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_National_Historical_Park"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Battlefield_Trust_-_Saved_Land-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Battlefield_Trust_-_What_Might_Have_Been:_Harpers_Ferry-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NPS_Battlefield_Protection''-49"},{"link_name":"Harpers Ferry Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_%26_O_Railroad_Potomac_River_Crossing"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito195975-50"}],"text":"The Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved 542 acres (2.19 km2) of the battlefield in nine acquisitions since 2002, much of which has been incorporated into the Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, which also preserves portions of the battlefield.[47][48][49] Additional areas are preserved within the Harpers Ferry Historic District and the National Register of Historic Places listed B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing.[50]","title":"Battlefield preservation"}]	[{"image_text":"Maryland Campaign, actions September 3–15, 1862 Confederate Union","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Maryland_Campaign_1862.pdf/page1-330px-Maryland_Campaign_1862.pdf.jpg"},{"image_text":"William MacLeod, Maryland Heights - Siege of Harpers Ferry, 1863","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/William_MacLeod%2C_Maryland_Heights_-_Siege_of_Harpers_Ferry%2C_1863%2C_NGA_176395.jpg/330px-William_MacLeod%2C_Maryland_Heights_-_Siege_of_Harpers_Ferry%2C_1863%2C_NGA_176395.jpg"},{"image_text":"Battle of Harpers Ferry","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Harpers_Ferry.png/330px-Harpers_Ferry.png"},{"image_text":"Union military positions near Harpers Ferry in both 1862 and 1864. Restored Civil War period map.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Attack_on_Harper%27s_Ferrypass5.jpg/330px-Attack_on_Harper%27s_Ferrypass5.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Harpers Ferry Battlefield core and study areas by the American Battlefield Protection Program","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Harpers_Ferry_Battlefield_West_Virginia.jpg/330px-Harpers_Ferry_Battlefield_West_Virginia.jpg"}]	[{"title":"American Civil War portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War"},{"title":"Origins of the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"title":"List of American Civil War battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles"},{"title":"Maryland Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Campaign"},{"title":"Battle of Antietam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam"},{"title":"Harpers Ferry National Historical Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_National_Historical_Park"}]	[{"reference":"Bailey, Ronald H. (1984). Grunewald, Henry Anatole (ed.). The Bloodiest Day: The Battle of Antietam (PDF). Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. p. 176. ISBN 0809447401. OCLC 10925005. Retrieved April 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bloodiestdayb00bail/page/n7/mode/2up","url_text":"The Bloodiest Day: The Battle of Antietam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0809447401","url_text":"0809447401"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10925005","url_text":"10925005"}]},{"reference":"Bodart, Gaston (1908). Militär-historisches kreigs-lexikon, (1618–1905) (PDF) (in German). Stern.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Eo4DAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Militär-historisches kreigs-lexikon, (1618–1905)"}]},{"reference":"Carman, Ezra Ayers (2010). Clemens, Thomas G. (ed.). The Maryland campaign of September 1862. Vol. 1, South Mountain (eBook). New York: Savas Beatie. p. 491. ISBN 978-1611210552.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_A._Carman","url_text":"Carman, Ezra Ayers"},{"url":"https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=3007431","url_text":"The Maryland campaign of September 1862. Vol. 1, South Mountain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1611210552","url_text":"978-1611210552"}]},{"reference":"Divine, John E. (1985). 35th Battalion Virginia Cavalry (eBook). Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard. p. 112. ISBN 093091919X. Retrieved May 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990003981220203941/catalog","url_text":"35th Battalion Virginia Cavalry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/093091919X","url_text":"093091919X"}]},{"reference":"Eicher, David J.; McPherson, James M.; McPherson, James Alan (2001). The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-1846-9. OCLC 892938160.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_J._Eicher","url_text":"Eicher, David J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._McPherson","url_text":"McPherson, James M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Alan_McPherson","url_text":"McPherson, James Alan"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Longest-Night-Military-History-Civil-ebook/dp/B000FC0RBA/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=The+Longest+Night%3A+A+Military+History+of+the+Civil+War&qid=1606412979&s=books&sr=1-1","url_text":"The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster","url_text":"Simon & Schuster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-1846-9","url_text":"0-7432-1846-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/892938160","url_text":"892938160"}]},{"reference":"Esposito, Vincent J. (1959). West Point Atlas of American Wars. New York: Frederick A. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8050-3391-5. OCLC 60298522.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60298522","url_text":"West Point Atlas of American Wars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_A._Praeger_Publishers","url_text":"Frederick A. Praeger Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-3391-5","url_text":"978-0-8050-3391-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60298522","url_text":"60298522"}]},{"reference":"Frye, Dennis E. (1989). \"Drama Between the Rivers: Harpers Ferry in the 1862 Maryland Campaign\". In Gallagher, Gary W. (ed.). Antietam : essays on the 1862 Maryland Campaign. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. pp. 14–34. ISBN 0-87338-400-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_W._Gallagher","url_text":"Gallagher, Gary W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87338-400-8","url_text":"0-87338-400-8"}]},{"reference":"Gottfried, Bradley M. (2013). The Maps of Antietam, eBook Short #2: The Siege and Capture of Harpers Ferry, September 12–15, 1862 (eBook) (1st ed.). Havertown, PA: Savas Beatie. p. 188. ISBN 978-1611214987.","urls":[{"url":"https://umasslowell.idm.oclc.org/","url_text":"The Maps of Antietam, eBook Short #2: The Siege and Capture of Harpers Ferry, September 12–15, 1862"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1611214987","url_text":"978-1611214987"}]},{"reference":"Hartwig, D. Scott (2012). To Antietam Creek: The Maryland Campaign of 1862 (eBook). Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 794. ISBN 978-1421408767. OCLC 830023821.","urls":[{"url":"https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=3318601","url_text":"To Antietam Creek: The Maryland Campaign of 1862"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1421408767","url_text":"978-1421408767"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/830023821","url_text":"830023821"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Curt; Anderson, Richard C. Jr. (1995). Artillery Hell: The Employment of Artillery at Antietam. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-623-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89096-623-0","url_text":"0-89096-623-0"}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Frances H., ed. (1998). The Civil War Battlefield Guide (Kindle) (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. ISBN 0-395-74012-6. Retrieved June 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Civil-War-Battlefield-Guide-ebook/dp/B006WQL38Y/ref=sr_1_3?dchild=1&keywords=The+Civil+War+Battlefield+Guide&qid=1606345040&s=digital-text&sr=1-3","url_text":"The Civil War Battlefield Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-74012-6","url_text":"0-395-74012-6"}]},{"reference":"McPherson, James M. (2002). Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-965-46118-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._McPherson","url_text":"McPherson, James M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-965-46118-1","url_text":"0-965-46118-1"}]},{"reference":"Murfin, James V. (2004) [1965]. The Gleam of Bayonets : the Battle of Antietam and Robert E. Lee's Maryland Campaign, September 1862. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. ISBN 978-0-8071-3020-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3020-9","url_text":"978-0-8071-3020-9"}]},{"reference":"Rafuse, Ethan Sepp (2008). Antietam, South Mountain, and Harpers Ferry : a Battlefield Guide (eBook). This Hallowed Ground. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 283. ISBN 978-0803219434. Retrieved May 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=452178","url_text":"Antietam, South Mountain, and Harpers Ferry : a Battlefield Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803219434","url_text":"978-0803219434"}]},{"reference":"Robertson, James I. Jr. (1997). Stonewall Jackson: The Man, The Soldier, The Legend (PDF). London: Prentice Hall International. p. 950. ISBN 978-0-02-864685-5. OCLC 1151321680. Retrieved 6 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I._Robertson_Jr.","url_text":"Robertson, James I. Jr."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/stonewalljackson0000robe/page/n5/mode/2up","url_text":"Stonewall Jackson: The Man, The Soldier, The Legend"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864685-5","url_text":"978-0-02-864685-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1151321680","url_text":"1151321680"}]},{"reference":"Sears, Stephen W. (1983). Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam (PDF). New York: Ticknor & Fields (Popular Library). ISBN 978-0395656686. OCLC 12308045. Retrieved 25 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_W._Sears","url_text":"Sears, Stephen W."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/landscapeturnedr00step","url_text":"Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0395656686","url_text":"978-0395656686"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12308045","url_text":"12308045"}]},{"reference":"Sears, Stephen W. (2017). Lincoln's Lieutenants: The High Command of the Army of the Potomac. Boston: Mariner Books. ISBN 978-1-328-91579-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_W._Sears","url_text":"Sears, Stephen W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-328-91579-5","url_text":"978-1-328-91579-5"}]},{"reference":"Silkenat, David (2019). Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War (PDF). Civil War America. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 368. ISBN 978-1469649740. OCLC 1088722636.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/book/63995","url_text":"Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1469649740","url_text":"978-1469649740"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1088722636","url_text":"1088722636"}]},{"reference":"Teetor, Paul R. (1982). A Matter of Hours: Treason at Harper's Ferry (PDF). Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 309. ISBN 083863012X. OCLC 563196790.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/matterofhourstre0000teet","url_text":"A Matter of Hours: Treason at Harper's Ferry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/083863012X","url_text":"083863012X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/563196790","url_text":"563196790"}]},{"reference":"Wolff, Robert S. (2000). Heidler, David S.; Heidler, Jeanne T. (eds.). Harper's Ferry, (West) Virginia. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-04758-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04758-X","url_text":"0-393-04758-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Saved Land\". battlefields.org. American Battlefield Trust. Retrieved May 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.battlefields.org/preserve/saved-land","url_text":"\"Saved Land\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Battlefield_Trust","url_text":"American Battlefield Trust"}]},{"reference":"\"What Might Have Been: Harpers Ferry, West Virginia\". battlefields.org. American Battlefield Trust. 6 December 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/what-might-have-been-harpers-ferry-west-virginia","url_text":"\"What Might Have Been: Harpers Ferry, West Virginia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Battlefield_Trust","url_text":"American Battlefield Trust"}]},{"reference":"\"Bolivar Heights\". NPS.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/places/000/bolivar-heights.htm","url_text":"\"Bolivar Heights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"American Battlefield Protection Program\". NPS.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/orgs/2287/index.htm","url_text":"\"American Battlefield Protection Program\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Harpers Ferry\". OSU eHistory. Ohio State University. Retrieved September 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ehistory.osu.edu/battles/harpers-ferry","url_text":"\"Harpers Ferry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University","url_text":"Ohio State University"}]},{"reference":"\"Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation's Civil War Battlefields, Technical Volume II: Battle Summaries\" (PDF). National Park Service. p. 187. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Khoa_Nam	Nguyễn Khoa Nam	["1 Military service","2 References","3 External links"]	In this Vietnamese name, the surname is Nguyễn, but is often simplified to Nguyen in English-language text. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the given name, Nam. Nguyễn Khoa NamBorn23 September 1927Đà Nẵng, Vietnam, French IndochinaDied30 April 1975(1975-04-30) (aged 47)Cần Thơ, VietnamAllegiance South VietnamService/branch Army of the Republic of VietnamRank Major General Vietnamese name VietnameseNguyễn Khoa NamHán-Nôm阮科南 Major General Nguyễn Khoa Nam (23 September 1927 – 30 April 1975) was a native of Đà Nẵng and served in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). He received his primary education at the École des Garçons in Đà Nẵng and graduated in 1939. After joining the French-sponsored Vietnam National Army (VNA), he attended the Thủ Đức Military Academy and graduated in 1953. Military service As a sub-lieutenant, his (chuan uy's) first assignment was to an airborne unit. He served in various positions within the VNA during the First Indochina War (1953–1955) and joined the ARVN in 1955. He served as a lieutenant in the airborne, a company commander in the 7th Airborne Battalion, a major in command of 5th Airborne Battalion, as lieutenant colonel (and later colonel) of the 3rd Airborne Brigade. In January 1970 he was appointed as commander of the 7th Division where he was credited with making remarkable progress and later promoted to Brigadier General.: 365–6 He then served as a major general commanding IV Corps Tactical Zone. His numerous decorations include the National Order of Vietnam Fourth Class medal and National Order of Vietnam Third Class medal. As a major general, General Nam liked to carried out a military operations across Mekong Delta to prevent VC taking over any regional districts. On 30 April 1975, with the Fall of Saigon, rather than fleeing the country or surrendering, General Nam and his deputy commander, General Lê Văn Hưng shot themselves dead. General Nam was buried at Cần Thơ Military Cemetery the following day. References ^ Clarke, Jeffrey (1998). The U.S. Army in Vietnam Advice and Support: The Final Years, 1965-1973 (PDF). U.S. Army Center of Military History. ISBN 978-1518612619. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. External links Nguyễn Khoa Nam's Official site VNAF The Republic of Vietnam Air Force - Không Quân Việt Nam Cộng Hòa Archived 2018-12-15 at the Wayback Machine Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces Reunion 2003 Vietnam War Bibliography: The ARVN and the RVN History of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam Hue Massacre Tet Offensive Photos Liberation of Giai Phong Dan Toi from Communist Viet Cong by Army of the Republic of Vietnam: Photos The Battle for Hue, 1968 by James H. Willbanks The Final Day of My Husband's Life http://www.nguyenkhoanam.com vte Military of South VietnamCorps I II III CMD IV Divisions 1 2 3 5 7 9 18 21 22 23 25 Marine Airborne Branches Air Force Army Civilian Irregular Defense Group program Navy Popular Forces Regional Forces Junk Force Presidential Guard Combined Action Program ARVN Sub-branches Special Forces Rangers Air bases Bien Hoa Binh Thuy Cam Ranh Da Nang Nha Trang Phan Rang Phù Cát Pleiku Tan Son Nhut Tuy Hoa Coup attemptsand mutinies 1960 1962 1963 January 1964 September 1964 December 1964 1965 1966 Notableofficers Cao Văn Viên Chung Tấn Cang Đặng Văn Quang Đỗ Cao Trí Đỗ Mậu Dư Quốc Đống Dương Văn Đức Dương Văn Minh Hoàng Cơ Minh Hoàng Xuân Lãm Huỳnh Văn Cao Lâm Quang Thi Lâm Quang Thơ Lâm Văn Phát Lê Minh Đảo Lê Nguyên Khang Lê Nguyên Vỹ Lê Văn Hưng Lê Văn Kim Lữ Mộng Lan Lý Tòng Bá Mai Hữu Xuân Ngô Du Ngô Quang Trưởng Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Nguyễn Chánh Thi Nguyễn Đức Thắng Nguyễn Hợp Đoàn Nguyễn Hữu Có Nguyễn Hữu Hạnh Nguyễn Khánh Nguyễn Khoa Nam Nguyễn Phước Vĩnh Lộc Nguyễn Trọng Luật Nguyễn Văn Chuân Nguyễn Văn Hiếu Nguyễn Văn Mạnh Nguyễn Văn Minh Nguyễn Văn Thiệu Nguyễn Văn Toàn Nguyễn Văn Vy Nguyễn Viết Thanh Nguyễn Vĩnh Nghi Phạm Ngọc Thảo Phạm Phú Quốc Phạm Quốc Thuần Phạm Văn Phú Phan Trọng Chinh Phan Xuân Nhuận Tôn Thất Đính Trần Thanh Phong Trần Thiện Khiêm Trần Văn Đôn Trần Văn Hai Trần Quang Khôi Vũ Văn Giai Ranks and insigniaSouth Vietnamese military ranks and insignia Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States This biographical article about the military of Vietnam is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnamese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"Đà Nẵng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0_N%E1%BA%B5ng"},{"link_name":"Army of the Republic of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Vietnam National Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_National_Army"},{"link_name":"Thủ Đức Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Military_Academy"}],"text":"In this Vietnamese name, the surname is Nguyễn, but is often simplified to Nguyen in English-language text. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the given name, Nam.Major General Nguyễn Khoa Nam (23 September 1927 – 30 April 1975) was a native of Đà Nẵng and served in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). He received his primary education at the École des Garçons in Đà Nẵng and graduated in 1939. After joining the French-sponsored Vietnam National Army (VNA), he attended the Thủ Đức Military Academy and graduated in 1953.","title":"Nguyễn Khoa Nam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"airborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_forces"},{"link_name":"First Indochina War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Indochina_War"},{"link_name":"7th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Division_(South_Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-1"},{"link_name":"IV Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_Corps_(South_Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"National Order of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Order_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Fall of Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon"},{"link_name":"Lê Văn Hưng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_H%C6%B0ng"},{"link_name":"Cần Thơ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C6%A1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"As a sub-lieutenant, his (chuan uy's) first assignment was to an airborne unit. He served in various positions within the VNA during the First Indochina War (1953–1955) and joined the ARVN in 1955. He served as a lieutenant in the airborne, a company commander in the 7th Airborne Battalion, a major in command of 5th Airborne Battalion, as lieutenant colonel (and later colonel) of the 3rd Airborne Brigade.In January 1970 he was appointed as commander of the 7th Division where he was credited with making remarkable progress and later promoted to Brigadier General.[1]: 365–6 He then served as a major general commanding IV Corps Tactical Zone.His numerous decorations include the National Order of Vietnam Fourth Class medal and National Order of Vietnam Third Class medal. As a major general, General Nam liked to carried out a military operations across Mekong Delta to prevent VC taking over any regional districts.On 30 April 1975, with the Fall of Saigon, rather than fleeing the country or surrendering, General Nam and his deputy commander, General Lê Văn Hưng shot themselves dead. General Nam was buried at Cần Thơ Military Cemetery the following day. [citation needed]","title":"Military service"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Clarke, Jeffrey (1998). The U.S. Army in Vietnam Advice and Support: The Final Years, 1965-1973 (PDF). U.S. Army Center of Military History. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_of_Engineer_Services	Engineer Services Regiment	["1 History","2 Units","2.1 Regular Army","2.2 Volunteers","2.3 Training Centers","3 Order of precedence","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Corps of Engineer ServicesActiveJanuary 1950 - PresentCountry Sri LankaBranch Sri Lanka ArmyRoleCivil EngineeringSize7 Regular Units & 9 Volunteer UnitsRegimental CentrePanagodaColors Engagements1971 InsurrectionInsurrection 1987-89Sri Lankan Civil WarCommandersColonel of the RegimentMaj Gen A H L G Amarapala RWP RSP ndc pscCentre CommandantBrig K L Munasinghe USPRegimental Sergeant MajorWO1 W W M I B AberathnaMilitary unit The Corps of Engineer Services (CES) a regiment of the Sri Lanka Army. The role of the Corps of Engineer Services is to design, construct and maintain all buildings, roads and associated facilities such as electricity, water supply and drainage systems used by the Sri Lanka Army, Apart from this, the Regiment is also responsible for the installation, maintenance and repair of all types of generators, water pumps, sewer pumps, desalination plants and other electrical appliances. It is made up of 6 regular units and 9 volunteer (reserve) units and is headquartered at its Regiment Center at the Panagoda Cantonment, Panagoda. History The role of the early Works Section was to maintain Army buildings and the Panagoda Cantonment when it was completed. The beginning was made in January 1950 when the first regular officer Capt M.L.D.A Perera was commissioned to fill the vacancy of the Garrison Engineer who was shortly due for additional training at the Royal School of Military Engineering. The Panagoda Cantonment was at this stage being planned by the Public Works Department and it became the first task of this officer to follow this work, and at the same time liaise with the civil government departments in all matters pertaining to the land and buildings required by the Army. Soon the Works Squadron undertook all maintenance services and minor additions to the building of the three services. The Works Services of the Ceylon Engineers was formed as a unit in 1958 and Lt. Col M.L.D.A Perera was appointed the first Commanding Officer of the unit. In 1991 the Works Services of the Ceylon Engineers separated from the Sri Lanka Engineers and was redesigned as the Engineer Services Regiment. Units Regular Army 1st Engineer Service Regiment 2nd Engineer Service Regiment 3rd Engineer Service Regiment 5th Engineer Service Regiment 11th Engineer Service Regiment 16th Engineer Service Regiment 17th Engineer Service Regiment Volunteers 4th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 21 August 1996) 6th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 6 June 2006) 7th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 17 July 2006) 8th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 24 April 2006) 9th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 1 November 2008) 10th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 2 April 2009) 12th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 10 October 2010) 14th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 10 February 2010) 15th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 19 August 2009) Training Centers Engineer Service Trade School Engineer Service Central Workshop Order of precedence Preceded byMilitary Intelligence Corps Order of Precedence Succeeded bySri Lanka Army Service Corps See also Sri Lanka Army References This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Engineer Services Regiment" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) External links Sri Lanka Army Engineer Services Regiment vte Armed Forces of Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Army Sri Lanka Navy Sri Lanka Air ForceLeadership Commander-in-Chief Minister of Defence Defence Secretary Chief of the Defence Staff Commander of the Army Commander of the Navy Commander of the Air Force OrganisationMinistry andCommittees/Councils Ministry of Defence National Security Council Directorate of Military Intelligence Commands Army Navy Air Force Special forcesArmy Special Forces Regiment Commando Regiment Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol Navy Special Boat Squadron Rapid Action Boat Squadron Marine Corps Air Force Regiment Special Force Special Airborne Force Paramilitary forces Special Task Force Sri Lanka Civil Defence Force Other components Sri Lanka Coast Guard National Cadet Corps Ranks and insignia Army Navy Air Force Coast Guard vteRegiments and corps of the Sri Lanka ArmyCombat Arms Armoured Corps Sri Lanka Light Infantry Sri Lanka Sinha Regiment Gemunu Watch Gajaba Regiment Vijayabahu Infantry Regiment Mechanized Infantry Commandos Special Forces Rifle Corps National Guard Support Arms Artillery Engineers Signals Corps Support Services Military Intelligence Engineer Services Regiment Service Corps Medical Corps Ordnance Corps Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Corps of Military Police General Service Women's Corps Pioneer Corps Disbanded Ceylon Mounted Rifles Ceylon Planters Rifle Ceylon Railway Engineer Ceylon Rifle Colombo Town Guard National Service Regiment Post and Telegraph Signals Ruhunu Regiment Ceylon National Guard Rajarata Rifles President's Guard	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_reserve"},{"link_name":"Panagoda Cantonment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagoda_Cantonment"}],"text":"Military unitThe Corps of Engineer Services (CES) a regiment of the Sri Lanka Army. The role of the Corps of Engineer Services is to design, construct and maintain all buildings, roads and associated facilities such as electricity, water supply and drainage systems used by the Sri Lanka Army, Apart from this, the Regiment is also responsible for the installation, maintenance and repair of all types of generators, water pumps, sewer pumps, desalination plants and other electrical appliances. It is made up of 6 regular units and 9 volunteer (reserve) units and is headquartered at its Regiment Center at the Panagoda Cantonment, Panagoda.","title":"Engineer Services Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panagoda Cantonment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagoda_Cantonment"},{"link_name":"Royal School of Military Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_School_of_Military_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Ceylon Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Engineers"}],"text":"The role of the early Works Section was to maintain Army buildings and the Panagoda Cantonment when it was completed. The beginning was made in January 1950 when the first regular officer Capt M.L.D.A Perera was commissioned to fill the vacancy of the Garrison Engineer who was shortly due for additional training at the Royal School of Military Engineering. 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Col M.L.D.A Perera was appointed the first Commanding Officer of the unit.In 1991 the Works Services of the Ceylon Engineers separated from the Sri Lanka Engineers and was redesigned as the Engineer Services Regiment.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Units"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular Army","text":"1st Engineer Service Regiment\n2nd Engineer Service Regiment\n3rd Engineer Service Regiment\n5th Engineer Service Regiment\n11th Engineer Service Regiment\n16th Engineer Service Regiment\n17th Engineer Service Regiment","title":"Units"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Volunteers","text":"4th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 21 August 1996)\n6th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 6 June 2006)\n7th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 17 July 2006)\n8th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 24 April 2006)\n9th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 1 November 2008)\n10th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 2 April 2009)\n12th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 10 October 2010)\n14th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 10 February 2010)\n15th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 19 August 2009)","title":"Units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Engineer Service Trade School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071021002628/http://army.lk/esr.php"}],"sub_title":"Training Centers","text":"Engineer Service Trade SchoolEngineer Service Central Workshop","title":"Units"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Order of precedence"}]	[]	[{"title":"Sri Lanka Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071021002628/http://army.lk/esr.php","external_links_name":"Engineer Service Trade School"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Engineer+Services+Regiment%22","external_links_name":"\"Engineer Services Regiment\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Engineer+Services+Regiment%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Engineer+Services+Regiment%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Engineer+Services+Regiment%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Engineer+Services+Regiment%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Engineer+Services+Regiment%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.army.lk/","external_links_name":"Sri Lanka Army"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928003832/http://www.army.lk/regiment_regular_12.php","external_links_name":"Engineer Services Regiment"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)	Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan)	["1 Classification","2 Phonology","3 List of Pyu inscriptions","4 Vocabulary","5 Sound changes","6 Usage","7 Notes","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]	Language of ancient Myanmar PyuTirculBurmese: ပျူ ဘာသာ Pyu alphabetRegionPyu city-states, Pagan KingdomExtinct13th centuryLanguage familySino-Tibetan PyuWriting systemPyu scriptLanguage codesISO 639-3pyxLinguist ListpyxGlottologburm1262 The Pyu language (Pyu: ; Burmese: ပျူ ဘာသာ, IPA: ; also Tircul language) is an extinct Sino-Tibetan language that was mainly spoken in what is now Myanmar in the first millennium CE. It was the vernacular of the Pyu city-states, which thrived between the second century BCE and the ninth century CE. Its usage declined starting in the late ninth century when the Bamar people of Nanzhao began to overtake the Pyu city-states. The language was still in use, at least in royal inscriptions of the Pagan Kingdom if not in popular vernacular, until the late twelfth century. It became extinct in the thirteenth century, completing the rise of the Burmese language, the language of the Pagan Kingdom, in Upper Burma, the former Pyu realm. The language is principally known from inscriptions on four stone urns (7th and 8th centuries) found near the Payagyi pagoda (in the modern Bago Township) and the multi-lingual Myazedi inscription (early 12th century). These were first deciphered by Charles Otto Blagden in the early 1910s. The Pyu script was a Brahmic script. The most recent scholarship suggests the Pyu script may have been the source of the Burmese script. Classification Pyu Inscription from Hanlin Pyu city-states, c. 8th century Blagden (1911: 382) was the first scholar to recognize Pyu as an independent branch of Sino-Tibetan. Miyake (2021, 2022) argues that Pyu forms a branch of its own within the Sino-Tibetan language phylum due to its divergent phonological and lexical characteristics. Pyu is not a particularly conservative Sino-Tibetan language, as it displays many phonological and lexical innovations as has lost much of the original Proto-Sino-Tibetan morphology. Miyake (2022) suggests that this may be due to a possible creoloid origin of Pyu. Pyu was tentatively classified within the Lolo-Burmese languages by Matisoff and thought to most likely be Luish by Bradley, although Miyake later showed that neither of these hypotheses are plausible. Van Driem also tentatively classified Pyu as an independent branch of Sino-Tibetan. Phonology Marc Miyake reconstructs the syllable structure of Pyu as: (C.)CV(C)(H) (preinitial) + syllable 7 vowels are reconstructed. front mid back high i u mid e ə o low æ a Miyake reconstructs 43-44 onsets, depending on whether or not the initial glottal stop is included. Innovative onsets are: fricatives: /h ɣ ç ʝ ð v/ liquids: /R̥ R L̥ L/ implosive: /ɓ/ 10 codas are reconstructed, which are -k, -t, -p, -m, -n, -ŋ, -j, -r, -l, -w. Pyu is apparently isolating, with no inflection morphology observed. List of Pyu inscriptions Location Inventory number Halin 01 Śrī Kṣetra 04 Pagan 07 Pagan 08 Śrī Kṣetra 10 Pagan 11 Śrī Kṣetra 12 Śrī Kṣetra 22 Śrī Kṣetra 25 Śrī Kṣetra 28 Śrī Kṣetra 29 Myittha 32 Myittha 39 Śrī Kṣetra 42 Śrī Kṣetra 55 Śrī Kṣetra 56 Śrī Kṣetra 57 Halin 60 Halin 61 ??? 63 Śrī Kṣetra 105 Śrī Kṣetra 160 ??? 163 Śrī Kṣetra 164 Śrī Kṣetra 167 Vocabulary Below are selected Pyu basic vocabulary items from Gordon Luce and Marc Miyake. Myazedi inscription Myazedi inscription translation Prosperity! One thousand six hundred and twenty-eight years after Lord Buddha had attained Nibbana, this city was named Arimaddanapur. The King was named Sri Tribhuvanditya Dhammaraja. The King's queen consort was called Trilokavatamsakadevi. Her son was named Rajakumer. The King gave her three villages of salves. When the Queen had died the King gave the Queen's goods and the three villages of salves, to the noble Queen's song Rajakumar. After the noble King had enjoyed royal splendour for twenty-eight years, he was sick nigh unto death. That noble Queen's son was called Rajakumar. The Queen's son being mindful of the King's beneficence in bringing him up, caused a golden statue to be made in the likeness of the lord Buddha and, giving the golden Buddha, to the King, said thus: "On behalf on my lord (father) I consecrate this golden Buddha. I now give the three villages of salves to my lord. May my lord give them to the noble golden Buddha. "There upon the King smiled and said, "Well done! Well done!" Then, in the presence of the noble disciples Maha-thera, Moggliputatissa-thera, Sumedha the Leamed, Brahma-pala, Brahmadiv, Sona, Sanghadena the very Learned, the noble King poured water (onto the ground in dedication). Thereafter, Rajakumar the Queen's son, had the golden Buddha enshrined in a cave for which a golden spire was made. In consecrating the cave-pagoda, the villages from the three villages namely Sakmunalun, one village; Rabai, one village, were assembled and assigned to the pagoda. The Queen's son Rajakumar, in pouring the (libation) water said thus: "May this my deed, help me to attain Ommiscience and wisdom (like Buddha). If any harm be done to any of these slaves, or to anything that I now dedicate to this pagoda, or if any violence done against them be not deterred, be it, my own son, be it my grandson, be it my own kinsman be it any stranger, let him never see the noble Arimettaya Buddha." Gloss Luce (1985) Miyake (2016) Miyake (2021) one tå ta(k·)ṁ /tæk/ two hni° kni three ho:, hau: hoḥ /n.homH/ < n.sumH < məsumH four pḷå plaṁ five pi°ŋa (piṁ/miṁ) ṅa /pəŋa/ six tru tru(k·?) seven kni hni(t·?)ṁ eight hrå hra(t·)ṁ nine tko tko /t.ko/ ten sū, sau su twenty tpū bone, relic ru water tdu̱- /t.du/ gold tha day phru̱ month de year sni: village o good; well ha to be in pain, ill hni°: nearness mtu name mi /r.miŋ/ I ga°: my gi wife maya: consort, wife vo̱: child, son sa: /saH/ grandchild pli, pli° give /pæH/ Sound changes Pyu displays the following sound changes from Proto-Tibeto-Burman. sibilant chain shift: c > s > /h/ denasalization: m > /ɓ/ and possibly ŋ > /g/ e-lowering: e > /ä/ sC-cluster compression: sk, st, sp > /kʰ, tʰ, pʰ/ Usage The language was the vernacular of the Pyu states. But Sanskrit and Pali appeared to have co-existed alongside Pyu as the court language. The Chinese records state that the 35 musicians that accompanied the Pyu embassy to the Tang court in 800–802 played music and sang in the Fàn (梵 "Sanskrit") language. Pyu Pali Burmese Pali Thai Pali Translation (Pyu alphabet AD 500 to 600 Writings) ဣတိပိ သော ဘဂဝါ အရဟံ သမ္မာသမ္ဗုဒ္ဓော ဝိဇ္ဇာစရဏသမ္ပန္နော อิติปิ โส ภควา อรหํ สมฺมาสมฺพุทฺโธ วิชฺชาจรณสมฺปนฺโน Thus, indeed is that Gracious One: The Worthy One, fully enlightened, endowed with clear vision and virtuous conduct, သုဂတော လောကဝိဒူ အနုတ္တရော ပုရိသဒမ္မ သာရထိ သတ္ထာ ဒေဝမနုသာနံ ဗုဒ္ဓေါ ဘဂဝါ(တိ) สุคโต โลกวิทู อนุตฺตโร ปุริสทมฺมสารถิ สตฺถาเทวมนุสฺสานํ พุทฺโธ ภควา(ติ) sublime, the Knower of the worlds, the unsurpassed guide of those who need taming, the Teacher of gods and men, the Buddha and the Gracious One. Notes ^ Htin Aung (1967), pp. 51–52. ^ Blagden, C. Otto (1913–1914). "The 'Pyu' inscriptions". Epigraphia Indica. 12: 127–132. ^ a b Beckwith, Christopher I. (2002). "A glossary of Pyu". In Beckwith, Christopher I. (ed.). Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages. Brill. pp. 159–161. ISBN 978-90-04-12424-0. ^ Aung-Thwin (2005), pp. 167–177. ^ Blagden (1911). ^ a b c d e f g Miyake, Marc (June 1, 2021a). "The Prehistory of Pyu". doi:10.5281/zenodo.5778089. • "The Prehistory of Pyu - Marc Miyake - SEALS 2021 KEYNOTE TALK". Retrieved 2022-12-25 – via YouTube. ^ Miyake (2021), p. . ^ Miyake, Marc (2022-01-28). Alves, Mark; Sidwell, Paul (eds.). "The Prehistory of Pyu". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society: Papers from the 30th Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (2021). 15 (3): 1–40. hdl:10524/52498. ISSN 1836-6821. ^ van Driem, George. "Trans-Himalayan Database". Retrieved 7 November 2012. ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU001) held at the Archaeological Museum at Halin . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579711 ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU004) around a funerary urn held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581381 ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of the quadrilingual Pyu inscription (PYU007) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of the Myazedi pagoda in Pagan . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579873 ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of the quadrilingual Pyu inscription (PYU008) held at the Pagan museum, originally found in the grounds of the Myazedi pagoda . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/10.5281/zenodo.580158 ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU010) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580597 ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a bilingual Pyu inscription (PYU011) held at the Pagan museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580282 ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Sanskrit-Pyu bilingual inscription (PYU012) around the base of a Buddha statue held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581383 ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU022) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581468 ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU025) on the base of a funerary urn held at the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580777 ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU028) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580791 ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU029) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581217 ^ Miles, James, & Hill, Nathan W. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU032) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of a pagoda in Myittha . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579848 ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU039) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of a monastery in Myittha . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579725 ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU042) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum . . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581251 ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU055) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806133 ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU056) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806148 ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU057) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806163 ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU060) kept in the inscription shed outside the Archaeological Museum at Halin . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579695 ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU061) held at the Archaeological Museum at Halin . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579710 ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU063) held at the National Museum (Burmese: အမျိုးသား ပြတိုက်) in Rangoon . Zenodo. http://doi.org/ doi:10.5281/zenodo.806174 ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription on a gold ring (PYU105) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806168 ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU160) discovered in Śrī Kṣetra . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.823725 ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU163) . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.825673 ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU164) . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.825685 ^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU167) . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.823753 ^ Luce, George. 1985. Phases of Pre-Pagan Burma: languages and history (volume 2). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-713595-1. pp. 66–69. ^ Miyake, Marc. 2016. Pyu numerals in comparative perspective. Presentation given at SEALS 26. ^ Aung-Thwin (2005), pp. 35–36. ^ "Pali chant with English translation" (PDF). Tufts University Chaplaincy. Retrieved Feb 8, 2022. References Aung-Thwin, Michael (2005). The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma (illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2886-8. Blagden, C. Otto (1911). "A preliminary study of the fourth text of the Myazedi inscriptions". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 43 (2): 365–388. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00041526. S2CID 163623038. Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press. Miyake, Marc (2021). The Pyu Language of Ancient Burma. Beyond Boundaries. Vol. 6. De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110656442. Further reading Griffiths, Arlo; Hudson, Bob; Miyake, Marc; Wheatley, Julian K. (2017). "Studies in Pyu Epigraphy, I: State of the Field, Edition and Analysis of the Kan Wet Khaung Mound Inscription, and Inventory of the Corpus". Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 103: 43–205. doi:10.3406/befeo.2017.6247. Griffiths, Arlo, Marc Miyake & Julian K. Wheatley. 2021. Corpus of Pyu inscriptions. Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. Miyake, Marc (2018). "Studies in Pyu Phonology, ii: Rhymes". Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics. 11 (1–2): 37–76. doi:10.1163/2405478X-01101008. Miyake, Marc (2019). "A first look at Pyu grammar". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 42 (2): 150–221. doi:10.1075/ltba.18013.miy. S2CID 213553247. Shafer, Robert (1943). "Further analysis of the Pyu inscriptions". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 7 (4): 313–366. doi:10.2307/2717831. JSTOR 2717831. External links The Pre-History of Pyu, Marc Miyake Searchable corpus of Pyu inscriptions Datasets for Pyu inscriptions, photographed by James Miles vteSino-Tibetan branchesWestern Himalayas(Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) West Himalayish Tamangic Newaric Newar Baram–Thangmi Kiranti Dhimalish Dhimal Toto Lhokpu Lepcha Greater Magaric Magaric Magar Kham Chepangic Chepang Bhujel Raji–Raute Dura–Tandrange Eastern Himalayas(Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal) Bodish Tibetic East Bodish Tshangla Basum Nam? Gongduk ʼOle Tani Chamdo Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border Karbi Kuki-Chin Mruic Mru Hkongso Pyu Taman "Naga" Ao Angami–Pochuri Meitei Tangkhulic Zeme Sal Boro–Garo Konyak Jingpho–Luish East and Southeast Asia Sinitic Bai Tujia Nungish Karenic Gong Kathu Cai–Long Caijia Longjia Luren Burmo-Qiangic Qiangic Gyalrongic Ersuic Naic Lolo-Burmese Mondzish Burmish Loloish Dubious (possible isolates)(Arunachal) Hrusish Hruso Mijiic Kho-Bwa Puroik Miju–Meyor Songlin Greater Siangic Siangic Koro Milang Idu–Taraon Proposed groupings Central Tibeto-Burman Kuki-Chin–Naga Macro-Bai Mahakiranti Rung Tibeto-Burman Tibeto-Kanauri Proto-languages Proto-Sino-Tibetan Proto-Tibeto-Burman Proto-Loloish Proto-Karenic Proto-Min Proto-Hakka Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.	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It was the vernacular of the Pyu city-states, which thrived between the second century BCE and the ninth century CE. Its usage declined starting in the late ninth century when the Bamar people of Nanzhao began to overtake the Pyu city-states. The language was still in use, at least in royal inscriptions of the Pagan Kingdom if not in popular vernacular, until the late twelfth century. It became extinct in the thirteenth century, completing the rise of the Burmese language, the language of the Pagan Kingdom, in Upper Burma, the former Pyu realm.[1]The language is principally known from inscriptions on four stone urns (7th and 8th centuries) found near the Payagyi pagoda (in the modern Bago Township) and the multi-lingual Myazedi inscription (early 12th century).[2][3] These were first deciphered by Charles Otto Blagden in the early 1910s.[3]The Pyu script was a Brahmic script. The most recent scholarship suggests the Pyu script may have been the source of the Burmese script.[4]","title":"Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyu_Inscription.JPG"},{"link_name":"Hanlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanlin,_Burma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyu_city-states_map.svg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlagden1911-5"},{"link_name":"Miyake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Miyake"},{"link_name":"lexical innovations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_Innovation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miyake2021-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake2021[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]%3Csup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22%3E[%3Ci%3E[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources\|%3Cspan_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. (December_2022)%22%3Epage needed%3C/span%3E]]%3C/i%3E]%3C/sup%3E-7"},{"link_name":"creoloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miyake_JSEALS_Special_8-8"},{"link_name":"Lolo-Burmese languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages"},{"link_name":"Matisoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Matisoff"},{"link_name":"Luish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luish_languages"},{"link_name":"Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bradley_(linguist)"},{"link_name":"Van Driem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_van_Driem"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-van_Driem_THD-9"}],"text":"Pyu Inscription from HanlinPyu city-states, c. 8th centuryBlagden (1911: 382) was the first scholar to recognize Pyu as an independent branch of Sino-Tibetan.[5] Miyake (2021, 2022) argues that Pyu forms a branch of its own within the Sino-Tibetan language phylum due to its divergent phonological and lexical characteristics. Pyu is not a particularly conservative Sino-Tibetan language, as it displays many phonological and lexical innovations as has lost much of the original Proto-Sino-Tibetan morphology.[6][7] Miyake (2022) suggests that this may be due to a possible creoloid origin of Pyu.[8]Pyu was tentatively classified within the Lolo-Burmese languages by Matisoff and thought to most likely be Luish by Bradley, although Miyake later showed that neither of these hypotheses are plausible. Van Driem also tentatively classified Pyu as an independent branch of Sino-Tibetan.[9]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marc Miyake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Miyake"},{"link_name":"syllable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miyake2021-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miyake2021-6"},{"link_name":"glottal stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stop"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miyake2021-6"},{"link_name":"isolating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolating_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miyake2021-6"}],"text":"Marc Miyake reconstructs the syllable structure of Pyu as:[6](C.)CV(C)(H)\n(preinitial) + syllable7 vowels are reconstructed.[6]Miyake reconstructs 43-44 onsets, depending on whether or not the initial glottal stop is included. Innovative onsets are:[6]fricatives: /h ɣ ç ʝ ð v/\nliquids: /R̥ R L̥ L/\nimplosive: /ɓ/10 codas are reconstructed, which are -k, -t, -p, -m, -n, -ŋ, -j, -r, -l, -w. Pyu is apparently isolating, with no inflection morphology observed.[6]","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of Pyu inscriptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gordon Luce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Luce"},{"link_name":"Marc Miyake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Miyake"}],"text":"Below are selected Pyu basic vocabulary items from Gordon Luce and Marc Miyake.","title":"Vocabulary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Proto-Tibeto-Burman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Tibeto-Burman"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miyake2021-6"},{"link_name":"sibilant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilant"},{"link_name":"chain shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_shift"},{"link_name":"denasalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denasalization"}],"text":"Pyu displays the following sound changes from Proto-Tibeto-Burman.[6]sibilant chain shift: c > s > /h/\ndenasalization: m > /ɓ/ and possibly ŋ > /g/\ne-lowering: e > /ä/\nsC-cluster compression: sk, st, sp > /kʰ, tʰ, pʰ/","title":"Sound changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Pali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali"},{"link_name":"梵","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A2%B5"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAung-Thwin200535%E2%80%9336-37"}],"text":"The language was the vernacular of the Pyu states. But Sanskrit and Pali appeared to have co-existed alongside Pyu as the court language. The Chinese records state that the 35 musicians that accompanied the Pyu embassy to the Tang court in 800–802 played music and sang in the Fàn (梵 \"Sanskrit\") language.[37]","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHtin_Aung196751%E2%80%9352_1-0"},{"link_name":"Htin Aung (1967)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHtin_Aung1967"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"The 'Pyu' inscriptions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/epigraphia-indica/epigraphia-indica-vol-12#page/n167"},{"link_name":"Epigraphia Indica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraphia_Indica"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Beckwith_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Beckwith_3-1"},{"link_name":"Beckwith, Christopher I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-12424-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12424-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAung-Thwin2005167%E2%80%93177_4-0"},{"link_name":"Aung-Thwin (2005)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAung-Thwin2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlagden1911_5-0"},{"link_name":"Blagden (1911)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBlagden1911"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-6"},{"link_name":"\"The Prehistory of Pyu\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//drive.google.com/file/d/1LX_D-Gx8rOIbjKiV9YPyXUA5mDAL2TJL/view?usp=sharing"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/zenodo.5778089","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.5778089"},{"link_name":"\"The Prehistory of Pyu - Marc Miyake - SEALS 2021 KEYNOTE TALK\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRclWho8Lis"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake2021[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]%3Csup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22%3E[%3Ci%3E[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources\|%3Cspan_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. (December_2022)%22%3Epage needed%3C/span%3E]]%3C/i%3E]%3C/sup%3E_7-0"},{"link_name":"Miyake (2021)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMiyake2021"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miyake_JSEALS_Special_8_8-0"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10524/52498","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10524%2F52498"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1836-6821","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1836-6821"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-van_Driem_THD_9-0"},{"link_name":"\"Trans-Himalayan Database\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.himalayanlanguages.org/trans_himalayan_database"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/zenodo.579711","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.579711"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/zenodo.581381","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.581381"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/zenodo.579873","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.579873"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/10.5281/zenodo.580158","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.580158"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/zenodo.580597","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.580597"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/zenodo.580282","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.580282"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/zenodo.581383","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.581383"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/zenodo.581468","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.581468"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/zenodo.580777","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.580777"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/zenodo.580791","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.580791"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/zenodo.581217","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.581217"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/zenodo.579848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.579848"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/zenodo.579725","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.579725"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/zenodo.581251","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.581251"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/zenodo.806133","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.806133"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/zenodo.806148","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.806148"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/zenodo.806163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.806163"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/zenodo.579695","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.579695"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/zenodo.579710","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.579710"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"http://doi.org/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/"},{"link_name":"doi","url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numerals in comparative perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/25667919/Pyu_Numerals_in_Comparative_Perspective"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAung-Thwin200535%E2%80%9336_37-0"},{"link_name":"Aung-Thwin (2005)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAung-Thwin2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"\"Pali chant with English translation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//chaplaincy.tufts.edu/buddhist/files/Pali-chant-with-English-translation.pdf"}],"text":"^ Htin Aung (1967), pp. 51–52.\n\n^ Blagden, C. Otto (1913–1914). \"The 'Pyu' inscriptions\". Epigraphia Indica. 12: 127–132.\n\n^ a b Beckwith, Christopher I. (2002). \"A glossary of Pyu\". In Beckwith, Christopher I. (ed.). Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages. Brill. pp. 159–161. ISBN 978-90-04-12424-0.\n\n^ Aung-Thwin (2005), pp. 167–177.\n\n^ Blagden (1911).\n\n^ a b c d e f g Miyake, Marc (June 1, 2021a). \"The Prehistory of Pyu\". doi:10.5281/zenodo.5778089. • \"The Prehistory of Pyu - Marc Miyake - SEALS 2021 KEYNOTE TALK\". Retrieved 2022-12-25 – via YouTube.\n\n^ Miyake (2021), p. [page needed].\n\n^ Miyake, Marc (2022-01-28). Alves, Mark; Sidwell, Paul (eds.). \"The Prehistory of Pyu\". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society: Papers from the 30th Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (2021). 15 (3): 1–40. hdl:10524/52498. ISSN 1836-6821.[verification needed]\n\n^ van Driem, George. \"Trans-Himalayan Database\". Retrieved 7 November 2012.\n\n^ \nMiles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU001) held at the Archaeological Museum at Halin [Data set]. Zenodo.\ndoi:10.5281/zenodo.579711\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU004) around a funerary urn held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581381\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of the quadrilingual Pyu inscription (PYU007) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of the Myazedi pagoda in Pagan [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579873\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of the quadrilingual Pyu inscription (PYU008) held at the Pagan museum, originally found in the grounds of the Myazedi pagoda [Data set]. Zenodo.\ndoi:10.5281/10.5281/zenodo.580158\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU010) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580597\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a bilingual Pyu inscription (PYU011) held at the Pagan museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580282\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Sanskrit-Pyu bilingual inscription (PYU012) around the base of a Buddha statue held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581383\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU022) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581468\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU025) on the base of a funerary urn held at the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580777\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU028) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580791\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU029) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581217\n\n^ Miles, James, & Hill, Nathan W. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU032) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of a pagoda in Myittha [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579848\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU039) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of a monastery in Myittha [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579725\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU042) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set].\n. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581251\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU055) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806133\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU056) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806148\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU057) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806163\n\n^ \nMiles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU060) kept in the inscription shed outside the Archaeological Museum at Halin [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579695\n\n^ \nMiles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU061) held at the Archaeological Museum at Halin [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579710\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU063) held at the National Museum (Burmese: အမျိုးသား ပြတိုက်) in Rangoon [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/\ndoi:10.5281/zenodo.806174\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription on a gold ring (PYU105) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806168\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU160) discovered in Śrī Kṣetra [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.823725\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU163) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.825673\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU164) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.825685\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU167) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.823753\n\n^ Luce, George. 1985. Phases of Pre-Pagan Burma: languages and history (volume 2). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-713595-1. pp. 66–69.\n\n^ Miyake, Marc. 2016. Pyu numerals in comparative perspective. Presentation given at SEALS 26.\n\n^ Aung-Thwin (2005), pp. 35–36.\n\n^ \"Pali chant with English translation\" (PDF). Tufts University Chaplaincy. Retrieved Feb 8, 2022.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miyake, Marc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Miyake"},{"link_name":"\"Studies in Pyu Epigraphy, I: State of the Field, Edition and Analysis of the Kan Wet Khaung Mound Inscription, and Inventory of the Corpus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.2017.6247"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3406/befeo.2017.6247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.2017.6247"},{"link_name":"Corpus of Pyu inscriptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hisoma.huma-num.fr/exist/apps/pyu/index2.html"},{"link_name":"\"Studies in Pyu Phonology, ii: Rhymes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F2405478X-01101008"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/2405478X-01101008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F2405478X-01101008"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1075/ltba.18013.miy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1075%2Fltba.18013.miy"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"213553247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213553247"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2717831","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2717831"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2717831","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2717831"}],"text":"Griffiths, Arlo; Hudson, Bob; Miyake, Marc; Wheatley, Julian K. (2017). \"Studies in Pyu Epigraphy, I: State of the Field, Edition and Analysis of the Kan Wet Khaung Mound Inscription, and Inventory of the Corpus\". Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 103: 43–205. doi:10.3406/befeo.2017.6247.\nGriffiths, Arlo, Marc Miyake & Julian K. Wheatley. 2021. Corpus of Pyu inscriptions.\nHarvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.\nMiyake, Marc (2018). \"Studies in Pyu Phonology, ii: Rhymes\". Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics. 11 (1–2): 37–76. doi:10.1163/2405478X-01101008.\nMiyake, Marc (2019). \"A first look at Pyu grammar\". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 42 (2): 150–221. doi:10.1075/ltba.18013.miy. S2CID 213553247.\nShafer, Robert (1943). \"Further analysis of the Pyu inscriptions\". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 7 (4): 313–366. doi:10.2307/2717831. JSTOR 2717831.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Pyu Inscription from Hanlin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pyu_Inscription.JPG/220px-Pyu_Inscription.JPG"},{"image_text":"Pyu city-states, c. 8th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Pyu_city-states_map.svg/220px-Pyu_city-states_map.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Blagden, C. Otto (1913–1914). \"The 'Pyu' inscriptions\". Epigraphia Indica. 12: 127–132.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/epigraphia-indica/epigraphia-indica-vol-12#page/n167","url_text":"\"The 'Pyu' inscriptions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraphia_Indica","url_text":"Epigraphia Indica"}]},{"reference":"Beckwith, Christopher I. (2002). \"A glossary of Pyu\". In Beckwith, Christopher I. (ed.). Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages. Brill. pp. 159–161. ISBN 978-90-04-12424-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith","url_text":"Beckwith, Christopher I."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12424-0","url_text":"978-90-04-12424-0"}]},{"reference":"Miyake, Marc (June 1, 2021a). \"The Prehistory of Pyu\". doi:10.5281/zenodo.5778089.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LX_D-Gx8rOIbjKiV9YPyXUA5mDAL2TJL/view?usp=sharing","url_text":"\"The Prehistory of Pyu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.5778089","url_text":"10.5281/zenodo.5778089"}]},{"reference":"\"The Prehistory of Pyu - Marc Miyake - SEALS 2021 KEYNOTE TALK\". Retrieved 2022-12-25 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRclWho8Lis","url_text":"\"The Prehistory of Pyu - Marc Miyake - SEALS 2021 KEYNOTE TALK\""}]},{"reference":"Miyake, Marc (2022-01-28). Alves, Mark; Sidwell, Paul (eds.). \"The Prehistory of Pyu\". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society: Papers from the 30th Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (2021). 15 (3): 1–40. hdl:10524/52498. ISSN 1836-6821.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10524%2F52498","url_text":"10524/52498"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1836-6821","url_text":"1836-6821"}]},{"reference":"van Driem, George. \"Trans-Himalayan Database\". Retrieved 7 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/trans_himalayan_database","url_text":"\"Trans-Himalayan Database\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pali chant with English translation\" (PDF). Tufts University Chaplaincy. Retrieved Feb 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://chaplaincy.tufts.edu/buddhist/files/Pali-chant-with-English-translation.pdf","url_text":"\"Pali chant with English translation\""}]},{"reference":"Aung-Thwin, Michael (2005). The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma (illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2886-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2886-8","url_text":"978-0-8248-2886-8"}]},{"reference":"Blagden, C. Otto (1911). \"A preliminary study of the fourth text of the Myazedi inscriptions\". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 43 (2): 365–388. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00041526. S2CID 163623038.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Otto_Blagden","url_text":"Blagden, C. Otto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00041526","url_text":"10.1017/S0035869X00041526"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163623038","url_text":"163623038"}]},{"reference":"Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofburma00htin","url_text":"A History of Burma"}]},{"reference":"Miyake, Marc (2021). The Pyu Language of Ancient Burma. Beyond Boundaries. Vol. 6. De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110656442.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/isbn/9783110662696/html","url_text":"The Pyu Language of Ancient Burma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110656442","url_text":"9783110656442"}]},{"reference":"Griffiths, Arlo; Hudson, Bob; Miyake, Marc; Wheatley, Julian K. (2017). \"Studies in Pyu Epigraphy, I: State of the Field, Edition and Analysis of the Kan Wet Khaung Mound Inscription, and Inventory of the Corpus\". Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 103: 43–205. doi:10.3406/befeo.2017.6247.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Miyake","url_text":"Miyake, Marc"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.2017.6247","url_text":"\"Studies in Pyu Epigraphy, I: State of the Field, Edition and Analysis of the Kan Wet Khaung Mound Inscription, and Inventory of the Corpus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.2017.6247","url_text":"10.3406/befeo.2017.6247"}]},{"reference":"Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Miyake, Marc (2018). \"Studies in Pyu Phonology, ii: Rhymes\". Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics. 11 (1–2): 37–76. doi:10.1163/2405478X-01101008.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2405478X-01101008","url_text":"\"Studies in Pyu Phonology, ii: Rhymes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2405478X-01101008","url_text":"10.1163/2405478X-01101008"}]},{"reference":"Miyake, Marc (2019). \"A first look at Pyu grammar\". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 42 (2): 150–221. doi:10.1075/ltba.18013.miy. S2CID 213553247.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fltba.18013.miy","url_text":"10.1075/ltba.18013.miy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213553247","url_text":"213553247"}]},{"reference":"Shafer, Robert (1943). \"Further analysis of the Pyu inscriptions\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluzew	Służew	["1 Landmarks and transport","2 Amenities","2.1 Służew New Cemetery","2.2 Służew Old Cemetery","3 Notes","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 52°10′09″N 21°01′53″E / 52.16917°N 21.03139°E / 52.16917; 21.03139Residential neighborhood in Warsaw, Poland This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Służew" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Neighbourhood and City Information System area in Warsaw, Masovian Voivodeship, PolandSłużewNeighbourhood and City Information System areaSłużew House of Culture in 2013Location of Służew within the district of Mokotów, in accordance to the City Information System.Country PolandVoivodeshipMasovian VoivodeshipCity countyWarsawDistrictMokotówMunicipal neighbourhoodSłużewiec PołudniowyTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Służew, historically until 16th century known as Służewo, is a residential neighbourhood, and an area of the City Information System, in the city of Warsaw, Poland, located within the district of Mokotów. Landmarks and transport Służew housing estate in 1977 Służew has one, central, metro station of the same name on the M1 metro line. The E30 highway is immediately beyond its southern and south-eastern border. The country's 40% of traffic-handling and main regional airport, Warsaw Chopin Airport (Lotnisko Chopina w Warszawie) with its runways running to the south and south-east rather than east-west is 2 km west of its centre. Amenities Służew has one main park, Park Dolinka Służewiecka, marking its long southern crescent border with a line of ornamental lakes in its centre along a stream. Two schools take up spacious sites with many buildings and sports facilities on the straight thoroughfare across the north of the district, Wałbrzyska, a further school (nr. 49) is on this street but without playing fields with many neat buildings arranged around a courtyard by the district's own long streets named after J.S. Bach and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Szkoła Podstawowa nr. 46 Szkoła Podstawowa nr. 107 Szkoła Podstawowa Niepubliczna nr. 49 Służew New Cemetery The important cemetery to Warsaw Służew New Cemetery (Służew Cemetery or Wałbrzyska Street Cemetery) is a partly tree-covered, well-tended site that occupies land approximately of the size of the schools combined and contains the elaborate tombs and ordinary graves of people of the region (Masovian Voivodeship). Notable people include: Waldemar Baszanowski, Olympic gold medallist (1964, 1968) and winner of five World Championships and five silver medals, a total of 10, more than any other weightlifter to date. Służew Old Cemetery The Służew Old Cemetery is located next to the presbytery of the St Catherine's Church at the Fosa Street. Notes ^ Polish pronunciation: ⓘ ^ Polish pronunciation: External links Media related to Służew at Wikimedia Commons vteNeighbourhoods of Mokotów, WarsawCity Information System areasLower Mokotów Augustówka Czerniaków Sadyba Siekierki Sielce Stegny Upper Mokotów Ksawerów Służew Służewiec Wierzbno Wyględów Old Mokotów National Registry of Geographical Names areas Augustówka Batorego Czerniaków Henryków Ksawerów Lower Mokotów Marcelin Mokotów Old Mokotów Potok Sadyba Siekierki Sielce Służew Służew Dolny Służew Górny Służew nad Dolinką Służewiec Stegny Szopy Polskie Upper Mokotów Wierzbno Wyględów Zagościniec Municipal neighbourhoods Sadyba Siekierki Służewiec Południowy Wierzbno Others Ażurowych Okiennic Bernardyńska Czerniakowska Wschodnia Dolna-Belwederska Dolna-Piaseczyńska Dolna-Sobieskiego Domaniewska Marina Mokotów Mordor Skarpa Puławska Skocznia Służew Fort Służewiec-Prototypy Służewiec Przemysłowy Szopy 52°10′09″N 21°01′53″E / 52.16917°N 21.03139°E / 52.16917; 21.03139	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"neighbourhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_and_neighbourhoods_of_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"City Information System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Information_System_of_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Mokotów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokot%C3%B3w"}],"text":"Residential neighborhood in Warsaw, PolandNeighbourhood and City Information System area in Warsaw, Masovian Voivodeship, PolandSłużew,[a] historically until 16th century known as Służewo,[b] is a residential neighbourhood, and an area of the City Information System, in the city of Warsaw, Poland, located within the district of Mokotów.","title":"Służew"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S%C5%82u%C5%BCew_nad_Dolink%C4%85_1977_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Chopin Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Chopin_Airport"}],"text":"Służew housing estate in 1977Służew has one, central, metro station of the same name on the M1 metro line.The E30 highway is immediately beyond its southern and south-eastern border. The country's 40% of traffic-handling and main regional airport, Warsaw Chopin Airport (Lotnisko Chopina w Warszawie) with its runways running to the south and south-east rather than east-west is 2 km west of its centre.","title":"Landmarks and transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J.S. Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.S._Bach"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"}],"text":"Służew has one main park, Park Dolinka Służewiecka, marking its long southern crescent border with a line of ornamental lakes in its centre along a stream.Two schools take up spacious sites with many buildings and sports facilities on the straight thoroughfare across the north of the district, Wałbrzyska, a further school (nr. 49) is on this street but without playing fields with many neat buildings arranged around a courtyard by the district's own long streets named after J.S. Bach and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart:Szkoła Podstawowa nr. 46\nSzkoła Podstawowa nr. 107\nSzkoła Podstawowa Niepubliczna nr. 49","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Służew New Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCew_New_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Masovian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Waldemar Baszanowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldemar_Baszanowski"}],"sub_title":"Służew New Cemetery","text":"The important cemetery to Warsaw Służew New Cemetery (Służew Cemetery or Wałbrzyska Street Cemetery) is a partly tree-covered, well-tended site that occupies land approximately of the size of the schools combined and contains the elaborate tombs and ordinary graves of people of the region (Masovian Voivodeship). Notable people include:Waldemar Baszanowski, Olympic gold medallist (1964, 1968) and winner of five World Championships and five silver medals, a total of 10, more than any other weightlifter to date.","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Służew Old Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCew_Old_Cemetery"}],"sub_title":"Służew Old Cemetery","text":"The Służew Old Cemetery is located next to the presbytery of the St Catherine's Church at the Fosa Street.","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈswuʐɛf]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-S%C5%82u%C5%BCew.wav/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-S%C5%82u%C5%BCew.wav.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q809_(pol)-Olaf-S%C5%82u%C5%BCew.wav"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"[swuˈʐɛvɔ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"}],"text":"^ Polish pronunciation: [ˈswuʐɛf] ⓘ\n\n^ Polish pronunciation: [swuˈʐɛvɔ]","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Służew housing estate in 1977","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/S%C5%82u%C5%BCew_nad_Dolink%C4%85_1977_%282%29.jpg/250px-S%C5%82u%C5%BCew_nad_Dolink%C4%85_1977_%282%29.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=S%C5%82u%C5%BCew&params=52_10_09_N_21_01_53_E_type:city_source:kolossus-plwiki","external_links_name":"52°10′09″N 21°01′53″E / 52.16917°N 21.03139°E / 52.16917; 21.03139"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22S%C5%82u%C5%BCew%22","external_links_name":"\"Służew\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22S%C5%82u%C5%BCew%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22S%C5%82u%C5%BCew%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22S%C5%82u%C5%BCew%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22S%C5%82u%C5%BCew%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22S%C5%82u%C5%BCew%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=S%C5%82u%C5%BCew&params=52_10_09_N_21_01_53_E_type:city_source:kolossus-plwiki","external_links_name":"52°10′09″N 21°01′53″E / 52.16917°N 21.03139°E / 52.16917; 21.03139"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRT_Astoria_Line	BMT Astoria Line	["1 Description and service","2 History","2.1 Opening","2.2 Modifications","3 Extension proposals","4 Station listing","5 References","6 External links"]	Route map: New York City Subway line BMT Astoria Line The N and W train services use the entire BMT Astoria Line.OverviewOwnerCity of New YorkTerminiDitmars BoulevardQueensboro PlazaStations7ServiceTypeRapid transitSystemNew York City SubwayOperator(s)New York City Transit AuthorityDaily ridership47,522HistoryOpened1917TechnicalNumber of tracks2-3CharacterElevatedTrack gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)Electrification600V DC third rail Route map Legend Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard NYCR (Northeast Corridor) Astoria Boulevard 30th Avenue Broadway 36th Avenue 39th Avenue Queens Boulevard Line 63rd Street Line Flushing Lineto Flushing–Main Street Queens Plaza Queensboro Plaza Queens Boulevard Line Flushing Lineto 34th Street–Hudson Yards 60th Street Tunnel Connection 60th Street Tunnel (Broadway Line) Legend Express station Local station This diagram: viewtalkedit The BMT Astoria Line (formerly the IRT Astoria Line) is a rapid transit line in the B Division of the New York City Subway, serving the Queens neighborhood of Astoria. It runs south from Ditmars Boulevard in Astoria to 39th Avenue in Long Island City above 31st Street. It then turns west and serves Queensboro Plaza over Queens Plaza. The entire line is served by the N train at all times, joined by the W train only on weekdays during the day. It was built as part of the Dual Contracts and jointly operated by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT) using IRT-sized cars until 1949, when the platforms were shaved to accept the wider BMT cars and joint service was discontinued. Description and service All services make all stops on the BMT Astoria Line. Time period Weekdays Late nights and weekends full line full line no service Overview of the BMT Astoria Line The north end of the Astoria Line is a two-track terminal at Ditmars Boulevard, with one island platform. South of the station, the center express track, currently not used in revenue service, begins (with crossovers to allow terminating trains to reach the correct track). The next station, Astoria Boulevard, is the only express station on the three-track section. The next four stations are local ones with two side platforms. South of 39th Avenue, the express track merges with the two outer tracks. The line then curves west and enters Queensboro Plaza, a dual-level station with northbound trains on the upper level, southbound trains on the lower level, and cross-platform transfers to the IRT Flushing Line. Crossover tracks exist between the upper-level tracks just north of the station, one of a few connections between the BMT / IND and IRT. After Queensboro Plaza, the line ramps underground, and merges with the 60th Street Tunnel Connection to become the BMT Broadway Line via the 60th Street Tunnel to Manhattan. History Opening The BMT Astoria Line was originally served by the IRT "8" train. A poster describing the changes at Queensborough Plaza in 1949 Entrance to the 60th Street Tunnel Passing under New York Connecting Railroad Northbound curve on the Astoria line east of Queensboro Plaza station Queensboro Plaza station as seen from a southbound Astoria line train The Astoria Line was originally part of the Second Avenue Elevated Line, eventually purchased by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT). Manhattan-bound trains went over the 59th Street (Queensboro) Bridge, then turned south on Second Avenue, joining up with the main line of the Second Avenue Elevated to City Hall and South Ferry. Later the Astoria line was made a spur off the IRT Queensboro Line, now the IRT Flushing Line. The whole line north of Queensboro Plaza opened on February 1, 1917 and was used by trains between Grand Central and Astoria. Through IRT service to the Corona Line (now the Flushing Line) began two months later on April 21. On July 23, 1917, the Queensboro Bridge spur of the elevated IRT Second Avenue Line opened. At that time, all elevated trains to Queensboro Plaza used the Astoria Line while all subway trains used the Corona Line, though this was later changed with trains alternating between branches. The 60th Street Tunnel opened on August 1, 1920, allowing BMT trains to reach Queensboro Plaza. However, the stations on the Astoria and Corona Lines were built to IRT specifications, whose platforms were too wide for BMT rolling stock. As a result, those trains terminated at Queensboro Plaza using a relay track east of the station to reverse direction for the return trip to Manhattan. On April 8, 1923, the BMT, using elevated cars, started running shuttles along the Astoria (numbered BMT 8 in 1924) and Corona Lines (BMT 9) in addition to the existing IRT service. On June 23, 1942, the IRT Second Avenue Line spur to Queensboro Plaza closed. The IRT services were numbered in 1948, with 7 being assigned to the Flushing Line and 8 to the Astoria Line. Modifications On July 24, 1949, through service between the Astoria Line and the IRT Times Square station was discontinued. On October 17, 1949, the Flushing Line became IRT-only. The platforms on the Astoria Line were shaved back to allow through BMT trains to operate on it, the first ones being the Brighton Local (BMT 1) weekdays & Broadway - Fourth Avenue Local (BMT 2) at all times. Since then, the Astoria Line has hosted the northern end of various services running from Brooklyn through Manhattan; see B, N, Q, R, T and W for details. The platforms at the seven stations on the Astoria Line were lengthened to 610 feet (190 m) to accommodate ten-car (60') trains in 1950.: 23 The project cost $863,000. Signals on the line had to be modified to take into account the platform extensions.: 633, 729 As part of an 18-month capital budget that took effect on January 1, 1963, the wooden platforms at the stations on the Astoria Line were replaced with concrete platforms. The 2015–2019 MTA Capital Plan called for the Astoria Line's 30th Avenue, Broadway, 36th Avenue, and 39th Avenue stations, along with 29 others, to undergo a complete overhaul as part of the Enhanced Station Initiative. Updates included cellular service, Wi-Fi, USB charging stations, interactive service advisories and maps, improved signage, and improved station lighting. The 30th and 36th Avenues stations were renovated first, from October 2017 to June 2018. After these two stations were reopened, the Broadway and 39th Avenue stations were renovated from July 2018 to January 2019. The remaining stations on the line, Astoria Boulevard and Astoria-Ditmars Boulevard, are also simultaneously undergoing renovations. Astoria-Ditmars Boulevard was renovated from April 2018 to June 2019 and would remain open during this time. However, the Astoria Boulevard station was closed from March 2019 until late 2019. Astoria Boulevard's mezzanine was torn down and replaced, and elevators were added at the station. Extension proposals A 1920s Transit Commission study proposed extending the line northwest across or under Randalls and Wards Islands back into Manhattan as a crosstown line at 125th Street, roughly following the route of what is now the Triborough Bridge. As part of the IND Second System plan from 1929, the BMT/IRT Astoria Line would be extended east via Ditmars Boulevard, Astoria Boulevard, 112th Street, and Nassau Boulevard (today's Long Island Expressway) terminating at Cross Island Boulevard. The new line that would have been an extension of the Astoria Line would be called the Long Island City-Horace Harding Boulevard Line. The line would have been 2 tracks to Astoria Boulevard, and afterward, it would become a 4 track line before going back to 2 tracks at Parsons Boulevard. The entire line would be elevated except for a short section which would have been depressed under Nassau Boulevard. The line would have been extended 8.1 miles at a cost of $17.7 million. In 1998, an extension of the BMT Astoria Line to LaGuardia Airport was planned as part of a $1.2 billion package to provide access to the New York City airports with funding from the MTA, the Port Authority and the city. The preferred route would have extended the Astoria Line along 31st Street north onto Con Edison's property at the edge of Astoria and then east along 19th Avenue to the Marine Air Terminal. The MTA also considered an eastward extension along Ditmars Boulevard, and a plan to reroute LaGuardia-bound trains from Queensboro Plaza through the Sunnyside rail yard and along the eastern edge of St. Michael’s Cemetery to elevated tracks parallel to the Grand Central Parkway. A fourth route was to have trains turn east via Astoria Boulevard. All of the options would have new elevated sections built. $645 million for the LaGuardia extension was included in the MTA's 2000–2004 Five-Year Capital Plan, and in late 2002, Mayor Bloomberg supported the extension. These options were studied in the LaGuardia Airport Subway Access Study. Community opposition was strong and therefore the plan was canceled in July 2003; however, as of 2021, it is being reconsidered after New York governor Kathy Hochul requested the Port Authority find alternatives to the AirTrain LaGuardia project. The Regional Plan Association, in its Fourth Plan in 2017, anticipated that the population of Astoria would quickly grow over the next three decades, and so called for the Astoria Line to be extended to a new storage yard at Ditmars Boulevard and 20th Street, which would provide added capacity. In addition, a new station at 21st Avenue and 20th Street would improve access for the currently underserved but dense northwest parts of Astoria. Station listing Station service legend Stops all times Stops all times except late nights Stops weekdays during the day Stops rush hours in the peak direction only Time period details Station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act ↑ Station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Actin the indicated direction only ↓ Elevator access to mezzanine only Neighborhood(approximate) Station Tracks Services Opened Transfers and notes Astoria Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard N W February 1, 1917 originally Ditmars Avenue Center Express track begins (No Regular Service) Astoria Boulevard all N W February 1, 1917 originally Hoyt AvenueM60 Select Bus Service to LaGuardia Airport 30th Avenue local N W February 1, 1917 originally Grand Avenue Broadway local N W February 1, 1917 36th Avenue local N W February 1, 1917 originally Washington Avenue Long Island City 39th Avenue local N W February 1, 1917 originally Beebe AvenueAlso known as Dutch Kills Center Express track ends connecting tracks to IRT Flushing Line (No regular service) Queensboro Plaza all N W February 1, 1917 7 <7> (IRT Flushing Line) merges with the 60th Street Tunnel Connection (R ) and becomes theBMT Broadway Line via the 60th Street Tunnel (N R W ) References ^ "Annual Subway Ridership (2018–2023)". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2024. ^ a b "N Subway Timetable, Effective August 28, 2023". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 26, 2023. ^ a b "W Subway Timetable, Effective June 26, 2022". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 26, 2023. ^ "Subway Service Guide" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2019. Retrieved September 22, 2019. ^ a b Dougherty, Peter (2006) . Tracks of the New York City Subway 2006 (3rd ed.). Dougherty. OCLC 49777633 – via Google Books. ^ a b c d e f g h "First Train Runs On Elevated Line to Astoria Section". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 1, 1917. Retrieved June 29, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b 1916-1917 Annual Report of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company For The Year June 30, 1917. Interborough Rapid Transit Company. 1917. p. 21. ^ "New Astoria Line Opened". The New York Times. February 2, 1917. p. 14. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 18, 2011. ^ "Subway Link Over Queensboro Bridge". The New York Times. July 22, 1917. p. 31. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 18, 2011. ^ "New Subway Link Opens". The New York Times. August 1, 1920. p. 12. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 18, 2011. ^ "Additional Subway Service to Borough of Queens". The New York Times. April 8, 1923. p. RE1. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 18, 2011. ^ "Astoria Line Change". New York Daily News. July 15, 1949. Retrieved November 5, 2018. ^ "Direct Subway Runs to Flushing, Astoria". The New York Times. October 15, 1949. p. 17. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 18, 2011. ^ Bulletin. General Contractors Association. 1950. p. 23. ^ Proceedings of the Board of Transportation of The City of New York. New York City Board of Transportation. 1950. pp. 432, 729. ^ "For Release Sunday, July 12, 1964" (PDF). New York City Office of the Mayor. July 12, 1964. Retrieved August 28, 2019. ^ Whitford, Emma (January 8, 2016). "MTA Will Completely Close 30 Subway Stations For Months-Long "Revamp"". Gothamist. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2016. ^ "MTAStations" (PDF). governor.ny.gov. Government of the State of New York. Retrieved July 18, 2016. ^ a b "Broadway & 39 Av NW Stations to Undergo Extensive Repairs & Renovations". mta.info. June 8, 2018. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 17, 2018. ^ "Proposed Additions to Rapid Transit System to Cost $218,000,000". New York State Transit Commission. 1922. Retrieved August 1, 2019 – via nycsubway.org. ^ 100 Miles of Subway in New City Project; 52 of them in Queens, The New York Times September 16, 1929, p. 1. Retrieved June 11, 2014 ^ nycsubway.org—IND Second System – 1929 Plan ^ Roess, Roger P.; Sansone, Gene (August 23, 2012). The Wheels That Drove New York: A History of the New York City Transit System. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783642304842. ^ "Dreams of taking the N to LaGuardia". Second Ave. Sagas. January 19, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2016. ^ "Second Avenue Subway Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS), April 2003 Appendix A Planning Context" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. April 2003. Retrieved August 9, 2016. ^ Toscano, John (July 16, 2003). "N Train Extension To LaG Scrapped". Queens Gazette. Archived from the original on May 25, 2009. Retrieved July 26, 2009. ^ "Flashback To 1999". www.qgazette.com. June 27, 2007. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2014. ^ Guse, Clayton (November 16, 2021). "Port Authority brings in MTA, transit experts to reexamine subway extension to LaGuardia Airport". New York Daily News. ^ "Fourth Regional Plan - Regional Plan Association". Regional Plan Association. November 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2022. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/BMT Astoria LineKML is from Wikidata Media related to BMT Astoria Line at Wikimedia Commons nycsubway.org - BMT Astoria Line vteNew York City Subway linesADivisionIRTManhattan/Queens 42nd Street Broadway–Seventh Avenue Flushing Lenox Avenue Lexington Avenue Bronx Dyre Avenue Jerome Avenue Pelham White Plains Road Brooklyn Eastern Parkway New Lots Nostrand Avenue Bridges and tunnels Broadway Bridge Joralemon Street Tunnel Steinway Tunnel Former Second Avenue Third Avenue Sixth Avenue Ninth Avenue Original subway Queensboro Bridge BDivisionBMTManhattan/Queens Astoria Broadway Nassau Street Eastern division Canarsie Jamaica Myrtle Avenue Williamsburg Bridge Southern division Brighton Fourth Avenue Franklin Avenue Sea Beach West End Bridges and tunnels 60th Street Tunnel Montague Street Tunnel Williamsburg Bridge Former Brooklyn Bridge Culver East New York Loop Fifth Avenue Fulton Street Lexington Avenue INDManhattan/Bronx Concourse Eighth Avenue Second Avenue Sixth Avenue Brooklyn/Queens Crosstown Culver Fulton Street Queens Boulevard Rockaway Bridges and tunnels 63rd Street Tunnel Former World's Fair BMT/IND 63rd Street Archer Avenue Manhattan Bridge InterdivisionconnectionsPurpose-built Chrystie Street (BMT/IND) 60th Street (BMT/IND) 63rd Street (BMT/IND) Astoria / Flushing lines (BMT/IRT) Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue station (BMT/IND) Yards 207th Street Yard (IND/IRT) Coney Island Complex (BMT/IND) Concourse Yard (IND/IRT) Linden Shops (BMT/IRT/LIRR) Other Construction of the Second Avenue Subway Proposed and never-built lines Second Avenue Subway proposals IND Second System lines Program for Action lines LaGuardia Airport subway extension Staten Island Tunnel South Brooklyn Railway Staten Island Railway Note that this is a list of New York City Subway lines, which are the physical infrastructure over which services operate.Lines with colors next to them are trunk lines; trunk lines determine the color of New York City Subway service bullets, except for shuttles, which are dark gray. vteNew York City SubwayCurrentservices Shuttles 42nd Street Franklin Avenue Rockaway Park Planned Defunctservices1985–present Pre-1985 8 9 (Dyre Avenue) AA BB CC EE (Eighth Avenue) EE (Broadway) GG HH (Court Street) JJ K (Jamaica) KK LL MJ NX QB QJ QT RJ RR T TT Shuttles Bowling Green Broadway/63rd Street Culver Grand Street Nassau Street Polo Grounds Sixth Avenue/63rd Street BMT numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Brooklyn Loops East New York Loop Unused labelsUnused New York City Subway service labelsStations (List)By borough The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens By type Closed Terminals Transfer Accessible Divisions A Division IRT B Division BMT IND Other lists Lines Yards Rolling stock R-type contracts HistoryEarly history IRT BMT BRT Dual Contracts Expansions MTA Capital Construction and Development Company Chrystie Street Connection Interborough Express Program for Action 7 Subway Extension Second Avenue Subway Historic proposals Construction Other proposals LaGuardia Airport extension Notable crashes Ninth Avenue, 1905 Malbone Street, 1918 Times Square, 1928 Union Square, 1991 Williamsburg Bridge, 1995 96th Street, 2024 Strikes 1966 1980 2005 Servicedisruptions 2017–2021 New York City transit crisis 2019–2020 L train shutdown Other majorincidents 1984 shooting 2000 lawsuit 2017 bombing 2020 fire 2022 attack 2023 killing Infrastructure Accessibility 58 Joralemon Street Fulton Center Corbin Building Dey Street Passageway Substations 7 18 219 401 IRT Dyckman-Hillside Arts andculture In popular culture Mass Transit Super Bowl Miss Subways MTA Arts & Design Music Under New York "Showtime" Subway Challenge Subway Series Tiles Miscellaneous Automation and signals Chaining Fares MetroCard OMNY Pizza Principle Map Nomenclature Technology Other rapidtransit in NYC AirTrain JFK PATH Staten Island Railway Stations Historical Beach Pneumatic Transit Manhattan Railway Company vteStations of the New York City Subway, by line (physical trackage)Astoria Line Queensboro Plaza 39th Avenue 36th Avenue Broadway 30th Avenue Astoria Boulevard Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard See also Lists by borough (The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens) Accessible Closed Terminals Transfer Commons category Stations and line segments in italics are closed, demolished, or planned (temporary closures are marked with asterisks). Track connections to other lines' terminals are displayed in brackets. Struck through passenger track connections are closed or unused in regular service.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IRT Astoria Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRT_Astoria_Line"},{"link_name":"rapid transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"B Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_Division_(New_York_City_Subway)"},{"link_name":"New York City Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Subway"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"Astoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoria,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Ditmars Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoria%E2%80%93Ditmars_Boulevard_(BMT_Astoria_Line)"},{"link_name":"39th Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/39th_Avenue_(BMT_Astoria_Line)"},{"link_name":"Long Island City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_City"},{"link_name":"Queensboro Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensboro_Plaza_(New_York_City_Subway)"},{"link_name":"Queens Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Plaza_(IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line)"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Dual Contracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_Contracts"},{"link_name":"Interborough Rapid Transit Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interborough_Rapid_Transit_Company"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Manhattan_Transit_Corporation"}],"text":"New York City Subway lineThe BMT Astoria Line (formerly the IRT Astoria Line) is a rapid transit line in the B Division of the New York City Subway, serving the Queens neighborhood of Astoria. It runs south from Ditmars Boulevard in Astoria to 39th Avenue in Long Island City above 31st Street. It then turns west and serves Queensboro Plaza over Queens Plaza.The entire line is served by the N train at all times, joined by the W train only on weekdays during the day.[2][3] It was built as part of the Dual Contracts and jointly operated by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT) using IRT-sized cars until 1949, when the platforms were shaved to accept the wider BMT cars and joint service was discontinued.","title":"BMT Astoria Line"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linea_BMT_Astoria.png"},{"link_name":"Ditmars Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoria%E2%80%93Ditmars_Boulevard_(BMT_Astoria_Line)"},{"link_name":"Astoria Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoria_Boulevard_(BMT_Astoria_Line)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tracks-5"},{"link_name":"39th Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/39th_Avenue_(BMT_Astoria_Line)"},{"link_name":"Queensboro Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensboro_Plaza_(New_York_City_Subway)"},{"link_name":"IRT Flushing Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRT_Flushing_Line"},{"link_name":"one of a few connections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Subway_inter-division_connections"},{"link_name":"BMT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Manhattan_Transit_Corporation"},{"link_name":"IND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Subway_System"},{"link_name":"IRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interborough_Rapid_Transit_Company"},{"link_name":"60th Street Tunnel Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Street_Tunnel_Connection"},{"link_name":"BMT Broadway Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_Broadway_Line"},{"link_name":"60th Street Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Street_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tracks-5"}],"text":"All services make all stops on the BMT Astoria Line.[2][3][4]Overview of the BMT Astoria LineThe north end of the Astoria Line is a two-track terminal at Ditmars Boulevard, with one island platform. South of the station, the center express track, currently not used in revenue service, begins (with crossovers to allow terminating trains to reach the correct track). The next station, Astoria Boulevard, is the only express station on the three-track section. The next four stations are local ones with two side platforms.[5]South of 39th Avenue, the express track merges with the two outer tracks. The line then curves west and enters Queensboro Plaza, a dual-level station with northbound trains on the upper level, southbound trains on the lower level, and cross-platform transfers to the IRT Flushing Line. Crossover tracks exist between the upper-level tracks just north of the station, one of a few connections between the BMT / IND and IRT. After Queensboro Plaza, the line ramps underground, and merges with the 60th Street Tunnel Connection to become the BMT Broadway Line via the 60th Street Tunnel to Manhattan.[5]","title":"Description and service"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R12_IRT_8.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:October_17,_1949_New_York_Board_of_Transportation_Subway_Service_Change_Poster_.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYCS_BMT_60thStTunnel.jpg"},{"link_name":"60th Street Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Street_Tunnel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N_BMT_under_NYCR_jeh.JPG"},{"link_name":"New York Connecting Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Connecting_Railroad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turning_on_Astoria_Line.JPG"},{"link_name":"Queensboro Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensboro_Plaza_(BMT_Astoria_Line)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queensboro_Plaza_Station.jpg"},{"link_name":"Queensboro Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensboro_Plaza_(BMT_Astoria_Line)"},{"link_name":"Interborough Rapid Transit Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interborough_Rapid_Transit_Company"},{"link_name":"City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Hall_(IRT_Second_Avenue_Line)"},{"link_name":"South Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ferry_(IRT_Second_Avenue_Line)"},{"link_name":"IRT Queensboro Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRT_Queensboro_Line"},{"link_name":"IRT Flushing Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRT_Flushing_Line"},{"link_name":"Grand Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Central_(IRT_Flushing_Line)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AstoriaExtension-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Queensboro Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensboro_Bridge"},{"link_name":"elevated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevated_railway"},{"link_name":"IRT Second Avenue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRT_Second_Avenue_Line"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"60th Street Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Street_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"BMT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Manhattan_Transit_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"BMT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Manhattan_Transit_Corporation"},{"link_name":"BMT 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_8"},{"link_name":"BMT 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_9"},{"link_name":"IRT Second Avenue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRT_Second_Avenue_Line"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"}],"sub_title":"Opening","text":"The BMT Astoria Line was originally served by the IRT \"8\" train.A poster describing the changes at Queensborough Plaza in 1949Entrance to the 60th Street TunnelPassing under New York Connecting RailroadNorthbound curve on the Astoria line east of Queensboro Plaza stationQueensboro Plaza station as seen from a southbound Astoria line trainThe Astoria Line was originally part of the Second Avenue Elevated \nLine, eventually purchased by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT). Manhattan-bound trains went over the 59th Street (Queensboro) Bridge, then turned south on Second Avenue, joining up with the main line of the Second Avenue Elevated to City Hall and South Ferry. Later the Astoria line was made a spur off the IRT Queensboro Line, now the IRT Flushing Line. The whole line north of Queensboro Plaza opened on February 1, 1917 and was used by trains between Grand Central and Astoria.[6][7] Through IRT service to the Corona Line (now the Flushing Line) began two months later on April 21.[8]On July 23, 1917, the Queensboro Bridge spur of the elevated IRT Second Avenue Line opened. At that time, all elevated trains to Queensboro Plaza used the Astoria Line while all subway trains used the Corona Line, though this was later changed with trains alternating between branches.[7][9]The 60th Street Tunnel opened on August 1, 1920, allowing BMT trains to reach Queensboro Plaza. However, the stations on the Astoria and Corona Lines were built to IRT specifications, whose platforms were too wide for BMT rolling stock. As a result, those trains terminated at Queensboro Plaza using a relay track east of the station to reverse direction for the return trip to Manhattan.[10]On April 8, 1923, the BMT, using elevated cars, started running shuttles along the Astoria (numbered BMT 8 in 1924) and Corona Lines (BMT 9) in addition to the existing IRT service. On June 23, 1942, the IRT Second Avenue Line spur to Queensboro Plaza closed.[11]The IRT services were numbered in 1948, with 7 being assigned to the Flushing Line and 8 to the Astoria Line.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"BMT 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_1"},{"link_name":"BMT 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-16"},{"link_name":"MTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority"},{"link_name":"30th Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_Avenue_(BMT_Astoria_Line)"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(BMT_Astoria_Line)"},{"link_name":"36th Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36th_Avenue_(BMT_Astoria_Line)"},{"link_name":"39th Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/39th_Avenue_(BMT_Astoria_Line)"},{"link_name":"Enhanced Station Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Station_Initiative"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-19"}],"sub_title":"Modifications","text":"On July 24, 1949, through service between the Astoria Line and the IRT Times Square station was discontinued.[12] On October 17, 1949, the Flushing Line became IRT-only. The platforms on the Astoria Line were shaved back to allow through BMT trains to operate on it, the first ones being the Brighton Local (BMT 1) weekdays & Broadway - Fourth Avenue Local (BMT 2) at all times.[13] Since then, the Astoria Line has hosted the northern end of various services running from Brooklyn through Manhattan; see B, N, Q, R, T and W for details.The platforms at the seven stations on the Astoria Line were lengthened to 610 feet (190 m) to accommodate ten-car (60') trains in 1950.[14]: 23 The project cost $863,000. Signals on the line had to be modified to take into account the platform extensions.[15]: 633, 729As part of an 18-month capital budget that took effect on January 1, 1963, the wooden platforms at the stations on the Astoria Line were replaced with concrete platforms.[16]The 2015–2019 MTA Capital Plan called for the Astoria Line's 30th Avenue, Broadway, 36th Avenue, and 39th Avenue stations, along with 29 others, to undergo a complete overhaul as part of the Enhanced Station Initiative. Updates included cellular service, Wi-Fi, USB charging stations, interactive service advisories and maps, improved signage, and improved station lighting.[17][18] The 30th and 36th Avenues stations were renovated first, from October 2017 to June 2018. After these two stations were reopened, the Broadway and 39th Avenue stations were renovated from July 2018 to January 2019.[19] The remaining stations on the line, Astoria Boulevard and Astoria-Ditmars Boulevard, are also simultaneously undergoing renovations. Astoria-Ditmars Boulevard was renovated from April 2018 to June 2019 and would remain open during this time. However, the Astoria Boulevard station was closed from March 2019 until late 2019. Astoria Boulevard's mezzanine was torn down and replaced, and elevators were added at the station.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Randalls and Wards Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randalls_and_Wards_Islands"},{"link_name":"Triborough Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triborough_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nycsubway_1929_plan-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"extension of the BMT Astoria Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport_subway_extension"},{"link_name":"LaGuardia Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport"},{"link_name":"Port Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Grand Central Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Central_Parkway"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Bloomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BMT_Astoria_Line&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Kathy Hochul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Hochul"},{"link_name":"AirTrain LaGuardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirTrain_LaGuardia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Regional Plan Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Plan_Association"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fourth_Regional_Plan_-_Regional_Plan_Association-29"}],"text":"A 1920s Transit Commission study proposed extending the line northwest across or under Randalls and Wards Islands back into Manhattan as a crosstown line at 125th Street, roughly following the route of what is now the Triborough Bridge.[20] As part of the IND Second System plan from 1929, the BMT/IRT Astoria Line would be extended east via Ditmars Boulevard, Astoria Boulevard, 112th Street, and Nassau Boulevard (today's Long Island Expressway) terminating at Cross Island Boulevard. The new line that would have been an extension of the Astoria Line would be called the Long Island City-Horace Harding Boulevard Line. The line would have been 2 tracks to Astoria Boulevard, and afterward, it would become a 4 track line before going back to 2 tracks at Parsons Boulevard. The entire line would be elevated except for a short section which would have been depressed under Nassau Boulevard. The line would have been extended 8.1 miles at a cost of $17.7 million.[21][22][23]In 1998, an extension of the BMT Astoria Line to LaGuardia Airport was planned as part of a $1.2 billion package to provide access to the New York City airports with funding from the MTA, the Port Authority and the city. The preferred route would have extended the Astoria Line along 31st Street north onto Con Edison's property at the edge of Astoria and then east along 19th Avenue to the Marine Air Terminal. The MTA also considered an eastward extension along Ditmars Boulevard, and a plan to reroute LaGuardia-bound trains from Queensboro Plaza through the Sunnyside rail yard and along the eastern edge of St. Michael’s Cemetery to elevated tracks parallel to the Grand Central Parkway. A fourth route was to have trains turn east via Astoria Boulevard.[24] All of the options would have new elevated sections built. $645 million for the LaGuardia extension was included in the MTA's 2000–2004 Five-Year Capital Plan, and in late 2002, Mayor Bloomberg supported the extension. These options were studied in the LaGuardia Airport Subway Access Study.[25] Community opposition was strong and therefore the plan was canceled in July 2003;[26][27] however, as of 2021[update], it is being reconsidered after New York governor Kathy Hochul requested the Port Authority find alternatives to the AirTrain LaGuardia project.[28]The Regional Plan Association, in its Fourth Plan in 2017, anticipated that the population of Astoria would quickly grow over the next three decades, and so called for the Astoria Line to be extended to a new storage yard at Ditmars Boulevard and 20th Street, which would provide added capacity. In addition, a new station at 21st Avenue and 20th Street would improve access for the currently underserved but dense northwest parts of Astoria.[29]","title":"Extension proposals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Station listing"}]	[{"image_text":"Overview of the BMT Astoria Line","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Linea_BMT_Astoria.png/220px-Linea_BMT_Astoria.png"},{"image_text":"The BMT Astoria Line was originally served by the IRT \"8\" train.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/R12_IRT_8.gif/100px-R12_IRT_8.gif"},{"image_text":"A poster describing the changes at Queensborough Plaza in 1949","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/October_17%2C_1949_New_York_Board_of_Transportation_Subway_Service_Change_Poster_.jpg/220px-October_17%2C_1949_New_York_Board_of_Transportation_Subway_Service_Change_Poster_.jpg"},{"image_text":"Entrance to the 60th Street Tunnel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/NYCS_BMT_60thStTunnel.jpg/225px-NYCS_BMT_60thStTunnel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Passing under New York Connecting Railroad","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/N_BMT_under_NYCR_jeh.JPG/225px-N_BMT_under_NYCR_jeh.JPG"},{"image_text":"Northbound curve on the Astoria line east of Queensboro Plaza station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Turning_on_Astoria_Line.JPG/225px-Turning_on_Astoria_Line.JPG"},{"image_text":"Queensboro Plaza station as seen from a southbound Astoria line train","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Queensboro_Plaza_Station.jpg/225px-Queensboro_Plaza_Station.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Annual Subway Ridership (2018–2023)\". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/document/137106","url_text":"\"Annual Subway Ridership (2018–2023)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"N Subway Timetable, Effective August 28, 2023\". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/document/9511","url_text":"\"N Subway Timetable, Effective August 28, 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"W Subway Timetable, Effective June 26, 2022\". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/document/9526","url_text":"\"W Subway Timetable, Effective June 26, 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"Subway Service Guide\" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2019. Retrieved September 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/document/12331","url_text":"\"Subway Service Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF","url_text":"PDF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"Dougherty, Peter (2006) [2002]. Tracks of the New York City Subway 2006 (3rd ed.). Dougherty. OCLC 49777633 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VovXXwAACAAJ","url_text":"Tracks of the New York City Subway 2006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49777633","url_text":"49777633"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"\"First Train Runs On Elevated Line to Astoria Section\". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 1, 1917. Retrieved June 29, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/54438288/?terms=ditmars+boulevard+subway+station","url_text":"\"First Train Runs On Elevated Line to Astoria Section\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle","url_text":"Brooklyn Daily Eagle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"1916-1917 Annual Report of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company For The Year June 30, 1917. Interborough Rapid Transit Company. 1917. p. 21.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015016416920;view=1up;seq=23","url_text":"1916-1917 Annual Report of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company For The Year June 30, 1917"}]},{"reference":"\"New Astoria Line Opened\". The New York Times. February 2, 1917. p. 14. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1917/02/02/archives/new-astoria-line-opened-mayor-and-other-officials-ride-on-first.html","url_text":"\"New Astoria Line Opened\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Subway Link Over Queensboro Bridge\". The New York Times. July 22, 1917. p. 31. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1917/07/22/archives/subway-link-over-queensboro-bridge.html","url_text":"\"Subway Link Over Queensboro Bridge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"New Subway Link Opens\". The New York Times. August 1, 1920. p. 12. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1920/08/01/archives/new-subway-link-opens-service-started-through-queens-and-montague.html","url_text":"\"New Subway Link Opens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Additional Subway Service to Borough of Queens\". The New York Times. April 8, 1923. p. RE1. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1923/04/08/archives/hylan-tells-how-he-would-relieve-subways-in-60-days-start-and-quit.html","url_text":"\"Additional Subway Service to Borough of Queens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Astoria Line Change\". New York Daily News. July 15, 1949. Retrieved November 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25053125/daily_news/","url_text":"\"Astoria Line Change\""}]},{"reference":"\"Direct Subway Runs to Flushing, Astoria\". The New York Times. October 15, 1949. p. 17. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1949/10/15/archives/direct-subway-runs-to-flushing-astoria.html","url_text":"\"Direct Subway Runs to Flushing, Astoria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Bulletin. General Contractors Association. 1950. p. 23.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=98j0AAAAMAAJ&q=%22astoria+line%22+platform+extensions","url_text":"Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"Proceedings of the Board of Transportation of The City of New York. New York City Board of Transportation. 1950. pp. 432, 729.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TrocAQAAMAAJ&q=%22astoria+line%22+platform+extensions","url_text":"Proceedings of the Board of Transportation of The City of New York"}]},{"reference":"\"For Release Sunday, July 12, 1964\" (PDF). New York City Office of the Mayor. July 12, 1964. Retrieved August 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/pages/FileBrowser.aspx?LinkToFile=FILES_DOC/WAGNER_FILES/06.023.0000.141.1637.PDF#undefined","url_text":"\"For Release Sunday, July 12, 1964\""}]},{"reference":"Whitford, Emma (January 8, 2016). \"MTA Will Completely Close 30 Subway Stations For Months-Long \"Revamp\"\". Gothamist. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160801200338/http://gothamist.com/2016/01/08/subway_facelift_shutdown.php","url_text":"\"MTA Will Completely Close 30 Subway Stations For Months-Long \"Revamp\"\""},{"url":"http://gothamist.com/2016/01/08/subway_facelift_shutdown.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MTAStations\" (PDF). governor.ny.gov. Government of the State of New York. Retrieved July 18, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.governor.ny.gov/sites/governor.ny.gov/files/atoms/files/MTAStations.pdf","url_text":"\"MTAStations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Broadway & 39 Av NW Stations to Undergo Extensive Repairs & Renovations\". mta.info. June 8, 2018. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141944/http://www.mta.info/press-release/nyc-transit/broadway-39-av-nw-stations-undergo-extensive-repairs-renovations","url_text":"\"Broadway & 39 Av NW Stations to Undergo Extensive Repairs & Renovations\""},{"url":"http://www.mta.info/press-release/nyc-transit/broadway-39-av-nw-stations-undergo-extensive-repairs-renovations","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Proposed Additions to Rapid Transit System to Cost $218,000,000\". New York State Transit Commission. 1922. Retrieved August 1, 2019 – via nycsubway.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/New_Subways:_Proposed_Additions_to_Rapid_Transit_System..._(1922)","url_text":"\"Proposed Additions to Rapid Transit System to Cost $218,000,000\""}]},{"reference":"Roess, Roger P.; Sansone, Gene (August 23, 2012). The Wheels That Drove New York: A History of the New York City Transit System. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783642304842.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qfZ0VxuLoc0C","url_text":"The Wheels That Drove New York: A History of the New York City Transit System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642304842","url_text":"9783642304842"}]},{"reference":"\"Dreams of taking the N to LaGuardia\". Second Ave. Sagas. January 19, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://secondavenuesagas.com/2010/01/19/dreams-of-taking-the-n-to-laguardia/","url_text":"\"Dreams of taking the N to LaGuardia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Second Avenue Subway Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS), April 2003 Appendix A Planning Context\" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. April 2003. Retrieved August 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/sdeis/appendixa.pdf","url_text":"\"Second Avenue Subway Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS), April 2003 Appendix A Planning Context\""}]},{"reference":"Toscano, John (July 16, 2003). \"N Train Extension To LaG Scrapped\". Queens Gazette. Archived from the original on May 25, 2009. Retrieved July 26, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090525091226/http://www.qgazette.com/news/2003/0716/Front_Page/002.html","url_text":"\"N Train Extension To LaG Scrapped\""},{"url":"http://www.qgazette.com/news/2003/0716/Front_Page/002.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Flashback To 1999\". www.qgazette.com. June 27, 2007. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160322134801/http://www.qgazette.com/news/2007-06-27/features/flashback_to_1999_001.html","url_text":"\"Flashback To 1999\""},{"url":"http://www.qgazette.com/news/2007-06-27/Features/Flashback_To_1999_001.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Guse, Clayton (November 16, 2021). \"Port Authority brings in MTA, transit experts to reexamine subway extension to LaGuardia Airport\". New York Daily News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-lga-subway-extension-hochul-mta-20211116-hxmy7hhmffhqrg6vfwuocna6lu-story.html","url_text":"\"Port Authority brings in MTA, transit experts to reexamine subway extension to LaGuardia Airport\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"New York Daily News"}]},{"reference":"\"Fourth Regional Plan - Regional Plan Association\". Regional Plan Association. November 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://fourthplan.org/","url_text":"\"Fourth Regional Plan - Regional Plan Association\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BMT_Astoria_Line&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://new.mta.info/document/137106","external_links_name":"\"Annual Subway Ridership (2018–2023)\""},{"Link":"https://new.mta.info/document/9511","external_links_name":"\"N Subway Timetable, Effective August 28, 2023\""},{"Link":"https://new.mta.info/document/9526","external_links_name":"\"W Subway Timetable, Effective June 26, 2022\""},{"Link":"https://new.mta.info/document/12331","external_links_name":"\"Subway Service Guide\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VovXXwAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Tracks of the New York City Subway 2006"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49777633","external_links_name":"49777633"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/54438288/?terms=ditmars+boulevard+subway+station","external_links_name":"\"First Train Runs On Elevated Line to Astoria Section\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015016416920;view=1up;seq=23","external_links_name":"1916-1917 Annual Report of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company For The Year June 30, 1917"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1917/02/02/archives/new-astoria-line-opened-mayor-and-other-officials-ride-on-first.html","external_links_name":"\"New Astoria Line Opened\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1917/07/22/archives/subway-link-over-queensboro-bridge.html","external_links_name":"\"Subway Link Over Queensboro Bridge\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1920/08/01/archives/new-subway-link-opens-service-started-through-queens-and-montague.html","external_links_name":"\"New Subway Link Opens\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1923/04/08/archives/hylan-tells-how-he-would-relieve-subways-in-60-days-start-and-quit.html","external_links_name":"\"Additional Subway Service to Borough of Queens\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25053125/daily_news/","external_links_name":"\"Astoria Line Change\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1949/10/15/archives/direct-subway-runs-to-flushing-astoria.html","external_links_name":"\"Direct Subway Runs to Flushing, Astoria\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=98j0AAAAMAAJ&q=%22astoria+line%22+platform+extensions","external_links_name":"Bulletin"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TrocAQAAMAAJ&q=%22astoria+line%22+platform+extensions","external_links_name":"Proceedings of the Board of Transportation of The City of New York"},{"Link":"http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/pages/FileBrowser.aspx?LinkToFile=FILES_DOC/WAGNER_FILES/06.023.0000.141.1637.PDF#undefined","external_links_name":"\"For Release Sunday, July 12, 1964\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160801200338/http://gothamist.com/2016/01/08/subway_facelift_shutdown.php","external_links_name":"\"MTA Will Completely Close 30 Subway Stations For Months-Long \"Revamp\"\""},{"Link":"http://gothamist.com/2016/01/08/subway_facelift_shutdown.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.governor.ny.gov/sites/governor.ny.gov/files/atoms/files/MTAStations.pdf","external_links_name":"\"MTAStations\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141944/http://www.mta.info/press-release/nyc-transit/broadway-39-av-nw-stations-undergo-extensive-repairs-renovations","external_links_name":"\"Broadway & 39 Av NW Stations to Undergo Extensive Repairs & Renovations\""},{"Link":"http://www.mta.info/press-release/nyc-transit/broadway-39-av-nw-stations-undergo-extensive-repairs-renovations","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/New_Subways:_Proposed_Additions_to_Rapid_Transit_System..._(1922)","external_links_name":"\"Proposed Additions to Rapid Transit System to Cost $218,000,000\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/nyregion/20070408_SUBWAY_DOCS/19290916_subway_doc.pdf","external_links_name":"100 Miles of Subway in New City Project; 52 of them in Queens"},{"Link":"http://nycsubway.org/wiki/IND_Second_System_-_1929_Plan","external_links_name":"IND Second System – 1929 Plan"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qfZ0VxuLoc0C","external_links_name":"The Wheels That Drove New York: A History of the New York City Transit System"},{"Link":"http://secondavenuesagas.com/2010/01/19/dreams-of-taking-the-n-to-laguardia/","external_links_name":"\"Dreams of taking the N to LaGuardia\""},{"Link":"http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/sdeis/appendixa.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Second Avenue Subway Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS), April 2003 Appendix A Planning Context\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090525091226/http://www.qgazette.com/news/2003/0716/Front_Page/002.html","external_links_name":"\"N Train Extension To LaG Scrapped\""},{"Link":"http://www.qgazette.com/news/2003/0716/Front_Page/002.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160322134801/http://www.qgazette.com/news/2007-06-27/features/flashback_to_1999_001.html","external_links_name":"\"Flashback To 1999\""},{"Link":"http://www.qgazette.com/news/2007-06-27/Features/Flashback_To_1999_001.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-lga-subway-extension-hochul-mta-20211116-hxmy7hhmffhqrg6vfwuocna6lu-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Port Authority brings in MTA, transit experts to reexamine subway extension to LaGuardia Airport\""},{"Link":"http://fourthplan.org/","external_links_name":"\"Fourth Regional Plan - Regional Plan Association\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/BMT_Astoria_Line&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/BMT_Astoria_Line&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"http://nycsubway.org/bmt/astoria/","external_links_name":"nycsubway.org - BMT Astoria Line"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Naiken	Marc Naiken	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Marc Naiken" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Marc NaikenOccupationPoliticianYears active2007 Marc Naiken is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles. He is a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and was first elected to the Assembly in 2007. See also Index of Seychelles-related articles Outline of Seychelles Politics of Seychelles References External links Member page on Assembly website Portals: Biography Africa Politics This article about a Seychellois politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Assembly of Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Seychelles"},{"link_name":"Seychelles People's Progressive Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles_People%27s_Progressive_Front"}],"text":"Marc Naiken is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles. He is a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and was first elected to the Assembly in 2007.","title":"Marc Naiken"}]	[]	[{"title":"Index of Seychelles-related articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Seychelles-related_articles"},{"title":"Outline of Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Seychelles"},{"title":"Politics of Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Seychelles"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Marc+Naiken%22","external_links_name":"\"Marc Naiken\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Marc+Naiken%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Marc+Naiken%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Marc+Naiken%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Marc+Naiken%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Marc+Naiken%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081004013806/http://www.nationalassembly.gov.sc/pages/memprof/ac.aspx","external_links_name":"Member page on Assembly website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marc_Naiken&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erling_Norvik	Erling Norvik	["1 References"]	Norwegian politician Erling NorvikNorvik in 1970.County Governor of ØstfoldIn office1 October 1986 – 31 December 1998MonarchsOlav V Harald VPrime MinisterGro Harlem Brundtland Jan P. Syse Thorbjørn Jagland Kjell Magne BondevikPreceded byLars KorvaldSucceeded byEdvard GrimstadLeader of the Conservative PartyIn office25 August 1984 – 20 April 1986First DeputyKaci Kullmann FiveSecond DeputyArne SkaugePreceded byJo BenkowSucceeded byRolf PresthusIn office12 May 1974 – 4 May 1980First DeputyLars T. Platou Jo BenkowSecond DeputyJo Benkow Astrid GjertsenPreceded byKåre WillochSucceeded byJo BenkowGeneral Secretary of the Conservative PartyIn office26 April 1970 – 12 May 1974LeaderKåre WillochPreceded byGudvin Låder VeSucceeded byFridtjov ClemetFirst Deputy Leader of the Conservative PartyIn office26 April 1970 – 19 March 1972LeaderKåre WillochSucceeded byLars T. PlatouMember of the Norwegian ParliamentIn office1 October 1961 – 30 September 1973ConstituencyFinnmark Personal detailsBorn(1928-04-09)9 April 1928Vadsø, Finnmark, NorwayDied31 December 1998(1998-12-31) (aged 70)Oslo, NorwayPolitical partyConservativeSpouse(s)Kate Norvik Marion Oline Sætermo (formerly) Erling Norvik (9 April 1928 – 31 December 1998) was a Norwegian politician from the Conservative Party. Norvik was born in Vadsø, the son of Erling Johannes Norvik, who served in the Norwegian parliament (Stortinget) from 1949 to 1961. The younger Norvik started his professional career as a journalist for the regional paper Finnmarken when he was 12 years old and was elected to Stortinget in 1961 from his native county, Finnmark, succeeding his father. Norvik was seated in the legislature for three successive periods, from 1961 to 1973 and then resigned to become the leader of the Conservative Party, a post he held from 1974–1980 and 1984–1986. He turned down a ministerial post in 1981, choosing instead to work in the prime minister office's of his party colleague Kåre Willoch. In 1986 he was appointed Governor ("Fylkesmann") of Østfold county, as which he served for 12 years. References "Erling Norvik" (in Norwegian). Storting. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States vteConservative PartyLeaders Stang (1884–89, 91–93, 96–99) Schweigaard (1889–91, 93–96) Hagerup (1899–1902) Skattebøl (1902–05) Harbitz (1905–07) Stang (1907–11) Bratlie (1911–19) Halvorsen (1919–23) Lykke (1923–26) Hambro (1926–34, 50–54) Andresen (1934–37) Bærøe (1937–40) Nordlie (1945–50) Kjøs (1954–62) Lindbrække (1962–70) Willoch (1970–74) Norvik (1974–80, 84–86) Benkow (1980–84) Presthus (1986–88) Five (1988, 91–94) Syse (1988–91) Petersen (1994–2004) Solberg (2004-) Cabinets Stang I Stang II Hagerup I Hagerup II Michelsen Konow Lykke Bratlie Bahr Halvorsen I Bahr Halvorsen II Berge Lykke Gerhardsen I Lyng Borten Willoch I Willoch II Syse Bondevik II Solberg Related Conservative Press Association Conservative Students' Association Young Conservatives This article about a Norwegian politician born in the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Vadsø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vads%C3%B8_(town)"},{"link_name":"Erling Johannes Norvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erling_Johannes_Norvik"},{"link_name":"Norwegian parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stortinget"},{"link_name":"journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism"},{"link_name":"Finnmarken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnmarken"},{"link_name":"Finnmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnmark"},{"link_name":"Kåre Willoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A5re_Willoch"},{"link_name":"Østfold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stfold"}],"text":"Erling Norvik (9 April 1928 – 31 December 1998) was a Norwegian politician from the Conservative Party.Norvik was born in Vadsø, the son of Erling Johannes Norvik, who served in the Norwegian parliament (Stortinget) from 1949 to 1961. The younger Norvik started his professional career as a journalist for the regional paper Finnmarken when he was 12 years old and was elected to Stortinget in 1961 from his native county, Finnmark, succeeding his father.Norvik was seated in the legislature for three successive periods, from 1961 to 1973 and then resigned to become the leader of the Conservative Party, a post he held from 1974–1980 and 1984–1986. He turned down a ministerial post in 1981, choosing instead to work in the prime minister office's of his party colleague Kåre Willoch.In 1986 he was appointed Governor (\"Fylkesmann\") of Østfold county, as which he served for 12 years.","title":"Erling Norvik"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Erling Norvik\" (in Norwegian). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_South_Wairarapa	Mayor of South Wairarapa	["1 List of mayors of South Wairarapa","1.1 List of deputy mayors of South Wairarapa","2 References"]	Head of New Zealand district government Mayor of South WairarapaIncumbentMartin Connellysince 2022StyleHis/Her WorshipTerm lengthThree yearsInaugural holderJohn GarrityFormation1989WebsiteOfficial website The Mayor of South Wairarapa is the head of municipal government for South Wairarapa District of New Zealand, which is administered by a district council. The office has existed since the 1989 local government reforms, when the Featherston County, Greytown Borough, Featherston Borough and Martinborough Borough were amalgamated. The current mayor is Martin Connelly. List of mayors of South Wairarapa # Name Image Term 1 John Garrity 1989–1995 2 John Read 1995–2004 3 Adrienne Staples 2004–2016 4 Viv Napier 2016–2019 5 Alex Beijen 2019–2022 6 Martin Connelly 2022–present List of deputy mayors of South Wairarapa Name Term Mayor Max Stevens 1992–1995 Garrity Mike Gray 1995–2004 Read Viv Napier 2004–2016 Staples Brian Jephson 2016–2019 Napier Garrick Emms 2019–2022 Beijen Melissa Sadler-Futter 2022–present Connelly References ^ "The people have spoken: Three new mayors". Wairarapa Times-Age. 11 October 2022. ^ a b "Mayoral humour brightens meetings – Wairarapa Times Age – NZ Herald News". nzherald.co.nz. Retrieved 20 October 2016. ^ "Contact a Councillor \| South Wairarapa District Council". swdc.govt.nz. Retrieved 20 October 2016. vteMayors in New ZealandCities Auckland Hamilton Tauranga Napier Palmerston North Porirua Upper Hutt Lower Hutt Wellington Nelson Christchurch Dunedin Invercargill Districts / regionsNorth Island Far North Whangarei Kaipara Thames-Coromandel Hauraki Waikato Matamata-Piako Waipa South Waikato Ōtorohanga Rotorua Waitomo Taupō Western Bay of Plenty Whakatāne Kawerau Ōpōtiki Gisborne Wairoa Hastings Central Hawke's Bay New Plymouth Stratford South Taranaki Ruapehu Whanganui Rangitikei Manawatu Tararua Horowhenua Kāpiti Coast Masterton Carterton South Wairarapa South Island Tasman Marlborough Buller Grey Westland Kaikōura Hurunui Waimakariri Selwyn Ashburton Timaru Mackenzie Waimate Waitaki Queenstown-Lakes Central Otago Clutha Gore Southland Offshore Chatham Islands HistoricNorth Island Auckland City Dannevirke Eketāhuna Greytown Featherston Huntly Levin Manukau City Manurewa Martinborough Mount Albert Mount Eden North Shore City Onehunga Otaki Pahiatua Papakura Petone Tawa Te Kuiti Thames Waihi Waitakere City Waitemata City Woodville South Island Alexandra Banks Peninsula Blenheim Hokitika Lyttelton Picton Queenstown Richmond Westport	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Wairarapa District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wairarapa_District"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"district council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"1989 local government reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_local_government_reforms"},{"link_name":"amalgamated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamated"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Mayor of South Wairarapa is the head of municipal government for South Wairarapa District of New Zealand, which is administered by a district council. 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Retrieved 20 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/wairarapa-times-age/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503414&objectid=11595343","url_text":"\"Mayoral humour brightens meetings – Wairarapa Times Age – NZ Herald News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contact a Councillor \| South Wairarapa District Council\". swdc.govt.nz. Retrieved 20 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swdc.govt.nz/node/13","url_text":"\"Contact a Councillor \| South Wairarapa District Council\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://swdc.govt.nz/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://times-age.co.nz/the-people-have-spoken-three-new-mayors/","external_links_name":"\"The people have spoken: Three new mayors\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/wairarapa-times-age/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503414&objectid=11595343","external_links_name":"\"Mayoral humour brightens meetings – Wairarapa Times Age – NZ Herald News\""},{"Link":"http://www.swdc.govt.nz/node/13","external_links_name":"\"Contact a Councillor \| South Wairarapa District Council\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man_in_a_Hurry	A Man in a Hurry	["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"]	2018 French filmA Man in a HurryDirected byHervé MimranStarringFabrice Luchini Leïla BekhtiRelease date 28 September 2018 (2018-09-28) Running time1h 40minCountryFranceLanguageFrenchBudget$8.5 million Box office$6 million This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A Man in a Hurry (French: Un homme pressé) is a 2018 French comedy-drama film directed by Hervé Mimran. Cast Fabrice Luchini - Alain Wapler Leïla Bekhti - Jeanne Rebecca Marder - Julia Igor Gotesman - Vincent References ^ https://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=18534 ^ https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt6948326/?ref_=bo_se_r_1 ^ Mintzer, Jordan (2018-11-16). "'A Man in a Hurry' ('Un homme presse'): Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2022-09-01. ^ Simon, Nathalie (2018-11-07). "Un homme pressé : Fabrice Luchini à court". Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 2022-09-01. ^ Heraldo, El. "Un hombre en apuros". El Heraldo (Colombia) (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-09-26. ^ "Un hombre en apuros: heroísmo de manual de autoayuda". La Nación (in Spanish). 2019-08-22. Retrieved 2022-09-26. ^ Ocaña, Javier (2019-03-11). "Comedia afásica de un ictus". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2022-09-26. External links A Man in a Hurry at IMDb This article related to a French film of the 2010s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Hervé Mimran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herv%C3%A9_Mimran&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hol-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fig-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"A Man in a Hurry (French: Un homme pressé) is a 2018 French comedy-drama film directed by Hervé Mimran.[3][4][5][6][7]","title":"A Man in a Hurry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fabrice Luchini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrice_Luchini"},{"link_name":"Leïla Bekhti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%AFla_Bekhti"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Marder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Marder"},{"link_name":"Igor Gotesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Igor_Gotesman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Gotesman"}],"text":"Fabrice Luchini - Alain Wapler\nLeïla Bekhti - Jeanne\nRebecca Marder - Julia\nIgor Gotesman [fr] - Vincent","title":"Cast"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Mintzer, Jordan (2018-11-16). \"'A Man in a Hurry' ('Un homme presse'): Film Review\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2022-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/a-man-a-hurry-homme-presse-review-1161933/","url_text":"\"'A Man in a Hurry' ('Un homme presse'): Film Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Simon, Nathalie (2018-11-07). \"Un homme pressé : Fabrice Luchini à court\". Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 2022-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lefigaro.fr/cinema/2018/11/07/03002-20181107ARTFIG00019--un-homme-presse-fabrice-luchini-a-court-de-mots.php","url_text":"\"Un homme pressé : Fabrice Luchini à court\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Figaro","url_text":"Le Figaro"}]},{"reference":"Heraldo, El. \"Un hombre en apuros\". El Heraldo (Colombia) (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elheraldo.co/columnas-de-opinion/gisela-savdie/un-hombre-en-apuros-654622","url_text":"\"Un hombre en apuros\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Heraldo_(Colombia)","url_text":"El Heraldo (Colombia)"}]},{"reference":"\"Un hombre en apuros: heroísmo de manual de autoayuda\". La Nación (in Spanish). 2019-08-22. Retrieved 2022-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lanacion.com.ar/espectaculos/cine/un-hombre-en-apuros-heroismo-de-manual-de-autoayuda-nid2279789/","url_text":"\"Un hombre en apuros: heroísmo de manual de autoayuda\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n","url_text":"La Nación"}]},{"reference":"Ocaña, Javier (2019-03-11). \"Comedia afásica de un ictus\". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2022-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Oca%C3%B1a","url_text":"Ocaña, Javier"},{"url":"https://elpais.com/cultura/2019/03/07/actualidad/1551913254_887749.html","url_text":"\"Comedia afásica de un ictus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs","url_text":"El País"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582","url_text":"1134-6582"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Man_in_a_Hurry&action=edit","external_links_name":"add one"},{"Link":"https://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=18534","external_links_name":"https://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=18534"},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt6948326/?ref_=bo_se_r_1","external_links_name":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt6948326/?ref_=bo_se_r_1"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/a-man-a-hurry-homme-presse-review-1161933/","external_links_name":"\"'A Man in a Hurry' ('Un homme presse'): Film Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.lefigaro.fr/cinema/2018/11/07/03002-20181107ARTFIG00019--un-homme-presse-fabrice-luchini-a-court-de-mots.php","external_links_name":"\"Un homme pressé : Fabrice Luchini à court\""},{"Link":"https://www.elheraldo.co/columnas-de-opinion/gisela-savdie/un-hombre-en-apuros-654622","external_links_name":"\"Un hombre en apuros\""},{"Link":"https://www.lanacion.com.ar/espectaculos/cine/un-hombre-en-apuros-heroismo-de-manual-de-autoayuda-nid2279789/","external_links_name":"\"Un hombre en apuros: heroísmo de manual de autoayuda\""},{"Link":"https://elpais.com/cultura/2019/03/07/actualidad/1551913254_887749.html","external_links_name":"\"Comedia afásica de un ictus\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582","external_links_name":"1134-6582"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6948326/","external_links_name":"A Man in a Hurry"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Man_in_a_Hurry&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Leer	Leer (district)	["1 History","2 Geography","3 Coat-of-arms","4 Cities and municipalities","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 53°15′N 7°30′E / 53.25°N 7.5°E / 53.25; 7.5District in Lower Saxony, Germany This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Leer" district – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) District in Lower Saxony, GermanyLeerDistrict FlagCoat of armsCountryGermanyStateLower SaxonyCapitalLeerGovernment • District admin.Matthias Groote (SPD)Area • Total1,086 km2 (419 sq mi)Population (31 December 2022) • Total174,348 • Density160/km2 (420/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Vehicle registrationLERWebsitelandkreis-leer.de Leer is a district (Landkreis) in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the northwest and clockwise) the city of Emden, the districts of Aurich, Wittmund, Friesland, Ammerland, Cloppenburg and Emsland, and by the Netherlands (Province of Groningen). History In 1744, East Frisia was annexed by Prussia. In 1867, the region was subdivided into districts, and the districts of Leer and Weener were established. In 1932, these two districts were merged. Geography The District is located in the southern part of East Frisia. The Ems River runs through the District, coming out of the Emsland in the south and flowing into the Dollart, a bay of the North Sea. The island of Borkum, belonging to the East Frisian Islands, is also a part of the District. Some of the area of the District is in the Lower Saxony Wadden Sea National Park. Coat-of-arms The coat-of-arms is identical to the arms of the East Frisian chieftain dynasty Ukena, rulers of the area during the 15th century. Its blazon is: "Arms: Azure, a lion rampant dexter-facing Argent armed and langued Gules, collared by a wreath of leaves proper. Crown: two plumes of wheat Vert divided by a four-leaf clover proper at center." Cities and municipalities Clickable map of towns and municipalities in the district Cities Samtgemeinden Borkum Leer Weener Free municipalities Bunde Jemgum Moormerland Ostrhauderfehn Rhauderfehn Uplengen Westoverledingen 1. Hesel Brinkum Firrel Hesel1 Holtland Neukamperfehn Schwerinsdorf 2. Jümme Detern Filsum1 Nortmoor 1seat of the Samtgemeinde Unincorporated Area The uninhabited island Lütje Hörn is also part of Leer district, but not part of any municipality (unincorporated area). References ^ "LSN-Online Regionaldatenbank, Tabelle A100001G: Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes, Stand 31. Dezember 2022" (in German). Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen. External links Media related to Landkreis Leer at Wikimedia Commons Official website (in German) Borkum island (in German, Dutch, and English) vte Urban and rural districts in the state of Lower Saxony in GermanyRegion Hanover Urban districts Braunschweig Delmenhorst Emden Oldenburg Osnabrück Salzgitter Wilhelmshaven Wolfsburg Rural districts Ammerland Aurich Bentheim Celle Cloppenburg Cuxhaven Diepholz Emsland Friesland Gifhorn Goslar Göttingen Hameln-Pyrmont Harburg Heidekreis Helmstedt Hildesheim Holzminden Leer Lüchow-Dannenberg Lüneburg Nienburg Northeim Oldenburg Osnabrück Osterholz Peine Rotenburg Schaumburg Stade Uelzen Vechta Verden Wesermarsch Wittmund Wolfenbüttel Districts of German states (Full list) Baden-Württemberg Bavaria Brandenburg Bremen Hesse Lower Saxony Mecklenburg-Vorpommern North Rhine-Westphalia Rhineland-Palatinate Saarland Saxony Saxony-Anhalt Schleswig-Holstein Thuringia 53°15′N 7°30′E / 53.25°N 7.5°E / 53.25; 7.5 Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Emden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emden"},{"link_name":"Aurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurich_(district)"},{"link_name":"Wittmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittmund_(district)"},{"link_name":"Friesland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friesland_(district)"},{"link_name":"Ammerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammerland"},{"link_name":"Cloppenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloppenburg_(district)"},{"link_name":"Emsland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emsland"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Province of Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(province)"}],"text":"District in Lower Saxony, GermanyDistrict in Lower Saxony, GermanyLeer is a district (Landkreis) in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the northwest and clockwise) the city of Emden, the districts of Aurich, Wittmund, Friesland, Ammerland, Cloppenburg and Emsland, and by the Netherlands (Province of Groningen).","title":"Leer (district)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Frisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Frisia"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"}],"text":"In 1744, East Frisia was annexed by Prussia. In 1867, the region was subdivided into districts, and the districts of Leer and Weener were established. In 1932, these two districts were merged.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Frisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Frisia"},{"link_name":"Ems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ems_(river)"},{"link_name":"Emsland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emsland"},{"link_name":"Dollart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollart"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"Borkum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borkum"},{"link_name":"East Frisian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Frisian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxony Wadden Sea National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony_Wadden_Sea_National_Park"}],"text":"The District is located in the southern part of East Frisia. The Ems River runs through the District, coming out of the Emsland in the south and flowing into the Dollart, a bay of the North Sea. The island of Borkum, belonging to the East Frisian Islands, is also a part of the District. Some of the area of the District is in the Lower Saxony Wadden Sea National Park.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coat-of-arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat-of-arms"},{"link_name":"Ukena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focko_Ukena"},{"link_name":"blazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazon"},{"link_name":"lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion"},{"link_name":"collared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collar_(animal)"},{"link_name":"wreath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreath"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat"},{"link_name":"four-leaf clover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-leaf_clover"}],"text":"The coat-of-arms is identical to the arms of the East Frisian chieftain dynasty Ukena, rulers of the area during the 15th century. Its blazon is: \"Arms: Azure, a lion rampant dexter-facing Argent armed and langued Gules, collared by a wreath of leaves proper. Crown: two plumes of wheat Vert divided by a four-leaf clover proper at center.\"","title":"Coat-of-arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lütje Hörn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCtje_H%C3%B6rn"},{"link_name":"unincorporated area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"}],"text":"Clickable map of towns and municipalities in the districtUnincorporated Area\nThe uninhabited island Lütje Hörn is also part of Leer district, but not part of any municipality (unincorporated area).","title":"Cities and municipalities"}]	[{"image_text":"Clickable map of towns and municipalities in the district","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Municipalities_in_LER.svg/300px-Municipalities_in_LER.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"LSN-Online Regionaldatenbank, Tabelle A100001G: Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes, Stand 31. Dezember 2022\" (in German). Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statistik.niedersachsen.de/startseite/","url_text":"\"LSN-Online Regionaldatenbank, Tabelle A100001G: Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes, Stand 31. Dezember 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesamt_f%C3%BCr_Statistik_Niedersachsen","url_text":"Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Leer_(district)&params=53.25_N_7.5_E_","external_links_name":"53°15′N 7°30′E / 53.25°N 7.5°E / 53.25; 7.5"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Leer%22+district","external_links_name":"\"Leer\" district"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Leer%22+district+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Leer%22+district&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Leer%22+district+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Leer%22+district","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Leer%22+district&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.landkreis-leer.de/","external_links_name":"landkreis-leer.de"},{"Link":"http://www.statistik.niedersachsen.de/startseite/","external_links_name":"\"LSN-Online Regionaldatenbank, Tabelle A100001G: Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes, Stand 31. Dezember 2022\""},{"Link":"http://www.landkreis-leer.de/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.borkum.de/","external_links_name":"Borkum island"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Leer_(district)&params=53.25_N_7.5_E_","external_links_name":"53°15′N 7°30′E / 53.25°N 7.5°E / 53.25; 7.5"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/134098575","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4035003-4","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009097785","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EE_(UK)	EE (telecommunications)	["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 2010 to 2012: Everything Everywhere","1.3 2012 to 2014: Rebranding to EE","1.4 2014 to present: Acquisition by BT","2 Operations","2.1 Locations","2.1.1 Offices","2.1.2 Retail shops","2.2 Network","2.2.1 Smart number technology","2.2.2 Virtual network agreements","2.2.3 Mobile Broadband Network Limited","2.2.4 Radio frequency summary","2.3 Broadband","2.4 Television","3 Marketing","3.1 Sponsorships","4 Criticism and controversies","5 References","6 External links"]	British telecommunications company "Everything Everywhere" redirects here. For the film, see Everything Everywhere All at Once. EE LimitedEE's logo since 2022FormerlyEverything Everywhere Limited (2010–2012)Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryTelecommunicationsPredecessorOrange UKT-Mobile UKFounded1 April 2010; 14 years ago (2010-04-01)HeadquartersLondon, England, UKArea servedUnited KingdomKey peopleMarc Allera (CEO)ProductsFixed-line telephonyMobile telephonyBroadband internetDigital televisionBrandsOrange (2010–2015)T-Mobile (2010–2015)ParentBT Consumer(BT Group)Websitewww.ee.co.uk/myaccount EE (formerly Everything Everywhere) is a British mobile network operator, internet service provider and a brand of BT Consumer, a division of BT Group. It was established in 2010 and is the second-largest mobile network operator in the United Kingdom, with 21.2 million customers as of September 2022. It was originally known as Everything Everywhere in a 50:50 joint venture between Deutsche Telekom and France Télécom (now Orange S.A.) following the merger of their respective T-Mobile and Orange businesses in the UK, which became brands that was eventually phased out in 2015. It was rebranded to EE while concurrently launching the UK's first 4G mobile network in 2012. It was acquired by BT in 2016 and became a new consumer division within the wider group, alongside BT Consumer before its integration into the latter in 2018, operating across three brands – BT, EE, and Plusnet. EE has its headquarters in London, England, as well as hubs in Bristol, Darlington, Sunderland, Greenock, Merthyr Tydfil, North Tyneside, Plymouth and Leeds. As of November 2016, EE's 5G, 4G and 2G networks' combined coverage reaches more than 99% of the UK population, with double speed 4G reaching 80%, while EE's 3G network reached 98% of the population prior to its closure in February 2024. History Origins Deutsche Telekom and France Télécom (now Orange S.A.) announced plans to merge their respective UK ventures – T-Mobile UK and Orange UK – on 8 September 2009. T-Mobile's UK unit had its origins in Mercury Communications, formed in 1989, while Orange had launched its services in 1994. The initial planning suggested a joint revenue of around £7.7 billion for 2008, with savings via synergies expected to total around "over £445 million annually from 2014 onwards". The two companies also announced an expected investment of "£600 to £800 million in integration costs". A press release outlined a vision for the two brands, stating that "the T-Mobile UK and Orange UK brands will be maintained separately for 18 months". The merger was cleared by the European Commission on 1 March 2010; no new company was formed, but instead T-Mobile (UK) Limited was renamed to Everything Everywhere Limited in July. The 50:50 joint venture was announced as completed on 1 April 2010, and the name Everything Everywhere was announced on 11 May 2010. On the same day the company confirmed that "roaming across both networks due later in that year, at no additional cost to the customer" and further emphasised the separation of the brands, saying that each brand would maintain "its own shops, marketing campaigns, propositions and service centres". 2010 to 2012: Everything Everywhere Logo of Everything Everywhere. The companies' network sharing plans (allowing Orange customers to utilise T-Mobile's 2G signal and vice versa) were released to customers in October 2010. The "switch-on" was rolled out utilising an opt-in page on each brand's website. However, the rollout did not initially include automatic network roaming mid-call or the two brands' 3G services. In January 2011, Everything Everywhere and Barclaycard announced that they would be jointly introducing the UK's first contactless mobile payments system for consumers by early summer 2011. Everything Everywhere expanded its contactless mobile payments arm by announcing a deal with Mastercard in August 2012 that would see the two companies work together on introducing near-field communication (NFC) technology and other mobile payment technologies into the UK. Soon after, Everything Everywhere sustained its involvement in the future of NFC technology in the UK by announcing a joint venture between itself, Vodafone and O2. The joint venture was designed to be a "single point of contact" for all those involved in increasing the adoption of NFC for mobile payments in the UK. On 18 July 2011, Tom Alexander announced unexpectedly that he would step down as CEO. Alexander had joined Orange in 2008 and had led the company since its formation in July 2010. It was announced that he would leave his post on 31 August 2011 and would be replaced by Olaf Swantee, who had held the position of Executive VP of European Activities and Sourcing for France Télécom in addition to being a member of EE's board. Alexander said that he would remain with the company throughout the remainder of 2011 and continue to advise Swantee in his new role. Swantee is seen as having done an exceptional job in leading the group through the challenges of rebranding and the launch of a new technology, and was named the mobile industry's person of the year in 2013 as a result. In November 2011, Everything Everywhere announced plans to cut a further 550 back office staff, with its sites in Bristol, Darlington, Hatfield, and Paddington affected. In April 2012, the T-Mobile network in Northern Ireland was switched off, meaning that customers there roamed onto Orange. Later, most T-Mobile sites were turned back on as EE has a mast sharing agreement with 3. 2012 to 2014: Rebranding to EE Alternative logo of EE. Everything Everywhere announced on 22 August 2012 that it would introduce a third brand as part of a future 4G launch to sit alongside T-Mobile and Orange, and that Everything Everywhere would continue as the company's legal name. Further speculation commenced on 7 September 2012 when the company announced details of a press conference on the morning of 11 September 2012, the earliest date set by Ofcom to launch 4G services. It was also noted that this date was only 24 hours earlier than the expected launch of the latest generation of iPhone (the iPhone 5), thereby arousing suspicion that the new iPhone would support 4G and that Everything Everywhere would launch its service on this widely anticipated handset. Other commentators suggested that the HTC One XL would be the first handset to launch utilising Everything Everywhere's 4G network. The handsets that the company initially launched on EE are the iPhone 5 (iOS), HTC One XL (Android), Samsung Galaxy S III (Android), Samsung Galaxy Note II (Android), Huawei Ascend P1 (Android), Nokia Lumia 920 (Windows Phone), Nokia Lumia 820 (Windows Phone). The company also announced that they would be using two 4G mobile broadband devices manufactured by Huawei - the E589 Mobile Wi-Fi device and E392 mobile broadband dongle. On 11 September 2012, it was announced that the EE brand would be used to identify its network on all of the company's devices (EE, T-Mobile and Orange), alongside its 4G service and the company's fibre optic broadband roll-out. The brand was described by EE as The Super Fast Brand. It was also confirmed that all ex-T-Mobile and ex-Orange shops would be re-branded EE overnight, but mobile products would continue to be sold under those brands inside the stores. The company's legal name changed to EE Limited on 2 September 2013. On 30 October 2012, it was announced that its Orange broadband service would be rebranded as EE, and the company would be launching a new fibre-optic broadband service, using a Bright Box router and Openreach GEA. The change took effect on 5 November 2012 through a firmware upgrade that replaced the Orange branding with EE on customers' router web interface. On 6 November 2012, it was announced that EE had exclusively partnered with mobile payments company iZettle. The agreement allowed EE to sell the company's mini debit/credit card readers which allow small business customers to make payments using their mobile phones. The devices initially went on sale in 297 EE stores and via EE's telesales channel. In March 2014, EE began to phase out the T-Mobile and Orange brands in the UK, removing these products from their website and retail stores. However, these brands were still available via telesales and through third-party retail channels. The phase out was completed in March 2015, with new connections and upgrades only available on EE branded services. 2014 to present: Acquisition by BT During 2014, Deutsche Telekom and Orange S.A. were reported to be considering options to sell EE or divest it through an initial public offering. On 15 December 2014, BT confirmed it had entered into exclusive talks to buy EE for £12.5 billion. On 5 February 2015, BT confirmed it would be acquiring EE for £12.5 billion; subject to regulatory approval, and received final unconditional approval by the Competition and Markets Authority on 15 January 2016. The deal was completed on 29 January 2016 with Deutsche Telekom now owning 12% of BT, while Orange owns 4%. On 1 February 2016, BT announced that EE will become a new consumer division within the wider group, alongside BT Consumer. It will serve customers with mobile services, broadband and TV, and also continue to deliver the Emergency Services Network contract which was awarded to EE in late 2015. EE's business division was brought together with BT Business and the UK-focused operations of BT Global Services to form a new BT Business and Public Sector division with around £5bn of revenues. Another new division, BT Wholesale and Ventures, comprised the BT Wholesale division along with EE's MVNO business as well as some specialist businesses such as Fleet, Payphones and Directories. Gerry McQuade, currently Chief Sales and Marketing Officer, Business at EE, will be its CEO. On 28 July 2017, BT announced organisational changes to "simplify its operating model, strengthen accountabilities and accelerate its transformation" and involves bringing together its BT Consumer and EE divisions into a new unified BT Consumer division that will operate across three brands – BT, EE, and Plusnet. This took effect on 1 April 2018. Operations Locations Offices EE's former headquarters at Hatfield Business Park. EE has main offices in London, Bristol, Darlington, Doxford, Greenock, Merthyr Tydfil, North Tyneside, Plymouth and Leeds. In June 2016, it was announced that EE was making preparations to move from its offices in Paddington to BT Centre at the end of year, as part of BT's plans to save £360 million a year following its acquisition of EE. The move began in November 2016. Retail shops An EE shop in Oxford Street, London, 2016. In November 2010, EE announced the opening of six "dual-branded" shops: three were led by T-Mobile and three by Orange, and each promoted the other brand's products. The company expanded further in early 2011. Five new shops had an Everything Everywhere–branded fascia, although they represented and sold both T-Mobile and Orange. During the same quarter, the company also launched a number of Orange concessions in selected HMV shops. These were designed to operate as normal Orange retail shops, although with an expected lower footfall and designed to cater for HMV's younger consumers. The company removed these concessions from HMV shortly before the re-brand, with their approximately 100 staff transferred to local shops. EE had 700 shops in the UK after the re-branding of existing Orange, T-Mobile, and Everything Everywhere shops in October 2012. In January 2013, it was announced that EE would close 78 shops, with no job losses, because in several locations there were two on the same street, often close together. In January 2014, it was announced that EE would close a further 76 duplicated shops and there would be 50 new ones, including 30 franchise outlets, estimated to create 350 jobs. The franchise outlets would grow to 100 by the end of the year, including the transfer of 45 directly managed shops to franchise partners. The move saw its number of shops reduce from 600 to 574 (including the 100 franchise outlets). In September 2014, it was announced that following the collapse of Phones 4u in the UK, EE would acquire 58 of its shops for £2.5 million in a deal with its administrators, PricewaterhouseCoopers. The deal safeguarded 359 jobs and the shops would be rebranded to EE. In July 2017, EE announced 100 store-within-a-store outlets by the end of 2019 via a partnership with Sainsbury's. This would create 400 jobs in Sainsbury's and Argos stores, and see the number of outlets reach close to 700, as part of its ambition to provide 95% of the population with access to an EE shop within 20 minutes' drive. In addition, pop-up shops and cabins would appear in shopping centres and other locations around the UK, and mobile EE shops in vans would serve customers in the most remote areas. Network EE owns and operates national 2G, 4G and 5G mobile phone networks in the UK. On 22 June 2010, Everything Everywhere announced plans to roll out HD voice calling throughout its network by the end of summer. The technology was initially trialled on Orange's network in Bristol, Reading and Southampton, before it was expanded to the rest of the UK by the end of summer. Its request to use its surplus capacity to launch 4G services in the UK was approved by Ofcom on 21 August 2012. As part of Ofcom's approval of the company's roll-out of 4G, it was announced on 22 August 2012 that Hutchison 3G had acquired part of Everything Everywhere's 1800 MHz spectrum. EE's 4G network, along with its nationwide marketing campaign and store re-branding, was launched on 30 October 2012; it was the UK's first 4G mobile network, while other networks rolled out their 4G networks well into 2013. 4G coverage was initially "switched on" in 11 UK cities; London, Bristol, Birmingham, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield, and Southampton. During the latter part of 2012 and 2013, the company added more cities and towns, and planned to boost speeds in some existing locations by Summer 2013. EE claims 2,000 square miles of 4G network would be added every month from launch and the goal was to cover 70 per cent of the population by the end of 2013, and 90 per cent by the end of 2014. EE had early problems and issues of no signal across both its 3G and 4G networks with senior EE staff conceding they were facing 'teething problems'. On 20 February 2013, Ofcom announced that EE had been awarded more 4G spectrum in the 800 MHz and 2.6 GHz bands, bidding around £588 million for the spectrum. On 5 November 2013, EE began testing LTE Advanced (LTE-A) in East London Tech City. The LTE-A network offered speeds up to 300 Mbit/s when rolled out to the public in 2014. EE's LTE-Advanced was launched at the end of October 2014. On 12 February 2016, EE announced that it had reached its 2015 targets to double the number of 4G users on its network to 14 million at the year's end and remains as Europe's largest 4G operator. Its 4G network now reaches more than 95% of the UK population, with double speed 4G reaching 80%. EE's 3G network reaches 98% of the population while its 2G network reaches 99%. On 24 April 2016, it was announced that as part of a new strategy, EE are aiming to extend the geographic reach of its 4G network in the UK from the current 60% to 95% by 2020, which will increase the proportion of the UK's population covered by the 4G network from 95% to 99.8%. In order to achieve this, EE will build more than 750 new sites. Its 4G network was switched on in Shetland and the Isles of Scilly, enabled by the fibre broadband links deployed by BT. Its 4G network at launch was only used for data connections, with customers moving to 3G while on a call, however EE have rolled out 4G Calling (VoLTE) across the UK to allow both voice and data over 4G as well as allowing customers to make calls in new areas of the network that are 4G-only. 4G Calling was first available in London, Birmingham, Bristol, Manchester, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Belfast, Leeds and Newcastle, and has been switched on across the rest of the network since July 2016. On 13 September 2017, it was announced that EE are upgrading its 4G network by converting airwaves from 2G to 4G. It currently uses frequencies in the 1800 MHz band for both 2G and 4G (its other bands are reserved solely for 3G/4G) and is converting – or 'refarming' 10 MHz of the 2G airwaves and adding that to the existing 20 MHz slice that's already configured for 4G. More than 600 sites across cities including London, Birmingham, Manchester, Edinburgh and Cardiff, will be upgraded with the latest 4G spectrum over the next six months, equipped with 'Cat 12' and 'Cat 16' modems which will provide better speeds and coverage and support next generation 'CAT 12' and 'CAT 16' smartphones. The data upload speeds will also be doubled from the current maximum of 50 Mbit/s to up to 100 Mbit/s on more than 900 sites across the UK. It is also expanding its UK-wide 4G+ with more than 1,000 sites supporting 'Cat 9' speeds above 400 Mbit/s. The geographic reach of its 4G network is now 85%. On 19 March 2018, it was announced that EE had filled 12,000 square kilometres (4600 sq. mi.) of mobile not-spots in the last 12 months as part of its 4G geographic reach strategy of 95% by 2020, currently 90%. This involved upgrading more than 4,000 existing sites to provide 4G, and the construction of 105 new sites which are spread across Northern England, North Wales and Scotland and is in the process of building a further 350 new sites to continue filling in mobile not-spots. Many of these new sites are in areas that have previously had no coverage from any operator and have already carried more than 200 emergency 999 calls where people would have previously been unable to call for help. The new sites are being built to provide coverage for EE's customers and for the Emergency Services Network. The geographic reach of its 4G network in Scotland surpassed 75% at the end of 2017. On 11 September 2018, it was announced that EE are upgrading its 4G network by converting airwaves from 3G to 4G. It currently uses frequencies in the 2100 MHz band for 3G and is converting – or 'refarming' it for 4G. More than 500 sites will be upgraded in the next six months and are the busiest 'hotspots' in its network where there is the greatest demand for mobile data. These sites are spread across cities including London, Birmingham, Manchester, Bristol, Exeter, Hull, Nottingham, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Cardiff and Belfast. In addition to providing better speeds and reliability, these sites will provide five 'carriers' of 4G which is more than any other UK operator and accommodate the latest smartphones which can support connections to all five at the same time, with Five Carrier Aggregation (5 CA). It also lays the foundation for its 5G network that will be launched in 2019 where it will be built on top of the upgraded sites. EE completed the switch-off of its 3G network in February 2024. Smart number technology On 11 June 2018, EE became the first UK network to launch smart number technology, allowing customers to use the same number across multiple devices in addition to their smartphones including tablets, smartwatches and laptops. It is available at no extra cost to new and existing customers and is part of its strategy to "keep customers connected by bringing together the best of mobile and broadband through first-of-their-kind converged services across the UK". It supports calls and texts across multiple devices and works even when they do not have their smartphone with them. It supports up to 5 other connected devices and will need to be internet connected via Wi-Fi or mobile, with the primary device being connected to the EE network for the service to work. Calls can be made on multiple devices at the same time, or handed off between devices. It is available initially on Apple devices, with Android devices coming at a later date. Customers will need to be on an EE pay monthly plan on their smartphone with minimum iOS 11.3 on iPhone 6 or later. Paired iPads and Macs will need to be on minimum iOS 10 and OS X El Capitan respectively, iPod Touch with minimum iOS 10 and Apple Watch with minimum watchOS 2. EE is also the only UK network to support the full connected capability of the Apple Watch Series 3. Virtual network agreements The Co-operative Mobile operate on the EE network under a MVNO agreement, which was most recently renegotiated in December 2010 for Virgin, and November 2013 for Asda (which had previously operated on the Vodafone network, however the agreement ended in March 2021 where ASDA Mobile returned to using the Vodafone network). BT Mobile and EE also have an MVNO agreement, which has allowed BT Mobile to offer packages since March 2014. EE purchased LIFE Mobile in October 2014, a MVNO set up by Phones 4u in 2013 from PWC. Mobile Broadband Network Limited On 3 September 2010, Everything Everywhere announced that Orange would join Mobile Broadband Network Limited (MBNL), the 3G network sharing joint venture formed in December 2007 between T-Mobile UK and Hutchison 3G UK (H3G UK). MBNL would become a 50/50 joint venture between Everything Everywhere and Three UK, with Orange contributing several thousand of its base stations for network sharing purposes. MBNL was created after T-Mobile and Three UK agreed to pool their respective 3G infrastructures in a 50/50 joint venture. By September 2010 MBNL's HSPA-based infrastructure covered more than 90% of the British population, and was expected to rise to more than 98% by the end of 2010. Radio frequency summary Frequencies used on the EE network Frequency Band Protocol Class 1,800 MHz GSM/GPRS/EDGE 2G 2,100 MHz 1 LTE/LTE Advanced 4G/4G+ 800 MHz 20 LTE/LTE Advanced 4G/4G+ 1,800 MHz 3 LTE/LTE Advanced 4G/4G+ 2,100 MHz 1 LTE/LTE Advanced 4G/4G+ 2,600 MHz 7 LTE/LTE Advanced 4G/4G+ 700 MHz n28 NR 5G 1,800 MHz n3 NR 5G 2,100 MHz n1 NR 5G 2,600 MHz n7 NR 5G 3,500 MHz n78 NR 5G Broadband EE inherited the Orange UK broadband service, and as of April 2015 EE had around 900,000 broadband customers. Television EE launched a TV service for broadband customers in November 2014. Using an EE-branded set-top box, it offered standard Freeview channels through an aerial connection along with PVR features and catch-up TV services, competing against YouView. In June 2019 the service was replaced with a new package using an Apple TV box, which also gives access to BT Sport. Marketing EE launched its first television advertisement on 3 November 2012, four days after the company launched its 4G services and new brand. The advertisements featured Kevin Bacon and his related Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon concept. The advert initially aired on ITV during The X Factor, on its Saturday evening slot on UK television. The adverts were filmed over two days during August 2012 in Lewes. Sponsorships EE began sponsoring the British Academy of Film and Television Arts awards in 2013, replacing its Orange brand. A six-year agreement to sponsor Wembley Stadium was agreed with The Football Association in February 2014, although was not classed as a naming rights agreement. EE Power Bar at Glastonbury Festival of Contemporary Performing Arts 2015. EE had a presence at the Glastonbury Festival 2015, providing reusable chargers for mobile phone users. The "Power Bars" could be exchanged once a day, for a fully charged charger, at two locations around the festival. Criticism and controversies In early 2013, Ipsos MORI signed an agreement with EE, wherein Ipsos MORI would commercialise the data on the company's 23 million subscribers, for example "how many of the phone users checked their Facebook accounts, or the website of their favourite shop". Later that year, The Sunday Times revealed that Ipsos MORI had negotiated an agreement to sell this data to the police and other parties. The data included "gender, age, postcode, websites visited, time of day text is sent location of customer when call is made". When confronted by the paper, the police indicated that they would no longer go ahead with the deal. Ipsos MORI defended its actions, while EE refused to comment. In April 2013, T-Mobile UK was embroiled in a mid-contract increase controversy when it applied an above Retail Price Index increase to many contract customers but refused to allow termination as allowed by the terms of the contract. A number of customers complained to CISAS about the conduct of T-Mobile UK, and its handling of the matter. In August 2014, EE started a new service where customers could queue-jump when phoning EE customer services for a one-off cost of 50p to be fast tracked out of the queue to an available agent. This sparked outrage among consumers who viewed the option as at extortionate charge for being put through promptly to a member of staff; something which should be standard. Later that month, EE was accused of trying to silence complaining customers on social media networks, such as Facebook and Twitter. Customers claimed that the company deleted their complaints on the company's Facebook page. The company discourages customers from posting their grievances in public, preferring private messages. In May 2015, EE became the most complained-about consumer landline and broadband provider, according to regulator, Ofcom. Complaints against the UK's largest mobile operator related to topics ranging from line faults, service and provision issues to bill problems. In January 2017, EE were fined £2.7 million by the regulator, Ofcom, for overcharging more than 32,145 customers. Despite calls to the EE telephone number from within the EU becoming free from 18 November 2015, EE continued to bill more than 7,600 customers until January 2016. The fine was also applied as punishment for users calling the 150 customer services number whilst roaming within the EU being charged as though they were calling from the United States. In May 2018, a security researcher discovered the company had failed to update the default administrator password on a code quality testing platform containing application source code and Amazon Web Services and API keys. The company issued a statement saying, "No customer data is, or has been, at risk", while the researcher pointed out that "malicious hackers could analyze the code of their payment systems, and find major holes that could lead to theft of payment information". Later that month, EE blocked and removed a website after text messages claiming to be from EE were sent to customers offering 40 per cent off their monthly bills in celebration of the Royal Wedding. Customers took to social media to complain of the texts. The scam messages contained a link to a fake EE website, encouraging them to enter their personal details and card number. EE advised any customers who receive any messages to not click on any of the links, and delete the messages after forwarding them to 7726, Ofcom's anti-spam service. In June 2021, EE mobile was the first company to re-introduce roaming charges for its customers in the EU. 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"EE extends its 4G network to 9 more UK towns and cities, now available in 37 total". The Next Web. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ Trenholm, Richard (28 March 2013). "4G now covers half UK population as EE hits 50th town". CNET. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ Page, Carly (30 May 2013). "EE expands 4G services to 12 additional towns". The INQUIRER. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ Smith, Mat (2 July 2013). "EE promises UK 4G to 27 more towns by June 2013". Engadget. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ Lanxon, Nate (9 April 2013). "EE promises to double 4G speeds in 10 UK cities by the summer". Wired. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. ^ "EE and Three buddy up to share cost of 4G roll-out across UK". IT Pro. 3 February 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. ^ Williams, Christopher (6 November 2012). "EE admits 4G 'teething problem' as customers complain of 'rush job'". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2013. ^ "Ofcom announces winners of the 4G mobile auction". Ofcom. 20 February 2013. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2013. ^ "EE switches on world's fastest 4G network offering up to 300Mbps speeds". EE. 5 November 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013. ^ "EE to launch LTE-A in London "within weeks". Telecompaper. 16 October 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014. ^ "EE launches new strategy to onshore 100% of service calls and expand 4G coverage to 95% of UK". EE. 24 April 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ Thomas, Daniel (25 April 2016). "EE pledges blanket 4G coverage of UK by tapping BT resources". Financial Times. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ Kleinman, Zoe (25 April 2016). "EE aims to improve 4G and relocate customer services". BBC News. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ Palmer, Kate (25 April 2016). "Mobile giant EE vows to cover the entire country with 4G". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ "EE upgrading 4G to drive even faster speeds from the latest smartphones". EE. 13 September 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ Rigg, Jamie (9 November 2017). "EE is upgrading its 4G network by polishing up old 2G spectrum". Engadget. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ "EE fills 12,000 square kilometres of mobile not-spots in 12 months". EE Limited. 19 March 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018. ^ Jowitt, Tom (19 March 2018). "EE Tackles More Not-Spots To Extend 4G Coverage". Silicon UK. Retrieved 24 March 2018. ^ McCaskill, Steve (20 March 2018). "EE 'fills in' 12,000 square km of 4G notspots". TechRadar. Retrieved 24 March 2018. ^ Lipscombe, Paul (20 March 2018). "EE making strides towards covering not-spots as progress continues". Mobile News Online. Retrieved 24 March 2018. ^ "EE turns 3G into 4G to boost smartphone speeds and lay foundation for 5G launch in 2019". EE. 11 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018. ^ McCaskill, Steve (11 September 2018). "EE could launch the UK's first 5G network in 2019". TechRadar. Retrieved 13 September 2018. ^ Lipscombe, Paul (11 September 2018). "EE announces 4G boost ahead of 5G launch next year". Mobile News Online. Retrieved 13 September 2018. ^ Jackson, Mark (26 February 2024). "EE Switches Off Final 3G Mobile Network Site in the UK". ISPreview UK. Retrieved 21 April 2024. ^ "EE becomes the first UK network to launch smart number technology, allowing customers to use one phone number across smart watches, tablets and laptops". EE Limited. 11 June 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2018. ^ Keane, Sean (11 June 2018). "EE's smart number tech lets you use one number across multiple devices". CNET. Retrieved 11 June 2018. ^ McCann, John (11 June 2018). "EE now lets you use the same number on your phone, tablet and smartwatch". TechRadar. Retrieved 11 June 2018. ^ "FAQs". The Co-operative Mobile. Archived from the original on 1 April 2014. ^ Browning, Jonathan (15 February 2011). "Everything Everywhere Fears Loss of U.K. Share With One Brand". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2 March 2011. The company also renegotiated its contract with Virgin Media Inc. to run the network for Virgin's mobile-phone operations, Moat said. The deal was signed at the end of December, Moat said, adding that the contract has "shaped and evolved" over time. Virgin Media has more than 3 million mobile-phone subscribers. ^ a b "Orange to link up with MBNL". Telegeography.com. 3 September 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2012. ^ Patterson, Gavin (2015). "Acquisition of EE" (PDF). BT Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2015. ^ Curtis, Sophie (6 November 2014). "EE TV service takes on YouView in the UK". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 March 2022. ^ "EE UK Replaces Home Broadband Pay TV Service with Apple TV 4K". ISP Review. 27 June 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2020. ^ Baker, Nick (28 June 2019). "EE introduces new Apple TV and broadband package". Uswitch. Retrieved 23 April 2020. ^ Charles, Gemma. "EE unveils Kevin Bacon launch TV ads". Marketing. Haymarket. Retrieved 15 November 2012. ^ Wilkinson, Alex (14 November 2012). "EE Announced as Title Sponsor for the British Academy Film Awards in 2013" (Press release). EE Limited. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2012. ^ "Wembley agree multi-million pound deal with EE - but national stadium will not undergo name change". The Independent. London. 26 February 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014. ^ "Never-Ending Power For Customers". EE Limited. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. ^ Kerbaj, Richard & Ungoed-Thomas, Jon (12 May 2013). "Switch on and you become a goldmine". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. ^ Kerbaj, Richard & Ungoed-Thomas, Jon (12 May 2013). "Secrets of 27m mobile phones offered to police". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 9 January 2018. ^ "EE and Ipsos MORI face privacy backlash over mobile data analysis". Information Age. 13 May 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2018. ^ "T-mobile price increase". MoneySavingExpert.com. 18 April 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2013. ^ "Mobile firm EE introduces queue jumping charge". BBC News. 14 August 2014. ^ Fiveash, Kelly (27 August 2014). "EE accused of silencing customer gripes on social media pages". The Register. Retrieved 27 August 2014. ^ "EE tops consumer landline and broadband complaints". BBC News. 12 May 2015. ^ Johnston, Chris (18 January 2017). "EE mobile firm fined £2.7m for overcharging customers". BBC News. Retrieved 9 January 2018. ^ Whittaker, Zack (11 May 2018). "UK cell giant EE left a critical code system exposed with a default password". ZDNet. Retrieved 11 May 2018. ^ Withers, Paul (18 May 2018). "Royal Wedding SCAM: EE shuts down website offering 40% off customers' bills". Daily Express. Retrieved 19 May 2018. ^ "EE brings back EU roaming charges". Sky News. 24 June 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021. 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Telecommunications Act 1981 British telephone sockets BT Research BT site engineering code Buzby Communications Act 2003 Earth stations in UK Hull Colour Pages Interception of Communications Act 1985 Internet in UK Telegraph Act Telegraph Act 1868 Telegraph Act 1885 Telephone numbers in UK UK telephone code misconceptions Web blocking in UK Category Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Everything Everywhere All at Once","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_Everywhere_All_at_Once"},{"link_name":"mobile network operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_network_operator"},{"link_name":"internet service provider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider"},{"link_name":"BT Consumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Consumer"},{"link_name":"BT Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Group"},{"link_name":"second-largest mobile network operator in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_Europe#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"joint venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom"},{"link_name":"Orange S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_S.A."},{"link_name":"T-Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_UK"},{"link_name":"Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_UK"},{"link_name":"4G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G"},{"link_name":"BT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Group"},{"link_name":"BT Consumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Consumer"},{"link_name":"Plusnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plusnet"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington"},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Sunderland"},{"link_name":"Greenock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenock"},{"link_name":"Merthyr Tydfil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil"},{"link_name":"North Tyneside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Tyneside"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"5G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G"},{"link_name":"4G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G"},{"link_name":"2G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G"},{"link_name":"3G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YrEnd2015-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Telegraph-5"}],"text":"\"Everything Everywhere\" redirects here. For the film, see Everything Everywhere All at Once.EE (formerly Everything Everywhere) is a British mobile network operator, internet service provider and a brand of BT Consumer, a division of BT Group. It was established in 2010 and is the second-largest mobile network operator in the United Kingdom, with 21.2 million customers as of September 2022.[2]It was originally known as Everything Everywhere in a 50:50 joint venture between Deutsche Telekom and France Télécom (now Orange S.A.) following the merger of their respective T-Mobile and Orange businesses in the UK, which became brands that was eventually phased out in 2015. It was rebranded to EE while concurrently launching the UK's first 4G mobile network in 2012. It was acquired by BT in 2016 and became a new consumer division within the wider group, alongside BT Consumer before its integration into the latter in 2018, operating across three brands – BT, EE, and Plusnet.EE has its headquarters in London, England, as well as hubs in Bristol, Darlington, Sunderland, Greenock, Merthyr Tydfil, North Tyneside, Plymouth and Leeds. As of November 2016, EE's 5G, 4G and 2G networks' combined coverage reaches more than 99% of the UK population, with double speed 4G reaching 80%, while EE's 3G network reached 98% of the population prior to its closure in February 2024.[3][4][5]","title":"EE (telecommunications)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deutsche Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom"},{"link_name":"Orange S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_S.A."},{"link_name":"T-Mobile UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_UK"},{"link_name":"Orange UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_UK"},{"link_name":"Mercury Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Communications"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plans_To_Form_Merger-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plans_To_Form_Merger-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plans_To_Form_Merger-6"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"joint venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Completion_of_Merger-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-merger-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unveiling_of_Name-12"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"Deutsche Telekom and France Télécom (now Orange S.A.) announced plans to merge their respective UK ventures – T-Mobile UK and Orange UK – on 8 September 2009. T-Mobile's UK unit had its origins in Mercury Communications, formed in 1989, while Orange had launched its services in 1994.The initial planning suggested a joint revenue of around £7.7 billion for 2008, with savings via synergies expected to total around \"over £445 million annually from 2014 onwards\".[6] The two companies also announced an expected investment of \"£600 to £800 million in integration costs\".[6] A press release outlined a vision for the two brands, stating that \"the T-Mobile UK and Orange UK brands will be maintained separately for 18 months\".[6] The merger was cleared by the European Commission on 1 March 2010;[7] no new company was formed, but instead T-Mobile (UK) Limited was renamed to Everything Everywhere Limited in July.[8]The 50:50 joint venture was announced as completed on 1 April 2010,[9] and the name Everything Everywhere was announced on 11 May 2010.[10][11] On the same day the company confirmed that \"roaming across both networks [would be] due later in that year, at no additional cost to the customer\" and further emphasised the separation of the brands, saying that each brand would maintain \"its own shops, marketing campaigns, propositions and service centres\".[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Everything_Everywhere_logo.png"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Big_Switch-On-13"},{"link_name":"Barclaycard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclaycard"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Mastercard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastercard"},{"link_name":"near-field communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field_communication"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Vodafone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone"},{"link_name":"O2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O2_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Regulators_approve_UK_mobile_payment_joint_venture_between_Everything_Everywhere,_Vodafone_and_O2-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olaf_Swantee_Appointed_CEO_of_Everything_Everywhere-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington"},{"link_name":"Hatfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatfield,_Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"Paddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddington"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"mast sharing agreement with 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Mobile_Broadband_Network_Limited"}],"sub_title":"2010 to 2012: Everything Everywhere","text":"Logo of Everything Everywhere.The companies' network sharing plans (allowing Orange customers to utilise T-Mobile's 2G signal and vice versa) were released to customers in October 2010. The \"switch-on\" was rolled out utilising an opt-in page on each brand's website. However, the rollout did not initially include automatic network roaming mid-call or the two brands' 3G services.[13]In January 2011, Everything Everywhere and Barclaycard announced that they would be jointly introducing the UK's first contactless mobile payments system for consumers by early summer 2011.[14] Everything Everywhere expanded its contactless mobile payments arm by announcing a deal with Mastercard in August 2012 that would see the two companies work together on introducing near-field communication (NFC) technology and other mobile payment technologies into the UK.[15] Soon after, Everything Everywhere sustained its involvement in the future of NFC technology in the UK by announcing a joint venture between itself, Vodafone and O2. The joint venture was designed to be a \"single point of contact\" for all those involved in increasing the adoption of NFC for mobile payments in the UK.[16]On 18 July 2011, Tom Alexander announced unexpectedly that he would step down as CEO. Alexander had joined Orange in 2008 and had led the company since its formation in July 2010. It was announced that he would leave his post on 31 August 2011 and would be replaced by Olaf Swantee, who had held the position of Executive VP of European Activities and Sourcing for France Télécom in addition to being a member of EE's board. Alexander said that he would remain with the company throughout the remainder of 2011 and continue to advise Swantee in his new role.[17] Swantee is seen as having done an exceptional job in leading the group through the challenges of rebranding and the launch of a new technology, and was named the mobile industry's person of the year in 2013[18] as a result.In November 2011, Everything Everywhere announced plans to cut a further 550 back office staff, with its sites in Bristol, Darlington, Hatfield, and Paddington affected.[19][20]In April 2012, the T-Mobile network in Northern Ireland was switched off, meaning that customers there roamed onto Orange. Later,[when?] most T-Mobile sites were turned back on as EE has a mast sharing agreement with 3.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EE_Logo_Yellow_2022.svg"},{"link_name":"4G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"iPhone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Everything_Everywhere_Launching_New_Network_on_Tuesday-23"},{"link_name":"HTC One XL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_One_X"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HTC_One_XL:_Everything_Everywhere-24"},{"link_name":"iPhone 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_5"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"Samsung Galaxy S III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S_III"},{"link_name":"Samsung Galaxy Note II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Note_II"},{"link_name":"Huawei Ascend P1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_P1"},{"link_name":"Nokia Lumia 920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_Lumia_920"},{"link_name":"Windows Phone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phone"},{"link_name":"Nokia Lumia 820","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_Lumia_820"},{"link_name":"Huawei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei"},{"link_name":"E589 Mobile Wi-Fi device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_E5#E589"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"fibre-optic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"iZettle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zettle"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"2012 to 2014: Rebranding to EE","text":"Alternative logo of EE.Everything Everywhere announced on 22 August 2012 that it would introduce a third brand as part of a future 4G launch to sit alongside T-Mobile and Orange, and that Everything Everywhere would continue as the company's legal name.[21] Further speculation commenced on 7 September 2012 when the company announced details of a press conference on the morning of 11 September 2012, the earliest date set by Ofcom to launch 4G services.[22] It was also noted that this date was only 24 hours earlier than the expected launch of the latest generation of iPhone (the iPhone 5), thereby arousing suspicion that the new iPhone would support 4G and that Everything Everywhere would launch its service on this widely anticipated handset.[23] Other commentators suggested that the HTC One XL would be the first handset to launch utilising Everything Everywhere's 4G network.[24] The handsets that the company initially launched on EE are the iPhone 5 (iOS), HTC One XL (Android), Samsung Galaxy S III (Android), Samsung Galaxy Note II (Android), Huawei Ascend P1 (Android), Nokia Lumia 920 (Windows Phone), Nokia Lumia 820 (Windows Phone). The company also announced that they would be using two 4G mobile broadband devices manufactured by Huawei - the E589 Mobile Wi-Fi device and E392 mobile broadband dongle.[25]On 11 September 2012, it was announced that the EE brand would be used to identify its network on all of the company's devices (EE, T-Mobile and Orange), alongside its 4G service and the company's fibre optic broadband roll-out. The brand was described by EE as The Super Fast Brand. It was also confirmed that all ex-T-Mobile and ex-Orange shops would be re-branded EE overnight, but mobile products would continue to be sold under those brands inside the stores.[26] The company's legal name changed to EE Limited on 2 September 2013.[8]On 30 October 2012, it was announced that its Orange broadband service would be rebranded as EE, and the company would be launching a new fibre-optic broadband service, using a Bright Box router and Openreach GEA.[27] The change took effect on 5 November 2012 through a firmware upgrade that replaced the Orange branding with EE on customers' router web interface.[28] On 6 November 2012, it was announced that EE had exclusively partnered with mobile payments company iZettle. The agreement allowed EE to sell the company's mini debit/credit card readers which allow small business customers to make payments using their mobile phones. The devices initially went on sale in 297 EE stores and via EE's telesales channel.[29]In March 2014, EE began to phase out the T-Mobile and Orange brands in the UK, removing these products from their website and retail stores. However, these brands were still available via telesales and through third-party retail channels. The phase out was completed in March 2015, with new connections and upgrades only available on EE branded services.[30]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deutsche Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom"},{"link_name":"Orange S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_S.A."},{"link_name":"initial public offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"BT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Group"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BT_acquisition-33"},{"link_name":"Competition and Markets Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_and_Markets_Authority"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMA-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"BT Consumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Consumer"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-x32-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-x33-37"},{"link_name":"BT Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Business"},{"link_name":"BT Global Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Global_Services"},{"link_name":"BT Wholesale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Wholesale"},{"link_name":"MVNO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_virtual_network_operator"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-x32-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-x33-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Plusnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plusnet"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"2014 to present: Acquisition by BT","text":"During 2014, Deutsche Telekom and Orange S.A. were reported to be considering options to sell EE or divest it through an initial public offering.[31] On 15 December 2014, BT confirmed it had entered into exclusive talks to buy EE for £12.5 billion.[32] On 5 February 2015, BT confirmed it would be acquiring EE for £12.5 billion; subject to regulatory approval,[33] and received final unconditional approval by the Competition and Markets Authority on 15 January 2016.[34] The deal was completed on 29 January 2016 with Deutsche Telekom now owning 12% of BT, while Orange owns 4%.[35]On 1 February 2016, BT announced that EE will become a new consumer division within the wider group, alongside BT Consumer.[36][37] It will serve customers with mobile services, broadband and TV, and also continue to deliver the Emergency Services Network contract which was awarded to EE in late 2015. EE's business division was brought together with BT Business and the UK-focused operations of BT Global Services to form a new BT Business and Public Sector division with around £5bn of revenues. Another new division, BT Wholesale and Ventures, comprised the BT Wholesale division along with EE's MVNO business as well as some specialist businesses such as Fleet, Payphones and Directories. Gerry McQuade, currently Chief Sales and Marketing Officer, Business at EE, will be its CEO.[36][37][38]On 28 July 2017, BT announced organisational changes to \"simplify its operating model, strengthen accountabilities and accelerate its transformation\" and involves bringing together its BT Consumer and EE divisions into a new unified BT Consumer division that will operate across three brands – BT, EE, and Plusnet.[39][40][41][42] This took effect on 1 April 2018.[43]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Locations","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hatfield_Business_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington"},{"link_name":"Doxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxford_Park"},{"link_name":"Greenock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenock"},{"link_name":"Merthyr Tydfil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil"},{"link_name":"North Tyneside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Tyneside"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"BT Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Centre"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Locations - Offices","text":"EE's former headquarters at Hatfield Business Park.EE has main offices in London, Bristol,[44] Darlington, Doxford, Greenock, Merthyr Tydfil, North Tyneside, Plymouth and Leeds.[45][46][47] In June 2016, it was announced that EE was making preparations to move from its offices in Paddington to BT Centre at the end of year, as part of BT's plans to save £360 million a year following its acquisition of EE.[48][49] The move began in November 2016.[50]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EE_mobile_phones,_Oxford_Street,_London,_March_2016_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oxford Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Street"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Concession_Stores_Announced-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Look_Stores-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Look_Stores-52"},{"link_name":"HMV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMV"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Look_Stores-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orange_removes_its_concessions_from_HMV-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Phones 4u","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phones_4u"},{"link_name":"PricewaterhouseCoopers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PricewaterhouseCoopers"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"store-within-a-store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store-within-a-store"},{"link_name":"Sainsbury's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainsbury%27s"},{"link_name":"Argos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argos_(retailer)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Locations - Retail shops","text":"An EE shop in Oxford Street, London, 2016.In November 2010, EE announced the opening of six \"dual-branded\" shops: three were led by T-Mobile and three by Orange, and each promoted the other brand's products.[51] The company expanded further in early 2011.[52] Five new shops had an Everything Everywhere–branded fascia, although they represented and sold both T-Mobile and Orange.[52] During the same quarter, the company also launched a number of Orange concessions in selected HMV shops. These were designed to operate as normal Orange retail shops, although with an expected lower footfall and designed to cater for HMV's younger consumers.[52] The company removed these concessions from HMV shortly before the re-brand, with their approximately 100 staff transferred to local shops.[53]EE had 700 shops in the UK after the re-branding of existing Orange, T-Mobile, and Everything Everywhere shops in October 2012.[54] In January 2013, it was announced that EE would close 78 shops, with no job losses, because in several locations there were two on the same street, often close together.[55] In January 2014, it was announced that EE would close a further 76 duplicated shops and there would be 50 new ones, including 30 franchise outlets, estimated to create 350 jobs. The franchise outlets would grow to 100 by the end of the year, including the transfer of 45 directly managed shops to franchise partners. The move saw its number of shops reduce from 600 to 574 (including the 100 franchise outlets).[56][57][58]In September 2014, it was announced that following the collapse of Phones 4u in the UK, EE would acquire 58 of its shops for £2.5 million in a deal with its administrators, PricewaterhouseCoopers. The deal safeguarded 359 jobs and the shops would be rebranded to EE.[59][60]In July 2017, EE announced 100 store-within-a-store outlets by the end of 2019 via a partnership with Sainsbury's. This would create 400 jobs in Sainsbury's and Argos stores, and see the number of outlets reach close to 700, as part of its ambition to provide 95% of the population with access to an EE shop within 20 minutes' drive. In addition, pop-up shops and cabins would appear in shopping centres and other locations around the UK, and mobile EE shops in vans would serve customers in the most remote areas.[61][62][63][64][65]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G"},{"link_name":"4G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G"},{"link_name":"5G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G"},{"link_name":"HD voice calling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wideband_audio"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Ofcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcom"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Everything_Everywhere_gets_up_to_a_year-68"},{"link_name":"Hutchison 3G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_(company)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Everything_Everywhere_sells_services_to_3_allowing_for_4G-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"LTE Advanced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advanced"},{"link_name":"East London Tech City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_Tech_City"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"4G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G"},{"link_name":"3G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G"},{"link_name":"2G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YrEnd2015-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Telegraph-5"},{"link_name":"Shetland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland"},{"link_name":"Isles of Scilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly"},{"link_name":"VoLTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_LTE"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"square kilometres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_kilometre"},{"link_name":"sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_site"},{"link_name":"Northern England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_England"},{"link_name":"North Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wales"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"emergency 999 calls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/999_(emergency_telephone_number)#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_site"},{"link_name":"mobile data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#Mobile_broadband"},{"link_name":"5G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"}],"sub_title":"Network","text":"EE owns and operates national 2G, 4G and 5G mobile phone networks in the UK.On 22 June 2010, Everything Everywhere announced plans to roll out HD voice calling throughout its network by the end of summer. The technology was initially trialled on Orange's network in Bristol, Reading and Southampton, before it was expanded to the rest of the UK by the end of summer.[66][67] Its request to use its surplus capacity to launch 4G services in the UK was approved by Ofcom on 21 August 2012.[68] As part of Ofcom's approval of the company's roll-out of 4G, it was announced on 22 August 2012 that Hutchison 3G had acquired part of Everything Everywhere's 1800 MHz spectrum.[69]EE's 4G network, along with its nationwide marketing campaign and store re-branding, was launched on 30 October 2012; it was the UK's first 4G mobile network,[70] while other networks rolled out their 4G networks well into 2013.[71] 4G coverage was initially \"switched on\" in 11 UK cities; London, Bristol, Birmingham, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield, and Southampton.[72] During the latter part of 2012 and 2013, the company added more cities and towns,[73][74][75][76][77] and planned to boost speeds in some existing locations by Summer 2013.[78] EE claims 2,000 square miles of 4G network would be added every month from launch and the goal was to cover 70 per cent of the population by the end of 2013, and 90 per cent by the end of 2014.[79]EE had early problems and issues of no signal across both its 3G and 4G networks with senior EE staff conceding they were facing 'teething problems'.[80] On 20 February 2013, Ofcom announced that EE had been awarded more 4G spectrum in the 800 MHz and 2.6 GHz bands, bidding around £588 million for the spectrum.[81] On 5 November 2013, EE began testing LTE Advanced (LTE-A) in East London Tech City.[82] The LTE-A network offered speeds up to 300 Mbit/s when rolled out to the public in 2014. EE's LTE-Advanced was launched at the end of October 2014.[83]On 12 February 2016, EE announced that it had reached its 2015 targets to double the number of 4G users on its network to 14 million at the year's end and remains as Europe's largest 4G operator. Its 4G network now reaches more than 95% of the UK population, with double speed 4G reaching 80%. EE's 3G network reaches 98% of the population while its 2G network reaches 99%.[4][5] On 24 April 2016, it was announced that as part of a new strategy, EE are aiming to extend the geographic reach of its 4G network in the UK from the current 60% to 95% by 2020, which will increase the proportion of the UK's population covered by the 4G network from 95% to 99.8%. In order to achieve this, EE will build more than 750 new sites. Its 4G network was switched on in Shetland and the Isles of Scilly, enabled by the fibre broadband links deployed by BT. Its 4G network at launch was only used for data connections, with customers moving to 3G while on a call, however EE have rolled out 4G Calling (VoLTE) across the UK to allow both voice and data over 4G as well as allowing customers to make calls in new areas of the network that are 4G-only. 4G Calling was first available in London, Birmingham, Bristol, Manchester, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Belfast, Leeds and Newcastle, and has been switched on across the rest of the network since July 2016.[84][85][86][87]On 13 September 2017, it was announced that EE are upgrading its 4G network by converting airwaves from 2G to 4G. It currently uses frequencies in the 1800 MHz band for both 2G and 4G (its other bands are reserved solely for 3G/4G) and is converting – or 'refarming' 10 MHz of the 2G airwaves and adding that to the existing 20 MHz slice that's already configured for 4G. More than 600 sites across cities including London, Birmingham, Manchester, Edinburgh and Cardiff, will be upgraded with the latest 4G spectrum over the next six months, equipped with 'Cat 12' and 'Cat 16' modems which will provide better speeds and coverage and support next generation 'CAT 12' and 'CAT 16' smartphones. The data upload speeds will also be doubled from the current maximum of 50 Mbit/s to up to 100 Mbit/s on more than 900 sites across the UK. It is also expanding its UK-wide 4G+ with more than 1,000 sites supporting 'Cat 9' speeds above 400 Mbit/s. The geographic reach of its 4G network is now 85%.[88][89]On 19 March 2018, it was announced that EE had filled 12,000 square kilometres (4600 sq. mi.) of mobile not-spots in the last 12 months as part of its 4G geographic reach strategy of 95% by 2020, currently 90%. This involved upgrading more than 4,000 existing sites to provide 4G, and the construction of 105 new sites which are spread across Northern England, North Wales and Scotland and is in the process of building a further 350 new sites to continue filling in mobile not-spots. Many of these new sites are in areas that have previously had no coverage from any operator and have already carried more than 200 emergency 999 calls where people would have previously been unable to call for help. The new sites are being built to provide coverage for EE's customers and for the Emergency Services Network. The geographic reach of its 4G network in Scotland surpassed 75% at the end of 2017.[90][91][92][93]On 11 September 2018, it was announced that EE are upgrading its 4G network by converting airwaves from 3G to 4G. It currently uses frequencies in the 2100 MHz band for 3G and is converting – or 'refarming' it for 4G. More than 500 sites will be upgraded in the next six months and are the busiest 'hotspots' in its network where there is the greatest demand for mobile data. These sites are spread across cities including London, Birmingham, Manchester, Bristol, Exeter, Hull, Nottingham, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Cardiff and Belfast. In addition to providing better speeds and reliability, these sites will provide five 'carriers' of 4G which is more than any other UK operator and accommodate the latest smartphones which can support connections to all five at the same time, with Five Carrier Aggregation (5 CA). It also lays the foundation for its 5G network that will be launched in 2019 where it will be built on top of the upgraded sites.[94][95][96]EE completed the switch-off of its 3G network in February 2024.[97]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"smart number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_number"},{"link_name":"smartphones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone"},{"link_name":"tablets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer"},{"link_name":"smartwatches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartwatch"},{"link_name":"laptops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"iOS 11.3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_11#11.3"},{"link_name":"iPhone 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_6"},{"link_name":"iPads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad"},{"link_name":"Macs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh"},{"link_name":"iOS 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_10"},{"link_name":"OS X El Capitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan"},{"link_name":"iPod Touch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Touch"},{"link_name":"Apple Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Watch"},{"link_name":"watchOS 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WatchOS"},{"link_name":"Apple Watch Series 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Watch_Series_3"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"}],"sub_title":"Network - Smart number technology","text":"On 11 June 2018, EE became the first UK network to launch smart number technology, allowing customers to use the same number across multiple devices in addition to their smartphones including tablets, smartwatches and laptops. It is available at no extra cost to new and existing customers and is part of its strategy to \"keep customers connected by bringing together the best of mobile and broadband through first-of-their-kind converged services across the UK\". It supports calls and texts across multiple devices and works even when they do not have their smartphone with them. It supports up to 5 other connected devices and will need to be internet connected via Wi-Fi or mobile, with the primary device being connected to the EE network for the service to work. Calls can be made on multiple devices at the same time, or handed off between devices.It is available initially on Apple devices, with Android devices coming at a later date. Customers will need to be on an EE pay monthly plan on their smartphone with minimum iOS 11.3 on iPhone 6 or later. Paired iPads and Macs will need to be on minimum iOS 10 and OS X El Capitan respectively, iPod Touch with minimum iOS 10 and Apple Watch with minimum watchOS 2. EE is also the only UK network to support the full connected capability of the Apple Watch Series 3.[98][99][100]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Co-operative Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Co-operative_Mobile"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"MVNO agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_virtual_network_operator"},{"link_name":"Vodafone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone_UK"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"BT Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Mobile"},{"link_name":"BT Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Mobile"},{"link_name":"Phones 4u","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phones_4u"},{"link_name":"PWC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PricewaterhouseCoopers"}],"sub_title":"Network - Virtual network agreements","text":"The Co-operative Mobile[101] operate on the EE network under a MVNO agreement, which was most recently renegotiated in December 2010 for Virgin, and November 2013 for Asda (which had previously operated on the Vodafone network, however the agreement ended in March 2021 where ASDA Mobile returned to using the Vodafone network).[102]BT Mobile and EE also have an MVNO agreement, which has allowed BT Mobile to offer packages since March 2014.EE purchased LIFE Mobile in October 2014, a MVNO set up by Phones 4u in 2013 from PWC.","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mobile Broadband Network Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Broadband_Network_Limited"},{"link_name":"3G network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G_network"},{"link_name":"joint venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegeography.com-103"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegeography.com-103"}],"sub_title":"Network - Mobile Broadband Network Limited","text":"On 3 September 2010, Everything Everywhere announced that Orange would join Mobile Broadband Network Limited (MBNL), the 3G network sharing joint venture formed in December 2007 between T-Mobile UK and Hutchison 3G UK (H3G UK). MBNL would become a 50/50 joint venture between Everything Everywhere and Three UK, with Orange contributing several thousand of its base stations for network sharing purposes.[103] MBNL was created after T-Mobile and Three UK agreed to pool their respective 3G infrastructures in a 50/50 joint venture. By September 2010 MBNL's HSPA-based infrastructure covered more than 90% of the British population, and was expected to rise to more than 98% by the end of 2010.[103]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Network - Radio frequency summary","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orange UK broadband service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_UK#Services"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"}],"sub_title":"Broadband","text":"EE inherited the Orange UK broadband service, and as of April 2015 EE had around 900,000 broadband customers.[104]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"set-top box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set-top_box"},{"link_name":"Freeview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeview_(UK)"},{"link_name":"PVR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Video_Recorder"},{"link_name":"YouView","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouView"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Apple TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TV"},{"link_name":"BT Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Sport"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"EE launched a TV service for broadband customers in November 2014. Using an EE-branded set-top box, it offered standard Freeview channels through an aerial connection along with PVR features and catch-up TV services, competing against YouView.[105] In June 2019 the service was replaced with a new package using an Apple TV box, which also gives access to BT Sport.[106][107]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kevin Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bacon"},{"link_name":"Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Degrees_of_Kevin_Bacon"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"The X Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Lewes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewes"}],"text":"EE launched its first television advertisement on 3 November 2012, four days after the company launched its 4G services and new brand. The advertisements featured Kevin Bacon and his related Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon concept. The advert initially aired on ITV during The X Factor, on its Saturday evening slot on UK television.[108] The adverts were filmed over two days during August 2012 in Lewes.","title":"Marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Academy of Film and Television Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"The Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EE_Charging_Station_-_Glastonbury_2015.jpg"},{"link_name":"Glastonbury Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival_of_Contemporary_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"}],"sub_title":"Sponsorships","text":"EE began sponsoring the British Academy of Film and Television Arts awards in 2013, replacing its Orange brand.[109]A six-year agreement to sponsor Wembley Stadium was agreed with The Football Association in February 2014, although was not classed as a naming rights agreement.[110]EE Power Bar at Glastonbury Festival of Contemporary Performing Arts 2015.EE had a presence at the Glastonbury Festival 2015, providing reusable chargers for mobile phone users. The \"Power Bars\" could be exchanged once a day, for a fully charged charger, at two locations around the festival.[111]","title":"Marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ipsos MORI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipsos_MORI"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"CISAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cisas.org.uk/"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Ofcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcom"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"security researcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_hat_(computer_security)"},{"link_name":"code quality testing platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SonarQube"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"text messages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_messaging"},{"link_name":"Royal Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Harry_and_Meghan_Markle"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"scam messages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing"},{"link_name":"personal details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personally_identifiable_information"},{"link_name":"card number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_card_number"},{"link_name":"Ofcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcom"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"}],"text":"In early 2013, Ipsos MORI signed an agreement with EE, wherein Ipsos MORI would commercialise the data on the company's 23 million subscribers, for example \"how many of the phone users checked their Facebook accounts, or the website of their favourite shop\".[112] Later that year, The Sunday Times revealed that Ipsos MORI had negotiated an agreement to sell this data to the police and other parties. The data included \"gender, age, postcode, websites visited, time of day text is sent [and] location of customer when call is made\". When confronted by the paper, the police indicated that they would no longer go ahead with the deal. Ipsos MORI defended its actions, while EE refused to comment.[113][114]In April 2013, T-Mobile UK was embroiled in a mid-contract increase controversy when it applied an above Retail Price Index increase to many contract customers but refused to allow termination as allowed by the terms of the contract. A number of customers complained to CISAS about the conduct of T-Mobile UK, and its handling of the matter.[115]In August 2014, EE started a new service where customers could queue-jump when phoning EE customer services for a one-off cost of 50p to be fast tracked out of the queue to an available agent. This sparked outrage among consumers who viewed the option as at extortionate charge for being put through promptly to a member of staff; something which should be standard.[116]Later that month, EE was accused of trying to silence complaining customers on social media networks, such as Facebook and Twitter. Customers claimed that the company deleted their complaints on the company's Facebook page. The company discourages customers from posting their grievances in public, preferring private messages.[117]In May 2015, EE became the most complained-about consumer landline and broadband provider, according to regulator, Ofcom. Complaints against the UK's largest mobile operator related to topics ranging from line faults, service and provision issues to bill problems.[118]In January 2017, EE were fined £2.7 million by the regulator, Ofcom, for overcharging more than 32,145 customers. Despite calls to the EE telephone number from within the EU becoming free from 18 November 2015, EE continued to bill more than 7,600 customers until January 2016. The fine was also applied as punishment for users calling the 150 customer services number whilst roaming within the EU being charged as though they were calling from the United States.[119]In May 2018, a security researcher discovered the company had failed to update the default administrator password on a code quality testing platform containing application source code and Amazon Web Services and API keys. The company issued a statement saying, \"No customer data is, or has been, at risk\", while the researcher pointed out that \"malicious hackers could analyze the code of their payment systems, and find major holes that could lead to theft of payment information\".[120]Later that month, EE blocked and removed a website after text messages claiming to be from EE were sent to customers offering 40 per cent off their monthly bills in celebration of the Royal Wedding. Customers took to social media to complain of the texts. The scam messages contained a link to a fake EE website, encouraging them to enter their personal details and card number. EE advised any customers who receive any messages to not click on any of the links, and delete the messages after forwarding them to 7726, Ofcom's anti-spam service.[121]In June 2021, EE mobile was the first company to re-introduce roaming charges for its customers in the EU. A £2 daily fee will be charged to be able to use data/call/text allowances in EU destinations.[122]","title":"Criticism and controversies"}]	[{"image_text":"Logo of Everything Everywhere.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Everything_Everywhere_logo.png/220px-Everything_Everywhere_logo.png"},{"image_text":"Alternative logo of EE.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2e/EE_Logo_Yellow_2022.svg/100px-EE_Logo_Yellow_2022.svg.png"},{"image_text":"EE's former headquarters at Hatfield Business Park.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Hatfield_Business_Park.jpg/220px-Hatfield_Business_Park.jpg"},{"image_text":"An EE shop in Oxford Street, London, 2016.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/EE_mobile_phones%2C_Oxford_Street%2C_London%2C_March_2016_01.jpg/220px-EE_mobile_phones%2C_Oxford_Street%2C_London%2C_March_2016_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"EE Power Bar at Glastonbury Festival of Contemporary Performing Arts 2015.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/EE_Charging_Station_-_Glastonbury_2015.jpg/220px-EE_Charging_Station_-_Glastonbury_2015.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Our team\". EE. Retrieved 1 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://ee.co.uk/our-company/about-ee/leadership-team","url_text":"\"Our team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Financial results\" (PDF). btplc.com. BT Group. 30 September 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bt.com/bt-plc/assets/documents/investors/financial-reporting-and-news/quarterly-results/fy23/h1/h1-fy23-kpis.pdf","url_text":"\"Financial results\""}]},{"reference":"McCann, John (23 November 2016). \"EE would rather you didn't notice its 99% 4G population coverage\". TechRadar. Retrieved 13 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.techradar.com/news/ees-4g-now-covers-99-of-the-population","url_text":"\"EE would rather you didn't notice its 99% 4G population coverage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechRadar","url_text":"TechRadar"}]},{"reference":"\"EE results for the year ended 31 December 2015\". EE Limited. 12 February 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://ee.co.uk/our-company/financials/2016/02/12/EE-results-for-the-year-ended-31-December-2015","url_text":"\"EE results for the year ended 31 December 2015\""}]},{"reference":"Palmer, Kate (12 February 2016). \"EE grows 4G network to 14m as it prepares for shake-up under BT\". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/telecoms/12153997/EE-grows-4G-network-to-14m-as-it-prepares-for-shake-up-under-BT.html","url_text":"\"EE grows 4G network to 14m as it prepares for shake-up under BT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/telecoms/12153997/EE-grows-4G-network-to-14m-as-it-prepares-for-shake-up-under-BT.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Deutsche Telekom and France Telecom plan to merge T-Mobile UK and Orange UK to create a new mobile champion\". EE. 8 September 2009. Archived from the original on 1 December 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131201061744/http://explore.ee.co.uk/our-company/newsroom/deutsche-telekom-and-france-telecom-plan-merge-t-mobile-uk-and-orange-uk-create/","url_text":"\"Deutsche Telekom and France Telecom plan to merge T-Mobile UK and Orange UK to create a new mobile champion\""},{"url":"http://explore.ee.co.uk/our-company/newsroom/deutsche-telekom-and-france-telecom-plan-merge-t-mobile-uk-and-orange-uk-create/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Orange and T-Mobile cleared for mobile merger by EU\". BBC News. 1 March 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8543683.stm","url_text":"\"Orange and T-Mobile cleared for mobile merger by EU\""}]},{"reference":"\"EE Limited - Overview\". Companies House. Retrieved 23 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/02382161","url_text":"\"EE Limited - Overview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_House","url_text":"Companies House"}]},{"reference":"\"Deutsche Telekom and France Telecom announce completion of UK merger\". EE. 1 April 2010. Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170610055451/http://explore.ee.co.uk/our-company/newsroom/deutsche-telekom-and-france-telecom-announce-completion-uk-merger/","url_text":"\"Deutsche Telekom and France Telecom announce completion of UK merger\""},{"url":"http://explore.ee.co.uk/our-company/newsroom/deutsche-telekom-and-france-telecom-announce-completion-uk-merger/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wray, Richard (11 May 2010). \"Orange and T-Mobile settle for Everything Everywhere\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/may/11/orange-tmobile-everything-everywhere","url_text":"\"Orange and T-Mobile settle for Everything Everywhere\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, Nick (12 May 2010). \"Mobile giants promise Everything Everywhere\". The Independent. Retrieved 22 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/mobile-giants-promise-everything-everywhere-1971325.html","url_text":"\"Mobile giants promise Everything Everywhere\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orange and T-Mobile Unveil Joint Venture Name, Team, Vision and Plans\". EE. 11 May 2010. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130421052448/http://explore.ee.co.uk/our-company/newsroom/orange-and-t-mobile-unveil-joint-venture-name-team-vision-and-plans","url_text":"\"Orange and T-Mobile Unveil Joint Venture Name, Team, Vision and Plans\""},{"url":"http://explore.ee.co.uk/our-company/newsroom/orange-and-t-mobile-unveil-joint-venture-name-team-vision-and-plans/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Big Switch-On' takes place with more than 27 million people now able to use their phones in more places than ever before\" (Press release). Everything Everywhere. 11 October 2010. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131103173339/https://explore.ee.co.uk/our-company/newsroom/big-switch-on-takes-place-more-27-million-people-now-able-use-their-phones","url_text":"\"'Big Switch-On' takes place with more than 27 million people now able to use their phones in more places than ever before\""},{"url":"https://explore.ee.co.uk/our-company/newsroom/big-switch-on-takes-place-more-27-million-people-now-able-use-their-phones","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The UK's first commercial launch of contactless mobile payments by Everything Everywhere and Barclaycard, set to revolutionise buying on the high street\" (Press release). EE. 27 January 2010. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626204611/http://ee.co.uk/our-company/newsroom/2010/01/27/the-uk_s-first-commercial-launch-of-contactless-mobile-payments-","url_text":"\"The UK's first commercial launch of contactless mobile payments by Everything Everywhere and Barclaycard, set to revolutionise buying on the high street\""},{"url":"http://ee.co.uk/our-company/newsroom/2010/01/27/the-uk_s-first-commercial-launch-of-contactless-mobile-payments-","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mastercard's digital-wallet deal with Everything Everywhere\". BBC News. 28 August 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19398569","url_text":"\"Mastercard's digital-wallet deal with Everything Everywhere\""}]},{"reference":"Masters, Alex (6 September 2016). \"Regulators approve UK mobile payment joint venture between Everything Everywhere, Vodafone and O2\". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120909003230/http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2012/09/06/regulators-approve-uk-mobile-payment-joint-venture-between-everything-everywhere-vodafone-and-o2/","url_text":"\"Regulators approve UK mobile payment joint venture between Everything Everywhere, Vodafone and O2\""},{"url":"http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2012/09/06/regulators-approve-uk-mobile-payment-joint-venture-between-everything-everywhere-vodafone-and-o2/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Everything Everywhere Press Office (18 July 2011). \"Olaf Swantee Appointed CEO of Everything Everywhere\" (Press release). Everything Everywhere. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131103173226/https://explore.ee.co.uk/our-company/newsroom/olaf-swantee-appointed-ceo-everything-everywhere","url_text":"\"Olaf Swantee Appointed CEO of Everything Everywhere\""},{"url":"https://explore.ee.co.uk/our-company/newsroom/olaf-swantee-appointed-ceo-everything-everywhere","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Olaf Swantee: Power50 2013 profile\". MobileToday.co.uk. 4 June 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mobiletoday.co.uk/power50/2013/Olaf_Swantee/608","url_text":"\"Olaf Swantee: Power50 2013 profile\""}]},{"reference":"Rushton, Katherine (2 November 2011). \"Everything Everywhere to axe 600 staff\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/telecoms/8865268/Everything-Everywhere-to-axe-600-staff.html","url_text":"\"Everything Everywhere to axe 600 staff\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/telecoms/8865268/Everything-Everywhere-to-axe-600-staff.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mobile phone firm Everything Everywhere cuts 550 staff\". BBC News. 2 November 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15557584","url_text":"\"Mobile phone firm Everything Everywhere cuts 550 staff\""}]},{"reference":"Ray, Bill (22 August 2012). \"Everything Everywhere to be Nothing Nowhere in rebrand\". The Register. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendoza_(spider)	Mendoza (spider)	["1 Species","2 References"]	Genus of spiders Mendoza Mendoza elongata Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Chelicerata Class: Arachnida Order: Araneae Infraorder: Araneomorphae Family: Salticidae Subfamily: Salticinae Genus: MendozaPeckham & Peckham, 1894 Type species M. canestrinii(Ninni, 1868) Species 9, see text Mendoza is a genus of jumping spiders that was first described by George and Elizabeth Peckham in 1894. Species As of June 2019 it contains nine species, found only in Africa, Asia, and Europe: Mendoza canestrinii (Ninni, 1868) (type) – Southern Europe, North Africa to Central Asia, China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam Mendoza dersuuzalai (Logunov & Wesolowska, 1992) – Russia Mendoza elongata (Karsch, 1879) – Russia, China, Korea, Japan Mendoza ibarakiensis (Bohdanowicz & Prószyński, 1987) – Japan Mendoza nobilis (Grube, 1861) – Russia, Korea, China Mendoza pulchra (Prószyński, 1981) – Russia, China, Korea, Japan Mendoza ryukyuensis Baba, 2007 – Japan Mendoza suguroi Baba, 2013 – Japan Mendoza zebra (Logunov & Wesolowska, 1992) – Russia References ^ a b "Gen. Mendoza Peckham & Peckham, 1894". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. 2019. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2019-07-19. ^ Peckham, G. W.; Peckham, E. G. (1894). "Spiders of the Marptusa group". Occasional Papers of the Natural History Society of Wisconsin. 2: 85–156. Taxon identifiersMendoza Wikidata: Q1442174 Wikispecies: Mendoza ADW: Mendoza BioLib: 231910 BOLD: 291090 CoL: 5NZV EoL: 114339 Fauna Europaea: 352731 Fauna Europaea (new): ba0f7fde-888f-4d26-823d-29c7533b11bf GBIF: 2169636 iNaturalist: 360549 IRMNG: 1351743 ITIS: 872484 NCBI: 1112527 Open Tree of Life: 350572 uBio: 4237440 WSC: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:03067 This article related to jumping spiders (Salticidae) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"jumping spiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salticidae"},{"link_name":"George and Elizabeth Peckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_and_Elizabeth_Peckham"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peck1894-2"}],"text":"Mendoza is a genus of jumping spiders that was first described by George and Elizabeth Peckham in 1894.[2]","title":"Mendoza (spider)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mendoza_(spider)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMBE-1"},{"link_name":"Mendoza canestrinii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mendoza_canestrinii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"},{"link_name":"Southern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Europe"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Mendoza dersuuzalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendoza_dersuuzalai"},{"link_name":"Wesolowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanda_Weso%C5%82owska"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Mendoza elongata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mendoza_elongata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Karsch"},{"link_name":"Mendoza ibarakiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mendoza_ibarakiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prószyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Pr%C3%B3szy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Mendoza nobilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mendoza_nobilis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mendoza pulchra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mendoza_pulchra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mendoza ryukyuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mendoza_ryukyuensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mendoza suguroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mendoza_suguroi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mendoza zebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendoza_zebra"}],"text":"As of June 2019[update] it contains nine species, found only in Africa, Asia, and Europe:[1]Mendoza canestrinii (Ninni, 1868) (type) – Southern Europe, North Africa to Central Asia, China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam\nMendoza dersuuzalai (Logunov & Wesolowska, 1992) – Russia\nMendoza elongata (Karsch, 1879) – Russia, China, Korea, Japan\nMendoza ibarakiensis (Bohdanowicz & Prószyński, 1987) – Japan\nMendoza nobilis (Grube, 1861) – Russia, Korea, China\nMendoza pulchra (Prószyński, 1981) – Russia, China, Korea, Japan\nMendoza ryukyuensis Baba, 2007 – Japan\nMendoza suguroi Baba, 2013 – Japan\nMendoza zebra (Logunov & Wesolowska, 1992) – Russia","title":"Species"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Gen. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calyon	Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank	["1 History","2 Business Lines","2.1 Client Coverage & International Network","2.2 Debt Optimization & Distribution","2.3 Global Investment Bank","2.4 Global Markets Division","2.5 Structured Finance","2.6 International Trade & Transaction Banking","2.7 Sustainable Banking","2.8 Niche Activities: Islamic banking and RMB offer","2.9 Historical Lines","3 See also","4 References"]	Crédit Agricole CIBCompany typeLimited-liability companyIndustryFinance and InsuranceFoundedMay 1, 2004HeadquartersParis, FranceKey peoplePhilippe Brassac (Chairman) Xavier Musca (CEO) Jean-François Balaÿ, Deputy CEOOlivier Bélorgey, Deputy CEO Pierre Gay, Deputy CEOProductsFinancial servicesNumber of employees8,940ParentCrédit AgricoleWebsitewww.ca-cib.com Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank (Crédit Agricole CIB, formerly Crédit Agricole Indosuez then Calyon) is Crédit Agricole's corporate and investment banking entity. With a staff of 8,940 employees (excluding private banking) in 32 countries, Crédit Agricole CIB is active in a broad range of capital markets, investment banking and financing activities. Clients are primarily corporates, governments, and banks, with a small footprint in the investor segment. History Office of Crédit Agricole CIB in Madrid, known as Edificio Crédit Agricole IndoSuez Crédit Agricole Indosuez (CAI) was created in 1996 with the purchase of Banque Indosuez by Crédit Agricole. Calyon was created in May 2004 by the transfer to CAI of assets from Crédit Lyonnais' Corporate and Investment Banking division. The division was rebranded Crédit Agricole Corporate & Investment Bank (CACIB) in February 2010. In September 2022, Xavier Musca has been appointed CEO of CACIB, in replacement of Jacques Ripoll This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Business Lines Its activities are arranged into eight major divisions: Client Coverage & International Network, Debt Optimization & Distribution, Global Investment Bank, Global Markets Division, Structured Finance, International Trade & Transaction Banking, Sustainable Banking and niche activities (Islamic Banking and RMB offer). Client Coverage & International Network Coverage dedicated to large French corporate and international clients. Debt Optimization & Distribution Debt Optimisation and Distribution business line, covering corporates and financial institutions, is dedicated to the origination, structuring and arrangement of syndicated and bilateral medium-term and long-term loans. It is also in charge of underwriting and of primary and secondary distribution of syndicated loans to banks and non-bank institutional investors. Global Investment Bank In France and throughout the world, Global Investment Banking helps the Bank's clients by advising them on issues related to "top-half of the balance sheet" (i.e. equity) transactions and structuring and executing specialised financing (Telecom Finance and Structured Financial Solutions). Global Markets Division Global Markets handles all sales and trading activities on the primary and secondary markets (rates, credit, foreign exchange, fixed-income, securitisation and treasury) for products designed for corporates, financial institutions and large issuers. These trading and sales entities are supported by research departments. Structured Finance The Structured Finance business consists in originating, structuring, and financing operations involving large-scale investments in France and abroad, often backed by collateral security (e.g. aircraft, ships, corporate real estate, or commodities), as well as complex and structured loans. International Trade & Transaction Banking Sustainable Banking Crédit Agricole CIB advises its clients on operations integrating social and environmental considerations. Niche Activities: Islamic banking and RMB offer Crédit Agricole CIB developed sharia compliant products and services and a full range of Renminbi services. Historical Lines In 2011, Crédit Agricole CIB announced the closing of equity derivatives and commodities. See also Banks portal Calyon Financial Crédit Agricole Crédit Lyonnais References ^ a b Activity report 2021 - Archived 2013-08-18 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Credit Agricole CIB:International network". Archived from the original on 2010-02-11. Retrieved 2010-02-08. ^ "Xavier Musca has been appointed CEO of CACIB". www.ca-cib.com. ^ "Our solutions: sustainable banking". Crédit agricole CIB. Retrieved 28 January 2018. ^ "Our solutions: Islamic banking". Retrieved 28 January 2018. ^ "Our solutions: RMB offer". Retrieved 28 January 2018. vteCrédit Agricole GroupShareholder structure SAS Rue La Boétie Board of directors Jean-Marie Sander (Chairman of Crédit Agricole S.A.) Jean-Paul Chifflet (Chief Executive Officer of Crédit Agricole S.A.) Division andsubsidiariesFrench Retail Banking Credit Agricole local banks 39 regional banks LCL BforBank Specialised financial services Crédit Agricole Consumer Finance FCA Bank; 50% Crédit Agricole Leasing & Factoring EFL Corporate and Investment Banking Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank BSF CLSA BV Savings management Amundi Group SBI Mutual Fund Crédit Agricole Private Banking Indosuez Private Banking Crédit foncier de Monaco Crédit Agricole Suisse Crédit Agricole Luxembourg CACEIS Insurances Crédit Agricole Assurances Predica Pacifica Crédit Agricole Vita International retail banking Bankoa Crédit Agricole Italia Crédit Agricole Egypt Crédit Agricole banka Srbija Novi Sad Crédit Agricole Polska Crédit Agricole Bank Crédit du Maroc Corporate Centre Crédit Agricole Capital Investissement & Finance SILCA Crédit Agricole immobilier Uni-éditions Crédit Agricole Cards & Payments Foncaris Delfinances Eurofactor Former subsidiaries Crédit Agricole Cheuvreux Emporiki Crédit Agricole Private Equity vteInvestment banksDivisions of universal banksBulge bracket Barclays BofA Securities Citigroup Deutsche Bank JPMorgan Chase UBS Americas Bradesco BBI BMO Capital Markets CIBC World Markets Itaú BBA National Bank Financial Markets RBC Capital Markets Scotiabank GBM TD Securities TD Cowen Wells Fargo Securities EMEA Banca Akros Banca IMI BNP Paribas CIB Crédit Agricole CIB Credit Suisse Danske Bank LC&I First Abu Dhabi Bank CIB Handelsbanken Capital Markets HSBC GBM ING WB İş Yatırım Lloyds Bank Corporate Markets Natixis NatWest Markets Nordea CI&IB Santander CIB Sberbank CIB SEB LC&FI Société Générale CIB Standard Chartered CCIB UniCredit CIB VTB Capital APAC BOC International CITIC Securities CLSA CSC Financial Mitsubishi UFJ Securities Mizuho Securities NH Investment & Securities SBI Capital Markets SMBC Nikko Securities UOB-Kay Hian IndependentsBulge bracket Goldman Sachs Morgan Stanley Americas Allen & Company B. Riley Financial FBR Capital Markets Baird BDT & MSD Partners Brown Brothers Harriman BTG Pactual Canaccord Genuity Cantor Fitzgerald Centerview Partners Drexel Hamilton Ducera Partners Evercore Financial Technology Partners Greenhill & Co. Guggenheim Partners Harris Williams & Co. Houlihan Lokey Jefferies Lazard Leerink Partners Lincoln International LionTree Moelis & Company Needham & Company Oppenheimer Perella Weinberg Partners Piper Sandler PJT Partners Qatalyst Partners The Raine Group Raymond James Financial Roth Capital Partners Solomon Partners Stephens Inc. Stifel Keefe, Bruyette & Woods Miller Buckfire & Co. Stone Key Partners William Blair & Company WR Hambrecht + Co EMEA Arbuthnot Latham AAIB ABG Sundal Collier Berenberg Bank Bpifrance Carnegie EFG Hermes Investec Kempen Mediobanca Numis Renaissance Capital Robey Warshaw Rothschild & Co Zaoui & Co. APAC Barrenjoey Capital Partners China Galaxy Securities China International Capital Corporation China Renaissance Daiwa Securities Group Everbright Securities GF Securities Guosen Securities Guotai Junan Securities Haitong Securities Huatai Securities JM Financial Macquarie Group Mirae Asset Securities Nomura Securities Orient Securities Samsung Securities Shenwan Hongyuan Somerley Capital Zhongtai Securities Category List Authority control databases ISNI VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crédit Agricole Indosuez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole_Indosuez"},{"link_name":"Calyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calyon"},{"link_name":"Crédit Agricole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole"},{"link_name":"investment banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_banking"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank (Crédit Agricole CIB, formerly Crédit Agricole Indosuez then Calyon) is Crédit Agricole's corporate and investment banking entity. With a staff of 8,940 employees[1] (excluding private banking)[1] in 32 countries,[2] Crédit Agricole CIB is active in a broad range of capital markets, investment banking and financing activities. Clients are primarily corporates, governments, and banks, with a small footprint in the investor segment.","title":"Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edificio_Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole_IndoSuez,_Madrid,_2017-12-22,_Tripleca%C3%B1a_05.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edificio Crédit Agricole IndoSuez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edificio_Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole_IndoSuez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edificio_Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole_IndoSuez"},{"link_name":"Crédit Agricole Indosuez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole_Indosuez"},{"link_name":"Banque Indosuez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_Indosuez"},{"link_name":"Calyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calyon"},{"link_name":"Crédit Lyonnais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Lyonnais"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Office of Crédit Agricole CIB in Madrid, known as Edificio Crédit Agricole IndoSuez [es]Crédit Agricole Indosuez (CAI) was created in 1996 with the purchase of Banque Indosuez by Crédit Agricole. Calyon was created in May 2004 by the transfer to CAI of assets from Crédit Lyonnais' Corporate and Investment Banking division. The division was rebranded Crédit Agricole Corporate & Investment Bank (CACIB) in February 2010.In September 2022, Xavier Musca has been appointed CEO of CACIB, in replacement of Jacques Ripoll[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Its activities are arranged into eight major divisions: Client Coverage & International Network, Debt Optimization & Distribution, Global Investment Bank, Global Markets Division, Structured Finance, International Trade & Transaction Banking, Sustainable Banking and niche activities (Islamic Banking and RMB offer).","title":"Business Lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Client Coverage & International Network","text":"Coverage dedicated to large French corporate and international clients.[citation needed]","title":"Business Lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Debt Optimization & Distribution","text":"Debt Optimisation and Distribution business line, covering corporates and financial institutions, is dedicated to the origination, structuring and arrangement of syndicated and bilateral medium-term and long-term loans. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Championship_League	2013 Championship League	["1 Prize fund","2 Group one","2.1 Matches","2.2 Table","2.3 Play-offs","3 Group two","3.1 Matches","3.2 Table","3.3 Play-offs","4 Group three","4.1 Matches","4.2 Table","4.3 Play-offs","5 Group four","5.1 Matches","5.2 Table","5.3 Play-offs","6 Group five","6.1 Matches","6.2 Table","6.3 Play-offs","7 Group six","7.1 Matches","7.2 Table","7.3 Play-offs","8 Group seven","8.1 Matches","8.2 Table","8.3 Play-offs","9 Winners group","9.1 Matches","9.2 Table","9.3 Play-offs","10 Century breaks","11 Winnings","12 References","13 External links"]	This article is about the snooker tournament. For the darts tournament, see 2013 Championship League Darts. Championship LeagueTournament informationDates7 January – 21 March 2013 (2013-01-07 – 2013-03-21)VenueCrondon Park Golf ClubCityStockCountryEnglandOrganisationMatchroom SportFormatNon-ranking eventTotal prize fund£177,200Winner's share£10,000 (plus bonuses)Highest break Stephen Maguire (SCO) (146)FinalChampion Martin Gould (ENG)Runner-up Ali Carter (ENG)Score3–2← 2012 2014 → Snooker tournament The 2013 Championship League was a professional non-ranking snooker tournament that was played from 7 January to 21 March 2013 at the Crondon Park Golf Club in Stock, England. Ding Junhui was the defending champion. but he lost 0–3 against Martin Gould in the semi-finals of the winners group. Gould won his fourth professional title by defeating Ali Carter 3–2 in the final, and earned a place at the 2013 Champion of Champions. Prize fund The breakdown of prize money for this year is shown below: Group 1–7 Winner: £3,000 Runner-up: £2,000 Semi-final: £1,000 Frame-win (league stage): £100 Frame-win (play-offs): £300 Highest break: £500 Winners group Winner: £10,000 Runner-up: £5,000 Semi-final: £3,000 Frame-win (league stage): £200 Frame-win (play-offs): £300 Highest break: £1,000 Tournament total: £177,200 Group one Group one matches were played on 7 and 8 January 2013. John Higgins was the first player to qualify for the winners group. Matches Judd Trump 1–3 John Higgins Shaun Murphy 0–3 Ali Carter Matthew Stevens 3–2 Mark Davis Martin Gould 3–0 Judd Trump John Higgins 3–0 Shaun Murphy Ali Carter 3–0 Matthew Stevens Mark Davis 3–0 Martin Gould Judd Trump 3–0 Shaun Murphy John Higgins 3–2 Ali Carter Matthew Stevens 0–3 Martin Gould Shaun Murphy 3–2 Martin Gould Mark Davis 3–0 Ali Carter Judd Trump 3–1 Mark Davis John Higgins 3–2 Matthew Stevens Ali Carter 2–3 Martin Gould Shaun Murphy 2–3 Mark Davis John Higgins 3–1 Martin Gould Judd Trump 3–2 Matthew Stevens Shaun Murphy 3–0 Matthew Stevens John Higgins 0–3 Mark Davis Judd Trump 0–3 Ali Carter Table Pos Player Pld W L FF FA FD 1 John Higgins (SCO) 6 5 1 15 9 +6 Qualification to Group 1 play-off 2 Mark Davis (ENG) 6 4 2 15 8 +7 3 Ali Carter (ENG) 6 3 3 13 9 +4 4 Martin Gould (ENG) 6 3 3 12 11 +1 5 Judd Trump (ENG) 6 3 3 10 12 −2 Advances into Group 2 6 Shaun Murphy (ENG) 6 2 4 8 14 −6 Eliminated from the competition 7 Matthew Stevens (WAL) 6 1 5 7 17 −10 Source: Play-offs Semi-finalsBest of 5 frames FinalBest of 5 frames 1 John Higgins (SCO) 3 4 Martin Gould (ENG) 1 1 John Higgins (SCO) 3 3 Ali Carter (ENG) 1 2 Mark Davis (ENG) 2 3 Ali Carter (ENG) 3 Group two Group two matches were played on 9 and 10 January 2013. Ali Carter was the second player to qualify for the winners group. Matches Ali Carter 3–0 Mark Davis Martin Gould 3–2 Judd Trump Stephen Maguire 1–3 Neil Robertson Stuart Bingham 0–3 Ali Carter Mark Davis 2–3 Martin Gould Judd Trump 1–3 Stephen Maguire Neil Robertson 3–0 Stuart Bingham Ali Carter 3–2 Martin Gould Mark Davis 2–3 Judd Trump Stephen Maguire 1–3 Stuart Bingham Martin Gould 0–3 Stuart Bingham Neil Robertson 3–1 Judd Trump Ali Carter 3–2 Neil Robertson Mark Davis 0–3 Stephen Maguire Judd Trump 3–2 Stuart Bingham Martin Gould 3–1 Neil Robertson Mark Davis 3–1 Stuart Bingham Ali Carter 2–3 Stephen Maguire Martin Gould 3–0 Stephen Maguire Mark Davis 3–1 Neil Robertson Ali Carter 3–2 Judd Trump Table Pos Player Pld W L FF FA FD 1 Ali Carter (ENG) 6 5 1 17 9 +8 Qualification to Group 2 play-off 2 Martin Gould (ENG) 6 4 2 14 11 +3 3 Neil Robertson (AUS) 6 3 3 13 11 +2 4 Stephen Maguire (SCO) 6 3 3 11 12 −1 5 Judd Trump (ENG) 6 2 4 12 16 −4 Advances into Group 3 6 Mark Davis (ENG) 6 2 4 10 14 −4 Eliminated from the competition 7 Stuart Bingham (ENG) 6 2 4 9 13 −4 Source: Play-offs Semi-finalsBest of 5 frames FinalBest of 5 frames 1 Ali Carter (ENG) 3 4 Stephen Maguire (SCO) 2 1 Ali Carter (ENG) 3 2 Martin Gould (ENG) 0 2 Martin Gould (ENG) 3 3 Neil Robertson (AUS) 1 Group three Group three matches were played on 21 and 22 January 2013. Ding Junhui was the third player to qualify for the winners group. Matches Martin Gould 2–3 Neil Robertson Stephen Maguire 3–2 Judd Trump Mark Selby 3–1 Mark Williams Ding Junhui 3–1 Martin Gould Neil Robertson 0–3 Stephen Maguire Judd Trump 1–3 Mark Selby Mark Williams 0–3 Ding Junhui Martin Gould 2–3 Stephen Maguire Neil Robertson 2–3 Judd Trump Mark Selby 3–1 Ding Junhui Stephen Maguire 3–1 Ding Junhui Mark Williams 3–1 Judd Trump Judd Trump 3–0 Ding Junhui Stephen Maguire 1–3 Mark Williams Martin Gould 3–1 Mark Williams Neil Robertson 1–3 Mark Selby Neil Robertson 1–3 Ding Junhui Martin Gould 3–2 Mark Selby Stephen Maguire 3–1 Mark Selby Neil Robertson 3–1 Mark Williams Martin Gould 0–3 Judd Trump Table Pos Player Pld W L FF FA FD 1 Stephen Maguire (SCO) 6 5 1 16 9 +7 Qualification to Group 3 play-off 2 Mark Selby (ENG) 6 4 2 15 10 +5 3 Judd Trump (ENG) 6 3 3 13 11 +2 4 Ding Junhui (CHN) 6 3 3 11 11 0 5 Martin Gould (ENG) 6 2 4 11 15 −4 Advances into Group 4 6 Neil Robertson (AUS) 6 2 4 10 15 −5 Eliminated from the competition 7 Mark Williams (WAL) 6 2 4 9 14 −5 Source: Play-offs Semi-finalsBest of 5 frames FinalBest of 5 frames 1 Stephen Maguire (SCO) 1 4 Ding Junhui (CHN) 3 4 Ding Junhui (CHN) 3 3 Judd Trump (ENG) 2 2 Mark Selby (ENG) 1 3 Judd Trump (ENG) 3 Group four Group four matches were played on 23 and 24 January 2013. Mark Allen was the fourth player to qualify for the winners group. Matches Judd Trump 2–3 Stephen Maguire Mark Selby 0–3 Martin Gould Ricky Walden 1–3 Mark Allen Barry Hawkins 1–3 Judd Trump Stephen Maguire 0–3 Mark Selby Martin Gould 0–3 Ricky Walden Mark Allen 3–1 Barry Hawkins Judd Trump 3–1 Mark Selby Stephen Maguire 3–0 Martin Gould Ricky Walden 1–3 Barry Hawkins Mark Selby 3–2 Barry Hawkins Mark Allen 3–0 Martin Gould Judd Trump 0–3 Mark Allen Stephen Maguire 3–0 Ricky Walden Martin Gould 3–2 Barry Hawkins Mark Selby 0–3 Mark Allen Stephen Maguire 2–3 Barry Hawkins Judd Trump 2–3 Ricky Walden Mark Selby 2–3 Ricky Walden Stephen Maguire 1–3 Mark Allen Judd Trump 1–3 Martin Gould Table Pos Player Pld W L FF FA FD 1 Mark Allen (NIR) 6 6 0 18 3 +15 Qualification to Group 4 play-off 2 Stephen Maguire (SCO) 6 3 3 12 11 +1 3 Ricky Walden (ENG) 6 3 3 11 13 −2 4 Martin Gould (ENG) 6 3 3 9 12 −3 5 Barry Hawkins (ENG) 6 2 4 12 15 −3 Advances into Group 5 6 Judd Trump (ENG) 6 2 4 11 14 −3 Eliminated from the competition 7 Mark Selby (ENG) 6 2 4 9 14 −5 Source: Play-offs Semi-finalsBest of 5 frames FinalBest of 5 frames 1 Mark Allen (NIR) 3 4 Martin Gould (ENG) 0 1 Mark Allen (NIR) 3 2 Stephen Maguire (SCO) 2 2 Stephen Maguire (SCO) 3 3 Ricky Walden (ENG) 2 Group five Group five matches were played on 4 and 5 February 2013. Martin Gould was the fifth player to qualify for the winners group. Matches Stephen Maguire 3–0 Ricky Walden Martin Gould 0–3 Barry Hawkins Joe Perry 3–2 Peter Ebdon Ryan Day 0–3 Stephen Maguire Ricky Walden 3–1 Martin Gould Barry Hawkins 1–3 Joe Perry Peter Ebdon 1–3 Ryan Day Stephen Maguire 3–2 Martin Gould Ricky Walden 1–3 Barry Hawkins Joe Perry 1–3 Ryan Day Martin Gould 3–0 Ryan Day Peter Ebdon 0–3 Barry Hawkins Stephen Maguire 3–0 Peter Ebdon Ricky Walden 3–1 Joe Perry Barry Hawkins 3–1 Ryan Day Martin Gould 3–1 Peter Ebdon Ricky Walden 1–3 Ryan Day Stephen Maguire 3–2 Joe Perry Martin Gould 3–2 Joe Perry Ricky Walden 3–0 Peter Ebdon Stephen Maguire 2–3 Barry Hawkins Table Pos Player Pld W L FF FA FD 1 Stephen Maguire (SCO) 6 5 1 17 7 +10 Qualification to Group 5 play-off 2 Barry Hawkins (ENG) 6 5 1 16 7 +9 3 Martin Gould (ENG) 6 3 3 12 12 0 4 Ricky Walden (ENG) 6 3 3 11 11 0 5 Ryan Day (WAL) 6 3 3 10 12 −2 Advances into Group 6 6 Joe Perry (ENG) 6 2 4 12 15 −3 Eliminated from the competition 7 Peter Ebdon (ENG) 6 0 6 4 18 −14 Source: Play-offs Semi-finalsBest of 5 frames FinalBest of 5 frames 1 Stephen Maguire (SCO) 3 4 Ricky Walden (ENG) 0 1 Stephen Maguire (SCO) 1 3 Martin Gould (ENG) 3 2 Barry Hawkins (ENG) 1 3 Martin Gould (ENG) 3 Group six Group six matches were played on 6 and 7 February 2013. Barry Hawkins was the sixth player to qualify for the winners group. Matches Stephen Maguire 0–3 Barry Hawkins Ricky Walden 1–3 Ryan Day Marcus Campbell 2–3 Marco Fu Dominic Dale 3–1 Stephen Maguire Barry Hawkins 1–3 Ricky Walden Ryan Day 3–1 Marcus Campbell Marco Fu 2–3 Dominic Dale Stephen Maguire 3–0 Ricky Walden Barry Hawkins 3–0 Ryan Day Marcus Campbell 3–0 Dominic Dale Ricky Walden 3–2 Dominic Dale Marco Fu 1–3 Ryan Day Stephen Maguire 3–2 Marco Fu Barry Hawkins 3–0 Marcus Campbell Ryan Day 1–3 Dominic Dale Ricky Walden 0–3 Marco Fu Barry Hawkins 3–1 Dominic Dale Stephen Maguire 3–1 Marcus Campbell Ricky Walden 3–0 Marcus Campbell Barry Hawkins 1–3 Marco Fu Stephen Maguire 3–2 Ryan Day Table Pos Player Pld W L FF FA FD 1 Barry Hawkins (ENG) 6 4 2 14 7 +7 Qualification to Group 6 play-off 2 Stephen Maguire (SCO) 6 4 2 13 11 +2 3 Marco Fu (HKG) 6 3 3 14 12 +2 4 Ryan Day (WAL) 6 3 3 12 12 0 5 Dominic Dale (WAL) 6 3 3 12 13 −1 Advances into Group 7 6 Ricky Walden (ENG) 6 3 3 10 12 −2 Eliminated from the competition 7 Marcus Campbell (SCO) 6 1 5 7 15 −8 Source: Play-offs Semi-finalsBest of 5 frames FinalBest of 5 frames 1 Barry Hawkins (ENG) 3 4 Ryan Day (WAL) 0 1 Barry Hawkins (ENG) 3 2 Stephen Maguire (SCO) 1 2 Stephen Maguire (SCO) 3 3 Marco Fu (HKG) 1 Group seven Group seven matches were played on 18 and 19 March 2013. Marco Fu was the last player to qualify for the winners group. Matches Stephen Maguire 3–0 Marco Fu Ryan Day 2–3 Dominic Dale Andrew Higginson 3–0 Tom Ford Robert Milkins 3–1 Stephen Maguire Marco Fu 3–1 Ryan Day Dominic Dale 2–3 Andrew Higginson Tom Ford 0–3 Robert Milkins Stephen Maguire 3–0 Ryan Day Marco Fu 3–1 Dominic Dale Andrew Higginson 1–3 Robert Milkins Ryan Day 3–0 Robert Milkins Tom Ford 1–3 Dominic Dale Stephen Maguire 2–3 Tom Ford Marco Fu 3–2 Andrew Higginson Dominic Dale 3–2 Robert Milkins Ryan Day 2–3 Tom Ford Marco Fu 3–1 Robert Milkins Stephen Maguire 3–2 Andrew Higginson Ryan Day 2–3 Andrew Higginson Marco Fu 3–1 Tom Ford Stephen Maguire 3–0 Dominic Dale Table Pos Player Pld W L FF FA FD 1 Marco Fu (HKG) 6 5 1 15 9 +6 Qualification to Group 7 play-off 2 Stephen Maguire (SCO) 6 4 2 15 8 +7 3 Andrew Higginson (ENG) 6 3 3 14 13 +1 4 Robert Milkins (ENG) 6 3 3 12 11 +1 5 Dominic Dale (WAL) 6 3 3 12 14 −2 Eliminated from the competition 6 Tom Ford (ENG) 6 2 4 8 16 −8 7 Ryan Day (WAL) 6 1 5 10 15 −5 Source: Play-offs Semi-finalsBest of 5 frames FinalBest of 5 frames 1 Marco Fu (HKG) 3 4 Robert Milkins (ENG) 0 1 Marco Fu (HKG) 3 2 Stephen Maguire (SCO) 0 2 Stephen Maguire (SCO) 3 3 Andrew Higginson (ENG) 1 Winners group The matches of the winners group were played on 20 and 21 March 2013. Martin Gould won his first Championship League title. Matches John Higgins 1–3 Ali Carter Ding Junhui 3–1 Mark Allen Martin Gould 2–3 Barry Hawkins Marco Fu 0–3 John Higgins Ali Carter 3–1 Ding Junhui Mark Allen 0–3 Martin Gould Barry Hawkins 0–3 Marco Fu John Higgins 1–3 Ding Junhui Ali Carter 2–3 Mark Allen Martin Gould 2–3 Marco Fu Ding Junhui 3–2 Marco Fu Barry Hawkins 1–3 Mark Allen John Higgins 0–3 Barry Hawkins Ali Carter 0–3 Martin Gould Mark Allen 0–3 Marco Fu Ding Junhui 3–2 Barry Hawkins Ali Carter 3–1 Marco Fu John Higgins 3–0 Martin Gould Ding Junhui 1–3 Martin Gould Ali Carter 3–0 Barry Hawkins John Higgins 1–3 Mark Allen Table Pos Player Pld W L FF FA FD 1 Ali Carter (ENG) 6 4 2 14 9 +5 Qualification to Winners' Group play-off 2 Ding Junhui (CHN) 6 4 2 14 12 +2 3 Martin Gould (ENG) 6 3 3 13 10 +3 4 Marco Fu (HKG) 6 3 3 12 11 +1 5 Mark Allen (NIR) 6 3 3 10 13 −3 Eliminated from the competition 6 John Higgins (SCO) 6 2 4 9 12 −3 7 Barry Hawkins (ENG) 6 2 4 9 14 −5 Source: Play-offs Semi-finalsBest of 5 frames FinalBest of 5 frames 1 Ali Carter (ENG) 3 4 Marco Fu (HKG) 0 1 Ali Carter (ENG) 2 3 Martin Gould (ENG) 3 2 Ding Junhui (CHN) 0 3 Martin Gould (ENG) 3 Century breaks Total: 89 146 (4), 128, 118, 109, 109, 109, 109, 103 – Stephen Maguire 143 (W), 141, 139, 134, 128, 122, 120, 103, 101 – Ding Junhui 140 (7), 137, 134, 130, 129, 112, 107, 103, 101 – Marco Fu 140, 137 (3), 132, 122, 103 – Mark Selby 140 (1), 117, 112, 103, 102, 102 – Ali Carter 139 (5), 139, 137 (3), 133 (2), 125, 119, 113, 101, 100, 100, 100 – Martin Gould 137 (3), 136, 122, 113, 112, 110 – Judd Trump 137 (6), 133, 104, 101 – Ryan Day 133 (2), 114, 113, 109 – Neil Robertson 133, 102 – Joe Perry 131, 126, 103, 102 – John Higgins 130, 127, 114, 107 – Ricky Walden 130, 118, 114, 104, 101 – Shaun Murphy 129, 124, 119, 105, 100 – Barry Hawkins 129 – Andrew Higginson 126, 125, 113, 109, 109, 106, 100 – Mark Allen 122 – Stuart Bingham 107 – Mark Davis 102 – Matthew Stevens Bold: highest break in the indicated group. Winnings No. Player 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 W TOTAL 1 Martin Gould (ENG) 2,500 4,550 1,267 1,900 6,500 14,400 31,117 2 Stephen Maguire (SCO) 2,700 2,900 5,200 4,900 4,500 4,400 24,600 3 Ali Carter (ENG) 5,000 6,500 9,300 20,800 4 Marco Fu (HKG) 2,700 6,800 5,400 14,900 5 Ding Junhui (CHN) 5,900 6,800 12,700 6 Barry Hawkins (ENG) 1,200 2,900 6,200 1,800 12,100 7 Mark Allen (NIR) 6,600 2,000 8,600 8 Judd Trump (ENG) 1,000 1,200 4,967 1,100 8,267 9 John Higgins (SCO) 6,300 1,800 8,100 10 Ricky Walden (ENG) 2,700 2,100 1,000 5,800 11 Ryan Day (WAL) 1,000 2,700 1,000 4,700 12 Mark Davis (ENG) 3,100 1,000 4,100 13 Mark Selby (ENG) 2,967 900 3,867 14 Neil Robertson (AUS) 2,850 1,000 3,850 15 Andrew Higginson (ENG) 2,700 2,700 16 Dominic Dale (WAL) 1,200 1,200 2,400 17 Robert Milkins (ENG) 2,200 2,200 18 Joe Perry (ENG) 1,200 1,200 19 Stuart Bingham (ENG) 900 900 = Mark Williams (WAL) 900 900 21 Shaun Murphy (ENG) 800 800 = Tom Ford (ENG) 800 800 23 Matthew Stevens (WAL) 700 700 = Marcus Campbell (SCO) 700 700 25 Peter Ebdon (ENG) 400 400 Total prize money 19,400 19,700 19,900 19,600 19,000 19,000 19,100 41,500 177,200 Green: Won the group. Bold: Highest break in the group. All prize money in GBP. References ^ "Dynamic Ding is CLS King". championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk. Matchroom Sport. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2013. ^ "Gould lifts Championship League Snooker title". Eurosport UK. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2013. ^ "Gould Targets Coventry Success". worldsnooker.com. World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. 18 November 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013. ^ "Prize fund for 2013 Championship League Snooker". premierleaguesnooker.com. Matchroom Sport. 31 December 2012. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2013. ^ a b "Gould Wins Championship League". worldsnooker.com. World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. Archived from the original on 27 March 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2014. ^ "Championship League – Group 1 (2013)". Snooker.org. Retrieved 8 January 2013. ^ "2013 CLS Group One results & table". championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk. Matchroom Sport. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2013. ^ "Championship League – Group 2 (2013)". Snooker.org. Retrieved 10 January 2013. ^ "2013 CLS Group Two results & table". championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk. Matchroom Sport. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2013. ^ "Championship League – Group 3 (2013)". Snooker.org. Retrieved 22 January 2013. ^ "2013 CLS Group Three results & table". championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk. Matchroom Sport. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2013. ^ "Championship League – Group 4 (2013)". Snooker.org. Retrieved 24 January 2013. ^ "2013 CLS Group Four results & table". championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk. Matchroom Sport. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2013. ^ "Championship League – Group 5 (2013)". Snooker.org. Retrieved 5 February 2013. ^ "2013 CLS Group Five results and table". championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk. Matchroom Sport. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2013. ^ "Championship League – Group 6 (2013)". Snooker.org. Retrieved 7 February 2013. ^ "2013 CLS Group Six Results & Table". championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk. Matchroom Sport. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2013. ^ "Championship League – Group 7 (2013)". Snooker.org. Retrieved 19 March 2013. ^ "2013 CLS Group Seven Results & Table". championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk. Matchroom Sport. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2013. ^ "Championship League – Winners Group (2013)". Snooker.org. Retrieved 21 March 2013. ^ "2013 CLS Winners' Group Results & Table". championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk. Matchroom Sport. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2013. External links Official website vteChampionship League Part of the European Series (since 2020) Non-ranking events 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 (Jan–Mar) 2020 (Oct–Mar) 2020 (Jun) 2021 (Jan–Apr) 2022 (Dec–Feb) 2023 (Dec–Mar) 2024 (Jan–Mar) Ranking events 2020 (Sep–Oct) 2021 (Jul–Aug) 2022 (Jun–Jul) 2023 (Jun–Jul) 2024 (Jun–Jul) Winners List of winners vte2012–13 snooker season « 2011–12 2013–14 » Ranking events Wuxi Classic Australian Goldfields Open Shanghai Masters International Championship UK Championship German Masters Welsh Open World Open PTC Finals China Open World Championship Players Tour Championship APTC1 PTC1 PTC2 ET1 PTC3 APTC2 ET2 ET3 APTC3 PTC4 ET4 ET5 ET6 Finals Non-ranking events General Cup World Seniors Championship Premier League Snooker Masters Snooker Shoot-Out Championship League Variant events Six-red World Championship Amateur events Q School 2012/13 world rankings ranking points	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2013 Championship League Darts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Championship_League_Darts"},{"link_name":"Championship League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship_League"},{"link_name":"ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snooker_world_rankings"},{"link_name":"snooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snooker"},{"link_name":"Crondon Park Golf Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crondon_Park_Golf_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock,_Essex"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Ding Junhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Junhui"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Martin Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gould"},{"link_name":"Ali Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Carter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2013 Champion of Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Champion_of_Champions"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This article is about the snooker tournament. For the darts tournament, see 2013 Championship League Darts.Snooker tournamentThe 2013 Championship League was a professional non-ranking snooker tournament that was played from 7 January to 21 March 2013 at the Crondon Park Golf Club in Stock, England.Ding Junhui was the defending champion.[1] but he lost 0–3 against Martin Gould in the semi-finals of the winners group.Gould won his fourth professional title by defeating Ali Carter 3–2 in the final,[2] and earned a place at the 2013 Champion of Champions.[3]","title":"2013 Championship League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"£","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WG_frame-win_pm-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WG_frame-win_pm-5"}],"text":"The breakdown of prize money for this year is shown below:[4]Group 1–7\nWinner: £3,000\nRunner-up: £2,000\nSemi-final: £1,000\nFrame-win (league stage): £100\nFrame-win (play-offs): £300\nHighest break: £500\nWinners group\nWinner: £10,000\nRunner-up: £5,000\nSemi-final: £3,000\nFrame-win (league stage): £200[5]\nFrame-win (play-offs): £300[5]\nHighest break: £1,000Tournament total: £177,200","title":"Prize fund"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLS_Group_1-7"},{"link_name":"John Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Higgins"}],"text":"Group one matches were played on 7 and 8 January 2013.[6][7] John Higgins was the first player to qualify for the winners group.","title":"Group one"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Matches","text":"Judd Trump 1–3 John Higgins\nShaun Murphy 0–3 Ali Carter\nMatthew Stevens 3–2 Mark Davis\nMartin Gould 3–0 Judd Trump\nJohn Higgins 3–0 Shaun Murphy\nAli Carter 3–0 Matthew Stevens\nMark Davis 3–0 Martin Gould\nJudd Trump 3–0 Shaun Murphy\nJohn Higgins 3–2 Ali Carter\nMatthew Stevens 0–3 Martin Gould\nShaun Murphy 3–2 Martin Gould\nMark Davis 3–0 Ali Carter\nJudd Trump 3–1 Mark Davis\nJohn Higgins 3–2 Matthew Stevens\nAli Carter 2–3 Martin Gould\nShaun Murphy 2–3 Mark Davis\nJohn Higgins 3–1 Martin Gould\nJudd Trump 3–2 Matthew Stevens\nShaun Murphy 3–0 Matthew Stevens\nJohn Higgins 0–3 Mark Davis\nJudd Trump 0–3 Ali Carter","title":"Group one"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140223051100/http://www.championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/results/2013_cls_group_one_results.htm"}],"sub_title":"Table","text":"Source: [1]","title":"Group one"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Play-offs","title":"Group one"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLS_Group_2-9"},{"link_name":"Ali Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Carter"}],"text":"Group two matches were played on 9 and 10 January 2013.[8][9] Ali Carter was the second player to qualify for the winners group.","title":"Group two"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Matches","text":"Ali Carter 3–0 Mark Davis\nMartin Gould 3–2 Judd Trump\nStephen Maguire 1–3 Neil Robertson\nStuart Bingham 0–3 Ali Carter\nMark Davis 2–3 Martin Gould\nJudd Trump 1–3 Stephen Maguire\nNeil Robertson 3–0 Stuart Bingham\nAli Carter 3–2 Martin Gould\nMark Davis 2–3 Judd Trump\nStephen Maguire 1–3 Stuart Bingham\nMartin Gould 0–3 Stuart Bingham\nNeil Robertson 3–1 Judd Trump\nAli Carter 3–2 Neil Robertson\nMark Davis 0–3 Stephen Maguire\nJudd Trump 3–2 Stuart Bingham\nMartin Gould 3–1 Neil Robertson\nMark Davis 3–1 Stuart Bingham\nAli Carter 2–3 Stephen Maguire\nMartin Gould 3–0 Stephen Maguire\nMark Davis 3–1 Neil Robertson\nAli Carter 3–2 Judd Trump","title":"Group two"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140223051012/http://www.championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/results/2013_cls_group_two_results.htm"}],"sub_title":"Table","text":"Source: [2]","title":"Group two"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Play-offs","title":"Group two"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLS_Group_3-11"},{"link_name":"Ding Junhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Junhui"}],"text":"Group three matches were played on 21 and 22 January 2013.[10][11] Ding Junhui was the third player to qualify for the winners group.","title":"Group three"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Matches","text":"Martin Gould 2–3 Neil Robertson\nStephen Maguire 3–2 Judd Trump\nMark Selby 3–1 Mark Williams\nDing Junhui 3–1 Martin Gould\nNeil Robertson 0–3 Stephen Maguire\nJudd Trump 1–3 Mark Selby\nMark Williams 0–3 Ding Junhui\nMartin Gould 2–3 Stephen Maguire\nNeil Robertson 2–3 Judd Trump\nMark Selby 3–1 Ding Junhui\nStephen Maguire 3–1 Ding Junhui\nMark Williams 3–1 Judd Trump\nJudd Trump 3–0 Ding Junhui\nStephen Maguire 1–3 Mark Williams\nMartin Gould 3–1 Mark Williams\nNeil Robertson 1–3 Mark Selby\nNeil Robertson 1–3 Ding Junhui\nMartin Gould 3–2 Mark Selby\nStephen Maguire 3–1 Mark Selby\nNeil Robertson 3–1 Mark Williams\nMartin Gould 0–3 Judd Trump","title":"Group three"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140223051017/http://www.championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/results/2013_cls_group_three_results.htm"}],"sub_title":"Table","text":"Source: [3]","title":"Group three"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Play-offs","title":"Group three"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLS_Group_4-13"},{"link_name":"Mark Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Allen_(snooker_player)"}],"text":"Group four matches were played on 23 and 24 January 2013.[12][13] Mark Allen was the fourth player to qualify for the winners group.","title":"Group four"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Matches","text":"Judd Trump 2–3 Stephen Maguire\nMark Selby 0–3 Martin Gould\nRicky Walden 1–3 Mark Allen\nBarry Hawkins 1–3 Judd Trump\nStephen Maguire 0–3 Mark Selby\nMartin Gould 0–3 Ricky Walden\nMark Allen 3–1 Barry Hawkins\nJudd Trump 3–1 Mark Selby\nStephen Maguire 3–0 Martin Gould\nRicky Walden 1–3 Barry Hawkins\nMark Selby 3–2 Barry Hawkins\nMark Allen 3–0 Martin Gould\nJudd Trump 0–3 Mark Allen\nStephen Maguire 3–0 Ricky Walden\nMartin Gould 3–2 Barry Hawkins\nMark Selby 0–3 Mark Allen\nStephen Maguire 2–3 Barry Hawkins\nJudd Trump 2–3 Ricky Walden\nMark Selby 2–3 Ricky Walden\nStephen Maguire 1–3 Mark Allen\nJudd Trump 1–3 Martin Gould","title":"Group four"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140222223107/http://www.championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/results/2013_cls_group_four_results.htm"}],"sub_title":"Table","text":"Source: [4]","title":"Group four"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Play-offs","title":"Group four"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLS_Group_5-15"},{"link_name":"Martin Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gould"}],"text":"Group five matches were played on 4 and 5 February 2013.[14][15] Martin Gould was the fifth player to qualify for the winners group.","title":"Group five"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Matches","text":"Stephen Maguire 3–0 Ricky Walden\nMartin Gould 0–3 Barry Hawkins\nJoe Perry 3–2 Peter Ebdon\nRyan Day 0–3 Stephen Maguire\nRicky Walden 3–1 Martin Gould\nBarry Hawkins 1–3 Joe Perry\nPeter Ebdon 1–3 Ryan Day\nStephen Maguire 3–2 Martin Gould\nRicky Walden 1–3 Barry Hawkins\nJoe Perry 1–3 Ryan Day\nMartin Gould 3–0 Ryan Day\nPeter Ebdon 0–3 Barry Hawkins\nStephen Maguire 3–0 Peter Ebdon\nRicky Walden 3–1 Joe Perry\nBarry Hawkins 3–1 Ryan Day\nMartin Gould 3–1 Peter Ebdon\nRicky Walden 1–3 Ryan Day\nStephen Maguire 3–2 Joe Perry\nMartin Gould 3–2 Joe Perry\nRicky Walden 3–0 Peter Ebdon\nStephen Maguire 2–3 Barry Hawkins","title":"Group five"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140223051102/http://www.championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/results/2013_cls_group_five_results_and.htm"}],"sub_title":"Table","text":"Source: [5]","title":"Group five"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Play-offs","title":"Group five"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLS_Group_6-17"},{"link_name":"Barry Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Hawkins"}],"text":"Group six matches were played on 6 and 7 February 2013.[16][17] Barry Hawkins was the sixth player to qualify for the winners group.","title":"Group six"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Matches","text":"Stephen Maguire 0–3 Barry Hawkins\nRicky Walden 1–3 Ryan Day\nMarcus Campbell 2–3 Marco Fu\nDominic Dale 3–1 Stephen Maguire\nBarry Hawkins 1–3 Ricky Walden\nRyan Day 3–1 Marcus Campbell\nMarco Fu 2–3 Dominic Dale\nStephen Maguire 3–0 Ricky Walden\nBarry Hawkins 3–0 Ryan Day\nMarcus Campbell 3–0 Dominic Dale\nRicky Walden 3–2 Dominic Dale\nMarco Fu 1–3 Ryan Day\nStephen Maguire 3–2 Marco Fu\nBarry Hawkins 3–0 Marcus Campbell\nRyan Day 1–3 Dominic Dale\nRicky Walden 0–3 Marco Fu\nBarry Hawkins 3–1 Dominic Dale\nStephen Maguire 3–1 Marcus Campbell\nRicky Walden 3–0 Marcus Campbell\nBarry Hawkins 1–3 Marco Fu\nStephen Maguire 3–2 Ryan Day","title":"Group six"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140223051111/http://www.championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/results/2013_cls_group_six_results.htm"}],"sub_title":"Table","text":"Source: [6]","title":"Group six"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Play-offs","title":"Group six"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLS_Group_7-19"},{"link_name":"Marco Fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Fu"}],"text":"Group seven matches were played on 18 and 19 March 2013.[18][19] Marco Fu was the last player to qualify for the winners group.","title":"Group seven"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Matches","text":"Stephen Maguire 3–0 Marco Fu\nRyan Day 2–3 Dominic Dale\nAndrew Higginson 3–0 Tom Ford\nRobert Milkins 3–1 Stephen Maguire\nMarco Fu 3–1 Ryan Day\nDominic Dale 2–3 Andrew Higginson\nTom Ford 0–3 Robert Milkins\nStephen Maguire 3–0 Ryan Day\nMarco Fu 3–1 Dominic Dale\nAndrew Higginson 1–3 Robert Milkins\nRyan Day 3–0 Robert Milkins\nTom Ford 1–3 Dominic Dale\nStephen Maguire 2–3 Tom Ford\nMarco Fu 3–2 Andrew Higginson\nDominic Dale 3–2 Robert Milkins\nRyan Day 2–3 Tom Ford\nMarco Fu 3–1 Robert Milkins\nStephen Maguire 3–2 Andrew Higginson\nRyan Day 2–3 Andrew Higginson\nMarco Fu 3–1 Tom Ford\nStephen Maguire 3–0 Dominic Dale","title":"Group seven"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140223051019/http://www.championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/results/2013_cls_group_seven_results.htm"}],"sub_title":"Table","text":"Source: [7]","title":"Group seven"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Play-offs","title":"Group seven"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLS_Winners_Group-21"},{"link_name":"Martin Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gould"}],"text":"The matches of the winners group were played on 20 and 21 March 2013.[20][21] Martin Gould won his first Championship League title.","title":"Winners group"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Matches","text":"John Higgins 1–3 Ali Carter\nDing Junhui 3–1 Mark Allen\nMartin Gould 2–3 Barry Hawkins\nMarco Fu 0–3 John Higgins\nAli Carter 3–1 Ding Junhui\nMark Allen 0–3 Martin Gould\nBarry Hawkins 0–3 Marco Fu\nJohn Higgins 1–3 Ding Junhui\nAli Carter 2–3 Mark Allen\nMartin Gould 2–3 Marco Fu\nDing Junhui 3–2 Marco Fu\nBarry Hawkins 1–3 Mark Allen\nJohn Higgins 0–3 Barry Hawkins\nAli Carter 0–3 Martin Gould\nMark Allen 0–3 Marco Fu\nDing Junhui 3–2 Barry Hawkins\nAli Carter 3–1 Marco Fu\nJohn Higgins 3–0 Martin Gould\nDing Junhui 1–3 Martin Gould\nAli Carter 3–0 Barry Hawkins\nJohn Higgins 1–3 Mark Allen","title":"Winners group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140223051104/http://www.championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/results/2013_cls_winners_group_results.htm"}],"sub_title":"Table","text":"Source: [8]","title":"Winners group"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Play-offs","title":"Winners group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephen Maguire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Maguire"},{"link_name":"Ding Junhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Junhui"},{"link_name":"Marco Fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Fu"},{"link_name":"Mark Selby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Selby"},{"link_name":"Ali Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Carter"},{"link_name":"Martin Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gould"},{"link_name":"Judd Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judd_Trump"},{"link_name":"Ryan Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Day_(snooker_player)"},{"link_name":"Neil Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Joe Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Perry_(snooker_player)"},{"link_name":"John Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Higgins"},{"link_name":"Ricky Walden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Walden"},{"link_name":"Shaun Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Barry Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"Andrew Higginson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Higginson"},{"link_name":"Mark Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Allen_(snooker_player)"},{"link_name":"Stuart Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Bingham"},{"link_name":"Mark Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Davis_(snooker_player)"},{"link_name":"Matthew Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Stevens"}],"text":"Total: 89146 (4), 128, 118, 109, 109, 109, 109, 103 – Stephen Maguire\n143 (W), 141, 139, 134, 128, 122, 120, 103, 101 – Ding Junhui\n140 (7), 137, 134, 130, 129, 112, 107, 103, 101 – Marco Fu\n140, 137 (3), 132, 122, 103 – Mark Selby\n140 (1), 117, 112, 103, 102, 102 – Ali Carter\n139 (5), 139, 137 (3), 133 (2), 125, 119, 113, 101, 100, 100, 100 – Martin Gould\n137 (3), 136, 122, 113, 112, 110 – Judd Trump\n137 (6), 133, 104, 101 – Ryan Day\n133 (2), 114, 113, 109 – Neil Robertson\n133, 102 – Joe Perry\n131, 126, 103, 102 – John Higgins\n130, 127, 114, 107 – Ricky Walden\n130, 118, 114, 104, 101 – Shaun Murphy\n129, 124, 119, 105, 100 – Barry Hawkins\n129 – Andrew Higginson\n126, 125, 113, 109, 109, 106, 100 – Mark Allen\n122 – Stuart Bingham\n107 – Mark Davis\n102 – Matthew StevensBold: highest break in the indicated group.","title":"Century breaks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GBP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBP"}],"text":"Green: Won the group. Bold: Highest break in the group. All prize money in GBP.","title":"Winnings"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Dynamic Ding is CLS King\". championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk. Matchroom Sport. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140223051109/http://www.championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/news/dynamic_ding_is_cls_king.htm","url_text":"\"Dynamic Ding is CLS King\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matchroom_Sport","url_text":"Matchroom Sport"},{"url":"http://www.championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/news/dynamic_ding_is_cls_king.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gould lifts Championship League Snooker title\". Eurosport UK. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. 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Retrieved 18 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~3541084,00.html","url_text":"\"Gould Targets Coventry Success\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Professional_Billiards_and_Snooker_Association","url_text":"World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Prize fund for 2013 Championship League Snooker\". premierleaguesnooker.com. Matchroom Sport. 31 December 2012. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235047/http://www.premierleaguesnooker.com/championship/moneywon/prize_fund_for_2013_championship_league.htm","url_text":"\"Prize fund for 2013 Championship League Snooker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matchroom_Sport","url_text":"Matchroom Sport"},{"url":"http://www.premierleaguesnooker.com/championship/moneywon/prize_fund_for_2013_championship_league.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gould Wins Championship League\". worldsnooker.com. World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. Archived from the original on 27 March 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130327132336/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~3118150%2C00.html","url_text":"\"Gould Wins Championship League\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Professional_Billiards_and_Snooker_Association","url_text":"World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association"},{"url":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~3118150,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Championship League – Group 1 (2013)\". Snooker.org. Retrieved 8 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=208","url_text":"\"Championship League – Group 1 (2013)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 CLS Group One results & table\". championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk. Matchroom Sport. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachelle_Ann_Rocks_Live!	Rachelle Ann Rocks Live!	["1 Release","2 Track listing","3 DVD track listing","4 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rachelle Ann Rocks Live!" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2008 live album by Rachelle Ann GoRachelle Ann Rocks Live!Live album by Rachelle Ann GoReleased2008Recorded2008GenreRockLabelVIVA RecordsRachelle Ann Go chronology Obsession(2007) Rachelle Ann Rocks Live!(2008) Falling in Love(2009) Singles from Rachelle Ann Go Rocks Live! "Honestly" "Crying" "The Search Is Over" "Someone" Rachelle Ann Rocks Live! is the first live cover album by Filipina singer Rachelle Ann Go. Recorded at Live at 19 East in 2008, the album marks Go's first attempt to do a live album featuring cover versions of song by Survivor, Bon Jovi, The Rembrandts, Bryan Adams, Ambrosia, and Aerosmith, among others. It was her fourth album. Release Released in 2008, the album's first single was a cover of the Harem Scarem song "Honestly", which dominated the charts in the same week it was released. VIVA later announced that her next single was an Aerosmith revival, "Cryin'", but because the single was exclusive to MTV Southeast Asia, VIVA Records instead used her own version of "The Search Is Over". Her third single was a cover of the Amy Grant song, "That's What Love Is For". According to Viva Records, as of November 2008, seven months from its release, the album has already achieved a Gold Record Status for its outstanding sale of more than 12,500. There were originally 16 tracks in the album, but the three songs were cut, namely "After the Rain" (Nelson), "To Be with You" (Mr. Big), and "Set You Free". The three tracks were later included in the DVD release. Track listing "The Search Is Over" (4:47) "This Ain't a Love Song" (4:46) "Someone" (4:13) "When You Love Someone" (3:41) "I Just Can't Let Go" (5:06) "Cryin'" (4:42) "Can't Cry Hard Enough" (3:56) "No Rain" (3:11) "Can't Fight This Feeling" (4:34) "Honestly" (4:07) "Missing You" (4:33) "Two Steps Behind" (3:45) "That's What Love Is For" (5:55) DVD track listing "After the Rain" "To Be with You" "The Search Is Over" (4:47) "This Ain't a Love Song" (4:46) "Someone" (4:13) "When You Love Someone" (3:41) "I Just Can't Let Go" (5:06) "Crying" (4:42) "Can't Cry Hard Enough" (3:56) "No Rain" (3:11) "Can't Fight This Feeling" (4:34) "Honestly" (4:07) "Missing You" (4:33) "Steps Behind" (3:45) "That's What Love Is For" (5:55) References ^ Godinez, Bong (25 April 2008). "Rachelle Ann Go performs pop rock for her fourth album". pep.ph. Retrieved 9 February 2024.	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Recorded at Live at 19 East in 2008, the album marks Go's first attempt to do a live album featuring cover versions of song by Survivor, Bon Jovi, The Rembrandts, Bryan Adams, Ambrosia, and Aerosmith, among others. It was her fourth album.[1]","title":"Rachelle Ann Rocks Live!"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harem Scarem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem_Scarem"},{"link_name":"where?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)"},{"link_name":"Aerosmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosmith"},{"link_name":"Cryin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryin%27"},{"link_name":"MTV Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"The Search Is Over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Search_Is_Over"},{"link_name":"Amy Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Grant"},{"link_name":"That's What Love Is For","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_What_Love_Is_For"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_(band)"},{"link_name":"To Be with You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Be_with_You"},{"link_name":"Mr. Big","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Big_(American_band)"}],"text":"Released in 2008, the album's first single was a cover of the Harem Scarem song \"Honestly\", which dominated the charts [where?] in the same week it was released. VIVA later announced that her next single was an Aerosmith revival, \"Cryin'\", but because the single was exclusive to MTV Southeast Asia, VIVA Records instead used her own version of \"The Search Is Over\". Her third single was a cover of the Amy Grant song, \"That's What Love Is For\". According to Viva Records, as of November 2008, seven months from its release, the album has already achieved a Gold Record Status for its outstanding sale of more than 12,500.There were originally 16 tracks in the album, but the three songs were cut, namely \"After the Rain\" (Nelson), \"To Be with You\" (Mr. Big), and \"Set You Free\". The three tracks were later included in the DVD release.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Search Is Over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Search_Is_Over"},{"link_name":"This Ain't a Love Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Ain%27t_a_Love_Song"},{"link_name":"Someone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rembrandts_(album)#Track_listing"},{"link_name":"When You Love Someone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Unplugged_(Bryan_Adams_album)"},{"link_name":"I Just Can't Let Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosia_discography#Singles"},{"link_name":"Cryin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryin%27"},{"link_name":"Can't Cry Hard Enough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Cry_Hard_Enough"},{"link_name":"No Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Rain"},{"link_name":"Can't Fight This Feeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Fight_This_Feeling"},{"link_name":"Honestly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honestly_(Harem_Scarem_song)"},{"link_name":"Missing You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_You_(John_Waite_song)"},{"link_name":"Two Steps Behind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Steps_Behind"},{"link_name":"That's What Love Is For","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_What_Love_Is_For"}],"text":"\"The Search Is Over\" (4:47)\n\"This Ain't a Love Song\" (4:46)\n\"Someone\" (4:13)\n\"When You Love Someone\" (3:41)\n\"I Just Can't Let Go\" (5:06)\n\"Cryin'\" (4:42)\n\"Can't Cry Hard Enough\" (3:56)\n\"No Rain\" (3:11)\n\"Can't Fight This Feeling\" (4:34)\n\"Honestly\" (4:07)\n\"Missing You\" (4:33)\n\"Two Steps Behind\" (3:45)\n\"That's What Love Is For\" (5:55)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"After the Rain\"\n\"To Be with You\"\n\"The Search Is Over\" (4:47)\n\"This Ain't a Love Song\" (4:46)\n\"Someone\" (4:13)\n\"When You Love Someone\" (3:41)\n\"I Just Can't Let Go\" (5:06)\n\"Crying\" (4:42)\n\"Can't Cry Hard Enough\" (3:56)\n\"No Rain\" (3:11)\n\"Can't Fight This Feeling\" (4:34)\n\"Honestly\" (4:07)\n\"Missing You\" (4:33)\n\"Steps Behind\" (3:45)\n\"That's What Love Is For\" (5:55)","title":"DVD track listing"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Godinez, Bong (25 April 2008). \"Rachelle Ann Go performs pop rock for her fourth album\". pep.ph. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCmmling	Hümmling	["1 Location","2 History","3 Culture","3.1 Religion","4 Elevations","5 Rivers and streams","6 Settlements","7 Sources"]	Coordinates: 52°55′N 7°32′E / 52.91°N 7.53°E / 52.91; 7.53This article is about the hill region. For the former county named after them, see Hümmling (district). HümmlingHighest pointPeakWindbergElevation73DimensionsLength40 km (25 mi)Width14 km (8.7 mi)GeographyLocationLower SaxonyRange coordinates52°55′N 7°32′E / 52.91°N 7.53°E / 52.91; 7.53 The Mittelradde, one of the rivers in the Hümmling The Hümmling (Homelinghen, from hömil = small stone) is a ground moraine landscape, up to 73 m above sea level (NN), in the Emsland region on the North German Plain in the western part of the German state of Lower Saxony. Location The wooded Hümmling, which is about 28 km long and only a few kilometres wide, is situated in the northern part of the region of Emsland and the district of the same name, and the drainage area of Ems river. It is limited by the Ems valley in the west and the Saterland in the east. It is located around the town of Werlte which is about 22 km northeast of Meppen. Various streams rise in the Hümmling which discharge into the Hase to the south, the Ems to the southeast and the Leda to the north. History There are over 100 more or less well-preserved dolmens of the megalith culture in the Hümmling hills. In times of the Holy Roman Empire, Hümmling region was the northern part of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, called the Niederstift Münster (i. e. analogously "Lower Prince-Bishopric of Münster"), whereas in ecclesiastical respect the area was part of the Diocese of Osnabrück. In those days, Emsland was a part of the region of Westphalia. Clemens August, prince-bishop of Münster ordered to build Clemenswerth Castle to be built as a summer residence for his hunting holidays. It became a main example of Westphalian Baroque. When ge tried to use their soccage in order to build that castle, the peasants of the "Free Hümmling" fought a log successful trial at the Imperial Chamber Court in Wetzlar that they were not enfeoffed to anyone. After short periods under the rule of the Duchy of Arenberg (1803 to 1810) and then the French Empire (1810 to 1814), Hümmling hills as a part of northern Emsland region became the west of the Kingdom of Hanover (1814 to 1866). After the annexion of that state by the kingdom of Prussia it belonged to the Province of Hanover. Culture A typical Hümmling speciality is the Baukweiten Janhinnerk, a pancake made of buckwheat flour with syrup, apple sauce, cranberries, egg, cheese, bread or rye bread. The 'national anthem' of the Hümmlings is the Hümmelske Bur, a song, which typecasts the characteristics of the local population. There is still a local dialect, the Hümmlinger Platt, which belongs to the Northern Low Saxon group of West Low German dialects. Not until about 1975 were generations born that grew up speaking High German. The Hüven Mill is a technological attraction in the Hümmling. It is the last fully preserved combined wind- and watermill in Europe. Religion The Hümmling is 93% Roman Catholic. After the Second World War there was a large number of refugees from the old eastern provinces of Germany and, since 1990 there have also been ethnic German immigrants from the former Soviet Union in the Hümmling who, in addition to the Catholic faith, also belong to the New Apostolic Church and other Protestant faiths (Pentecostalists, Baptists). Elevations The elevations and land cells in the Hümmling hill country and its near vicinity include (heights in metres above sea level (NN)): Windberg (73 m) – east of Werpeloh Lüttker Sand (72 m) – northeast of Werpeloh Sunderberg (66 m) – south of Börger Kreuzberg (51 m) – north of Stavern Windelberg (49 m) – northwest of Börger Hohenklinken (43 m) – west of Werpeloh Buschhöhe (42 m; or Helkensberg) – north of Lorup Harrenstätter Sand (42 m) – between Lorup and Spahnharrenstätte Wohldhöhe (41 m) – west of Sögel Galenberg (40 m) – in Stavern Hamberg (ca. 40 m) – between Lathen and Sögel Kavenberg (ca. 40 m) – southwest of Lorup Großer Westerberg (39 m) – west-northwest of Sögel Große Düne (34 m) – between Lathen and Sögel Wattberg (34 m) – Surwold in the village of Börgerwald Schlopenberg (ca. 30 m) – north-northwest of Börger Große Düne (30 m) – between Meppen and Stavern Rivers and streams The rivers and streams that rise in and near the hill country of the Hümmling, include the: Loruper Beeke, rises in the Hümmling, southeast tributary of the Ohe Marka, rises in the Hümmling, east of Werlte, right headstream of the Sagter Ems, which discharges into the Leda Mittelradde, rises on the eastern edge of the Hümmling and passes it to the southeast, northern tributary of the Hase Nordradde, rises in the middle of the Hümmling, near the Theikenmeer, northeastern tributary of the Ems Ohe, rises in the centre of the Hümmling, leaves it in a northern direction, left headstream of the Sagter Ems Sagter Ems, results from the confluence of Marka and Ohe north of Friesoythe-Neuscharrel Südradde, rises east of the Hümmling, northern tributary of the Hase Settlements Clemenswerth House in the Emsland The settlements in and around the Hümmling include: Börger Breddenberg Esterwegen Lorup Neubörger Rastdorf Sögel (centre) Spahnharrenstätte Stavern, Germany (southern edge) Surwold (northern edge) Werpeloh (centre) Werlte Sources Matthias Bähr, Widerstand vor dem Reichskammergericht: Als die "freien Hümmlinger" nach Wetzlar zogen (1739–1768), in: Emsländische Geschichte Bd. 15. Hrsg. von der Studiengesellschaft für Emsländische Regionalgeschichte, Haselünne 2008, ISBN 3-9808021-6-7, S. 468-577 Wilhelm Ludwig Heermann: Unser Hümmling, unsere Heimat. Gedichte und Erzählungen aus alten Zeiten. Goldschmidt, Werlte 2002, ISBN 3-927099-79-1 Werner Franke et al.: Der Hümmling mit Sögel, Werlte und Nordhümmling. Reihe Landschaften im Emsland. Emsländischer Heimatbund, Sögel 1995, ISBN 3-88077-077-8 Autorenkollektiv: Der Hümmling. Ein Heimatbuch. Herausgegeben vom Katholischen Kreislehrerverein des Kreises Hümmling. (Fotomechanischer Nachdruck der Ausgabe von 1929.) Goldschmidt, Werlte 1979 Holger Lemmermann: Auf dem freien Hümmling. Ländliches Leben in vier Jahrhunderten (1530-1870). 2. Auflage. Emsländischer Heimatbund, Sögel 1995, ISBN 3-88077-126-X Lothar Riedel: Die Hümmlinger Kreisbahn. Die Verkehrsgeschichte der schmalspurigen Kleinbahn Lathen-Sögel-Werlte. Röhr, Krefeld 1983, ISBN 3-88490-138-9 vteRegions and landscapes of Lower Saxony Achim-Verden Geest Altes Land Ammerland Brunswick Land Calenberg Land Eichsfeld Elbe–Weser Emsland County of Bentheim Land Hadeln Land Wursten Harz Hildesheim Börde Hümmling Innerste Uplands Kehdingen Leine Uplands Lüneburg Heath Middle Weser Oldenburg Land Oldenburg Münsterland Osnabrück Land Eastphalia East Frisia Schaumburg Land Solling South Lower Saxony Stade Geest Wendland Weser Uplands Wümme Depression Zeven Geest Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hümmling (district)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCmmling_(district)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mittelradde_bei_H%C3%BCven.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mittelradde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelradde"},{"link_name":"ground moraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_moraine"},{"link_name":"sea level (NN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalnull"},{"link_name":"Emsland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emsland"},{"link_name":"North German Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_German_Plain"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony"}],"text":"This article is about the hill region. For the former county named after them, see Hümmling (district).The Mittelradde, one of the rivers in the HümmlingThe Hümmling (Homelinghen, from hömil = small stone) is a ground moraine landscape, up to 73 m above sea level (NN), in the Emsland region on the North German Plain in the western part of the German state of Lower Saxony.","title":"Hümmling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emsland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emsland_(region)"},{"link_name":"district of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Emsland"},{"link_name":"Saterland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saterland"},{"link_name":"Werlte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werlte"},{"link_name":"Meppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meppen,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Hase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hase_(river)"},{"link_name":"Ems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ems_(river)"},{"link_name":"Leda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leda_(river)"}],"text":"The wooded Hümmling, which is about 28 km long and only a few kilometres wide, is situated in the northern part of the region of Emsland and the district of the same name, and the drainage area of Ems river. It is limited by the Ems valley in the west and the Saterland in the east. It is located around the town of Werlte which is about 22 km northeast of Meppen. Various streams rise in the Hümmling which discharge into the Hase to the south, the Ems to the southeast and the Leda to the north.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dolmens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmen"},{"link_name":"megalith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Prince-Bishopric of Münster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_M%C3%BCnster"},{"link_name":"Niederstift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stift#Stift_as_a_toponym"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Osnabrück","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Osnabr%C3%BCck"},{"link_name":"Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Clemens August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_August_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"prince-bishop of Münster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bishops_of_M%C3%BCnster"},{"link_name":"Clemenswerth Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemenswerth_Castle"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"soccage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccage"},{"link_name":"Imperial Chamber Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Chamber_Court"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Arenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Arenberg"},{"link_name":"French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"Province of Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Hanover"}],"text":"There are over 100 more or less well-preserved dolmens of the megalith culture in the Hümmling hills.\nIn times of the Holy Roman Empire, Hümmling region was the northern part of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, called the Niederstift Münster (i. e. analogously \"Lower Prince-Bishopric of Münster\"), whereas in ecclesiastical respect the area was part of the Diocese of Osnabrück. In those days, Emsland was a part of the region of Westphalia. Clemens August, prince-bishop of Münster ordered to build Clemenswerth Castle to be built as a summer residence for his hunting holidays. It became a main example of Westphalian Baroque. When ge tried to use their soccage in order to build that castle, the peasants of the \"Free Hümmling\" fought a log successful trial at the Imperial Chamber Court in Wetzlar that they were not enfeoffed to anyone.After short periods under the rule of the Duchy of Arenberg (1803 to 1810) and then the French Empire (1810 to 1814), Hümmling hills as a part of northern Emsland region became the west of the Kingdom of Hanover (1814 to 1866). After the annexion of that state by the kingdom of Prussia it belonged to the Province of Hanover.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"buckwheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckwheat"},{"link_name":"cranberries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry"},{"link_name":"rye bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye_bread"},{"link_name":"dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect"},{"link_name":"Northern Low Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon"},{"link_name":"West Low German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Low_German"},{"link_name":"High German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_German"},{"link_name":"wind-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill"},{"link_name":"watermill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermill"}],"text":"A typical Hümmling speciality is the Baukweiten Janhinnerk, a pancake made of buckwheat flour with syrup, apple sauce, cranberries, egg, cheese, bread or rye bread.The 'national anthem' of the Hümmlings is the Hümmelske Bur, a song, which typecasts the characteristics of the local population.There is still a local dialect, the Hümmlinger Platt, which belongs to the Northern Low Saxon group of West Low German dialects. Not until about 1975 were generations born that grew up speaking High German.The Hüven Mill is a technological attraction in the Hümmling. It is the last fully preserved combined wind- and watermill in Europe.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"ethnic German immigrants from the former Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"New Apostolic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church"},{"link_name":"Pentecostalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostalists"},{"link_name":"Baptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"The Hümmling is 93% Roman Catholic. After the Second World War there was a large number of refugees from the old eastern provinces of Germany and, since 1990 there have also been ethnic German immigrants from the former Soviet Union in the Hümmling who, in addition to the Catholic faith, also belong to the New Apostolic Church and other Protestant faiths (Pentecostalists, Baptists).","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sea level (NN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalnull"}],"text":"The elevations and land cells in the Hümmling hill country and its near vicinity include (heights in metres above sea level (NN)):","title":"Elevations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loruper Beeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loruper_Beeke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marka_(river)"},{"link_name":"Leda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leda_(river)"},{"link_name":"Mittelradde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelradde"},{"link_name":"Nordradde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordradde"},{"link_name":"Ohe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohe_(Sagter_Ems)"},{"link_name":"Sagter Ems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagter_Ems"},{"link_name":"Südradde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdradde"}],"text":"The rivers and streams that rise in and near the hill country of the Hümmling, include the:Loruper Beeke, rises in the Hümmling, southeast tributary of the Ohe\nMarka, rises in the Hümmling, east of Werlte, right headstream of the Sagter Ems, which discharges into the Leda\nMittelradde, rises on the eastern edge of the Hümmling and passes it to the southeast, northern tributary of the Hase\nNordradde, rises in the middle of the Hümmling, near the Theikenmeer, northeastern tributary of the Ems\nOhe, rises in the centre of the Hümmling, leaves it in a northern direction, left headstream of the Sagter Ems\nSagter Ems, results from the confluence of Marka and Ohe north of Friesoythe-Neuscharrel\nSüdradde, rises east of the Hümmling, northern tributary of the Hase","title":"Rivers and streams"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clemenswerth1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Emsland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emsland"}],"text":"Clemenswerth House in the EmslandThe settlements in and around the Hümmling include:","title":"Settlements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-9808021-6-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-9808021-6-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-927099-79-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-927099-79-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-88077-077-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88077-077-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-88077-126-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88077-126-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-88490-138-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88490-138-9"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Regions_and_landscapes_of_Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_and_landscapes_of_Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_and_landscapes_of_Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region"},{"link_name":"landscapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Achim-Verden Geest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achim-Verden_Geest"},{"link_name":"Altes Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altes_Land"},{"link_name":"Ammerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammerland"},{"link_name":"Brunswick Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_Land"},{"link_name":"Calenberg Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calenberg_Land"},{"link_name":"Eichsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eichsfeld"},{"link_name":"Elbe–Weser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe%E2%80%93Weser_triangle"},{"link_name":"Emsland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emsland_(region)"},{"link_name":"County of Bentheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Bentheim_(district)"},{"link_name":"Land Hadeln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Hadeln"},{"link_name":"Land Wursten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Wursten"},{"link_name":"Harz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harz"},{"link_name":"Hildesheim Börde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildesheim_B%C3%B6rde"},{"link_name":"Hümmling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Innerste Uplands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innerste_Uplands"},{"link_name":"Kehdingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehdingen"},{"link_name":"Leine Uplands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leine_Uplands"},{"link_name":"Lüneburg Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg_Heath"},{"link_name":"Middle Weser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Weser_Region"},{"link_name":"Oldenburg Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburg_Land"},{"link_name":"Oldenburg Münsterland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburg_M%C3%BCnsterland"},{"link_name":"Osnabrück Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck_Land"},{"link_name":"Eastphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastphalia"},{"link_name":"East Frisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Frisia"},{"link_name":"Schaumburg Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaumburg_Land"},{"link_name":"Solling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solling"},{"link_name":"South Lower Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Stade Geest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Geest"},{"link_name":"Wendland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCchow-Dannenberg"},{"link_name":"Weser Uplands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weser_Uplands"},{"link_name":"Wümme Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCmme_Depression"},{"link_name":"Zeven Geest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeven_Geest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q328764#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/242972488"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcGjdJxX8d8bhv7WypdcP"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4026067-7"}],"text":"Matthias Bähr, Widerstand vor dem Reichskammergericht: Als die \"freien Hümmlinger\" nach Wetzlar zogen (1739–1768), in: Emsländische Geschichte Bd. 15. Hrsg. von der Studiengesellschaft für Emsländische Regionalgeschichte, Haselünne 2008, ISBN 3-9808021-6-7, S. 468-577\nWilhelm Ludwig Heermann: Unser Hümmling, unsere Heimat. Gedichte und Erzählungen aus alten Zeiten. Goldschmidt, Werlte 2002, ISBN 3-927099-79-1\nWerner Franke et al.: Der Hümmling mit Sögel, Werlte und Nordhümmling. Reihe Landschaften im Emsland. Emsländischer Heimatbund, Sögel 1995, ISBN 3-88077-077-8\nAutorenkollektiv: Der Hümmling. Ein Heimatbuch. Herausgegeben vom Katholischen Kreislehrerverein des Kreises Hümmling. (Fotomechanischer Nachdruck der Ausgabe von 1929.) Goldschmidt, Werlte 1979\nHolger Lemmermann: Auf dem freien Hümmling. Ländliches Leben in vier Jahrhunderten (1530-1870). 2. Auflage. Emsländischer Heimatbund, Sögel 1995, ISBN 3-88077-126-X\nLothar Riedel: Die Hümmlinger Kreisbahn. Die Verkehrsgeschichte der schmalspurigen Kleinbahn Lathen-Sögel-Werlte. Röhr, Krefeld 1983, ISBN 3-88490-138-9vteRegions and landscapes of Lower Saxony\nAchim-Verden Geest\nAltes Land\nAmmerland\nBrunswick Land\nCalenberg Land\nEichsfeld\nElbe–Weser\nEmsland\nCounty of Bentheim\nLand Hadeln\nLand Wursten\nHarz\nHildesheim Börde\nHümmling\nInnerste Uplands\nKehdingen\nLeine Uplands\nLüneburg Heath\nMiddle Weser\nOldenburg Land\nOldenburg Münsterland\nOsnabrück Land\nEastphalia\nEast Frisia\nSchaumburg Land\nSolling\nSouth Lower Saxony\nStade Geest\nWendland\nWeser Uplands\nWümme Depression\nZeven GeestAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"The Mittelradde, one of the rivers in the Hümmling","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mittelradde_bei_H%C3%BCven.jpg/220px-Mittelradde_bei_H%C3%BCven.jpg"},{"image_text":"Clemenswerth House in the Emsland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Clemenswerth1.jpg/220px-Clemenswerth1.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=H%C3%BCmmling&params=52.91_N_7.53_E_type:mountain_region:DE-NI_dim:20km","external_links_name":"52°55′N 7°32′E / 52.91°N 7.53°E / 52.91; 7.53"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=H%C3%BCmmling&params=52.91_N_7.53_E_type:mountain_region:DE-NI_dim:20km","external_links_name":"52°55′N 7°32′E / 52.91°N 7.53°E / 52.91; 7.53"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/242972488","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcGjdJxX8d8bhv7WypdcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4026067-7","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford_Cathedral	Chelmsford Cathedral	["1 History","1.1 Parish church","1.2 Cathedral","2 Dean and chapter","3 Music","3.1 Cathedral organs","3.2 Directors of Music","3.3 Assistant Organists","3.4 Assistant Directors of Music","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Bibliography","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°44′08″N 0°28′27″E / 51.7355°N 0.4741°E / 51.7355; 0.4741 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Chelmsford Cathedral" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Church in Essex, EnglandChelmsford CathedralCathedral Church of St Mary the Virgin, St Peter and St CeddChelmsford Cathedral, July 2014Chelmsford Cathedral51°44′08″N 0°28′27″E / 51.7355°N 0.4741°E / 51.7355; 0.4741LocationChelmsford, EssexCountryEnglandDenominationChurch of EnglandPrevious denominationCatholic ChurchWebsitechelmsfordcathedral.org.ukArchitectureStyleGothicYears builtc.1200 – c.1520AdministrationProvinceCanterburyDioceseChelmsford (since 1914)ClergyBishop(s)Guli Francis-DehqaniDeanvacantPrecentorvacantCanon PastorIvor Moody (Vice Dean)Canon MissionerImogen NayLaityOrganist(s)Thomas Corns (Interim Director of Music) Chelmsford Cathedral in the city of Chelmsford, Essex, England, is dedicated to St Mary the Virgin, St Peter and St Cedd. It became a cathedral when the Anglican Diocese of Chelmsford was created in 1914 and is the seat of the Bishop of Chelmsford. History Parish church The nave The church of St Mary the Virgin in Chelmsford was probably first built along with the town around 1200. It was rebuilt in the 15th and early 16th centuries (starting around 1520), with walls of flint rubble, stone and brick. The church has a tower with a spire and a ring of thirteen bells, twelve of which were cast by John Warner & Sons at Cripplegate and were dedicated in 1913. The nave partially collapsed in 1800, and was rebuilt by the County architect John Johnson, retaining the Perpendicular design, but using Coade stone piers and tracery, and a plaster ceiling. The upper part of the chancel was rebuilt in 1878. Cathedral The chancel In 1914 the church became the cathedral for the newly created diocese of Chelmsford. The south porch was extended in 1953 to mark Anglo-American friendship after World War II and the many US airmen stationed in Essex. In 1954, the cathedral was additionally dedicated to Saints Peter and Cedd. In 1983, the interior of the cathedral was extensively refurbished, with a new floor, seating, altar, bishop's throne, font and artwork. In 1994 and 1995 two pipe organs were installed, the first in the nave and the second in the chancel. The stained-glass windows were all installed in the 19th and 20th centuries. In 2000 a sculpture, Christ in Glory by Peter Eugene Ball, was placed above the chancel arch. In 2004 two further major works of art were commissioned, and are now in place: Mark Cazelet's Tree of Life painting in the North Transept, and Philip Sanderson's altar frontal in the Mildmay Chapel. The cathedral celebrates its links with Thomas Hooker, who was Chelmsford Town Lecturer between 1626 and 1629. He fled to the New World because of his Puritan views and founded the town of Hartford, Connecticut and was one of the founders of American democracy. Dean and chapter As of 8 August 2019: Dean – Nicholas Henshall (installed 2 February 2014) Vice Dean & Canon Pastor – Ivor Moody (canon, Vice Dean & Pastor since 17 April 2010 installation) Canon for Worship & Music (i.e., precentor) and Tutor in Liturgy and Worship, St Mellitus College – Alison Kennedy (since 16 September 2018 installation) Canon for Evangelism & Discipleship (i.e., Missioner) – Imogen Nay (since 16 June 2019 installation) Music The Nave organ The cathedral music department, led by the Organist and Master of the Choristers, includes the Assistant Organist and Director of the Girls' Choir, Organ Scholar, Music and Liturgy Assistant and Choir Matron. The cathedral choir consists of boys and a combination of school age and postgraduate choral scholars, lay clerks, and volunteer singers. The choir sings the daily choral services and the Eucharist and Evensong on Sundays. The Cathedral Girls' Choir sings Evensong on Tuesdays and every other Thursday and on a number of Sundays each term; their annual performance of Benjamin Britten's A Ceremony of Carols has become a highlight of the Cathedral's preparations for Christmas. The Voluntary Choir was formed in 2001 and sang at services often during the holiday periods after Christmas, Easter and through the summer; the choir was disbanded in 2017. The cathedral choir contributed choral passages to "I Believe in You", a track on Talk Talk's 1988 album Spirit of Eden. Cathedral organs The Nave Organ is situated at the west end of the cathedral under the Tower. It is a four-manual instrument with mechanical action built by Mander Organs in 1994. The Chancel Organ is a two manual mechanical instrument built by Mander Organs in 1995. It incorporates 19th-century pipework by Hill and Holdich and is widely admired for its character and versatility. The Nave Organ's great, swell, solo and pedal divisions can be played via an electric link from the Chancel Organ console. A specification of the organs can be found at the National Pipe Organ Register. Directors of Music 182? Charles Ambrose 1876 Frederick Frye 1945 Roland Middleton (later Organist of Chester Cathedral) 1949 Stanley Vann (later Master of the Music at Peterborough Cathedral) 1953 Derrick Edward Cantrell (later Organist of Manchester Cathedral) 1962 Philip Ledger (later Director of Music at King's College, Cambridge) 1965 John Willam Jordan 1981 Graham Elliott 1999 Peter Nardone (later Organist and Director of Music at Worcester Cathedral) 2012 James Davy, until October 2023 2023 Thomas Corns (Interim Director of Music) Assistant Organists Geoffrey Becket 1963 John Jordan 1966 Peter Cross 1968 David Sparrow 1986 Timothy Allen 1991 Neil Weston Assistant Directors of Music 1999 Edward Wellman 2003 Robert Poyser (later Director of Music at Beverley Minster) 2008 Tom Wilkinson (later Organist at the University of St Andrews, Scotland) 2009 Oliver Waterer (later Organist at St. David's Cathedral) 2013 Laurence Lyndon-Jones 2019 Hilary Punnett 2023 Samuel Bristow Gallery The ceiling of the nave The ceiling of the chancel The nave looking towards the west The Bombed Child by Georg Ehrlich See also List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom References ^ Christ Church Cathedral – Miscellany ^ Centenary Peal at Chelmsford Cathedral The Ringing World No 5385 11 July 2014 p719 ^ Bettley, James; Nikolaus, Pevsner (2007). Essex. Buildings of England. Yale University Press. p. 53. ISBN 9780300116144. ^ a b Bumpus, T. Francis (1930). The Cathedrals of England and Wales. London: T. Werner Laurie. pp. 388–390. ^ Chelmsford Cathedral — Contact Directory (Accessed 10 February 2019) ^ Essex Chronicle — Community News, 15 April 2010 (Accessed 6 January 2013) ^ Chelmsford Cathedral — Canon for Worship and Music Archived 2018-06-23 at the Wayback Machine (Accessed 22 June 2018) ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Chelmsford Cathedral". Bibliography Essex Chronicle newspaper article, 14 July 2011, pp. 4–5. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chelmsford Cathedral. Chelmsford Cathedral website vteProvosts and Deans of ChelmsfordProvosts William Morrow Charles Waller Eric Gordon Connop Price Dick Herrick John Moses Peter Judd (became Dean) Deans Peter Judd Ivor Moody, Vice Dean (Acting) Nicholas Henshall vteCathedrals of the Church of EnglandProvince ofCanterbury Birmingham Bristol Canterbury Chelmsford Chichester Coventry Derby Ely Exeter Gibraltar Gloucester Guildford Hereford Leicester Lichfield Lincoln London Norwich Oxford Peterborough Portsmouth Rochester St Albans St Edmundsbury Salisbury Southwark Truro Wells Winchester Worcester Province ofYork Blackburn Bradford Carlisle Chester Durham Liverpool Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne Peel Ripon Sheffield Southwell Wakefield York Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chelmsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"St Mary the Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)"},{"link_name":"St Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"St Cedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Cedd"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Chelmsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Chelmsford"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Chelmsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Chelmsford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Church in Essex, EnglandChelmsford Cathedral in the city of Chelmsford, Essex, England, is dedicated to St Mary the Virgin, St Peter and St Cedd. It became a cathedral when the Anglican Diocese of Chelmsford was created in 1914 and is the seat of the Bishop of Chelmsford.[1]","title":"Chelmsford Cathedral"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chelmsford_Cathedral_Nave_1,_Essex,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"link_name":"church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)"},{"link_name":"flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint"},{"link_name":"brick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick"},{"link_name":"John Warner & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Warner_%26_Sons"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"John Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Johnson_(architect,_born_1732)"},{"link_name":"Coade stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coade_stone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BoEEssex-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bumpus-4"}],"sub_title":"Parish church","text":"The naveThe church of St Mary the Virgin in Chelmsford was probably first built along with the town around 1200. It was rebuilt in the 15th and early 16th centuries (starting around 1520), with walls of flint rubble, stone and brick. The church has a tower with a spire and a ring of thirteen bells, twelve of which were cast by John Warner & Sons at Cripplegate[citation needed] and were dedicated in 1913.[2] The nave partially collapsed in 1800, and was rebuilt by the County architect John Johnson, retaining the Perpendicular design, but using Coade stone piers and tracery,[3] and a plaster ceiling. The upper part of the chancel was rebuilt in 1878.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chelmsford_Cathedral_Chancel,_Essex,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bumpus-4"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"US airmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airman"},{"link_name":"font","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismal_font"},{"link_name":"pipe organs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_organ"},{"link_name":"chancel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancel"},{"link_name":"stained-glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass"},{"link_name":"Peter Eugene Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Eugene_Ball"},{"link_name":"altar frontal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar_frontal"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hooker"},{"link_name":"Puritan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritan"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy"}],"sub_title":"Cathedral","text":"The chancelIn 1914 the church became the cathedral for the newly created diocese of Chelmsford.[4]The south porch was extended in 1953 to mark Anglo-American friendship after World War II and the many US airmen stationed in Essex. In 1954, the cathedral was additionally dedicated to Saints Peter and Cedd. In 1983, the interior of the cathedral was extensively refurbished, with a new floor, seating, altar, bishop's throne, font and artwork. In 1994 and 1995 two pipe organs were installed, the first in the nave and the second in the chancel. The stained-glass windows were all installed in the 19th and 20th centuries.In 2000 a sculpture, Christ in Glory by Peter Eugene Ball, was placed above the chancel arch. In 2004 two further major works of art were commissioned, and are now in place: Mark Cazelet's Tree of Life painting in the North Transept, and Philip Sanderson's altar frontal in the Mildmay Chapel.The cathedral celebrates its links with Thomas Hooker, who was Chelmsford Town Lecturer between 1626 and 1629. He fled to the New World because of his Puritan views and founded the town of Hartford, Connecticut and was one of the founders of American democracy.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Chelmsford"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Henshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Henshall"},{"link_name":"Ivor Moody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivor_Moody&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"St Mellitus College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mellitus_College"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"As of 8 August 2019:[5]Dean – Nicholas Henshall (installed 2 February 2014)\nVice Dean & Canon Pastor – Ivor Moody (canon, Vice Dean & Pastor since 17 April 2010 installation)[6]\nCanon for Worship & Music (i.e., precentor) and Tutor in Liturgy and Worship, St Mellitus College – Alison Kennedy (since 16 September 2018 installation)[7][8]\nCanon for Evangelism & Discipleship (i.e., Missioner) – Imogen Nay (since 16 June 2019 installation)[9]","title":"Dean and chapter"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chelmsford_Cathedral_Organ,_Essex,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"link_name":"Talk Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_Talk"},{"link_name":"Spirit of Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_Eden"}],"text":"The Nave organThe cathedral music department, led by the Organist and Master of the Choristers, includes the Assistant Organist and Director of the Girls' Choir, Organ Scholar, Music and Liturgy Assistant and Choir Matron.\nThe cathedral choir consists of boys and a combination of school age and postgraduate choral scholars, lay clerks, and volunteer singers. The choir sings the daily choral services and the Eucharist and Evensong on Sundays.\nThe Cathedral Girls' Choir sings Evensong on Tuesdays and every other Thursday and on a number of Sundays each term; their annual performance of Benjamin Britten's A Ceremony of Carols has become a highlight of the Cathedral's preparations for Christmas.\nThe Voluntary Choir was formed in 2001 and sang at services often during the holiday periods after Christmas, Easter and through the summer; the choir was disbanded in 2017.\nThe cathedral choir contributed choral passages to \"I Believe in You\", a track on Talk Talk's 1988 album Spirit of Eden.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mander Organs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mander_Organs"},{"link_name":"Mander Organs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mander_Organs"},{"link_name":"National Pipe Organ Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.npor.org.uk/"}],"sub_title":"Cathedral organs","text":"The Nave Organ is situated at the west end of the cathedral under the Tower. It is a four-manual instrument with mechanical action built by Mander Organs in 1994.\nThe Chancel Organ is a two manual mechanical instrument built by Mander Organs in 1995. It incorporates 19th-century pipework by Hill and Holdich and is widely admired for its character and versatility. The Nave Organ's great, swell, solo and pedal divisions can be played via an electric link from the Chancel Organ console.A specification of the organs can be found at the National Pipe Organ Register.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Ambrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ambrose"},{"link_name":"Chester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Stanley Vann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Vann"},{"link_name":"Peterborough Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Manchester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Philip Ledger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Ledger"},{"link_name":"King's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Peter Nardone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Nardone"},{"link_name":"Worcester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_Cathedral"}],"sub_title":"Directors of Music","text":"182? Charles Ambrose\n1876 Frederick Frye\n1945 Roland Middleton (later Organist of Chester Cathedral)\n1949 Stanley Vann (later Master of the Music at Peterborough Cathedral)\n1953 Derrick Edward Cantrell (later Organist of Manchester Cathedral)\n1962 Philip Ledger (later Director of Music at King's College, Cambridge)\n1965 John Willam Jordan\n1981 Graham Elliott\n1999 Peter Nardone (later Organist and Director of Music at Worcester Cathedral)\n2012 James Davy, until October 2023 [job title changed to Organist and Master of the Choristers in 2013]\n2023 Thomas Corns (Interim Director of Music)","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Assistant Organists","text":"Geoffrey Becket\n1963 John Jordan\n1966 Peter Cross\n1968 David Sparrow\n1986 Timothy Allen\n1991 Neil Weston","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beverley Minster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley_Minster"},{"link_name":"University of St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"St. David's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._David%27s_Cathedral"}],"sub_title":"Assistant Directors of Music","text":"1999 Edward Wellman\n2003 Robert Poyser (later Director of Music at Beverley Minster)\n2008 Tom Wilkinson (later Organist at the University of St Andrews, Scotland)\n2009 Oliver Waterer (later Organist at St. David's Cathedral)\n2013 Laurence Lyndon-Jones\n2019 Hilary Punnett\n2023 Samuel Bristow","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chelmsford_Cathedral_Nave_Ceiling,_Essex,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chelmsford_Cathedral_Chancel_Ceiling,_Essex,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chelmsford_Cathedral_Nave_2,_Essex,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pieta,_Chelmsford_Cathedral.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georg Ehrlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Ehrlich"}],"text":"The ceiling of the nave\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe ceiling of the chancel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe nave looking towards the west\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Bombed Child by Georg Ehrlich","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"The nave","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chelmsford_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Essex%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-Chelmsford_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Essex%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"image_text":"The chancel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Chelmsford_Cathedral_Chancel%2C_Essex%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-Chelmsford_Cathedral_Chancel%2C_Essex%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Nave organ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chelmsford_Cathedral_Organ%2C_Essex%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/170px-Chelmsford_Cathedral_Organ%2C_Essex%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_the_United_Kingdom"}]	[{"reference":"Bettley, James; Nikolaus, Pevsner (2007). Essex. Buildings of England. Yale University Press. p. 53. ISBN 9780300116144.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=z3FN4VL5lEwC&pg=PA53","url_text":"Essex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300116144","url_text":"9780300116144"}]},{"reference":"Bumpus, T. Francis (1930). The Cathedrals of England and Wales. London: T. Werner Laurie. pp. 388–390.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190129010237/http://www.chelmsfordcathedral.org.uk/uploads/images/music/music-lists/9.-september-2018.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.chelmsfordcathedral.org.uk/uploads/images/music/music-lists/9.-september-2018.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chelmsford Cathedral\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chelmsfordcathedral.org.uk/news/welcome-to-imogen-nay.html","url_text":"\"Chelmsford Cathedral\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chelmsford_Cathedral&params=51.7355_N_0.4741_E_type:landmark_region:GB-ENG","external_links_name":"51°44′08″N 0°28′27″E / 51.7355°N 0.4741°E / 51.7355; 0.4741"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chelmsford+Cathedral%22","external_links_name":"\"Chelmsford Cathedral\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chelmsford+Cathedral%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chelmsford+Cathedral%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chelmsford+Cathedral%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chelmsford+Cathedral%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chelmsford+Cathedral%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chelmsford_Cathedral&params=51.7355_N_0.4741_E_type:landmark_region:GB-ENG","external_links_name":"51°44′08″N 0°28′27″E / 51.7355°N 0.4741°E / 51.7355; 0.4741"},{"Link":"http://www.chelmsfordcathedral.org.uk/","external_links_name":"chelmsfordcathedral.org.uk"},{"Link":"http://www.npor.org.uk/","external_links_name":"National Pipe Organ Register"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041206173809/http://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/cathedral/present/misc.html","external_links_name":"Christ Church Cathedral – Miscellany"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=z3FN4VL5lEwC&pg=PA53","external_links_name":"Essex"},{"Link":"http://www.chelmsfordcathedral.org.uk/contact-us.html","external_links_name":"Chelmsford Cathedral — Contact Directory"},{"Link":"http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-224095786/community-news.html","external_links_name":"Essex Chronicle — Community News, 15 April 2010"},{"Link":"http://www.chelmsfordcathedral.org.uk/news/chelmsford-cathedrals-canon-for-worship-and-music.html","external_links_name":"Chelmsford Cathedral — Canon for Worship and Music"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180623005114/http://www.chelmsfordcathedral.org.uk/news/chelmsford-cathedrals-canon-for-worship-and-music.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190129010237/http://www.chelmsfordcathedral.org.uk/uploads/images/music/music-lists/9.-september-2018.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.chelmsfordcathedral.org.uk/uploads/images/music/music-lists/9.-september-2018.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.chelmsfordcathedral.org.uk/news/welcome-to-imogen-nay.html","external_links_name":"\"Chelmsford Cathedral\""},{"Link":"http://www.chelmsfordcathedral.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Chelmsford Cathedral website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/140985034","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2010005442","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamuliakovo	Hamuliakovo	["1 Geography","2 History","3 Population","4 Demographics","5 Twin towns — sister cities","6 See also","7 References","8 Genealogical resources","9 External links/Sources"]	Coordinates: 48°02′19″N 17°15′11″E / 48.03861°N 17.25306°E / 48.03861; 17.25306Village in SlovakiaHamuliakovo GutorVillageChurch of Holy Cross Coat of armsHamuliakovoLocation of Hamuliakovo in the Bratislava RegionShow map of Bratislava RegionHamuliakovoHamuliakovo (Slovakia)Show map of SlovakiaCoordinates: 48°02′19″N 17°15′11″E / 48.03861°N 17.25306°E / 48.03861; 17.25306CountrySlovakiaRegionBratislavaDistrictSenecFirst mentioned1242Government • MayorJozef SchnóblArea • Total10.94 km2 (4.22 sq mi)Elevation128 m (420 ft)Population (2021) • Total2,679Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code900 43Area code+421 12Car plateSCWebsitehttps://obechamuliakovo.sk Hamuliakovo (Hungarian: Gutor) is a village and municipality located in the Senec District, Bratislava Region, Slovakia. Geography The municipality lies at an altitude of 129 metres and covers an area of 10.947 km2. History In historical records, the village was first mentioned in 1284. After the Austro-Hungarian army disintegrated in November 1918, Czechoslovak troops occupied the area, later acknowledged internationally by the Treaty of Trianon. Between 1938 and 1945, Hamuliakovo once more became part of Miklós Horthy's Hungary through the First Vienna Award. From 1945 until the Velvet Divorce in 1993, it was part of Czechoslovakia. Since then, it has been part of Slovakia. Population According to the 2011 census, the municipality had 1,438 inhabitants. 894 of inhabitants were Slovaks, 504 Hungarians and 40 others and unspecified. Demographics This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Population by nationality: Nationality 1991 2001 2011 Hungarians 69.40% 55.56% 35.05% Slovaks 30.34% 42.43% 62.17% Twin towns — sister cities See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Slovakia Hamuliakovo is twinned with: Deutsch Jahrndorf, Austria Kerekegyháza, Hungary Rajka, Hungary See also List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia References ^ "Počet obyvateľov podľa pohlavia - obce (ročne)". www.statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-31. ^ a b "Hustota obyvateľstva - obce ". www.statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-31. ^ a b c d "Základná charakteristika". www.statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2015-04-17. Retrieved 2022-03-31. ^ a b "Hustota obyvateľstva - obce". www.statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-31. ^ http://portal.statistics.sk/files/obce-narodnost.pdf Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Resident Population by nationality by municipalities 2011 Census". slovak.statistics.sk/wps/wcm/connect/d21d8809-a844-4ba0-bb89-961f304365f1/Table_2_Resident_Population_by_nationality_by_municipalities_2011_Census.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=kojHnpX&CVID=kojHnpX&CVID=kojHnpX. Statistical Office of the SR. Retrieved 2021-09-28. ^ "Partnerské obce". obechamuliakovo.sk (in Slovak). Hamuliakovo. Retrieved 2019-09-09. Genealogical resources The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Státný archiv in Bratislava, Slovakia" Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1672-1896 (parish B) External links/Sources Media related to Hamuliakovo at Wikimedia Commons Official page https://web.archive.org/web/20070513023228/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html Surnames of living people in Hamuliakovo vteMunicipalities of Senec District Senec Bernolákovo Blatné Boldog Čataj Chorvátsky Grob Dunajská Lužná Hamuliakovo Hrubá Borša Hrubý Šúr Hurbanova Ves Igram Ivanka pri Dunaji Kalinkovo Kaplna Kostolná pri Dunaji Kráľová pri Senci Malinovo Miloslavov Most pri Bratislave Nová Dedinka Nový Svet Reca Rovinka Tomášov Tureň Veľký Biel Vlky Zálesie Authority control databases VIAF This Bratislava location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"Senec District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senec_District"},{"link_name":"Bratislava Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava_Region"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"}],"text":"Village in SlovakiaHamuliakovo (Hungarian: Gutor) is a village and municipality located in the Senec District, Bratislava Region, Slovakia.","title":"Hamuliakovo"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The municipality lies at an altitude of 129 metres and covers an area of 10.947 km2.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Trianon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon"},{"link_name":"Miklós Horthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy"},{"link_name":"First Vienna Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Vienna_Award"},{"link_name":"Velvet Divorce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet_Divorce"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"}],"text":"In historical records, the village was first mentioned in 1284. After the Austro-Hungarian army disintegrated in November 1918, Czechoslovak troops occupied the area, later acknowledged internationally by the Treaty of Trianon. Between 1938 and 1945, Hamuliakovo once more became part of Miklós Horthy's Hungary through the First Vienna Award. From 1945 until the Velvet Divorce in 1993, it was part of Czechoslovakia. Since then, it has been part of Slovakia.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Slovaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaks"},{"link_name":"Hungarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_people"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"According to the 2011 census, the municipality had 1,438 inhabitants. 894 of inhabitants were Slovaks, 504 Hungarians and 40 others and unspecified.[5]","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Population by nationality:","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Slovakia"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Deutsch Jahrndorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsch_Jahrndorf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Kerekegyháza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerekegyh%C3%A1za"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Rajka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajka"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in SlovakiaHamuliakovo is twinned with:[7]Deutsch Jahrndorf, Austria\n Kerekegyháza, Hungary\n Rajka, Hungary","title":"Twin towns — sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive \"Státný archiv in Bratislava, Slovakia\"Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1672-1896 (parish B)","title":"Genealogical resources"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Hamuliakovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hamuliakovo"},{"link_name":"Official page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//obechamuliakovo.sk"},{"link_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070513023228/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070513023228/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html"},{"link_name":"Surnames of living people in Hamuliakovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cisarik.com/0_Hamuliakovo_Senec_BL_Pozsony_Bratislava.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Senec_District"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Senec_District"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Senec_District"},{"link_name":"Senec District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senec_District"},{"link_name":"Senec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senec,_Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Bernolákovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernol%C3%A1kovo"},{"link_name":"Blatné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blatn%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Boldog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boldog,_Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Čataj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cataj"},{"link_name":"Chorvátsky Grob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorv%C3%A1tsky_Grob"},{"link_name":"Dunajská Lužná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunajsk%C3%A1_Lu%C5%BEn%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Hamuliakovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Hrubá Borša","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrub%C3%A1_Bor%C5%A1a"},{"link_name":"Hrubý Šúr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrub%C3%BD_%C5%A0%C3%BAr"},{"link_name":"Hurbanova Ves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurbanova_Ves"},{"link_name":"Igram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igram"},{"link_name":"Ivanka pri Dunaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanka_pri_Dunaji"},{"link_name":"Kalinkovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinkovo"},{"link_name":"Kaplna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplna"},{"link_name":"Kostolná pri Dunaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostoln%C3%A1_pri_Dunaji"},{"link_name":"Kráľová pri Senci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A1%C4%BEov%C3%A1_pri_Senci"},{"link_name":"Malinovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malinovo,_Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Miloslavov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miloslavov"},{"link_name":"Most pri Bratislave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_pri_Bratislave"},{"link_name":"Nová Dedinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%A1_Dedinka"},{"link_name":"Nový Svet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%BD_Svet"},{"link_name":"Reca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reca"},{"link_name":"Rovinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovinka"},{"link_name":"Tomášov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1ov"},{"link_name":"Tureň","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ture%C5%88"},{"link_name":"Veľký Biel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%BEk%C3%BD_Biel"},{"link_name":"Vlky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlky"},{"link_name":"Zálesie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1lesie,_Senec_District"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q730655#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/245156565712623500004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg"},{"link_name":"Bratislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamuliakovo&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bratislava-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bratislava-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bratislava-geo-stub"}],"text":"Media related to Hamuliakovo at Wikimedia CommonsOfficial page\nhttps://web.archive.org/web/20070513023228/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html\nSurnames of living people in HamuliakovovteMunicipalities of Senec District\nSenec\nBernolákovo\nBlatné\nBoldog\nČataj\nChorvátsky Grob\nDunajská Lužná\nHamuliakovo\nHrubá Borša\nHrubý Šúr\nHurbanova Ves\nIgram\nIvanka pri Dunaji\nKalinkovo\nKaplna\nKostolná pri Dunaji\nKráľová pri Senci\nMalinovo\nMiloslavov\nMost pri Bratislave\nNová Dedinka\nNový Svet\nReca\nRovinka\nTomášov\nTureň\nVeľký Biel\nVlky\nZálesieAuthority control databases \nVIAFThis Bratislava location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"External links/Sources"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_and_towns_in_Slovakia"}]	[{"reference":"\"Počet obyvateľov podľa pohlavia - obce (ročne)\". www.statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_DEM/om7101rr/v_om7101rr_00_00_00_sk","url_text":"\"Počet obyvateľov podľa pohlavia - obce (ročne)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hustota obyvateľstva - obce [om7014rr_ukaz: Rozloha (Štvorcový meter)]\". www.statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_DEM/om7014rr/v_om7014rr_00_00_00_sk","url_text":"\"Hustota obyvateľstva - obce [om7014rr_ukaz: Rozloha (Štvorcový meter)]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Základná charakteristika\". www.statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2015-04-17. Retrieved 2022-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_SK_WIN/om5001rr/v_om5001rr_00_00_00_sk","url_text":"\"Základná charakteristika\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hustota obyvateľstva - obce\". www.statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_DEM/om7014rr/v_om7014rr_00_00_00_sk","url_text":"\"Hustota obyvateľstva - obce\""}]},{"reference":"\"Resident Population by nationality by municipalities 2011 Census\". slovak.statistics.sk/wps/wcm/connect/d21d8809-a844-4ba0-bb89-961f304365f1/Table_2_Resident_Population_by_nationality_by_municipalities_2011_Census.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=kojHnpX&CVID=kojHnpX&CVID=kojHnpX. Statistical Office of the SR. Retrieved 2021-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://obechamuliakovo.sk/partnerske-obce__trashed/","url_text":"\"Resident Population by nationality by municipalities 2011 Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"Partnerské obce\". obechamuliakovo.sk (in Slovak). Hamuliakovo. Retrieved 2019-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://obechamuliakovo.sk/partnerske-obce__trashed/","url_text":"\"Partnerské obce\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hamuliakovo&params=48_02_19_N_17_15_11_E_type:city_region:SK-BL","external_links_name":"48°02′19″N 17°15′11″E / 48.03861°N 17.25306°E / 48.03861; 17.25306"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hamuliakovo&params=48_02_19_N_17_15_11_E_type:city_region:SK-BL","external_links_name":"48°02′19″N 17°15′11″E / 48.03861°N 17.25306°E / 48.03861; 17.25306"},{"Link":"https://obechamuliakovo.sk/","external_links_name":"https://obechamuliakovo.sk"},{"Link":"http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_DEM/om7101rr/v_om7101rr_00_00_00_sk","external_links_name":"\"Počet obyvateľov podľa pohlavia - obce (ročne)\""},{"Link":"http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_DEM/om7014rr/v_om7014rr_00_00_00_sk","external_links_name":"\"Hustota obyvateľstva - obce [om7014rr_ukaz: Rozloha (Štvorcový meter)]\""},{"Link":"http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_SK_WIN/om5001rr/v_om5001rr_00_00_00_sk","external_links_name":"\"Základná charakteristika\""},{"Link":"http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_DEM/om7014rr/v_om7014rr_00_00_00_sk","external_links_name":"\"Hustota obyvateľstva - obce\""},{"Link":"http://portal.statistics.sk/files/obce-narodnost.pdf","external_links_name":"http://portal.statistics.sk/files/obce-narodnost.pdf"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006192810/http://portal.statistics.sk/files/obce-narodnost.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://obechamuliakovo.sk/partnerske-obce__trashed/","external_links_name":"\"Resident Population by nationality by municipalities 2011 Census\""},{"Link":"https://obechamuliakovo.sk/partnerske-obce__trashed/","external_links_name":"\"Partnerské obce\""},{"Link":"https://obechamuliakovo.sk/","external_links_name":"Official page"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070513023228/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070513023228/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html"},{"Link":"http://www.cisarik.com/0_Hamuliakovo_Senec_BL_Pozsony_Bratislava.html","external_links_name":"Surnames of living people in Hamuliakovo"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/245156565712623500004","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamuliakovo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Allen	Jordan Allen	["1 Career","1.1 Early career","1.2 Real Salt Lake","2 Career statistics","3 References","4 External links"]	American soccer player (born 1995) Not to be confused with Jordan Allen-Dutton or Jordyn Allen. For the novelist who wrote under the pseudonym Jordan Allen, see Glenn S. Dumke. Jordan Allen Personal informationFull name Jordan Evans AllenDate of birth (1995-04-25) April 25, 1995 (age 29)Place of birth Rochester, New York, United StatesHeight 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)Position(s) MidfielderYouth career2003–2006 Churchville Admirals (NY)2011 IMG Soccer Academy2011–2012 Real Salt Lake AZ2013 Virginia CavaliersSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2014–2019 Real Salt Lake 50 (4)2017–2019 → Real Monarchs (loan) 1 (0)International career‡2011 United States U17 3 (0)2012–2013 United States U18 6 (0)2015 United States U20 5 (0) Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of November 4, 2018‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of April 22, 2015 Jordan Evans Allen (born April 25, 1995) is a former American professional soccer player who played as a midfielder for Real Salt Lake. Career Early career Born in Rochester, New York, Allen played for the Real Salt Lake Arizona Academy from 2011 to 2012 before playing a season at the University of Virginia in 2013. Real Salt Lake On December 31, 2013, it was announced that Allen had signed a homegrown contract with Real Salt Lake of Major League Soccer. He made his professional debut on March 8, 2014, against the LA Galaxy, in which he came on in the 90th minute for Joao Plata as Salt Lake won 1–0. On March 29, 2015, after coming on as a substitute in a match against Toronto FC, he scored his first professional goal in the 90th minute, just moments after Toronto had tied the game in a 2–1 win. After playing over 40 games in his first two full seasons, Allen's progress has been hampered by injury, only playing two matches since the end of the 2016 season. Allen retired from playing professional soccer at the end of the 2019 season due to injury problems. Career statistics As of 24 May 2019 Club Season League MLS Cup U.S. Open Cup CONCACAF Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Real Salt Lake 2014 MLS 2 0 — — 0 0 0 0 2 0 2015 MLS 23 1 — — 1 0 0 0 24 1 2016 MLS 23 4 1 0 2 0 3 0 29 4 2017 MLS 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2018 MLS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2019 MLS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Career total 50 5 1 0 3 0 3 0 57 5 References ^ "FIFA U-20 World Cup New Zealand 2015 List of Players" (PDF). FIFA. May 30, 2015. p. 23. Retrieved June 1, 2015. ^ a b "Real Salt Lake signs Jordan Allen to a Homegrown contract". Real Salt Lake. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014. Retrieved March 9, 2014. ^ "Galaxy vs. Real Salt Lake". Major League Soccer. Archived from the original on March 13, 2014. Retrieved March 9, 2014. ^ "Jordan Allen - Real Salt Lake". Retrieved May 24, 2019. ^ "RSL Announces 2020 Roster Decisions \| Real Salt Lake". ^ Jordan Allen at Soccerway External links Jordan Allen at Major League Soccer This biographical article related to an American soccer midfielder is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jordan Allen-Dutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Allen-Dutton"},{"link_name":"Jordyn Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordyn_Allen"},{"link_name":"Glenn S. Dumke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_S._Dumke"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"Real Salt Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Salt_Lake"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Jordan Allen-Dutton or Jordyn Allen.For the novelist who wrote under the pseudonym Jordan Allen, see Glenn S. Dumke.Jordan Evans Allen (born April 25, 1995) is a former American professional soccer player who played as a midfielder for Real Salt Lake.","title":"Jordan Allen"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rochester, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Real Salt Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Salt_Lake"},{"link_name":"University of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Academy_Signing-2"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Born in Rochester, New York, Allen played for the Real Salt Lake Arizona Academy from 2011 to 2012 before playing a season at the University of Virginia in 2013.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Real Salt Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Salt_Lake"},{"link_name":"Major League Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Academy_Signing-2"},{"link_name":"LA Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"Joao Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joao_Plata"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Toronto FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_FC"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Real Salt Lake","text":"On December 31, 2013, it was announced that Allen had signed a homegrown contract with Real Salt Lake of Major League Soccer.[2] He made his professional debut on March 8, 2014, against the LA Galaxy, in which he came on in the 90th minute for Joao Plata as Salt Lake won 1–0.[3] On March 29, 2015, after coming on as a substitute in a match against Toronto FC, he scored his first professional goal in the 90th minute, just moments after Toronto had tied the game in a 2–1 win.After playing over 40 games in his first two full seasons, Allen's progress has been hampered by injury, only playing two matches since the end of the 2016 season.[4]Allen retired from playing professional soccer at the end of the 2019 season due to injury problems.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"As of 24 May 2019[6]","title":"Career statistics"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"FIFA U-20 World Cup New Zealand 2015 List of Players\" (PDF). FIFA. May 30, 2015. p. 23. Retrieved June 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2015/pdf/FWYC_2015_SquadLists.pdf","url_text":"\"FIFA U-20 World Cup New Zealand 2015 List of Players\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA","url_text":"FIFA"}]},{"reference":"\"Real Salt Lake signs Jordan Allen to a Homegrown contract\". Real Salt Lake. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014. Retrieved March 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140315013325/http://www.realsaltlake.com/news/2013/12/real-salt-lake-signs-jordan-allen-homegrown-contract","url_text":"\"Real Salt Lake signs Jordan Allen to a Homegrown contract\""},{"url":"http://www.realsaltlake.com/news/2013/12/real-salt-lake-signs-jordan-allen-homegrown-contract","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Galaxy vs. Real Salt Lake\". Major League Soccer. Archived from the original on March 13, 2014. Retrieved March 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140313050337/http://golazo.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2014-03-08-la-galaxy-vs-real-salt-lake/feed","url_text":"\"Galaxy vs. Real Salt Lake\""},{"url":"http://golazo.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2014-03-08-la-galaxy-vs-real-salt-lake/feed","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jordan Allen - Real Salt Lake\". Retrieved May 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/players/jordan-allen","url_text":"\"Jordan Allen - Real Salt Lake\""}]},{"reference":"\"RSL Announces 2020 Roster Decisions \| Real Salt Lake\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsl.com/post/2019/11/21/rsl-announces-2020-roster-decisions","url_text":"\"RSL Announces 2020 Roster Decisions \| Real Salt Lake\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2015/pdf/FWYC_2015_SquadLists.pdf","external_links_name":"\"FIFA U-20 World Cup New Zealand 2015 List of Players\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140315013325/http://www.realsaltlake.com/news/2013/12/real-salt-lake-signs-jordan-allen-homegrown-contract","external_links_name":"\"Real Salt Lake signs Jordan Allen to a Homegrown contract\""},{"Link":"http://www.realsaltlake.com/news/2013/12/real-salt-lake-signs-jordan-allen-homegrown-contract","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140313050337/http://golazo.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2014-03-08-la-galaxy-vs-real-salt-lake/feed","external_links_name":"\"Galaxy vs. Real Salt Lake\""},{"Link":"http://golazo.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2014-03-08-la-galaxy-vs-real-salt-lake/feed","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/players/jordan-allen","external_links_name":"\"Jordan Allen - Real Salt Lake\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsl.com/post/2019/11/21/rsl-announces-2020-roster-decisions","external_links_name":"\"RSL Announces 2020 Roster Decisions \| Real Salt Lake\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/jordan-evans-allen/172778/","external_links_name":"Jordan Allen"},{"Link":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/players/jordan-allen","external_links_name":"Jordan Allen"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan_Allen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Lambency_Downward	Blue Lambency Downward	["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]	2008 studio album by Kayo DotBlue Lambency DownwardStudio album by Kayo DotReleasedMay 6, 2008GenreAvant-garde rock, experimental music, free jazz, chamber musicLength43:22LabelHydra Head RecordsKayo Dot chronology Dowsing Anemone with Copper Tongue(2006) Blue Lambency Downward(2008) Coyote(2010) Blue Lambency Downward is the third studio album by American avant-garde metal band Kayo Dot, released on Hydra Head Records in May 2008. After much of the group left to pursue outside projects, the only members who remained were frontman Toby Driver and violinist and long-time collaborator Mia Matsumiya. The two began recording the album in early 2007 using a revolving door of contributing musicians. The album is heavily influenced by chamber and orchestral music and jazz, and features an abundance of woodwinds. It is widely considered to be Kayo Dot's least heavy album to date. The ensuing tour featured a mostly new group of musicians: Patrick Wolff on woodwinds, Daniel Means on woodwinds and guitar, David Bodie on drums, and Terran Olson on woodwinds and keyboards. Much of the lineup would stay the same for the recording of their next album, Coyote. Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicDrowned in SoundLambgoat6/10Pitchfork Media3.3/10 The album received mixed reviews. Pitchfork Media criticized it for a lack of memorability, giving it a 3.3 out of 10, while AllMusic was more favorable, giving the album 4 out of 5 stars. Drowned in Sound gave the album a 7 out of 10 stars. Track listing All songs and lyrics written by Toby Driver. No.TitleLength1."Blue Lambency Downward"10:002."Clelia Walking"5:293."Right Hand Is the One I Want"6:544."The Sow Submits"4:025."The Awkward Wind Wheel"3:306."The Useless Ladder"2:407."Symmetrical Arizona"10:50Total length:43:22 Personnel Toby Driver - acoustic, electric, 12-string, baritone, and bass guitars; clarinet; voice; piano; organ; gamelan; analog synth; laptop mellotron Mia Matsumiya - violin, voice, mellotron, synth bass Charlie Zeleny - drums Skerik - tenor and baritone sax, vibraphone Hans Teuber - soprano and bass clarinets, alto sax, flute Dave Abramson - gamelan and additional percussion B.R.A.D. - additional vocals Randall Dunn - sound effects and synth design References ^ a b Blue Lambency Downward at AllMusic ^ a b Drowned in Sound review ^ Lambgoat review ^ a b Pitchfork review vteKayo Dot Toby Driver Ron Varod Leonardo Didkovsky Matthew Serra Philip Price Jason Byron Greg Massi Sam Gutterman Kim Abrams Daniel Means Tim Byrnes Nicholas Kyte Ryan McGuire Forbes Graham John Carchia D.J. Murray Tom Malone Patrick Wolff David Bodie Mia Matsumiya Terran Olson Studio albums Choirs of the Eye Dowsing Anemone with Copper Tongue Blue Lambency Downward Coyote Gamma Knife Hubardo Coffins on Io Plastic House on Base of Sky Blasphemy Moss Grew on the Swords and Plowshares Alike Labels Hydra Head Robotic Empire Tzadik Records Holy Roar The Flenser Related bands maudlin of the Well Tartar Lamb Gregor Samsa Time of Orchids MATH Baliset Bloody Panda Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"avant-garde metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde_metal"},{"link_name":"Kayo Dot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayo_Dot"},{"link_name":"Hydra Head Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_Head_Records"},{"link_name":"Toby Driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Driver"},{"link_name":"Mia Matsumiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia_Matsumiya"},{"link_name":"chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_music"},{"link_name":"orchestral music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestral_music"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"woodwinds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwinds"},{"link_name":"heavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"Coyote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote_(Kayo_Dot_album)"}],"text":"Blue Lambency Downward is the third studio album by American avant-garde metal band Kayo Dot, released on Hydra Head Records in May 2008. After much of the group left to pursue outside projects, the only members who remained were frontman Toby Driver and violinist and long-time collaborator Mia Matsumiya. The two began recording the album in early 2007 using a revolving door of contributing musicians. The album is heavily influenced by chamber and orchestral music and jazz, and features an abundance of woodwinds. It is widely considered to be Kayo Dot's least heavy album to date.The ensuing tour featured a mostly new group of musicians: Patrick Wolff on woodwinds, Daniel Means on woodwinds and guitar, David Bodie on drums, and Terran Olson on woodwinds and keyboards. Much of the lineup would stay the same for the recording of their next album, Coyote.","title":"Blue Lambency Downward"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pitchfork Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitch-4"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM-1"},{"link_name":"Drowned in Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowned_in_Sound"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DiS-2"}],"text":"The album received mixed reviews. Pitchfork Media criticized it for a lack of memorability, giving it a 3.3 out of 10,[4] while AllMusic was more favorable, giving the album 4 out of 5 stars.[1] Drowned in Sound gave the album a 7 out of 10 stars.[2]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All songs and lyrics written by Toby Driver.No.TitleLength1.\"Blue Lambency Downward\"10:002.\"Clelia Walking\"5:293.\"Right Hand Is the One I Want\"6:544.\"The Sow Submits\"4:025.\"The Awkward Wind Wheel\"3:306.\"The Useless Ladder\"2:407.\"Symmetrical Arizona\"10:50Total length:43:22","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acoustic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_guitar"},{"link_name":"electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar"},{"link_name":"12-string","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-string_guitar"},{"link_name":"baritone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone_guitar"},{"link_name":"bass guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan"},{"link_name":"analog synth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_synthesizer"},{"link_name":"laptop mellotron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellotron"},{"link_name":"Mia Matsumiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia_Matsumiya"},{"link_name":"violin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin"},{"link_name":"synth bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_synthesizer"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums"},{"link_name":"Skerik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skerik"},{"link_name":"tenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_saxophone"},{"link_name":"baritone sax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone_saxophone"},{"link_name":"vibraphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibraphone"},{"link_name":"soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"bass clarinets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_clarinet"},{"link_name":"alto sax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_sax"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion"},{"link_name":"vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocals"},{"link_name":"sound effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_effect"},{"link_name":"synth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth"}],"text":"Toby Driver - acoustic, electric, 12-string, baritone, and bass guitars; clarinet; voice; piano; organ; gamelan; analog synth; laptop mellotron\nMia Matsumiya - violin, voice, mellotron, synth bass\nCharlie Zeleny - drums\nSkerik - tenor and baritone sax, vibraphone\nHans Teuber - soprano and bass clarinets, alto sax, flute\nDave Abramson - gamelan and additional percussion\nB.R.A.D. - additional vocals\nRandall Dunn - sound effects and synth design","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r1382203","external_links_name":"Blue Lambency Downward"},{"Link":"http://drownedinsound.com/releases/13318/reviews/3527052","external_links_name":"Drowned in Sound review"},{"Link":"http://www.lambgoat.com/albums/view.aspx?id=2632&record=Blue%20Lambency%20Downward","external_links_name":"Lambgoat review"},{"Link":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/12079-blue-lambency-downward/","external_links_name":"Pitchfork review"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/4d89a209-ae40-34e0-8b0c-f823db86ec39","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sankore	Sankoré Madrasah	["1 History","1.1 Growth as a center of learning","1.2 Apex and Fall","1.3 Modern Day","2 Organization","2.1 Academic Administration","2.2 Architecture","3 Curriculum","3.1 Degrees of Study","3.2 Senior Roles","4 Scholars of Sankoré","4.1 Notable Scholars","4.2 Religious Pilgrimage","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 16°46′33″N 3°00′20″W / 16.7758876°N 3.0056351°W / 16.7758876; -3.0056351Ancient center of learning in Timbuktu, Mali Sankore MadrasaMédersa de SankoréReligionAffiliationIslamLocationLocationTimbuktu, MaliShown within MaliGeographic coordinates16°46′33″N 3°00′20″W / 16.7758876°N 3.0056351°W / 16.7758876; -3.0056351ArchitectureTypeMosque / MadrasaStyleSudano-Sahelian architecture Sankoré Madrasa (also called the Sankoré Mosque, Sankoré Masjid or University of Sankoré) is one of three medieval mosques and centres of learning located in Timbuktu, Mali, the others being the Djinguereber and Sidi Yahya mosques. Founded in the 14th century, the Sankoré mosque went through multiple periods of patronage and renovation under both the Mali Empire and the Songhai Empire until its decline following the Battle of Tondibi in 1591. The mosque developed into a madrasa (meaning a school or college in Arabic), reaching its peak in the 16th century. The term "University of Sankoré" has sometimes been applied to the Sankoré madrasa, though there is no evidence of a centralized teaching institution such as the term university implies. Instead the mosque served as the focal point for individual scholars with their own private students, and as a location in which some lectures and classes were held. History Postcard published by Edmond Fortier with the mosque in 1905–06 The Sankoré mosque was originally built in the 14th-15th centuries with the financial backing of a Tuareg woman of the Aghlal tribe. Modern analyzes have rejected the understanding that there was an al-Sahili influence on West African architecture - now treated as a myth - demonstrating that the architectural style of West African mosques derives mainly from mosques in the Sahara and traditional African architecture and religions. The Sankore Mosque was later restored between 1578 and 1582 AD by Imam Al-Aqib ibn Mahmud ibn Umar, the Chief Qadi (judge) of Timbuktu. Imam al-Aqib demolished the sanctuary and had it rebuilt with the dimensions of the Kaaba in Mecca. The Sankoré madrasa prospered and became a significant place of learning within the Sudanic Muslim world, especially during the 15th and 16th centuries under Askia dynasty of the Songhai Empire (1493–1591). Sankoré was the mosque that was chiefly associated with teaching in Timbuktu in this period. Growth as a center of learning The Songhai Empire at its greatest extent, c. AD 1500. Timbuktu developed as a commercial centre in the 14th century, as Walata, the previous hub of trans-Saharan trade in the region, began to decline in importance. It was not long before ideas as well as merchandise began passing through the city. Muslim scholars associated with the Sankoré mosque accumulated a wealth of books from throughout the Muslim world, leading to Sankoré becoming a centre of learning as well as a centre of worship. At its peak the mosque was the focal point for a class of Islamic scholars that were held in high regard both locally and abroad. Songhai kings would even bestow numerous gifts upon them during Ramadan. Apex and Fall The golden age of the Sankoré madrasa occurred in the 16th century during the Songhai Empire under Askia Muhammad, drawing in scholars from as far as Egypt and Syria. Scholars from Sankoré would also engage in learning or teaching while completing the Hajj to Mecca. The trade in books within the Islamic world was one of the most important aspects of intellectual life in Timbuktu. In 1526 AD the author Leo Africanus noted this trade when he visited Timbuktu, writing: "Here are great store of doctors, judges, priests, and other learned men, that are bountifully maintained at the kings cost and charges. And hither are brought divers manuscripts or written books out of Barbarie, which are sold for more money than any other merchandize." Some Sankoré scholars accumulated large private libraries, with over 1600 manuscripts, though there was no public library or university library in Timbuktu. Manuscripts were copied by local students, giving them a means to earn a living during their studies. Works written in Timbuktu were also exported to North Africa, such as the Nayl al-ibtihaj by Ahmad Baba, a biographical dictionary of Maliki scholars which gained popularity throughout the Maghreb. In 1591 AD, an invasion by Ahmad al-Mansur of Morocco led to the fall of the Songhai empire following the Battle of Tondibi, starting a long decline of the West African states. In 1594 many Sankoré scholars, including Ahmed Baba, were arrested by Moroccan troops on grounds of sedition and deported to Morocco along with their manuscript collections. Modern Day Sankoré Masjid, 2007 The integrity of the Sankoré madrasa has been at risk with increased urbanization and contemporary construction in Timbuktu. Significant damage has been done to the mosque due to flooding and a lack of restoration work. As a result, the integrity of the traditional building is at risk. However, there are currently several restoration and protective committees being funded by the government to prevent further damage. The Management and Conservation Committee of the Old Town, in coordination with the World Heritage Center, held long term plans to create a 500 foot buffer zone to protect the madrasa and create a sustainable urban development framework. Organization Academic Administration A wooden entrance door into the Sankoré Madrasa, 1993. As the center of an Islamic scholarly community, the madrasa was very different in organization from European medieval universities, where students studied in one institution and were awarded degrees by the college. In contrast, the Sankoré madrasa had no central administration, student registers, or prescribed course of study. The school instead consisted of individual scholars (known as sheiks or ulama), each with their own private students. Most students learned from a single teacher throughout their entire education, which could last up to 10 years, having a relationship akin to that of an apprenticeship, though some studied at multiple madrasas under a series of teachers. Classes were held either at the mosque or at the teacher's home. While madrasas in other parts of the Islamic world were often funded through endowments known as waqf (charitable giving), students at the Sankoré madrasa had to finance their own tuition with money or bartered goods. Architecture The late 16th-century courtyard was reconstructed to exactly match the dimensions of the Kaaba in Mecca, one of Islam's most holy sites. Classes took place in the open courtyard of the mosque, which was made entirely of clay and wood beams. The building still stands today, likely due to Al-Sahili's directive to incorporate a wooden framework into the mud walls in order to facilitate repairs after the rainy season. Despite its historical significance the Sankoré mosque was smaller and less intricate than earlier Malian mosques such as the Great Mosque of Djenné. Curriculum Depicts scholars in the Islamic Golden Age at an Abbasid library in Baghdad, illustration by Yahyá al-Wasiti, 1237Islamic schooling had existed in West Africa since the 11th century, and although it was usually intended for elites, the Qur’anic emphasis on equality in education allowed for the spread of the institution and increased literacy rates. The Qur'an itself and the hadiths stress the search for knowledge, and Islamic scholarship, especially in the Golden Age of Islam, focused heavily on education. In the 15th century the scholar Al-Kābarī contributed to the development of education in Timbuktu, with a focus on religious teachings. By the 16th century Timbuktu housed as many as 150-180 Qur'anic schools, which taught basic literacy and recitation of the Qur'an, with an estimated 4,000-9,000 students. Around 200-300 individuals drawn from wealthy families were able to pursue higher levels of study at the madrasas and attain the status of ulama (scholars). Many of these became influential jurists, historians and theologians in the wider muslim world. With the Qur'an being the foundation of all teachings, arguments that could not be backed by the Qur'an were inadmissible in discussions and debates at the Sankoré madrasa. Madrasas differed from traditional Qur’anic schools in that they focused on Arabic grammar to properly understand holy texts and Islamic scholarship. However, subjects studied at Sankoré also included mathematics, astronomy and history, drawing from the diverse collections of manuscripts held by scholars. Education at Sankoré and other madrasas in the area had four levels of schooling or "degrees". When graduating from each level, students would receive a turban symbolizing their level. Degrees of Study The first or primary degree (Qur'anic school) required a mastery of Arabic and writing along with complete memorization of the Qur'an. The secondary degree focused on full immersion in the basic sciences. Students learned grammar, mathematics, geography, history, physics, astronomy, chemistry alongside more advanced learning of the Qur'an. At this level, they learned the hadiths, jurisprudence, and the sciences of spiritual purification according to Islam. Finally, they began an introduction to trade and business ethics. On graduation day, students were given turbans symbolizing divine light, wisdom, knowledge and excellent moral conduct. The superior degree required students to study under specialized professors and to complete research work. Much of the learning centered on debates regarding philosophic or religious questions. Before graduating from this level, students attached themselves to a Sheik (Islamic teacher) and had to demonstrate a strong character. Senior Roles The last level of learning at Sankoré or any masjid was the level of judge or professor. These men worked mainly as judges for the city and throughout the region, dispersing learned men to all the principal cities in Mali. A third level student who had impressed his Sheik enough was admitted into a "circle of knowledge" and valued as a truly learned individual and expert in his field. The members of this scholar's club similar to the modern concept of tenured professors. Those who did not leave Timbuktu remained to teach or counsel the leading people of the region on important legal and religious matters. The scholars would receive questions from the region's kings or governors, and distribute them to the third level students as research assignments. After discussing the findings among themselves, the scholars would issue a fatwa on the best way to deal with the problem at hand. Scholars of Sankoré The African civilizations had a rich history in literature and the arts, long before their contact with the Arabian and Western worlds. The scholars employed at the Sankoré university were of the highest quality, "astounding even the most learned men of Islam". As such, many scholars were later inducted as professors at universities in Morocco and Egypt. Scholars were accomplished in multiple disciplines and employed to not only teach the students at the university, but to spread the madrasa's influence to other parts of the Islamic world. Under the direction of Askia Daoud, ruler of the Songhai empire from 1549 to 1583, the university grew to encompass 180 facilities and house 25,000 students. Each facility was led by one Ulema, for a total of 180 scholars. Notable Scholars Some significant scholars include Abu Abdallah, Ag Mohammed ibn Utman, Ag Mohammed Ibn Al-Mukhtar An-Nawahi. Most came from wealthy and religious families that were members of the Sufi Qadiriyya. The most influential scholar was Ahmad Bamba who served as the final chancellor of Sankoré Madrasa. His life is a brilliant example of the range and depth of West African intellectual activity before colonialism. He was the author of over forty books, with nearly each one having a different theme. He was also one of the first citizens to protest the Moroccan conquest of Timbuktu in 1591. Eventually, he, along with his peer scholars, was imprisoned and exiled to Morocco. This led to the loss of his personal collection of 1600 books, which was one of the richest libraries of his day. Religious Pilgrimage Apart from their time working in their theoretical studies and the preservation of knowledge, the scholars of Timbuktu were extremely pious. Many embarked on the Hajj, the religious pilgrimage to Mecca, and used this opportunity to hold discussions with scholars from other parts of the Muslim world. On the way home, the scholars showed their humble nature by both learning from other leading scholars in Cairo, and volunteering to teach pupils of other schools in Kano, Katsina, and Walata. Mohammed Bagayogo received an honorary doctorate in Cairo on his holy pilgrimage to Mecca. See also Ancient university List of oldest universities in continuous operation Medieval university Songhai Empire Timbuktu Manuscripts Project References ^ a b "Timbuktu". UNESCO World Heritage Convention. ^ "Wonders of the African World - Episodes - Road to Timbuktu - Wonders". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2021-12-06. ^ Hunwick, John (1999). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire. Al-Sa'dī's Ta'rīkh al-sūdān down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. lviii–lxii. ISBN 90-04-12822-0. The term 'University of Sankore', or 'University of Timbuktu' has been applied to this teaching complex. … there is no evidence of any such institution, and the Islamic tradition of learning (especially in Africa) is individualized rather than institutionalized … what was taking place in Timbuktu should be viewed within the cultural context of Islamic civilisation, rather than being associated conceptually with a European-style institution. … much of the day-to-day teaching process took place in scholar's houses, probably in special rooms set apart, where the scholar had his own private library which he could consult when knotty points arose. There is no evidence of a centralized teaching institution such as the term university implies. ^ Singleton, Brent D. (2004). "African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu". Library Faculty Publications. 21. The fully-qualified ulama of Timbuktu were a tight-knit community never numbering more than 200-300 at any particular time; they were concentrated in discrete quarters and mosques of the city. With the exception of special lectures given in the main mosques, the vast majority of instruction occurred in one-on-one or small group settings at the residence of a scholar. ^ Hunwick, John, ed. (2003). Arabic Literature of Africa, Volume 4: The Writings of Western Sudanic Africa. Brill. p. 2. ISBN 90-04-12444-6. The city's educational reputation has led some people to speak of a Timbuktu university, beginning with Felix Dubois, who wrote of the "University of Sankore". While the Sankore quarter in the north-east of Timbuktu certainly was an area which attracted many scholars to live in it, nevertheless, there is no evidence of any institutionalized centre of learning. Teaching of some texts was undertaken in the Sankore mosque, and also in the Sidi Yahya mosque and the "Great Mosque" – Jingere Ber – but teaching authorisations (ijaza) always came directly from the shaykhs with whom the students studied. Much of the teaching was done in scholars homes, and individual scholars had their own personal research and teaching libraries. ^ Hunwick, John (2003). "Timbuktu: A Refuge of Scholarly and Righteous Folk". Sudanic Africa. 14: 15. JSTOR 25653392 – via JSTOR. In the year 1325, when Timbuktu was under the rule of Mali, the sultan of Mali, Mansa Musa, came there during his return from pilgrimage, and ordered the construction of a Great Mosque (until now still in existence in the south of the city) under the supervision of the Andalusian scholar Abu Ishaq al-Sahili, who had accompanied Mansa Musa on his return journey from Mecca. Then after some years a large mosque was built in the Sankore quarter in the north of the city, financed by a woman from the Aghlal, a religious Tuareg tribe (of ineslemen). The Sankore mosque became a place for teaching tafsir (Qur'anic exegesis) and other Islamic teachings. Sankore was a dwelling place many scholars, especially those belonging to the Masufa ^ "Sankore Mosque". Google Arts & Culture. ^ Aradeon, Susan B. (1989). "Al-Sahili: the historians' myth of architectural technology transfer from North Africa". Journal des africanistes. 59 (1–2): 99–131. ^ Woods, Michael (2009). Seven wonders of ancient Africa. Mary B. Woods. London: Lerner. ISBN 978-0-7613-4320-2. OCLC 645691064. ^ Hunwick, John (1999). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire. Al-Sa'dī's Ta'rīkh al-sūdān down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. lviii. ISBN 90-04-12822-0. The mosque that was chiefly associated with teaching in this period was the Sankore Mosque. ^ Oliver, Roland, ed. (1977). The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 392. ISBN 978-0-521-20981-6. In the fourteenth century, when it began to develop as a commercial centre, Timbuktu also became a cultural centre of Islam. ^ Hunwick, John (1999). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire. Al-Sa'dī's Ta'rīkh al-sūdān down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. lvi–lvii. ISBN 90-04-12822-0. It would seem that Timbuktu was little more than a semi-permanent nomadic settlement in the twelfth century, and probably through the thirteenth the city effectively emerges into the light of history with the visit of the Malian ruler Mansa Musa on his way home from his pilgrimage of 1324. He is said to have brought back with him a number of Muslim scholars By 1375 Timbuktu, together with several Saharan locations, had found its place on a European map … this is a sure sign that Timbuktu was, by now, a commercial centre linked to North African cities. ^ a b Singleton, Brent D. (2004). "African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu". Library Faculty Publications. 21. there is no evidence of the existence of open access public libraries in medieval Timbuktu. On the contrary, the libraries of Timbuktu seem to have all been private collections of individual scholars or families. ^ Henrik Clarke, John. “The University of Sankore at Timbuctoo: A Neglected Achievement in Black Intellectual History.” The Western journal of black studies 1.2 (1977): 142–. Print. ^ Hunwick, John (2023). "The Timbuktu Manuscript Tradition". Tinabantu Journal of African National Affairs. 1 (2). doi:10.14426/tbu.v1i2.1643. Not only were manuscripts imported to Timbuktu, both from North Africa and Egypt, but scholars going on pilgrimage often studied in both Mecca and, on the way back, in Cairo, and copied texts to add to their own libraries. ^ Hunwick, John (1999). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire. Al-Sa'dī's Ta'rīkh al-sūdān down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents. Leiden: E.J. Brill. ^ "Leo Africanus (1526): A geographical historie of Africa, Book 7, Chapter: Of the kingdome of Tombuto". University of Michigan Library - Early English Books Online. ^ Singleton, Brent D. (2004). "African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu". Library Faculty Publications. 21. Reliable figures concerning the size and scope of libraries in Timbuktu are scarce, however, the historical chronicles of Timbuktu and other sources provide a glimpse of a handful of collections. Al--Hashtuki quotes Ahmad Baba's comment about his library seized by the Moroccans: "I had the smallest library of any of my kin, and they seized 1,600 volumes." ^ Singleton, Brent D. (2004). "African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu". Library Faculty Publications. 21. Manuscripts were plentiful in Timbuktu and the need for copying continual, affording students the opportunity to earn a living during their studies. The cost of copying a set of books was enormous ... But no matter how costly local copying may have been, it was still far less expensive than purchasing most imported books. ^ Singleton, Brent D. (2004). "African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu". Library Faculty Publications. 21. The flow of books into Timbuktu naturally outpaced the number of books Timbuktu exported to the outside world, nonetheless, many notable works owned or penned by Sudanese scholars were traded north. Ahmad Baba, the preeminent scholar of Timbuktu, wrote more than 40 works including a biographical dictionary of Maliki fuqaha entitled Nayl al-ibtihaj bi-tatriz al-Dibaj, often referred to simply as the Nayl al-ibtihaj. This work gained popularity throughout the Maghrib (North Africa) and reached every part of the Maliki Muslim world. ^ Kobo, Ousman Murzik. “Paths to Progress: Madrasa Education and Sub-Saharan Muslims’ Pursuit of Socioeconomic Development.” In The State of Social Progress of Islamic Societies, 159–177. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. ^ Henrik Clarke, John. “The University of Sankore at Timbuctoo: A Neglected Achievement in Black Intellectual History.” The Western journal of black studies 1.2 (1977): 142–. Print. ^ Kaba, Lansiné (1981). "Archers, Musketeers, and Mosquitoes: The Moroccan Invasion of the Sudan and the Songhay Resistance (1591–1612)". The Journal of African History. 22 (4): 457–475. doi:10.1017/S0021853700019861. PMID 11632225. S2CID 41500711. ^ Singleton, Brent D. (2004). "African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu". Library Faculty Publications. 21. Reliable figures concerning the size and scope of libraries in Timbuktu are scarce, however, the historical chronicles of Timbuktu and other sources provide a glimpse of a handful of collections. Al--Hashtuki quotes Ahmad Baba's comment about his library seized by the Moroccans: "I had the smallest library of any of my kin, and they seized 1,600 volumes." ... Baba's personal collection was extensive and valuable, and was completely dispersed to Morocco. ^ a b "The University of Sankore Is Founded in Timbuktu." In Africa, edited by Jennifer Stock, 95-98. Vol. 1 of Global Events: Milestone Events Throughout History. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. ^ Hunwick, John (2003). "Timbuktu: A Refuge of Scholarly and RIghteous Folk". Sudanic Africa. 14 – via JSTOR. ^ a b "Wonders of the African World - Episodes - Road to Timbuktu - Wonders". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2021-12-06. ^ a b Hima, Halimatou (2020). "'Francophone' Education Intersectionalities: Gender, Language, and Religion". The Palgrave Handbook of African Education and Indigenous Knowledge. pp. 463–525. ^ Thomas-Emeagwali, Gloria (January 1, 1988). "Reflections on the Development of Science in the Islamic World - and its diffusion into Nigeria Before 1903". Journal of the Pakistan Historical Societyb. 36: 41. ^ Wright, Zachary V. (2020), "The Islamic Intellectual Tradition of Sudanic Africa, with Analysis of a Fifteenth-Century Timbuktu Manuscript", The Palgrave Handbook of Islam in Africa, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 55–76, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45759-4_4, ISBN 978-3-030-45758-7, S2CID 226523945, retrieved 2021-12-05 ^ Singleton, Brent D. (2004). "African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu". Library Faculty Publications. 21. In the 16th century, Timbuktu housed as many as 150-180 maktabs (Qur'anic schools), where basic reading and recitation of the Qur'an were taught. The schools had an estimated peak enrollment of 4,000--5,000; this number includes the transitory population of students from neighboring cities and surrounding nomadic tribes. Basic literacy skills were abundant, but only a select few (200-300 individuals) drawn from a small number of wealthy families were able to attain the status of ulama (scholars). ^ Gomez, Michael A. (2018). African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa. Princeton University Press. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-691-17742-7. Tarīkh al-fattāsh makes this very clear, transitioning from the general to the particular in estimating between 150 and 180 Qur'ānic schools (maktabān) in the city ... By extension, this suggests a city with a sizable student population, entirely consistent with Africanus's general impression. Attempts at quantification are simply that, but a range of 7,500 to 9,000 students in such schools does not seem an unreasonable estimate. ^ Singleton, Brent D. (2004). "African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu". Library Faculty Publications. 21. in Timbuktu the body of ulama was drawn exclusively from the city's wealthiest families. With the exception of a handful of apprentices called alfas, there were no opportunities for the lower classes to join the scholarly elite. ... The fully-qualified ulama of Timbuktu were a tight-knit community never numbering more than 200-300 at any particular time; they were concentrated in discrete quarters and mosques of the city. ^ Olasupo Adeleye, Mikail (January 1, 1983). "Islam and Education". Islamic Quarterly. 27: 140. ^ Kobo, Ousman Murzik (2016), "Paths to Progress: Madrasa Education and Sub-Saharan Muslims' Pursuit of Socioeconomic Development", The State of Social Progress of Islamic Societies, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 159–177, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24774-8_7, ISBN 978-3-319-24772-4, retrieved 2021-12-05 ^ Dubois, Félix (1896). Timbuctoo the mysterious. New York, Longmans, Green and Co. ^ a b c Henrik Clarke, John. “The University of Sankore at Timbuctoo: A Neglected Achievement in Black Intellectual History.” The Western journal of black studies 1.2 (1977): 142–. Print. ^ Lawton, Bishop (2020-06-27). "Sankore Mosque and University (c. 1100- ) •". Retrieved 2021-11-30. ^ "The University of Sankore, Timbuktu". Muslim Heritage. 2003-06-07. Retrieved 2021-12-06. ^ Michael A. Gomez. African Dominion : A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018, pg. 357. Further reading Saad, Elias N. (1983). Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables 1400–1900. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24603-2. Gomez, Michael A. (2018). African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691177427 External links Ancient Manuscripts from the Desert Libraries of Timbuktu, Library of Congress — exhibition of manuscripts from the Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library vteUniversity of TimbuktuMasjids Djinguereber Mosque Sidi Yahya Mosque Sankoré Madrasah Manuscripts Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library See also Timbuktu Mali Empire Songhai Empire Massina Empire Mali Azawad Battles of Timbuktu in the Northern Mali conflict Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timbuktu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Djinguereber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djinguereber_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Sidi Yahya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidi_Yahya_Mosque"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Mali Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire"},{"link_name":"Songhai Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_Empire"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tondibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tondibi"},{"link_name":"madrasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:622-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Ancient center of learning in Timbuktu, MaliSankoré Madrasa (also called the Sankoré Mosque, Sankoré Masjid or University of Sankoré) is one of three medieval mosques and centres of learning located in Timbuktu, Mali, the others being the Djinguereber and Sidi Yahya mosques. Founded in the 14th century,[1] the Sankoré mosque went through multiple periods of patronage and renovation under both the Mali Empire and the Songhai Empire until its decline following the Battle of Tondibi in 1591. The mosque developed into a madrasa (meaning a school or college in Arabic), reaching its peak in the 16th century.[2] The term \"University of Sankoré\" has sometimes been applied to the Sankoré madrasa, though there is no evidence of a centralized teaching institution such as the term university implies.[3] Instead the mosque served as the focal point for individual scholars with their own private students, and as a location in which some lectures and classes were held.[4][5]","title":"Sankoré Madrasah"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fortier_368_Timbuktu_Sankore_Mosque.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edmond Fortier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Edmond_Fortier"},{"link_name":"Tuareg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_people"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aradeon,_Susan_B._1989_1-2-8"},{"link_name":"Qadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi"},{"link_name":"Kaaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Askia dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askia_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Postcard published by Edmond Fortier with the mosque in 1905–06The Sankoré mosque was originally built in the 14th-15th centuries with the financial backing of a Tuareg woman of the Aghlal tribe.[6][7] Modern analyzes have rejected the understanding that there was an al-Sahili influence on West African architecture - now treated as a myth - demonstrating that the architectural style of West African mosques derives mainly from mosques in the Sahara and traditional African architecture and religions.[8]The Sankore Mosque was later restored between 1578 and 1582 AD by Imam Al-Aqib ibn Mahmud ibn Umar, the Chief Qadi (judge) of Timbuktu. Imam al-Aqib demolished the sanctuary and had it rebuilt with the dimensions of the Kaaba in Mecca.[1] The Sankoré madrasa prospered and became a significant place of learning within the Sudanic Muslim world, especially during the 15th and 16th centuries under Askia dynasty of the Songhai Empire (1493–1591).[9] Sankoré was the mosque that was chiefly associated with teaching in Timbuktu in this period.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Songhai_Empire_(orthographic_projection).svg"},{"link_name":"Walata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oualata"},{"link_name":"trans-Saharan trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:023-14"}],"sub_title":"Growth as a center of learning","text":"The Songhai Empire at its greatest extent, c. AD 1500.Timbuktu developed as a commercial centre in the 14th century, as Walata, the previous hub of trans-Saharan trade in the region, began to decline in importance.[11][12] It was not long before ideas as well as merchandise began passing through the city. Muslim scholars associated with the Sankoré mosque accumulated a wealth of books from throughout the Muslim world, leading to Sankoré becoming a centre of learning as well as a centre of worship.[13] At its peak the mosque was the focal point for a class of Islamic scholars that were held in high regard both locally and abroad. Songhai kings would even bestow numerous gifts upon them during Ramadan.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Songhai Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_Empire"},{"link_name":"Askia Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askia_Muhammad_I"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Hajj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Leo Africanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Africanus"},{"link_name":"Barbarie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_Coast"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Baba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Baba_al-Timbukti"},{"link_name":"Maliki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliki_school"},{"link_name":"Maghreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Ahmad al-Mansur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Mansur"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tondibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tondibi"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:024-22"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Baba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Baba_al-Timbukti"},{"link_name":"sedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedition"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Apex and Fall","text":"The golden age of the Sankoré madrasa occurred in the 16th century during the Songhai Empire under Askia Muhammad, drawing in scholars from as far as Egypt and Syria. Scholars from Sankoré would also engage in learning or teaching while completing the Hajj to Mecca.[15] The trade in books within the Islamic world was one of the most important aspects of intellectual life in Timbuktu.[16] In 1526 AD the author Leo Africanus noted this trade when he visited Timbuktu, writing: \"Here are great store of doctors, judges, priests, and other learned men, that are bountifully maintained at the kings cost and charges. And hither are brought divers manuscripts or written books out of Barbarie, which are sold for more money than any other merchandize.\"[17] Some Sankoré scholars accumulated large private libraries, with over 1600 manuscripts,[18] though there was no public library or university library in Timbuktu.[13] Manuscripts were copied by local students, giving them a means to earn a living during their studies.[19] Works written in Timbuktu were also exported to North Africa, such as the Nayl al-ibtihaj by Ahmad Baba, a biographical dictionary of Maliki scholars which gained popularity throughout the Maghreb.[20]In 1591 AD, an invasion by Ahmad al-Mansur of Morocco led to the fall of the Songhai empire following the Battle of Tondibi, starting a long decline of the West African states.[21][22] In 1594 many Sankoré scholars, including Ahmed Baba, were arrested by Moroccan troops on grounds of sedition and deported to Morocco along with their manuscript collections.[23][24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2007_Sankore_Mosque_Timbuktu_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Centre"}],"sub_title":"Modern Day","text":"Sankoré Masjid, 2007The integrity of the Sankoré madrasa has been at risk with increased urbanization and contemporary construction in Timbuktu. Significant damage has been done to the mosque due to flooding and a lack of restoration work. As a result, the integrity of the traditional building is at risk. However, there are currently several restoration and protective committees being funded by the government to prevent further damage. The Management and Conservation Committee of the Old Town, in coordination with the World Heritage Center, held long term plans to create a 500 foot buffer zone to protect the madrasa and create a sustainable urban development framework.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ASC_Leiden_-_van_Achterberg_Collection_-_05_-_43_-_Une_entr%C3%A9e_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Sankor%C3%A9_-_Tombouctou,_Mali_-_Novembre-d%C3%A9cembre_1993.jpg"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"European medieval universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_university"},{"link_name":"sheiks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykhs"},{"link_name":"ulama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama"},{"link_name":"apprenticeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprenticeship"},{"link_name":"waqf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqf"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:52-25"}],"sub_title":"Academic Administration","text":"A wooden entrance door into the Sankoré Madrasa, 1993.As the center of an Islamic scholarly community, the madrasa was very different in organization from European medieval universities, where students studied in one institution and were awarded degrees by the college. In contrast, the Sankoré madrasa had no central administration, student registers, or prescribed course of study. The school instead consisted of individual scholars (known as sheiks or ulama), each with their own private students. Most students learned from a single teacher throughout their entire education, which could last up to 10 years, having a relationship akin to that of an apprenticeship, though some studied at multiple madrasas under a series of teachers. Classes were held either at the mosque or at the teacher's home. While madrasas in other parts of the Islamic world were often funded through endowments known as waqf (charitable giving), students at the Sankoré madrasa had to finance their own tuition with money or bartered goods.[25]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:52-25"},{"link_name":"courtyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtyard"},{"link_name":"Al-Sahili's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sahili"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Great Mosque of Djenné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Djenn%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:62-27"}],"sub_title":"Architecture","text":"The late 16th-century courtyard was reconstructed to exactly match the dimensions of the Kaaba in Mecca, one of Islam's most holy sites.[25] Classes took place in the open courtyard of the mosque, which was made entirely of clay and wood beams. The building still stands today, likely due to Al-Sahili's directive to incorporate a wooden framework into the mud walls in order to facilitate repairs after the rainy season.[26] Despite its historical significance the Sankoré mosque was smaller and less intricate than earlier Malian mosques such as the Great Mosque of Djenné.[27]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maqamat_hariri.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yahyá al-Wasiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Mahmud_al-Wasiti"},{"link_name":"literacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-28"},{"link_name":"hadiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-28"},{"link_name":"Golden Age of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Qur'anic schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27anic_school"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-35"}],"text":"Depicts scholars in the Islamic Golden Age at an Abbasid library in Baghdad, illustration by Yahyá al-Wasiti, 1237Islamic schooling had existed in West Africa since the 11th century, and although it was usually intended for elites, the Qur’anic emphasis on equality in education allowed for the spread of the institution and increased literacy rates.[28] The Qur'an itself and the hadiths stress the search for knowledge,[28] and Islamic scholarship, especially in the Golden Age of Islam, focused heavily on education.[29] In the 15th century the scholar Al-Kābarī contributed to the development of education in Timbuktu, with a focus on religious teachings.[30] By the 16th century Timbuktu housed as many as 150-180 Qur'anic schools, which taught basic literacy and recitation of the Qur'an, with an estimated 4,000-9,000 students.[31][32] Around 200-300 individuals drawn from wealthy families were able to pursue higher levels of study at the madrasas and attain the status of ulama (scholars).[33] Many of these became influential jurists, historians and theologians in the wider muslim world.[34]With the Qur'an being the foundation of all teachings, arguments that could not be backed by the Qur'an were inadmissible in discussions and debates at the Sankoré madrasa. Madrasas differed from traditional Qur’anic schools in that they focused on Arabic grammar to properly understand holy texts and Islamic scholarship.[35] However, subjects studied at Sankoré also included mathematics, astronomy and history, drawing from the diverse collections of manuscripts held by scholars. Education at Sankoré and other madrasas in the area had four levels of schooling or \"degrees\". When graduating from each level, students would receive a turban symbolizing their level.","title":"Curriculum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hadiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith"},{"link_name":"Sheik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh"}],"sub_title":"Degrees of Study","text":"The first or primary degree (Qur'anic school) required a mastery of Arabic and writing along with complete memorization of the Qur'an.The secondary degree focused on full immersion in the basic sciences. Students learned grammar, mathematics, geography, history, physics, astronomy, chemistry alongside more advanced learning of the Qur'an. At this level, they learned the hadiths, jurisprudence, and the sciences of spiritual purification according to Islam. Finally, they began an introduction to trade and business ethics. On graduation day, students were given turbans symbolizing divine light, wisdom, knowledge and excellent moral conduct.The superior degree required students to study under specialized professors and to complete research work. Much of the learning centered on debates regarding philosophic or religious questions. Before graduating from this level, students attached themselves to a Sheik (Islamic teacher) and had to demonstrate a strong character.","title":"Curriculum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fatwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwa"}],"sub_title":"Senior Roles","text":"The last level of learning at Sankoré or any masjid was the level of judge or professor. These men worked mainly as judges for the city and throughout the region, dispersing learned men to all the principal cities in Mali. A third level student who had impressed his Sheik enough was admitted into a \"circle of knowledge\" and valued as a truly learned individual and expert in his field. The members of this scholar's club similar to the modern concept of tenured professors. Those who did not leave Timbuktu remained to teach or counsel the leading people of the region on important legal and religious matters. The scholars would receive questions from the region's kings or governors, and distribute them to the third level students as research assignments. After discussing the findings among themselves, the scholars would issue a fatwa on the best way to deal with the problem at hand.","title":"Curriculum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-38"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:62-27"},{"link_name":"Askia Daoud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askia_Daoud"},{"link_name":"Songhai empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ulema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama"}],"text":"The African civilizations had a rich history in literature and the arts, long before their contact with the Arabian and Western worlds. The scholars employed at the Sankoré university were of the highest quality, \"astounding even the most learned men of Islam\".[36] As such, many scholars were later inducted as professors at universities in Morocco and Egypt.[37] Scholars were accomplished in multiple disciplines and employed to not only teach the students at the university, but to spread the madrasa's influence to other parts of the Islamic world.[38][27] Under the direction of Askia Daoud, ruler of the Songhai empire from 1549 to 1583, the university grew to encompass 180 facilities and house 25,000 students. Each facility was led by one Ulema, for a total of 180 scholars.","title":"Scholars of Sankoré"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-39"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism"},{"link_name":"Qadiriyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadiriyya"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Bamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Baba_al-Timbukti"},{"link_name":"colonialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-37"}],"sub_title":"Notable Scholars","text":"Some significant scholars include Abu Abdallah, Ag Mohammed ibn Utman, Ag Mohammed Ibn Al-Mukhtar An-Nawahi.[39] Most came from wealthy and religious families that were members of the Sufi Qadiriyya. The most influential scholar was Ahmad Bamba who served as the final chancellor of Sankoré Madrasa. His life is a brilliant example of the range and depth of West African intellectual activity before colonialism. He was the author of over forty books, with nearly each one having a different theme. He was also one of the first citizens to protest the Moroccan conquest of Timbuktu in 1591. Eventually, he, along with his peer scholars, was imprisoned and exiled to Morocco. This led to the loss of his personal collection of 1600 books, which was one of the richest libraries of his day.[37]","title":"Scholars of Sankoré"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hajj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj"},{"link_name":"Kano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_(city)"},{"link_name":"Katsina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsina"},{"link_name":"Walata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oualata"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-37"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Bagayogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Bagayogo"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-40"}],"sub_title":"Religious Pilgrimage","text":"Apart from their time working in their theoretical studies and the preservation of knowledge, the scholars of Timbuktu were extremely pious. Many embarked on the Hajj, the religious pilgrimage to Mecca, and used this opportunity to hold discussions with scholars from other parts of the Muslim world. On the way home, the scholars showed their humble nature by both learning from other leading scholars in Cairo, and volunteering to teach pupils of other schools in Kano, Katsina, and Walata.[37] Mohammed Bagayogo received an honorary doctorate in Cairo on his holy pilgrimage to Mecca.[40]","title":"Scholars of Sankoré"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-24603-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24603-2"}],"text":"Saad, Elias N. (1983). Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables 1400–1900. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24603-2.\nGomez, Michael A. (2018). African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691177427","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Postcard published by Edmond Fortier with the mosque in 1905–06","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fortier_368_Timbuktu_Sankore_Mosque.jpg/220px-Fortier_368_Timbuktu_Sankore_Mosque.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Songhai Empire at its greatest extent, c. AD 1500.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Songhai_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Songhai_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Sankoré Masjid, 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2007_Sankore_Mosque_Timbuktu_01.jpg/220px-2007_Sankore_Mosque_Timbuktu_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"A wooden entrance door into the Sankoré Madrasa, 1993.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/ASC_Leiden_-_van_Achterberg_Collection_-_05_-_43_-_Une_entr%C3%A9e_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Sankor%C3%A9_-_Tombouctou%2C_Mali_-_Novembre-d%C3%A9cembre_1993.jpg/220px-ASC_Leiden_-_van_Achterberg_Collection_-_05_-_43_-_Une_entr%C3%A9e_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Sankor%C3%A9_-_Tombouctou%2C_Mali_-_Novembre-d%C3%A9cembre_1993.jpg"},{"image_text":"Depicts scholars in the Islamic Golden Age at an Abbasid library in Baghdad, illustration by Yahyá al-Wasiti, 1237","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Maqamat_hariri.jpg/220px-Maqamat_hariri.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Ancient university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_university"},{"title":"List of oldest universities in continuous operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation"},{"title":"Medieval university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_university"},{"title":"Songhai Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_Empire"},{"title":"Timbuktu Manuscripts Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu_Manuscripts_Project"}]	[{"reference":"\"Timbuktu\". UNESCO World Heritage Convention.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/119/","url_text":"\"Timbuktu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wonders of the African World - Episodes - Road to Timbuktu - Wonders\". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2021-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi5/5_wondr6.htm","url_text":"\"Wonders of the African World - Episodes - Road to Timbuktu - Wonders\""}]},{"reference":"Hunwick, John (1999). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire. Al-Sa'dī's Ta'rīkh al-sūdān down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. lviii–lxii. ISBN 90-04-12822-0. The term 'University of Sankore', or 'University of Timbuktu' has been applied to this teaching complex. … there is no evidence of any such institution, and the Islamic tradition of learning (especially in Africa) is individualized rather than institutionalized … what was taking place in Timbuktu should be viewed within the cultural context of Islamic civilisation, rather than being associated conceptually with a European-style institution. … much of the day-to-day teaching process took place in scholar's houses, probably in special rooms set apart, where the scholar had his own private library which he could consult when knotty points arose. There is no evidence of a centralized teaching institution such as the term university implies.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kdEsWyzLnD8C","url_text":"Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire. Al-Sa'dī's Ta'rīkh al-sūdān down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12822-0","url_text":"90-04-12822-0"}]},{"reference":"Singleton, Brent D. (2004). \"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\". Library Faculty Publications. 21. The fully-qualified ulama of Timbuktu were a tight-knit community never numbering more than 200-300 at any particular time; they were concentrated in discrete quarters and mosques of the city. With the exception of special lectures given in the main mosques, the vast majority of instruction occurred in one-on-one or small group settings at the residence of a scholar.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/library-publications/21/","url_text":"\"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\""}]},{"reference":"Hunwick, John, ed. (2003). Arabic Literature of Africa, Volume 4: The Writings of Western Sudanic Africa. Brill. p. 2. ISBN 90-04-12444-6. The city's educational reputation has led some people to speak of a Timbuktu university, beginning with Felix Dubois, who wrote of the \"University of Sankore\". While the Sankore quarter in the north-east of Timbuktu certainly was an area which attracted many scholars to live in it, nevertheless, there is no evidence of any institutionalized centre of learning. Teaching of some texts was undertaken in the Sankore mosque, and also in the Sidi Yahya mosque and the \"Great Mosque\" – Jingere Ber – but teaching authorisations (ijaza) always came directly from the shaykhs with whom the students studied. Much of the teaching was done in scholars homes, and individual scholars had their own personal research and teaching libraries.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YPK5oEz4X28C&pg=PA1","url_text":"Arabic Literature of Africa, Volume 4: The Writings of Western Sudanic Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12444-6","url_text":"90-04-12444-6"}]},{"reference":"Hunwick, John (2003). \"Timbuktu: A Refuge of Scholarly and Righteous Folk\". Sudanic Africa. 14: 15. JSTOR 25653392 – via JSTOR. In the year 1325, when Timbuktu was under the rule of Mali, the sultan of Mali, Mansa Musa, came there during his return from pilgrimage, and ordered the construction of a Great Mosque (until now still in existence in the south of the city) under the supervision of the Andalusian scholar Abu Ishaq al-Sahili, who had accompanied Mansa Musa on his return journey from Mecca. Then after some years a large mosque was built in the Sankore quarter in the north of the city, financed by a woman from the Aghlal, a religious Tuareg tribe (of ineslemen). The Sankore mosque became a place for teaching tafsir (Qur'anic exegesis) and other Islamic teachings. Sankore was a dwelling place many scholars, especially those belonging to the Masufa","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25653392","url_text":"\"Timbuktu: A Refuge of Scholarly and Righteous Folk\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25653392","url_text":"25653392"}]},{"reference":"\"Sankore Mosque\". Google Arts & Culture.","urls":[{"url":"https://artsandculture.google.com/story/sankore-mosque/ugVxsu5BmElhuQ?hl=en","url_text":"\"Sankore Mosque\""}]},{"reference":"Aradeon, Susan B. (1989). \"Al-Sahili: the historians' myth of architectural technology transfer from North Africa\". Journal des africanistes. 59 (1–2): 99–131.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Woods, Michael (2009). Seven wonders of ancient Africa. Mary B. Woods. London: Lerner. ISBN 978-0-7613-4320-2. OCLC 645691064.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/645691064","url_text":"Seven wonders of ancient Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7613-4320-2","url_text":"978-0-7613-4320-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/645691064","url_text":"645691064"}]},{"reference":"Hunwick, John (1999). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire. Al-Sa'dī's Ta'rīkh al-sūdān down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. lviii. ISBN 90-04-12822-0. The mosque that was chiefly associated with teaching in this period was the Sankore Mosque.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kdEsWyzLnD8C","url_text":"Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire. Al-Sa'dī's Ta'rīkh al-sūdān down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12822-0","url_text":"90-04-12822-0"}]},{"reference":"Oliver, Roland, ed. (1977). The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 392. ISBN 978-0-521-20981-6. In the fourteenth century, when it began to develop as a commercial centre, Timbuktu also became a cultural centre of Islam.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C&pg=PA392","url_text":"The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20981-6","url_text":"978-0-521-20981-6"}]},{"reference":"Hunwick, John (1999). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire. Al-Sa'dī's Ta'rīkh al-sūdān down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. lvi–lvii. ISBN 90-04-12822-0. It would seem that Timbuktu was little more than a semi-permanent nomadic settlement in the twelfth century, and probably through the thirteenth […] the city effectively emerges into the light of history with the visit of the Malian ruler Mansa Musa on his way home from his pilgrimage of 1324. He is said to have brought back with him a number of Muslim scholars […] By 1375 Timbuktu, together with several Saharan locations, had found its place on a European map … this is a sure sign that Timbuktu was, by now, a commercial centre linked to North African cities.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kdEsWyzLnD8C","url_text":"Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire. Al-Sa'dī's Ta'rīkh al-sūdān down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12822-0","url_text":"90-04-12822-0"}]},{"reference":"Singleton, Brent D. (2004). \"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\". Library Faculty Publications. 21. there is no evidence of the existence of open access public libraries in medieval Timbuktu. On the contrary, the libraries of Timbuktu seem to have all been private collections of individual scholars or families.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/library-publications/21/","url_text":"\"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\""}]},{"reference":"Hunwick, John (2023). \"The Timbuktu Manuscript Tradition\". Tinabantu Journal of African National Affairs. 1 (2). doi:10.14426/tbu.v1i2.1643. Not only were manuscripts imported to Timbuktu, both from North Africa and Egypt, but scholars going on pilgrimage often studied in both Mecca and, on the way back, in Cairo, and copied texts to add to their own libraries.","urls":[{"url":"https://epubs.ac.za/index.php/jasas/article/view/1643","url_text":"\"The Timbuktu Manuscript Tradition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.14426%2Ftbu.v1i2.1643","url_text":"10.14426/tbu.v1i2.1643"}]},{"reference":"Hunwick, John (1999). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire. Al-Sa'dī's Ta'rīkh al-sūdān down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents. Leiden: E.J. Brill.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Leo Africanus (1526): A geographical historie of Africa, Book 7, Chapter: Of the kingdome of Tombuto\". University of Michigan Library - Early English Books Online.","urls":[{"url":"https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A05331.0001.001/1:22?rgn=div1;view=toc","url_text":"\"Leo Africanus (1526): A geographical historie of Africa, Book 7, Chapter: Of the kingdome of Tombuto\""}]},{"reference":"Singleton, Brent D. (2004). \"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\". Library Faculty Publications. 21. Reliable figures concerning the size and scope of libraries in Timbuktu are scarce, however, the historical chronicles of Timbuktu and other sources provide a glimpse of a handful of collections. Al--Hashtuki quotes Ahmad Baba's comment about his library seized by the Moroccans: \"I had the smallest library of any of my kin, and they seized 1,600 volumes.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/library-publications/21/","url_text":"\"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\""}]},{"reference":"Singleton, Brent D. (2004). \"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\". Library Faculty Publications. 21. Manuscripts were plentiful in Timbuktu and the need for copying continual, affording students the opportunity to earn a living during their studies. [...] The cost of copying a set of books was enormous ... But no matter how costly local copying may have been, it was still far less expensive than purchasing most imported books.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/library-publications/21/","url_text":"\"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\""}]},{"reference":"Singleton, Brent D. (2004). \"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\". Library Faculty Publications. 21. The flow of books into Timbuktu naturally outpaced the number of books Timbuktu exported to the outside world, nonetheless, many notable works owned or penned by Sudanese scholars were traded north. Ahmad Baba, the preeminent scholar of Timbuktu, wrote more than 40 works including a biographical dictionary of Maliki fuqaha entitled Nayl al-ibtihaj bi-tatriz al-Dibaj, often referred to simply as the Nayl al-ibtihaj. This work gained popularity throughout the Maghrib (North Africa) and reached every part of the Maliki Muslim world.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/library-publications/21/","url_text":"\"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\""}]},{"reference":"Kaba, Lansiné (1981). \"Archers, Musketeers, and Mosquitoes: The Moroccan Invasion of the Sudan and the Songhay Resistance (1591–1612)\". The Journal of African History. 22 (4): 457–475. doi:10.1017/S0021853700019861. PMID 11632225. S2CID 41500711.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700019861","url_text":"10.1017/S0021853700019861"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11632225","url_text":"11632225"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41500711","url_text":"41500711"}]},{"reference":"Singleton, Brent D. (2004). \"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\". Library Faculty Publications. 21. Reliable figures concerning the size and scope of libraries in Timbuktu are scarce, however, the historical chronicles of Timbuktu and other sources provide a glimpse of a handful of collections. Al--Hashtuki quotes Ahmad Baba's comment about his library seized by the Moroccans: \"I had the smallest library of any of my kin, and they seized 1,600 volumes.\" ... Baba's personal collection was extensive and valuable, and was completely dispersed to Morocco.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/library-publications/21/","url_text":"\"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\""}]},{"reference":"Hunwick, John (2003). \"Timbuktu: A Refuge of Scholarly and RIghteous Folk\". Sudanic Africa. 14 – via JSTOR.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Wonders of the African World - Episodes - Road to Timbuktu - Wonders\". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2021-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi5/5_wondr6.htm","url_text":"\"Wonders of the African World - Episodes - Road to Timbuktu - Wonders\""}]},{"reference":"Hima, Halimatou (2020). \"'Francophone' Education Intersectionalities: Gender, Language, and Religion\". The Palgrave Handbook of African Education and Indigenous Knowledge. pp. 463–525.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thomas-Emeagwali, Gloria (January 1, 1988). \"Reflections on the Development of Science in the Islamic World - and its diffusion into Nigeria Before 1903\". Journal of the Pakistan Historical Societyb. 36: 41.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wright, Zachary V. (2020), \"The Islamic Intellectual Tradition of Sudanic Africa, with Analysis of a Fifteenth-Century Timbuktu Manuscript\", The Palgrave Handbook of Islam in Africa, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 55–76, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45759-4_4, ISBN 978-3-030-45758-7, S2CID 226523945, retrieved 2021-12-05","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45759-4_4","url_text":"\"The Islamic Intellectual Tradition of Sudanic Africa, with Analysis of a Fifteenth-Century Timbuktu Manuscript\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-45759-4_4","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-030-45759-4_4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-45758-7","url_text":"978-3-030-45758-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226523945","url_text":"226523945"}]},{"reference":"Singleton, Brent D. (2004). \"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\". Library Faculty Publications. 21. In the 16th century, Timbuktu housed as many as 150-180 maktabs (Qur'anic schools), where basic reading and recitation of the Qur'an were taught. The schools had an estimated peak enrollment of 4,000--5,000; this number includes the transitory population of students from neighboring cities and surrounding nomadic tribes. Basic literacy skills were abundant, but only a select few (200-300 individuals) drawn from a small number of wealthy families were able to attain the status of ulama (scholars).","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/library-publications/21/","url_text":"\"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\""}]},{"reference":"Gomez, Michael A. (2018). African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa. Princeton University Press. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-691-17742-7. Tarīkh al-fattāsh makes this very clear, transitioning from the general to the particular in estimating between 150 and 180 Qur'ānic schools (maktabān) in the city ... By extension, this suggests a city with a sizable student population, entirely consistent with Africanus's general impression. Attempts at quantification are simply that, but a range of 7,500 to 9,000 students in such schools does not seem an unreasonable estimate.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TXKYDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17742-7","url_text":"978-0-691-17742-7"}]},{"reference":"Singleton, Brent D. (2004). \"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\". Library Faculty Publications. 21. in Timbuktu the body of ulama was drawn exclusively from the city's wealthiest families. With the exception of a handful of apprentices called alfas, there were no opportunities for the lower classes to join the scholarly elite. ... The fully-qualified ulama of Timbuktu were a tight-knit community never numbering more than 200-300 at any particular time; they were concentrated in discrete quarters and mosques of the city.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/library-publications/21/","url_text":"\"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\""}]},{"reference":"Olasupo Adeleye, Mikail (January 1, 1983). \"Islam and Education\". Islamic Quarterly. 27: 140.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kobo, Ousman Murzik (2016), \"Paths to Progress: Madrasa Education and Sub-Saharan Muslims' Pursuit of Socioeconomic Development\", The State of Social Progress of Islamic Societies, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 159–177, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24774-8_7, ISBN 978-3-319-24772-4, retrieved 2021-12-05","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24774-8_7","url_text":"\"Paths to Progress: Madrasa Education and Sub-Saharan Muslims' Pursuit of Socioeconomic Development\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-24774-8_7","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-319-24774-8_7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-24772-4","url_text":"978-3-319-24772-4"}]},{"reference":"Dubois, Félix (1896). Timbuctoo the mysterious. New York, Longmans, Green and Co.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lawton, Bishop (2020-06-27). \"Sankore Mosque and University (c. 1100- ) •\". Retrieved 2021-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/institutions-global-african-history/sankore-mosque-and-university-c-1100/","url_text":"\"Sankore Mosque and University (c. 1100- ) •\""}]},{"reference":"\"The University of Sankore, Timbuktu\". Muslim Heritage. 2003-06-07. Retrieved 2021-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://muslimheritage.com/the-university-of-sankore-timbuktu/","url_text":"\"The University of Sankore, Timbuktu\""}]},{"reference":"Saad, Elias N. (1983). Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables 1400–1900. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24603-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24603-2","url_text":"0-521-24603-2"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sankor%C3%A9_Madrasah&params=16.7758876_N_3.0056351_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"16°46′33″N 3°00′20″W / 16.7758876°N 3.0056351°W / 16.7758876; -3.0056351"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sankor%C3%A9_Madrasah&params=16.7758876_N_3.0056351_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"16°46′33″N 3°00′20″W / 16.7758876°N 3.0056351°W / 16.7758876; -3.0056351"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/119/","external_links_name":"\"Timbuktu\""},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi5/5_wondr6.htm","external_links_name":"\"Wonders of the African World - Episodes - Road to Timbuktu - Wonders\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kdEsWyzLnD8C","external_links_name":"Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuzgo_textiles	Amuzgo textiles	["1 The Amuzgos","2 Preservation and marketing","3 Designs","4 Process","5 Florentina López de Jesús","6 References"]	Amuzgo hand woven huipils on display at the Xochistlahuaca Community Museum Amuzgo textiles are those created by the Amuzgo indigenous people who live in the Mexican states of Guerrero and Oaxaca. The history of this craft extends to the pre-Columbian period, which much preserved, as many Amuzgos, especially in Xochistlahuaca, still wear traditional clothing. However, the introduction of cheap commercial cloth has put the craft in danger as hand woven cloth with elaborate designs cannot compete as material for regular clothing. Since the 20th century, the Amuzgo weavers have mostly made cloth for family use, but they have also been developing specialty markets, such as to collectors and tourists for their product. One major player in this development is the Liaa’ Ljaa’ cooperative, which seeks to not only commercialize Amuzgo weaving but also preserve designs and traditional techniques, partnering with organizations such as the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) in Azcapotzalco. Most weavings are still done with traditional designs and techniques and with natural fibers, principally cotton, and dyes. The Amuzgos Amuzgo women dressed in huipils preparing thread for weaving The Amuzgos live in the border region of southeastern Guerrero and southwestern Oaxaca, with about eighty percent in Guerrero. Most live in the municipalities of San Pedro Amuzgos, Putla and Santa María Ipalapa in Oaxaca and Xochistlahuaca and Ometepec in Guerrero. The region is hot with rugged terrain with tropical forest whose leaves drop during the dry season. It has various small rivers and streams. The Amuzgo practice subsistence agriculture based on corn, beans and chili peppers with some other cash crops such as sesame seed and tropical fruits. The region is not purely Amuzgo as Triquis, Tlapanecs, Mixtecs, Chatinos and Nahuas. One name the Amuzgo have for themselves is Tzjon non, especially in San Pedro Amuzgos, which means “people of the textiles.” There are about 35,000 speakers of the Amuzgo language. The religion is Catholicism with indigenous elements such as a belief in good and evil spirits which can cause or cure disease, rain or drought and more. The largest community of Amuzgos is in the municipality of Xochistlahuaca in Guerrero. Many houses are of adobe on narrow streets on steep hills. The Amuzgos here have maintained most of their culture in its food, family structure, language and religious beliefs. Since 1996, Xochistlahuaca has hosted a regional gathering of Amuzgos to promote regional social, political and economic development. The town also has a community museum which has a number of pre Hispanic pieces. The children receive primary school education in both Spanish and Amuzgo. Textiles are an important part of Amuzgo culture and economy, although other handcrafts such as ceramics. Although weaving is painstaking and time-consuming, most Amuzgo women do it along with farming and household chores because it brings in money to the household, and the labors of men in the fields growing corn, beans, squash and cotton is not enough. Cotton is highly valued by the Amuzgos, not only for its economic value but also because it is considered to be in harmony with the human body and soft to the touch. Most of Xochistlahuaca inhabitants, especially the women, still wear traditional garb. The most notable of these is the huipil, a kind of long tunic, which is called “cheyno” in Amuzgo. This word means a cloth that covers a woman, and is considered to be an expression of the wearer. There are two types of huipils: everyday and those for special occasions, and both can be elaborately decorated. Preservation and marketing Juana Santa Ana Guerrero of the Liaa' Ljaa' at the Museo de Arte Popular. Most textiles made in Amuzgo homes is still for family use, especially huipils. However, the craft is in danger because machine made cloth is much cheaper, and as everyday clothing, traditional hand woven cloth cannot compete in the market outside the home. Starting in the latter 20th century, huipils and other traditional clothing for sale has been targeted to specialty markets such as to scholars like anthropologists, rich Mexican woman who wear them for civic holidays and to tourists from various parts of the world including those who travel to Xochistlahuaca to buy. Amuzgo textile production and efforts at preservation are strongest in Xochistlahuaca, with the oldest and most complex designs mostly known only to the oldest weavers in this municipality. The weavers of this town have made efforts to preserve these designs and pass them onto the younger generations. One major development in the preservation and promotion of Amuzgo textiles was the formation of the Liaa’ Ljaa’ cooperative in 1996. The name is from Amuzgo and means "materials of flowers". The cooperative today have fifty nine members representing fifty nine families, which totals about 160 people, only forty of which are men. This cooperative exists to avoid middlemen, selling more directly to the market for higher prices as well as promote efforts to preserve traditional designs and techniques using natural fibers and dyes. The group weaves elaborate huipils, blouses, skirts, rebozos, bedcovers, tablecloths and napkins, and works together to commercialize them. However, the most important item remains the huipil both for use by the Amuzgo women and by collectors. The Amuzgo have taken steps to have their weavings received a “denomination of origin” so that this style of weaving is only authentically produced in Amuzgo territory, similar to the denomination of origin afforded to Talavera pottery. They have also worked to create new designs and new items, such as pants and rugs for commercialization purposes with support from government and other sources. One of these is the cooperation between Liaa’ Ljaa’ and the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, which aims to preserve Amuzgo textiles and other aspects of Amuzgo culture. The UAM library has a collection of original textiles, along with a catalog of 244 traditional designs used on clothing and other textiles, with photographs in the possession of the Xochistlahuaca Community Museum. The collaboration works to preserve traditional designs which are not often done because they are complex, time-consuming and/or costly to make. Weavers from Xochistlahuaca have received support and awards for their work. Sources of support include Programa Nacional de Arte Popular of the DGCP, Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas, and the Programa de Fondos Culturales. The last has a program called "Fortalecimiento Cultural" which aims to recompile and register traditional designs to keep the oldest and most complicated from being forgotten. A number of weavers from the community have received prizes for their work including the 2004 Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes awarded to the cooperative as a whole. The work has been exhibited in museums such as the Museo Regional de Guerrero. Estela Pineda participated in the XVI Muestra Iberoamericana de Artesanía in Spain with a huipil made of coyochi cotton colored with vegetable dyes which was recognized as best textile. Plants used included indigo, marigold flowers, roses and others. Florentina Lopez de Jesus won second place at the UNESCO handcraft prize in 2001 for Latin American and the Caribbean. Designs The embroidery and weaving designs of Amuzgo textiles have significance and are passed down from generation to generation. The designs found on the cloth made in Xochistlahuaca is some of the most traditional. The patterns identify various Amuzgo communities as well as Amuzgo identity, with the designs considered to be a kind of “alphabet” by Amuzgo weavers. This use of design is part of this people’s cultural heritage along with the weaving process itself. Some of the designs can be traced back to images found on codices and pre Hispanic cultures. Most of the designs are based on the flora and fauna of the Costa Chica region of Guerrero, especially those near Xochistlahuaca. These include petate mat patterns, fretwork, suns, stars, mountains, rivers, dogs, horses, donkeys, turtles, water bugs, birds, double headed eagles and various flowers. There are mathematical formulas that create patterns such as “pata de perro” (a kind of leaf that grows along the Santa Catarina River), “flores de piedra” (stone flowers), curvas de cola de tortuga (turtle tail curls), “flores de pina” (pineapple flowers) and “patas de gato” (cats’ feet). These patterns can be found on huipils, blouses, skirts, napkins, rebozos and dresses. An S pattern represents the feminine and indirectly, the earth. Another common motif is the double headed eagle, which is based on a number of myths of the region. There are also newer designs which were created with the help of Beatriz Jimenez, a designer at UAM. Process Amuzgo woman weaving a rebozo on a backstrap loom Like many other indigenous communities, people learn to create handcrafts as young children, with most boys learning to weave hammocks and nets, but it is the girls that learn to make cloth on a backstrap loom, learning from their mothers and grandmothers. Most of the thread, the dyes and the tools used for weaving fabric are natural and include cotton, wood and even bird bones which function much like needles. White cotton is increasingly used but the most traditional variety is called “coyuche” which is naturally brown. The name comes from “coyote” as the color is similar to that to the animal. This variety of cotton is not used anywhere else in the world, but its use is less than the past and not used at all in many works. This cotton is grown by the Amuzgo themselves, along with other crops. Cotton fiber is also often mixed with the fiber of a local plant called cacaloxuchitl. Dyes are made from cochineal, branches from the nanche (Byrsonima crassifolia) and almond tree and hay. Generally, huipils made from cloth 45 cm wide take about four months to complete, working four hours a day. It sells for about 2,500 pesos. All pieces are unique with no two exactly the same. The process of converting cotton into cloth is nearly the same as it was in the pre Hispanic period. The process starts with cleaning and beating the raw cotton fibers, then spinning them into thread using a supported spindle called a malacate (large whorl-less spindle which spins in a small cup). The thread is wound into skeins of yarn and dyed. The warp threads are wound, which determines the length of the cloth to be made as well as some of the colors that will be used. The weaving is done on a backstrap loom. One end of the warp threads are fastened to a wooden rod and the other end is held by a wood stick or rod which is then fastened to the weaver by a belt that goes around her back. The weaving is done by raising half the warp threads to create a space or shed through which the shuttle passes. To create two different sheds, the weaver uses a wood pole called a shed rod that half the warp passes over and string heddles tied to another wooden rod, that the other half of the warp passes through. Some designs are woven into the fabric by introducing an extra weft thread that may be brightly colored. There are four main weaving techniques. Simple huipils are made in brocade with extra or supplementary weft threads seen on both sides of the cloth. Napkins and tablecloths have one side completely smooth. A second type of huipil has areas of gauze weave (gauze is an open cloth stabilized with leno twists). The fourth is an all over gauze weave called concha de armadillos with the design in the form of a diamond. Cloth destined for huipils is joined together by complicated and decorative hand stitching. In addition to designs woven into the cloth, clothing, napkins and more are further embellished with embroidery with designs depicting geometric figures, animals. Most embroidery is done using commercial thread as it is cheaper. Florentina López de Jesús The best known Amuzgo weaver from Xochistlahuaca is Florentina López de Jesús. Like most other girls in her area, she watched her mother weave as she sat by her side playing with skeins of cotton yarn. When she was an adult her weaving skills came to include techniques such as taffeta, simple weave, taletón (a variation of taffeta)and variations of gauze. Her specialty is gauze brocade in which various colored brocading weft threads are introduced to form designs. At first, her production was generally sold among her friends or done by special order as she had no permanent shop. After winning awards for her work starting in 1980, she began selling her pieces in Ometepec. Major awards include “Por siempre el rebozo” in 1991 and Las Manos de México in 1994 in the category of brocade. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amuzgo textiles. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gonzalo J. Alarcón Vial (October 22, 2009). "Rescate de una tradición: estudio del lenguaje gráfico en la trama textil Amuzga" (in Spanish). Italy: Universidad de Palermo. Retrieved April 15, 2012. ^ a b John P. Schmal. "Oaxaca: A land of diversity, 2". Artes e Historia. Houston Texas: Houston Institute for Culture. Retrieved April 15, 2012. ^ a b c d e f g h "Donde se tejen los colores" . Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. January 28, 2001. p. 6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Eduardo Gleason. "Artesanía amuzga en Xochistlahuaca (Guerrero)" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine. Retrieved April 15, 2012. ^ a b c d e f ""Con el alma en un hilo. Textiles amuzgos de Xochistlahuaca", impresionante colección de huipiles" . Azteca 21 (in Spanish). Mexico City. December 26, 2008. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2012. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fernando García Álvarez. "Las tejedoras de sueños de Xochistlahuaca" (in Spanish). Mexico: Dirección General de las Culturas Populares. Archived from the original on June 22, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2012. ^ a b c d e f Lupita Aguilar (February 28, 2004). "Reclaman indigenas apoyo" . Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 4. ^ a b c d e Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. "Estudio del lenguaje grafico en la trama textil Amuzga Rescate de los diseños tradicionales amuzgos de Xochistlahuaca, Gro. de uso en los textiles elaborados en telar de cintura" (in Spanish). UNESCO. Archived from the original on September 13, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2012. ^ Marisol Wences Mina (December 13, 2008). "Muestran la tradición textil de Xochistlahuaca en Chilpancingo" . La Jornada de Guerrero (in Spanish). Chilpancingo. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved April 15, 2012. ^ "Obtuvo Estela Pineda en España Premio al Mejor Oficio de Arte Textil. Afirma que en cada huipil confeccionado va algo de ella misma" . NOTIMEX (in Spanish). Mexico City. December 16, 2008. ^ "El textil mexicano tradicional" . Artes e Historia (in Spanish). Mexico: CONACULTA. Archived from the original on 2012-05-25. Retrieved April 15, 2012. ^ "Amuzgos - Tzjon Non". Mexico: Comisiíon Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas. October 22, 2009. Archived from the original on December 15, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2012. ^ Fernández de Calderón, Cándida, ed. (2003). Great Masters of Mexican Folk Art: From the collection of Fomento Cultural Banamex (2 ed.). Mexico City: Fomento Cultural Banamex, A.C. pp. 359–360. ISBN 968 5234 09 4. vteMexican handcrafts and folk artClay and ceramics Mexican ceramics Talavera pottery Ceramics of Jalisco Mata Ortiz pottery Tree of Life Barro Negro pottery Green glazed pottery of Atzompa Pottery of Metepec Soteno family Textiles and other fiber crafts Textiles of Mexico Basketry of Mexico Textiles of Oaxaca Amuzgo textiles Tenango embroidery Mexican rag doll Petate Huipil Rebozo Quechquemitl Paper Piñata Amate Cartonería Miss Lupita project Lupita dolls Crafts towns San Pablito (amate paper) Santa María Atzompa (pottery) San Bartolo Coyotepec (pottery) Ocotlán de Morelos (pottery, blades) San Martín Tilcajete (alebrijes) Santa Clara del Cobre (copper crafts, Punzo family) Teotitlán del Valle (rugs) Temoaya (rugs) Tlalpujahua (Christmas ornaments) Tlaquepaque (pottery) Tonalá, Jalisco (pottery, glass, etc) Tenancingo, State of Mexico (rebozos, basketry, furniture) Crafts, popular art museums and other promotors Museo de Arte Popular National Museum of Mexican Art Museo de la Laca and the Santo Domingo monastery Museo Estatal de Arte Popular de Oaxaca Museo Universitario de Artes Populares María Teresa Pomar Museo Regional de la Ceramica, Tlaquepaque Museo de Trajes Regionales Marta Turok María Teresa Pomar National Pyrotechnic Festival Museo Nacional de la Máscara FONART Ciudadela Market Palm Sunday Handcraft Market Feria Maestros del Arte Artisans see List of Mexican artisans Handcrafts by federal entity Chiapas Guerrero Guanajuato Hidalgo Jalisco Mexico City Michoacán Oaxaca Puebla State of Mexico Tlaxcala Other Mexican lacquerware Mexican mask-folk art Alebrije Piteado Popotillo art Votive paintings of Mexico Huichol art Sawdust carpet Vochol Alfeñique in Mexico Mexican ironwood carvings Traditional copper work in Mexico Mexican handcrafted fireworks Mexican pointy boots Mexico City Alebrije Parade Traditional metal working in Mexico Traditional Mexican handcrafted toys Mexican featherwork	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amuzgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuzgo_people"},{"link_name":"Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"pre-Columbian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Xochistlahuaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xochistlahuaca"},{"link_name":"Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_Metropolitana"},{"link_name":"Azcapotzalco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azcapotzalco"}],"text":"Amuzgo textiles are those created by the Amuzgo indigenous people who live in the Mexican states of Guerrero and Oaxaca. The history of this craft extends to the pre-Columbian period, which much preserved, as many Amuzgos, especially in Xochistlahuaca, still wear traditional clothing. However, the introduction of cheap commercial cloth has put the craft in danger as hand woven cloth with elaborate designs cannot compete as material for regular clothing. Since the 20th century, the Amuzgo weavers have mostly made cloth for family use, but they have also been developing specialty markets, such as to collectors and tourists for their product.One major player in this development is the Liaa’ Ljaa’ cooperative, which seeks to not only commercialize Amuzgo weaving but also preserve designs and traditional techniques, partnering with organizations such as the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) in Azcapotzalco. Most weavings are still done with traditional designs and techniques and with natural fibers, principally cotton, and dyes.","title":"Amuzgo textiles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:XochisWeavers05.JPG"},{"link_name":"San Pedro Amuzgos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_Amuzgos"},{"link_name":"Putla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putla_Villa_de_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Santa María Ipalapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Ipalapa"},{"link_name":"Ometepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ometepec"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rescate-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-houston-2"},{"link_name":"Triquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triqui_people"},{"link_name":"Tlapanecs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlapanec_people"},{"link_name":"Mixtecs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixtec_people"},{"link_name":"Chatinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatino_people"},{"link_name":"Nahuas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahua_peoples"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rescate-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rescate-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-houston-2"},{"link_name":"Amuzgo language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuzgo_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colores-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colores-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colores-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artesania-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artesania-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colores-3"},{"link_name":"huipil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huipil"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artesania-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alma-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alma-5"}],"text":"Amuzgo women dressed in huipils preparing thread for weavingThe Amuzgos live in the border region of southeastern Guerrero and southwestern Oaxaca, with about eighty percent in Guerrero. Most live in the municipalities of San Pedro Amuzgos, Putla and Santa María Ipalapa in Oaxaca and Xochistlahuaca and Ometepec in Guerrero.[1][2] The region is hot with rugged terrain with tropical forest whose leaves drop during the dry season. It has various small rivers and streams. The Amuzgo practice subsistence agriculture based on corn, beans and chili peppers with some other cash crops such as sesame seed and tropical fruits. The region is not purely Amuzgo as Triquis, Tlapanecs, Mixtecs, Chatinos and Nahuas.[1]One name the Amuzgo have for themselves is Tzjon non, especially in San Pedro Amuzgos, which means “people of the textiles.”[1][2] There are about 35,000 speakers of the Amuzgo language. The religion is Catholicism with indigenous elements such as a belief in good and evil spirits which can cause or cure disease, rain or drought and more. The largest community of Amuzgos is in the municipality of Xochistlahuaca in Guerrero. Many houses are of adobe on narrow streets on steep hills. The Amuzgos here have maintained most of their culture in its food, family structure, language and religious beliefs. Since 1996, Xochistlahuaca has hosted a regional gathering of Amuzgos to promote regional social, political and economic development. The town also has a community museum which has a number of pre Hispanic pieces. The children receive primary school education in both Spanish and Amuzgo.[3]Textiles are an important part of Amuzgo culture and economy, although other handcrafts such as ceramics.[3] Although weaving is painstaking and time-consuming, most Amuzgo women do it along with farming and household chores because it brings in money to the household, and the labors of men in the fields growing corn, beans, squash and cotton is not enough.[3][4] Cotton is highly valued by the Amuzgos, not only for its economic value but also because it is considered to be in harmony with the human body and soft to the touch.[4] Most of Xochistlahuaca inhabitants, especially the women, still wear traditional garb.[3] The most notable of these is the huipil, a kind of long tunic, which is called “cheyno” in Amuzgo. This word means a cloth that covers a woman, and is considered to be an expression of the wearer.[4][5] There are two types of huipils: everyday and those for special occasions, and both can be elaborately decorated.[5]","title":"The Amuzgos"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6thAnniversayMAP77_edit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Museo de Arte Popular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_de_Arte_Popular"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tejedoras-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artesania-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colores-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reclaman-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rescate-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tejedoras-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rescate-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enlaces-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rescate-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artesania-4"},{"link_name":"rebozos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebozo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enlaces-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artesania-4"},{"link_name":"Talavera pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talavera_(pottery)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enlaces-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artesania-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reclaman-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rescate-1"},{"link_name":"Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comisi%C3%B3n_Nacional_para_el_Desarrollo_de_los_Pueblos_Ind%C3%ADgenas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tejedoras-6"},{"link_name":"Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nacional_de_Ciencias_y_Artes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tejedoras-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-muestran-9"},{"link_name":"indigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo"},{"link_name":"marigold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagetes"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obtuvo-10"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reclaman-7"}],"text":"Juana Santa Ana Guerrero of the Liaa' Ljaa' at the Museo de Arte Popular.Most textiles made in Amuzgo homes is still for family use, especially huipils.[6] However, the craft is in danger because machine made cloth is much cheaper, and as everyday clothing, traditional hand woven cloth cannot compete in the market outside the home.[4] Starting in the latter 20th century, huipils and other traditional clothing for sale has been targeted to specialty markets such as to scholars like anthropologists, rich Mexican woman who wear them for civic holidays and to tourists from various parts of the world including those who travel to Xochistlahuaca to buy.[3][7]Amuzgo textile production and efforts at preservation are strongest in Xochistlahuaca, with the oldest and most complex designs mostly known only to the oldest weavers in this municipality.[1][6] The weavers of this town have made efforts to preserve these designs and pass them onto the younger generations.[1] One major development in the preservation and promotion of Amuzgo textiles was the formation of the Liaa’ Ljaa’ cooperative in 1996. The name is from Amuzgo and means \"materials of flowers\".[8] The cooperative today have fifty nine members representing fifty nine families, which totals about 160 people, only forty of which are men.[1] This cooperative exists to avoid middlemen, selling more directly to the market for higher prices as well as promote efforts to preserve traditional designs and techniques using natural fibers and dyes.[4] The group weaves elaborate huipils, blouses, skirts, rebozos, bedcovers, tablecloths and napkins, and works together to commercialize them.[8] However, the most important item remains the huipil both for use by the Amuzgo women and by collectors.[4]The Amuzgo have taken steps to have their weavings received a “denomination of origin” so that this style of weaving is only authentically produced in Amuzgo territory, similar to the denomination of origin afforded to Talavera pottery.[8] They have also worked to create new designs and new items, such as pants and rugs for commercialization purposes with support from government and other sources.[4][7] One of these is the cooperation between Liaa’ Ljaa’ and the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, which aims to preserve Amuzgo textiles and other aspects of Amuzgo culture. The UAM library has a collection of original textiles, along with a catalog of 244 traditional designs used on clothing and other textiles, with photographs in the possession of the Xochistlahuaca Community Museum. The collaboration works to preserve traditional designs which are not often done because they are complex, time-consuming and/or costly to make.[1]Weavers from Xochistlahuaca have received support and awards for their work. Sources of support include Programa Nacional de Arte Popular of the DGCP, Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas, and the Programa de Fondos Culturales. The last has a program called \"Fortalecimiento Cultural\" which aims to recompile and register traditional designs to keep the oldest and most complicated from being forgotten.[6]A number of weavers from the community have received prizes for their work including the 2004 Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes awarded to the cooperative as a whole.[6] The work has been exhibited in museums such as the Museo Regional de Guerrero.[9] Estela Pineda participated in the XVI Muestra Iberoamericana de Artesanía in Spain with a huipil made of coyochi cotton colored with vegetable dyes which was recognized as best textile. Plants used included indigo, marigold flowers, roses and others.[10] Florentina Lopez de Jesus won second place at the UNESCO handcraft prize in 2001 for Latin American and the Caribbean.[7]","title":"Preservation and marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rescate-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artshistory-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artesania-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enlaces-8"},{"link_name":"codices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aztec_c%C3%B3dices&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artesania-4"},{"link_name":"Costa Chica region of Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Chica_of_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"petate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petate"},{"link_name":"fretwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fretwork"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colores-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reclaman-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alma-5"},{"link_name":"double headed eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-headed_eagle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rescate-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reclaman-7"}],"text":"The embroidery and weaving designs of Amuzgo textiles have significance and are passed down from generation to generation.[1][11] The designs found on the cloth made in Xochistlahuaca is some of the most traditional.[4] The patterns identify various Amuzgo communities as well as Amuzgo identity, with the designs considered to be a kind of “alphabet” by Amuzgo weavers. This use of design is part of this people’s cultural heritage along with the weaving process itself.[8] Some of the designs can be traced back to images found on codices and pre Hispanic cultures.[4] Most of the designs are based on the flora and fauna of the Costa Chica region of Guerrero, especially those near Xochistlahuaca. These include petate mat patterns, fretwork, suns, stars, mountains, rivers, dogs, horses, donkeys, turtles, water bugs, birds, double headed eagles and various flowers.[3] There are mathematical formulas that create patterns such as “pata de perro” (a kind of leaf that grows along the Santa Catarina River), “flores de piedra” (stone flowers), curvas de cola de tortuga (turtle tail curls), “flores de pina” (pineapple flowers) and “patas de gato” (cats’ feet). These patterns can be found on huipils, blouses, skirts, napkins, rebozos and dresses.[7] An S pattern represents the feminine and indirectly, the earth.[5] Another common motif is the double headed eagle, which is based on a number of myths of the region.[1] There are also newer designs which were created with the help of Beatriz Jimenez, a designer at UAM.[7]","title":"Designs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:XochisWeavers23.JPG"},{"link_name":"hammocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammock"},{"link_name":"backstrap loom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom#Back_strap_loom"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tejedoras-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdigob-12"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tejedoras-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artesania-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rescate-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enlaces-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artesania-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alma-5"},{"link_name":"cochineal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochineal"},{"link_name":"Byrsonima crassifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrsonima_crassifolia"},{"link_name":"almond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alma-5"},{"link_name":"pesos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_peso"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reclaman-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tejedoras-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colores-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tejedoras-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tejedoras-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rescate-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tejedoras-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colores-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alma-5"}],"text":"Amuzgo woman weaving a rebozo on a backstrap loomLike many other indigenous communities, people learn to create handcrafts as young children, with most boys learning to weave hammocks and nets, but it is the girls that learn to make cloth on a backstrap loom, learning from their mothers and grandmothers.[6][12] Most of the thread, the dyes and the tools used for weaving fabric are natural and include cotton, wood and even bird bones which function much like needles.[6] White cotton is increasingly used but the most traditional variety is called “coyuche” which is naturally brown. The name comes from “coyote” as the color is similar to that to the animal.[4] This variety of cotton is not used anywhere else in the world, but its use is less than the past and not used at all in many works.[1][8] This cotton is grown by the Amuzgo themselves, along with other crops. Cotton fiber is also often mixed with the fiber of a local plant called cacaloxuchitl.[4][5] Dyes are made from cochineal, branches from the nanche (Byrsonima crassifolia) and almond tree and hay.[5]Generally, huipils made from cloth 45 cm wide take about four months to complete, working four hours a day. It sells for about 2,500 pesos.[7] All pieces are unique with no two exactly the same.[6]The process of converting cotton into cloth is nearly the same as it was in the pre Hispanic period. The process starts with cleaning and beating the raw cotton fibers, then spinning them into thread using a supported spindle called a malacate (large whorl-less spindle which spins in a small cup). The thread is wound into skeins of yarn and dyed.[3][6]The warp threads are wound, which determines the length of the cloth to be made as well as some of the colors that will be used. The weaving is done on a backstrap loom. One end of the warp threads are fastened to a wooden rod and the other end is held by a wood stick or rod which is then fastened to the weaver by a belt that goes around her back. The weaving is done by raising half the warp threads to create a space or shed through which the shuttle passes. To create two different sheds, the weaver uses a wood pole called a shed rod that half the warp passes over and string heddles tied to another wooden rod, that the other half of the warp passes through. Some designs are woven into the fabric by introducing an extra weft thread that may be brightly colored.[6] There are four main weaving techniques. Simple huipils are made in brocade with extra or supplementary weft threads seen on both sides of the cloth. Napkins and tablecloths have one side completely smooth. A second type of huipil has areas of gauze weave (gauze is an open cloth stabilized with leno twists). The fourth is an all over gauze weave called concha de armadillos with the design in the form of a diamond.[1]Cloth destined for huipils is joined together by complicated and decorative hand stitching.[6] In addition to designs woven into the cloth, clothing, napkins and more are further embellished with embroidery with designs depicting geometric figures, animals.[3] Most embroidery is done using commercial thread as it is cheaper.[5]","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florentina López de Jesús","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentina_L%C3%B3pez_de_Jes%C3%BAs"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmasters-13"},{"link_name":"Amuzgo textiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amuzgo_textiles"}],"text":"The best known Amuzgo weaver from Xochistlahuaca is Florentina López de Jesús. Like most other girls in her area, she watched her mother weave as she sat by her side playing with skeins of cotton yarn. When she was an adult her weaving skills came to include techniques such as taffeta, simple weave, taletón (a variation of taffeta)and variations of gauze. Her specialty is gauze brocade in which various colored brocading weft threads are introduced to form designs. At first, her production was generally sold among her friends or done by special order as she had no permanent shop. After winning awards for her work starting in 1980, she began selling her pieces in Ometepec. Major awards include “Por siempre el rebozo” in 1991 and Las Manos de México in 1994 in the category of brocade.[13]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amuzgo textiles.","title":"Florentina López de Jesús"}]	[{"image_text":"Amuzgo hand woven huipils on display at the Xochistlahuaca Community Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/XochisWeavers08.JPG/300px-XochisWeavers08.JPG"},{"image_text":"Amuzgo women dressed in huipils preparing thread for weaving","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/XochisWeavers05.JPG/220px-XochisWeavers05.JPG"},{"image_text":"Juana Santa Ana Guerrero of the Liaa' Ljaa' at the Museo de Arte Popular.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/6thAnniversayMAP77_edit.jpg/220px-6thAnniversayMAP77_edit.jpg"},{"image_text":"Amuzgo woman weaving a rebozo on a backstrap loom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/XochisWeavers23.JPG/220px-XochisWeavers23.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Gonzalo J. Alarcón Vial (October 22, 2009). \"Rescate de una tradición: estudio del lenguaje gráfico en la trama textil Amuzga\" [Rescue of a tradition: study of the graphic language of Amuzgo textiles] (in Spanish). Italy: Universidad de Palermo. Retrieved April 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://fido.palermo.edu/servicios_dyc/publicacionesdc/vista/detalle_articulo.php?id_libro=14&id_articulo=5423","url_text":"\"Rescate de una tradición: estudio del lenguaje gráfico en la trama textil Amuzga\""}]},{"reference":"John P. Schmal. \"Oaxaca: A land of diversity, 2\". Artes e Historia. Houston Texas: Houston Institute for Culture. Retrieved April 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.houstonculture.org/mexico/oaxaca2.html","url_text":"\"Oaxaca: A land of diversity, 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Donde se tejen los colores\" [Where they weave colors]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. January 28, 2001. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Eduardo Gleason. \"Artesanía amuzga en Xochistlahuaca (Guerrero)\" [Amuzgo handcrafts in Xochistlahuaca (Guerrero)] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine. Retrieved April 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/artesania-amuzga-en-xochistlahuaca-guerrero.html","url_text":"\"Artesanía amuzga en Xochistlahuaca (Guerrero)\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Con el alma en un hilo. Textiles amuzgos de Xochistlahuaca\", impresionante colección de huipiles\" [\"With the soul in one thread. Amuzgo textiles of Xochistlahuaca,\" impressive collection of huipils]. Azteca 21 (in Spanish). Mexico City. December 26, 2008. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191759/http://azteca21.com/n/index.php/secciones/arte-y-cultura/9498","url_text":"\"\"Con el alma en un hilo. Textiles amuzgos de Xochistlahuaca\", impresionante colección de huipiles\""},{"url":"http://azteca21.com/n/index.php/secciones/arte-y-cultura/9498","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fernando García Álvarez. \"Las tejedoras de sueños de Xochistlahuaca\" [The weavers of dreams in Xochistlahuaca] (in Spanish). Mexico: Dirección General de las Culturas Populares. Archived from the original on June 22, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150622064607/http://www.culturaspopulareseindigenas.gob.mx/cp/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=187:orejones-de-calabacitas&catid=59","url_text":"\"Las tejedoras de sueños de Xochistlahuaca\""},{"url":"http://www.culturaspopulareseindigenas.gob.mx/cp/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=187:orejones-de-calabacitas&catid=59","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lupita Aguilar (February 28, 2004). \"Reclaman indigenas apoyo\" [Indigenous demand support]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. \"Estudio del lenguaje grafico en la trama textil Amuzga Rescate de los diseños tradicionales amuzgos de Xochistlahuaca, Gro. de uso en los textiles elaborados en telar de cintura\" [Study of the graphic language in Amuzgo textiles Rescue of traditional Amuzgo designs from Xochistlahuaca, Guerrero in use in textiles made on a backstrap loom] (in Spanish). UNESCO. Archived from the original on September 13, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140913170200/http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_fabrik&c=form&view=details&Itemid=502&fabrik=3&rowid=317&tableid=3&lang=es","url_text":"\"Estudio del lenguaje grafico en la trama textil Amuzga Rescate de los diseños tradicionales amuzgos de Xochistlahuaca, Gro. de uso en los textiles elaborados en telar de cintura\""},{"url":"http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_fabrik&c=form&view=details&Itemid=502&fabrik=3&rowid=317&tableid=3&lang=es","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marisol Wences Mina (December 13, 2008). \"Muestran la tradición textil de Xochistlahuaca en Chilpancingo\" [Exhibiting tradition: texiles of Xochistlahuaca in Chilpancingo]. La Jornada de Guerrero (in Spanish). Chilpancingo. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved April 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081216013613/http://www.lajornadaguerrero.com.mx/2008/12/13/index.php?section=cultura&article=013n1cul","url_text":"\"Muestran la tradición textil de Xochistlahuaca en Chilpancingo\""},{"url":"http://www.lajornadaguerrero.com.mx/2008/12/13/index.php?section=cultura&article=013n1cul","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Obtuvo Estela Pineda en España Premio al Mejor Oficio de Arte Textil. Afirma que en cada huipil confeccionado va algo de ella misma\" [Estela Pineda wins Premio al Mejor oficio de Arte Textil in Spain]. NOTIMEX (in Spanish). Mexico City. December 16, 2008.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"El textil mexicano tradicional\" [The traditional Mexican textile]. Artes e Historia (in Spanish). Mexico: CONACULTA. Archived from the original on 2012-05-25. Retrieved April 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120525171554/http://www.arts-history.mx/sitios/index.php?id_sitio=7041&id_seccion=845583&id_subseccion=694068","url_text":"\"El textil mexicano tradicional\""},{"url":"http://www.arts-history.mx/sitios/index.php?id_sitio=7041&id_seccion=845583&id_subseccion=694068","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Amuzgos - Tzjon Non\". Mexico: Comisiíon Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas. October 22, 2009. Archived from the original on December 15, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131215031832/http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=582&Itemid=62","url_text":"\"Amuzgos - Tzjon Non\""},{"url":"http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=582&Itemid=62","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fernández de Calderón, Cándida, ed. (2003). Great Masters of Mexican Folk Art: From the collection of Fomento Cultural Banamex (2 ed.). Mexico City: Fomento Cultural Banamex, A.C. pp. 359–360. ISBN 968 5234 09 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/968_5234_09_4","url_text":"968 5234 09 4"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://fido.palermo.edu/servicios_dyc/publicacionesdc/vista/detalle_articulo.php?id_libro=14&id_articulo=5423","external_links_name":"\"Rescate de una tradición: estudio del lenguaje gráfico en la trama textil Amuzga\""},{"Link":"http://www.houstonculture.org/mexico/oaxaca2.html","external_links_name":"\"Oaxaca: A land of diversity, 2\""},{"Link":"http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/artesania-amuzga-en-xochistlahuaca-guerrero.html","external_links_name":"\"Artesanía amuzga en Xochistlahuaca (Guerrero)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191759/http://azteca21.com/n/index.php/secciones/arte-y-cultura/9498","external_links_name":"\"\"Con el alma en un hilo. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldo_Nascimento	Geraldo Nascimento	["1 Life","2 References"]	Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate (1936–2022) His ExcellencyGeraldo NascimentoAuxiliary Bishop Emeritus of FortalezaAppointed10 September 1982Term ended22 January 1997Other post(s)Titular Bishop of Zama Major (1982–2022)OrdersOrdination29 June 1967Consecration22 December 1982by Aloísio Leo Arlindo LorscheiderPersonal detailsBorn(1936-05-18)18 May 1936Senador Pompeu, Ceará, BrazilDied6 November 2022(2022-11-06) (aged 86)Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil Geraldo Nascimento (18 May 1936 – 6 November 2022) was a Brazilian Capuchin and bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. Life After studying at the Salesian College in Baturité and at the Marist College of Ceará in Fortaleza, Geraldo Nascimento entered the Capuchin order as a postulant. In 1959, he began his novitiate in Guaramiranga, where he made his first vows on 28 December, 1960. He was ordained a priest on 29 June, 1967 by José Medeiros Delgado, Archbishop of Fortaleza, and then completed further studies in theology and philosophy, becoming director and teacher in 1968. On 10 September, 1982, Pope John Paul II appointed him Auxiliary bishop of Fortaleza and Titular bishop of Zama Major. The Archbishop of Fortaleza, Cardinal Aloísio Lorscheider OFM, consecrated Nascimento on December 22 of the same year; Co-consecrators were Manuel Edmilson da Cruz, Auxiliary Bishop of Fortaleza, and Timóteo Francisco Nemésio Pereira Cordeiro OFMCap, Bishop of Tianguá. Pope Benedict XVI accepted Nascimento's retirement on January 22, 1997, at the age of 60 for health reasons. Since 2016 he has been a member of the Capuchin convent of Juazeiro do Norte and has served as confessor at the Sanctuary of São Francisco das Chagas. He died on November 6, 2022, in Juazeiro do Norte at the age of 86. References ^ Catholic-Hierarchy.org.- Bishop Geraldo Nascimento Catholic Church titles Preceded by— Auxiliary Bishop of Fortaleza 1982–1997 Succeeded by— Preceded byEliseu Maria Coroli Titular Bishop of Zama Major 1982–2022 Succeeded byVacant	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Capuchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"}],"text":"Geraldo Nascimento (18 May 1936 – 6 November 2022) was a Brazilian Capuchin and bishop of the Roman Catholic Church.","title":"Geraldo Nascimento"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fortaleza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Fortaleza"},{"link_name":"novitiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novitiate"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Auxiliary bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop"},{"link_name":"Titular bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_bishop"},{"link_name":"Zama Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zama_(Tunisia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"OFM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"convent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convent"}],"text":"After studying at the Salesian College in Baturité and at the Marist College of Ceará in Fortaleza, Geraldo Nascimento entered the Capuchin order as a postulant. In 1959, he began his novitiate in Guaramiranga, where he made his first vows on 28 December, 1960. He was ordained a priest on 29 June, 1967 by José Medeiros Delgado, Archbishop of Fortaleza, and then completed further studies in theology and philosophy, becoming director and teacher in 1968.On 10 September, 1982, Pope John Paul II appointed him Auxiliary bishop of Fortaleza and Titular bishop of Zama Major.[1] The Archbishop of Fortaleza, Cardinal Aloísio Lorscheider OFM, consecrated Nascimento on December 22 of the same year; Co-consecrators were Manuel Edmilson da Cruz, Auxiliary Bishop of Fortaleza, and Timóteo Francisco Nemésio Pereira Cordeiro OFMCap, Bishop of Tianguá.Pope Benedict XVI accepted Nascimento's retirement on January 22, 1997, at the age of 60 for health reasons. Since 2016 he has been a member of the Capuchin convent of Juazeiro do Norte and has served as confessor at the Sanctuary of São Francisco das Chagas. He died on November 6, 2022, in Juazeiro do Norte at the age of 86.","title":"Life"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bcardelli.html","external_links_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org.- Bishop Geraldo Nascimento"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracross	List of generation II Pokémon	["1 Design and development","2 List of Pokémon","3 Notes","4 References"]	List of Pokémon species introduced in its second generation "Ledian" redirects here. For the Albanian professional football coach and former central midfielder, see Ledian Memushaj. "Corsola" redirects here. For the Galarian variation of the species introduced in Pokémon Sword and Shield, see Galarian Corsola. The international logo for the Pokémon franchise List of Pokémon by generation Generation IGeneration IIGeneration IIIGeneration IVGeneration VGeneration VIGeneration VIIGeneration VIIIGeneration IX Related: List of Pokémonvte The second generation (generation II) of the Pokémon franchise features 100 fictional species of creatures introduced to the core video game series in the 1999 Game Boy Color games Pokémon Gold and Silver, set in the Johto region. Some Pokémon in this generation were introduced in animated adaptations of the franchise before Gold and Silver, such as Ho-Oh in the first episode of the Pokémon anime series in 1998 and 1999, Togepi, which was a recurring character in the anime owned by Misty, Donphan in the Pokémon first movie in 1998, Snubbull in the first Pikachu short movie in 1998, and Marill, which also debuted in that short film and was a recurring character in the anime owned by Tracey Sketchit in 1998 and 1999. Elekid, Bellossom, Ledyba, and Hoothoot debuted in Pikachu's Rescue Adventure, and Lugia and Slowking debuted in Pokémon 2000. The following list details the 100 Pokémon of generation II in order of their National Pokédex number. The first Pokémon, Chikorita, is number 152 and the last, Celebi, is number 251. Alternate forms that result in type changes are included for convenience. Mega evolutions and regional forms are included on the pages for the generation in which they were introduced. Design and development Pokémon are fictional species created for the Pokémon franchise. Developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo, the series began in Japan in 1996 with the release of the video games Pokémon Red and Blue for the Game Boy. In these games, the player assumes the role of a Pokémon Trainer whose goal is to capture and train creatures called Pokémon. Players use the creatures' special abilities to combat other Pokémon, and some can transform into stronger species through a process called evolution. Pokémon also have various types, which are elemental attributes that determine a Pokémon's strengths and weaknesses in combat. Two new types were introduced in Pokémon Gold and Silver – namely the "Dark" and "Steel" types – which were intended to better balance the gameplay of Pokémon battles. Dark and Steel types fare well against the then dominant Psychic type. The concept of breeding was introduced in the second generation of Pokémon games as well, which allows players to manipulate the skills of their Pokémon to a greater degree. Some of the new Pokémon introduced in Gold and Silver are pre-evolutions of other Pokémon, such as Pichu and Igglybuff. Referred to as "baby Pokémon", they are usually only available by breeding their evolved forms. Pokémon Gold and Silver were first revealed at Nintendo Space World in 1997. At this point, the game had a massively larger world map than the final game and this prototype featured around 40 Pokémon designs that were removed and replaced when the games were released in 1999. List of Pokémon Pokémon Chikorita Bayleef Meganium Cyndaquil Quilava Typhlosion Totodile Croconaw Feraligatr Sentret Furret Hoothoot Noctowl Ledyba Ledian Spinarak Ariados Crobat Chinchou Lanturn Pichu Cleffa Igglybuff Togepi Togetic Natu Xatu Mareep Flaaffy Ampharos Bellossom Marill Azumarill Sudowoodo Politoed Hoppip Skiploom Jumpluff Aipom Sunkern Sunflora Yanma Wooper Quagsire Espeon Umbreon Murkrow Slowking Misdreavus Unown Wobbuffet Girafarig Pineco Forretress Dunsparce Gligar Steelix Snubbull Granbull Qwilfish Scizor Shuckle Heracross Sneasel Teddiursa Ursaring Slugma Magcargo Swinub Piloswine Corsola Remoraid Octillery Delibird Mantine Skarmory Houndour Houndoom Kingdra Phanpy Donphan Porygon2 Stantler Smeargle Tyrogue Hitmontop Smoochum Elekid Magby Miltank Blissey Raikou Entei Suicune Larvitar Pupitar Tyranitar Lugia Ho-Oh Celebi List of Pokémon species introduced in generation II (1999) Name Type(s) Evolves from Evolves into Notes ChikoritaChikorita (チコリータ)(0152) Grass — Bayleef (#153) The leaf on its head has a soothing aroma. A docile species, it waves its leaf around to calm opponents and avoid fighting. It enjoys sunbathing. BayleefBayleef (ベイリーフ)(0153) Grass Chikorita (#152) Meganium (#154) While Chikorita and Meganium's designs were settled in 1997, Bayleef originally had a significantly different design, resembling a flower blossom. The leaves on its neck hold small tree shoots. As opposed to Chikorita's leaf, their spicy aroma acts as a stimulant, making others more agitated. MeganiumMeganium (メガニウム)(0154) Grass Bayleef (#153) — Its petals can soothe opponents, and its breath has regenerative properties, allowing it to revive dead plants. CyndaquilHinoarashi (ヒノアラシ)(0155) Fire — Quilava (#156) It curls up into a ball and shoots fire from its back when startled or angry. It keeps itself hunched over so it can curl more easily. QuilavaMagumarashi (マグマラシ)(0156) Fire Cyndaquil (#155) Typhlosion (#157) It turns its back to the opponent in battle, and shoots fire from its back. Its fur is not flammable, protecting it from its own fire. While it does that, it can weave around its foe's attacks. TyphlosionBakufūn (バクフーン)(0157) Fire Quilava (#156) — It rubs its fur to light its surroundings on fire as an offensive tool and to hide in the flames, or cause explosions. When angry, it lights everything it touches on fire. It gained a Fire/Ghost-type Hisuian Form in generation VIII. TotodileWaninoko (ワニノコ)(0158) Water — Croconaw (#159) A playful but reckless species, it will bite anything it sees without warning, from foes to food to its own Trainer. CroconawArigeitsu (アリゲイツ)(0159) Water Totodile (#158) Feraligatr (#160) Its teeth are slanted, similarly to a barbed fish hook, making them hard to remove. Croconaw itself will also not let go from something it bites unless it loses its teeth, at which point they grow back quickly. FeraligatrŌdairu (オーダイル)(0160) Water Croconaw (#159) — It shakes its head when it bites its opponents to tear its prey up. Since it cannot properly maintain its weight out of water, it usually walks on all fours, but can still run quickly on its hind legs. SentretOtachi (オタチ)(0161) Normal — Furret (#162) While one Sentret sleeps, another will stand on its tail and scout the area. If it senses danger, it screeches and thumps its tail on the ground to warn the rest of the pack. FurretŌtachi (オオタチ)(0162) Normal Sentret (#161) — Furret is known for slipping through small spaces due to its thin body. It does this to escape from predators or hunt Pokémon like Rattata. It is hard to tell where its body ends and its tail begins. HoothootHōhō (ホーホー)(0163) Normal / Flying — Noctowl (#164) Due to an internal organ that senses the world's rotation, it hoots at the exact same time every day, and tilts its head at a consistent rhythm. It only ever stands on one foot, and switches it faster than the human eye can see. NoctowlYorunozuku (ヨルノズク)(0164) Normal / Flying Hoothoot (#163) — It has night vision, and its soft feathers allow it to fly without making a sound. When it needs to think, it turns its head 180º to raise its intellect. LedybaLedyba (レディバ)(0165) Bug / Flying — Ledian (#166) It communicates with other Ledyba by secreting fluids where its legs meet its body. It changes its scent based on how it is feeling. Ledyba are naturally timid creatures that panic when separated from their swarm. LedianLedian (レディアン)(0166) Bug / Flying Ledyba (#165) — A nocturnal species, groups of Ledian gather around clear night skies and gather starlight to use as energy. While flying, it scatters a glowing powder thought to bring good luck. To make up for its physical weakness, it tries to overwhelm its opponents by punching with its four arms. SpinarakItomaru (イトマル)(0167) Bug / Poison — Ariados (#168) Its webs are strong enough to withstand rocks being thrown at them, so fishermen use them as nets. It can wait for days for prey like Cutiefly to get caught. Its poison is not strong, but can be used to weaken prey. It can determine what it has caught by feeling the vibrations on its web. AriadosAriados (アリアドス)(0168) Bug / Poison Spinarak (#167) — It prefers to wander around to hunt, instead of setting a web and waiting. While doing so, it constantly spins a thread that leads it back home. It sneaks up on its prey, wraps them in thread, weakens them with poison, and sucks their bodily fluids. It may sometimes release them, but leave a thread on them, which leads it to the their nest or friends. It can spin thread from its abdomen and mouth, making it hard to tell which end is which. CrobatCrobat (クロバット)(0169) Poison / Flying Golbat (#042) — Two more wings grew where its hind legs used to be. It can fly with all four wings, or alternate between them. It can fly silently up to its prey and suck its blood. ChinchouChonchī (チョンチー)(0170) Water / Electric — Lanturn (#171) Chinchou and Lanturn are based on the Footballfish. Chinchou combines its positive and negative currents to attack prey. It also communicates to others by flashing its lights at them. LanturnLanturn (ランターン)(0171) Water / Electric Chinchou (#170) — It lures prey with its light, flashes it to blind them, and swallows them whole. Its light can be seen from a depth of over 3 miles (5 kilometers). It competes with Lumineon to eat Starmie, and Frillish and Sharpedo compete to eat Lanturn. PichuPichu (ピチュー)(0172) Electric — Pikachu (#025) It is a playable character in Super Smash Bros. Melee and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate. Junichi Masuda noted that Pichu was intended to become the "next" Pikachu. Pichu has become Masuda's favorite Pokémon because of the "well thought-out" design process that went into creating it. Despite its size, it can zap adult humans, but since it is not fully capable of storing electricity, it may shock and startle itself in the process. It plays with others by touching tails and setting off sparks as a test of courage. CleffaPī (ピィ)(0173) Fairy — Clefairy (#035) It lives near mountainous regions and meteor crash sites. During nights with shooting stars, colonies of Cleffa can be seen dancing until the morning, at which point they drink morning dew and disappear. It is fascinated with things shaped like or related to stars, such as Minior. IgglybuffPupurin (ププリン)(0174) Normal / Fairy — Jigglypuff (#039) Its vocal cords are not fully developed yet, so its throat becomes sore after prolonged periods of singing. Despite this, it wants to improve, so it constantly sings. It lives near freshwater streams, and gargles their water to heal its throat. It bounces around to move, though it struggles with stopping. TogepiTogepi (トゲピー)(0175) Fairy — Togetic (#176) It can store positive feelings in its shell and release them when needed. It withdraws into its shell to sleep, and can release poison from its spikes. TogeticTogechikku (トゲチック)(0176) Fairy / Flying Togepi (#175) Togekiss (#468) It does not need its wings to fly. It seeks kind people and Pokémon, and showers them with a happiness-infused down known as "joy dust". NatuNeiti (ネイティ)(0177) Psychic / Flying — Xatu (#178) Its wings are underdeveloped, so it cannot fly. It stares at potential predators, and hops away when they move. It forages for food like cactus fruit and tree shoots. XatuNeitio (ネイティオ)(0178) Psychic / Flying Natu (#177) — It stares at the sun all day. In South America, it is said that its left eye can see the past and its right eye can see the future, and that it does not move out of fear of what it sees. MareepMerīpu (メリープ)(0179) Electric — Flaaffy (#180) Its wool grows continuously and rubs together to build a static charge. It increases in volume the more energy it has stored. The wool is shed during summer, can be used to make clothing, and grows back in a week. FlaaffyMokoko (モココ)(0180) Electric Mareep (#179) Ampharos (#181) Storing too much electricity has caused it to lose most of its wool, but it can store more energy than Mareep's, and it can fire it at opponents. Its rubbery skin protects it from its own energy, and the tip of its tail glows when it has fully charged. AmpharosDenryū (デンリュウ)(0181) Electric Flaaffy (#180) Mega Evolution It has lost all of its wool. The orb in the tip of its tail can generate light bright enough to be seen from space, so it usually keeps it off. It has been used as a beacon and to send signals since ancient times. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. BellossomKireihana (キレイハナ)(0182) Grass Gloom (#044) — Rubbing the petals on its head together releases a sweet aroma and makes relaxing sounds. Groups of Bellossom dance during cloudy or rainy days as a ritual to bring out the sun. MarillMarill (マリル)(0183) Water / Fairy Azurill (#298) Azumarill (#184) GameSpot's Frank Provo and Kotaku's Patricia Hernandez have described Marill as "cute". Its oil-filled tail acts as a lifesaver so it can catch and eat aquatic plants. Before its English name was revealed, fans referred to it as "Pikablu", and theorized that it was an evolution to Pikachu. AzumarillMariruri (マリルリ)(0184) Water / Fairy Marill (#183) — Its hearing is acute, allowing it to listen for potential prey underwater. It makes air bubbles to protect Azurill or help drowning Pokémon. SudowoodoUsokkī (ウソッキー)(0185) Rock Bonsly (#438) — It poses as a tree to avoid being attacked. Since its forelegs remain green all year round, its disguise does not work during winter. It dislikes water, so it will run away during rainy days or when watered. It is a recurring obstacle in the Johto games and in the Hoenn Battle Frontier. PolitoedNyorotono (ニョロトノ)(0186) Water Poliwhirl (#061) — It can expand its throat to sing. It acts as a leader to Poliwag and Poliwhirl. Politoed with longer and curlier hair are more respected among their peers. HoppipHanekko (ハネッコ)(0187) Grass / Flying — Skiploom (#188) It likes to drift through the wind. If it knows a big wind will pass, it will link its leaves with other Hoppip and prepare to not be blown away. SkiploomPopokko (ポポッコ)(0188) Grass / Flying Hoppip (#187) Jumpluff (#189) The flower on top of its head fluctuates with the temperature, blooming over 64 °F, and closing during cold days. It will actively close it and hide away during rainy days. JumpluffWatakko (ワタッコ)(0189) Grass / Flying Skiploom (#188) — It can stand harsher winds than its pre-evolutions. It flies around to spread its spores. Breathing them may cause coughs and itchiness. Once it runs out of spores to spread, it dies. AipomEipam (エイパム)(0190) Normal — Ambipom (#424) Its tail acts as a hand, letting it anchor to branches or hold itself up. Its hands have become less dexterous from being underused. It eats fruit and preys on Bounsweet. The Field Museum noted the resemblance to the Ahuizotl from Aztec mythology, describing it as "cute and friendly, not a killer." SunkernHimanattsu (ヒマナッツ)(0191) Grass — Sunflora (#192) It consumes morning dew, and moves as little as possible to conserve nutrients. Sunkern formerly had the lowest base stat total of any Pokémon at 180, until Wishiwashi's solo form in generation VII with a base stat total of 175. SunfloraKimawari (キマワリ)(0192) Grass Sunkern (#191) — It photosynthesizes during the day. It is active during the day, but closes its petals and stops moving when the sun sets. YanmaYanyanma (ヤンヤンマ)(0193) Bug / Flying — Yanmega (#469) It can see 360º around it without moving its eyes, and make sudden turns or stops when flying. It can make shock waves strong enough to blow a house away. WooperWooper (ウパー)(0194) Water / Ground — Quagsire (#195) It lives in cold water, and occasionally leaves it to search for food. On land, it coats itself with a slimy, toxic film. It has a Poison/Ground-type Paldean form. QuagsireNuō (ヌオー)(0195) Water / Ground Wooper (#194) — Due to its low intelligence, it does not feel pain when it is hurt. While swimming, it tends to bump its head on boulders and boats. It leaves its mouth open and waits for unknowing prey to get in. Because it generally stays immobile, it takes some time to get hungry. EspeonĒfi (エーフィ)(0196) Psychic Eevee (#133) — It bathes in sunlight to build its psychic power, so it struggles to fight at night. Its fur is sensitive, allowing it to sense movements in the air to predict the weather and its opponents' moves. UmbreonBlacky (ブラッキー)(0197) Dark Eevee (#133) — Constant exposure to moonlight has altered its genetic composition. Its rings glow when it is excited or bathing in moonlight. It hides in the dark while hunting, and jumps at unsuspecting prey's throats. It sprays poisonous sweat from the pores in its body to defend itself. MurkrowYamikarasu (ヤミカラス)(0198) Dark / Flying — Honchkrow (#430) It is interested in shiny things, to the point of fighting with Pokémon like Meowth and Gabite over it. It may give them to trainers it trusts. It leads chasing predators around dark mountains to lose them, and does the same to travelers as a prank. It is seen as an omen of bad luck, with sayings dedicated to keeping it away. Honchkrow have murders of at least 100 Murkrow at their call. SlowkingYadoking (ヤドキング)(0199) Water / Psychic Slowpoke (#079) — If a Shellder latches onto a Slowpoke's head, it releases venom into its brain, causing a chemical chain reaction that gives it an intellect comparable to award-winning scientists. When Slowking yawns, the Shellder releases more venom, making it more intelligent. It stays calm at all times, planning around situations before acting, and seeking knowledge about the world. It has battles of wit with Oranguru, usually ending in draws. If the Shellder comes off of its head, it forgets everything and reverts to being a Slowpoke. It has a Poison/Psychic-type Galarian form. MisdreavusMūma (ムウマ)(0200) Ghost — Mismagius (#429) It feeds on people's fear, and stores it on the orbs around its neck. To that end, it may scream or cry, sneak up on them and yank their hair, or imitate the voices of weeping people and children. Its orbs emit constant shrieking sounds. A nocturnal species, it sleeps during daytime, and goes out to scare others at night. It is thought to be related to the ancient Paradox Pokémon Flutter Mane. UnownUnown (アンノーン)(0201) Psychic No evolution Unown has 28 different forms: 26 representing each letter in the Latin alphabet, one for a question mark, and one for an exclamation mark. It is said to resemble ancient hieroglyphs from ancient tablets. Historians question whether or not Unown precede them. Multiple Unown can work together to warp reality and warp to and from an alternate dimension that acts as their home. Unown have currently unclear connections with Arceus. Researchers debate on whether Unown communicate with electromagnetic waves or telepathy, though their presence interferes with radio signals. WobbuffetSōnansu (ソーナンス)(0202) Psychic Wynaut (#360) — It dislikes light and its tail being touched, so it lives in dark caves. In battle, it does not attack first, and instead inflates its body to counter blows. If its tail is attacked, it uses Destiny Bond to attempt to take the attacker down with it. If two Wobbuffet meet, they may try to see which one can go the longest without food. GirafarigKirinriki (キリンリキ)(0203) Normal / Psychic — Farigiraf (#981) Its tail has a head and brain of its own, though it is incapable of rational thought, and instead moves based on stimuli. If the tail smells something alluring, it will bite it. It keeps watch of its surroundings while Girafarig is asleep, and can attack with psychic energy on its own. Its and its evolution Farigiraf's names are palindromes. PinecoKunugidama (クヌギダマ)(0204) Bug — Forretress (#205) It spits a glue-like fruit to stick tree bark to its shell in order to make it thicker. It hangs on a tree branch, waiting for prey such as Cutiefly. If the tree is shaken while it is eating, it falls down and explodes. ForretressForetosu (フォレトス)(0205) Bug / Steel Pineco (#204) — It conceals its body in a steel-hard shell, which it opens to capture prey, and can shoot pieces of to defend itself. Because it opens and closes its shell faster than the eye can see, its appearance under the shell is unknown. DunsparceNokotchi (ノコッチ)(0206) Normal — Dudunsparce (#982) Design inspired by the mythical Japanese creature Tsuchinoko. Its tiny wings allow it to float slightly. Scientists believe it used them to fly in the sky. It hides or flees from potential predators by drilling holes into the ground with its tail. It gets along with Diglett, and the two species share tunnels with each other. GligarGligar (グライガー)(0207) Ground / Flying — Gliscor (#472) It glides silently through the air, latches on the enemy's face with its hind legs and wings, and jabs them with its poisonous stinger. After gliding, it hops back to its nest. It lives in mountainous areas. SteelixHaganēru (ハガネール)(0208) Steel / Ground Onix (#095) Mega Evolution Under immense pressure underground, an Onix is said to have its rock-like body compressed into diamonds and evolve into Steelix. In a paper published by the University of Leicester, physicists calculated the plausibility of Onix evolving into Steelix through the stated lore. It would require pressures of 4.5–6 gigapascals at a temperature of 900 to 1,300 °C (1,650 to 2,370 °F) over a period of billions of years for this conversion to take place. Assuming these conditions, the resulting Steelix would be substantially smaller than given in the Pokédex entry and is considered implausible. It lives further down than Onix toward the earth's core. There are records of it reaching over 6/10 of a mile down underground. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. SnubbullBurū (ブルー)(0209) Fairy — Granbull (#210) It sleeps for half of the day, and has an acute sense of smell. Despite its appearance, it is affectionate, playful, and timid. It tries to scare enemies away, as opposed to fighting them. It is popular with women who find it cute. GranbullGranbull (グランブル)(0210) Fairy Snubbull (#209) — Its jaws are heavy, so it struggles to keep balance. Despite its appearance and strength, it is more affectionate and timid than Snubbull, and prefers to stay out of fights. It will only attack if startled, at which point it will bite or flail at potential enemies. It is popular with children. QwilfishHarīsen (ハリーセン)(0211) Water / Poison No evolution In order to fire its poisonous spikes that evolved from scales, it must drink at least 2.6 gallons of water all at once. It can fire those spikes in all directions by pressurizing the water in its body. Due to its body shape and single fin, it struggles with swimming. Fishermen try to catch it after it fires its spikes and becomes defenseless. It is based on Porcupine fish. It has a Dark/Poison-type Hisuian form. ScizorHassamu (ハッサム)(0212) Bug / Steel Scyther (#123) Mega Evolution It uses its eye-patterned pincers to scare foes into thinking it has 3 heads. Its pincers account for a third of its body weight, and are said to be able to crush anything. It has a body of steel and is not fazed by regular attacks. It does not use its wings to fly, but to regulate its body temperature so it does not melt in battle. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. ShuckleTsubotsubo (ツボツボ)(0213) Bug / Rock No evolution To avoid attacks, Shuckle quietly hides itself under rocks, keeping its body concealed inside its hard shell. It stores berries in its shell, which decompose with its digestive fluids and become a gooey liquid, which it then consumes. It also secretes that fluid from its toes, and uses it to carve holes in rocks. It can be mixed with berries to make juice. It has the highest base Defense and Special Defense stats of all obtainable Pokémon, though they are lower than those of Eternamax Eternatus. HeracrossHeracross (ヘラクロス)(0214) Bug / Fighting — Mega Evolution When it needs to move anything in its way, it uses its large horn to launch the object through the air. Heracross could throw something over 100 times its weight. It digs its claws into the ground for sturdy footing when lifting objects, or on trees to climb them. It competes with Pinsir for food, though they are friendlier with each other in Alola. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. SneaselNyūra (ニューラ)(0215) Dark / Ice — Weavile (#461) Its design is inspired by the mythical Japanese creature Kamaitachi. It climbs trees with its claws to steal bird Pokémon's eggs from unguarded nests. Two Sneasel may team up with others to steal eggs, with one luring the parents away and the other taking the eggs, but fights will usually break out over which one will eat them. It has a Fighting/Poison-type Hisuian form. TeddiursaHimeguma (ヒメグマ)(0216) Normal — Ursaring (#217) Its paws are constantly soaked and honey, and it is constantly licking them. It can make honey by mixing pollen collected by Beedrill with berries, or steal it from Combee hives. When it finds honey, the mark on its head glows. When nervous, it licks its paws. Every set of paws is said to taste different. UrsaringRinguma (リングマ)(0217) Normal Teddiursa (#216) Ursaluna (#901) While it is skilled at climbing, it prefers snapping trees with its forelegs and collecting their fallen berries to eat. It marks trees with particularly good fruit with its claws. It can an acute sense of smell, allowing it to find food underground or in streams. Its favorite food is honey. It competes with Primeape for food. SlugmaMagumaggu (マグマッグ)(0218) Fire — Magcargo (#219) Its circulatory system is composed almost entirely of magma. To prevent it from cooling off and turning brittle, it seeks warmer places like volcanoes to live in, and never stops moving. MagcargoMagcargo (マグカルゴ)(0219) Fire / Rock Slugma (#218) — Its body temperature is approximately 18,000 °F (10,000 °C). Its shell is made of cooled magma, though it is brittle enough to break from a touch. It can dip itself in lava to recover. This description would imply Magcargo is hotter than the surface of the sun. SwinubUrimū (ウリムー)(0220) Ice / Ground — Piloswine (#221) It uses its nose to dig through snow to find food. Its favorite food is a type of mushroom that grows under dead grass. If it smells something enticing, it will rush to the source of the smell. It may discover hot springs while digging. PiloswineInomū (イノムー)(0221) Ice / Ground Swinub (#220) Mamoswine (#473) Its thick fur allows it to live in cold environments. Its tusks are made of ice, and it uses them to dig through ice and snow. Its hooves prevent it from slipping on ice. Tufts of fur cover its eyes, so it uses its nose to check its surroundings. CorsolaSanīgo (サニーゴ)(0222) Water / Rock No evolution Its branches are used by Pokémon like Horsea and Luvdisc as shelter, or by humans as jewelry and charms to promote safe childbirth. If the water it lives in is not clean, its branches lose color and degenerate. Mareanie and Toxapex are its main predators in Alola. It has a Ghost-type Galarian form. RemoraidTeppouo (テッポウオ)(0223) Water — Octillery (#224) It is based on the remora. It may use its dorsal fin as a sucker to stick a Mantine and feed on the scraps it leaves, though it may also fight along. It can spit water up to 300 feet (100 meters) away as an attack, to knock prey like Burmy out of the air. OctilleryOkutan (オクタン)(0224) Water Remoraid (#223) — It grabs its foes and bashes their heads in with its skull, which is as hard as stone. If the foe is too strong, it sprays ink from its mouth to escape. This ink has a substance that dulls opponents' sense of smell. It may steal the nests of other Octillery to sleep. Due to the anatomical differences between it and Remoraid, people initially thought them to be unrelated species. DelibirdDelibird (デリバード)(0225) Ice / Flying No evolution Its tail functions as a sack, in which it carries food to share with its chicks or people and Pokémon lost in mountains. One explorer has reached the peak of Mount Everest thanks to a Delibird sharing its food. An omnivorous species, it may sometimes offer people bug Pokémon to eat. It throws food at its opponents to defend itself. It is thought to be related to the Paradox Pokémon Iron Bundle. MantineMantine (マンタイン)(0226) Water / Flying Mantyke (#458) — It is based on the giant oceanic manta ray. A carefree species, it does not mind Remoraid sticking to its fins. It lives in schools in open seas, and can jump out of the water and fly up to 300 feet (100 meters) in the air given enough room and speed. SkarmoryEāmudo (エアームド)(0227) Steel / Flying No evolution It sets its nests in bramble bushes, and the skin of its chicks grows into a metallic material from being scratched. Its feathers are regularly shed or fall off from being damaged in battle, but grow back in a year. In the past, people crafted swords from them. It competes with Corviknight for territory. HoundourDerubiru (デルビル)(0228) Dark / Fire — Houndoom (#229) Houndour form coordinated packs, and communicate with barks and howls. Trained Houndour are loyal to their trainers. HoundoomHerugā (ヘルガー)(0229) Dark / Fire Houndour (#228) Mega Evolution Its fire is mixed with a toxin generated in its gut, which causes burning wounds it inflicts to never heal. It forms packs of other Houndoom, with the leader being determined by fights among the pack. They share their food evenly. In the past, people thought its howls were calls from the grim reaper. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. KingdraKingdra (キングドラ)(0230) Water / Dragon Seadra (#117) — It is based on the common seadragon. Its yawns can create undercurrents strong enough to sink small ships, and it can create whirlpools. To save up energy, it sleeps in the caves of otherwise uninhabited seafloors. It is known to constantly fight Dragonite. PhanpyGomazō (ゴマゾウ)(0231) Ground — Donphan (#232) Its trunk can break people's bones and send them flying, and it can carry a human on its back. Phanpy dig vertical nests near rivers, and spray each other with water to clean themselves. DonphanDonphan (ドンファン)(0232) Ground Phanpy (#231) — It can curl up into a ball, and roll with enough strength to knock a house down. While its hide is hard enough to withstand most attacks, it is highly sensitive to rain. It is thought to be related to the ancient Paradox Pokémon Great Tusk, and the futuristic Paradox Pokémon Iron Treads. Porygon2Porygon 2 (ポリゴン2)(0233) Normal Porygon (#137) Porygon-Z (#474) It has been updated, gaining an AI capable of learning emotions and information unintended by its developers. It has developed a language only understood by other Porygon2. It was designed with the intent of going to space and withstanding its vacuum, though it was not given the ability to fly there. StantlerOdoshishi (オドシシ)(0234) Normal — Wyrdeer (#899) Its antlers can distort space, create illusions, or dull targets' senses. It was previously hunted to near-extinction by poachers looking to sell its antlers as pieces of art. It used to be stronger in ancient times, where it had more enemies and harsher climates to live in, to the point of having been capable of evolution. SmeargleDōburu (ドーブル)(0235) Normal No evolution It is the only Pokémon capable of learning the move Sketch. Due to this quality, Smeargle can learn nearly any move available in the games. It oozes a liquid out of its tail, which is used to paint mark its territory. There are over 5,000 different known marks. TyrogueBarukī (バルキー)(0236) Fighting — Hitmonchan (#107)Hitmonlee (#106)Hitmontop (#237) To make itself stronger, it will keep fighting, even if it loses. It gets stressed if it does not train every day, so its trainer must maintain a regular schedule. It evolves into Hitmonlee, Hitmonchan, or Hitmontop depending on its Attack and Defense stats. HitmontopKapoerā (カポエラー)(0237) Fighting Tyrogue (#236) — It fights with dance-like kicks. Its preferred method of attacking is kicking while spinning on its head. Its horn grows continuously throughout its life, and can be used to drill into the ground. SmoochumMuchūru (ムチュール)(0238) Ice / Psychic — Jynx (#124) It likes to run, but often trips over itself. When it does, it goes to a shiny surface to see if its face is dirty. It uses its lips to check the texture of anything that makes it curious. To keep them moist, it applies tree sap on them on a daily basis. ElekidElekid (エレキッド)(0239) Electric — Electabuzz (#125) It twirls its arms around to generate electricity, but tires easily and cannot store it. Instead, it prefers consuming energy from thunderstorms or outlets. MagbyBubii (ブビィ)(0240) Fire — Magmar (#126) It can breathe 1,100 °F (593 °C) fire. The fire can be used as an indicator of its health. Yellow fire indicates that it is healthy, and fire mixed with smoke indicates that it is fatigued. Though it usually lives in and soaks in magma to recover, it can also be seen in towns. MiltankMiltank (ミルタンク)(0241) Normal No evolution It produces over five gallons of milk per day. While its milk is sweet and nutritious, drinking too much can cause people to gain weight and suffer from stomachaches. The taste and nutritional value of its milk depends on the quality of the pastures it lives in, the season, and whether or not it is around infants. BlisseyHapinasu (ハピナス)(0242) Normal Chansey (#113) — Eating its eggs causes others to become kinder and more caring. It can sense sadness with its fur. It will rush to any sad or hurt being it finds, offer an egg, and nurse it back to health. RaikouRaikou (ライコウ)(0243) Electric No evolution Raikou is one of three Pokémon designed by Muneo Saitō. Also known as the "Embodiment of Lightning", it can run across plains at the speed of lightning, and manipulate electricity and thunderclouds. Ho-Oh resurrected it after it perished as a helpless unknown Pokémon in a burning tower. It is thought to be related to the ancient Paradox Pokémon Raging Bolt. EnteiEntei (エンテイ)(0244) Fire No evolution Entei is one of three Pokémon designed by Muneo Saitō. Legends say that every time it barks or roars, a volcano is said to erupt somewhere around the world, and that every time a volcano erupts, an Entei is born. Ho-Oh resurrected it after it perished as a helpless unknown Pokémon in a burning tower. Entei has a lead role in Pokémon 3: The Movie (2001). The Paradox Pokémon Gouging Fire is based on Entei. SuicuneSuicune (スイクン)(0245) Water No evolution Suicune is one of three Pokémon designed by Muneo Saitō. It has the ability to purify water. It is said that northern winds will blow where it appears. Ho-Oh resurrected it after it perished as a helpless unknown Pokémon in a burning tower. It is the mascot of Pokémon Crystal. It is thought to be related to the ancient Paradox Pokémon Walking Wake. LarvitarYōgirasu (ヨーギラス)(0246) Rock / Ground — Pupitar (#247) Born underground, it has to eat a mountain worth of soil to get to its parents, at which point it falls asleep to evolve. After it emerges, it does not do well with the bright light it finds on the surface PupitarSanagirasu (サナギラス)(0247) Rock / Ground Larvitar (#246) Tyranitar (#248) While its shell is as hard as bedrock, it has an active disposition. By releasing pressurized gas, it can propel itself like a rocket. TyranitarBangirasu (バンギラス)(0248) Rock / Dark Pupitar (#247) Mega Evolution Its body is impervious to all harm, and it can topple mountains with its fists. It competes with Duraludon for terrain and food. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. It is thought to be a distant relative of Iron Thorns. LugiaLugia (ルギア)(0249) Psychic / Flying No evolution It causes 40-day storms by flapping its wings, so it remains asleep in the sea to avoid causing damage, though it also has the ability to calm storms. It is the leader of the Legendary Bird trio and the mascot for Pokémon Silver and SoulSilver. It debuted in the second movie, where it spoke and was one of the heroes. Lugia was originally conceived by Takeshi Shudo, the head writer of the first Pokémon anime. Lugia had been designed solely for Pokémon:The Movie 2000, and Shudo expressed surprise that the creature was later featured in the video games and TV show. Lugia, who possessed a speaking role in the film, was given a masculine voice. However, Shudo intended Lugia as a creature that was simultaneously male and female. This dual nature was intended to embody one of the film's main messages, that people can be different and yet coexist without resorting to conflict. He showed "overwhelming regret that he allowed Lugia to be voiced by a man", considering Lugia, the "creator of all life on Earth", to be a "maternal Pokémon". Stating that "it was too late, we couldn't suddenly change Lugia into a female", the change was so significant to him that it made him start "gulping down alcohol and drugs" and "feel like wanted to die". During the final few years of his life, Shudo became "obsessed" with Lugia, writing numerous blog posts on the subject. Ho-OhHo-Oh (ホウオウ)(0250) Fire / Flying No evolution Similar to Moltres, Ho-Oh's design is inspired by the Fenghuang (firebird) of Chinese myth. It resurrected the Legendary Beast trio after they burned to death in the Brass tower as unknown Pokémon. Its feathers glow in the colors of the rainbow, and it is said to leave a rainbow trail when flying. It is said that seeing it is an omen of eternal happiness. It is the mascot for Pokémon Gold and HeartGold. CelebiCelebi (セレビィ)(0251) Psychic / Grass No evolution Celebi has the power to travel through time. It is said that the land flourishes wherever it has been, and it brings back an egg from the future before leaving. It was one of the heroes in Pokémon 4Ever. It has been regarded as one of the best Pokémon by multiple websites, including The Escapist, IGN, GamesRadar+, and authors Tracey West and Katherine Noll. Variety editor Robert Koehler identified Celebi as a Pokémon that appeals to young girls. 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Retrieved January 4, 2018. vtePokémon Generation IIGames Gold and Silver Pokémon Crystal Spin-offs and Side games Puzzle Challenge Stadium 2 Species Wooper Unown Media The Johto Journeys Johto League Champions Master Quest Pokémon 3: The Movie 4Ever Pokémon Heroes Mewtwo Returns Related HeartGold and SoulSilver Super Smash Bros. Melee Galarian Corsola vtePokémonby The Pokémon Company, owned by Nintendo, Creatures Inc. and Game FreakTimelineVideo gamesMain series(Gameplay)Generation IGeneration IIGeneration IIIGeneration IV Red / Blue / Yellow Lavender Town Team Rocket Pokémon BulbasaurCharizardSquirtlePikachuRaichuJigglypuffPsyduck SlowpokeGengarVoltorbMr. MimeJynxMagikarp and GyaradosDittoEeveeSnorlaxMewtwoMewMissingNo. Gold / Silver Crystal Pokémon Wooper Unown Ruby / Sapphire Emerald FireRed / LeafGreen Pokémon Gardevoir Diamond / Pearl Platinum HeartGold / SoulSilver Pokémon Pachirisu Garchomp Lucario Generation VGeneration VIGeneration VIIGeneration VIIIGeneration IX Black / White Black 2 / White 2 Pokémon Chandelure X / Y Omega Ruby / Alpha Sapphire Pokémon Klefki Sun / Moon Ultra Sun / Ultra Moon Let's Go, Pikachu! / Let's Go, Eevee! Pokémon Popplio, Brionne, and Primarina Mimikyu Sword / Shield Isle of Armor Crown Tundra Brilliant Diamond / Shining Pearl Legends: Arceus Pokémon Sobble Wooloo Galarian Corsola Fossil Pokémon Scarlet / Violet Hidden Treasure of Area Zero "Celestial" "Biri-Biri" Legends: Z-A Pokémon Sprigatito, Floragato, and Meowscarada Fuecoco Tinkaton Related Stadium Stadium 2 Colosseum XD: Gale of Darkness Battle Revolution My Pokémon Ranch Bank Go live events Battle League Home Characters Brock Misty Team Rocket Rivals Cynthia Serena Lillie Hop Nessa Nemona Larry List of Pokémon Spin-offs Hey You, Pikachu! Snap New Snap Pinball Ruby & Sapphire Project Studio Puzzle League Puzzle Challenge Channel Dash Trozei! Battle Trozei Mystery Dungeon Ranger Shadows of Almia Guardian Signs Pokémate Rumble Blast U World Rush PokéPark Wonders Beyond Typing Adventure Conquest Art Academy Shuffle Pokkén Tournament Picross Detective Pikachu Returns Magikarp Jump Quest Masters EX Smile Café ReMix Unite Sleep Competitive play Play! Pokémon World Championships 2023 Wolfe Glick Ray Rizzo Park Se-jun Other Pokémon Pikachu Pokémon Mini Poké Ball Plus Super Smash Bros. Trading Card Game sets video game TCG Online Trading Figure Game Twitch Plays Pokémon Unofficial PETA satirical browser games Prism Sage Uranium Pokémon Essentials Micromon Pocket Mortys MediaTV seriesEpisodesSeasons 1–13 Indigo League "Pokémon, I Choose You!" 2.B.A. Master "Pokémon Theme" Adventures in the Orange Islands The Johto Journeys Johto League Champions Master Quest Advanced Advanced Challenge Advanced Battle Battle Frontier Diamond and Pearl Battle Dimension Galactic Battles Sinnoh League Victors Seasons 14–present Black & White Rival Destinies Adventures in Unova and Beyond "Te o Tsunagō" XY Kalos Quest XYZ Sun & Moon Ultra Adventures Ultra Legends Journeys Master Journeys Ultimate Journeys Horizons Theme songs "Gotta Catch 'Em All" "Meowth's Party" Specials Mewtwo Returns Removed from rotation "Dennō Senshi Porygon" Chronicles Characters Ash Ketchum Brock Misty Team Rocket Serena Lillie Liko FilmsAnimated The First Movie soundtrack "Don't Say You Love Me" Mewtwo Strikes Back – Evolution 2000 "The Power of One" "Toi et Moi" "Flying Without Wings" 3: The Movie 4Ever Heroes Jirachi, Wish Maker Destiny Deoxys Lucario and the Mystery of Mew Ranger and the Temple of the Sea The Rise of Darkrai Giratina & the Sky Warrior Arceus and the Jewel of Life Zoroark: Master of Illusions Black—Victini and Reshiram / White—Victini and Zekrom "Sora/Koe" Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice Genesect and the Legend Awakened Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction Hoopa and the Clash of Ages Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel I Choose You! The Power of Us Secrets of the Jungle Live-action Detective Pikachu score "Carry On" Manga Volumes Pocket Monsters Adventures volumes 1–20 20–40 41–current Black and White The Electric Tale of Pikachu Magical Pokémon Journey Emerald: Challenge! Battle Frontier Mystery Dungeon: Ginji's Rescue Team Diamond and Pearl Adventure! Miniseries Origins Generations Twilight Wings Pokétoon Evolutions Hisuian Snow Paldean Winds Concierge Related 4Kids Entertainment Media Factory OLM Pokémon Live! Pokémon Apokélypse List of books Symphonic Evolutions "Electric" RelatedPeople Tsunekazu Ishihara Sayuri Ichiishi Junichi Masuda Shigeki Morimoto Atsuko Nishida Shigeru Ohmori Naoki Saito Takeshi Shudo Ken Sugimori Satoshi Tajiri Kunihiko Yuyama Imakuni? Organizations Ambrella Genius Sonority ILCA Wizards of the Coast Community MissJirachi Pokémon Challenges Marketing Pokémon Center Pokémon Jet Burger King Pokémon container recall Poképark Pokéfuta Pokémon 25th Anniversary Pokémon Fossil Museum Project Voltage Pop culture Pikachurin Zbtb7 Mazuca strigicincta Binburrum articuno Nocticola pheromosa Aerodactylus Bulbasaurus Pikachu virus Tía Pikachu Pokémon and pornography doujinshi incident Fakemon Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"central midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder#Central_midfielder"},{"link_name":"Ledian Memushaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledian_Memushaj"},{"link_name":"Pokémon Sword and Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Sword_and_Shield"},{"link_name":"Galarian Corsola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galarian_Corsola"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:International_Pok%C3%A9mon_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Pokémon franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon"},{"link_name":"core video game series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_(video_game_series)"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Color"},{"link_name":"Pokémon Gold and Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Gold_and_Silver"},{"link_name":"Ho-Oh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho-Oh"},{"link_name":"first episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon,_I_Choose_You!"},{"link_name":"Pokémon anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_(anime)"},{"link_name":"Togepi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togepi"},{"link_name":"Misty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misty_(Pok%C3%A9mon)"},{"link_name":"Donphan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donphan"},{"link_name":"Pokémon first movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewtwo_Strikes_Back"},{"link_name":"Snubbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snubbull"},{"link_name":"first Pikachu short movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikachu%27s_Vacation"},{"link_name":"Marill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marill"},{"link_name":"Tracey Sketchit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracey_Sketchit"},{"link_name":"Elekid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elekid"},{"link_name":"Bellossom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellossom"},{"link_name":"Ledyba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledyba"},{"link_name":"Hoothoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoothoot"},{"link_name":"Pikachu's Rescue Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikachu%27s_Rescue_Adventure"},{"link_name":"Lugia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugia"},{"link_name":"Slowking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowking"},{"link_name":"Pokémon 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_2000"},{"link_name":"National Pokédex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameplay_of_Pok%C3%A9mon#Pok%C3%A9dex"},{"link_name":"Chikorita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Chikorita"},{"link_name":"Celebi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebi_(Pok%C3%A9mon)"},{"link_name":"Mega evolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameplay_of_Pok%C3%A9mon#Mega_Evolution"}],"text":"\"Ledian\" redirects here. For the Albanian professional football coach and former central midfielder, see Ledian Memushaj.\"Corsola\" redirects here. For the Galarian variation of the species introduced in Pokémon Sword and Shield, see Galarian Corsola.The international logo for the Pokémon franchiseThe second generation (generation II) of the Pokémon franchise features 100 fictional species of creatures introduced to the core video game series in the 1999 Game Boy Color games Pokémon Gold and Silver, set in the Johto region. Some Pokémon in this generation were introduced in animated adaptations of the franchise before Gold and Silver, such as Ho-Oh in the first episode of the Pokémon anime series in 1998 and 1999, Togepi, which was a recurring character in the anime owned by Misty, Donphan in the Pokémon first movie in 1998, Snubbull in the first Pikachu short movie in 1998, and Marill, which also debuted in that short film and was a recurring character in the anime owned by Tracey Sketchit in 1998 and 1999. Elekid, Bellossom, Ledyba, and Hoothoot debuted in Pikachu's Rescue Adventure, and Lugia and Slowking debuted in Pokémon 2000.The following list details the 100 Pokémon of generation II in order of their National Pokédex number. The first Pokémon, Chikorita, is number 152 and the last, Celebi, is number 251. Alternate forms that result in type changes are included for convenience. Mega evolutions and regional forms are included on the pages for the generation in which they were introduced.","title":"List of generation II Pokémon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pokémon franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon"},{"link_name":"Game Freak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Freak"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"Pokémon Red and Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Red_and_Blue"},{"link_name":"Game Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameplay_of_Pok%C3%A9mon#Pok%C3%A9mon_evolution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-millenial-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_balance"},{"link_name":"breeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_breeding"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pichu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pichu"},{"link_name":"Igglybuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igglybuff"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Space World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Space_World"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Revolution-5"}],"text":"Pokémon are fictional species created for the Pokémon franchise. Developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo, the series began in Japan in 1996 with the release of the video games Pokémon Red and Blue for the Game Boy.[1] In these games, the player assumes the role of a Pokémon Trainer whose goal is to capture and train creatures called Pokémon. Players use the creatures' special abilities to combat other Pokémon, and some can transform into stronger species through a process called evolution.[2] Pokémon also have various types, which are elemental attributes that determine a Pokémon's strengths and weaknesses in combat.[3]Two new types were introduced in Pokémon Gold and Silver – namely the \"Dark\" and \"Steel\" types – which were intended to better balance the gameplay of Pokémon battles. Dark and Steel types fare well against the then dominant Psychic type. The concept of breeding was introduced in the second generation of Pokémon games as well, which allows players to manipulate the skills of their Pokémon to a greater degree.[4] Some of the new Pokémon introduced in Gold and Silver are pre-evolutions of other Pokémon, such as Pichu and Igglybuff. Referred to as \"baby Pokémon\", they are usually only available by breeding their evolved forms.Pokémon Gold and Silver were first revealed at Nintendo Space World in 1997. At this point, the game had a massively larger world map than the final game and this prototype featured around 40 Pokémon designs that were removed and replaced when the games were released in 1999.[5]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chikorita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Chikorita"},{"link_name":"Bayleef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bayleef"},{"link_name":"Meganium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Meganium"},{"link_name":"Cyndaquil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Cyndaquil"},{"link_name":"Quilava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Quilava"},{"link_name":"Typhlosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Typhlosion"},{"link_name":"Totodile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Totodile"},{"link_name":"Croconaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Croconaw"},{"link_name":"Feraligatr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Feraligatr"},{"link_name":"Sentret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sentret"},{"link_name":"Furret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Furret"},{"link_name":"Hoothoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hoothoot"},{"link_name":"Noctowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Noctowl"},{"link_name":"Ledyba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ledyba"},{"link_name":"Ledian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ledian"},{"link_name":"Spinarak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Spinarak"},{"link_name":"Ariados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ariados"},{"link_name":"Crobat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Crobat"},{"link_name":"Chinchou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Chinchou"},{"link_name":"Lanturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lanturn"},{"link_name":"Pichu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pichu"},{"link_name":"Cleffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Cleffa"},{"link_name":"Igglybuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Igglybuff"},{"link_name":"Togepi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Togepi"},{"link_name":"Togetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Togetic"},{"link_name":"Natu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Natu"},{"link_name":"Xatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Xatu"},{"link_name":"Mareep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Mareep"},{"link_name":"Flaaffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Flaaffy"},{"link_name":"Ampharos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ampharos"},{"link_name":"Bellossom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bellossom"},{"link_name":"Marill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Marill"},{"link_name":"Azumarill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Azumarill"},{"link_name":"Sudowoodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sudowoodo"},{"link_name":"Politoed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Politoed"},{"link_name":"Hoppip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hoppip"},{"link_name":"Skiploom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Skiploom"},{"link_name":"Jumpluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Jumpluff"},{"link_name":"Aipom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Aipom"},{"link_name":"Sunkern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sunkern"},{"link_name":"Sunflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sunflora"},{"link_name":"Yanma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Yanma"},{"link_name":"Wooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wooper"},{"link_name":"Quagsire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Quagsire"},{"link_name":"Espeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Espeon"},{"link_name":"Umbreon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Umbreon"},{"link_name":"Murkrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Murkrow"},{"link_name":"Slowking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Slowking"},{"link_name":"Misdreavus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Misdreavus"},{"link_name":"Unown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Unown"},{"link_name":"Wobbuffet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wobbuffet"},{"link_name":"Girafarig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Girafarig"},{"link_name":"Pineco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pineco"},{"link_name":"Forretress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Forretress"},{"link_name":"Dunsparce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dunsparce"},{"link_name":"Gligar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Gligar"},{"link_name":"Steelix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Steelix"},{"link_name":"Snubbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Snubbull"},{"link_name":"Granbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Granbull"},{"link_name":"Qwilfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Qwilfish"},{"link_name":"Scizor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Scizor"},{"link_name":"Shuckle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Shuckle"},{"link_name":"Heracross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Heracross"},{"link_name":"Sneasel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sneasel"},{"link_name":"Teddiursa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Teddiursa"},{"link_name":"Ursaring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ursaring"},{"link_name":"Slugma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Slugma"},{"link_name":"Magcargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Magcargo"},{"link_name":"Swinub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Swinub"},{"link_name":"Piloswine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Piloswine"},{"link_name":"Corsola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Corsola"},{"link_name":"Remoraid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Remoraid"},{"link_name":"Octillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Octillery"},{"link_name":"Delibird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Delibird"},{"link_name":"Mantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Mantine"},{"link_name":"Skarmory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Skarmory"},{"link_name":"Houndour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Houndour"},{"link_name":"Houndoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Houndoom"},{"link_name":"Kingdra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Kingdra"},{"link_name":"Phanpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Phanpy"},{"link_name":"Donphan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Donphan"},{"link_name":"Porygon2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Porygon2"},{"link_name":"Stantler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Stantler"},{"link_name":"Smeargle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Smeargle"},{"link_name":"Tyrogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tyrogue"},{"link_name":"Hitmontop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hitmontop"},{"link_name":"Smoochum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Smoochum"},{"link_name":"Elekid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Elekid"},{"link_name":"Magby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Magby"},{"link_name":"Miltank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Miltank"},{"link_name":"Blissey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Blissey"},{"link_name":"Raikou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Raikou"},{"link_name":"Entei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Entei"},{"link_name":"Suicune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Suicune"},{"link_name":"Larvitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Larvitar"},{"link_name":"Pupitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pupitar"},{"link_name":"Tyranitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tyranitar"},{"link_name":"Lugia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lugia"},{"link_name":"Ho-Oh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ho-Oh"},{"link_name":"Celebi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Celebi"}],"text":"Pokémon\n\nChikorita\nBayleef\nMeganium\nCyndaquil\nQuilava\nTyphlosion\nTotodile\nCroconaw\nFeraligatr\nSentret\nFurret\nHoothoot\nNoctowl\nLedyba\nLedian\nSpinarak\nAriados\nCrobat\nChinchou\nLanturn\nPichu\nCleffa\nIgglybuff\nTogepi\nTogetic\nNatu\nXatu\nMareep\nFlaaffy\nAmpharos\nBellossom\nMarill\nAzumarill\nSudowoodo\nPolitoed\nHoppip\nSkiploom\nJumpluff\nAipom\nSunkern\nSunflora\nYanma\nWooper\nQuagsire\nEspeon\nUmbreon\nMurkrow\nSlowking\nMisdreavus\nUnown\nWobbuffet\nGirafarig\nPineco\nForretress\nDunsparce\nGligar\nSteelix\nSnubbull\nGranbull\nQwilfish\nScizor\nShuckle\nHeracross\nSneasel\nTeddiursa\nUrsaring\nSlugma\nMagcargo\nSwinub\nPiloswine\nCorsola\nRemoraid\nOctillery\nDelibird\nMantine\nSkarmory\nHoundour\nHoundoom\nKingdra\nPhanpy\nDonphan\nPorygon2\nStantler\nSmeargle\nTyrogue\nHitmontop\nSmoochum\nElekid\nMagby\nMiltank\nBlissey\nRaikou\nEntei\nSuicune\nLarvitar\nPupitar\nTyranitar\nLugia\nHo-Oh\nCelebi","title":"List of Pokémon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pok%C3%A9dex_7-0"},{"link_name":"The Pokémon Company International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pok%C3%A9mon_Company"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Name_8-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NormaltoFairy_25-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NormaltoFairy_25-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NormaltoFairy_25-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NormaltoFairy_25-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NormaltoFairy_25-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NormaltoFairy_25-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Marill_32-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Marill_32-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Clodsire_39-0"},{"link_name":"Pokémon Scarlet and Violet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Scarlet_and_Violet"},{"link_name":"Clodsire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clodsire"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Qwilfish_45-0"},{"link_name":"Pokémon Legends Arceus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Legends_Arceus"},{"link_name":"Overqwil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overqwil"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cursola_47-0"},{"link_name":"Pokémon Sword and Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Sword_and_Shield"},{"link_name":"Cursola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursola"}],"text":"^ Details on Pokémon names, National Pokédex numbers, types and evolutions are obtained from The Pokémon Company International's online Pokédex.[6]\n\n^ English and Japanese name, as well as National Pokédex number\n\n^ a b c d e f Prior to X and Y, Cleffa, Igglybuff, Togepi, Snubbull and Granbull were pure Normal types, while Togetic was Normal/Flying.\n\n^ a b Starting in X and Y, Marill and Azumarill gained the Fairy type.\n\n^ Paldean Wooper (introduced in Pokémon Scarlet and Violet) are capable of evolving into Clodsire.\n\n^ Only Hisuian Qwilfish (introduced in Pokémon Legends Arceus) are capable of evolving into Overqwil.\n\n^ Only Galarian Corsola (introduced in Pokémon Sword and Shield) are capable of evolving into Cursola.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"The international logo for the Pokémon franchise","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/International_Pok%C3%A9mon_logo.svg/250px-International_Pok%C3%A9mon_logo.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Hilliard, Kyle (December 25, 2016). \"Pokémon Red & Blue – A Look Back At The 20-Year Journey To Catch 'Em All\". Game Informer. Archived from the original on October 1, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2016/12/25/pok-233-mon-red-amp-blue-a-look-back-at-the-20-year-journey-to-catch-em-all.aspx","url_text":"\"Pokémon Red & Blue – A Look Back At The 20-Year Journey To Catch 'Em All\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231001192920/https://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2016/12/25/pok-233-mon-red-amp-blue-a-look-back-at-the-20-year-journey-to-catch-em-all.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Allison, Anne (May 2006). Millennial Monsters: Japanese Toys and the Global Imagination. University of California Press. pp. 192–197. ISBN 9780520938991.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520938991","url_text":"9780520938991"}]},{"reference":"Kurten, Guillermo; Steel, Tom (August 11, 2023). \"Your Guide To The Pokémon Type Chart\". CBR. Retrieved May 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/pokemon-type-chart-guide/","url_text":"\"Your Guide To The Pokémon Type Chart\""}]},{"reference":"Beckett, Michael. \"Pokemon Gold/Silver – Staff Retroview\". RPGamer. Archived from the original on April 6, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170406232930/http://rpgamer.com/games/pokemon/poke2/reviews/poke2strev3.html","url_text":"\"Pokemon Gold/Silver – Staff Retroview\""},{"url":"http://rpgamer.com/games/pokemon/poke2/reviews/poke2strev3.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Patino, Martin (June 1, 2018). \"Leaked Pokemon Gold and Silver Beta Demos Show Features Cut From Final Games\". Game Revolution. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marne_River_(South_Australia)	Marne River (South Australia)	["1 Course and features","2 Etymology","3 See also","4 References"]	Coordinates: 34°41′58″S 139°34′37″E / 34.69944°S 139.57694°E / -34.69944; 139.57694Not to be confused with Marne (river). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Marne River" South Australia – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) River in South Australia, AustraliaMarneRhine River SouthLocation of the river mouth in South AustraliaEtymologyMarne River (France)Native nameTaingappa (Ngarrindjeri)LocationCountryAustraliaStateSouth AustraliaRegionBarossa RangesTownsCambraiPhysical characteristicsSourceMount Lofty Range • locationsouth of Eden Valley • coordinates34°40′00″S 139°06′34″E / 34.666643°S 139.109477°E / -34.666643; 139.109477 • elevation366 m (1,201 ft) MouthMurray River • locationWongulla • coordinates34°41′58″S 139°34′37″E / 34.69944°S 139.57694°E / -34.69944; 139.57694 • elevation5 m (16 ft)Length70 km (43 mi)Basin featuresRiver systemRiver Murray catchmentTributaries • rightRhine NorthProtected areaMarne Valley Conservation Park The Marne River, part of the River Murray catchment, is a river that is located in the Barossa Ranges region in the Australian state of South Australia. Course and features The Marne River rises below Eden Valley on the eastern slopes of the Mount Lofty Ranges and flows generally east before reaching its confluence with the River Murray at Wongulla. The Marne flows through Cambrai. The Marne descends 361 metres (1,184 ft) over its 70-kilometre (43 mi) course. Etymology In pre-European times, the Ngarrindjeri people used the Marne Valley as a route up into the hills to trade with the Peramangk people in the Barossa Valley and to cut bark canoes from the River Red Gums in the hills which had thicker bark than those near the Murray. The original name of the Marne River was Taingappa, meaning footrack-trading road. Before 1917, it was called the Rhine River South. Due to anti-German sentiment during World War I, it was renamed after the Marne River of France, where the German advance was stopped in 1914. See also South Australia portalWater portalEnvironment portal Rivers of South Australia References ^ a b "Map of Marne River, SA". Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia. Retrieved 25 March 2017. ^ "Marne River". PlaceNames Online. Government of South Australia Department for Transport, Energy and Infrastructure. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2014. vteRivers of South AustraliaRivers that flow towards the coast Acraman Broughton Crystal Hill Hutt Rocky Bungala Christies Dry Field Panalatinga Gawler North Para Jacobs South Para Glenelg Hindmarsh Inman Light Gilbert Little Para Myponga Onkaparinga Patawalonga Glen Osmond/Keswick Brown Hill Sturt Pirie–Torrens corridor Port Tod Torrens Wakefield Eyre Rivers of the Murray–Darling basin Angas Bremer Burra Currency Finniss Marne Murray Rivers of the Lake Eyre basin Alberga Cooper Diamantina Finke Frome Neales Strzelecki Warburton Eyre Kallakoopah Officer Macumba Rivers of Kangaroo Island Cygnet De Mole Eleanor Harriet Middle Rocky Stun Sail Boom Willson Rivers flowing into Lake Torrens Willochra Creek Calabrinda Creek Kanyaka Creek Wirreanda Creek This article about a river in South Australia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marne (river)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marne_(river)"},{"link_name":"River Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_River"},{"link_name":"catchment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"Barossa Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barossa_Ranges"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Marne (river).River in South Australia, AustraliaThe Marne River, part of the River Murray catchment, is a river that is located in the Barossa Ranges region in the Australian state of South Australia.","title":"Marne River (South Australia)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eden Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Valley,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Mount Lofty Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lofty_Ranges"},{"link_name":"confluence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence"},{"link_name":"Wongulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wongulla,_South_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrai,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercourse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bonzle-1"}],"text":"The Marne River rises below Eden Valley on the eastern slopes of the Mount Lofty Ranges and flows generally east before reaching its confluence with the River Murray at Wongulla. The Marne flows through Cambrai. The Marne descends 361 metres (1,184 ft) over its 70-kilometre (43 mi) course.[1]","title":"Course and features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ngarrindjeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngarrindjeri"},{"link_name":"people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aborigine"},{"link_name":"Peramangk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peramangk"},{"link_name":"Barossa Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barossa_Valley"},{"link_name":"bark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bark_(botany)"},{"link_name":"canoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoe"},{"link_name":"River Red Gums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Red_Gum"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"renamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_place_names_changed_from_German_names"},{"link_name":"Marne River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marne_River"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In pre-European times, the Ngarrindjeri people used the Marne Valley as a route up into the hills to trade with the Peramangk people in the Barossa Valley and to cut bark canoes from the River Red Gums in the hills which had thicker bark than those near the Murray. The original name of the Marne River was Taingappa, meaning footrack-trading road.Before 1917, it was called the Rhine River South. Due to anti-German sentiment during World War I, it was renamed after the Marne River of France, where the German advance was stopped in 1914.[2]","title":"Etymology"}]	[]	[{"title":"South Australia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:South_Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg"},{"title":"Water portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Water"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg"},{"title":"Environment portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Environment"},{"title":"Rivers of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_of_South_Australia"}]	[{"reference":"\"Map of Marne River, SA\". Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Garden_Party_(short_story_collection)	The Garden Party (short story collection)	["1 Stories","2 Themes","3 External links"]	1922 collection of short stories by Katherine Mansfield First edition (publ. Constable) The Garden Party and Other Stories is a 1922 collection of short stories by the writer Katherine Mansfield. Stories "At the Bay" "The Garden Party" "The Daughters of the Late Colonel" "Mr and Mrs Dove" "The Young Girl" "Life of Ma Parker" "Marriage à la Mode" "The Voyage" "Miss Brill" "Her First Ball" "The Singing Lesson" "The Stranger" "Bank Holiday" "An Ideal Family" "The Lady's Maid" Themes Life Death Marriage Distorted Reality Regret/Disappointment Duty Gender External links The Garden Party and Other Stories by Katherine Mansfield available freely at Project Gutenberg The Garden Party and Other Stories at the British Library The Garden Party (EFL/ESL Graded Readers) - Oxford Graded Reader / Matatabi Graded Reader The Garden Party and Other Stories at the New Zealand Text Centre The Garden Party public domain audiobook at LibriVox vteShort stories by Katherine Mansfield "Frau Brechenmacher Attends a Wedding" "The Woman at the Store" "How Pearl Button Was Kidnapped" "Millie" "Something Childish But Very Natural" "The Little Governess" "Revelations" "The Escape" "An Indiscreet Journey" "The Wind Blows" "Prelude" "Mr Reginald Peacock's Day" "Feuille d'Album" "A Dill Pickle" "Je ne parle pas français" "Sun and Moon" "Bliss" "Psychology" "Pictures" "The Man Without a Temperament" "The Stranger" "Miss Brill" "The Daughters of the Late Colonel" "Life of Ma Parker" "The Young Girl" "Mr and Mrs Dove" "Her First Ball" "The Singing Lesson" "Bank Holiday" "An Ideal Family" "The Lady's Maid" "Marriage à la Mode" "At The Bay" "The Voyage" "A Married Man's Story" "The Garden Party" "The Doll's House" "The Fly" "A Cup of Tea" "The Canary" "The Sister of the Baroness" This article about a collection of short stories published in the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TheGardenParty.jpg"},{"link_name":"Constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable_%26_Robinson"},{"link_name":"1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_in_literature"},{"link_name":"short stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_stories"},{"link_name":"Katherine Mansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield"}],"text":"First edition (publ. Constable)The Garden Party and Other Stories is a 1922 collection of short stories by the writer Katherine Mansfield.","title":"The Garden Party (short story collection)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"At the Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Bay"},{"link_name":"The Garden Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Garden_Party_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"The Daughters of the Late Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daughters_of_the_Late_Colonel"},{"link_name":"Mr and Mrs Dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_and_Mrs_Dove"},{"link_name":"Life of Ma Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_of_Ma_Parker"},{"link_name":"Marriage à la Mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_%C3%A0_la_Mode_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"The Voyage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voyage_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"Miss Brill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Brill"},{"link_name":"Her First Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_First_Ball"},{"link_name":"The Stranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stranger_(Mansfield_short_story)"}],"text":"\"At the Bay\"\n\"The Garden Party\"\n\"The Daughters of the Late Colonel\"\n\"Mr and Mrs Dove\"\n\"The Young Girl\"\n\"Life of Ma Parker\"\n\"Marriage à la Mode\"\n\"The Voyage\"\n\"Miss Brill\"\n\"Her First Ball\"\n\"The Singing Lesson\"\n\"The Stranger\"\n\"Bank Holiday\"\n\"An Ideal Family\"\n\"The Lady's Maid\"","title":"Stories"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Life\nDeath\nMarriage\nDistorted Reality\nRegret/Disappointment\nDuty\nGender","title":"Themes"}]	[{"image_text":"First edition (publ. Constable)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e1/TheGardenParty.jpg/220px-TheGardenParty.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1429","external_links_name":"The Garden Party and Other Stories by Katherine Mansfield"},{"Link":"http://www.bl.uk/works/the-garden-party-and-other-stories","external_links_name":"The Garden Party and Other Stories"},{"Link":"http://www.oxfordgradedreaders.es/product/the-garden-party-and-other-stories/","external_links_name":"Oxford Graded Reader"},{"Link":"https://www.press.matatabi-japan.com/english-graded-readers%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%A4%9A%E8%AA%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC","external_links_name":"Matatabi Graded Reader"},{"Link":"http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-ManGard.html","external_links_name":"The Garden Party and Other Stories at the New Zealand Text Centre"},{"Link":"https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Garden+Party&author=Mansfield&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced","external_links_name":"The Garden Party"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Garden_Party_(short_story_collection)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Street_of_Crocodiles	The Street of Crocodiles	["1 Origins and publication","2 Title","3 Plot","4 Language","5 Critical reception","6 Titles of the short stories","7 Adaptations","8 References","9 External links"]	1934 Bruno Schulz short story collection First edition The Street of Crocodiles, also known as The Cinnamon Shops, (Polish: Sklepy cynamonowe, lit. "Cinnamon Shops") is a 1934 collection of short stories written by Bruno Schulz. First published in Polish, the collection was translated into English by Celina Wieniewska in 1963. Origins and publication Schulz's earliest literary endeavors can probably be dated back to 1925. They included rough drafts of the short stories, later published in the collection The Street of Crocodiles, which the writer used to send to his friends Władysław Riff and Debora Vogel. Although in 1928 Schultz had already written the short story A July Night, it was included in the second volume entitled Sanatorium Under the Sign of the Hourglass which was published in 1937. All Debora Vogel's efforts to have Schulz's works published were in vain. It was only after the writer Zofia Nałkowska, from whom Schulz had sought help, expressed her support for him that the work was published in December 1933, dated 1934. Title The original title of the collection can be literally translated into English as "Cinnamon Shops." There is also a short story with the same title included in the collection. Cinnamon shops mentioned by the narrator of the story are situated in the centre of the town where the narrator lives. Plot An illustration by Bruno Schulz. The collection tells the story of a merchant family from a small Galician town which resembles the writer's home town of Drohobycz in many respects. The story abounds in mythical elements introduced by means of the visionary and dreamlike literary depiction (e.g. frequently occurring motif of labyrinths) characteristic of the writer. It is thus mythologized reality, processed by the imagination, artistically distorted and enriched by all possible references and allusions to other literary works, to great myths, to other more exotic domains of reality. One of the most significant characters in the work is the Father, who is not only the head of the family, a merchant running a textile shop in the marketplace, but also a mad experimenter endowed with superhuman abilities, a demiurge living between life and death, between the world of the real and the imaginary. Despite the literary fascination with the character of the Father displayed by Schulz, it is Józef whom he renders the work's protagonist and narrator. In the character of this young boy eagerly discovering the world that surrounds him, many of Schulz's own traits are clearly visible. Another is the servant girl Adela. She is a dominant woman and object of desire. She controls and threatens the Father, on one occasion freeing all of the birds he has collected in the attic, driving them away with her broom. Language The language adopted by Schulz is rich and unique, marked by various eccentric sequences of metaphors. The metaphors perform diverse functions; the writer brings inanimate objects into existence and presents humans as non-human animals. He uses multiple complex sentences, employs unfamiliar, old-fashioned and long-forgotten words as well as scientific (e.g. biological) terminology. These techniques caught the attention of and were discussed already by the first critics of Schulz, including Tadeusz Breza. Schulz's prose in the original Polish is full of Latinisms, arguably derived from the bureaucratic language of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He drew on these words instead of more familiar Slavic terms to defamiliarise the text. Critical reception The short story collection was well received by such writers and literary critics as Leon Piwiński, Tadeusz Breza (he defined Schulz's writing as uniquely beautiful and the true essence of poetry), Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Antoni Słonimski, Julian Tuwim and Adolf Nowaczyński. The majority of critics valued the work mainly due to its linguistic features, yet there were also some (e.g. Witkacy) who were enthralled by the metaphysical aspects of the stories. The work was frequently mentioned as one of the nominees for the award of the weekly literary magazine Wiadomości Literackie. However, there were some negative and reproachful reviews as well, produced mainly by the rightist and leftist press, which disapproved of the avant-garde nature of the work. Schulz’s writing was criticized in the negative reviews for "mannerism" and "uselessness." Titles of the short stories August Visitation Birds Tailors' Dummies Treatise on Tailors' Dummies or the Second Book of Genesis Treatise on Tailors' Dummies: Continuation Treatise on Tailors' Dummies: Conclusion Nimrod Pan Mr. Charles Cinnamon Shops The Street of Crocodiles Cocroaches The Gale The Night of the Great Season The Comet Adaptations A 1986 Brothers Quay stop-motion animation, Street of Crocodiles, is based on the book. The work was also adapted, in 1992, as a stage play, by Theatre de Complicite. This latter adaptation was first staged in August 1992 at the Cottesloe Theatre at the National Theatre in London; it toured throughout 1992 and 1993 and was nominated for four Olivier Awards. In 2010, the British Intellect published Katarzyna Marciniak and Kamil Turowski's photo album, Streets of Crocodiles: Photography, Media, and Postsocialist Landscapes in Poland. The book, inspired by Schulz's short story and available in print and electronic formats, is introduced by The Village Voice film critic, J. Hoberman, as "...a walk on the wild side, an expedition down a melancholy boulevard of dreams." Jonathan Safran Foer's Tree of Codes is an adaptation of Street of Crocodiles in the tradition of Tom Phillips's book A Humument. Safran Foer cut words from Street of Crocodiles in order to create his own story. Foer's novel has been turned into a full-length contemporary ballet by Wayne McGregor, commissioned by and premiered at the Manchester International Festival on Friday 3 July 2015 in the city's Opera House theatre; and an opera by Liza Lim, commissioned and premiered by Ensemble Musikfabrik on 9 April 2016 at the Staatenhaus, Cologne. References ^ Liukkonen, Petri. "Bruno Schulz". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 3 December 2003. ^ Heuckelom, Kris Van. Bruyn, Dieter De; Heuckelom, Kris van (2009). Unmasking Bruno Schulz. ISBN 978-9042026940. Retrieved 2010-12-22. p.464: "When Schulz turned to writing around 1925..." ISBN 90-420-2694-4 ^ Jerzy Jarzębski: Prowincja centrum. Przypisy do Schulza, Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków 2005, s. 22. ISBN 83-08-03812-3. ^ Goldfarb, Bruno Schulz ; translated by Celina Wieniewska ; foreword by Jonathan Safran Foer ; introduction by David A. (2008). The street of crocodiles and other stories. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 23, 40. ISBN 9780143105145.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Jerzy Jarzębski, Wstęp..., s. XXXVI. ^ Goldfarb, Bruno Schulz ; translated by Celina Wieniewska ; foreword by Jonathan Safran Foer ; introduction by David A. (2008). The street of crocodiles and other stories. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 30–31. ISBN 9780143105145.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Czytanie Schulza: materiały międzynarodowej sesji naukowej Bruno Schulz − w stulecie urodzin i pięćdziesięciolecie śmierci. Instytut Filologii Polskiej Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków, 8–10 czerwca 1992. Oficyna Naukowa i Literacka T.I.C., Kraków, 1994, s. 6. ISBN 83-85774-03-3 ^ "Productions: The Street of Crocodiles". Complicite. Archived from the original on 2007-02-03. Retrieved 2007-04-03. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sklepy cynamonowe. Bruno Schulz. Sklepy cynamonowe at Project Gutenberg (in Polish). ISBN 978-0-14-018625-3 — Penguin 20th Century Classics edn.	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First published in Polish, the collection was translated into English by Celina Wieniewska in 1963.[1]","title":"The Street of Crocodiles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Władysław Riff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Riff&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Debora Vogel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debora_Vogel"},{"link_name":"Zofia Nałkowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zofia_Na%C5%82kowska"}],"text":"Schulz's earliest literary endeavors can probably be dated back to 1925.[2] They included rough drafts of the short stories, later published in the collection The Street of Crocodiles, which the writer used to send to his friends Władysław Riff and Debora Vogel. Although in 1928 Schultz had already written the short story A July Night, it was included in the second volume entitled Sanatorium Under the Sign of the Hourglass which was published in 1937.All Debora Vogel's efforts to have Schulz's works published were in vain. It was only after the writer Zofia Nałkowska, from whom Schulz had sought help, expressed her support for him that the work was published in December 1933, dated 1934.","title":"Origins and publication"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The original title of the collection can be literally translated into English as \"Cinnamon Shops.\" There is also a short story with the same title included in the collection. Cinnamon shops mentioned by the narrator of the story are situated in the centre of the town where the narrator lives.","title":"Title"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bruno_Schulz_-_Sklepy_cynamonowe_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Drohobycz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drohobycz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"An illustration by Bruno Schulz.The collection tells the story of a merchant family from a small Galician town which resembles the writer's home town of Drohobycz in many respects. The story abounds in mythical elements introduced by means of the visionary and dreamlike literary depiction (e.g. frequently occurring motif of labyrinths) characteristic of the writer. It is thus mythologized reality, processed by the imagination, artistically distorted and enriched by all possible references and allusions to other literary works, to great myths, to other more exotic domains of reality.[3]One of the most significant characters in the work is the Father, who is not only the head of the family, a merchant running a textile shop in the marketplace, but also a mad experimenter endowed with superhuman abilities, a demiurge living between life and death, between the world of the real and the imaginary. Despite the literary fascination with the character of the Father displayed by Schulz, it is Józef whom he renders the work's protagonist and narrator. In the character of this young boy eagerly discovering the world that surrounds him, many of Schulz's own traits are clearly visible.Another is the servant girl Adela. She is a dominant woman and object of desire. She controls and threatens the Father, on one occasion freeing all of the birds he has collected in the attic, driving them away with her broom.[4]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metaphors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Breza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Breza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Latinisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinism"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The language adopted by Schulz is rich and unique, marked by various eccentric sequences of metaphors.[5] The metaphors perform diverse functions; the writer brings inanimate objects into existence and presents humans as non-human animals. He uses multiple complex sentences, employs unfamiliar, old-fashioned and long-forgotten words as well as scientific (e.g. biological) terminology. These techniques caught the attention of and were discussed already by the first critics of Schulz, including Tadeusz Breza.\nSchulz's prose in the original Polish is full of Latinisms, arguably derived from the bureaucratic language of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He drew on these words instead of more familiar Slavic terms to defamiliarise the text.[6]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leon Piwiński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leon_Piwi%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz"},{"link_name":"Antoni Słonimski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_S%C5%82onimski"},{"link_name":"Julian Tuwim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Tuwim"},{"link_name":"Adolf Nowaczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Nowaczy%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"}],"text":"The short story collection was well received by such writers and literary critics as Leon Piwiński, Tadeusz Breza (he defined Schulz's writing as uniquely beautiful and the true essence of poetry),[7] Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Antoni Słonimski, Julian Tuwim and Adolf Nowaczyński. The majority of critics valued the work mainly due to its linguistic features, yet there were also some (e.g. Witkacy) who were enthralled by the metaphysical aspects of the stories. The work was frequently mentioned as one of the nominees for the award of the weekly literary magazine Wiadomości Literackie. However, there were some negative and reproachful reviews as well, produced mainly by the rightist and leftist press, which disapproved of the avant-garde nature of the work. Schulz’s writing was criticized in the negative reviews for \"mannerism\" and \"uselessness.\"","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"August\nVisitation\nBirds\nTailors' Dummies\nTreatise on Tailors' Dummies or the Second Book of Genesis\nTreatise on Tailors' Dummies: Continuation\nTreatise on Tailors' Dummies: Conclusion\nNimrod\nPan\nMr. Charles\nCinnamon Shops\nThe Street of Crocodiles\nCocroaches\nThe Gale\nThe Night of the Great Season\nThe Comet","title":"Titles of the short stories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brothers Quay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Quay"},{"link_name":"stop-motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop-motion"},{"link_name":"Street of Crocodiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_of_Crocodiles"},{"link_name":"Theatre de Complicite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complicite"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"National Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Olivier Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Awards"},{"link_name":"Intellect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.intellectbooks.co.uk/"},{"link_name":"Katarzyna Marciniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.english.ohiou.edu/directory/faculty_page/marciniak/"},{"link_name":"Kamil Turowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//fotofabula.org/index.html"},{"link_name":"Streets of Crocodiles: Photography, Media, and Postsocialist Landscapes in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Streets-Crocodiles-Photography-Postsocialist-Landscapes/dp/1841503657/ref=sr_1_3?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1324954039&sr=1-3"},{"link_name":"The Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"J. 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The work was also adapted, in 1992, as a stage play, by Theatre de Complicite.[8] This latter adaptation was first staged in August 1992 at the Cottesloe Theatre at the National Theatre in London; it toured throughout 1992 and 1993 and was nominated for four Olivier Awards.In 2010, the British Intellect published Katarzyna Marciniak and Kamil Turowski's photo album, Streets of Crocodiles: Photography, Media, and Postsocialist Landscapes in Poland. The book, inspired by Schulz's short story and available in print and electronic formats, is introduced by The Village Voice film critic, J. Hoberman, as \"...a walk on the wild side, an expedition down a melancholy boulevard of dreams.\"Jonathan Safran Foer's Tree of Codes is an adaptation of Street of Crocodiles in the tradition of Tom Phillips's book A Humument. Safran Foer cut words from Street of Crocodiles in order to create his own story. Foer's novel has been turned into a full-length contemporary ballet by Wayne McGregor, commissioned by and premiered at the Manchester International Festival on Friday 3 July 2015 in the city's Opera House theatre; and an opera by Liza Lim, commissioned and premiered by Ensemble Musikfabrik on 9 April 2016 at the Staatenhaus, Cologne.","title":"Adaptations"}]	[{"image_text":"First edition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/TheStreetOfCrocodiles.jpg/220px-TheStreetOfCrocodiles.jpg"},{"image_text":"An illustration by Bruno Schulz.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bruno_Schulz_-_Sklepy_cynamonowe_3.jpg/250px-Bruno_Schulz_-_Sklepy_cynamonowe_3.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Liukkonen, Petri. \"Bruno Schulz\". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. 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Retrieved 2007-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070203181449/http://www.complicite.org/productions/detail.html?id=14","url_text":"\"Productions: The Street of Crocodiles\""},{"url":"http://www.complicite.org/productions/detail.html?id=14","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.intellectbooks.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Intellect"},{"Link":"http://www.english.ohiou.edu/directory/faculty_page/marciniak/","external_links_name":"Katarzyna Marciniak"},{"Link":"http://fotofabula.org/index.html","external_links_name":"Kamil Turowski"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Streets-Crocodiles-Photography-Postsocialist-Landscapes/dp/1841503657/ref=sr_1_3?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1324954039&sr=1-3","external_links_name":"Streets of Crocodiles: Photography, Media, and Postsocialist Landscapes in Poland"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031203172735/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/schulz.htm","external_links_name":"\"Bruno Schulz\""},{"Link":"http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/schulz.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5MnX-TYTWGAC&q=bruno+schulz+early+writings+1925&pg=PA464","external_links_name":"Unmasking Bruno Schulz"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070203181449/http://www.complicite.org/productions/detail.html?id=14","external_links_name":"\"Productions: The Street of Crocodiles\""},{"Link":"http://www.complicite.org/productions/detail.html?id=14","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/8119","external_links_name":"Sklepy cynamonowe"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:The_Banner/Archive07	User talk:The Banner/Archive07	["1 Richmond and Petersburg Railroad","2 Reverting all my changes regarding census of 2016","3 Re: Outdated templates for riders and teams","4 Disambiguation links on Götz Kubitschek","5 Siege of Tobruk","6 The Signpost: 17 January 2017","7 Books and Bytes - Issue 20","8 RFC of interest","9 Dagar etc","10 Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Minami Itahashi","11 Nomination for deletion of Template:Cities in Azerbaijan","12 The Signpost: 6 February 2017","13 Robert Devereux, 18th Viscount Hereford","14 Rollback abuse in List of Dreamcast games","15 February 2017","16 WP:OWN and WP:TIES","17 The Signpost: 27 February 2017","18 Hello! There is a DR/N request you may have interest in.","19 Hello, from a DR/N volunteer","20 DRN case closed","21 April 2017","22 Books and Bytes - Issue 21","23 WP:HOUND","24 Michelin Guide","25 Stop Wikihounding me!","26 WP:HOUND","27 World War II in Yugoslavia Repeat Vandelism","28 The Signpost: 9 June 2017","29 Reverted contribution from Emoji page","30 Books and Bytes - Issue 22","31 The Signpost: 23 June 2017","32 This is to inform you that an attempt is being made to overturn an RfC that you voted on","33 Your IP stalker","34 speedy deletion Ashish Bisht","35 We do not censor","36 Administrator election on Dutch Wikinews","37 The Signpost: 15 July 2017","38 Possible block looming","39 FYI","40 Arbitration Committee referral for violation of The Troubles 1RR restriction","41 Via WP:AE","42 Your user page","43 1RR on Troubles article violations","44 Request for comment","45 The Signpost: 5 August 2017","46 Books and Bytes - Issue 23","47 General note false allegation","48 Spam","49 The Signpost: 6 September 2017","50 Jack Kevorkian lead","51 Euthanasia in the Netherlands","52 Thanks!","53 The Signpost: 25 September 2017","54 Content Translation pop-up","55 User:Hayal12","56 You lost, i won","57 Books and Bytes - Issue 24","58 The Signpost: 23 October 2017","59 STOP IT NOW and vor ever!! STOP STALKING ME","60 The Signpost: 24 November 2017","61 Not useful","62 Women chefs with Michelin stars","63 Books and Bytes - Issue 25","64 New Page Reviewing","65 The Signpost: 18 December 2017","66 Promo-campaign","66.1 Reply to: December 2017","66.2 Reply to: Managing a conflict of interest","67 Reply to your comments on my Talk page"]	This page is an archive of past discussions. Do not edit the contents of this page. If you wish to start a new discussion or revive an old one, please do so on the current talk page. Richmond and Petersburg Railroad Content moved to Talk:Richmond and Petersburg Railroad 19:10, 3 January 2017 (UTC) Reverting all my changes regarding census of 2016 Hello The Banner. I see that you reverted all my changes regarding the latest census. While I accept that in many cases I did not give the source (http://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpr/censusofpopulation2016-preliminary results/geochan/) and in other cases Wikipedia (once I saw that these where based on the above), I would have prefered if you had asked me to state the source so I could include it. Now all these articles state outdated results. If you think that is better then my changes, then let it be. You may see that I changed some articles regarding local and Dail elections too; you should revert them as well as I did not state the source there either. Looking through articles, I saw some contain outdated data; I intented to change some in the future. But I will stop trying to improve articles in the English Wikipedia; trying to improve the German Wkipedia a little is effort enough. --Wanfried-Dublin (talk) 19:47, 6 January 2017 (UTC) I really wonder why in the Leitrim article in the main text the new value of 2016 is accepted (although with the notation that a better source is needed) and my changes in the infobox are reverted because "Wikipedia is not a reliable source" while the Population Rank in the next line points exactly to this Wikipedia source of 2016 - with the population given as of 2011! I am really surprised that you think that your reversement made this article any better! I am not bothered to check all the other articles, but I am sure that there are more discrepancies like this.--Wanfried-Dublin (talk) 21:52, 6 January 2017 (UTC) Because it is still better than your unsourced version. On ENWP, things have to be sourced conform WP:RS. The Banner talk 22:10, 6 January 2017 (UTC) I could give you more examples of unsourced and wrong statements. Then you can revert them all. As I said in my 2nd statement: there are some inconsistencies in the Leitrim article: do you really think that one is better now after you reverted it? And I have changed many articles concerning the results of the last elections without stating the source. Go on and revert them too. It would have been okay if you had asked for the sources; I would have tried to include them! Thanks for your help to "improve" Wikipedia.--Wanfried-Dublin (talk) 22:25, 6 January 2017 (UTC) You can improve Wikipedia by adding Reliable Source when you add info. But what you did was removing sources or even naming other Wikipedia-articles as source. That is not how it works. The Banner talk 22:46, 6 January 2017 (UTC) First: I only removed sources that where no longer relevant (census 2011 and even older) when I gave the results of the 2016 census. The WP-article I named gives as the source "Population data for counties in the Republic of Ireland is based on preliminary data from census 2016." although not the actual link (I wonder if you will remove this as well now - and all my "unsourced" changes regarding elections). And why do you not give an answer about the inconsistencies mentioned above? Or why do you not have told me on the "talk-page " that you want "proper" sources. But as I said: I am finished with the English WP - thanks to you.--Wanfried-Dublin (talk) 23:02, 6 January 2017 (UTC) But you never gave evidence of the 2016 figures. That is the problem. The Banner talk 23:07, 6 January 2017 (UTC) And you never give an answer to my other questions. And I gave evidence, although quoting WP. As I said, I would have stated the sources, if I was made aware that the English WP is so strict (if you are interested, look at the German WP (articles Portal Tomb and Poulnabrone and the Talk-Page). There it seems to be the other way round - of which I do not approve as you might see). --Wanfried-Dublin (talk) 23:19, 6 January 2017 (UTC) Learn the rules... and you are not a newbie! The Banner talk 01:42, 7 January 2017 (UTC) From Wikipedia:Five pillars: Seek consensus, avoid edit wars, .... . Act in good faith, and assume good faith on the part of others.Seek consensus, avoid edit wars, ... . Act in good faith, and assume good faith on the part of others. .... Should conflicts arise, discuss them calmly on the appropriate talk pages,.... From Category:Wikipedia behavioral guidelines: Assume good faith: Unless there is strong evidence to the contrary, assume that people who work on the project are trying to help it, not hurt it. From Wikipedia:Rollback - When to use rollback: Rollback may be used: To revert obvious vandalism and other edits where the reason for reverting is absolutely clear To revert edits in your own user pages To revert edits that you have made (for example, edits that you accidentally made) To revert edits by banned or blocked users in defiance of their block or ban (but be prepared to explain this use of rollback when asked to) To revert widespread edits (by a misguided editor or malfunctioning bot) which are judged to be unhelpful to the encyclopedia, provided that you supply an explanation in an appropriate location, such as at the relevant talk page Use of standard rollback for any other purposes – such as reverting good-faith changes which you happen to disagree with – is likely to be considered misuse of the tool. When in doubt, use another method of reversion and supply an edit summary to explain your reasoning. --Wanfried-Dublin (talk) 10:48, 7 January 2017 (UTC) Wikipedia:Competence is required. The Banner talk 12:59, 7 January 2017 (UTC) Re: Outdated templates for riders and teams In regards to the merger of the templates – I could theoretically get them turned around before the day is done, and they can be speedied (hopefully?). Shall report back once complete. I've had worse shocks, trust me! ;) Craig(talk) 18:16, 7 January 2017 (UTC) Thank you very much. The Banner talk 18:18, 7 January 2017 (UTC) All templates from 2013 to 2016 have now been merged over. There are currently three showing for 2017, but I can quickly knock together a 2017 page akin to the previous years to get those ones clear also. Craig(talk) 22:17, 7 January 2017 (UTC) I see sense for the 2017 ones. A year page might be handy, but not urgent. The Banner talk 22:45, 7 January 2017 (UTC) Disambiguation links on Götz Kubitschek Thank you for fixing the disambiguation links on that article! You wrote that there is still one to be fixed (referring to Blackshirts_(disambiguation)). I deliberately abstained from linking Kubitschek's public appearance in a black shirt to any particular group because there seems not to have been a reference to any specific group in that event. Rather, black shirts seem to be quite a widespread feature of fascist/militaristic groups (as can be seen in the disambiguation), so I wanted the link to a dismabiguation page to show the multiple possibilites for interpretation or reference. Best regards, --Ubel (talk) 16:25, 12 January 2017 (UTC) Ehm, no. It was Twinkle who said that there was still to be fixed, not me. I recognized the intentional link to a disambiguation page and that was why I did nothing with it. The whole story about the NPD is superfluous, as you can read the story on the article about the NPD. In this article it turned it POV. The Banner talk 16:53, 12 January 2017 (UTC) Oh sorry, this wasn't meant to sound aggressive :) I didn't know. I'm quite new to wikipedia. And yes, I see your point with the NPD thing. I just inserted it as further support for that statement because someone deleted that passage altogether before. --Ubel (talk) 13:38, 13 January 2017 (UTC) My comments were supposed to be of an explaining tone, not aggressive. If that was the case: sorry, I apologize. The Banner talk 10:26, 16 January 2017 (UTC) Siege of Tobruk Hello I've changed the link we were arguing about here, again. I'd left it with you to decide which remedy to use, but there'd been no change, so I've decided for you. If you are unhappy about that, I've outlined the remedy at the talk page. Regards, Moonraker12 (talk) 22:52, 30 December 2016 (UTC) Interesting. So the Libyan city of Tobruk is now in the Egyptian desert? The Banner talk 23:00, 30 December 2016 (UTC) I've clarified your edit here, because it was incomplete as it stood. And to answer your question: No, of course not, and the article doesn't say that; what it says is that the Libyan port of Tobruk was in an area referred to in the 1940's as the "Western Desert", and had a link to the explanation of why. Read it for yourself, it isn't hard... Moonraker12 (talk) 23:30, 10 January 2017 (UTC) Interesting is that you fail to give the correct link. it isn't hard... But is Western Desert a typical British name or have, let us say, the Italians and Germans a similar name for the area? The Banner talk 23:45, 10 January 2017 (UTC) The Library of Congress is one of the two sources provided there. I do not think that the Library of Congress is British. The Germans called their forces the "Afrika Korps" (in German), and for the Italians, areas would be referred to under the province names as allocated under the rather short-lived Italian Empire. None of these terms are very useful to describe an entire theatre of operations in an English language encyclopedia. MPS1992 (talk) 00:05, 11 January 2017 (UTC) Okay, clear. You have no real arguments to choose an English name but still wants it that way. Have fun with that one sided view. The Banner talk 00:10, 11 January 2017 (UTC) We do need to write in the English language on this project, yes. MPS1992 (talk) 00:15, 11 January 2017 (UTC) We need to write neutral and do not take a pro-English language POV. The Banner talk 01:06, 11 January 2017 (UTC) Yes, but writing neutrally requires a proper consideration of the sources. MPS1992 (talk) 09:03, 11 January 2017 (UTC) But the method you use looks like cherry-picking. The Banner talk 12:00, 11 January 2017 (UTC) No, actually I have never edited the article at all. Ever. You would know this if you had looked at the article history instead of reacting angrily to a perceived slight. Unfortunately, you became confused. I suggest that you go back to the article talk page and discuss your concerns there, if you have independent reliable sources to support them. Otherwise, I suggest you leave it. Aggression and accusations like this are really rather unwelcome. MPS1992 (talk) 22:58, 11 January 2017 (UTC) To take this up again (belatedly), explain to me; "failed to give the correct link"? If the correct link to explain the name “Western Desert” isn't the Name section of the Western Desert article, what, in your opinion, is? And what exactly is your objection in all this? It seems on the face of it that you object to the English language WP being written in English; in which case you should prepare yourself for a shock, because it goes on everywhere; the German WP is written in German, and the Italian WP is in Italian. You'll find the Dutch WP uses Dutch language, idiom, terms, and expressions, uses predominantly Dutch sources and contains articles of interest to a predominantly Dutch audience. However, what you won't find on the Dutch WP is me railing against a Dutch POV, and a lack of neutrality by Dutch editors because of it, so it would be nice to have the same courtesy here, no? Moonraker12 (talk) 22:26, 16 January 2017 (UTC) Thank you for making it perfectly clear that you are not here to create a neutral encyclopaedia. The Banner talk 22:50, 16 January 2017 (UTC) The Signpost: 17 January 2017 From the editor: Next steps for the Signpost News and notes: Surge in RFA promotions—a sign of lasting change? Interview: What is it like to edit Wikipedia when you're blind? In the media: Year-end roundups, Wikipedia's 16th birthday, and more Featured content: One year ends, and another begins Arbitration report: Concluding 2016 and covering 2017's first two cases Traffic report: Out with the old, in with the new Technology report: Tech present, past, and future Recent research: Female Wikipedians aren't more likely to edit women biographies; Black Lives Matter in Wikipedia * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 10:40, 17 January 2017 (UTC) Books and Bytes - Issue 20 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes Issue 20, November-December 2016 by Nikkimaria (talk · contribs), Ocaasi (talk · contribs), UY Scuti (talk · contribs), Samwalton9 (talk · contribs) Partner resource expansions New search tool for finding TWL resources #1lib1ref 2017 Wikidata Visiting Scholar Read the full newsletter MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 23:59, 17 January 2017 (UTC) RFC of interest Given your prior edits such as this you may be interested inWikipedia_talk:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Request_for_comment:_Use_of_interlanguage_links_in_Wikipedia_templates.--TonyTheTiger (T / C / WP:FOUR / WP:CHICAGO / WP:WAWARD) 18:25, 20 January 2017 (UTC) Dagar etc It's not obvious to me (or to any other non-admin who can't see the deleted article) that Dagur clan was identical to the current Dagar, so that the latter can be speedied. Could we please have an AfD for Dagar, the clan article, to settle the matter clearly once and for all? I note that it has been to AfD twice already, once no consensus, then kept, one procedural close and one no consensus. Thanks. PamD 12:04, 24 January 2017 (UTC) I've taken it to AfD: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dagar (2nd nomination). Removing your db tag seemed unavoidable during the process (with Twinkle) so I hope you don't disagree. PamD 12:11, 24 January 2017 (UTC) I do disagree, as it was a recreation of another article removed after a normal AfD-procedure. But you were in such a hurry that you failed to wait for my reply. The Banner talk 12:56, 24 January 2017 (UTC) (and PamD) The two articles are absolutely identical. Kudpung กุดผึ้ง (talk) 16:04, 29 January 2017 (UTC) Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Minami Itahashi Just a note that I withdrew and closed Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Minami Itahashi. Normally I would not do that as your delete vote was still active, but given the great improvement of the article, which now demonstrates notability beyond a doubt, I decided to be WP:BOLD and go ahead and close it, particularly as snow consensus for keep also existed. Safiel (talk) 04:54, 30 January 2017 (UTC) I can agree with that. The Banner talk 10:36, 30 January 2017 (UTC) Nomination for deletion of Template:Cities in Azerbaijan Greetings. Now that I have seen, that all the cities and towns in {{Cities in Azerbaijan}} are indeed listed in {{Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan}} which I have overlooked, you can redirect this template to that template or delete it - whichever method the administrators see fit to choose. --Sondrion (talk) 11:25, 30 January 2017 (UTC) The Signpost: 6 February 2017 Arbitration report: WMF Legal and ArbCom weigh in on tension between disclosure requirements and user privacy Special report: Wolves nip at Wikipedia's heels: A perspective on the cost of paid editing News and notes: Official WMF rebuke to Trump policy; WMF secures restricted funds In focus: WMF strategy consultant brings background in crisis reputation management; Team behind popular WMF software put "on pause" WikiProject report: For the birds! Op-ed: How to make editing workshops useful, even if participants don't stick around In the media: Presidential politics, periodic table, and our periodic roundup of updates Technology report: Better PDFs, backup plans, and birthday wishes Traffic report: Cool It Now Featured content: Three weeks dominated by articles Forum: Productive collaboration around coordinated protest marches; Media and political personalities comment on Wikipedia at its 16th birthday celebration * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 10:46, 6 February 2017 (UTC) Robert Devereux, 18th Viscount Hereford I've just reviewed the article Robert Devereux, 18th Viscount Hereford which seems fine but I note that you've been in "discussions" with the author on the matter of Viscount Hereford. If you feel I should have dealt with it other than giving it a pass at New Page Patrol, please let me know. Cabayi (talk) 17:43, 8 February 2017 (UTC) Rollback abuse in List of Dreamcast games It isn't smart of you to simply revert changes done by number of editors including myself in List of Dreamcast games. In addition it's supposed to follow other game lists like List of Wii U software, List of Nintendo Switch games, etc but there are some that failed to follow this standard, like List of Nintendo 64 games. Most also contain overlinking you claimed in your edit summary. You should open discussion regarding this in Talk:List of Dreamcast games rather than getting us into edit war. Rukario-sama ^ㅈ^ -(...) 02:19, 10 February 2017 (UTC) I suggest that you start looking at what you are doing yourself. With your last revert to have reintroduced 47 links to disambiguation pages. The Banner talk 08:26, 10 February 2017 (UTC) While we're at it, it's still in need of a good cleanup. Reverting is really unconstructive if not used against changes that's already unconstructive. Rukario-sama ^ㅈ^ -(...) 09:12, 10 February 2017 (UTC) Introducing 47 links to disambiguation pages is unconstructive and damaging the article. The Banner talk 18:12, 10 February 2017 (UTC) February 2017 Baltic states were occupied. Articles about someone born in France 1940 don't use Deutsches Reich as birthplace. Template:Infobox person Place of birth: city, administrative region, sovereign state. Soviet union never had sovereignty over Baltic states. Occupation of the Baltic states. People born in France 1940–1944 are not listed as born in German Reich – Claude Miller, Christian Boltanski, Catherine Deneuve, Bérangère Vattier, Frank Alamo, Jean-Claude Dassier. Take a minute and read this: Occupation of the Baltic states. Especially this part: "The Baltic states, the United States and its courts of law, the European Parliament, the European Court of Human Rights and the United Nations Human Rights Council have all stated that these three countries were invaded, occupied and illegally incorporated into the Soviet Union under provisions of the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, first by the Soviet Union, then by Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1944, and again by the Soviet Union from 1944 to 1991. This policy of non-recognition has given rise to the principle of legal continuity, which holds that de jure, or as a matter of law, the Baltic states had remained independent states under illegal occupation throughout the period from 1940 to 1991." There are miles of discussions about this , , . etc. Ans so until anybody can prove otherwise BLP of Baltic states do not use Soviet Union as Birthplace --Klõps (talk) 21:44, 14 February 2017 (UTC) We describe facts, not historical anger. The Banner talk 22:12, 14 February 2017 (UTC) I'm not angry, just gave you some facts. Sorry if they seem angry. --Klõps (talk) 22:39, 14 February 2017 (UTC) Ah, okay I get the message. It is not about facts, it is about emotions. And I just wandered into a minefield like the Balkan-relations. The Banner talk 22:44, 14 February 2017 (UTC) Why such a personal attack? I gave You historical background. I'd say that You are the emotional one here. Baltic states were occupied. There's difference on De facto and de jure belonging to Soviet Union... and so on. I gave the articles, You can continue reading there. If You want to change birthplaces to SU then please gave Your factual explanation, and don't be so snooty. Klõps (talk) 23:03, 14 February 2017 (UTC) I just told you why I disengage: too much emotions. And you have just proven that point. The Banner talk 00:32, 15 February 2017 (UTC) I gave You facts... You can't deny it. --Klõps (talk) 08:48, 15 February 2017 (UTC) You act on emotions. Just let me disengage, will you? The Banner talk 10:12, 15 February 2017 (UTC) WP:OWN and WP:TIES WP:TIES states "An article on a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation should use the (formal, not colloquial) English of that nation". In this edit you have removed the "Use Irish English" tag from an article that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation with the edit summary "no need for some POV pushing on the language". Can I ask you to explain what you mean by this and why you have done this? Secondly, in a series of edits, here, here and here you have removed the "Use Irish English" and instead added a "Use British English" tags to resturants in Dublin and Galway. Your rationale said "see WP:NONSENSE and WP:POVPUSHING". WP:NONSENSE is a content guideline and a speedy deletion category. WP:POVPUSHING states "POV-pushing is a term used on Wikipedia to describe the aggressive presentation of a particular point of view in an article, particularly when used to denote the undue presentation of minor or fringe ideas. Calling someone a "POV-pusher" is uncivil and pejorative, and even characterizing edits as POV-pushing should be done cautiously". Can I ask your rationale for the restaurant edits as well and the reason you left that edit summary? In your first edit removing the Irish English tag you stated "I am unable to use a language that I do not master. I have learned British English at school. That is why I have chosen that variety" which seems to suggest that since you created the article you have some claim to ownership over it and the variety of English it uses which trumps WP:TIES. Are you making such a claim? AusLondonder (talk) 10:57, 16 February 2017 (UTC) I am not interested in your POV-pushing. As you state on your own user page: I also believe that while the systemic bias on Wikipedia favours the United Kingdom to some extent as well (...). Usually it is the original author who sets the language that is used and others respect that. And I do not claim ownership of the articles, when you have something useful to change in the articles you will see not objection. The Banner talk 11:08, 16 February 2017 (UTC) Ow, and I was surprised that WP:NONSENSE was an existing link. The Banner talk 11:12, 16 February 2017 (UTC) Suggesting someone with London in their name is an anti-British pov-pusher is not only highly uncivil but bordering on the insane. Thanks for taking my comment about systemic bias absolutely out of context. Please take the time to actually read the sentence - it says "coverage of the United States is far superior and bias is manifested towards UK and European topics in some deletion nominations". You are wrong that the original author sets the language. If I created the Pearl Harbor as Pearl Harbour using Australian English spelling throughout, it would be changed to American English. This is the whole point of WP:TIES. Take just a minute to read the policy. Do you seriously think British English should be used at the Irish Republican Army article? At the Dublin and Galway articles? Will you seriously seek to defend that position if I seek a second opinion? Re the WP:NONSENSE page, which you actually linked, I am quite aware that you are "surprised" by the existence of an awful lot of our policies. AusLondonder (talk) 11:23, 16 February 2017 (UTC) It would be nice when you stop pushing your POV so aggressively. That is not helping any discussion. The use of British English on the Irish Republican Army article is definitely not incorrect , as you stated. The IRA is founded in a time when Ireland was still part of the United Kingdom. The "Old IRA", as it sometimes is referred to nowadays, was also active in what is now Northern-Ireland, still part of the United Kingdom. I can understand that you do everything to break down what you state as I also believe that while the systemic bias on Wikipedia favours the United Kingdom to some extent as well (...) but you have already fallen into of pushing too hard to do that. The Banner talk 11:41, 16 February 2017 (UTC) You're literally not making sense any more. Are you willing, per WP:TIES, to allow the Irish English tags to be reinstated at the IRA and Irish restaurant articles? Or do I need to seek another opinion? AusLondonder (talk) 23:01, 17 February 2017 (UTC) That is entirely your problem, my friend. A little bit respect for other would help you a lot, far better than pushing and crying. The Banner talk 00:37, 18 February 2017 (UTC) Oh the irony of someone who smeared another editor as a "nationalistic POVPUSHER" for enforcing well-established conventions demanding respect. You get what you give buddy. The fact you thought it worth fighting about whether we should use Irish English spelling for restaurants in the Irish capital is alarming and points to a non-constructive approach to editing and engaging with other editors in my opinion. If you don't like WP:TIES propose a change through a consultative community process. If you don't like the Use Irish English template nominate it for deletion. Simple really. AusLondonder (talk) 11:47, 18 February 2017 (UTC) No, the irony is that you have to start reading the MOS. Especially the beginning what states This guideline is a part of the English Wikipedia's Manual of Style. It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though it is best treated with common sense, and occasional exceptions may apply. And WP:TIES itself, that states An article on a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation should use the (formal, not colloquial) English of that nation. Nowhere in the manual of style is stated that following the manual of style is mandatory but that is what you are trying to do: brutally enforcing a rule that is not mandatory. The Banner talk 18:31, 18 February 2017 (UTC) At least we're getting somewhere other than plain abuse now. As you say MOS:TIES states that "An article on a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation should use the (formal, not colloquial) English of that nation" while MOS:RETAIN states "When an English variety's consistent usage has been established in an article, maintain it in the absence of consensus to the contrary. With few exceptions (e.g., when a topic has strong national ties". However, I am more than happy to discuss with you what exceptions you believe apply with the IRA article and the Irish restaurant articles. AusLondonder (talk) 22:43, 19 February 2017 (UTC) ''This guideline is a part of the English Wikipedia's Manual of Style. It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though it is best treated with common sense, and occasional exceptions may apply. What means as much: do not start to harass people who do not agree with you. Use common sense and leave the dead donkey. The Banner talk 22:47, 19 February 2017 (UTC) The Signpost: 27 February 2017 From the editors: Results from our poll on subscription and delivery, and a new RSS feed Recent research: Special issue: Wikipedia in education Technology report: Responsive content on desktop; Offline content in Android app In the media: The Daily Mail does not run Wikipedia Gallery: A Met montage Special report: Peer review – a history and call for reviewers Op-ed: Wikipedia has cancer Featured content: The dominance of articles continues Traffic report: Love, football, and politics Blog: WikiIndaba 2017: A continent gathers to chart a path forward * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 01:20, 28 February 2017 (UTC) Hello! There is a DR/N request you may have interest in. This message is being sent to let you know of a discussion at the Wikipedia:Dispute resolution noticeboard regarding a content dispute discussion you may have participated in. Content disputes can hold up article development and make editing difficult for editors. You are not required to participate, but you are both invited and encouraged to help this dispute come to a resolution. The discussion is about the topic Talk:Dutch letter. Please join us to help form a consensus. Thank you! Yashovardhan (talk) 08:55, 28 March 2017 (UTC) Hello, from a DR/N volunteer This is a friendly reminder to involved parties that there is a current Dispute Resolution Noticeboard case still awaiting comments and replies. If this dispute has been resolved to the satisfaction of the filing editor and all involved parties, please take a moment to add a note about this at the discussion so that a volunteer may close the case as "Resolved". If the dispute is still ongoing, please add your input. Yashovardhan (talk) 03:43, 29 March 2017 (UTC) DRN case closed This message template was placed here by Yashovardhan Dhanania, a volunteer at the Dispute Resolution Noticeboard. You recently filed a request or were a major party in the DRN case titled "Talk:Dutch letter#Banket". The case is now closed: no party objects to resolution If you are unsatisfied with this outcome, you may refile the DRN request or open a thread on another noticeboard as appropriate. If you have any questions please feel free to contact this volunteer at his/ her talk page or at the DRN talk page. Thank you! --Yashovardhan (talk) 06:03, 30 March 2017 (UTC) Additional comments by volunteer: a new move request has been made by original filer as recommended. April 2017 Hello. I noticed that you attempted to file a deletion discussion on the article Bucher aircraft tractor but did not complete the process. Please note that, when listing an article for deletion, a discussion page needs to be made for other users to discuss whether to keep or delete the article. This is typically done by following the steps listed here. Note that if you are editing as an unregistered user, you cannot create a discussion page. Please consider registering an account or asking another user to help you complete the process at Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion. Thank you. Remember to let Twinkle finish all of its tasks before closing the tab or window. ansh666 18:48, 2 April 2017 (UTC) I do not know what I am doing wrong, but I fail to get it right. The page is now created, but still not in order. The Banner talk 20:44, 2 April 2017 (UTC) Seems like it's all good now. ansh666 00:53, 3 April 2017 (UTC) Books and Bytes - Issue 21 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes Issue 21, January-March 2017 by Nikkimaria (talk · contribs), Ocaasi (talk · contribs), UY Scuti (talk · contribs), Samwalton9 (talk · contribs), Sadads (talk · contribs) #1lib1ref 2017 Wikipedia Library User Group Wikipedia + Libraries at Wikimedia Conference 2017 Spotlight: Library Card Platform Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:54, 6 April 2017 (UTC) WP:HOUND Dear Banner, it seems to me very obviously that you focus a bit too much on all the articles of FFA P-16. All your recent deletion requests very only on articles of FFA P-16. I kindly ask you to stop that, especially in cases like the article of Bernhard Müller (Officer) which is a Divisional general and obviously relevant for Wikipedia. Kind regards. --MBurch (talk) 19:03, 12 April 2017 (UTC) And you seem a bit too obvious in a silly protection mode. It would be better that you advice FFA P-16 to up his game, getting a better idea of what is notable and what is not notable. And especially: you can advice him to take a course in written English, as his stuff is often unreadable. The Banner talk 19:41, 12 April 2017 (UTC) And it is not the first time you act on FFA's behalf. People have been frowning on that... The Banner talk 20:02, 12 April 2017 (UTC) That's no reason to suggest his articles for deletion but simply improve them. Frowning was more your wired Sockpuppet investigations. --MBurch (talk) 20:07, 12 April 2017 (UTC) That sockpuppet investigation made loud and clear that you and friends were called in for assistance. But at that time, you did you cross the line. So, take your own advice and start improving those articles. I am not a wild dog, I can appreciate a well prepared steak/article. Good luck. The Banner talk 20:29, 12 April 2017 (UTC) Which line did I cross? Enjoy your steak! --MBurch (talk) 20:59, 12 April 2017 (UTC) Sorry, you should read that as "But at that time, you did not cross the line.". But what you are doing now, gives me nasty ideas of bullying to protect a friend. The Banner talk 08:24, 13 April 2017 (UTC) Michelin Guide ...I have blocked the IP for personal attacks, being aware that he is hopping. I also revdeled the attack...but I must admit I kind of like their choice of words..this quaint frenchie "victime" etc. Anyway, enjoy Loam (sounds fabulous). If you ever pop down to Kenmare, try to get a table at Packie's, or, on a fine day, drive out to the the Boathouse Bistro in Dromquinna. Cheers and happy editing. Lectonar (talk) 09:57, 20 April 2017 (UTC) Will add Kenmare to my bucket list. have to admit that I did not see more of Kerry than the horse fair in Listowel. And thanks for the intervention, hope it stays calm now. The Banner talk 10:21, 20 April 2017 (UTC) Stop Wikihounding me! Stop immediately wikihoundig /stalking me! This was a NON Public page! It is not your business what I do there. Don't try not to withewash you. I can listen up all what you have done to me, its my one business. Don't touch my page! LEAVE ME ALONE! Bye!FFA P-16 (talk) 20:06, 22 April 2017 (UTC) making attack pages can get you blocked, my friend. And getting other to do your dirty work is also not good for your reputation. So you better stop with your silly accusations or face the consequences. The Banner talk 08:06, 23 April 2017 (UTC) STOP, you are doing it right now, stop! Wikipedia is big enough you can do 1000 things and i am not interested in your restaurands, beauticontest articel what ever you do I don't care. Just stop follow me and stop threaten me. You acting aggressiv against me but if just listen up a tiny pice what you are doing you react very thin skined. I told you also,many times to stay a way from my talkpage. Ther is only one smale thing you have to do and everything is fine:LEAVE ME ALONE! FFA P-16 (talk) 14:22, 23 April 2017 (UTC) My friend, even you have to adhere to the rules and regulations about notability. This is not a playground where you can dump articles about every Swiss machine, person and company. Article-subjects need to be notable, information added to articles needs to be relevant and your written English needs to be readable. Is that so difficult to understand? It is the quality of your work that is my concern, not your passport. The Banner talk 17:53, 23 April 2017 (UTC) Friend, is probably inappropriate. A friend supports, helps and respects and is also compromise-ready. Only your word choice against people who do not share your view is extremely aggressive. Incorrect English is not a reason, there are many who improve this, unasked and without complaint. No, you are not about notability, that's just an excuse from you to justify your actions. Do I really have to list up everything again? By some articles it was ok to put them in question, but only some. ,The only UAV article you wanted to delete was from me /swiss, , the same with the military task force ALBA, or the military museum, only those articles of mine / switzerland you have deleted, no comparable from other authors / states. The same with the aircraft tug.. you tored it again to a delete discussion even though it has references and you put the notability in question .. if you would go about it, you would have also put MB-2 tow tractor and U- 30 Tow Tractor in question. But you bend the rules in your advantage. Also you put the Divisional general and next air force commander in for an deletion requested .. sorry but so your point about notability is lacking any credibility. I am not interested in restaurands and beauty contests or whatever you do, I don’t care, but that is no reason for me to harm you somehow. But you obviously lack this necessity , I know of users who have made valuable work for Wikipedia and have left only because of you. I do not want to spend much time in wikipedia, but with every action you do against me, I have to be active here and spend more time on wikipedia. Suggestions to improve articels Proactive cooperation is good . Violent barring and absolute uncompromisingness do not work in wikipedia in the long run. I do not want a conflict with you I just want my peace.FFA P-16 (talk) 03:10, 24 April 2017 (UTC) I do not harm you, absolutely not. But I am very critical about the quality of your work. You could improve your understanding of notability and reliable sources. That would already help a big lot to get me on a bigger distance. And that is what I am t6elling you all the time: your sourcing and the notability of your subjects is below the common standards. raise your own standards and you will have no difficulty with me. But instead of taking the advice, you start accusing, shouting and roaring. Very unhelpful. The Banner talk 08:54, 24 April 2017 (UTC) Ow, and I am not the only one critical about the quality of your work. User:YSSYguy frequently rips apart your arguments. But still you blame me for everything evil. And you need User:MBurch to protect you. Sad. Just improve the quality of your work. The Banner talk 09:09, 24 April 2017 (UTC) If it's about the quality why don't you improve it? But the way you treat and follow FFA P-16 is indeed annoying (not to mention your Sockpuppet investigations), so please just stop it, ok? --MBurch (talk) 13:40, 24 April 2017 (UTC) I have no influence on the lack of notability of the subjects he chooses. Nor do I have any influence of his sourcing. The Banner talk 06:45, 25 April 2017 (UTC) Stop this missuse of nomination for deletions! This all has nothing to do with wikipedia GNG , its only your dammed witchhunt against me! Your behaving is a destructiv for wikipieda.FFA P-16 (talk) 19:08, 26 April 2017 (UTC) Stop crying and check the notability of your subjects yourself. Please be aware that personal attacks are not allowed. The Banner talk 19:37, 26 April 2017 (UTC) They are notable You are just missusing "notability" to cover your stalking of me and destroying of my work. If it would be about notability you would have take care about MB-2 tow tractor and U-30 Tow Tractor and not about the Bcher Flugzeugschlepper or a swiss Divisonal General or now this two air surveilance systems!FFA P-16 (talk) 19:49, 26 April 2017 (UTC) It is up to the administrators to decide of the subject is notable or not and properly sourced with reliable, independent sources. The Banner talk 19:59, 26 April 2017 (UTC) But its not the admins who starts the AfD's its yu, and you are following one single line who give the clear picture tha your only goal is to kick me out of wikipedia and delet step by step articels i had writhen.. it is so easy to see.. but you even lack the "cojones" to stay to this.20:11, 26 April 2017 (UTC)~ LOL. No my general idea is to get you to do do three things: Get a clear idea of what the community regards notable Get a clear idea of what the community regards as proper sourcing according to WP:RS Get a clear idea that it is worthwhile to make an effort to improve your English I have no intention to get you out, banned, blocked or whatsoever. But I would like it when you stopped with your baseless accusations and personal attacks. The Banner talk 20:24, 26 April 2017 (UTC) Just lies to cover your true intenion. If it would be about what the community regards notable you would have never ever nominadet Dübendorf AFB, Bernhard Müller and so one for AfD! If it would be about what the community regards as proper sourcing according to WP:RS you don't would follow me like this because ther is much more worser out ther in wikipeda.. and even if you give the hint you dosent pick up articels with ZERO sources! Your actions show loud an clear that your attacks again me and my work have nothing to do wthi the spirit/idea of wikipeda and notability. Just "talking sweet" now can not cover you manshunt. And this mans hunt against me is the real personal attack.FFA P-16 (talk) 20:41, 26 April 2017 (UTC) Stop your personal attacks, my friend. The Banner talk 20:53, 26 April 2017 (UTC) Same to you, and if you call me "my friend" you should act like a friend (because then we would both have an much nicer live). Good night (I have to get up early).FFA P-16 (talk) 21:01, 26 April 2017 (UTC) Do not blame the world (or me) for your own failings. I have advised you repeatedly how you can make your own life easier. But you have to make the effort to improve. The Banner talk 21:09, 26 April 2017 (UTC) TB, I think it might actually be a good idea for you to reply on the ANI thread. I started by assuming good faith on both your part and those of your accusers, and have become increasingly sceptical of their claims the more they refuse to provide evidence, and the thread was already TLDR before I commented, so you're not actually at risk of getting sanctioned, but (believe me!) the more threads you let them open without being formally shut down, the easier it will be for future people to say "The Banner's disruptive behaviour has been discussed on ANI before". If MBurch doesn't retract his comments I'm strongly considering opening a BOOMERANG subthread, but your weighing in as well would also be appreciated. Hijiri 88 (聖やや) 07:32, 1 May 2017 (UTC) WP:HOUND There is currently a discussion at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents regarding an issue with which you may have been involved.--MBurch (talk) 10:14, 30 April 2017 (UTC) LOL. The Banner talk 12:31, 30 April 2017 (UTC) It looks like it is going to backfire, mr. MBurch. Both for you and mr. FFA. The Banner talk 07:38, 12 May 2017 (UTC) World War II in Yugoslavia Repeat Vandelism User 178.222.116.11 has for the 5th time made the same unsourced deletion in article World War II in Yugoslavia despite your warning. 108.54.93.183 (talk) 22:02, 16 May 2017 (UTC) The Signpost: 9 June 2017 From the editors: Signpost status: On reserve power, help wanted! News and notes: Global Elections Arbitration report: Cases closed in the Pacific and with Magioladitis Op-ed: Wikipedia's lead sentence problem Featured content: Three months in the land of the featured In the media: Did Wikipedia just assume Garfield's gender? Recent research: Wikipedia bot wars capture the imagination of the popular press Technology report: Tech news catch-up Traffic report: Film on Top: Sampling the weekly top 10 * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:17, 9 June 2017 (UTC) Reverted contribution from Emoji page Hello Can you explain me please why did you remove my contribution about controversial emojis? I think it was relevant and interesting for the page. Don't you think so? AnasBARAKAT TPT (talk) 22:00, 18 June 2017 (UTC) WP:UNDUEWEIGHT. The Banner talk 22:20, 18 June 2017 (UTC) I don't present only the minority points of views. This is the point of avoiding undue weight. The principal objective of this measure is neutrality as it is said in WP:UNDUEWEIGHT. You can find other arguments to my response in the emoji Talk page AnasBARAKAT TPT (talk) 12:24, 19 June 2017 (UTC) You blow a minor issue way out of proportion. The Banner talk 12:42, 19 June 2017 (UTC) Books and Bytes - Issue 22 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes Issue 22, April-May 2017 New and expanded research accounts Global branches update Spotlight: OCLC Partnership Bytes in brief Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:35, 20 June 2017 (UTC) The Signpost: 23 June 2017 News and notes: Departments reorganized at Wikimedia Foundation, and a month without new RfAs (so far) In the media: Kalanick's nipples; Episode #138 of Drama on the Hill Op-ed: Facto Post: a fresh take Featured content: Will there ever be a break? The slew of featured content continues Traffic report: Wonder Woman beats Batman, The Mummy, Darth Vader and the Earth Recent research: Utopian bubbles: Can Wikipedians create value outside of the capitalist system? Technology report: Improved search, and WMF data scientist tells all * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 07:31, 23 June 2017 (UTC) This is to inform you that an attempt is being made to overturn an RfC that you voted on This is to inform you that an attempt is being made to overturn an RfC that you voted on (2 RfCs, actually, one less than six months ago and another a year ago). The new RfC is at: Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)#RfC: Allow private schools to be characterized as non-affiliated as well as religious, in infobox? Specifically, it asks that "religion = none" be allowed in the infobox. The first RfC that this new RfC is trying to overturn is: 15 June 2015 RfC: RfC: Religion infobox entries for individuals that have no religion. The result of that RfC was "unambiguously in favour of omitting the parameter altogether for 'none' " and despite the RfC title, additionally found that "There's no obvious reason why this would not apply to historical or fictional characters, institutions etc.", and that nonreligions listed in the religion entry should be removed when found "in any article". The second RfC that this new RfC is trying to overturn is: 31 December 2015 RfC: RfC: Religion in infoboxes. The result of that RfC was that the "in all Wikipedia articles, without exception, nonreligions should not be listed in the Religion= parameter of the infobox.". Note: I am informing everyone who commented on the above RfCs, whether they supported or opposed the final consensus. --Guy Macon (talk) 03:07, 26 June 2017 (UTC) Thanks. The Banner talk 09:02, 26 June 2017 (UTC) Your IP stalker I've blocked but I don't have OS so if you still want the material oversighted you'd best email oversight. GoldenRing (talk) 21:32, 28 June 2017 (UTC) speedy deletion Ashish Bisht (Ashih is film Actor His movie Shab is going to release on 14th July he is Main Lead Actor With Raveena Tandon ) --Jinnun (talk) 10:56, 5 July 2017 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jinnun (talk • contribs) The last four times that it was nominated for deletion, the movie Shab was always to be launched soon after. But without any proof. The Banner talk 17:17, 5 July 2017 (UTC) We do not censor Hi, we actually do. Wikipedia allows for blanking of non-productive and inflammatory forum style posts on talk pages. Particularly those which simply detract from wp policies and have no intention of improving articles. You can restore the deleted content if you like, but you'll actually be causing a detriment to the discussion. Edaham (talk) 15:22, 10 July 2017 (UTC) for what it's worth, I've moved the borderline forum style posts to the talk page of the person who begun the non article related complaint. Edaham (talk) 15:35, 10 July 2017 (UTC) Ow, I know that there is a lot of censorship, but most of the time that is hidden behind WP:MEDRS. But this was a clear case of WP:IDONTLIKEIT. The Banner talk 18:49, 10 July 2017 (UTC) the policies you are referring to apply to articles not talk pages. If someone is making completely unrelated posts (again pointing out that the persons post was a complaint about Wikipedia, not a suggestion for article improvement) it is not uncommon for their rantings to be removed, moved or their threads closed. I chose the former because there's and active discussion associated with that thread at the moment and I don't want to close it. Edaham (talk) 23:36, 10 July 2017 (UTC) Plain avoiding critics and their critical comments... The Banner talk 23:41, 10 July 2017 (UTC) you are entitled to your opinion. I've directed the person to the appropriate place for complaints on their talk page. Do try to keep discussion on article talk pages confined to the subject of article improvement. Thanks. Edaham (talk) 23:52, 10 July 2017 (UTC) In fact that guy was discussing article improvement. The article is way off balance due to the stranglehold of the MEDRS-guys and the alternative-is-always-bad-fake-and-ineffective-guys. You have warriors walking around there that bludgeon everything what is positive! The Banner talk 04:36, 11 July 2017 (UTC) Thanks for clarifying your position on the subject of alternative medicine. If you are supportive of this subject to the point of buttressing other editors who wish to discredit the encyclopedia on the grounds of an article's content, it is probably best not to edit those kinds of articles, or at least to make sure that POV doesn't cloud your ability to vet sources, and genuine suggestions for introducing content. I have now left the comment there and hopefully it will not throw the conversation off onto another tangent. (See closed thread above). Edaham (talk) 05:41, 11 July 2017 (UTC) Nice way to state your own point of view. But your stance will not fix the off-balance article. The Banner talk 10:30, 11 July 2017 (UTC) correct. Fixing the article will fix the article - as opposed to restoring inflammatory comments on talk pages. Edaham (talk) 00:02, 13 July 2017 (UTC) Than do something about this flawed, biased, unbalanced article and take away the reason why mister Loudmouth is shouting at you. The Banner talk 00:04, 13 July 2017 (UTC) Administrator election on Dutch Wikinews Hi, The Banner. I appreciate that you opposed the approval of that project. But the project was approved, and elections were held according to rules the community established (and which closely resemble the rules at nlwiki, if I am not mistaken). There is no possible way the stewards will grant immediate permanent admin status to any of them—that's not the way things work. Stewards do decide whether the project is big enough for admins to be permanent, or for 'crats to be appointed, but believe me: that's not the case here. But normally the choice of administrators is up to the project itself, and stewards only handle the magisterial role of (a) checking that the election was done by the local rules and (b) flipping the switch on admin status. If you want to object to the election of any of the individuals as sysop, your only real option is to get involved in the project and then oppose the candidates. And at that, if you are trying to undermine the project, your !vote will probably be discounted, and rightly so. At this point I'd encourage you to give the members of the Dutch Wikinews community the chance to sink or swim on their own. StevenJ81 (talk) 21:37, 13 July 2017 (UTC) There will be no need from outside activity to blow up that project. They are perfectly capable of doing that themselves. I will be surprised when it makes the end of the year. Still, I like your bad faith assumption when I am just asking for a clarification. The Banner talk 21:50, 13 July 2017 (UTC) The reason I made the comment here was to put a little space between my comment and the instant discussion. Still, you are quite right about my not having assumed good faith, and I apologize for that. I hope my answer over on Meta was satisfactory for the time being. StevenJ81 (talk) 22:03, 13 July 2017 (UTC) Rather unclear, but for now it will do. The Banner talk 22:04, 13 July 2017 (UTC) There is no clearer answer for now. Basically, the stewards will give them 3–6 months right now. If the project never gets much bigger (in terms of contributors), the term may lengthen to about a year at a time, but it will remain a temporary administratorship, and could stay that way indefinitely. If the project attracts a larger group of editors, the term could be extended to two years, or eventually even be converted to a permanent adminship. But that's going to be at minimum a couple of years down the road, possibly longer, and maybe never, depending on what happens. StevenJ81 (talk) 22:09, 13 July 2017 (UTC) The Signpost: 15 July 2017 News and notes: French chapter woes, new affiliates and more WMF team changes Featured content: Spectacular animals, Pine Trees screens, and more In the media: Concern about access and fairness, Foundation expenditures, and relationship to real-world politics and commerce Recent research: The chilling effect of surveillance on Wikipedia readers Op-ed: Why Task Forces are Dying in 2017 Gallery: A mix of patterns Humour: The Infobox Game Traffic report: Film, television and Internet phenomena reign with some room left over for America's birthday Technology report: New features in development; more breaking changes for scripts Wikicup: 2017 WikiCup round 3 wrap-up * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 01:47, 15 July 2017 (UTC) Possible block looming You are now the subject of a discussion at WP:ANI here regarding possible disciplinary action for edit warring at Peacock Alley (restaurant). Akld guy (talk) 00:57, 19 July 2017 (UTC) The classic case of trying to block when you have run out of arguments. The Banner talk 02:12, 19 July 2017 (UTC) FYI The Banner, see Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution_noticeboard#Talk:Peacock_Alley_.28restaurant.29. Marrakech (talk) 21:35, 24 July 2017 (UTC) You are forumhopping and following me around. Stop this nonsense. The Banner talk 21:39, 24 July 2017 (UTC) Arbitration Committee referral for violation of The Troubles 1RR restriction Please see Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Enforcement#The_Banner. Mabuska (talk) 21:57, 26 July 2017 (UTC) Via WP:AE This message contains important information about an administrative situation on Wikipedia. It does not imply any misconduct regarding your own contributions to date. Please carefully read this information: The Arbitration Committee has authorised discretionary sanctions to be used for pages regarding The Troubles, a topic which you have edited. The Committee's decision is here. Discretionary sanctions is a system of conduct regulation designed to minimize disruption to controversial topics. This means uninvolved administrators can impose sanctions for edits relating to the topic that do not adhere to the purpose of Wikipedia, our standards of behavior, or relevant policies. Administrators may impose sanctions such as editing restrictions, bans, or blocks. This message is to notify you that sanctions are authorised for the topic you are editing. Before continuing to edit this topic, please familiarise yourself with the discretionary sanctions system. Don't hesitate to contact me or another editor if you have any questions. Dennis Brown - 2¢ 14:25, 27 July 2017 (UTC) OK. I will keep it in mind. Thanks for the warning. The Banner talk 14:44, 27 July 2017 (UTC) Your user page As you requested: I am a Dutchman but since a couple of years living in County Clare, Ireland, Ireland. I am a Dutchman who has been living for a couple of years... I am a Dutchman living, since 2016, in... I am a Dutchman but have been living, since 2016, in... Done It is remarkable that Wikipedia is claiming not to be a site for advertising and promotion, but on the other hand it is extremely difficult to remove spammy articles. I'm having trouble with this sentence. I'm not sure you understand the definition of spam. As it stands, the text contains two statements which aren't really related. The claim in the first part can't be tied to the difficulty described in the second, so linking them just seems wrong. Done This is due to the many editors claiming that normal editing should do the trick but fail to improve the spammy articles they say that can be improved. This is seriously undermining Wikipedia's stance against advertising and promotion. The same difficulty applies to the concept; but for grammar: This is due to many editors claiming... This is due to the many editors who claim... (There's a subtle difference: the first just states there are many editors; the second implies an indication of what "many" means has already been discussed.) ...they say can be improved. This seriously undermines... Done I treat everybody exactly the same. Arguably should be "I treat everybody in exactly the same way.", but some might consider the criticism pedantic. Not done ...no matter how important somebody is (or thinks to be) ...no matter how important somebody is (or thinks they are) Done ...detrimental for the encyclopaedia ...detrimental to the encyclopaedia Done You can find load of pictures in... You can find loads of pictures in... Done ...how do I find coordinates for an article. Coordinates tool is very handy for this. ...how do I find coordinates for an article? The Coordinates tool is very handy for this. Done ...sometimes you want to know what articles you have created. Just check that here. ...sometimes you want to know what articles you have created. Simply check here. Done Bazza (talk) 14:25, 19 July 2017 (UTC) Except for one thing, I have done everything. The part of the criticism is supposed to be harsh and critical. When you call it "pedantic", I have found the right note. The Banner talk 08:20, 21 July 2017 (UTC) Sorry, I should have written that more clearly. I was referring to my own pedantic criticism of your sentence. Better would have been "...but some might consider my criticism pedantic.". I have not offered any opinion on the views you have expressed, simply your English grammar and style. Happy to help. Bazza (talk) 09:51, 21 July 2017 (UTC)) 1RR on Troubles article violations You know the restrictions imposed on Trouble related articles and you seem intent on violating them in your edit-war with Melbguy05. I have notified them of these restrictions. What is your reason for ignoring them considering you are versed in it going by your direct quote of it, which shows you have read it? Mabuska (talk) 21:17, 26 July 2017 (UTC) You think I remember something out of 2015? But I apologies for my indiscretion to make two different edits. The Banner talk 21:30, 26 July 2017 (UTC) Three reverts in less than 12 hours never mind 24 actually. And with your block history it is something you should be remembering. Mabuska (talk) 21:35, 26 July 2017 (UTC) I remember your bad faith attitude... The Banner talk 21:37, 26 July 2017 (UTC) Whatever you may claim, I have not violated the Troubles restriction... Mabuska (talk) 21:56, 26 July 2017 (UTC) No, only a load of bad faith. Why did you point to my block log? To tarnish my name? You could see that my last block is nearly two years ago. And yes, my behaviour was influenced by my depressions, something I know now, but not during the depression. But if it makes you happy to get me blocked, so be it. The Banner talk 23:02, 26 July 2017 (UTC) Why? Because the Enforcement submit a request form states to add any possibly relevant prior blocks. They also seemed to correlate to your bad faith labelling towards Melbguy05. So on that basis I stated them that is all. Admins are the ones who judge for themselves whether they are relevant or not, and in this case not so. The enforcement is there for a reason: to deter disruptive behaviour and sanction those who violate it. You violated those restrictions as did Melbguy05 which I noted at AE and you got off on a technicality. Regardless the intent was not to get you blocked but to ensure that such disruption will be less likely to happen again and I doubt it now will and that is what makes me happy :-) Mabuska (talk) 23:40, 31 July 2017 (UTC) So stating an opinion is immediately "bad faith labelling". I hope you have noticed that your block attempt has failed massively with none of your arguments upheld. (The edit warring was true.) The Banner talk 09:46, 1 August 2017 (UTC) Request for comment Hi, as suggested by user KDS4444 I opened a request for comment. Feel free to add your statement explaining your point of view. Marrakech (talk) 16:23, 30 July 2017 (UTC) It does not surprise me that you refuse to give up and go on with your forum hopping. The Banner talk 16:28, 30 July 2017 (UTC) The Signpost: 5 August 2017 News and notes: Non-English special edition! 99% no news about English-based wiki communities! Recent research: Wikipedia can increase local tourism by +9%; predicting article quality with deep learning; recent behavior predicts quality WikiProject report: Comic relief In the media: Wikipedia used to judge death penalty, arms smuggling, Indonesian governance, and HOTTEST celebrity Traffic report: Swedish countess tops the list Blog: Canadian Supreme Court rules against Google in favor of worldwide court orders Special report: Sharing Wikipedia offline medical information in the Dominican Republic Featured content: Everywhere in the lead Technology report: Introducing TechCom Humour: WWASOHs and ETCSSs * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:20, 5 August 2017 (UTC) Books and Bytes - Issue 23 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes Issue 23, June-July 2017 Library card User Group update Global branches update Spotlight: Combating misinformation, fake news, and censorship Bytes in brief Chinese, Arabic and Yoruba versions of Books & Bytes are now available in meta! Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:03, 23 August 2017 (UTC) General note false allegation Please stop hiding a legitimate complaint about a false allegation and a one-sided 3RR warning.Keith-264 (talk) 16:16, 29 August 2017 (UTC) Just a reminder that I'm quite willing to address any concerns you have. Regards Keith-264 (talk) 13:06, 30 August 2017 (UTC) Then start with removing the personal attack. The Banner talk 14:28, 30 August 2017 (UTC) There is no personal attack to remove; if you want to continue, contact me on my talk page or the article talk page. Regards and regrets.Keith-264 (talk) 15:14, 30 August 2017 (UTC) Second request: remove that personal attack or I bring you to AN/I. The Banner talk 16:21, 30 August 2017 (UTC) Spam See this. - Tom \| Thomas.W talk 22:24, 1 September 2017 (UTC) Thanks. The Banner talk 23:14, 1 September 2017 (UTC) The Signpost: 6 September 2017 From the editors: What happened at Wikimania? News and notes: Basselpedia; WMF Board of Trustees appointments Featured content: Warfighters and their tools or trees and butterflies Traffic report: A fortnight of conflicts Special report: Biomedical content, and some thoughts on its future Recent research: Discussion summarization; Twitter bots tracking government edits; extracting trivia from Wikipedia In the media: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber; What makes someone successful? WikiProject report: WikiProject YouTube Technology report: Latest tech news Wikicup: 2017 WikiCup round 4 wrap-up Humour: Bots * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 03:43, 6 September 2017 (UTC) Jack Kevorkian lead I explained that my edit was based on MOS:BLPLEAD and therefore was not "delibarate destruction of valid info" as you claimed. However, to avoid starting an edit war over this, instead of reverting your edit again, I started a discussion on the talk page. Feel free to join in on it. JDDJS (talk) 18:50, 8 September 2017 (UTC) Euthanasia in the Netherlands You removed my revision to this page with the comment "This is so blatant untrue that I regard it as vandalism." Here are some links that back up my point. How can you justify saying this is blatant untrue??????? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Morganwnz (talk • contribs) 20:42, 11 September 2017 (UTC) If you have to rely on the Daily Mail, a newspaper banned from Wikipedia as source due to its unreliability... For the rest, you are cherry picking. The Banner talk 21:13, 11 September 2017 (UTC) Here is an excerpt from one of your own references that proves my point " In the Chabot-case (1994), the Court decided that suffering that has a non-somatic origin (such as a severe and refractory depression) can also be a justification for euthanasia; in the Brongersma-case (2002) this was further specified in the sense that suffering should originate from a medically classifiable disease, either somatic or psychiatric (Griffiths et al. 2008)." Are you denying your own references??? Morganwnz (talk) 03:57, 12 September 2017 (UTC) No, but the way you were writing it, you made it seem that it had become an epidemic (it is slightly more than one percent of all cases). And that is an falsification. The Banner talk 12:54, 12 September 2017 (UTC) You say "(the request cannot be granted when under the influence of others, psychological illness or drugs" This is clearly untrue as proven by your own source. Are you interested in truth our just sugar coating the issue? And it is increasing. 1% is still more than none as you imply. Morganwnz (talk) 18:20, 12 September 2017 (UTC) Why do you continue to propagate a falsehood on your article that is disproven by one of your own references and you yourself have stated that psychiatric illness is the justification on 1% of cases? Morganwnz (talk) 07:21, 13 September 2017 (UTC) The way you wrote it down, it was a complete epidemic. And in your text it gave the idea that physicians were handing out euthanasia like cookies. In fact, it is a very regulated, careful, cross checked, prolonged process. People still need to have the full use of their mind and have to prove to the physicians that their suffering is prolonged and unbearable. The Banner talk 08:34, 13 September 2017 (UTC) ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/11/netherlands-sees-sharp-increase-in-people-choosing-euthanasia-du/ ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3589929/The-woman-killed-doctors-obsessed-cleaning-Horrifying-Yes-s-just-one-growing-numbers-Dutch-men-women-given-right-euthanasia-mental-not-terminal-illness.html ^ http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/sex-abuse-victim-in-her-20s-allowed-by-doctors-to-choose-euthanasia-due-to-incurable-ptsd/news-story/33d67a4ee6e5980d0c8f6c38147f1576 ^ http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/man-holland-netherlands-dutch-euthanised-alcohol-addiction-alcoholic-netherlands-a7446256.html ^ http://www.lifenews.com/2016/05/11/woman-dealing-with-depression-anorexia-euthanized-when-doctors-decide-she-cant-be-cured/ ^ https://www.buzzfeed.com/rosebuchanan/mental-illness-and-euthanasia?utm_term=.ciB5NXYbg#.duXyOwqaP ^ Rietjens JA, van der Maas PJ, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, van Delden JJ, van der Heide A (September 2009). "Two Decades of Research on Euthanasia from the Netherlands. What Have We Learnt and What Questions Remain?". J Bioeth Inq. 6 (3): 271–283. PMC 2733179 Freely accessible. PMID 19718271. doi:10.1007/s11673-009-9172-3 Thanks! Hi Banner, thank you for your comments at my RfA. I hope that I'll be able to answer your concerns (though I'm not quite clear on what they are) with my actions rather than my words. Cheers, ansh666 23:52, 22 September 2017 (UTC) The Signpost: 25 September 2017 News and notes: Chapter updates; ACTRIAL In the media: Monkey settlement; Wikipedia used to give AI context clues Humour: Chickenz Recent research: Wikipedia articles vs. concepts; Wikipedia usage in Europe Technology report: Flow restarted; Wikidata connection notifications Gallery: Chicken mania Special report: Two steps forward, one step backward: The Sustainability Initiative Traffic report: Fights and frights Featured content: Flying high * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 01:18, 25 September 2017 (UTC) Content Translation pop-up Hi, About your comment at Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2017-09-25/Technology_report: Which pop-up are you referring to? Can you reproduce it now? --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 11:26, 26 September 2017 (UTC) The last time the pop up showed up here. It is the pop up of Content Translation, asking me if I want to try it. And the answer is always no, so I have not ticked the box in my (Dutch or English) preferences/beta functions. The Banner talk 16:25, 26 September 2017 (UTC) When did it happen? Does it happen now if you go to here? --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 08:20, 27 September 2017 (UTC) Yes, it happened again with that article. But it seems not to happen with no existing articles that were removed before. The Banner talk 09:22, 27 September 2017 (UTC) OK, and does it happen now if you go to here? --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 12:25, 27 September 2017 (UTC) The pop-up was there again. The Banner talk 17:36, 27 September 2017 (UTC) Did you close it with "Nee, bedankt"? --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 07:26, 1 October 2017 (UTC) Yes, I do that every time that banner shows up. I am thoroughly sick of it. The Banner talk 08:48, 1 October 2017 (UTC) Strange, sounds like a bug. It's not supposed to be shown again after you click "Nee, bedankt". Sounds like a bug. Some more questions to try debugging: Which browser do you use? And do you have cookies enabled? --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 11:58, 2 October 2017 (UTC) Yes, I have cookies enabled (and cleaned out recently to avoid misleading cookies). I use Firefox 56.0 on Windows 10. The Banner talk 14:29, 2 October 2017 (UTC) OK, and it isn't in private mode by any chance? Can you please do the following: Open the JavaScript console (F12, and make sure to click the "console" tab is selected in the panel that will open) Go to https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bla_bla_bla_blaaaaa_no_such_article_one&action=edit&redlink=1 If the pop-up opens, click "Nee, bedankt" Check whether there is any new output in the console. In the same browser tab, go to https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bla_bla_bla_blaaaaa_no_such_article_two&action=edit&redlink=1 Check whether there is any new output in the console. If there's any output in the console at any point, please paste it here. Thanks! --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 12:10, 3 October 2017 (UTC) User:Hayal12 Hello, The Banner. Why did you rollback this edit at Ryan’s Daughter? That edit by User:Hayal12 does not even approach vandalism — but rather it is factually correct. If you have a disagreement about the content of the edit, than please voice it on the article talk page. It would be appreciated if you removed the inappropriate vandalism template that you dropped on their talk page and addressed the editor directly. Thanks. — CactusWriter (talk) 16:19, 2 October 2017 (UTC) Are there any sources that proves that it is an English film? Are there any sources that state that Dingle is in the United Kingdom? The Banner talk 18:58, 2 October 2017 (UTC) Yes, there are. And you seem to be under a misconception about the Template:Infobox film. You will find that "country" in the infobox does not mean the location, but the country of production as defined by reliable sources such as BFI, Variety magazine, etc. As those sources state, the country of production is United Kingdom. And that does make it a British film (not English, by the way). Information about the shooting location and David Lean's building of an entire village in the Dingle, Ireland could be included in the Production section. (See WP:MOSFILMS.) So how does an editor's addition of "British" and United Kingdom" rate as vandalism? — CactusWriter (talk) 01:17, 3 October 2017 (UTC) There is no proof in the article about the film being British. The Banner talk 09:35, 3 October 2017 (UTC) Thus confirming that this was nothing more than a content dispute about the use of the word "British". Which returns us to my first comment -- that you failed proper dispute resolution, misused rollback and misapplied a vandalism template. And now, despite your error, you still have not self-corrected. I'm undoing your edit and issuing an apology on your behalf. If you have a problem, please use the talk page. And I'll reiterate User:Drmies advice from last January: strongly urging you to seek better ways of addressing problems. — CactusWriter (talk) 18:16, 3 October 2017 (UTC) Could you please read your own words and act upon that? Thank you. The Banner talk 21:29, 3 October 2017 (UTC) I had advice? Banner, I don't want to get into the nitty-gritty of nation speak, but the rollback for that edit is unwarranted--please use an edit summary, at the very least. Drmies (talk) 18:19, 3 October 2017 (UTC) To me it looked vandalism and I acted upon that. The uncivil attacks from CactusWriter makes this a bigger show than it is. The Banner talk 21:04, 3 October 2017 (UTC) You lost, i won You'll never make it,give up.😁 💩178.197.231.36 (talk) 14:42, 6 October 2017 (UTC) Are you sure? Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/FFA P-16 The Banner talk 19:29, 7 October 2017 (UTC) In fact, FFA is now WMF-Banned. So he lost big time. The Banner talk 17:57, 1 October 2021 (UTC) Books and Bytes - Issue 24 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes Issue 24, August-September 2017 User Group update Global branches update Star Coordinator Award - last quarter's star coordinator: User:Csisc Wikimania Birds of a Feather session roundup Spotlight: Wiki Loves Archives Bytes in brief Arabic, Kiswahili and Yoruba versions of Books & Bytes are now available in meta! Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 04:53, 21 October 2017 (UTC) The Signpost: 23 October 2017 News and notes: Money! WMF fundraising, Wikimedia strategy, WMF new office! Featured content: Don, Marcel, Emily, Jessica and other notables Humour: Guys named Ralph In focus: Offline Wikipedia developed at OFF.NETWORK Content Hackathon Blog: The future of offline access to Wikipedia: The Kiwix example In the media: Facebook and poetry Special report: Working with GLAMs in the UK Traffic report: Death, disaster, and entertainment * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:36, 23 October 2017 (UTC) STOP IT NOW and vor ever!! STOP STALKING ME Stop stalking me! Hör auf mich zu Stalken. Es ist kein Zufall das Du nur ein paar Stunden nachdem jemand was auf meiner Disk über ein Artikel schreibt du genau den Artikel zum löschen nominierst! Hinterhältig und verlogener geht nicht mehr. Du schades wikipedia unglaublich. Feige nütz du hier die ie anonymität des internets aus, du musst im echten leben ja voll eine pfeiffe sein! Versteck dich schön hinter deinem Computer, ich hoffe das irgendwann jemand die Scheisse aus dir rausprügelt für deine miesen machenschaften! FFA P-16 (talk) 22:49, 9 November 2017 (UTC) And now again, but then in English please. The Banner talk 23:08, 9 November 2017 (UTC) Nein in Englisch ist nicht nötig.Du hast ganz genau versanden was ich dir gesagt habe du hinterhältiger Globi. Du behauptest ja auf deiner Benutzerseite :de-2 Dieser Benutzer hat fortgeschrittene Deutschkenntnisse. ... FFA P-16 (talk) 23:23, 9 November 2017 (UTC) Doch, in Englisch ist nötig, FFA P-16. This is the English Wikipedia, and other English-speaking editors are supposed to be able to follow conversations on public talkpages; it doesn't make any difference that The Banner has a fortgeschrittene Deutschkenntnisse userbox on their page. Also, if you think insults and threats won't be noticed because they're in German, you're mistaken. If you attack a user again, you'll be blocked from editing. Bishonen \| talk 00:21, 10 November 2017 (UTC). My friend, the article I nominated for deletion was not from your hand. As a recreation of an earlier removed article, it was eligible for speedy deletion, so the AfD is already a courtesy. Even so, you start jumping around an accusing me of hounding and stalking. Maybe it is a good idea that you cool down and start reading WP:AGF. And please be aware that I have a broad interest, the fact that I live in Ireland does not mean that my interest stops there... The Banner talk 08:57, 10 November 2017 (UTC) I am NOT your friend! You harass me since many years, no one is harassing a friend. I dont jump around. and it does no mather if you in ireland or not. Fact is that you are following and hounding me since years with the goal to get deleted as much work from me as possible. This here is now a 100% proofe of your mean wikihounding.. This Article is existing since more than a half year 26. August 2017.. in all this time you dident cared abaut it (09.Nov 2017).. but 4 h after someone named tis article on MY talkpage you nominated it for deletion. 6Months vers 4h... FFA P-16 (talk) 09:17, 10 November 2017 (UTC) Your six months is in fact just ten weeks or so. But the nomination has absolutely nothing to do with you, so stop your accusations. The Banner talk 09:37, 10 November 2017 (UTC) I am not accusing something it is fact that you are harassing me since many years, it is an fact that you are wikihounding me 4h after steelpillow droped the name of the page on MY talkpage you nominated it for deletion. this shows clearly your malignancy and evil intentions.So stop buging me and stop follow me.FFA P-16 (talk) 10:16, 10 November 2017 (UTC) Good luck with those ideas. But do me a favour and read WP:NPA and WP:AGF. The Banner talk 18:29, 10 November 2017 (UTC) Ow, and read Wikipedia:Don't poke the bear. The Banner talk 18:40, 10 November 2017 (UTC) Well WP:AGF there is no AGF such mean behaving stalking shows that you absolutely are acting against the spirit of Wikipedia.. and you knew it very well. Ow, and Wikipedia:Don't poke the bear, good example also to you with your atemp do destroy everything what is in any relation mit my work. So just shout up and STOP STALKINGME!FFA P-16 (talk) 19:41, 10 November 2017 (UTC) (talk page stalker) FFA P-16, when somebody suddenly becomes aware that an article previously deleted at AfD has been recreated by the same article creator under a different page title in a transparent attempt to dodge somebody noticing "hey, this was deleted before", then of course they're going to send it to AfD. And when somebody has the history of failure, through inability or refusal, to follow Wikipedia policies, then people are going to keep an eye on your contributions, with good reason to do so. - The Bushranger One ping only 20:05, 10 November 2017 (UTC) @The Bushranger, It is not that way he is following me since years and (luckly) he did not get to get every work I had done deletet even if he fightet strongly to reach the deletion of it. This is not the first time that he missuse my talkpage or messages people live there for me. He is not playing on the subiect he is hounting for the persons.FFA P-16 (talk) 20:28, 10 November 2017 (UTC) For your information: Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/FFA P-16. Too much poking of the bear...The Banner talk 20:33, 10 November 2017 (UTC) For the record, I still believe the topic is notable but I will not condone such underhand and dishonest methods - it has to stand on its own two feet or not at all. When I stumbled across the clone, I felt that noting it on my user subpage could harm only those who had something to hide. — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 17:37, 15 November 2017 (UTC) As you can see, the article was nominated for being just a tool for firefighting and as a recreation of an earlier removed article. I was polite enough to use AfD. It was the screaming of FFA P-16 that alerted me on underlying issues. But for now, the issues stated by the original nomination still stand so the article can be judged on that. The Banner talk 20:01, 15 November 2017 (UTC) I concur that the article has to stand on its own feet. No matter how badly a person believes he has been treated, using another account to avoid scrutiny is a blockable offense. He (or, to AGF, another on the same computer, which is meatpuppetry, and also not allowed) used the sock/meat account to recreate an AFDed article, which is also against policy. All this is more the result of an inability to understand that Wikipedia is an encyclopedia than outright malice, but is still not allowed. - BilCat (talk) 18:46, 15 November 2017 (UTC) FFA is now WMF-banned. The Banner talk 17:57, 1 October 2021 (UTC) The Signpost: 24 November 2017 News and notes: Cons, cons, cons Arbitration report: Administrator desysoped; How to deal with crosswiki issues; Mister Wiki case likely Technology report: Searching and surveying Interview: A featured article centurion WikiProject report: Recommendations for WikiProjects In the media: Open knowledge platform as a media institution Traffic report: Strange and inappropriate Featured content: We will remember them Recent research: Who wrote this? New dataset on the provenance of Wikipedia text Humour: Good faith (but still incomprehensible) * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:39, 24 November 2017 (UTC) Not useful Not everything you dont understand has to bei deleted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.136.114.244 (talk) 16:55, 25 November 2017 (UTC) Block evasion, FFA P-16. A block is requested. The Banner talk 17:56, 25 November 2017 (UTC) Women chefs with Michelin stars Heya, I was wondering if I could get some advice. I'm thinking of creating a list of female chefs who have held Michelin stars (I've been doing quite a few of them over the last month as part of the Women in Red contest). I know for example that there are relatively few with three (Anne Sophie Pic was only the fourth for example, and in certain areas I've seen the first women in regions to have won one (i.e. Titti Qvarnström was the first Nordic woman to hold any stars). The difficult part I imagine will be working out the French women who held one and two stars during most of the 20th century. Bit I figure that'll get worked out after we get started. The more immediate issue is that I can't work out what to name the article. Would "List of Michelin starred female chefs" or "List of Michelin starred women chefs" be right, rather than "List of Women who held Michelin stars"? What do you think? Miyagawa (talk) 00:23, 1 December 2017 (UTC) I've started putting something together in my sandbox here: User:Miyagawa/sandbox. Right now I'm mostly putting in those chefs with stars from the Women chefs category. I've also got a vague idea for some sort of symbol key to show if certain chefs were the first of their nationality, the first in their edition of the guide, and also if they inherited the stars from the previous chef or earned them on their own. I may also switch back to showing 1, 2 and 3 stars for each with a year for each achieved rather than just showing the highest number of stars per chef. Miyagawa (talk) 10:59, 3 December 2017 (UTC) (Sorry, was busy) The chosen title seems okay to me. I would suggest the addition of a few Dutch chefs: Maartje Boudeling (2 stars before retirement) and Margo Reuten (2 stars). Female chefs without own article: Ida Kleijnen (Lindenhorst), Anita Boerenkamp (Spandershoeve), Tineke Nieuwenhuizen (De Vergulde Wagen). Other chefs I like to suggest are Kei Pilz and Danni Barry. The Banner talk 12:56, 3 December 2017 (UTC) Books and Bytes - Issue 25 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes Issue 25, October – November 2017 OAWiki & #1Lib1Ref User Group update Global branches update Spotlight: Research libraries and Wikimedia Bytes in brief Arabic, Korean and French versions of Books & Bytes are now available in meta! Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:57, 15 December 2017 (UTC) New Page Reviewing Hello, The Banner. AS one of Wikipedia's most experienced editors, Would you please consider becoming a New Page Reviewer? Reviewing/patrolling a page doesn't take much time but it requires a good understanding of Wikipedia policies and guidelines; currently Wikipedia needs experienced users at this task. (After gaining the flag, patrolling is not mandatory. One can do it at their convenience). But kindly read the tutorial before making your decision. Thanks. ~~~~ Thank you, Insertcleverphrasehere for the invitation but I have to decline. I sincerely disagree with the idea that sources are not mandatory, especially as an excuse to do nothing. I also disagree strongly with advertising and the fallacy called WP:SCHOOLOUTCOMES (keeping schools because they are schools, irrespective of WP:V, WP:RS and WP:V). I know that will influence my judgement. But thank you for your confidence in me. The Banner talk 11:33, 18 December 2017 (UTC) Well, to each his own. I'll point out that WP:SCHOOLOUTCOMES was overturned a while back by RfC, though some people still try to use it as an argument anyway, sigh. Advertising is actually one of our biggest issues at the moment actually, I and most at NPP share your views. — Insertcleverphrasehere (or here) 11:43, 18 December 2017 (UTC) To be true, I have a lot of stuff over my head in this time (major surgery coming soon). Maybe you should try to persuade me again in May or so. The Banner talk 12:10, 18 December 2017 (UTC) The Signpost: 18 December 2017 Special report: Women in Red World Contest wrap-up Blog: Close encounters of the Wikipedia kind Featured content: Featured content to finish 2017 In the media: Stolen seagulls, public domain primates and more Arbitration report: Last case of 2017: Mister Wiki editors Gallery: Wiki loving Interview: Interview with Charlesjsharp, regular contributor of Wikipedia's Featured Pictures Recent research: French medical articles have "high rate of veracity" Technology report: Your wish lists and more Wikimedia tech Traffic report: Notable heroes and bad guys Humour: On their way to the WMF Incubator * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 06:27, 18 December 2017 (UTC) Promo-campaign Hello, this is Skyelyrics. I appreciate the work you've done for Wikipedia, but would like to ask whether you have truly read all my contributions to Victoria Junior College. Undoing them completely does not solve the problem. I have added many useful citations which were missing originally, and updated the list of notable alumni, for example. This helps users who want to know more updated information about the college. I am not intending to promote the college, and have no reason to. You on the other hand, with no knowledge whatsoever of the school, are not even taking the time to filter which contributions may be promotional and which are not, and are simply hindering efforts to update information. Skyelyrics (talk) 16:13, 5 December 2017 (UTC) You make it loud and clear that you have a Conflict of Interest. And I am indeed hindering your effort to turn the article in an advertisement. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia based on independent sources, not an advertising medium. The Banner talk 16:29, 5 December 2017 (UTC) Reply to: December 2017 I assumed good faith at first, until you completely reverted an entire edit twice in a short period of time. That to me is considered edit warring. The administrator seems to think so, since he approved the page protection. Right now, you don't think it's edit-warring, only because you think you are right in doing so. I quote Wikipedia: "An editor who repeatedly restores his or her preferred version is edit warring, regardless of whether their edits were justifiable: "but my edits were right, so it wasn't edit warring" is no defense." I don't shy away from the fact that I was participating in the edit warring too. It takes two hands to clap. I'm an extremely busy person who is not gaining anything from editing this page, so I had no time to examine each edit I'd made to see what could be improved. Besides, you did not tell me which specific edits were considered promotional etc until yesterday, so I had no way of knowing which parts could be done better. Now that you've actually bothered to tell me, I'll consider each change carefully when I actually have time to edit the page again, and I'll list the changes on the talk page. I have removed your advertising twice, one month apart. That is by no means an edit war. And if you consider each edit carefully, please also consider the rules and regulations, like WP:COI and WP:RS. The school website is by no means an independent source. And yes, I considered WP:AGF but when you replaced all the advertising without any independent source, it was clear that you wehere here yto promote the school. The Banner talk 16:20, 6 December 2017 (UTC) Reply to: Managing a conflict of interest I'm sorry, but if COI is defined as "external relationship with the people, places or things you have written about", then just to clarify, I have no external relationship with the organisation. It is not my organisation and I have no relationship with it. I have graduated some time back and you could say there used to be a relationship, but now there is no more relationship. You may call it a grey area, but it is not immediately justifiable as a conflict of interest. Again, I have no motivation to edit the page, and will receive no monetary compensation from this, and I will declare this on the talk page. I only edited because I saw that the page was extremely outdated, and noticed that there was a banner saying that the article lacked sources. Information was also skewed, for e.g. under "Performing Arts", only the choir and chorale were mentioned. So, I added information about two other co-curricular activities. Yes, I know the sources I cited were substandard. However, that's an improvement from NO sources at all. I have no choice in some cases, because there is a limited amount of information on the net. The edits you reverted to had no citations for the statements made. Do you prefer that to having at least some social media sources stated? At least, until better sources can be found. Furthermore, I never ever cited the school website, which is http://www.vjc.moe.edu.sg/ for your information. Skyelyrics (talk) 15:11, 6 December 2017 (UTC) Many previous edits were made by students or ex-students, if you've read the talk page. So, are you going to undo all those edits too? I know it doesn't sit well with you, but not all Wiki pages are the same and you can't use the same lenses to view every problem. It's a small school in a small country, so the number of people who understand it enough to edit the page are few and far between. Please address INDIVIDUAL CHANGES rather than the PERSON editing the page. Example: I added notable alumni like Jasmine Sim, who has her own Wikipedia page. (I admit there's a problem with lack of citation, but I have one from a news website which I can insert.) Is it promotional to add this piece of information? Nope, it just lets people find out this information more easily, and they may come to the inference that many school alumni went into the arts scene. On its own, it is an objective and verifiable fact. So, why did you revert the edit? Can you see why I am doubtful that you actually bothered to read the edits? If you were to revert individual edits, I would be happy for you to let me know why you did so on the article's talk page, so I can improve the wording or the citations. But indiscriminately reverting is not the way to go. Lastly, I sure hope Wikipedia pays you, because I really can't imagine spending so much time on a thankless job editing pages I know nothing about and have no interest in. Skyelyrics (talk) 14:59, 6 December 2017 (UTC) You sound like a marketeer who got a hammering of the boss. The Banner talk 16:20, 6 December 2017 (UTC) I'm actually a med student, but thanks very much for bothering to look at individual edits, this was the kind of constructive improvement I was asking for. When I have time, I'll search for better, neutral sources for the content. Skyelyrics (talk) 09:26, 23 December 2017 (UTC) Reply to your comments on my Talk page Hello! First off, can I check with you whether I'm able to reply you on my own talk page (will you receive notifications)? Or do I always have to post on your own talk page? Anyway, regarding the press releases, I'm genuinely confused as to why they do not constitute independent sources. They are not press releases by the school, but by the government (Ministry of Education), which oversees all the schools in Singapore. They were prior published, but have since been archived under our National Archives. The speeches likewise are both Singapore Government Press Releases. Are all governmental sources not considered independent? :O Next, please accept my sincere apologies for the deletion on the article Talk page. I mistakenly thought that once the issue was resolved, it could be deleted especially in preparation for impending clutter on the Talk page. (I don't remember editing anyone's spelling/grammar, but thanks for letting me know in advance as I'll have to intentionally restrain myself from that) Skyelyrics (talk) 03:31, 25 December 2017 (UTC) A press release is not suitable as a source as its sheer existence is to promote/bring to the attention something. Therefore it is not neutral. The Banner talk 18:33, 25 December 2017 (UTC) Hmm, okay I see. However, can an exception be made in this case? For the reshuffling of school principals, the press release is the mode of factual information release from the Ministry, informing of the changes. The newspapers also refer to/directly quote the press release. So, I would think that its authority & position as the primary source is the overriding factor here? 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delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"Insertcleverphrasehere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Insertcleverphrasehere"},{"link_name":"WP:SCHOOLOUTCOMES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SCHOOLOUTCOMES"},{"link_name":"The Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:The_Banner"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:The_Banner"},{"link_name":"WP:SCHOOLOUTCOMES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SCHOOLOUTCOMES"},{"link_name":"use it as an argument anyway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Cambridge_International_School_of_Tunis"},{"link_name":"Insertcleverphrasehere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Insertcleverphrasehere"},{"link_name":"or 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loving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2017-12-18/Gallery"},{"link_name":"Interview with Charlesjsharp, regular contributor of Wikipedia's Featured Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2017-12-18/Interview"},{"link_name":"French medical articles have \"high rate of veracity\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2017-12-18/Recent_research"},{"link_name":"Your wish lists and more Wikimedia tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2017-12-18/Technology_report"},{"link_name":"Notable heroes and bad guys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2017-12-18/Traffic_report"},{"link_name":"On their way to the WMF Incubator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2017-12-18/Humour"},{"link_name":"Read this Signpost in full","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost"},{"link_name":"Single-page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Single/2017-12-18"},{"link_name":"Unsubscribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Subscribe"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki message delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"Skyelyrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Skyelyrics"},{"link_name":"Victoria Junior College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Junior_College"},{"link_name":"Skyelyrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Skyelyrics"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Skyelyrics"},{"link_name":"Conflict of Interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:COI"},{"link_name":"The Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:The_Banner"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:The_Banner"}],"text":"Richmond and Petersburg RailroadContent moved to Talk:Richmond and Petersburg Railroad 19:10, 3 January 2017 (UTC)Reverting all my changes regarding census of 2016Hello The Banner.I see that you reverted all my changes regarding the latest census. While I accept that in many cases I did not give the source (http://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpr/censusofpopulation2016-preliminary results/geochan/) and in other cases Wikipedia (once I saw that these where based on the above), I would have prefered if you had asked me to state the source so I could include it.\nNow all these articles state outdated results. If you think that is better then my changes, then let it be.You may see that I changed some articles regarding local and Dail elections too; you should revert them as well as I did not state the source there either.Looking through articles, I saw some contain outdated data; I intented to change some in the future. But I will stop trying to improve articles in the English Wikipedia; trying to improve the German Wkipedia a little is effort enough.\n--Wanfried-Dublin (talk) 19:47, 6 January 2017 (UTC)I really wonder why in the Leitrim article in the main text the new value of 2016 is accepted (although with the notation that a better source is needed) and my changes in the infobox are reverted because \"Wikipedia is not a reliable source\" while the Population Rank in the next line points exactly to this Wikipedia source of 2016 - with the population given as of 2011! I am really surprised that you think that your reversement made this article any better!I am not bothered to check all the other articles, but I am sure that there are more discrepancies like this.--Wanfried-Dublin (talk) 21:52, 6 January 2017 (UTC)Because it is still better than your unsourced version. On ENWP, things have to be sourced conform WP:RS. The Banner talk 22:10, 6 January 2017 (UTC)I could give you more examples of unsourced and wrong statements. Then you can revert them all. As I said in my 2nd statement: there are some inconsistencies in the Leitrim article: do you really think that one is better now after you reverted it? And I have changed many articles concerning the results of the last elections without stating the source. Go on and revert them too.It would have been okay if you had asked for the sources; I would have tried to include them! Thanks for your help to \"improve\" Wikipedia.--Wanfried-Dublin (talk) 22:25, 6 January 2017 (UTC)\nYou can improve Wikipedia by adding Reliable Source when you add info. But what you did was removing sources or even naming other Wikipedia-articles as source. That is not how it works. The Banner talk 22:46, 6 January 2017 (UTC)First: I only removed sources that where no longer relevant (census 2011 and even older) when I gave the results of the 2016 census. The WP-article I named gives as the source \"Population data for counties in the Republic of Ireland is based on preliminary data from census 2016.\" although not the actual link (I wonder if you will remove this as well now - and all my \"unsourced\" changes regarding elections). And why do you not give an answer about the inconsistencies mentioned above? Or why do you not have told me on the \"talk-page \" that you want \"proper\" sources. But as I said: I am finished with the English WP - thanks to you.--Wanfried-Dublin (talk) 23:02, 6 January 2017 (UTC)\nBut you never gave evidence of the 2016 figures. That is the problem. The Banner talk 23:07, 6 January 2017 (UTC)\nAnd you never give an answer to my other questions. And I gave evidence, although quoting WP. As I said, I would have stated the sources, if I was made aware that the English WP is so strict (if you are interested, look at the German WP (articles Portal Tomb and Poulnabrone and the Talk-Page). There it seems to be the other way round - of which I do not approve as you might see). --Wanfried-Dublin (talk) 23:19, 6 January 2017 (UTC)\nLearn the rules... and you are not a newbie! The Banner talk 01:42, 7 January 2017 (UTC)From Wikipedia:Five pillars: Seek consensus, avoid edit wars, .... . Act in good faith, and assume good faith on the part of others.Seek consensus, avoid edit wars, ... . Act in good faith, and assume good faith on the part of others. .... Should conflicts arise, discuss them calmly on the appropriate talk pages,....From Category:Wikipedia behavioral guidelines:Assume good faith:\nUnless there is strong evidence to the contrary, assume that people who work on the project are trying to help it, not hurt it.From Wikipedia:Rollback - When to use rollback: Rollback may be used:To revert obvious vandalism and other edits where the reason for reverting is absolutely clear\n To revert edits in your own user pages\n To revert edits that you have made (for example, edits that you accidentally made)\n To revert edits by banned or blocked users in defiance of their block or ban (but be prepared to explain this use of rollback when asked to)\n To revert widespread edits (by a misguided editor or malfunctioning bot) which are judged to be unhelpful to the encyclopedia, provided that you supply an explanation in an appropriate location, such as at the relevant talk page[1]Use of standard rollback for any other purposes – such as reverting good-faith changes which you happen to disagree with – is likely to be considered misuse of the tool. When in doubt, use another method of reversion and supply an edit summary to explain your reasoning.--Wanfried-Dublin (talk) 10:48, 7 January 2017 (UTC)Wikipedia:Competence is required. The Banner talk 12:59, 7 January 2017 (UTC)Re: Outdated templates for riders and teamsIn regards to the merger of the templates – I could theoretically get them turned around before the day is done, and they can be speedied (hopefully?). Shall report back once complete. I've had worse shocks, trust me! ;) Craig(talk) 18:16, 7 January 2017 (UTC)Thank you very much. The Banner talk 18:18, 7 January 2017 (UTC)\nAll templates from 2013 to 2016 have now been merged over. There are currently three showing for 2017, but I can quickly knock together a 2017 page akin to the previous years to get those ones clear also. Craig(talk) 22:17, 7 January 2017 (UTC)\nI see sense for the 2017 ones. A year page might be handy, but not urgent. The Banner talk 22:45, 7 January 2017 (UTC)Disambiguation links on Götz KubitschekThank you for fixing the disambiguation links on that article! You wrote that there is still one to be fixed (referring to Blackshirts_(disambiguation)). I deliberately abstained from linking Kubitschek's public appearance in a black shirt to any particular group because there seems not to have been a reference to any specific group in that event. Rather, black shirts seem to be quite a widespread feature of fascist/militaristic groups (as can be seen in the disambiguation), so I wanted the link to a dismabiguation page to show the multiple possibilites for interpretation or reference. Best regards, --Ubel (talk) 16:25, 12 January 2017 (UTC)Ehm, no. It was Twinkle who said that there was still to be fixed, not me. I recognized the intentional link to a disambiguation page and that was why I did nothing with it.\nThe whole story about the NPD is superfluous, as you can read the story on the article about the NPD. In this article it turned it POV. The Banner talk 16:53, 12 January 2017 (UTC)\nOh sorry, this wasn't meant to sound aggressive :) I didn't know. I'm quite new to wikipedia.\nAnd yes, I see your point with the NPD thing. I just inserted it as further support for that statement because someone deleted that passage altogether before. --Ubel (talk) 13:38, 13 January 2017 (UTC)\nMy comments were supposed to be of an explaining tone, not aggressive. If that was the case: sorry, I apologize. The Banner talk 10:26, 16 January 2017 (UTC)Siege of TobrukHello\nI've changed the link we were arguing about here, again. I'd left it with you to decide which remedy to use, but there'd been no change, so I've decided for you. If you are unhappy about that, I've outlined the remedy at the talk page. Regards, Moonraker12 (talk) 22:52, 30 December 2016 (UTC)Interesting. So the Libyan city of Tobruk is now in the Egyptian desert? The Banner talk 23:00, 30 December 2016 (UTC)I've clarified your edit here, because it was incomplete as it stood.\nAnd to answer your question: No, of course not, and the article doesn't say that; what it says is that the Libyan port of Tobruk was in an area referred to in the 1940's as the \"Western Desert\", and had a link to the explanation of why. Read it for yourself, it isn't hard... Moonraker12 (talk) 23:30, 10 January 2017 (UTC)\nInteresting is that you fail to give the correct link. it isn't hard...\nBut is Western Desert a typical British name or have, let us say, the Italians and Germans a similar name for the area? The Banner talk 23:45, 10 January 2017 (UTC)The Library of Congress is one of the two sources provided there. I do not think that the Library of Congress is British.The Germans called their forces the \"Afrika Korps\" (in German), and for the Italians, areas would be referred to under the province names as allocated under the rather short-lived Italian Empire. None of these terms are very useful to describe an entire theatre of operations in an English language encyclopedia. MPS1992 (talk) 00:05, 11 January 2017 (UTC)\nOkay, clear. You have no real arguments to choose an English name but still wants it that way. Have fun with that one sided view. The Banner talk 00:10, 11 January 2017 (UTC)We do need to write in the English language on this project, yes. MPS1992 (talk) 00:15, 11 January 2017 (UTC)\nWe need to write neutral and do not take a pro-English language POV. The Banner talk 01:06, 11 January 2017 (UTC)\nYes, but writing neutrally requires a proper consideration of the sources. MPS1992 (talk) 09:03, 11 January 2017 (UTC)\nBut the method you use looks like cherry-picking. The Banner talk 12:00, 11 January 2017 (UTC)No, actually I have never edited the article at all. Ever. You would know this if you had looked at the article history instead of reacting angrily to a perceived slight. Unfortunately, you became confused. I suggest that you go back to the article talk page and discuss your concerns there, if you have independent reliable sources to support them. Otherwise, I suggest you leave it. Aggression and accusations like this are really rather unwelcome. MPS1992 (talk) 22:58, 11 January 2017 (UTC)To take this up again (belatedly), explain to me; \"failed to give the correct link\"? If the correct link to explain the name “Western Desert” isn't the Name section of the Western Desert article, what, in your opinion, is?\nAnd what exactly is your objection in all this? It seems on the face of it that you object to the English language WP being written in English; in which case you should prepare yourself for a shock, because it goes on everywhere; the German WP is written in German, and the Italian WP is in Italian. You'll find the Dutch WP uses Dutch language, idiom, terms, and expressions, uses predominantly Dutch sources and contains articles of interest to a predominantly Dutch audience. However, what you won't find on the Dutch WP is me railing against a Dutch POV, and a lack of neutrality by Dutch editors because of it, so it would be nice to have the same courtesy here, no? Moonraker12 (talk) 22:26, 16 January 2017 (UTC)\nThank you for making it perfectly clear that you are not here to create a neutral encyclopaedia. The Banner talk 22:50, 16 January 2017 (UTC)The Signpost: 17 January 2017From the editor: Next steps for the Signpost\nNews and notes: Surge in RFA promotions—a sign of lasting change?\nInterview: What is it like to edit Wikipedia when you're blind?\nIn the media: Year-end roundups, Wikipedia's 16th birthday, and more\nFeatured content: One year ends, and another begins\nArbitration report: Concluding 2016 and covering 2017's first two cases\nTraffic report: Out with the old, in with the new\nTechnology report: Tech present, past, and future\nRecent research: Female Wikipedians aren't more likely to edit women biographies; Black Lives Matter in Wikipedia * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 10:40, 17 January 2017 (UTC)Books and Bytes - Issue 20The Wikipedia LibraryBooks & Bytes\nIssue 20, November-December 2016\nby Nikkimaria (talk · contribs), Ocaasi (talk · contribs), UY Scuti (talk · contribs), Samwalton9 (talk · contribs)Partner resource expansions\nNew search tool for finding TWL resources\n#1lib1ref 2017\nWikidata Visiting Scholar\nRead the full newsletterMediaWiki message delivery (talk) 23:59, 17 January 2017 (UTC)RFC of interestGiven your prior edits such as this you may be interested inWikipedia_talk:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Request_for_comment:_Use_of_interlanguage_links_in_Wikipedia_templates.--TonyTheTiger (T / C / WP:FOUR / WP:CHICAGO / WP:WAWARD) 18:25, 20 January 2017 (UTC)Dagar etcIt's not obvious to me (or to any other non-admin who can't see the deleted article) that Dagur clan was identical to the current Dagar, so that the latter can be speedied. Could we please have an AfD for Dagar, the clan article, to settle the matter clearly once and for all? I note that it has been to AfD twice already, once no consensus, then kept, one procedural close and one no consensus. Thanks. PamD 12:04, 24 January 2017 (UTC)I've taken it to AfD: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dagar (2nd nomination). Removing your db tag seemed unavoidable during the process (with Twinkle) so I hope you don't disagree. PamD 12:11, 24 January 2017 (UTC)\nI do disagree, as it was a recreation of another article removed after a normal AfD-procedure. But you were in such a hurry that you failed to wait for my reply. The Banner talk 12:56, 24 January 2017 (UTC)\n(and PamD) The two articles are absolutely identical. Kudpung กุดผึ้ง (talk) 16:04, 29 January 2017 (UTC)Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Minami ItahashiJust a note that I withdrew and closed Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Minami Itahashi. Normally I would not do that as your delete vote was still active, but given the great improvement of the article, which now demonstrates notability beyond a doubt, I decided to be WP:BOLD and go ahead and close it, particularly as snow consensus for keep also existed. Safiel (talk) 04:54, 30 January 2017 (UTC)I can agree with that. The Banner talk 10:36, 30 January 2017 (UTC)Nomination for deletion of Template:Cities in AzerbaijanGreetings.Now that I have seen, that all the cities and towns in {{Cities in Azerbaijan}} are indeed listed in {{Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan}} which I have overlooked, you can redirect this template to that template or delete it - whichever method the administrators see fit to choose. --Sondrion (talk) 11:25, 30 January 2017 (UTC)The Signpost: 6 February 2017Arbitration report: WMF Legal and ArbCom weigh in on tension between disclosure requirements and user privacy\nSpecial report: Wolves nip at Wikipedia's heels: A perspective on the cost of paid editing\nNews and notes: Official WMF rebuke to Trump policy; WMF secures restricted funds\nIn focus: WMF strategy consultant brings background in crisis reputation management; Team behind popular WMF software put \"on pause\"\nWikiProject report: For the birds!\nOp-ed: How to make editing workshops useful, even if participants don't stick around\nIn the media: Presidential politics, periodic table, and our periodic roundup of updates\nTechnology report: Better PDFs, backup plans, and birthday wishes\nTraffic report: Cool It Now\nFeatured content: Three weeks dominated by articles\nForum: Productive collaboration around coordinated protest marches; Media and political personalities comment on Wikipedia at its 16th birthday celebration * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 10:46, 6 February 2017 (UTC)Robert Devereux, 18th Viscount HerefordI've just reviewed the article Robert Devereux, 18th Viscount Hereford which seems fine but I note that you've been in \"discussions\" with the author on the matter of Viscount Hereford. If you feel I should have dealt with it other than giving it a pass at New Page Patrol, please let me know. Cabayi (talk) 17:43, 8 February 2017 (UTC)Rollback abuse in List of Dreamcast gamesIt isn't smart of you to simply revert changes done by number of editors including myself in List of Dreamcast games. In addition it's supposed to follow other game lists like List of Wii U software, List of Nintendo Switch games, etc but there are some that failed to follow this standard, like List of Nintendo 64 games. Most also contain overlinking you claimed in your edit summary. You should open discussion regarding this in Talk:List of Dreamcast games rather than getting us into edit war. Rukario-sama ^ㅈ^ -(...) 02:19, 10 February 2017 (UTC)I suggest that you start looking at what you are doing yourself. With your last revert to have reintroduced 47 links to disambiguation pages. The Banner talk 08:26, 10 February 2017 (UTC)\nWhile we're at it, it's still in need of a good cleanup. Reverting is really unconstructive if not used against changes that's already unconstructive. Rukario-sama ^ㅈ^ -(...) 09:12, 10 February 2017 (UTC)\nIntroducing 47 links to disambiguation pages is unconstructive and damaging the article. The Banner talk 18:12, 10 February 2017 (UTC)February 2017Baltic states were occupied. Articles about someone born in France 1940 don't use Deutsches Reich as birthplace. Template:Infobox person Place of birth: city, administrative region, sovereign state. Soviet union never had sovereignty over Baltic states. Occupation of the Baltic states. People born in France 1940–1944 are not listed as born in German Reich – Claude Miller, Christian Boltanski, Catherine Deneuve, Bérangère Vattier, Frank Alamo, Jean-Claude Dassier.Take a minute and read this: Occupation of the Baltic states. Especially this part: \"The Baltic states, the United States and its courts of law, the European Parliament, the European Court of Human Rights and the United Nations Human Rights Council have all stated that these three countries were invaded, occupied and illegally incorporated into the Soviet Union under provisions of the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, first by the Soviet Union, then by Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1944, and again by the Soviet Union from 1944 to 1991. This policy of non-recognition has given rise to the principle of legal continuity, which holds that de jure, or as a matter of law, the Baltic states had remained independent states under illegal occupation throughout the period from 1940 to 1991.\" There are miles of discussions about this [1], [2], [3]. etc. Ans so until anybody can prove otherwise BLP of Baltic states do not use Soviet Union as Birthplace --Klõps (talk) 21:44, 14 February 2017 (UTC)We describe facts, not historical anger. The Banner talk 22:12, 14 February 2017 (UTC)\nI'm not angry, just gave you some facts. Sorry if they seem angry. --Klõps (talk) 22:39, 14 February 2017 (UTC)\nAh, okay I get the message. It is not about facts, it is about emotions. And I just wandered into a minefield like the Balkan-relations. The Banner talk 22:44, 14 February 2017 (UTC)\nWhy such a personal attack? I gave You historical background. I'd say that You are the emotional one here. Baltic states were occupied. There's difference on De facto and de jure belonging to Soviet Union... and so on. I gave the articles, You can continue reading there. If You want to change birthplaces to SU then please gave Your factual explanation, and don't be so snooty. Klõps (talk) 23:03, 14 February 2017 (UTC)\nI just told you why I disengage: too much emotions. And you have just proven that point. The Banner talk 00:32, 15 February 2017 (UTC)\nI gave You facts... You can't deny it. --Klõps (talk) 08:48, 15 February 2017 (UTC)\nYou act on emotions. Just let me disengage, will you? The Banner talk 10:12, 15 February 2017 (UTC)WP:OWN and WP:TIESWP:TIES states \"An article on a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation should use the (formal, not colloquial) English of that nation\". In this edit you have removed the \"Use Irish English\" tag from an article that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation with the edit summary \"no need for some POV pushing on the language\". Can I ask you to explain what you mean by this and why you have done this? Secondly, in a series of edits, here, here and here you have removed the \"Use Irish English\" and instead added a \"Use British English\" tags to resturants in Dublin and Galway. Your rationale said \"see WP:NONSENSE and WP:POVPUSHING\". WP:NONSENSE is a content guideline and a speedy deletion category. WP:POVPUSHING states \"POV-pushing is a term used on Wikipedia to describe the aggressive presentation of a particular point of view in an article, particularly when used to denote the undue presentation of minor or fringe ideas. Calling someone a \"POV-pusher\" is uncivil and pejorative, and even characterizing edits as POV-pushing should be done cautiously\". Can I ask your rationale for the restaurant edits as well and the reason you left that edit summary? In your first edit removing the Irish English tag you stated \"I am unable to use a language that I do not master. I have learned British English at school. That is why I have chosen that variety\" which seems to suggest that since you created the article you have some claim to ownership over it and the variety of English it uses which trumps WP:TIES. Are you making such a claim? AusLondonder (talk) 10:57, 16 February 2017 (UTC)I am not interested in your POV-pushing. As you state on your own user page: I also believe that while the systemic bias on Wikipedia favours the United Kingdom to some extent as well (...). Usually it is the original author who sets the language that is used and others respect that. And I do not claim ownership of the articles, when you have something useful to change in the articles you will see not objection. The Banner talk 11:08, 16 February 2017 (UTC)\nOw, and I was surprised that WP:NONSENSE was an existing link. The Banner talk 11:12, 16 February 2017 (UTC)\nSuggesting someone with London in their name is an anti-British pov-pusher is not only highly uncivil but bordering on the insane. Thanks for taking my comment about systemic bias absolutely out of context. Please take the time to actually read the sentence - it says \"coverage of the United States is far superior and bias is manifested towards UK and European topics in some deletion nominations\". You are wrong that the original author sets the language. If I created the Pearl Harbor as Pearl Harbour using Australian English spelling throughout, it would be changed to American English. This is the whole point of WP:TIES. Take just a minute to read the policy. Do you seriously think British English should be used at the Irish Republican Army article? At the Dublin and Galway articles? Will you seriously seek to defend that position if I seek a second opinion? Re the WP:NONSENSE page, which you actually linked, I am quite aware that you are \"surprised\" by the existence of an awful lot of our policies. AusLondonder (talk) 11:23, 16 February 2017 (UTC)\nIt would be nice when you stop pushing your POV so aggressively. That is not helping any discussion.\nThe use of British English on the Irish Republican Army article is definitely not incorrect , as you stated. The IRA is founded in a time when Ireland was still part of the United Kingdom. The \"Old IRA\", as it sometimes is referred to nowadays, was also active in what is now Northern-Ireland, still part of the United Kingdom.\nI can understand that you do everything to break down what you state as I also believe that while the systemic bias on Wikipedia favours the United Kingdom to some extent as well (...) but you have already fallen into of pushing too hard to do that. The Banner talk 11:41, 16 February 2017 (UTC)\nYou're literally not making sense any more. Are you willing, per WP:TIES, to allow the Irish English tags to be reinstated at the IRA and Irish restaurant articles? Or do I need to seek another opinion? AusLondonder (talk) 23:01, 17 February 2017 (UTC)\nThat is entirely your problem, my friend. A little bit respect for other would help you a lot, far better than pushing and crying. The Banner talk 00:37, 18 February 2017 (UTC)\nOh the irony of someone who smeared another editor as a \"nationalistic POVPUSHER\" for enforcing well-established conventions demanding respect. You get what you give buddy. The fact you thought it worth fighting about whether we should use Irish English spelling for restaurants in the Irish capital is alarming and points to a non-constructive approach to editing and engaging with other editors in my opinion. If you don't like WP:TIES propose a change through a consultative community process. If you don't like the Use Irish English template nominate it for deletion. Simple really. AusLondonder (talk) 11:47, 18 February 2017 (UTC)\nNo, the irony is that you have to start reading the MOS. Especially the beginning what states This guideline is a part of the English Wikipedia's Manual of Style. It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though it is best treated with common sense, and occasional exceptions may apply. And WP:TIES itself, that states An article on a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation should use the (formal, not colloquial) English of that nation. Nowhere in the manual of style is stated that following the manual of style is mandatory but that is what you are trying to do: brutally enforcing a rule that is not mandatory. The Banner talk 18:31, 18 February 2017 (UTC)\nAt least we're getting somewhere other than plain abuse now. As you say MOS:TIES states that \"An article on a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation should use the (formal, not colloquial) English of that nation\" while MOS:RETAIN states \"When an English variety's consistent usage has been established in an article, maintain it in the absence of consensus to the contrary. With few exceptions (e.g., when a topic has strong national ties\". However, I am more than happy to discuss with you what exceptions you believe apply with the IRA article and the Irish restaurant articles. AusLondonder (talk) 22:43, 19 February 2017 (UTC)\n''This guideline is a part of the English Wikipedia's Manual of Style. It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though it is best treated with common sense, and occasional exceptions may apply. What means as much: do not start to harass people who do not agree with you. Use common sense and leave the dead donkey. The Banner talk 22:47, 19 February 2017 (UTC)The Signpost: 27 February 2017From the editors: Results from our poll on subscription and delivery, and a new RSS feed\nRecent research: Special issue: Wikipedia in education\nTechnology report: Responsive content on desktop; Offline content in Android app\nIn the media: The Daily Mail does not run Wikipedia\nGallery: A Met montage\nSpecial report: Peer review – a history and call for reviewers\nOp-ed: Wikipedia has cancer\nFeatured content: The dominance of articles continues\nTraffic report: Love, football, and politics\nBlog: WikiIndaba 2017: A continent gathers to chart a path forward * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 01:20, 28 February 2017 (UTC)Hello! There is a DR/N request you may have interest in.This message is being sent to let you know of a discussion at the Wikipedia:Dispute resolution noticeboard regarding a content dispute discussion you may have participated in. Content disputes can hold up article development and make editing difficult for editors. You are not required to participate, but you are both invited and encouraged to help this dispute come to a resolution. The discussion is about the topic Talk:Dutch letter. \nPlease join us to help form a consensus. Thank you! Yashovardhan (talk) 08:55, 28 March 2017 (UTC)Hello, from a DR/N volunteerThis is a friendly reminder to involved parties that there is a current Dispute Resolution Noticeboard case still awaiting comments and replies. If this dispute has been resolved to the satisfaction of the filing editor and all involved parties, please take a moment to add a note about this at the discussion so that a volunteer may close the case as \"Resolved\". If the dispute is still ongoing, please add your input. Yashovardhan (talk) 03:43, 29 March 2017 (UTC)DRN case closedThis message template was placed here by Yashovardhan Dhanania, a volunteer at the Dispute Resolution Noticeboard. You recently filed a request or were a major party in the DRN case titled \"Talk:Dutch letter#Banket\". The case is now closed: no party objects to resolution If you are unsatisfied with this outcome, you may refile the DRN request or open a thread on another noticeboard as appropriate. If you have any questions please feel free to contact this volunteer at his/ her talk page or at the DRN talk page. Thank you! --Yashovardhan (talk) 06:03, 30 March 2017 (UTC)Additional comments by volunteer: a new move request has been made by original filer as recommended.April 2017Hello. I noticed that you attempted to file a deletion discussion on the article Bucher aircraft tractor but did not complete the process. Please note that, when listing an article for deletion, a discussion page needs to be made for other users to discuss whether to keep or delete the article. This is typically done by following the steps listed here. Note that if you are editing as an unregistered user, you cannot create a discussion page. Please consider registering an account or asking another user to help you complete the process at Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion. Thank you. Remember to let Twinkle finish all of its tasks before closing the tab or window. ansh666 18:48, 2 April 2017 (UTC)I do not know what I am doing wrong, but I fail to get it right. The page is now created, but still not in order. The Banner talk 20:44, 2 April 2017 (UTC)\nSeems like it's all good now. ansh666 00:53, 3 April 2017 (UTC)Books and Bytes - Issue 21The Wikipedia LibraryBooks & Bytes\nIssue 21, January-March 2017\nby Nikkimaria (talk · contribs), Ocaasi (talk · contribs), UY Scuti (talk · contribs), Samwalton9 (talk · contribs), Sadads (talk · contribs)#1lib1ref 2017\nWikipedia Library User Group\nWikipedia + Libraries at Wikimedia Conference 2017\nSpotlight: Library Card Platform\nRead the full newsletterSent by MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:54, 6 April 2017 (UTC)WP:HOUNDDear Banner, it seems to me very obviously that you focus a bit too much on all the articles of FFA P-16. All your recent deletion requests very only on articles of FFA P-16. I kindly ask you to stop that, especially in cases like the article of Bernhard Müller (Officer) which is a Divisional general and obviously relevant for Wikipedia. Kind regards. --MBurch (talk) 19:03, 12 April 2017 (UTC)And you seem a bit too obvious in a silly protection mode. It would be better that you advice FFA P-16 to up his game, getting a better idea of what is notable and what is not notable. And especially: you can advice him to take a course in written English, as his stuff is often unreadable. The Banner talk 19:41, 12 April 2017 (UTC)\nAnd it is not the first time you act on FFA's behalf. People have been frowning on that... The Banner talk 20:02, 12 April 2017 (UTC)\nThat's no reason to suggest his articles for deletion but simply improve them. Frowning was more your wired Sockpuppet investigations. --MBurch (talk) 20:07, 12 April 2017 (UTC)\nThat sockpuppet investigation made loud and clear that you and friends were called in for assistance. But at that time, you did you cross the line. So, take your own advice and start improving those articles. I am not a wild dog, I can appreciate a well prepared steak/article. Good luck. The Banner talk 20:29, 12 April 2017 (UTC)Which line did I cross?\nEnjoy your steak! --MBurch (talk) 20:59, 12 April 2017 (UTC)\nSorry, you should read that as \"But at that time, you did not cross the line.\". But what you are doing now, gives me nasty ideas of bullying to protect a friend. The Banner talk 08:24, 13 April 2017 (UTC)Michelin Guide...I have blocked the IP for personal attacks, being aware that he is hopping. I also revdeled the attack...but I must admit I kind of like their choice of words..this quaint frenchie \"victime\" etc. Anyway, enjoy Loam (sounds fabulous). If you ever pop down to Kenmare, try to get a table at Packie's, or, on a fine day, drive out to the the Boathouse Bistro in Dromquinna. Cheers and happy editing. Lectonar (talk) 09:57, 20 April 2017 (UTC)Will add Kenmare to my bucket list. have to admit that I did not see more of Kerry than the horse fair in Listowel. And thanks for the intervention, hope it stays calm now. The Banner talk 10:21, 20 April 2017 (UTC)Stop Wikihounding me!Stop immediately wikihoundig /stalking me! This was a NON Public page! It is not your business what I do there. Don't try not to withewash you. I can listen up all what you have done to me, its my one business. Don't touch my page!\nLEAVE ME ALONE!\nBye!FFA P-16 (talk) 20:06, 22 April 2017 (UTC)making attack pages can get you blocked, my friend. And getting other to do your dirty work is also not good for your reputation. So you better stop with your silly accusations or face the consequences. The Banner talk 08:06, 23 April 2017 (UTC)STOP, you are doing it right now, stop! Wikipedia is big enough you can do 1000 things and i am not interested in your restaurands, beauticontest articel what ever you do I don't care. Just stop follow me and stop threaten me. You acting aggressiv against me but if just listen up a tiny pice what you are doing you react very thin skined. I told you also,many times to stay a way from my talkpage. Ther is only one smale thing you have to do and everything is fine:LEAVE ME ALONE!\nFFA P-16 (talk) 14:22, 23 April 2017 (UTC)My friend, even you have to adhere to the rules and regulations about notability. This is not a playground where you can dump articles about every Swiss machine, person and company. Article-subjects need to be notable, information added to articles needs to be relevant and your written English needs to be readable. Is that so difficult to understand? It is the quality of your work that is my concern, not your passport. The Banner talk 17:53, 23 April 2017 (UTC)Friend, is probably inappropriate. A friend supports, helps and respects and is also compromise-ready. Only your word choice against people who do not share your view is extremely aggressive. Incorrect English is not a reason, there are many who improve this, unasked and without complaint. No, you are not about notability, that's just an excuse from you to justify your actions. Do I really have to list up everything again? By some articles it was ok to put them in question, but only some. ,The only UAV article you wanted to delete was from me /swiss, , the same with the military task force ALBA, or the military museum, only those articles of mine / switzerland you have deleted, no comparable from other authors / states. The same with the aircraft tug.. you tored it again to a delete discussion even though it has references and you put the notability in question .. if you would go about it, you would have also put MB-2 tow tractor and U- 30 Tow Tractor in question. But you bend the rules in your advantage. Also you put the Divisional general and next air force commander in for an deletion requested .. sorry but so your point about notability is lacking any credibility. I am not interested in restaurands and beauty contests or whatever you do, I don’t care, but that is no reason for me to harm you somehow. But you obviously lack this necessity , I know of users who have made valuable work for Wikipedia and have left only because of you. I do not want to spend much time in wikipedia, but with every action you do against me, I have to be active here and spend more time on wikipedia. Suggestions to improve articels Proactive cooperation is good . Violent barring and absolute uncompromisingness do not work in wikipedia in the long run. I do not want a conflict with you I just want my peace.FFA P-16 (talk) 03:10, 24 April 2017 (UTC)I do not harm you, absolutely not. But I am very critical about the quality of your work. You could improve your understanding of notability and reliable sources. That would already help a big lot to get me on a bigger distance. And that is what I am t6elling you all the time: your sourcing and the notability of your subjects is below the common standards. raise your own standards and you will have no difficulty with me.\nBut instead of taking the advice, you start accusing, shouting and roaring. Very unhelpful. The Banner talk 08:54, 24 April 2017 (UTC)Ow, and I am not the only one critical about the quality of your work. User:YSSYguy frequently rips apart your arguments. But still you blame me for everything evil. And you need User:MBurch to protect you. Sad. Just improve the quality of your work. The Banner talk 09:09, 24 April 2017 (UTC)If it's about the quality why don't you improve it? But the way you treat and follow FFA P-16 is indeed annoying (not to mention your Sockpuppet investigations), so please just stop it, ok? --MBurch (talk) 13:40, 24 April 2017 (UTC)\nI have no influence on the lack of notability of the subjects he chooses. Nor do I have any influence of his sourcing. The Banner talk 06:45, 25 April 2017 (UTC)Stop this missuse of nomination for deletions! This all has nothing to do with wikipedia GNG , its only your dammed witchhunt against me! Your behaving is a destructiv for wikipieda.FFA P-16 (talk) 19:08, 26 April 2017 (UTC)Stop crying and check the notability of your subjects yourself. Please be aware that personal attacks are not allowed. The Banner talk 19:37, 26 April 2017 (UTC)\nThey are notable You are just missusing \"notability\" to cover your stalking of me and destroying of my work. If it would be about notability you would have take care about MB-2 tow tractor and U-30 Tow Tractor and not about the Bcher Flugzeugschlepper or a swiss Divisonal General or now this two air surveilance systems!FFA P-16 (talk) 19:49, 26 April 2017 (UTC)\nIt is up to the administrators to decide of the subject is notable or not and properly sourced with reliable, independent sources. The Banner talk 19:59, 26 April 2017 (UTC)But its not the admins who starts the AfD's its yu, and you are following one single line who give the clear picture tha your only goal is to kick me out of wikipedia and delet step by step articels i had writhen.. it is so easy to see.. but you even lack the \"cojones\" to stay to this.20:11, 26 April 2017 (UTC)~LOL. No my general idea is to get you to do do three things:\nGet a clear idea of what the community regards notable\nGet a clear idea of what the community regards as proper sourcing according to WP:RS\nGet a clear idea that it is worthwhile to make an effort to improve your English\nI have no intention to get you out, banned, blocked or whatsoever. But I would like it when you stopped with your baseless accusations and personal attacks. The Banner talk 20:24, 26 April 2017 (UTC)Just lies to cover your true intenion. If it would be about what the community regards notable you would have never ever nominadet Dübendorf AFB, Bernhard Müller and so one for AfD! If it would be about what the community regards as proper sourcing according to WP:RS you don't would follow me like this because ther is much more worser out ther in wikipeda.. and even if you give the hint you dosent pick up articels with ZERO sources! Your actions show loud an clear that your attacks again me and my work have nothing to do wthi the spirit/idea of wikipeda and notability. Just \"talking sweet\" now can not cover you manshunt. And this mans hunt against me is the real personal attack.FFA P-16 (talk) 20:41, 26 April 2017 (UTC)Stop your personal attacks, my friend. The Banner talk 20:53, 26 April 2017 (UTC)\nSame to you, and if you call me \"my friend\" you should act like a friend (because then we would both have an much nicer live). Good night (I have to get up early).FFA P-16 (talk) 21:01, 26 April 2017 (UTC)\nDo not blame the world (or me) for your own failings. I have advised you repeatedly how you can make your own life easier. But you have to make the effort to improve. The Banner talk 21:09, 26 April 2017 (UTC)TB, I think it might actually be a good idea for you to reply on the ANI thread. I started by assuming good faith on both your part and those of your accusers, and have become increasingly sceptical of their claims the more they refuse to provide evidence, and the thread was already TLDR before I commented, so you're not actually at risk of getting sanctioned, but (believe me!) the more threads you let them open without being formally shut down, the easier it will be for future people to say \"The Banner's disruptive behaviour has been discussed on ANI before\". If MBurch doesn't retract his comments I'm strongly considering opening a BOOMERANG subthread, but your weighing in as well would also be appreciated. Hijiri 88 (聖やや) 07:32, 1 May 2017 (UTC)WP:HOUNDThere is currently a discussion at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents regarding an issue with which you may have been involved.--MBurch (talk) 10:14, 30 April 2017 (UTC)LOL. The Banner talk 12:31, 30 April 2017 (UTC)It looks like it is going to backfire, mr. MBurch. Both for you and mr. FFA. The Banner talk 07:38, 12 May 2017 (UTC)World War II in Yugoslavia Repeat VandelismUser 178.222.116.11 has for the 5th time made the same unsourced deletion in article World War II in Yugoslavia despite your warning. 108.54.93.183 (talk) 22:02, 16 May 2017 (UTC)The Signpost: 9 June 2017From the editors: Signpost status: On reserve power, help wanted!\nNews and notes: Global Elections\nArbitration report: Cases closed in the Pacific and with Magioladitis\nOp-ed: Wikipedia's lead sentence problem\nFeatured content: Three months in the land of the featured\nIn the media: Did Wikipedia just assume Garfield's gender?\nRecent research: Wikipedia bot wars capture the imagination of the popular press\nTechnology report: Tech news catch-up\nTraffic report: Film on Top: Sampling the weekly top 10 * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:17, 9 June 2017 (UTC)Reverted contribution from Emoji pageHello \nCan you explain me please why did you remove my contribution about controversial emojis? I think it was relevant and interesting for the page. Don't you think so? AnasBARAKAT TPT (talk) 22:00, 18 June 2017 (UTC)WP:UNDUEWEIGHT. The Banner talk 22:20, 18 June 2017 (UTC)\nI don't present only the minority points of views. This is the point of avoiding undue weight. The principal objective of this measure is neutrality as it is said in WP:UNDUEWEIGHT. You can find other arguments to my response in the emoji Talk page AnasBARAKAT TPT (talk) 12:24, 19 June 2017 (UTC)\nYou blow a minor issue way out of proportion. The Banner talk 12:42, 19 June 2017 (UTC)Books and Bytes - Issue 22The Wikipedia Library\n\n\n\n\n\nBooks & Bytes\nIssue 22, April-May 2017\n\n\n\nNew and expanded research accounts\nGlobal branches update\nSpotlight: OCLC Partnership\nBytes in brief\nRead the full newsletterSent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:35, 20 June 2017 (UTC)The Signpost: 23 June 2017News and notes: Departments reorganized at Wikimedia Foundation, and a month without new RfAs (so far)\nIn the media: Kalanick's nipples; Episode #138 of Drama on the Hill\nOp-ed: Facto Post: a fresh take\nFeatured content: Will there ever be a break? The slew of featured content continues\nTraffic report: Wonder Woman beats Batman, The Mummy, Darth Vader and the Earth\nRecent research: Utopian bubbles: Can Wikipedians create value outside of the capitalist system?\nTechnology report: Improved search, and WMF data scientist tells all * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 07:31, 23 June 2017 (UTC)This is to inform you that an attempt is being made to overturn an RfC that you voted onThis is to inform you that an attempt is being made to overturn an RfC that you voted on (2 RfCs, actually, one less than six months ago and another a year ago). The new RfC is at:Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)#RfC: Allow private schools to be characterized as non-affiliated as well as religious, in infobox?Specifically, it asks that \"religion = none\" be allowed in the infobox.The first RfC that this new RfC is trying to overturn is:15 June 2015 RfC: RfC: Religion infobox entries for individuals that have no religion.The result of that RfC was \"unambiguously in favour of omitting the parameter altogether for 'none' \" and despite the RfC title, additionally found that \"There's no obvious reason why this would not apply to historical or fictional characters, institutions etc.\", and that nonreligions listed in the religion entry should be removed when found \"in any article\".The second RfC that this new RfC is trying to overturn is:31 December 2015 RfC: RfC: Religion in infoboxes.The result of that RfC was that the \"in all Wikipedia articles, without exception, nonreligions should not be listed in the Religion= parameter of the infobox.\".Note: I am informing everyone who commented on the above RfCs, whether they supported or opposed the final consensus. --Guy Macon (talk) 03:07, 26 June 2017 (UTC)Thanks. The Banner talk 09:02, 26 June 2017 (UTC)Your IP stalkerI've blocked but I don't have OS so if you still want the material oversighted you'd best email oversight. GoldenRing (talk) 21:32, 28 June 2017 (UTC)speedy deletion Ashish Bisht(Ashih is film Actor His movie Shab is going to release on 14th July he is Main Lead Actor With Raveena Tandon [1] ) --Jinnun (talk) 10:56, 5 July 2017 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jinnun (talk • contribs)The last four times that it was nominated for deletion, the movie Shab was always to be launched soon after. But without any proof. The Banner talk 17:17, 5 July 2017 (UTC)We do not censorHi, we actually do. Wikipedia allows for blanking of non-productive and inflammatory forum style posts on talk pages. Particularly those which simply detract from wp policies and have no intention of improving articles. You can restore the deleted content if you like, but you'll actually be causing a detriment to the discussion. Edaham (talk) 15:22, 10 July 2017 (UTC)for what it's worth, I've moved the borderline forum style posts to the talk page of the person who begun the non article related complaint. Edaham (talk) 15:35, 10 July 2017 (UTC)\nOw, I know that there is a lot of censorship, but most of the time that is hidden behind WP:MEDRS. But this was a clear case of WP:IDONTLIKEIT. The Banner talk 18:49, 10 July 2017 (UTC)\nthe policies you are referring to apply to articles not talk pages. If someone is making completely unrelated posts (again pointing out that the persons post was a complaint about Wikipedia, not a suggestion for article improvement) it is not uncommon for their rantings to be removed, moved or their threads closed. I chose the former because there's and active discussion associated with that thread at the moment and I don't want to close it. Edaham (talk) 23:36, 10 July 2017 (UTC)\nPlain avoiding critics and their critical comments... The Banner talk 23:41, 10 July 2017 (UTC)\nyou are entitled to your opinion. I've directed the person to the appropriate place for complaints on their talk page. Do try to keep discussion on article talk pages confined to the subject of article improvement. Thanks. Edaham (talk) 23:52, 10 July 2017 (UTC)\nIn fact that guy was discussing article improvement. The article is way off balance due to the stranglehold of the MEDRS-guys and the alternative-is-always-bad-fake-and-ineffective-guys. You have warriors walking around there that bludgeon everything what is positive! The Banner talk 04:36, 11 July 2017 (UTC)\nThanks for clarifying your position on the subject of alternative medicine. If you are supportive of this subject to the point of buttressing other editors who wish to discredit the encyclopedia on the grounds of an article's content, it is probably best not to edit those kinds of articles, or at least to make sure that POV doesn't cloud your ability to vet sources, and genuine suggestions for introducing content. I have now left the comment there and hopefully it will not throw the conversation off onto another tangent. (See closed thread above). Edaham (talk) 05:41, 11 July 2017 (UTC)\nNice way to state your own point of view. But your stance will not fix the off-balance article. The Banner talk 10:30, 11 July 2017 (UTC)\ncorrect. Fixing the article will fix the article - as opposed to restoring inflammatory comments on talk pages. Edaham (talk) 00:02, 13 July 2017 (UTC)\nThan do something about this flawed, biased, unbalanced article and take away the reason why mister Loudmouth is shouting at you. The Banner talk 00:04, 13 July 2017 (UTC)Administrator election on Dutch WikinewsHi, The Banner.I appreciate that you opposed the approval of that project. But the project was approved, and elections were held according to rules the community established (and which closely resemble the rules at nlwiki, if I am not mistaken).There is no possible way the stewards will grant immediate permanent admin status to any of them—that's not the way things work. Stewards do decide whether the project is big enough for admins to be permanent, or for 'crats to be appointed, but believe me: that's not the case here. But normally the choice of administrators is up to the project itself, and stewards only handle the magisterial role of (a) checking that the election was done by the local rules and (b) flipping the switch on admin status.If you want to object to the election of any of the individuals as sysop, your only real option is to get involved in the project and then oppose the candidates. And at that, if you are trying to undermine the project, your !vote will probably be discounted, and rightly so.At this point I'd encourage you to give the members of the Dutch Wikinews community the chance to sink or swim on their own. StevenJ81 (talk) 21:37, 13 July 2017 (UTC)There will be no need from outside activity to blow up that project. They are perfectly capable of doing that themselves. I will be surprised when it makes the end of the year.\nStill, I like your bad faith assumption when I am just asking for a clarification. The Banner talk 21:50, 13 July 2017 (UTC)\nThe reason I made the comment here was to put a little space between my comment and the instant discussion. Still, you are quite right about my not having assumed good faith, and I apologize for that.\nI hope my answer over on Meta was satisfactory for the time being. StevenJ81 (talk) 22:03, 13 July 2017 (UTC)\nRather unclear, but for now it will do. The Banner talk 22:04, 13 July 2017 (UTC)\nThere is no clearer answer for now. Basically, the stewards will give them 3–6 months right now. If the project never gets much bigger (in terms of contributors), the term may lengthen to about a year at a time, but it will remain a temporary administratorship, and could stay that way indefinitely. If the project attracts a larger group of editors, the term could be extended to two years, or eventually even be converted to a permanent adminship. But that's going to be at minimum a couple of years down the road, possibly longer, and maybe never, depending on what happens. StevenJ81 (talk) 22:09, 13 July 2017 (UTC)The Signpost: 15 July 2017News and notes: French chapter woes, new affiliates and more WMF team changes\nFeatured content: Spectacular animals, Pine Trees screens, and more\nIn the media: Concern about access and fairness, Foundation expenditures, and relationship to real-world politics and commerce\nRecent research: The chilling effect of surveillance on Wikipedia readers\nOp-ed: Why Task Forces are Dying in 2017\nGallery: A mix of patterns\nHumour: The Infobox Game\nTraffic report: Film, television and Internet phenomena reign with some room left over for America's birthday\nTechnology report: New features in development; more breaking changes for scripts\nWikicup: 2017 WikiCup round 3 wrap-up * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 01:47, 15 July 2017 (UTC)Possible block loomingYou are now the subject of a discussion at WP:ANI here regarding possible disciplinary action for edit warring at Peacock Alley (restaurant). Akld guy (talk) 00:57, 19 July 2017 (UTC)The classic case of trying to block when you have run out of arguments. The Banner talk 02:12, 19 July 2017 (UTC)FYIThe Banner, see Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution_noticeboard#Talk:Peacock_Alley_.28restaurant.29. Marrakech (talk) 21:35, 24 July 2017 (UTC)You are forumhopping and following me around. Stop this nonsense. The Banner talk 21:39, 24 July 2017 (UTC)Arbitration Committee referral for violation of The Troubles 1RR restrictionPlease see Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Enforcement#The_Banner. Mabuska (talk) 21:57, 26 July 2017 (UTC)Via WP:AEThis message contains important information about an administrative situation on Wikipedia. It does not imply any misconduct regarding your own contributions to date.\nPlease carefully read this information:\nThe Arbitration Committee has authorised discretionary sanctions to be used for pages regarding The Troubles, a topic which you have edited. The Committee's decision is here.\n\nDiscretionary sanctions is a system of conduct regulation designed to minimize disruption to controversial topics. This means uninvolved administrators can impose sanctions for edits relating to the topic that do not adhere to the purpose of Wikipedia, our standards of behavior, or relevant policies. Administrators may impose sanctions such as editing restrictions, bans, or blocks. This message is to notify you that sanctions are authorised for the topic you are editing. Before continuing to edit this topic, please familiarise yourself with the discretionary sanctions system. Don't hesitate to contact me or another editor if you have any questions.Dennis Brown - 2¢ 14:25, 27 July 2017 (UTC)OK. I will keep it in mind. Thanks for the warning. The Banner talk 14:44, 27 July 2017 (UTC)Your user pageAs you requested:I am a Dutchman but since a couple of years living in County Clare, Ireland, Ireland.I am a Dutchman who has been living for a couple of years...\nI am a Dutchman living, since 2016, in...\nI am a Dutchman but have been living, since 2016, in... DoneIt is remarkable that Wikipedia is claiming not to be a site for advertising and promotion, but on the other hand it is extremely difficult to remove spammy articles.I'm having trouble with this sentence. I'm not sure you understand the definition of spam. As it stands, the text contains two statements which aren't really related. The claim in the first part can't be tied to the difficulty described in the second, so linking them just seems wrong. DoneThis is due to the many editors claiming that normal editing should do the trick but fail to improve the spammy articles they say that can be improved. This is seriously undermining Wikipedia's stance against advertising and promotion.The same difficulty applies to the concept; but for grammar:\nThis is due to many editors claiming...\nThis is due to the many editors who claim...(There's a subtle difference: the first just states there are many editors; the second implies an indication of what \"many\" means has already been discussed.)...they say can be improved. This seriously undermines... DoneI treat everybody exactly the same.Arguably should be \"I treat everybody in exactly the same way.\", but some might consider the criticism pedantic. Not done...no matter how important somebody is (or thinks to be)...no matter how important somebody is (or thinks they are) Done...detrimental for the encyclopaedia...detrimental to the encyclopaedia DoneYou can find load of pictures in...You can find loads of pictures in... Done...how do I find coordinates for an article. Coordinates tool is very handy for this....how do I find coordinates for an article? The Coordinates tool is very handy for this. Done...sometimes you want to know what articles you have created. Just check that here....sometimes you want to know what articles you have created. Simply check here. DoneBazza (talk) 14:25, 19 July 2017 (UTC)Except for one thing, I have done everything. The part of the criticism is supposed to be harsh and critical. When you call it \"pedantic\", I have found the right note. The Banner talk 08:20, 21 July 2017 (UTC)\nSorry, I should have written that more clearly. I was referring to my own pedantic criticism of your sentence. Better would have been \"...but some might consider my criticism pedantic.\". I have not offered any opinion on the views you have expressed, simply your English grammar and style. Happy to help. Bazza (talk) 09:51, 21 July 2017 (UTC))1RR on Troubles article violationsYou know the restrictions imposed on Trouble related articles and you seem intent on violating them in your edit-war with Melbguy05. I have notified them of these restrictions. What is your reason for ignoring them considering you are versed in it going by your direct quote of it, which shows you have read it? Mabuska (talk) 21:17, 26 July 2017 (UTC)You think I remember something out of 2015? But I apologies for my indiscretion to make two different edits. The Banner talk 21:30, 26 July 2017 (UTC)\nThree reverts in less than 12 hours never mind 24 actually. And with your block history it is something you should be remembering. Mabuska (talk) 21:35, 26 July 2017 (UTC)\nI remember your bad faith attitude... The Banner talk 21:37, 26 July 2017 (UTC)\nWhatever you may claim, I have not violated the Troubles restriction... Mabuska (talk) 21:56, 26 July 2017 (UTC)\nNo, only a load of bad faith. Why did you point to my block log? To tarnish my name? You could see that my last block is nearly two years ago. And yes, my behaviour was influenced by my depressions, something I know now, but not during the depression. But if it makes you happy to get me blocked, so be it. The Banner talk 23:02, 26 July 2017 (UTC)\nWhy? Because the Enforcement submit a request form states to add any possibly relevant prior blocks. They also seemed to correlate to your bad faith labelling towards Melbguy05. So on that basis I stated them that is all. Admins are the ones who judge for themselves whether they are relevant or not, and in this case not so. The enforcement is there for a reason: to deter disruptive behaviour and sanction those who violate it. You violated those restrictions as did Melbguy05 which I noted at AE and you got off on a technicality. Regardless the intent was not to get you blocked but to ensure that such disruption will be less likely to happen again and I doubt it now will and that is what makes me happy :-) Mabuska (talk) 23:40, 31 July 2017 (UTC)\nSo stating an opinion is immediately \"bad faith labelling\". I hope you have noticed that your block attempt has failed massively with none of your arguments upheld. (The edit warring was true.) The Banner talk 09:46, 1 August 2017 (UTC)Request for commentHi, as suggested by user KDS4444 I opened a request for comment. Feel free to add your statement explaining your point of view. Marrakech (talk) 16:23, 30 July 2017 (UTC)It does not surprise me that you refuse to give up and go on with your forum hopping. The Banner talk 16:28, 30 July 2017 (UTC)The Signpost: 5 August 2017News and notes: Non-English special edition! 99% no news about English-based wiki communities!\nRecent research: Wikipedia can increase local tourism by +9%; predicting article quality with deep learning; recent behavior predicts quality\nWikiProject report: Comic relief\nIn the media: Wikipedia used to judge death penalty, arms smuggling, Indonesian governance, and HOTTEST celebrity\nTraffic report: Swedish countess tops the list\nBlog: Canadian Supreme Court rules against Google in favor of worldwide court orders\nSpecial report: Sharing Wikipedia offline medical information in the Dominican Republic\nFeatured content: Everywhere in the lead\nTechnology report: Introducing TechCom\nHumour: WWASOHs and ETCSSs * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:20, 5 August 2017 (UTC)Books and Bytes - Issue 23The Wikipedia Library\n\n\n\n\n\nBooks & Bytes\nIssue 23, June-July 2017\n\n\n\nLibrary card\nUser Group update\nGlobal branches update\nSpotlight: Combating misinformation, fake news, and censorship\nBytes in brief\nChinese, Arabic and Yoruba versions of Books & Bytes are now available in meta!\n\nRead the full newsletterSent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:03, 23 August 2017 (UTC)General note false allegationPlease stop hiding a legitimate complaint about a false allegation and a one-sided 3RR warning.Keith-264 (talk) 16:16, 29 August 2017 (UTC)Just a reminder that I'm quite willing to address any concerns you have. Regards Keith-264 (talk) 13:06, 30 August 2017 (UTC)\nThen start with removing the personal attack. The Banner talk 14:28, 30 August 2017 (UTC)\nThere is no personal attack to remove; if you want to continue, contact me on my talk page or the article talk page. Regards and regrets.Keith-264 (talk) 15:14, 30 August 2017 (UTC)\nSecond request: remove that personal attack or I bring you to AN/I. The Banner talk 16:21, 30 August 2017 (UTC)SpamSee this. - Tom \| Thomas.W talk 22:24, 1 September 2017 (UTC)Thanks. The Banner talk 23:14, 1 September 2017 (UTC)The Signpost: 6 September 2017From the editors: What happened at Wikimania?\nNews and notes: Basselpedia; WMF Board of Trustees appointments\nFeatured content: Warfighters and their tools or trees and butterflies\nTraffic report: A fortnight of conflicts\nSpecial report: Biomedical content, and some thoughts on its future\nRecent research: Discussion summarization; Twitter bots tracking government edits; extracting trivia from Wikipedia\nIn the media: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber; What makes someone successful?\nWikiProject report: WikiProject YouTube\nTechnology report: Latest tech news\nWikicup: 2017 WikiCup round 4 wrap-up\nHumour: Bots * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 03:43, 6 September 2017 (UTC)Jack Kevorkian leadI explained that my edit was based on MOS:BLPLEAD and therefore was not \"delibarate [sic] destruction of valid info\" as you claimed. However, to avoid starting an edit war over this, instead of reverting your edit again, I started a discussion on the talk page. Feel free to join in on it. JDDJS (talk) 18:50, 8 September 2017 (UTC)Euthanasia in the NetherlandsYou removed my revision to this page with the comment \"This is so blatant untrue that I regard it as vandalism.\"Here are some links that back up my point.[1][2][3][4][5][6]How can you justify saying this is blatant untrue??????? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Morganwnz (talk • contribs) 20:42, 11 September 2017 (UTC)If you have to rely on the Daily Mail, a newspaper banned from Wikipedia as source due to its unreliability...\nFor the rest, you are cherry picking. The Banner talk 21:13, 11 September 2017 (UTC)Here is an excerpt from one of your own references that proves my point \" In the Chabot-case (1994), the Court decided that suffering that has a non-somatic origin (such as a severe and refractory depression) can also be a justification for euthanasia; in the Brongersma-case (2002) this was further specified in the sense that suffering should originate from a medically classifiable disease, either somatic or psychiatric (Griffiths et al. 2008).\"Are you denying your own references???[7] Morganwnz (talk) 03:57, 12 September 2017 (UTC)No, but the way you were writing it, you made it seem that it had become an epidemic (it is slightly more than one percent of all cases). And that is an falsification. The Banner talk 12:54, 12 September 2017 (UTC)You say \"(the request cannot be granted when under the influence of others, psychological illness or drugs\"This is clearly untrue as proven by your own source. Are you interested in truth our just sugar coating the issue?And it is increasing. 1% is still more than none as you imply.Morganwnz (talk) 18:20, 12 September 2017 (UTC)Why do you continue to propagate a falsehood on your article that is disproven by one of your own references and you yourself have stated that psychiatric illness is the justification on 1% of cases? Morganwnz (talk) 07:21, 13 September 2017 (UTC)The way you wrote it down, it was a complete epidemic. And in your text it gave the idea that physicians were handing out euthanasia like cookies. In fact, it is a very regulated, careful, cross checked, prolonged process. People still need to have the full use of their mind and have to prove to the physicians that their suffering is prolonged and unbearable. The Banner talk 08:34, 13 September 2017 (UTC)^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/11/netherlands-sees-sharp-increase-in-people-choosing-euthanasia-du/\n\n^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3589929/The-woman-killed-doctors-obsessed-cleaning-Horrifying-Yes-s-just-one-growing-numbers-Dutch-men-women-given-right-euthanasia-mental-not-terminal-illness.html\n\n^ http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/sex-abuse-victim-in-her-20s-allowed-by-doctors-to-choose-euthanasia-due-to-incurable-ptsd/news-story/33d67a4ee6e5980d0c8f6c38147f1576\n\n^ http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/man-holland-netherlands-dutch-euthanised-alcohol-addiction-alcoholic-netherlands-a7446256.html\n\n^ http://www.lifenews.com/2016/05/11/woman-dealing-with-depression-anorexia-euthanized-when-doctors-decide-she-cant-be-cured/\n\n^ https://www.buzzfeed.com/rosebuchanan/mental-illness-and-euthanasia?utm_term=.ciB5NXYbg#.duXyOwqaP\n\n^ Rietjens JA, van der Maas PJ, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, van Delden JJ, van der Heide A (September 2009). \"Two Decades of Research on Euthanasia from the Netherlands. What Have We Learnt and What Questions Remain?\". J Bioeth Inq. 6 (3): 271–283. PMC 2733179 Freely accessible. PMID 19718271. doi:10.1007/s11673-009-9172-3Thanks!Hi Banner, thank you for your comments at my RfA. I hope that I'll be able to answer your concerns (though I'm not quite clear on what they are) with my actions rather than my words. Cheers, ansh666 23:52, 22 September 2017 (UTC)The Signpost: 25 September 2017News and notes: Chapter updates; ACTRIAL\nIn the media: Monkey settlement; Wikipedia used to give AI context clues\nHumour: Chickenz\nRecent research: Wikipedia articles vs. concepts; Wikipedia usage in Europe\nTechnology report: Flow restarted; Wikidata connection notifications\nGallery: Chicken mania\nSpecial report: Two steps forward, one step backward: The Sustainability Initiative\nTraffic report: Fights and frights\nFeatured content: Flying high * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 01:18, 25 September 2017 (UTC)Content Translation pop-upHi,About your comment at Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2017-09-25/Technology_report: Which pop-up are you referring to? Can you reproduce it now? --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 11:26, 26 September 2017 (UTC)The last time the pop up showed up here. It is the pop up of Content Translation, asking me if I want to try it. And the answer is always no, so I have not ticked the box in my (Dutch or English) preferences/beta functions. The Banner talk 16:25, 26 September 2017 (UTC)\nWhen did it happen?\nDoes it happen now if you go to here? --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 08:20, 27 September 2017 (UTC)\nYes, it happened again with that article. But it seems not to happen with no existing articles that were removed before. The Banner talk 09:22, 27 September 2017 (UTC)\nOK, and does it happen now if you go to here? --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 12:25, 27 September 2017 (UTC)\nThe pop-up was there again. The Banner talk 17:36, 27 September 2017 (UTC)\nDid you close it with \"Nee, bedankt\"? --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 07:26, 1 October 2017 (UTC)\nYes, I do that every time that banner shows up. I am thoroughly sick of it. The Banner talk 08:48, 1 October 2017 (UTC)\nStrange, sounds like a bug. It's not supposed to be shown again after you click \"Nee, bedankt\". Sounds like a bug. Some more questions to try debugging: Which browser do you use? And do you have cookies enabled? --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 11:58, 2 October 2017 (UTC)\nYes, I have cookies enabled (and cleaned out recently to avoid misleading cookies). I use Firefox 56.0 on Windows 10. The Banner talk 14:29, 2 October 2017 (UTC)\nOK, and it isn't in private mode by any chance?\nCan you please do the following:\nOpen the JavaScript console (F12, and make sure to click the \"console\" tab is selected in the panel that will open)\nGo to https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bla_bla_bla_blaaaaa_no_such_article_one&action=edit&redlink=1\nIf the pop-up opens, click \"Nee, bedankt\"\nCheck whether there is any new output in the console.\nIn the same browser tab, go to https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bla_bla_bla_blaaaaa_no_such_article_two&action=edit&redlink=1\nCheck whether there is any new output in the console.\nIf there's any output in the console at any point, please paste it here.\nThanks! --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 12:10, 3 October 2017 (UTC)User:Hayal12Hello, The Banner. Why did you rollback this edit at Ryan’s Daughter? That edit by User:Hayal12 does not even approach vandalism — but rather it is factually correct. If you have a disagreement about the content of the edit, than please voice it on the article talk page. It would be appreciated if you removed the inappropriate vandalism template that you dropped on their talk page and addressed the editor directly. Thanks. — CactusWriter (talk) 16:19, 2 October 2017 (UTC)Are there any sources that proves that it is an English film? Are there any sources that state that Dingle is in the United Kingdom? The Banner talk 18:58, 2 October 2017 (UTC)\nYes, there are. And you seem to be under a misconception about the Template:Infobox film. You will find that \"country\" in the infobox does not mean the location, but the country of production as defined by reliable sources such as BFI, Variety magazine, etc. As those sources state, the country of production is United Kingdom. And that does make it a British film (not English, by the way). Information about the shooting location and David Lean's building of an entire village in the Dingle, Ireland could be included in the Production section. (See WP:MOSFILMS.) So how does an editor's addition of \"British\" and United Kingdom\" rate as vandalism? — CactusWriter (talk) 01:17, 3 October 2017 (UTC)\nThere is no proof in the article about the film being British. The Banner talk 09:35, 3 October 2017 (UTC)\nThus confirming that this was nothing more than a content dispute about the use of the word \"British\". Which returns us to my first comment -- that you failed proper dispute resolution, misused rollback and misapplied a vandalism template. And now, despite your error, you still have not self-corrected. I'm undoing your edit and issuing an apology on your behalf. If you have a problem, please use the talk page. And I'll reiterate User:Drmies advice from last January: strongly urging you to seek better ways of addressing problems. — CactusWriter (talk) 18:16, 3 October 2017 (UTC)\nCould you please read your own words and act upon that? Thank you. The Banner talk 21:29, 3 October 2017 (UTC)I had advice? Banner, I don't want to get into the nitty-gritty of nation speak, but the rollback for that edit is unwarranted--please use an edit summary, at the very least. Drmies (talk) 18:19, 3 October 2017 (UTC)\nTo me it looked vandalism and I acted upon that. The uncivil attacks from CactusWriter makes this a bigger show than it is. The Banner talk 21:04, 3 October 2017 (UTC)You lost, i wonYou'll never make it,give up.😁 💩178.197.231.36 (talk) 14:42, 6 October 2017 (UTC)Are you sure? Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/FFA P-16 The Banner talk 19:29, 7 October 2017 (UTC)\nIn fact, FFA is now WMF-Banned. So he lost big time. The Banner talk 17:57, 1 October 2021 (UTC)Books and Bytes - Issue 24The Wikipedia Library\n\n\n\n\n\nBooks & Bytes\nIssue 24, August-September 2017\n\n\n\nUser Group update\nGlobal branches update\nStar Coordinator Award - last quarter's star coordinator: User:Csisc\nWikimania Birds of a Feather session roundup\nSpotlight: Wiki Loves Archives\nBytes in brief\nArabic, Kiswahili and Yoruba versions of Books & Bytes are now available in meta!\n\nRead the full newsletterSent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 04:53, 21 October 2017 (UTC)The Signpost: 23 October 2017News and notes: Money! WMF fundraising, Wikimedia strategy, WMF new office!\nFeatured content: Don, Marcel, Emily, Jessica and other notables\nHumour: Guys named Ralph\nIn focus: Offline Wikipedia developed at OFF.NETWORK Content Hackathon\nBlog: The future of offline access to Wikipedia: The Kiwix example\nIn the media: Facebook and poetry\nSpecial report: Working with GLAMs in the UK\nTraffic report: Death, disaster, and entertainment * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:36, 23 October 2017 (UTC)STOP IT NOW and vor ever!! STOP STALKING MEStop stalking me! Hör auf mich zu Stalken. Es ist kein Zufall das Du nur ein paar Stunden nachdem jemand was auf meiner Disk über ein Artikel schreibt du genau den Artikel zum löschen nominierst! Hinterhältig und verlogener geht nicht mehr. Du schades wikipedia unglaublich. Feige nütz du hier die ie anonymität des internets aus, du musst im echten leben ja voll eine pfeiffe sein! Versteck dich schön hinter deinem Computer, ich hoffe das irgendwann jemand die Scheisse aus dir rausprügelt für deine miesen machenschaften! FFA P-16 (talk) 22:49, 9 November 2017 (UTC)And now again, but then in English please. The Banner talk 23:08, 9 November 2017 (UTC)Nein in Englisch ist nicht nötig.Du hast ganz genau versanden was ich dir gesagt habe du hinterhältiger Globi. Du behauptest ja auf deiner Benutzerseite :de-2 \tDieser Benutzer hat fortgeschrittene Deutschkenntnisse. ... FFA P-16 (talk) 23:23, 9 November 2017 (UTC)Doch, in Englisch ist nötig, FFA P-16. This is the English Wikipedia, and other English-speaking editors are supposed to be able to follow conversations on public talkpages; it doesn't make any difference that The Banner has a fortgeschrittene Deutschkenntnisse userbox on their page. Also, if you think insults and threats won't be noticed because they're in German, you're mistaken. If you attack a user again, you'll be blocked from editing. Bishonen \| talk 00:21, 10 November 2017 (UTC).\nMy friend, the article I nominated for deletion was not from your hand. As a recreation of an earlier removed article, it was eligible for speedy deletion, so the AfD is already a courtesy. Even so, you start jumping around an accusing me of hounding and stalking. Maybe it is a good idea that you cool down and start reading WP:AGF. And please be aware that I have a broad interest, the fact that I live in Ireland does not mean that my interest stops there... The Banner talk 08:57, 10 November 2017 (UTC)\nI am NOT your friend! You harass me since many years, no one is harassing a friend. I dont jump around. and it does no mather if you in ireland or not. Fact is that you are following and hounding me since years with the goal to get deleted as much work from me as possible. This here is now a 100% proofe of your mean wikihounding.. This Article is existing since more than a half year 26. August 2017.. in all this time you dident cared abaut it (09.Nov 2017).. but 4 h after someone named tis article on MY talkpage you nominated it for deletion. 6Months vers 4h... FFA P-16 (talk) 09:17, 10 November 2017 (UTC)\nYour six months is in fact just ten weeks or so. But the nomination has absolutely nothing to do with you, so stop your accusations. The Banner talk 09:37, 10 November 2017 (UTC)\nI am not accusing something it is fact that you are harassing me since many years, it is an fact that you are wikihounding me 4h after steelpillow droped the name of the page on MY talkpage you nominated it for deletion. this shows clearly your malignancy and evil intentions.So stop buging me and stop follow me.FFA P-16 (talk) 10:16, 10 November 2017 (UTC)\nGood luck with those ideas. But do me a favour and read WP:NPA and WP:AGF. The Banner talk 18:29, 10 November 2017 (UTC)\nOw, and read Wikipedia:Don't poke the bear. The Banner talk 18:40, 10 November 2017 (UTC)\nWell WP:AGF there is no AGF such mean behaving stalking shows that you absolutely are acting against the spirit of Wikipedia.. and you knew it very well. Ow, and Wikipedia:Don't poke the bear, good example also to you with your atemp do destroy everything what is in any relation mit my work. So just shout up and STOP STALKINGME!FFA P-16 (talk) 19:41, 10 November 2017 (UTC)\n(talk page stalker) FFA P-16, when somebody suddenly becomes aware that an article previously deleted at AfD has been recreated by the same article creator under a different page title in a transparent attempt to dodge somebody noticing \"hey, this was deleted before\", then of course they're going to send it to AfD. And when somebody has the history of failure, through inability or refusal, to follow Wikipedia policies, then people are going to keep an eye on your contributions, with good reason to do so. - The Bushranger One ping only 20:05, 10 November 2017 (UTC)\n@The Bushranger, It is not that way he is following me since years and (luckly) he did not get to get every work I had done deletet even if he fightet strongly to reach the deletion of it. This is not the first time that he missuse my talkpage or messages people live there for me. He is not playing on the subiect he is hounting for the persons.FFA P-16 (talk) 20:28, 10 November 2017 (UTC)\nFor your information: Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/FFA P-16. Too much poking of the bear...The Banner talk 20:33, 10 November 2017 (UTC)\nFor the record, I still believe the topic is notable but I will not condone such underhand and dishonest methods - it has to stand on its own two feet or not at all. When I stumbled across the clone, I felt that noting it on my user subpage could harm only those who had something to hide. — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 17:37, 15 November 2017 (UTC)\nAs you can see, the article was nominated for being just a tool for firefighting and as a recreation of an earlier removed article. I was polite enough to use AfD. It was the screaming of FFA P-16 that alerted me on underlying issues. But for now, the issues stated by the original nomination still stand so the article can be judged on that. The Banner talk 20:01, 15 November 2017 (UTC)I concur that the article has to stand on its own feet. No matter how badly a person believes he has been treated, using another account to avoid scrutiny is a blockable offense. He (or, to AGF, another on the same computer, which is meatpuppetry, and also not allowed) used the sock/meat account to recreate an AFDed article, which is also against policy. All this is more the result of an inability to understand that Wikipedia is an encyclopedia than outright malice, but is still not allowed. - BilCat (talk) 18:46, 15 November 2017 (UTC)FFA is now WMF-banned. The Banner talk 17:57, 1 October 2021 (UTC)The Signpost: 24 November 2017News and notes: Cons, cons, cons\nArbitration report: Administrator desysoped; How to deal with crosswiki issues; Mister Wiki case likely\nTechnology report: Searching and surveying\nInterview: A featured article centurion\nWikiProject report: Recommendations for WikiProjects\nIn the media: Open knowledge platform as a media institution\nTraffic report: Strange and inappropriate\nFeatured content: We will remember them\nRecent research: Who wrote this? New dataset on the provenance of Wikipedia text\nHumour: Good faith (but still incomprehensible) * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:39, 24 November 2017 (UTC)Not usefulNot everything you dont understand has to bei deleted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.136.114.244 (talk) 16:55, 25 November 2017 (UTC)Block evasion, FFA P-16. A block is requested. The Banner talk 17:56, 25 November 2017 (UTC)Women chefs with Michelin starsHeya, I was wondering if I could get some advice. I'm thinking of creating a list of female chefs who have held Michelin stars (I've been doing quite a few of them over the last month as part of the Women in Red contest). I know for example that there are relatively few with three (Anne Sophie Pic was only the fourth for example, and in certain areas I've seen the first women in regions to have won one (i.e. Titti Qvarnström was the first Nordic woman to hold any stars). The difficult part I imagine will be working out the French women who held one and two stars during most of the 20th century. Bit I figure that'll get worked out after we get started. The more immediate issue is that I can't work out what to name the article. Would \"List of Michelin starred female chefs\" or \"List of Michelin starred women chefs\" be right, rather than \"List of Women who held Michelin stars\"? What do you think? Miyagawa (talk) 00:23, 1 December 2017 (UTC)I've started putting something together in my sandbox here: User:Miyagawa/sandbox. Right now I'm mostly putting in those chefs with stars from the Women chefs category. I've also got a vague idea for some sort of symbol key to show if certain chefs were the first of their nationality, the first in their edition of the guide, and also if they inherited the stars from the previous chef or earned them on their own. I may also switch back to showing 1, 2 and 3 stars for each with a year for each achieved rather than just showing the highest number of stars per chef. Miyagawa (talk) 10:59, 3 December 2017 (UTC)(Sorry, was busy) The chosen title seems okay to me. I would suggest the addition of a few Dutch chefs: Maartje Boudeling (2 stars before retirement) and Margo Reuten (2 stars). Female chefs without own article: Ida Kleijnen (Lindenhorst), Anita Boerenkamp (Spandershoeve), Tineke Nieuwenhuizen (De Vergulde Wagen). Other chefs I like to suggest are Kei Pilz and Danni Barry. The Banner talk 12:56, 3 December 2017 (UTC)Books and Bytes - Issue 25The Wikipedia Library\n\n\n\n\n\nBooks & Bytes\nIssue 25, October – November 2017\n\n\n\nOAWiki & #1Lib1Ref\nUser Group update\nGlobal branches update\nSpotlight: Research libraries and Wikimedia\nBytes in brief\nArabic, Korean and French versions of Books & Bytes are now available in meta!\n\nRead the full newsletterSent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:57, 15 December 2017 (UTC)New Page ReviewingThank you, Insertcleverphrasehere for the invitation but I have to decline. I sincerely disagree with the idea that sources are not mandatory, especially as an excuse to do nothing. I also disagree strongly with advertising and the fallacy called WP:SCHOOLOUTCOMES (keeping schools because they are schools, irrespective of WP:V, WP:RS and WP:V). I know that will influence my judgement. But thank you for your confidence in me. The Banner talk 11:33, 18 December 2017 (UTC)\nWell, to each his own. I'll point out that WP:SCHOOLOUTCOMES was overturned a while back by RfC, though some people still try to use it as an argument anyway, sigh. Advertising is actually one of our biggest issues at the moment actually, I and most at NPP share your views. — Insertcleverphrasehere (or here) 11:43, 18 December 2017 (UTC)\nTo be true, I have a lot of stuff over my head in this time (major surgery coming soon). Maybe you should try to persuade me again in May or so. The Banner talk 12:10, 18 December 2017 (UTC)The Signpost: 18 December 2017Special report: Women in Red World Contest wrap-up\nBlog: Close encounters of the Wikipedia kind\nFeatured content: Featured content to finish 2017\nIn the media: Stolen seagulls, public domain primates and more\nArbitration report: Last case of 2017: Mister Wiki editors\nGallery: Wiki loving\nInterview: Interview with Charlesjsharp, regular contributor of Wikipedia's Featured Pictures\nRecent research: French medical articles have \"high rate of veracity\"\nTechnology report: Your wish lists and more Wikimedia tech\nTraffic report: Notable heroes and bad guys\nHumour: On their way to the WMF Incubator * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 06:27, 18 December 2017 (UTC)Promo-campaignHello, this is Skyelyrics. I appreciate the work you've done for Wikipedia, but would like to ask whether you have truly read all my contributions to Victoria Junior College. Undoing them completely does not solve the problem. I have added many useful citations which were missing originally, and updated the list of notable alumni, for example. This helps users who want to know more updated information about the college. I am not intending to promote the college, and have no reason to. You on the other hand, with no knowledge whatsoever of the school, are not even taking the time to filter which contributions may be promotional and which are not, and are simply hindering efforts to update information. Skyelyrics (talk) 16:13, 5 December 2017 (UTC)You make it loud and clear that you have a Conflict of Interest. And I am indeed hindering your effort to turn the article in an advertisement. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia based on independent sources, not an advertising medium. The Banner talk 16:29, 5 December 2017 (UTC)","title":"User talk:The Banner/Archive07"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WP:COI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:COI"},{"link_name":"WP:RS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:RS"},{"link_name":"The Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:The_Banner"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:The_Banner"}],"sub_title":"Reply to: December 2017","text":"I assumed good faith at first, until you completely reverted an entire edit twice in a short period of time. That to me is considered edit warring. The administrator seems to think so, since he approved the page protection. Right now, you don't think it's edit-warring, only because you think you are right in doing so. I quote Wikipedia: \"An editor who repeatedly restores his or her preferred version is edit warring, regardless of whether their edits were justifiable: \"but my edits were right, so it wasn't edit warring\" is no defense.\" \nI don't shy away from the fact that I was participating in the edit warring too. It takes two hands to clap.I'm an extremely busy person who is not gaining anything from editing this page, so I had no time to examine each edit I'd made to see what could be improved.\nBesides, you did not tell me which specific edits were considered promotional etc until yesterday, so I had no way of knowing which parts could be done better.\nNow that you've actually bothered to tell me, I'll consider each change carefully when I actually have time to edit the page again, and I'll list the changes on the talk page.I have removed your advertising twice, one month apart. That is by no means an edit war.\nAnd if you consider each edit carefully, please also consider the rules and regulations, like WP:COI and WP:RS. The school website is by no means an independent source. And yes, I considered WP:AGF but when you replaced all the advertising without any independent source, it was clear that you wehere here yto promote the school. The Banner talk 16:20, 6 December 2017 (UTC)","title":"User talk:The Banner/Archive07"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"http://www.vjc.moe.edu.sg/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.vjc.moe.edu.sg/"},{"link_name":"http://victoriajc.moe.edu.sg/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//victoriajc.moe.edu.sg/"},{"link_name":"Skyelyrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Skyelyrics"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Skyelyrics"},{"link_name":"Skyelyrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Skyelyrics"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Skyelyrics"},{"link_name":"The Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:The_Banner"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:The_Banner"},{"link_name":"Skyelyrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Skyelyrics"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Skyelyrics"},{"link_name":"Skyelyrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Skyelyrics"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Skyelyrics"},{"link_name":"The Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:The_Banner"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:The_Banner"},{"link_name":"Skyelyrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Skyelyrics"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Skyelyrics"}],"sub_title":"Reply to: Managing a conflict of interest","text":"I'm sorry, but if COI is defined as \"external relationship with the people, places or things you have written about\", then just to clarify, I have no external relationship with the organisation. It is not my organisation and I have no relationship with it. I have graduated some time back and you could say there used to be a relationship, but now there is no more relationship. You may call it a grey area, but it is not immediately justifiable as a conflict of interest.\nAgain, I have no motivation to edit the page, and will receive no monetary compensation from this, and I will declare this on the talk page. I only edited because I saw that the page was extremely outdated, and noticed that there was a banner saying that the article lacked sources.\nInformation was also skewed, for e.g. under \"Performing Arts\", only the choir and chorale were mentioned. So, I added information about two other co-curricular activities.\nYes, I know the sources I cited were substandard. However, that's an improvement from NO sources at all. I have no choice in some cases, because there is a limited amount of information on the net. The edits you reverted to had no citations for the statements made. Do you prefer that to having at least some social media sources stated? At least, until better sources can be found. Furthermore, I never ever cited the school website, which is http://www.vjc.moe.edu.sg/ for your information. [Edit: my bad, it's http://victoriajc.moe.edu.sg/] Skyelyrics (talk) 15:11, 6 December 2017 (UTC)\nMany previous edits were made by students or ex-students, if you've read the talk page. So, are you going to undo all those edits too? I know it doesn't sit well with you, but not all Wiki pages are the same and you can't use the same lenses to view every problem. It's a small school in a small country, so the number of people who understand it enough to edit the page are few and far between. Please address INDIVIDUAL CHANGES rather than the PERSON editing the page.\nExample: I added notable alumni like Jasmine Sim, who has her own Wikipedia page. (I admit there's a problem with lack of citation, but I have one from a news website which I can insert.) Is it promotional to add this piece of information? Nope, it just lets people find out this information more easily, and they may come to the inference that many school alumni went into the arts scene. On its own, it is an objective and verifiable fact. So, why did you revert the edit?Can you see why I am doubtful that you actually bothered to read the edits?If you were to revert individual edits, I would be happy for you to let me know why you did so on the article's talk page, so I can improve the wording or the citations. But indiscriminately reverting is not the way to go.Lastly, I sure hope Wikipedia pays you, because I really can't imagine spending so much time on a thankless job editing pages I know nothing about and have no interest in. Skyelyrics (talk) 14:59, 6 December 2017 (UTC)You sound like a marketeer who got a hammering of the boss. The Banner talk 16:20, 6 December 2017 (UTC)I'm actually a med student, but thanks very much for bothering to look at individual edits, this was the kind of constructive improvement I was asking for. When I have time, I'll search for better, neutral sources for the content. Skyelyrics (talk) 09:26, 23 December 2017 (UTC)Reply to your comments on my Talk pageHello! First off, can I check with you whether I'm able to reply you on my own talk page (will you receive notifications)? Or do I always have to post on your own talk page?Anyway, regarding the press releases, I'm genuinely confused as to why they do not constitute independent sources. They are not press releases by the school, but by the government (Ministry of Education), which oversees all the schools in Singapore. They were prior published, but have since been archived under our National Archives. The speeches likewise are both Singapore Government Press Releases. Are all governmental sources not considered independent? :ONext, please accept my sincere apologies for the deletion on the article Talk page. I mistakenly thought that once the issue was resolved, it could be deleted especially in preparation for impending clutter on the Talk page. (I don't remember editing anyone's spelling/grammar, but thanks for letting me know in advance as I'll have to intentionally restrain myself from that) Skyelyrics (talk) 03:31, 25 December 2017 (UTC)A press release is not suitable as a source as its sheer existence is to promote/bring to the attention something. Therefore it is not neutral. The Banner talk 18:33, 25 December 2017 (UTC)Hmm, okay I see. However, can an exception be made in this case? For the reshuffling of school principals, the press release is the mode of factual information release from the Ministry, informing of the changes. The newspapers also refer to/directly quote the press release. So, I would think that its authority & position as the primary source is the overriding factor here? Skyelyrics (talk) 10:58, 27 December 2017 (UTC) (sorry, forgot to sign off again)","title":"User talk:The 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Aviation_Badge_(Philippines)	Army Aviation Badge (Philippines)	["1 Description","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References"]	AwardArmy Aviation BadgeArmy Aviation Pilot's Badge (Basic)TypeMilitary BadgeAwarded forsuccessful completion of the Aviator's Basic Course conducted by the Philippine Air Force or any Aviation Academy recognized by the Philippine Army.DescriptionThe seal of the Philippine Army is superimposed over a pair of silver wings.Presented by The Republic of the PhilippinesEligibilityCommissioned Military Officer and Enlisted AircrewCampaign(s)NoneStatusCurrently AwardedEstablished1986First awarded1986Last awardedOngoingArmy Aviation Enlisted Aircrew Badge (Basic) The Army Aviation Badge also known as the "Philippine Army Aviator's Badge" is awarded by the Commander, Armor Division, PA to commissioned officers and enlisted aircrew of the Army Aviation Regiment, military officers and enlisted personnel attached to the Army Aviation Regiment, civilian personnel, foreign and local dignitaries. The badge is awarded to military personnel who qualify as military aviators and aircrew and are attached to the Army Aviation Regiment, PA. Description The badge is the Seal of the Philippine Army superimposed over a pair of silver wings. Gallery Miscellaneous Gallery Army Aviation Pilot's Badge (Senior) Army Aviation Pilot's Badge (Master) Army Aviation Enlisted Aircrew's Badge (Senior) Army Aviation Enlisted Aircrew's Badge (Master) See also Awards and decorations of the Armed Forces of the Philippines United States Aviator Badge References Citations ^ a b c OTAG, The AFP Awards and Decorations Handbook, 1995, 1997, OTAG Bibliography The Army Adjutant General, Philippine Army Awards and Decorations Manual FC 1-0062, 2005, OTAAG. The AFP Adjutant General, The AFP Awards and Decorations Handbook, 1995, 1997, OTAG.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAB1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAB1-1"}],"text":"The Army Aviation Badge[1] also known as the \"Philippine Army Aviator's Badge\" is awarded by the Commander, Armor Division, PA to commissioned officers and enlisted aircrew of the Army Aviation Regiment, military officers and enlisted personnel attached to the Army Aviation Regiment, civilian personnel, foreign and local dignitaries. The badge is awarded to military personnel who qualify as military aviators and aircrew and are attached to the Army Aviation Regiment, PA.[1]","title":"Army Aviation Badge (Philippines)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippine Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAB1-1"}],"text":"The badge is the Seal of the Philippine Army superimposed over a pair of silver wings.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sr_Army_Aviation_Service_Badge.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mtr_Army_Aviation_Service_Badge.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sr_Army_Aviation_Service_Aircrew_Badge.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mtr_Army_Aviation_Service_Aircrew_Badge.png"}],"text":"Miscellaneous Gallery\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArmy Aviation Pilot's Badge (Senior)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArmy Aviation Pilot's Badge (Master)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArmy Aviation Enlisted Aircrew's Badge (Senior)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArmy Aviation Enlisted Aircrew's Badge (Master)","title":"Gallery"}]	[]	[{"title":"Awards and decorations of the Armed Forces of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines"},{"title":"United States Aviator Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Aviator_Badge"}]	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavera%C3%ABt	Laveraët	["1 Geography","2 Population","3 See also","4 References"]	Coordinates: 43°31′53″N 0°12′53″E / 43.5314°N 0.2147°E / 43.5314; 0.2147 Commune in Occitania, FranceLaveraëtCommuneThe town hall in LaveraëtLocation of Laveraët LaveraëtShow map of FranceLaveraëtShow map of OccitanieCoordinates: 43°31′53″N 0°12′53″E / 43.5314°N 0.2147°E / 43.5314; 0.2147CountryFranceRegionOccitaniaDepartmentGersArrondissementMirandeCantonPardiac-Rivière-BasseIntercommunalityBastides et vallons du GersGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Jean-Claude LascombesArea111.86 km2 (4.58 sq mi)Population (2021)104 • Density8.8/km2 (23/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code32205 /32230Elevation154–280 m (505–919 ft) (avg. 200 m or 660 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Laveraët is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France. Geography Laveraët and its surrounding communes Population Historical populationYearPop.±% 1962178— 1968173−2.8% 1975143−17.3% 1982131−8.4% 1990134+2.3% 1999104−22.4% 2008120+15.4% See also Communes of the Gers department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laveraët. vteCommunes of the Gers department Aignan Ansan Antras Arblade-le-Bas Arblade-le-Haut Ardizas Armentieux Armous-et-Cau Arrouède Aubiet Auchpref Augnax Aujan-Mournède Auradé Aurensan Aurimont Aussos Auterive Aux-Aussat Avensac Avéron-Bergelle Avezan Ayguetinte Ayzieu Bajonnette Barcelonne-du-Gers Barcugnan Barran Bars Bascous Bassoues Bazian Bazugues Beaucaire Beaumarchés Beaumont Beaupuy Beccas Bédéchan Bellegarde Belloc-Saint-Clamens Belmont Béraut Berdoues Bernède Berrac Betcave-Aguin Bétous Betplan Bézéril Bezolles Bézues-Bajon Biran Bivès Blanquefort Blaziert Blousson-Sérian Bonas Boucagnères Boulaur Bourrouillan Bouzon-Gellenave Bretagne-d'Armagnac Le Brouilh-Monbert Brugnens Cabas-Loumassès Cadeilhan Cadeillan Cahuzac-sur-Adour Caillavet Callian Campagne-d'Armagnac Cassaigne Castelnau-Barbarens Castelnau-d'Anglès Castelnau-d'Arbieu Castelnau-d'Auzan-Labarrère Castelnau-sur-l'Auvignon Castelnavet Castéra-Lectourois Castéra-Verduzan Castéron Castet-Arrouy Castex Castex-d'Armagnac Castillon-Debats Castillon-Massas Castillon-Savès Castin Catonvielle Caumont Caupenne-d'Armagnac Caussens Cazaubon Cazaux-d'Anglès Cazaux-Savès Cazaux-Villecomtal Cazeneuve Céran Cézan Chélan Clermont-Pouyguillès Clermont-Savès Cologne Condomsubpr Corneillan Couloumé-Mondebat Courrensan Courties Crastes Cravencères Cuélas Dému Duffort Duran Durban Eauze Encausse Endoufielle Esclassan-Labastide Escornebœuf Espaon Espas Estampes Estang Estipouy Estramiac Faget-Abbatial Flamarens Fleurance Fourcès Frégouville Fustérouau Galiax Garravet Gaudonville Gaujac Gaujan Gavarret-sur-Aulouste Gazaupouy Gazax-et-Baccarisse Gée-Rivière Gimbrède Gimont Giscaro Gondrin Goutz Goux Haget Haulies Homps Le Houga Idrac-Respaillès L'Isle-Arné L'Isle-Bouzon L'Isle-de-Noé L'Isle-Jourdain Izotges Jegun Jû-Belloc Juillac Juilles Justian Laas Labarthe Labarthète Labastide-Savès Labéjan Labrihe Ladevèze-Rivière Ladevèze-Ville Lagarde Lagarde-Hachan Lagardère Lagraulet-du-Gers Laguian-Mazous Lahas Lahitte Lalanne Lalanne-Arqué Lamaguère Lamazère Lamothe-Goas Lannemaignan Lannepax Lanne-Soubiran Lannux Larée Larressingle Larroque-Engalin Larroque-Saint-Sernin Larroque-sur-l'Osse Lartigue Lasséran Lasserrade Lasseube-Propre Laujuzan Lauraët Lavardens Laveraët Laymont Leboulin Lectoure Lelin-Lapujolle Lias Lias-d'Armagnac Ligardes Lombez Loubédat Loubersan Lourties-Monbrun Louslitges Loussous-Débat Lupiac Luppé-Violles Lussan Magnan Magnas Maignaut-Tauzia Malabat Manas-Bastanous Manciet Manent-Montané Mansempuy Mansencôme Marambat Maravat Marciac Marestaing Margouët-Meymes Marguestau Marsan Marseillan Marsolan Mascaras Mas-d'Auvignon Masseube Mauléon-d'Armagnac Maulichères Maumusson-Laguian Maupas Maurens Mauroux Mauvezin Meilhan Mérens Miélan Miradoux Miramont-d'Astarac Miramont-Latour Mirandesubpr Mirannes Mirepoix Monbardon Monblanc Monbrun Moncassin Monclar Monclar-sur-Losse Moncorneil-Grazan Monferran-Plavès Monferran-Savès Monfort Mongausy Monguilhem Monlaur-Bernet Monlezun Monlezun-d'Armagnac Monpardiac Montadet Montamat Montaut Montaut-les-Créneaux Mont-d'Astarac Mont-de-Marrast Montégut Montégut-Arros Montégut-Savès Montesquiou Montestruc-sur-Gers Monties Montiron Montpézat Montréal Mormès Mouchan Mouchès Mourède Nizas Nogaro Noilhan Nougaroulet Noulens Orbessan Ordan-Larroque Ornézan Pallanne Panassac Panjas Pauilhac Pavie Pébées Pellefigue Perchède Pergain-Taillac Pessan Pessoulens Peyrecave Peyrusse-Grande Peyrusse-Massas Peyrusse-Vieille Pis Plaisance Plieux Polastron Pompiac Ponsampère Ponsan-Soubiran Pouydraguin Pouylebon Pouy-Loubrin Pouy-Roquelaure Préchac Préchac-sur-Adour Preignan Préneron Projan Pujaudran Puycasquier Puylausic Puységur Ramouzens Razengues Réans Réjaumont Ricourt Riguepeu Riscle La Romieu Roquebrune Roquefort Roquelaure Roquelaure-Saint-Aubin Roquepine Roques Rozès Sabaillan Sabazan Sadeillan Saint-André Saint-Antoine Saint-Antonin Saint-Arailles Saint-Arroman Saint-Aunix-Lengros Saint-Avit-Frandat Saint-Blancard Saint-Brès Saint-Caprais Saint-Christaud Saint-Clar Saint-Créac Saint-Cricq Sainte-Anne Sainte-Aurence-Cazaux Sainte-Christie Sainte-Christie-d'Armagnac Sainte-Dode Sainte-Gemme Saint-Élix-d'Astarac Saint-Élix-Theux Sainte-Marie Sainte-Mère Sainte-Radegonde Saint-Georges Saint-Germé Saint-Germier Saint-Griède Saint-Jean-le-Comtal Saint-Jean-Poutge Saint-Justin Saint-Lary Saint-Léonard Saint-Lizier-du-Planté Saint-Loube Saint-Martin Saint-Martin-d'Armagnac Saint-Martin-de-Goyne Saint-Martin-Gimois Saint-Maur Saint-Médard Saint-Mézard Saint-Michel Saint-Mont Saint-Orens Saint-Orens-Pouy-Petit Saint-Ost Saint-Paul-de-Baïse Saint-Pierre-d'Aubézies Saint-Puy Saint-Sauvy Saint-Soulan Salles-d'Armagnac Samaran Samatan Sansan Saramon Sarcos Sarragachies Sarraguzan Sarrant La Sauvetat Sauveterre Sauviac Sauvimont Savignac-Mona Scieurac-et-Flourès Séailles Ségos Ségoufielle Seissan Sembouès Sémézies-Cachan Sempesserre Sère Sérempuy Seysses-Savès Simorre Sion Sirac Solomiac Sorbets Tachoires Tarsac Tasque Taybosc Termes-d'Armagnac Terraube Thoux Tieste-Uragnoux Tillac Tirent-Pontéjac Touget Toujouse Tourdun Tournan Tournecoupe Tourrenquets Traversères Troncens Tudelle Urdens Urgosse Valence-sur-Baïse Vergoignan Verlus Vic-Fezensac Viella Villecomtal-sur-Arros Villefranche-d'Astarac Viozan pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases: National France BnF data This Gers geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Gers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gers"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Occitania, FranceLaveraët is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.","title":"Laveraët"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_commune_FR_insee_code_32205.png"}],"text":"Laveraët and its surrounding communes","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"}]	[{"image_text":"Laveraët and its surrounding communes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Map_commune_FR_insee_code_32205.png/300px-Map_commune_FR_insee_code_32205.png"}]	[{"title":"Communes of the Gers department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Gers_department"}]	[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valet	Valet	["1 Word origins","2 Domestic valet","2.1 Famous fictional valets","3 Other valets","3.1 Clothes valet","4 Varlet","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Personal attendant This article is about the term for male servants. For the village in Iran, see Valet, Iran. For valets in professional wrestling, see Valet (wrestling). "Varlet" redirects here. For other uses, see Varlet (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Valet" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A 17th-century valet de chambre A valet or varlet is a male servant who serves as personal attendant to his employer. In the Middle Ages and Ancien Régime, valet de chambre was a role for junior courtiers and specialists such as artists in a royal court, but the term "valet" by itself most often refers to a normal servant responsible for the clothes and personal belongings of an employer, and making minor arrangements. In the United States, the term most often refers to a parking valet, and the role is often confused with a butler. Word origins In English, valet as "personal man-servant" is recorded since 1567, though use of the term in the French-speaking English medieval court is older, and the variant form varlet is cited from 1456 (OED). Both are French importations of valet or varlet (the "t" being silent in modern French), Old French variants of vaslet "man's servant", originally "squire, young man", assumed to be from Gallo-Romance Vulgar Latin *vassellittus "young nobleman, squire, page", diminutive of Medieval Latin vassallus, from vassus "servant", possibly cognate to an Old Celtic root wasso- "young man, squire" (source of Welsh gwas "youth, servant", Breton goaz "servant, vassal, man", Irish foss "servant"). See yeoman, possibly derived from yonge man, a related term. The modern use is usually short for the valet de chambre (French for "room valet", in modern terms the bedroom, though not originally so), described in the following section. Since the 16th century, the word has traditionally been pronounced as rhyming with pallet, though an alternative pronunciation, rhyming with array and allay, as in French, is now common, particularly in the United States. The Oxford English Dictionary lists both pronunciations. Domestic valet This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A valet or "gentleman's gentleman" is a gentleman's male servant; the closest female equivalent is a lady's maid. The valet performs personal services such as maintaining his employer's clothes, running his bath and perhaps (especially in the past) shaving his employer. In a great house, the master of the house had his own valet, and in the very grandest great houses, other adult members of the employing family (e.g. master's sons) would also have their own valets. At a court, even minor princes and high officials may be assigned one, but in a smaller household the butler – the majordomo in charge of the household staff – might have to double as his employer's valet. In a bachelor's household the valet might perform light housekeeping duties as well. Valets learned the skills for their role in various ways. Some began as footmen, learning some relevant skills as part of that job, and picking up others when deputising for their master's valet, or by performing valeting tasks for his sons before they had a valet of their own, or for male guests who did not travel with a valet. Others started out as soldier-servants to army officers (batmen) or stewards to naval officers. Traditionally, a valet did much more than merely lay out clothes and take care of personal items. He was also responsible for making travel arrangements, dealing with any bills and handling all money matters concerning his master or his master's household. Alexandre Bontemps, the most senior of the thirty-six valets to Louis XIV of France, was a powerful figure, who ran the Château de Versailles. In courts, valet de chambre was a position of some status, often given to artists, musicians, poets and others, who generally spent most of their time on their specialized work. The role was also, at least during the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, a common first step or training period in a nobleman's career at court. Valets, like butlers and most specialized domestic staff, have become relatively rare. A more common, though still infrequent, arrangement is the general servant performing combined roles. A notable 20th century domestic valet was Sydney Johnson who served as personal valet to the Duke of Windsor and later to the businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed. Another notable person is Walt Nauta, a former military valet, who worked at the White House and later at Mar-a-Lago as Donald Trump's personal valet. On July 6, 2023, he pleaded not guilty for allegedly moving boxes of classified materials at Mar-a-Lago. Famous fictional valets Carving of "Bazin", the valet to Aramis, of The Three Musketeers, was a studious person who later became a lay brother. (Thomas Nicholls carves him brushing his master's clothes whilst studying theology.) See also: List of fictional butlers Figaro, the Count of Almaviva's valet from Beaumarchais' play The Marriage of Figaro (1786), as well as the Mozart and Rossini operas based on it Leporello, valet of Don Giovanni in the 1787 opera by Mozart Sam Weller, valet to Samuel Pickwick in The Pickwick Papers (1836) by Charles Dickens Planchet , valet to D'Artagnan of The Three Musketeers (1844) Baptistin, in The Count of Monte Cristo (1844) by Alexandre Dumas Passepartout, in the 1873 novel Around the World in Eighty Days by Jules Verne Smerdyakov, the valet to Fyodor Pavlovitch in The Brothers Karamazov (1879) by Fyodor Dostoyevsky Jeeves, created in 1915 by P. G. Wodehouse, starred in a series of stories until Wodehouse's death in 1975 Mervyn Bunter, created in 1923 by Dorothy L. Sayers in the Lord Peter Wimsey series George (or Georges), created by Agatha Christie in 1926, in the Hercule Poirot novels Edward Henry Masterman, the victim's valet and a suspect in Agatha Christie's Murder on the Orient Express (1934) Kato, fictional sidekick/valet of The Green Hornet, created in 1936 Pork, Gerald O'Hara's valet in the 1936 novel Gone With the Wind Rochester van Jones (Eddie Anderson), the valet of Jack Benny on Benny's radio and television shows, introduced in 1937 Sisk, created in Harry Segall's 1938 play, Heaven Can Wait, which was adapted into a 1941 film, Here Comes Mr. Jordan, and other films Alfred Pennyworth, valet to Bruce Wayne (Batman), created by Don Cameron and Bob Kane in 1943 The character "Valet" from No Exit (1944) by Jean-Paul Sartre Hugo Barrett, in the 1948 Robin Maugham novella, 1958 play and 1963 Joseph Losey film The Servant Kato, Inspector Clouseau's valet and martial arts partner in the Pink Panther movies, introduced in A Shot in the Dark (1964) Giles French (Sebastian Cabot) in the sitcom Family Affair (1966–1971) Hobson (Sir John Gielgud), from the 1981 comedy film Arthur "Spicer" Lovejoy (David Warner), millionaire Caledon Hockley's (Billy Zane) English valet in the 1997 film Titanic Probert (Derek Jacobi), in the 2001 film Gosford Park, directed by Robert Altman John Bates (Brendan Coyle), in the Julian Fellowes period drama Downton Abbey (2010–2015) Other valets Valet is also used for people performing specific services: hotel valet: an employee who performs personal services for guests. parking valet: a service employee who parks cars for guests, only from 1960. car valet: an employee who is paid to clean people's cars professionally. valet: a professional wrestling term for a person who accompanies a wrestler to the ring. jockey's valet: an employee who maintains a jockey's wardrobe and ensures the proper uniform is worn for each horse the jockey races. Other forms of valet-like personnel include: Batman Bedder Dresser Clothes valet Main article: Clothes valet Clothes valets are a piece of furniture also referred to as a men's valet. A majority are free standing and made out of wood. Varlet While in French this word remained restricted to the feudal use for a (knight's) squire, in modern English it came to be used for the various other male servants originally called va(r)let other than the gentleman's gentleman, when in livery usually called lackey, such as the valet de pied ('foot varlet', compare footman). In archaic English, varlet also could mean an unprincipled man; a rogue. See also Chauffeur Footman Housekeeper Jack Maid Majordomo Personal assistant Valet boy References Notes ^ "Bartleby.com: Great Books Online -- Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more". Bartleby.com. Retrieved 28 October 2014. ^ "Who was Sydney Johnson? How Edward's valet really met Mohamed Al-Fayed". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 12 November 2022. ^ "Here's The Unsealed Indictment Over Donald Trump's Handling Of Classified Documents". HuffPost. Retrieved 9 June 2023. ^ "Trump valet Walt Nauta pleads not guilty in classified documents case". Associated Press. Retrieved 6 July 2023. ^ "Masterpiece \| Downton Abbey \| PBS". web.archive.org. 2011-10-18. Retrieved 2024-06-08. Sources EtymologyOnLine Nouveau Petit Larousse Illustré (in French, 1952) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Valets. The dictionary definition of valet at Wiktionary vteModern cleaning roles Butler Cleaner Exterior cleaner Housekeeping Janitor Maid Valet Window cleaner	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valet, Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valet,_Iran"},{"link_name":"Valet (wrestling)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valet_(wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Varlet (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varlet_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abraham_Bosse_Valet_de_chambre.jpg"},{"link_name":"valet de chambre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valet_de_chambre"},{"link_name":"servant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_worker"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Ancien Régime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime"},{"link_name":"valet de chambre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valet_de_chambre"},{"link_name":"courtiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtier"},{"link_name":"royal court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_court"},{"link_name":"parking valet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valet_parking"},{"link_name":"butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler"}],"text":"This article is about the term for male servants. For the village in Iran, see Valet, Iran. For valets in professional wrestling, see Valet (wrestling).\"Varlet\" redirects here. For other uses, see Varlet (disambiguation).A 17th-century valet de chambreA valet or varlet is a male servant who serves as personal attendant to his employer. In the Middle Ages and Ancien Régime, valet de chambre was a role for junior courtiers and specialists such as artists in a royal court, but the term \"valet\" by itself most often refers to a normal servant responsible for the clothes and personal belongings of an employer, and making minor arrangements. In the United States, the term most often refers to a parking valet, and the role is often confused with a butler.","title":"Valet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OED"},{"link_name":"Vulgar Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgar_Latin"},{"link_name":"Medieval Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Latin"},{"link_name":"vassallus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal"},{"link_name":"Old Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Celtic"},{"link_name":"yeoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeoman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Oxford English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary"}],"text":"In English, valet as \"personal man-servant\" is recorded since 1567, though use of the term in the French-speaking English medieval court is older, and the variant form varlet is cited from 1456 (OED). Both are French importations of valet or varlet (the \"t\" being silent in modern French), Old French variants of vaslet \"man's servant\", originally \"squire, young man\", assumed to be from Gallo-Romance Vulgar Latin *vassellittus \"young nobleman, squire, page\", diminutive of Medieval Latin vassallus, from vassus \"servant\", possibly cognate to an Old Celtic root wasso- \"young man, squire\" (source of Welsh gwas \"youth, servant\", Breton goaz \"servant, vassal, man\", Irish foss \"servant\"). See yeoman, possibly derived from yonge man, a related term.The modern use is usually short for the valet de chambre (French for \"room valet\", in modern terms the bedroom, though not originally so), described in the following section.Since the 16th century, the word has traditionally been pronounced as rhyming with pallet, though an alternative pronunciation, rhyming with array and allay, as in French, is now common, particularly in the United States.[1] The Oxford English Dictionary lists both pronunciations.","title":"Word origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"servant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_worker"},{"link_name":"lady's maid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady%27s_maid"},{"link_name":"great house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_house"},{"link_name":"master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_(form_of_address)"},{"link_name":"butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler"},{"link_name":"majordomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majordomo"},{"link_name":"housekeeping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housekeeper_(domestic_worker)"},{"link_name":"footmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footmen"},{"link_name":"batmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(military)"},{"link_name":"stewards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steward%27s_Assistant"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Bontemps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Bontemps"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Château de Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles"},{"link_name":"courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_court"},{"link_name":"valet de chambre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valet_de_chambre"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Sydney Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Johnson_(servant)"},{"link_name":"Duke of Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Windsor"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Al-Fayed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Al-Fayed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-2"},{"link_name":"Walt Nauta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Nauta"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Mar-a-Lago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar-a-Lago"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuffPost-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Associated_Press-4"}],"text":"A valet or \"gentleman's gentleman\" is a gentleman's male servant; the closest female equivalent is a lady's maid. The valet performs personal services such as maintaining his employer's clothes, running his bath and perhaps (especially in the past) shaving his employer.In a great house, the master of the house had his own valet, and in the very grandest great houses, other adult members of the employing family (e.g. master's sons) would also have their own valets.At a court, even minor princes and high officials may be assigned one, but in a smaller household the butler – the majordomo in charge of the household staff – might have to double as his employer's valet. In a bachelor's household the valet might perform light housekeeping duties as well.Valets learned the skills for their role in various ways. Some began as footmen, learning some relevant skills as part of that job, and picking up others when deputising for their master's valet, or by performing valeting tasks for his sons before they had a valet of their own, or for male guests who did not travel with a valet. Others started out as soldier-servants to army officers (batmen) or stewards to naval officers.Traditionally, a valet did much more than merely lay out clothes and take care of personal items. He was also responsible for making travel arrangements, dealing with any bills and handling all money matters concerning his master or his master's household.Alexandre Bontemps, the most senior of the thirty-six valets to Louis XIV of France, was a powerful figure, who ran the Château de Versailles. In courts, valet de chambre was a position of some status, often given to artists, musicians, poets and others, who generally spent most of their time on their specialized work. The role was also, at least during the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, a common first step or training period in a nobleman's career at court.Valets, like butlers and most specialized domestic staff, have become relatively rare. A more common, though still infrequent, arrangement is the general servant performing combined roles.A notable 20th century domestic valet was Sydney Johnson who served as personal valet to the Duke of Windsor and later to the businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed.[2]Another notable person is Walt Nauta, a former military valet, who worked at the White House and later at Mar-a-Lago as Donald Trump's personal valet. On July 6, 2023, he pleaded not guilty for allegedly moving boxes of classified materials at Mar-a-Lago.[3][4]","title":"Domestic valet"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bazin,_valet_to_Aramis.JPG"},{"link_name":"Aramis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_d%27Aramitz"},{"link_name":"The Three Musketeers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers"},{"link_name":"Thomas Nicholls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nicholls_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"List of fictional butlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_butlers"},{"link_name":"Beaumarchais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumarchais"},{"link_name":"The Marriage of Figaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro"},{"link_name":"Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart"},{"link_name":"Rossini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossini"},{"link_name":"Don Giovanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Giovanni"},{"link_name":"Sam Weller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Weller_(character)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Pickwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Pickwick"},{"link_name":"The Pickwick Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pickwick_Papers"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"Planchet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planchet_(fictional_character)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planchet"},{"link_name":"D'Artagnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Batz-Castelmore_d%27Artagnan"},{"link_name":"The Three Musketeers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers"},{"link_name":"The Count of Monte Cristo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Dumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas"},{"link_name":"Passepartout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passepartout_(character)"},{"link_name":"Around the World in Eighty Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Around_the_World_in_Eighty_Days_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Jules Verne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Verne"},{"link_name":"Smerdyakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smerdyakov"},{"link_name":"The Brothers Karamazov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brothers_Karamazov"},{"link_name":"Fyodor Dostoyevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky"},{"link_name":"Jeeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeeves"},{"link_name":"P. G. Wodehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse"},{"link_name":"Mervyn Bunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_Bunter"},{"link_name":"Dorothy L. Sayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_L._Sayers"},{"link_name":"Lord Peter Wimsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Peter_Wimsey"},{"link_name":"Agatha Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Christie"},{"link_name":"Hercule Poirot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercule_Poirot"},{"link_name":"Murder on the Orient Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_on_the_Orient_Express"},{"link_name":"Kato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kato_(The_Green_Hornet)"},{"link_name":"The Green Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Hornet"},{"link_name":"Gone With the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Eddie Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Anderson_(comedian)"},{"link_name":"Jack Benny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Benny"},{"link_name":"Harry Segall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Segall"},{"link_name":"Here Comes Mr. Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_Comes_Mr._Jordan"},{"link_name":"Alfred Pennyworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Pennyworth"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"Don Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Clough_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Bob Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Kane"},{"link_name":"No Exit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Exit"},{"link_name":"Jean-Paul Sartre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre"},{"link_name":"Robin Maugham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Maugham"},{"link_name":"Joseph Losey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Losey"},{"link_name":"The Servant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Servant_(1963_film)"},{"link_name":"Inspector Clouseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_Clouseau"},{"link_name":"martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts"},{"link_name":"Pink Panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pink_Panther_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"A Shot in the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Shot_in_the_Dark_(1964_film)"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Cabot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Cabot_(actor)"},{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"Family Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Affair"},{"link_name":"John Gielgud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gielgud"},{"link_name":"Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_(1981_film)"},{"link_name":"David Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Warner_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Billy Zane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Zane"},{"link_name":"Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Derek Jacobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Jacobi"},{"link_name":"Gosford Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosford_Park"},{"link_name":"Robert Altman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Altman"},{"link_name":"Brendan Coyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Coyle"},{"link_name":"Downton Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downton_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Famous fictional valets","text":"Carving of \"Bazin\", the valet to Aramis, of The Three Musketeers, was a studious person who later became a lay brother. (Thomas Nicholls carves him brushing his master's clothes whilst studying theology.)See also: List of fictional butlersFigaro, the Count of Almaviva's valet from Beaumarchais' play The Marriage of Figaro (1786), as well as the Mozart and Rossini operas based on it\nLeporello, valet of Don Giovanni in the 1787 opera by Mozart\nSam Weller, valet to Samuel Pickwick in The Pickwick Papers (1836) by Charles Dickens\nPlanchet [fr], valet to D'Artagnan of The Three Musketeers (1844)\nBaptistin, in The Count of Monte Cristo (1844) by Alexandre Dumas\nPassepartout, in the 1873 novel Around the World in Eighty Days by Jules Verne\nSmerdyakov, the valet to Fyodor Pavlovitch in The Brothers Karamazov (1879) by Fyodor Dostoyevsky\nJeeves, created in 1915 by P. G. Wodehouse, starred in a series of stories until Wodehouse's death in 1975\nMervyn Bunter, created in 1923 by Dorothy L. Sayers in the Lord Peter Wimsey series\nGeorge (or Georges), created by Agatha Christie in 1926, in the Hercule Poirot novels\nEdward Henry Masterman, the victim's valet and a suspect in Agatha Christie's Murder on the Orient Express (1934)\nKato, fictional sidekick/valet of The Green Hornet, created in 1936\nPork, Gerald O'Hara's valet in the 1936 novel Gone With the Wind\nRochester van Jones (Eddie Anderson), the valet of Jack Benny on Benny's radio and television shows, introduced in 1937\nSisk, created in Harry Segall's 1938 play, Heaven Can Wait, which was adapted into a 1941 film, Here Comes Mr. Jordan, and other films\nAlfred Pennyworth, valet to Bruce Wayne (Batman), created by Don Cameron and Bob Kane in 1943\nThe character \"Valet\" from No Exit (1944) by Jean-Paul Sartre\nHugo Barrett, in the 1948 Robin Maugham novella, 1958 play and 1963 Joseph Losey film The Servant\nKato, Inspector Clouseau's valet and martial arts partner in the Pink Panther movies, introduced in A Shot in the Dark (1964)\nGiles French (Sebastian Cabot) in the sitcom Family Affair (1966–1971)\nHobson (Sir John Gielgud), from the 1981 comedy film Arthur\n\"Spicer\" Lovejoy (David Warner), millionaire Caledon Hockley's (Billy Zane) English valet in the 1997 film Titanic\nProbert (Derek Jacobi), in the 2001 film Gosford Park, directed by Robert Altman\nJohn Bates (Brendan Coyle), in the Julian Fellowes period drama Downton Abbey (2010–2015)[5]","title":"Domestic valet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel"},{"link_name":"parking valet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valet_parking"},{"link_name":"valet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valet_(wrestling)"},{"link_name":"professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jockey"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(military)"},{"link_name":"Bedder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedder"}],"text":"Valet is also used for people performing specific services:hotel valet: an employee who performs personal services for guests.\nparking valet: a service employee who parks cars for guests, only from 1960.\ncar valet: an employee who is paid to clean people's cars professionally.\nvalet: a professional wrestling term for a person who accompanies a wrestler to the ring.\njockey's valet: an employee who maintains a jockey's wardrobe and ensures the proper uniform is worn for each horse the jockey races.Other forms of valet-like personnel include:Batman\nBedder\nDresser","title":"Other valets"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Clothes valet","text":"Clothes valets are a piece of furniture also referred to as a men's valet. A majority are free standing and made out of wood.","title":"Other valets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"squire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squire"},{"link_name":"livery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livery"},{"link_name":"lackey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lackey_(manservant)"},{"link_name":"footman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footman"},{"link_name":"archaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaism"},{"link_name":"rogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rogue"}],"text":"While in French this word remained restricted to the feudal use for a (knight's) squire, in modern English it came to be used for the various other male servants originally called va(r)let other than the gentleman's gentleman, when in livery usually called lackey, such as the valet de pied ('foot varlet', compare footman). In archaic English, varlet also could mean an unprincipled man; a rogue.","title":"Varlet"}]	[{"image_text":"A 17th-century valet de chambre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Abraham_Bosse_Valet_de_chambre.jpg/232px-Abraham_Bosse_Valet_de_chambre.jpg"},{"image_text":"Carving of \"Bazin\", the valet to Aramis, of The Three Musketeers, was a studious person who later became a lay brother. (Thomas Nicholls carves him brushing his master's clothes whilst studying theology.)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bazin%2C_valet_to_Aramis.JPG/220px-Bazin%2C_valet_to_Aramis.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Chauffeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauffeur"},{"title":"Footman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footman"},{"title":"Housekeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housekeeper_(domestic_worker)"},{"title":"Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_(playing_card)"},{"title":"Maid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maid"},{"title":"Majordomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majordomo"},{"title":"Personal assistant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_assistant"},{"title":"Valet boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valet_boy"}]	[{"reference":"\"Bartleby.com: Great Books Online -- Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more\". Bartleby.com. Retrieved 28 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bartleby.com/64/C007/0185.html","url_text":"\"Bartleby.com: Great Books Online -- Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who was Sydney Johnson? How Edward's valet really met Mohamed Al-Fayed\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 12 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/0/sydney-johnson-valet-who-charmed-edward-mohamed-al-fayed/","url_text":"\"Who was Sydney Johnson? How Edward's valet really met Mohamed Al-Fayed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"Here's The Unsealed Indictment Over Donald Trump's Handling Of Classified Documents\". HuffPost. Retrieved 9 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-indictment-classified-documents-unsealed_n_6482be87e4b048eb910e436d","url_text":"\"Here's The Unsealed Indictment Over Donald Trump's Handling Of Classified Documents\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost","url_text":"HuffPost"}]},{"reference":"\"Trump valet Walt Nauta pleads not guilty in classified documents case\". Associated Press. Retrieved 6 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/trump-maralago-justice-department-classified-f5a7b87bbb0234d5504d1c1f92bc857e","url_text":"\"Trump valet Walt Nauta pleads not guilty in classified documents case\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Masterpiece \| Downton Abbey \| PBS\". web.archive.org. 2011-10-18. Retrieved 2024-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111018210638/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/downtonabbey/characters.html","url_text":"\"Masterpiece \| Downton Abbey \| PBS\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Valet%22","external_links_name":"\"Valet\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Valet%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Valet%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Valet%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Valet%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Valet%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.bartleby.com/64/C007/0185.html","external_links_name":"\"Bartleby.com: Great Books Online -- Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/0/sydney-johnson-valet-who-charmed-edward-mohamed-al-fayed/","external_links_name":"\"Who was Sydney Johnson? How Edward's valet really met Mohamed Al-Fayed\""},{"Link":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-indictment-classified-documents-unsealed_n_6482be87e4b048eb910e436d","external_links_name":"\"Here's The Unsealed Indictment Over Donald Trump's Handling Of Classified Documents\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/trump-maralago-justice-department-classified-f5a7b87bbb0234d5504d1c1f92bc857e","external_links_name":"\"Trump valet Walt Nauta pleads not guilty in classified documents case\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111018210638/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/downtonabbey/characters.html","external_links_name":"\"Masterpiece \| Downton Abbey \| PBS\""},{"Link":"http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=valet&searchmode=none","external_links_name":"EtymologyOnLine"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg_Institute_for_Advanced_Study_(JIAS)	Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study	["1 Overview","2 References","3 External links"]	Collaborative educational centre in South Africa The Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study (JIAS), launched in 2015, is a collaborative initiative involving the University of Johannesburg (UJ) in South Africa and Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore. Overview Established on 14 May 2015, JIAS deviates from conventional educational and research routines, focusing instead on promoting cooperative and concentrated scholarly pursuits within the Humanities and Natural Sciences. JIAS also collaborates with other tertiary institutions nationwide. JIAS operates from a residential facility situated in the outskirts of Johannesburg. The inaugural meeting of JIAS, co-chaired by UJ's Vice-Chancellor, Professor Ihron Rensburg, and NTU's President, Professor Bertil Andersson, coincided with the institute's launch day. Attendees included Professor K. K. Phua, director of the NTU Institute for Advanced Study, Professor Tshilidzi Marwala, former Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research, Postgraduate Studies & Library) and later Vice-Chancellor and Principal of UJ, Dr Yu-Hyun Park from NTU's President's Office, and Professor Peter Vale, Director of JIAS. Since 2019, Dr Bongani Ngqulunga has served as the director of JIAS. JIAS funds Writing Fellowships, recipients of which have been drawn from different disciplines: academics, novelists, scientists, poets, playwrights, independent researchers and journalists. JIAS is host to the annual Johannesburg Festival of Women Writers, inaugurated in February 2023 by Barbara Masekela. References ^ "Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study launches - Unveiling". 14 May 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2024 – via YouTube. ^ "Technology and Society in Africa Conference: Current Prospects and Future Challenges". 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2024. ^ a b http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/podcast/Pages/Thinking-Globally,-Acting-Locally.aspx ^ "Faculty of Humanities". University of Johannesburg. Retrieved 22 December 2022. ^ "Faculty of Science". University of Johannesburg. Retrieved 22 December 2022. ^ "JIAS 2019 Annual Report" (PDF). Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study. 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2024. ^ "Call for applications: JIAS Writing Fellowship". PEN South Africa. 3 June 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2024. ^ Iwunze-Ibiam, Chioma (24 June 2019). "Writing Fellowships 2020 At The Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study / How To Apply (Fully-funded)". Creative Writing News. Retrieved 20 March 2024. ^ Mvulane Moloi, Tshepo (26 April 2023). "Johannesburg Festival of Women Writers". Culture Review Magazine. Retrieved 20 March 2024. ^ Mpedi, Letlhokwa George (13 March 2024). "Championing women writers is crucial for correcting the historical imbalances in literature". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 20 March 2024. External links "About Us", University of Johannesburg \| Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study (JIAS). vteUniversity of JohannesburgPeople Chancellor: Njabulo Ndebele Vice-chancellor: Tshilidzi Marwala Notable academics Notable alumni History Rand Afrikaans University Technikon Witwatersrand Vista University Student life Bunting Road Campus Auckland Park Kingsway Campus Auckland Park UJFM Sports UJ Stadium UJ Soweto Stadium Soccer W M Basketball W Rugby 7s Rugby W M UJ Netball Academics African Centre for Gene Technologies Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study vteNanyang Technological UniversityPresidents Cham Tao Soon (1991–2002) Su Guaning (2003–2011) Bertil Andersson (2011–2017) Subra Suresh (2018–2022) Teck-Hua Ho (2023–present) Colleges and Schools Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine National Institute of Education S. 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Illovo Inadan Inanda Ivory Park Johannesburg North Jukskei Park Kaalfontein Kensington B Kentview Kew Khyber Rock Klevehill Park Kya Sand Kya Sands Kyalami AH Kyalami Business Park Kyalami Estates Linden Linksfield Littlefillan Lone Hill Lyme Park Magaliessig Malanshof Marlboro Marlboro Gardens Maroeladal Maryvale Melrose Melrose Estate Melrose North Midrand Midridge Park Mill Hill Millgate Farm Moodie Hill Morningside Morningside Manor New Brighton Newlands Nietgedacht Noordwyk Norscot North Champagne Estates Northcliff Northern Acres Northgate Northriding Norwood Oerder Park Olivedale Orange Grove Osummit Parkhurst Parkmore Parktown North Parkview Parkwood Paulshof Petervale Plooysville President Ridge Rabie Ridge Randburg Randjesfontein AH Randjespark Randpark Randpark Ridge Raumarais Park River Club Riverbend Rivonia Rosebank Rouxville Ruiterhof Salfred Sandhurst Sandown Sandton Savoy Estate Saxonwold Simba Solridge Strathavon Strijdompark Sunninghill Sunrella Sunset Acres Vandia Grove Victoria Victory Park Vorna Valley Waterval Estate Waverley Wierda Valley Willaway Willowild Witkoppen Witpoort Woodlands Woodmead Wynberg Zandspruit Southernsuburbs andenvirons Aeroton Alan Manor Alberton Aspen Hills Bassonia Booysens Chrisville Crown Gardens Diepkloof Dobsonville Doornkop Drieziek Eastcliff Elandspark Eldorado Park Electron Elladoone Ennerdale Evans Park Forest Hill Framton Gillview Glenanda Glenesk Glenvista Haddon The Hill Johannesburg South Kanana Park Kenilworth Kibler Park Klipriviersberg Klipriviersberg Estate Kliptown La Rochelle Lawley Lenasia Liefde en Vrede Lindberg Park Linmeyer Mayfield Park Meadowlands Meredale Moffat View Mondeor Mulbarton Nasrec Noordgesig Oakdene Ophirton Orange Farm Orlando Ormonde Phiri Protea Glen Regents Park Regents Park Estate Reuven Rewlatch Reynolds View Ridgeway Risana Rispark Robertsham Roseacre Rosettenville Salisbury Claims Selby South Hills Southdale Southfork Southgate Soweto Springfield Stafford Steeledale Suideroord Theta Towerby Townsview Tulisa Park Turf Club Turffontein Unigray Winchester Hills Zola East Rand Allen Grove Aston Manor Bapsfontein Bedfordview Benoni Bezuidenhout Valley Birch Acres Birchleigh Birchleigh North Boksburg Bonaero Park Brakpan Bredell Bruma Cresslawn Croydon Cyrildene Daveyton Dawn Park Dewetshof Duduza Edenvale Edleen Elcedes Elsburg Esther Park Etwatwa Fairmount The Gables Germiston Glen Marais Glenhazel Greenstone Hill Heriotdale Isando Katlehong Kempton Park Kempton Park West Kensington KwaThema Lakeside Langaville Lombardy East Malvern Modderfontein Mountain View Nigel Nimrod Park Norkem Park Oaklands Olifantsfontein Percelia Estate Pomona Primrose Prolecon Raedene Estate Reiger Park Rhodesfield Sandringham Spartan Spes Bona Springs Sunningdale Sunningdale Ridge Sydenham Talboton Terenure Thembisa Thokoza Tsakane Van Riebeeck Park Vosloorus Wanderers View Wattville West Rand Azaadville Bekkersdal Blyvooruitzicht Boikarabelo Bosmont Carletonville Claremont Constantia Kloof Coronationville Denver Driefontein East Driefontein Elandsrand Florida Florida Glen Florida Hills Fochville Kagiso Khutsong Krugersdorp Lindley Magaliesburg Mohlakeng Muldersdrift Munsieville Oberholzer Randfontein Rietvallei Roodepoort Sophiatown Venterspos Weltevredenpark Welverdiend West Driefontein Westdene Westonaria Zuurbekom Cityscape Constitution Hill Beyers Naudé Square Fordsburg Square Gandhi Square Mary Fitzgerald Square Walter Sisulu Square 7th Street Commissioner Street Munro Drive Beyers Naudé Drive Jan Smuts Avenue Louis Botha Avenue Malibongwe Drive Metropolitan routes M1 M2 Provincial routes R24 R25 R29 R41 R55 R82 R564 Johannesburg Ring Road N1 Western Bypass N3 Eastern Bypass N12 Southern Bypass N17 Landmarks Tallest buildings Public art Fire Walker Flame of Democracy Nelson Mandela Mural Orlando Power Station cooling towers Statues Mahatma Gandhi Nelson Mandela Civicbuildings Johannesburg City Hall Johannesburg Central Police Station Officebuildings 11 Diagonal Street Chamber of Mines Building Chancellor House Consolidated Building Corner House Corona Lodge Cuthberts Building Eskom Centre Johannesburg Trades Hall Kimberley House Logistics House London House Luthuli House Markham Building Megawatt Park Natal Bank Building National Bank Building Shell House Standard Bank Building Victory House Skyscrapers Absa Tower Carlton Centre Carlton Hotel Exchange Square Hekro Towers Johannesburg Sun Hotel Kine Centre The Leonardo Marble Towers Mariston Hotel Michelangelo Towers Radiopark Schlesinger Building Southern Life Centre Standard Bank Centre Trust Bank Building UCS Building Residentialbuildings Ansteys Building Arop House Astor Mansions Beacon Royal Circle Court Dorkay House Houghton Heights Kingsway Mansions Lauriston Court Manners Mansions Radoma Court Skyscrapers 120 End Street Highpoint Hillbrow Ponte City Tygerberg Building Structures Brixton Tower Hillbrow Tower Nelson Mandela Bridge Grayston Pedestrian and Cycle Bridge Urban planning Alexandra Renewal Project GovernmentNational governmentCourts Constitutional Court of South Africa South Gauteng High Court Labour Court Labour Appeal Court Chapter nine institutions Commission for Gender Equality CRL Rights Commission Human Rights Commission Provincial government Gauteng Provincial Legislature Executive Council of Gauteng Municipalities City of Johannesburg Seat: Johannesburg Mayor: Kabelo Gwamanda Elections Flag Coat of arms City of Ekurhuleni Seat: Germiston Mayor: Sivuyile Ngodwana Elections West Rand Merafong Seat: Carletonville Mogale Seat: Krugersdorp Rand West Seat: Randfontein African Union Pan-African Parliament Bureau Secretariat NEPAD Secretariat PoliticsGoverning parties Johannesburg: Al Jama-ah Ekurhuleni: AIC West Rand: ANC Merafong: ANC Mogale: ATM Rand West: ANC Political organisationsand parties based inGreater JohannesburgPolitical parties ActionSA African Christian Democratic Party African National Congress Veteran's League Women's League Youth League African People's Convention Agang Azanian People's Organisation Capitalist Party Congress of the People Dagga Party Economic Freedom Fighters Pan Africanist Congress South African Communist Party Socialist Revolutionary Workers Party Workers and Socialist Party Trade unions COSATU AFADWU CEPPWAWU CWU NEHAWU NUM POPCRU SAAPAWU SACCAWU SADNU SADTU SAFPU SAMWU SASAWU SASBO SATAWU FEDUSA UASA NACTU SAFTU NUMSA Other politicalorganisations Afrikanerbond Ahmed Kathrada Foundation Civicus COSAS Dagga Couple Earthlife Africa Free Market Foundation Helen Suzman Foundation Jacob Zuma Foundation Keep Left Landless People's Movement OUTA PASMA SASCO South African Institute of Race Relations South African Zionist Federation Tripartite Alliance Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front History Timeline Kweneng' Ruins Tlokwe Ruins Witwatersrand Gold Rush Mineral Revolution Transvaal gold fields Randlord Uitlander Ferreira's Camp Second Boer War Fortifications Johannesburg Fort Blockhouses Monumentsand memorials Anglo-Boer War Memorial Chris Hani Memorial Constitution Hill Hector Pieterson Memorial Observatory Ridge Scottish Horse War Memorial Walter Sisulu Square Cemeteries Avalon Cemetery Juliwe Cemetery Westpark Cemetery Historicalsites Bantu Men's Social Centre Kirchoff's Building Langlaagte Stamp Mill OK Bazaars Rand Water Board Building Red Square Rissik Street Post Office Shlom Native Eating House Union Observatory Houses 36 Houghton Drive David Webster House Dr Xuma House Endstead House Brunton House Hains James Mpanza House Kholvad House Lindfield House Mandela House Parktown mansions Villa Arcadia Pullinger Kop Rahima Moosa House Satyagraha House Tutu House Villa d'Este Historicalcompanies andorganisationsCompanies Bosasa Deneys Reitz Edcon Lema Mandela and Tambo Simmer and Jack VBS Mutual Bank Politicalorganisations Anti-Privatisation Forum Black Sash Democratic Left Front Gay and Lesbian Organization of Witwatersrand Industrial Workers of the World MK Military Veterans' Association Reform Committee Socialist Party of Azania Other organisations Witwatersrand Native Labour Association Events Jameson Raid Braamfontein explosion Battle of Doornkop Battle of Witpoort Rand Rebellion Empire Exhibition Schlesinger African Air Race 1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike Sophiatown forced removals Congress of the People Freedom Charter Treason Trial 1957 Alexandra bus boycott Soweto uprising Concert in the Park Westdene dam disaster Eerste Alternatiewe Afrikaanse Rockkonsert Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre Shell House massacre Ellis Park Stadium disaster Bredell land occupation World Summit on Sustainable Development Johannesburg Declaration 2002 Soweto bombings Jacob Zuma rape trial Live 8 concert Live Earth concert Occupy Johannesburg Murder of Mido Macia Death and state memorial service of Nelson Mandela 2015 train crash #FeesMustFall Life Esidimeni scandal 10th BRICS summit Zondo Commission 2019 riots Shooting of Nathaniel Julies Zuma riots Murder of Babita Deokaran 2022 Soweto shooting Boksburg explosion 2023 Boksburg gas leak 15th BRICS summit 2023 building fire CultureCultural heritage Architecture Gumboot dancing amaKota Kwaito Performance art Joburg Ballet Musical ensembles Johannesburg Philharmonic Orchestra Johannesburg Youth Orchestra Soweto Gospel Choir Soweto String Quartet Theatres Alexander Theatre Alhambra Theatre Johannesburg Civic Theatre Market Theatre Wits Theatre Events and festivals Abantu Book Festival Encounters South African International Documentary Festival Joburg Art Fair In the City Johannesburg International Motor Show Johannesburg Pride Jozi Book Fair Naledi Theatre Awards Out In Africa South African Gay and Lesbian Film Festival RAMFest Rand Show South Africa’s Children’s Book Fair Transforming Stories International Christian Film Festival Ultra South Africa Museums and artgalleries Apartheid Museum Constitution Hill Museum Fietas Museum Gold Reef City Goodman Gallery Hector Pieterson Museum James Hall Transport Museum Johannesburg Art Gallery South African Airways Museum Mandela House Market Photo Workshop Maropeng Military History Museum Museum Africa Photo: Satyagraha House Workers' Museum Defunct SAB World of Beer South African National Railway And Steam Museum Clubs and societies Afrikaanse Taal- en Kultuurvereniging Automobile Association Nippon Club Rand Club SAA Museum Society South African Radio League Southern African Vexillological Association Religion SACC Anglican Diocese of Johannesburg Diocese of the Highveld Diocese of Christ the King Catholic Archdiocese of Johannesburg Knights of Da Gama Protestant Baptist Union Presbytery of Egoli Jewish Union of Orthodox Synagogues Johannesburg Beth Din Ohr Somayach SAUPJ Islamic Jamiatul Ulama Places ofworshipChurchesAnglican Cathedral Church of Saint Mary the Virgin Cathedral Church of Saint Dunstan St Aidan's Anglican Church St Boniface Church St Mary's Anglican Church St Michael and All Angels' Anglican Church Baptist Troyeville Baptist Church Calvinist Brixton Reformed Church Fordsburg Reformed Church Johanesburg East Reformed Church Johannesburg North Reformed Church Johannesburg Reformed Church Johannesburg Reformed Church (GKSA) Langlaagte Reformed Church Linden Reformed Church Parkhurst Reformed Church Turffontein Reformed Church Catholic Cathedral of Christ the King Holy Trinity Catholic Church Regina Mundi Catholic Church Maronite Shrine of Our Lady of the Cedars GreekOrthodox Cathedral of Saints Constantine and Helen Latter-daySaints Johannesburg South Africa Temple Lutheran Friedenskirche SynagoguesOrthodox Chassidim Shul Doornfontein Synagogue Great Synagogue Oxford Shul Historical President Street Synagogue Progressive Beit Emanuel Progressive Synagogue Temple Israel Mosques Jumah Mosque Nizamiye Mosque Hindu temples Madhya Kailash Shiva Temple Scientology centres Castle Kyalami Media South African National Editors' Forum Southern African Music Rights Organisation AmaBhungane Mass mediaMagazines African Communist Drum Financial Mail Mining Weekly Music Industry Online Nomad Africa Magazine SA Flyer Defunct Die Arbeider en Arm Boer Style Top 40 Music Magazine Newspapers Caxton local newspapers (various) Beeld Business Day The Citizen City Press Daily Maverick Daily Sun Jewish Report Mail & Guardian Mayihlome News Rapport The South African The Sowetan The Star The Sunday Independent Sunday Times TimesLIVE Wits Vuvuzela Defunct New Age The New Age The World Radio stations 5FM 702 947 ArrowLine Chinese Radio Boervolk Radio ChaiFM Channel Africa Ekurhuleni FM Hot 1027 Jozi FM Kasie FM Kaya FM Metro FM Munghana Lonene FM Power FM Radio 2000 Radio Sonder Grense Rock FM 91.9 SAfm UJFM YFM Television channels CNBC Africa eNCA M-Net Me SABC 1 SABC 2 SABC 3 SABC Children SABC Education SABC News SABC Sport Soweto TV Defunct M-Net Series Film studios Film Resource Unit Quizzical Pictures Defunct Killarney Film Studios Record labels Ambitiouz Entertainment CCP Records Family Tree Records Gallo Records Kalawa Jazmee Records Game studios Celestial Games Cultural references District 9 Egoli: Place of Gold "Gimme Hope Jo'anna" Johannesburg Festival Overture The Real Housewives of Johannesburg Sarafina! "Soweto Blues" Welcome to Our Hillbrow Zoo City Economy Johannesburg Stock Exchange AltX Safex companies traded A2X Markets Brenthurst Foundation CompaniesvteCompanies based in Greater JohannesburgDiversifiedconglomerates Aveng Barloworld Bidvest Chancellor House Famous Brands Airlines Aerolift Airlink Cargo CemAir Egoli Air Federal Air Global Aviation National Airways Norse Air Phoebus Apollo Aviation SAA Safair FlySafair Solenta Aviation Defunct 1time African International Airways AirQuarius Aviation Avia Comair Command Airways Executive Aerospace Fly Blue Crane Imperial Air Cargo Interair South Africa Interlink Airlines kulula.com Mango Nationwide Airlines Rossair Executive Air Charter Rovos Air Skywise South African Express Constructionand engineering Concor Murray & Roberts Energy DLO Energy Resources Total South Africa Financial Absa Group ACM Gold & Forex Alexforbes Discovery Evolution Group Hollard Group Investec Liberty Holdings Livestock Wealth MiWay Insurance Lesaka Technologies Old Mutual Riovic Capital Group RMB Holdings RMI Holdings STANLIB Venmyn Rand Banks Absa Bank Access Bank South Africa African Alliance Investment Bank African Bank Bank Zero Bidvest Bank DBSA First National Bank FirstRand Bank Imperial Bank South Africa Mercantile Bank Nedbank Rand Merchant Bank Sasfin Bank Stanchart South Africa Standard Bank TymeBank Ubank Wizzit Defunct VBS Mutual Bank Hospitality Southern Sun Hotels Sun International Tsogo Sun ICT Afrihost BCX Cell C Cybatar Datatec Dimension Data EOH Holdings iVeri Payment Technologies MTN Neotel OTEL Telecoms Rain Sybrin Teraco Data Environments Vodacom Defunct Internet Solutions Luma Arcade Vision Software Legal Bowman Gilfillan ENSafrica Webber Wentzel Werksmans Defunct Deneys Reitz Mandela and Tambo Manufacturing Adcock Ingram AECI African Explosives All Joy Foods Bakers Clover Industries FEW IWC Isuzu Trucks South Africa Land Systems OMC Nampak Paramount Group PPC Premier FMCG Rand Refinery Rembrandt Group Sappi Simba SkyReach Aircraft Sling Aircraft South African Breweries Tiger Brands Truvelo Armoury Union Carriage & Wagon Defunct Basil Green Motors New PowerChutes Media Arena Holdings Caxton and CTP Publishers and Printers MultiChoice Nu Metro Cinemas Primedia SABC StarSat Ster-Kinekor Mining Alexkor Asa Resources African Rainbow Minerals AngloGold Ashanti DRDGOLD ERPM Gold Fields Harmony Gold Impala Platinum JCI Metorex Northam Platinum Sibanye-Stillwater Defunct Simmer and Jack Retail andmarketing AutoTrader Bidorbuy Cadac CNA The Creative Counsel Dis-Chem Exclusive Books Hyundai South Africa Incredible Connection Massmart Wantitall Defunct Edcon OK Bazaars Restaurantfranchises Chicken Licken Debonairs Pizza Mugg & Bean Nando's Roman's Pizza Steers Wimpy Services Netcare SA Waste Holdings Defunct Bosasa Transport Avis Southern Africa Comazar PUTCO Surtees Rail Group State-ownedenterprises Airports Company South Africa Denel Aeronautics Development Bank of Southern Africa Eskom Rand Water South African Broadcasting Corporation Sasol Sentech South African Airways Transnet Freightdynamics Defunct Lema Companies based in Ekurhuleni Companies based in Johannesburg Professionalassociations Gauteng Institute for Architecture South African Institute of Chartered Accountants South African Institute of Electrical Engineers South African Institute of Professional Accountants Mining Minerals Council South Africa Rand Refinery Mines Blyvooruitzicht Driefontein ERPM KDC Kopanang Kusasalethu Mintails Mponeng Old Randfontein Randfontein South Deep TauTona West Wits Shopping centres Carlton Centre Cresta Mall Dobsonville Mall Eastgate Fourways Mall Hyde Park Corner Mall of Africa Maponya Mall Nelson Mandela Square Northgate Northmead Square Oriental City Oriental Plaza Protea Glen Mall Sandton City Southgate Hotels and resorts The Leonardo Michelangelo Towers Montecasino Venues The Bassline Ellis Park Arena Gallagher Convention Centre Restaurants,bars and cafés The Radium Tourism Gold Reef City Cultural villages Ke-Ditselana Cultural Village Kwa-Khaya Lendaba Cultural Village Lesedi Cultural Village TransportCivil aviation South African Civil Aviation Authority Airports Grand Central Airport Lanseria International Airport O. R. Tambo International Airport Rand Airport Defunct Palmietfontein Airport Road transport Gauteng Department of Roads and Transport Johannesburg Roads Agency Roads Freeways e-tolling Buses and taxis PUTCO Trolleybuses Rail transport Gautrain Metrorail Gauteng Johannesburg–Durban high speed rail (proposed) Trams Train stations Johannesburg Park Station Marlboro Station Midrand Station Rhodesfield Station Rosebank Station Sandton Station SportsSports governingbodies based inGreater Johannesburg SASCOC Athletics South Africa Basketball South Africa Bowls South Africa Cricket South Africa Mind Sports South Africa South African Baseball Union South African Confederation of Cue Sport South African Equestrian Federation South African Football Association South African Handball Federation South African Hockey Association South African National Climbing Federation South African Sailing Squash South Africa Volleyball South Africa TeamsSoccer Atlie Bidvest Wits Jomo Cosmos JVW Kaizer Chiefs Lusitano Mahlangu Tigers Moroka Swallows Orlando Pirates UJ Ladies Wits University Yebo Yes United Former Germiston Callies Giant Blackpool Rugby Golden Lions Lions Falcons Jozi Cats Cricket Central Gauteng Lions Easterns Easterns Women Highveld Lions Imperial Lions Joburg Super Kings Titans Basketball Egoli Magic Jozi Nuggets Soweto Panthers UJ men's basketball team Equestrian sports National Horseracing Authority South African Lipizzaners Sports events 1992 Return Test 1995 Rugby World Cup Final 2003 Cricket World Cup Final 2010 FIFA World Cup Final Joburg Open Joburg Ladies Open South African Derby South African PGA Championship Soweto Derby Sports venuesStadia andarenas Alexandra Stadium Arthur Block Park Stadium Barnard Stadium Bidvest Stadium Bosman Stadium Cecil Payne Stadium Dobsonville Stadium Ellis Park Arena Ellis Park Stadium Germiston Stadium Huntersfield Stadium Johannesburg Stadium KwaThema Stadium Lenasia Stadium Makhulong Stadium Mehlareng Stadium Modderfontein Stadium Mohlakeng Stadium Orlando Stadium Potgietersrus Rugby Stadium Rabie Ridge Stadium Rand Stadium Randburg Hockey Stadium Ruimsig Stadium Sinaba Stadium Soccer City Soweto Cricket Oval UJ Stadium Union Stadium Wanderers Stadium Willowmoore Park Stadium Defunct Old Wanderers PAM Brink Stadium WeBuyCars Dome Golf courses Glendower Golf Club Randpark Golf Club Royal Johannesburg & Kensington Golf Club Equestrianvenues Turffontein Racecourse Motorsportsvenues Kyalami Grand Prix Circuit Education and research GDE CIDA FOTIM Geological Society of South Africa Mandela Institute for Development Studies SAARF South African Institute for Heritage Science and Conservation Student Sponsorship Programme South Africa Libraries Brenthurst Library Buckland Library Johannesburg Public Library Orlando East Public Library UJ Libraries University of the Witwatersrand Libraries UniversitiesUniversity of Johannesburg Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study UJFM Campuses APB Campus APK Campus Doornfontein Campus Soweto Campus Faculties Art, Design and Architecture Business and Economics Education Engineering and the Built Environment Health Sciences Humanities Law Science University of the Witwatersrand Campuses Evolutionary Studies Institute Global Change Institute Industrial and Mining Water Research Unit Johannesburg Planetarium Philosophical Papers Wits Theatre Complex Wits Vuvuzela Faculties Commerce, Law and Management Engineering and the Built Environment School of Architecture and Planning School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Health Sciences Humanities Science CIDA City Campus IIE MSAOther tertiaryinstitutions AFDA Central Johannesburg College CityVarsity Damelin Damelin Correspondence College Inscape Design College Lyceum College Midrand Graduate Institute Business schools Gordon Institute of Business Science IMM Graduate School Independent Institute of Education Milpark Business School Regenesys Business School Religious institutions Auckland Park Theological Seminary Baptist Theological College of Southern Africa Kollel Bet Mordechai Kollel Yad Shaul Lubavitch Yeshiva Gedolah St Augustine College South African Theological Seminary Yeshiva Gedolah State schools Hoërskool Alberton Allen Glen High School Athlone Boys' High School Barnato Park High School Boksburg High School Bopasenatla Secondary School Bryanston High School Hoërskool Dinamika Hoërskool Florida The Glen High School Germiston High School Greenside High School Hyde Park High School Jeppe High School for Boys Jeppe High School for Girls King Edward VII School Hoërskool Marais Viljoen Meadowlands Secondary School Moletsane High School Hoërskool Monument Morris Isaacson High School Naledi High School Northcliff High School Orchards Primary School Parktown Boys' High School Parkview Senior Primary School Sandown High School Sandringham High School Sir John Adamson High School Springs Boys' High School Thutolore Secondary School Hoërskool Voortrekker Waverley Girls' High School Westbury Secondary School Private schools Ashton International College Auckland Park Academy of Excellence Aurora Private School Charter College Christian Brothers' College Crawford College, Lonehill Crawford College, Sandton Helpmekaar Kollege Holy Family College Japari School Johannesburg Muslim School King David Schools Kingsmead College Lenasia Muslim School Marist Brothers College Redhill School The Ridge School Roedean School Sacred Heart College St Andrew's School for Girls St Barnabas College St Benedict's College St Catherine's School St David's Marist College St Dominic's Catholic School for Girls St Dunstan's College St John's College St Martin's School St Mary's School St Peter's College St Stithians College Torah Academy School Yeshiva College of South Africa Yeshiva Maharsha Beis Aharon Alternative schools African Leadership Academy Branson School of Entrepreneurship Khanya College Michael Mount Waldorf School International schools American International School Deutsche Internationale Schule Japanese School Lycée Jules Verne Services Johannesburg City Parks Hospitals Charlotte Maxeke Hospital Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital Helen Joseph Hospital Leratong Hospital Milpark Hospital Nelson Mandela Children's Hospital Pholosong Hospital Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital Tambo Memorial Hospital Historical Imperial Military Hospital, Baragwanath Queen Victoria Hospital Transvaal Memorial Hospital for Children Water supplyand sanitation Rand Water Lesotho Highlands Water Project Dams Vaal Dam Vaal Barrage Water towers Grand Central Water Tower Yeoville Water Tower Electricity supply Eskom City Power Kelvin Power Station Kibo Gauteng Thermal Power Station (planned) Defunct power stations Orlando Power Station President Street Power Station Law enforcement andemergency services Johannesburg Central Police Station Metro Police departments Johannesburg Emergency Services Berea Fire Station Ekurhuleni Disaster & Emergency Management Services Charities and NGOs ActionAid Africa's Young Entrepreneurs African Parks Bigshoes Foundation Camp Sizanani Children of Fire International Global Water Foundation LoveLife South Africa Nelson Mandela Children's Fund Never Ending Gardens Nkosi's Haven POLAF Woman Against Rape Military units and formationsArmy unitsRegular 46 South African Brigade 21 South African Infantry Battalion 35 Engineer Support Regiment Sekhukhune Anti-Aircraft Regiment Reserve Andrew Mlangeni Regiment Bambatha Rifles Johannesburg Light Horse Regiment Johannesburg Regiment Lenong Regiment OR Tambo Regiment Rand Light Infantry Sandfontein Artillery Regiment Solomon Mahlangu Regiment iWombe Anti-Aircraft Regiment SAMHS units 6 Medical Battalion Group Disbanded unitsArmy Witwatersrand Command SA Army Troop Information Unit 2 Locating Regiment 3 Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron 7 South African Infantry Division 15 Reception Depot 72 Motorised Brigade 73 Motorised Brigade Regiment University of the Witwatersrand Commandos Alberton Atlas Benoni Boksburg Brakpan Edenvale East Park Germiston Johannesburg East Johannesburg West Kempton Park Krugersdorp Modderfontein Nigel Randburg Roodepoort Sandton Springs Wemmerpan West Park West Rand Special Forces Hunter Group SAAF 4 Squadron SAAF 10 Squadron SAAF Category Johannesburg	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"Nanyang Technological University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study (JIAS), launched in 2015, is a collaborative initiative involving the University of Johannesburg (UJ) in South Africa and Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore.[1]","title":"Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities"},{"link_name":"Natural Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uj.ac.za-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uj.ac.za-3"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"Ihron Rensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihron_Rensburg"},{"link_name":"Bertil Andersson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertil_Andersson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tshilidzi Marwala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tshilidzi_Marwala"},{"link_name":"Peter Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Vale"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Barbara Masekela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Masekela"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Established on 14 May 2015, JIAS deviates from conventional educational and research routines, focusing instead on promoting cooperative and concentrated scholarly pursuits within the Humanities and Natural Sciences.[2][3][4]JIAS also collaborates with other tertiary institutions nationwide.[3]JIAS operates from a residential facility situated in the outskirts of Johannesburg. The inaugural meeting of JIAS, co-chaired by UJ's Vice-Chancellor, Professor Ihron Rensburg, and NTU's President, Professor Bertil Andersson, coincided with the institute's launch day.[5] Attendees included Professor K. K. Phua, director of the NTU Institute for Advanced Study, Professor Tshilidzi Marwala, former Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research, Postgraduate Studies & Library) and later Vice-Chancellor and Principal of UJ, Dr Yu-Hyun Park from NTU's President's Office, and Professor Peter Vale, Director of JIAS.Since 2019, Dr Bongani Ngqulunga has served as the director of JIAS.[6]JIAS funds Writing Fellowships, recipients of which have been drawn from different disciplines: academics, novelists, scientists, poets, playwrights, independent researchers and journalists.[7][8] JIAS is host to the annual Johannesburg Festival of Women Writers, inaugurated in February 2023 by Barbara Masekela.[9][10]","title":"Overview"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study launches - Unveiling\". 14 May 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2024 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAFWk55VCbc","url_text":"\"Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study launches - Unveiling\""}]},{"reference":"\"Technology and Society in Africa Conference: Current Prospects and Future Challenges\". 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://technologysocietyconference.com/","url_text":"\"Technology and Society in Africa Conference: Current Prospects and Future Challenges\""}]},{"reference":"\"Faculty of Humanities\". University of Johannesburg. Retrieved 22 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uj.ac.za/faculties/humanities/","url_text":"\"Faculty of Humanities\""}]},{"reference":"\"Faculty of Science\". University of Johannesburg. Retrieved 22 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uj.ac.za/faculties/science/","url_text":"\"Faculty of Science\""}]},{"reference":"\"JIAS 2019 Annual Report\" (PDF). Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study. 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://jias.joburg/wp-content/uploads/JIAS-Annual-Report-2019.pdf","url_text":"\"JIAS 2019 Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Call for applications: JIAS Writing Fellowship\". PEN South Africa. 3 June 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://pensouthafrica.co.za/call-for-applications-jias-writing-fellowship/","url_text":"\"Call for applications: JIAS Writing Fellowship\""}]},{"reference":"Iwunze-Ibiam, Chioma (24 June 2019). \"Writing Fellowships 2020 At The Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study / How To Apply (Fully-funded)\". Creative Writing News. Retrieved 20 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.creativewritingnews.com/writing-fellowships-2020-at-the-johannesburg-institute-for-advanced-study-how-to-apply-fully-funded/","url_text":"\"Writing Fellowships 2020 At The Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study / How To Apply (Fully-funded)\""}]},{"reference":"Mvulane Moloi, Tshepo (26 April 2023). \"Johannesburg Festival of Women Writers\". Culture Review Magazine. Retrieved 20 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://culture-review.co.za/johannesburg-festival-of-women-writers","url_text":"\"Johannesburg Festival of Women Writers\""}]},{"reference":"Mpedi, Letlhokwa George (13 March 2024). \"Championing women writers is crucial for correcting the historical imbalances in literature\". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 20 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.uj.ac.za/news/championing-women-writers-is-crucial-for-correcting-the-historical-imbalances-in-literature/","url_text":"\"Championing women writers is crucial for correcting the historical imbalances in literature\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAFWk55VCbc","external_links_name":"\"Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study launches - Unveiling\""},{"Link":"https://technologysocietyconference.com/","external_links_name":"\"Technology and Society in Africa Conference: Current Prospects and Future Challenges\""},{"Link":"http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/podcast/Pages/Thinking-Globally,-Acting-Locally.aspx","external_links_name":"http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/podcast/Pages/Thinking-Globally,-Acting-Locally.aspx"},{"Link":"https://www.uj.ac.za/faculties/humanities/","external_links_name":"\"Faculty of Humanities\""},{"Link":"https://www.uj.ac.za/faculties/science/","external_links_name":"\"Faculty of Science\""},{"Link":"https://jias.joburg/wp-content/uploads/JIAS-Annual-Report-2019.pdf","external_links_name":"\"JIAS 2019 Annual Report\""},{"Link":"https://pensouthafrica.co.za/call-for-applications-jias-writing-fellowship/","external_links_name":"\"Call for applications: JIAS Writing Fellowship\""},{"Link":"https://www.creativewritingnews.com/writing-fellowships-2020-at-the-johannesburg-institute-for-advanced-study-how-to-apply-fully-funded/","external_links_name":"\"Writing Fellowships 2020 At The Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study / How To Apply (Fully-funded)\""},{"Link":"https://culture-review.co.za/johannesburg-festival-of-women-writers","external_links_name":"\"Johannesburg Festival of Women Writers\""},{"Link":"https://news.uj.ac.za/news/championing-women-writers-is-crucial-for-correcting-the-historical-imbalances-in-literature/","external_links_name":"\"Championing women writers is crucial for correcting the historical imbalances in literature\""},{"Link":"https://www.uj.ac.za/faculties/humanities/johannesburg-institute-for-advanced-study/about-us/","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._J._Perry	E. J. Perry	["1 References"]	American silhouettist For the American football player, see E. J. Perry (American football). E. J. PerryE. J. Perry in 1920Born(1880-02-11)February 11, 1880Kershaw County, South CarolinaDiedFebruary 2, 1946(1946-02-02) (aged 65)Islip, New YorkStyleSilhouette Essaias James Perry (February 11, 1880 – February 2, 1946), or more commonly E. J. Perry, was an early-twentieth-century silhouette artist based in New York City. His decades-long activity was mostly associated with the city's Luna Park and Dreamland amusement parks at Coney Island, however it also included private resorts in Florida, and at least two known cultural expositions around the United States. He was an African American originally from Kershaw County, South Carolina, and mainly lived and worked in the city's Black neighborhoods of San Juan Hill and Harlem. He did a number of silhouette portraits of eminent people, including the writer H. P. Lovecraft, which appears on the memorial plaque for that author in Providence, Rhode Island, as well as the composer J. Rosamond Johnson. Portrait of E. J. Perry and his eisel References ^ a b c Baptiste, Kaara; Washington, Eric K. (May 20, 2016). "Oral History Archive / Eric K. Washington: Historian delves into the life of E.J. Perry, African-American silhouette artist at Luna Park". Coney Island History Project. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. ^ a b c Washington, Eric K. (December 17, 2013). "E.J. Perry, African-American Silhouette Cutter of America's Leisure Circuit". The Gotham Center for New York City History. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. This article about an artist from the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E. J. Perry (American football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._J._Perry_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baptiste1-1"},{"link_name":"silhouette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silhouette"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Luna Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_Park"},{"link_name":"Coney Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island"},{"link_name":"cultural expositions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_fair"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gothamcenter1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baptiste1-1"},{"link_name":"Kershaw County, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kershaw_County,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem"},{"link_name":"H. P. Lovecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft"},{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gothamcenter1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baptiste1-1"},{"link_name":"J. Rosamond Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Rosamond_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gothamcenter1-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E._J._Perry.png"}],"text":"For the American football player, see E. J. Perry (American football).Essaias James Perry (February 11, 1880 – February 2, 1946),[1] or more commonly E. J. Perry, was an early-twentieth-century silhouette artist based in New York City. His decades-long activity was mostly associated with the city's Luna Park and Dreamland amusement parks at Coney Island, however it also included private resorts in Florida, and at least two known cultural expositions around the United States.[2][1] He was an African American originally from Kershaw County, South Carolina, and mainly lived and worked in the city's Black neighborhoods of San Juan Hill and Harlem. He did a number of silhouette portraits of eminent people, including the writer H. P. Lovecraft, which appears on the memorial plaque for that author in Providence, Rhode Island,[2][1] as well as the composer J. Rosamond Johnson.[2]Portrait of E. J. Perry and his eisel","title":"E. J. Perry"}]	[{"image_text":"Portrait of E. J. Perry and his eisel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/E._J._Perry.png/220px-E._J._Perry.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Baptiste, Kaara; Washington, Eric K. (May 20, 2016). \"Oral History Archive / Eric K. Washington: Historian delves into the life of E.J. Perry, African-American silhouette artist at Luna Park\". Coney Island History Project. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.coneyislandhistory.org/oral-history-archive/eric-k-washington","url_text":"\"Oral History Archive / Eric K. Washington: Historian delves into the life of E.J. Perry, African-American silhouette artist at Luna Park\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182753/https://www.coneyislandhistory.org/oral-history-archive/eric-k-washington","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Washington, Eric K. (December 17, 2013). \"E.J. Perry, African-American Silhouette Cutter of America's Leisure Circuit\". The Gotham Center for New York City History. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gothamcenter.org/blog/ej-perry-african-american-silhouette-cutter-of-americas-leisure-circuit","url_text":"\"E.J. 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Perry, African-American Silhouette Cutter of America's Leisure Circuit\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184315/https://www.gothamcenter.org/blog/ej-perry-african-american-silhouette-cutter-of-americas-leisure-circuit","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E._J._Perry&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_House	House of Military Officers	["1 Purposes","2 Location and structure","3 List of officer houses in Russia","4 Examples of notable officer houses","5 Other Soviet entertainment complexes (Dvorets)","6 See also","7 References"]	The Minsk House of Officers. A House of Officers (Russian: Дом офицеров), sometimes officially referred to as the Central House of Officers or Officer Houses, is a military and cultural institution originating in the Soviet Army and present today in the Russian Armed Forces and the militaries of many Post-Soviet states. Being the Russian/Soviet equivalent to military officers' clubs in the United States, it effectively serves as cultural center serving to represent the military and to improve civil–military relations. It can be an independent formation in the national defence ministry or a public entity like a club-houses. In the early days of the Soviet Union the institution was called the House of the Red Army. The head of the building is a senior officer, usually with the rank of a Major or above. The following are types of Officer Houses: District House of Officers Group House of Officers Garrison House of Officers Fleet House of Officers Events in the building include cultural activities in order to meet the spiritual needs, educate, enlighten, and organize cultural activities for military personnel and civilian personnel of the Armed Forces and their families. Purposes In Russia the activities of the House of Officers, aimed at the creation, preservation, dissemination and development of cultural values in various forms and types, is a cultural activity and has its own tasks: Historical and cultural military education by means of presenting art, music and spirituality Promoting the forms and methods of cultural and leisure work to the formation of military and civilian personnel in the Armed Forces for moral, psychological and military professional readiness to successfully accomplish the tasks of military service and fulfill the requirements of military discipline Familiarizing family members of servicemen with national values and military values Organizing cultural leisure of military personnel in the interests of maintaining their spiritual, emotional, moral and psychological state at the proper level. Similar tasks are present in the Officers Houses of the armed forces of post-Soviet republics. In the Soviet era, party conferences were held for members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Location and structure As is tradition, an Officers House is located on one of the central streets of the garrison. The architecture of the building generally resembles a Palace of Culture or even a Cinema. Civilians, especially in remote garrisons, were usually the wives of officers or warrant officers serving in the garrison as well as civil service staff. The building has usually consists of the following rooms: a wardrobe, a lobby, a concert hall, a library, and a cafe, as well as a Russian Orthodox Church chapel and a mini-gallery of historical pictures. Choreographic and vocal ensembles, brass bands, and theatre troupes are commonplace at the house. Pop artists are commonly invited to perform at these places. Houses of Officers were located in all internal and external garrisons of the Soviet Armed Forces, including at Soviet bases in East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Mongolia. List of officer houses in Russia Source: Central House of Officers of the Russian Army – the main cultural institution of the Armed Forces of Russia, located in Moscow. Central Officers' Club of the Aerospace Forces House of Officers of the Western Military District House of Officers of the Southern Military District House of Officers of the Central Military District House of Officers of the Eastern Military District House of Officers of the Northern Fleet House of Officers of the Black Sea Fleet House of Officers of the Pacific Fleet House of Officers of the Caspian Flotilla House of Officers of the Kola Flotilla House of officers of the Samara Garrison House of officers of the Chita Garrison House of officers of the Ufa Garrison House of officers of the Novosibirsk Garrison House of officers of the Ussurisk Garrison Examples of notable officer houses A number of buildings in which houses of officers were located are known precisely by such names, despite the fact that their use at the present time may be different. Central House of Officers (Minsk) House of Officers (Almaty) Kazakh Museum of Folk Musical Instruments (known as the House of Officers until 1980) Presidential Palace, Vilnius (known as the House of Officers until 1997) Central House of Officers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine House of Officers (Ashgabat) House of Officers (Dushanbe) Central House of Officers named after Hazi Aslanov (Baku) Artsakh Defence Army House of Officers (Stepanakert) Army Museum of Moldova (located in the building of the former House of Officers) Central Army House of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Kyrgyzstan Club of the Warsaw Garrison Command Central Military Club (Sofia) Other Soviet entertainment complexes (Dvorets) Palace of Culture (Palace of Arts and Creativity i.e. Palace of Arts "Ukraina") Palace of Sports People's House, previous term that existed in the Russian Empire Palace of the Soviets (special case) Pioneers Palace (House of Young Pioneers) See also Gentry assembly Gentlemen's club Military town community centre Chitalishte Kaunas Garrison Officers' Club Building References ^ "Минобороны распродаст дома офицеров". www.mk.ru. ^ "Дома офицеров (офицерские клубы)". Культура и Армия. 23 November 2011. ^ "Советский воин". Воениздать. 26 May 1970. Retrieved 26 May 2019 – via Google Books. ^ "Дома офицеров : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации". sc.mil.ru. Retrieved 2020-09-07. ^ "Сайт КУЛЬТУРНЫЙ ЦЕНТР ВООРУЖЁННЫХ СИЛ РФ ИМ. М.В. ФРУНЗЕ \| Переход с …". Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. ^ "Золотой век". www.turkmenistan.gov.tm. ^ "Новый Дом офицеров Минобороны Таджикистана открыт в Душанбе - Политика - ИП "TJinform.com"". tjinform.com. ^ "Национальный музей военной истории Молдовы".	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Soviet Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Army"},{"link_name":"Russian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Post-Soviet states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Soviet_states"},{"link_name":"military officers' clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_officers%27_club"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"cultural center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_center"},{"link_name":"civil–military relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil%E2%80%93military_relations"},{"link_name":"defence ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_ministry"},{"link_name":"club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_(organization)"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"}],"text":"A House of Officers (Russian: Дом офицеров), sometimes officially referred to as the Central House of Officers or Officer Houses, is a military and cultural institution originating in the Soviet Army and present today in the Russian Armed Forces and the militaries of many Post-Soviet states. Being the Russian/Soviet equivalent to military officers' clubs in the United States, it effectively serves as cultural center serving to represent the military and to improve civil–military relations. It can be an independent formation in the national defence ministry or a public entity like a club-houses. In the early days of the Soviet Union the institution was called the House of the Red Army.[1][2] The head of the building is a senior officer, usually with the rank of a Major or above.The following are types of Officer Houses:District House of Officers\nGroup House of Officers\nGarrison House of Officers\nFleet House of OfficersEvents in the building include cultural activities in order to meet the spiritual needs, educate, enlighten, and organize cultural activities for military personnel and civilian personnel of the Armed Forces and their families.","title":"House of Military Officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"personnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personnel"},{"link_name":"Soviet era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_era"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"}],"text":"In Russia the activities of the House of Officers, aimed at the creation, preservation, dissemination and development of cultural values in various forms and types, is a cultural activity and has its own tasks:[3]Historical and cultural military education by means of presenting art, music and spirituality\nPromoting the forms and methods of cultural and leisure work to the formation of military and civilian personnel in the Armed Forces for moral, psychological and military professional readiness to successfully accomplish the tasks of military service and fulfill the requirements of military discipline\nFamiliarizing family members of servicemen with national values and military values\nOrganizing cultural leisure of military personnel in the interests of maintaining their spiritual, emotional, moral and psychological state at the proper level.Similar tasks are present in the Officers Houses of the armed forces of post-Soviet republics. In the Soviet era, party conferences were held for members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.","title":"Purposes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palace of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Culture"},{"link_name":"Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_(building)"},{"link_name":"brass bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_band"},{"link_name":"theatre troupes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_company"},{"link_name":"Soviet Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Soviet bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union_military_bases_abroad"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"}],"text":"As is tradition, an Officers House is located on one of the central streets of the garrison. The architecture of the building generally resembles a Palace of Culture or even a Cinema. Civilians, especially in remote garrisons, were usually the wives of officers or warrant officers serving in the garrison as well as civil service staff. The building has usually consists of the following rooms: a wardrobe, a lobby, a concert hall, a library, and a cafe, as well as a Russian Orthodox Church chapel and a mini-gallery of historical pictures. Choreographic and vocal ensembles, brass bands, and theatre troupes are commonplace at the house. Pop artists are commonly invited to perform at these places. Houses of Officers were located in all internal and external garrisons of the Soviet Armed Forces, including at Soviet bases in East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Mongolia.","title":"Location and structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Central House of Officers of the Russian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_House_of_Officers_of_the_Russian_Army"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Aerospace Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces"},{"link_name":"Western Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Military_District"},{"link_name":"Southern Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Military_District"},{"link_name":"Central Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_District"},{"link_name":"Eastern Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Military_District"},{"link_name":"Northern Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Black Sea Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Pacific Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Fleet_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Caspian Flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Flotilla"},{"link_name":"Kola Flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_Flotilla"},{"link_name":"Samara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samara"},{"link_name":"Chita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chita,_Zabaykalsky_Krai"},{"link_name":"Ufa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufa"},{"link_name":"Novosibirsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novosibirsk"},{"link_name":"Ussurisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ussuriysk"}],"text":"Source:[4]Central House of Officers of the Russian Army – the main cultural institution of the Armed Forces of Russia, located in Moscow.[5]\nCentral Officers' Club of the Aerospace Forces\nHouse of Officers of the Western Military District\nHouse of Officers of the Southern Military District\nHouse of Officers of the Central Military District\nHouse of Officers of the Eastern Military District\nHouse of Officers of the Northern Fleet\nHouse of Officers of the Black Sea Fleet\nHouse of Officers of the Pacific Fleet\nHouse of Officers of the Caspian Flotilla\nHouse of Officers of the Kola Flotilla\nHouse of officers of the Samara Garrison\nHouse of officers of the Chita Garrison\nHouse of officers of the Ufa Garrison\nHouse of officers of the Novosibirsk Garrison\nHouse of officers of the Ussurisk Garrison","title":"List of officer houses in Russia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central House of Officers (Minsk)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_House_of_Officers_(Minsk)"},{"link_name":"House of Officers (Almaty)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Officers_(Almaty)"},{"link_name":"Kazakh Museum of Folk Musical Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Museum_of_Folk_Musical_Instruments"},{"link_name":"Presidential Palace, Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Palace,_Vilnius"},{"link_name":"Central House of Officers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_House_of_Officers_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"House of Officers (Ashgabat)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Turkmenistan)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"House of Officers (Dushanbe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Officers_(Dushanbe)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hazi Aslanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazi_Aslanov"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku"},{"link_name":"Artsakh Defence Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artsakh_Defence_Army"},{"link_name":"Stepanakert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepanakert"},{"link_name":"Army Museum of Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Museum_(Moldova)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Staff_of_Armed_Forces_(Kyrgyzstan)"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Garrison Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Garrison_Command"},{"link_name":"Central Military Club (Sofia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Club"}],"text":"A number of buildings in which houses of officers were located are known precisely by such names, despite the fact that their use at the present time may be different.Central House of Officers (Minsk)\nHouse of Officers (Almaty)\nKazakh Museum of Folk Musical Instruments (known as the House of Officers until 1980)\nPresidential Palace, Vilnius (known as the House of Officers until 1997)\nCentral House of Officers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine\nHouse of Officers (Ashgabat)[6]\nHouse of Officers (Dushanbe)[7]\nCentral House of Officers named after Hazi Aslanov (Baku)\nArtsakh Defence Army House of Officers (Stepanakert)\nArmy Museum of Moldova (located in the building of the former House of Officers)[8]\nCentral Army House of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Kyrgyzstan\nClub of the Warsaw Garrison Command\nCentral Military Club (Sofia)","title":"Examples of notable officer houses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palace of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Culture"},{"link_name":"i.e.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.e."},{"link_name":"Palace of Arts \"Ukraina\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_%22Ukraine%22"},{"link_name":"Palace of Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Sports"},{"link_name":"People's House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_House"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Palace of the Soviets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_the_Soviets"},{"link_name":"Pioneers Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneers_Palace"}],"text":"Palace of Culture (Palace of Arts and Creativity i.e. Palace of Arts \"Ukraina\")\nPalace of Sports\nPeople's House, previous term that existed in the Russian Empire\nPalace of the Soviets (special case)\nPioneers Palace (House of Young Pioneers)","title":"Other Soviet entertainment complexes (Dvorets)"}]	[{"image_text":"The Minsk House of Officers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Belarus-Minsk-Army_Palace_and_Tank_Monument-2.jpg/220px-Belarus-Minsk-Army_Palace_and_Tank_Monument-2.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Gentry assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentry_assembly"},{"title":"Gentlemen's club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_club"},{"title":"Military town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_town"},{"title":"community centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_centre"},{"title":"Chitalishte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitalishte"},{"title":"Kaunas Garrison Officers' Club Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas_Garrison_Officers%27_Club_Building"}]	[{"reference":"\"Минобороны распродаст дома офицеров\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_of_the_House_of_Grebe	Barbara of the House of Grebe	["1 Plot summary","2 Time and location","3 Critical reception","4 Adaptation","4.1 Cast","5 References","6 External links"]	Short story by Thomas Hardy"Barbara of the House of Grebe"Short story by Thomas HardyCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishGenre(s)Short storyPublicationPublished inThe GraphicPublication typePeriodicalBookMedia typePrintPublication date1890 (periodical)1891 (book)ChronologySeriesA Group of Noble Dames The First Countess of Wessex The Marchioness of Stonehenge "Barbara of the House of Grebe" is the second of ten short stories in Thomas Hardy's frame narrative A Group of Noble Dames. It is told by the old surgeon. The story was published in The Graphic in 1890 and in book form in 1891. Plot summary Lord Uplandtowers, a young man who lives in a mansion in Knollingwood Hall, has decided he wants to marry Barbara, the daughter of his neighbour Sir John Grebe. However she elopes with the beautiful Edmond Willowes, a widow's son from a family of glass painters, and marries him without her parents' consent. A few months later Sir John reconciles with his daughter and her husband. He agrees to support them financially and let them live in Yewsholt Lodge on one condition: Edmond has to go to study in Italy for one year. During his stay in Italy Edmond has an accident. His face is badly wounded in a fire. When he returns to England he's wearing a mask. In Yewsholt Lodge he takes his mask off before his wife. Barbara is shocked and can't bear to face him. She spends the night alone in the hot-house. The next morning she finds a farewell letter from Edmond. Several years later, when Edmond is dead, Lord Uplandtowers convinces Barbara to marry him now. However she doesn't love him, because she's still thinking of her first husband. Every night, while she believes Lord Uplandtowers is asleep, she goes to a closet in her boudoir where she keeps a statue that a sculptor in Pisa had made of Edmond. One night Lord Uplandtowers follows her unnoticed and sees her with her arms around the statue. The next day he hires a sculptor to disfigure the statue's head in the same way Edmond's head was disfigured in the fire. He places the statue in their bedroom until Barbara gets an epileptic seizure and begs him to remove the statue. She finally becomes a loving wife to Lord Uplandtowers. Time and location The story takes place around 1780 in Thomas Hardy's Wessex, more specifically in "South Wessex" (Dorset). "Chene Manor" (in reality Canford Manor) is a house in Canford Magna. "Yewsholt Lodge" was really called Farrs House. Edmond was from "Shottsford Forum", in reality Blandford Forum. Critical reception A reviewer from The Spectator called the story "as unnatural as it is disgusting". T. S. Eliot said the story "would seem to have been written solely to provide a satisfaction for some morbid emotion". Adaptation The sixth episode of the 1973 BBC series Wessex Tales was an adaptation of "Barbara of the House of Grebe". Cast Joanna McCallum .... Barbara Nick Brimble .... Willowes Ben Kingsley .... Lord Uplandtowers Leslie Sands .... Sir John Grebe Sheila Allen .... Lady Grebe References ^ Kay-Robinson, Denys Kay-Robinson (1972). "Hardy's Wessex Reappraised". Plymouth. ^ a b Brody, Kristin Brody (1982). The Short Stories of Thomas Hardy. New York.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ "Wessex Tales". December 12, 1973. p. 57 – via BBC Genome. External links Barbara of the House of Grebe at IMDb vteThomas HardyNovels The Poor Man and the Lady (1867) Desperate Remedies (1871) Under the Greenwood Tree (1872) A Pair of Blue Eyes (1873) Far from the Madding Crowd (1874) The Hand of Ethelberta (1876) The Return of the Native (1878) The Trumpet-Major (1880) A Laodicean (1881) Two on a Tower (1882) The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886) The Woodlanders (1887) Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891/92) Jude the Obscure (1895) The Well-Beloved (1897) Short story collections Wessex Tales (1888) A Group of Noble Dames (1891) Life's Little Ironies (1894) A Changed Man and Other Tales (1913) Short stories "The Three Strangers" (1883) "A Mere Interlude" (1885) "Alicia's Diary" (1887) "Barbara of the House of Grebe" (1891) "The Fiddler of the Reels" (1893) "A Tragedy of Two Ambitions" (1894) Poetry collections Wessex Poems and Other Verses (1898) Poems of the Past and the Present (1901) Time's Laughingstocks (1909) Poems 1912–13 Satires of Circumstance (1914) Moments of Vision (1917) Late Lyrics (1922) Human Shows (1925) Winter Words (1928) Poems "Neutral Tones" (1898) "The Darkling Thrush" (1900) "The Ruined Maid" (1901) "The Respectable Burgher" (1901) "The Man He Killed" (1902) "A Trampwoman's Tragedy" (1903) "The Convergence of the Twain" (1915) "The Blinded Bird" (1916) Plays The Dynasts (1904–1908) Life Thomas Hardy's Cottage Max Gate home Emma Gifford (first wife) Florence Dugdale (second wife) Related Thomas Hardy's Wessex Egdon Heath Winter Words (song cycle)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"short stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy"},{"link_name":"frame narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_story"},{"link_name":"A Group of Noble Dames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Group_of_Noble_Dames"},{"link_name":"The Graphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Graphic"}],"text":"\"Barbara of the House of Grebe\" is the second of ten short stories in Thomas Hardy's frame narrative A Group of Noble Dames. It is told by the old surgeon. The story was published in The Graphic in 1890 and in book form in 1891.","title":"Barbara of the House of Grebe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hot-house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse"},{"link_name":"statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue"},{"link_name":"Pisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa"},{"link_name":"epileptic seizure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epileptic_seizure"}],"text":"Lord Uplandtowers, a young man who lives in a mansion in Knollingwood Hall, has decided he wants to marry Barbara, the daughter of his neighbour Sir John Grebe. However she elopes with the beautiful Edmond Willowes, a widow's son from a family of glass painters, and marries him without her parents' consent. A few months later Sir John reconciles with his daughter and her husband. He agrees to support them financially and let them live in Yewsholt Lodge on one condition: Edmond has to go to study in Italy for one year.During his stay in Italy Edmond has an accident. His face is badly wounded in a fire. When he returns to England he's wearing a mask. In Yewsholt Lodge he takes his mask off before his wife. Barbara is shocked and can't bear to face him. She spends the night alone in the hot-house. The next morning she finds a farewell letter from Edmond.Several years later, when Edmond is dead, Lord Uplandtowers convinces Barbara to marry him now. However she doesn't love him, because she's still thinking of her first husband. Every night, while she believes Lord Uplandtowers is asleep, she goes to a closet in her boudoir where she keeps a statue that a sculptor in Pisa had made of Edmond. One night Lord Uplandtowers follows her unnoticed and sees her with her arms around the statue. The next day he hires a sculptor to disfigure the statue's head in the same way Edmond's head was disfigured in the fire. He places the statue in their bedroom until Barbara gets an epileptic seizure and begs him to remove the statue. She finally becomes a loving wife to Lord Uplandtowers.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Hardy's Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy%27s_Wessex"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"Canford Magna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canford_Magna"},{"link_name":"Blandford Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blandford_Forum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The story takes place around 1780 in Thomas Hardy's Wessex, more specifically in \"South Wessex\" (Dorset). \"Chene Manor\" (in reality Canford Manor) is a house in Canford Magna. \"Yewsholt Lodge\" was really called Farrs House. Edmond was from \"Shottsford Forum\", in reality Blandford Forum.[1]","title":"Time and location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Spectator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kristin_Brody_1982-2"},{"link_name":"T. S. Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kristin_Brody_1982-2"}],"text":"A reviewer from The Spectator called the story \"as unnatural as it is disgusting\".[2]T. S. Eliot said the story \"would seem to have been written solely to provide a satisfaction for some morbid emotion\".[2]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The sixth episode of the 1973 BBC series Wessex Tales was an adaptation of \"Barbara of the House of Grebe\".[3]","title":"Adaptation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joanna McCallum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_McCallum"},{"link_name":"Nick Brimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Brimble"},{"link_name":"Ben Kingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Kingsley"},{"link_name":"Leslie Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Sands"},{"link_name":"Sheila Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Allen_(English_actress)"}],"sub_title":"Cast","text":"Joanna McCallum .... Barbara\nNick Brimble .... Willowes\nBen Kingsley .... Lord Uplandtowers\nLeslie Sands .... Sir John Grebe\nSheila Allen .... Lady Grebe","title":"Adaptation"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Kay-Robinson, Denys Kay-Robinson (1972). \"Hardy's Wessex Reappraised\". Plymouth.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brody, Kristin Brody (1982). The Short Stories of Thomas Hardy. New York.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Wessex Tales\". December 12, 1973. p. 57 – via BBC Genome.","urls":[{"url":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/79cc53630fbc4239ad843d3e2a12e633","url_text":"\"Wessex Tales\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/79cc53630fbc4239ad843d3e2a12e633","external_links_name":"\"Wessex Tales\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0216562/","external_links_name":"Barbara of the House of Grebe"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Gemmell	Dean Gemmell	["1 Career","2 The Curling Show","3 Personal life","4 Teams","4.1 Men's","4.2 Mixed","5 References","6 External links"]	Canadian-American curler Dean GemmellCurlerBorn (1967-08-27) August 27, 1967 (age 56)North Vancouver, British ColumbiaTeamCurling clubPlainfield CCSouth Plainfield, New JerseySkipCraig BrownThirdBill StoperaSecondDean GemmellLeadMark LazarCurling career Member Association Ontario (1978-1986) Quebec (1986-1991) Grand National (2006-present)Brier appearances1 (1988)World Championshipappearances1 (2012) Medal record Men's curling US Men's Championship 2012 Philadelphia Dean Gemmell (born August 27, 1967) is a Canadian-American curler and writer who currently resides in Short Hills, New Jersey. Along with John Morris, he is the co-author of the book Fit to Curl, Sport Specific Training for the World's Greatest Game. Career Gemmell began curling in 1978 as a junior in Ontario. After moving to Montreal, Quebec in 1986, he played as lead for Lawren Steventon and won the Quebec Men's Provincial Curling Championship in 1988, earning an opportunity to represent Quebec at the 1988 Labatt Brier. Quebec finished in eighth place with a 4–7 win–loss record. Gemmell moved to the United States in 1991, and did not return to curling until he moved to New Jersey in 2006 and curls out of the Plainfield Curling Club in club play. He participated in the playdowns to the United States National Championships and the United States Mixed Championship in 2007. He participated in the 2010 United States Men's Curling Championship as the lead for Matt Hames, finishing fourth after a loss in the playoffs. He then returned the next year under skip Heath McCormick, who replaced Hames, to the 2011 United States Men's Curling Championship, where his team again finished fourth. At the next national championship, he and his team went through the round robin undefeated, and won the championship after defeating Pete Fenson in the final. The Curling Show Gemmell created and hosted a curling podcast called The Curling Show from 2005 to 2017. The podcast released a few episodes each month spanning over 100 hours in total and featured interviews with over 250 individuals including various top curlers and curling builders. Personal life Gemmell is married to Amye Gemmell and they have four children. He studied at McGill University in Montréal and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science and History. Teams Men's Season Skip Third Second Lead Alternate Coach Events 1987–88 Lawren Steventon Pete Gawel Marco Ferraro Dean Gemmell Malcolm Turner 1988 Brier (8th) 2008–09 Matt Hames Matt Mielke Bill Stopera Dean Gemmell 2009–10 Matt Hames Bill Stopera Martin Sather Dean Gemmell 2010 USNCC (4th) 2010–11 Heath McCormick Bill Stopera Martin Sather Dean Gemmell 2011 USNCC (4th) 2011–12 Heath McCormick Bill Stopera Martin Sather Dean Gemmell Craig Brown Matt Hames 2012 USNCC ,2012 WCC (8th) 2012–13 Heath McCormick Bill Stopera Martin Sather Dean Gemmell 2013 Cont.Cup ,2013 USNCC (4th) 2013–14 Heath McCormick Bill Stopera Dean Gemmell Martin Sather 2013 USOCT Tyler George Bill Stopera Dean Gemmell Martin Sather 2014 USNCC (6th) 2014–15 Dean Gemmell Bill Stopera Calvin Weber Martin Sather Dean Gemmell Bill Stopera Martin Sather Mark Lazar Andrew Stopera 2015 USNCC (5th) 2015–16 Heath McCormick Bill Stopera Dean Gemmell Mark Lazar Andrew Stopera 2016 USNCC (10th) 2016–17 Bill Stopera Dean Gemmell Mark Lazar 2017–18 Bill Stopera Dean Gemmell Michael Moore Mark Lazar 2018–19 Craig Brown Bill Stopera Dean Gemmell Mark Lazar Mixed Season Skip Third Second Lead Alternate Events 2006–07 Scott Edie Janice Langanke Dean Gemmell Jennifer Kungle Tanya Jacobson 2007 USMxCC References ^ ISBN 0981308600, 9780981308609 ^ 9780981308609: Fit to Curl, Sport Specific Training for the World's Greatest Game - AbeBooks - John Morris; Dean Gemmell: 0981308600 ^ a b c "Player profile: Dean Gemmell". United States Curling Association. Archived from the original on 2015-11-20. Retrieved 2012-02-18. ^ "Dean Gemmell". teamusa.org. Archived from the original on 2022-07-11. ^ "The Curling Show – About". Archived from the original on 2019-07-09. Retrieved 2019-07-09. ^ 2007 U.S. Mixed National Championship External links Dean Gemmell at World Curling Dean Gemmell at the U.S. Olympic & Paralympic Committee (archived)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian-American"},{"link_name":"curler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling"},{"link_name":"Short Hills, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Hills,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"John Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Morris_(curler)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Dean Gemmell (born August 27, 1967) is a Canadian-American curler and writer who currently resides in Short Hills, New Jersey. Along with John Morris, he is the co-author of the book Fit to Curl, Sport Specific Training for the World's Greatest Game.[1][2]","title":"Dean Gemmell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usacurl-3"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Lawren Steventon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawren_Steventon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Quebec Men's Provincial Curling Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Men%27s_Provincial_Curling_Championship"},{"link_name":"1988 Labatt Brier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Labatt_Brier"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Plainfield Curling Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plainfield_Curling_Club"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2010 United States Men's Curling Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Men%27s_Curling_Championship"},{"link_name":"Matt Hames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matt_Hames&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Heath McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_McCormick"},{"link_name":"2011 United States Men's Curling Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_States_Men%27s_Curling_Championship"},{"link_name":"next national championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_Men%27s_Curling_Championship"},{"link_name":"Pete Fenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Fenson"}],"text":"Gemmell began curling in 1978 as a junior in Ontario.[3] After moving to Montreal, Quebec in 1986, he played as lead for Lawren Steventon and won the Quebec Men's Provincial Curling Championship in 1988, earning an opportunity to represent Quebec at the 1988 Labatt Brier. Quebec finished in eighth place with a 4–7 win–loss record.Gemmell moved to the United States in 1991, and did not return to curling until he moved to New Jersey in 2006 and curls out of the Plainfield Curling Club in club play.[4] He participated in the playdowns to the United States National Championships and the United States Mixed Championship in 2007. He participated in the 2010 United States Men's Curling Championship as the lead for Matt Hames, finishing fourth after a loss in the playoffs. He then returned the next year under skip Heath McCormick, who replaced Hames, to the 2011 United States Men's Curling Championship, where his team again finished fourth. At the next national championship, he and his team went through the round robin undefeated, and won the championship after defeating Pete Fenson in the final.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"podcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usacurl-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Gemmell created and hosted a curling podcast called The Curling Show from 2005 to 2017. The podcast released a few episodes each month spanning over 100 hours in total and featured interviews with over 250 individuals including various top curlers and curling builders.[3][5]","title":"The Curling Show"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McGill University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"},{"link_name":"Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usacurl-3"}],"text":"Gemmell is married to Amye Gemmell and they have four children. He studied at McGill University in Montréal and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science and History.[3]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men's","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mixed","title":"Teams"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Player profile: Dean Gemmell\". United States Curling Association. Archived from the original on 2015-11-20. Retrieved 2012-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151120105055/http://www.usacurl.org/curlingrocks/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=71&Itemid=39","url_text":"\"Player profile: Dean Gemmell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Curling_Association","url_text":"United States Curling Association"},{"url":"http://www.usacurl.org/curlingrocks/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=71&Itemid=39","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dean Gemmell\". teamusa.org. Archived from the original on 2022-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220711230839/https://www.teamusa.org/usa-curling/athletes/dean-gemmell","url_text":"\"Dean Gemmell\""},{"url":"https://www.teamusa.org/usa-curling/athletes/dean-gemmell","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Curling Show – About\". Archived from the original on 2019-07-09. Retrieved 2019-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190709215342/https://www.deandoesthings.com/new-album","url_text":"\"The Curling Show – About\""},{"url":"https://www.deandoesthings.com/new-album","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.abebooks.com/9780981308609/Fit-Curl-Sport-Specific-Training-0981308600/plp","external_links_name":"9780981308609: Fit to Curl, Sport Specific Training for the World's Greatest Game - AbeBooks - John Morris; Dean Gemmell: 0981308600"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151120105055/http://www.usacurl.org/curlingrocks/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=71&Itemid=39","external_links_name":"\"Player profile: Dean Gemmell\""},{"Link":"http://www.usacurl.org/curlingrocks/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=71&Itemid=39","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220711230839/https://www.teamusa.org/usa-curling/athletes/dean-gemmell","external_links_name":"\"Dean Gemmell\""},{"Link":"https://www.teamusa.org/usa-curling/athletes/dean-gemmell","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190709215342/https://www.deandoesthings.com/new-album","external_links_name":"\"The Curling Show – About\""},{"Link":"https://www.deandoesthings.com/new-album","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070315013900/http://www.usacurl.org/events/07.mixed/mixed.main.html","external_links_name":"2007 U.S. Mixed National Championship"},{"Link":"https://results.worldcurling.org/Person/Details/6646","external_links_name":"Dean Gemmell"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5246170#P3557"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230101000000/https://www.teamusa.org/athletes/GE/Dean-Gemmell","external_links_name":"Dean Gemmell"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5246170#P4063"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillippe_Druillet	Philippe Druillet	["1 Biography","2 Awards","3 Works","4 References","5 External links"]	French comics author (born 1944) Philippe DruilletPhilippe Druillet at Babel International Comics Festival, Athens, June 2007Born (1944-06-28) 28 June 1944 (age 79)Toulouse, FranceNationalityFrench Area(s)Writer, Penciller, Inker, ColouristNotable works Lone Sloane saga Yragaël La Nuit Salammbô Nosferatu Awardsfull listwww.philippedruillet.com Philippe Druillet (French: ; born 28 June 1944) is a French comics artist and creator, and an innovator in visual design. Biography Philippe Druillet was born in Toulouse, Haute-Garonne, France, but spent his youth in Spain, returning to France in 1952 after the death of his father. A science fiction and comics fan, Druillet worked as a photographer after graduating from high school, drawing only for his own pleasure. His first published series was his version of Michael Moorcock's Elric stories in a short-lived magazine. His first book, Le Mystère des abîmes (The Mystery of the Abyss), appeared in 1966. It introduced his recurring hero Lone Sloane and played on science-fiction themes partially inspired by his favourite writers, H. P. Lovecraft and A.E. van Vogt. Later, Druillet created book covers for new editions of Lovecraft's work, as well as numerous movie posters. After Druillet became a regular contributor to the Franco-Belgian comics magazine Pilote in 1970, his Lone Sloane saga grew steadily more flamboyant as he pursued innovative new imagery, including bold page designs and computer-generated images. His backdrops of gigantic structures inspired by Art Nouveau, indigenous architecture, and Gothic cathedrals earned him the nickname of "space architect". Six tales about Sloane's exploits were collected in Les six voyages de Lone Sloane in 1972, hailed by many as his masterpiece, and Sloane was again the hero of the graphic novel Délirius (1973), written by Jacques Lob. In 1973, Druillet also produced the Moorcock's Elric-inspired Yragaël for Pilote, and Vuzz for the magazine Phénix. In 1975, Druillet joined Jean-Pierre Dionnet, Bernard Farkas, and Moebius to form the publishing house Les Humanoïdes Associés and the magazine Métal Hurlant. This was to be a vehicle for his finest stories, and showcased a steady evolution in his graphical skills. His series Lone Sloane and Vuzz continued, and other stories of this period include La Nuit, and Nosferatu. In 1980, Druillet produced Salammbô, a comic book trilogy based upon Flaubert's proto–heroic fantasy novel Salammbô. Outside his work as a cartoonist and illustrator, Druillet has also been active in architecture, rock opera, painting, sculpture, and digital art. He worked as a designer on the film Sorcerer, directed by William Friedkin in 1976. He collaborated on Rolf Liebermann's Wagner Space Opera in the Opera de Paris in the late 1970s to early 1980s, and founded the Space Art Création in 1984. More recently, he created the artwork and designed large parts of the background of the 2005 TV miniseries remake Les Rois maudits (The Accursed Kings). Awards 1972: European SF award for Comics for Lone Sloane at the first Eurocon in Trieste, Italy 1976: Grand Prix de la Science Fiction Française, Special Prize for Urm le Fou 1988: Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême (lifetime achievement award), at the Angoulême International Comics Festival, France 1990: ESFS Hall of Fame (best artist) at the 1990 Eurocon in Fayence, France 1996: Grand Prix National des Arts Graphiques, France Works Lone Sloane: Le mystère des abîmes (1966, republished as Lone Sloane 66, 1982, Les Humanoïdes Associés, ISBN 2-902123-12-3) Les six voyages de Lone Sloane (1972, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-00632-0) Délirius (1973, with Jacques Lob, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-00663-0) Chaos (2000, Albin Michel, ISBN 2-226-10934-X) Firaz et la ville fleur / City of Flowers (with Picotto (art), 1974 in Heavy Metal, 1980, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-01678-4) Yragaël (1974, with Michel Demuth, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-00829-3) Vuzz (1974, Dargaud, republished 1981, Les Humanoïdes Associés, ISBN 2-7316-0090-1) Urm le fou / Urm the Mad (1975, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-00913-3) Mirages (1976, Les Humanoïdes Associés, ISBN 2-7316-0038-1) La nuit (1976, Les Humanoïdes Associés, ISBN 2-902123-06-X) Gail (1978, self-published, republished 1982, Les Humanoïdes Associés, ISBN 2-7316-0146-9) Salammbô: Salammbô (1980, Les Humanoïdes Associés, ISBN 2-7316-0065-9) Carthage (1982, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-02253-9) Matho (1986, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-02744-1) Nosferatu (1989, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-03763-3) References ^ a b c "Philippe Druillet". Comiclopedia. Lambiek. ^ esfs.info Eurocon awards site 1972 ^ quarante-deux.org Grand Prix de l'Imaginaire Archived 2008-06-17 at the Wayback Machine (in French) ^ esfs.info Eurocon awards site 1990 External links Official website (in French) Philippe Druillet at Bedetheque (in French) Philippe Druillet at the Grand Comics Database Philippe Druillet at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) vteContributors to Heavy MetalEditors Brad Balfour Kevin Eastman Joseph Illidge Sean Kelly Valerie Marchant Leonard Mogel Grant Morrison Tim Seeley Julie Simmons-Lynch Lou Stathis Ted White Debra Yanover Writers Brad Balfour Steve Brown Jean-Pierre Dionnet Harlan Ellison Archie Goodwin Alejandro Jodorowsky Jay Kinney Elaine Lee Richard A. Lupoff Doug Moench John Shirley Robert Silverberg Lou Stathis Bhob Stewart Jan Strnad Stefano Tamburini Ted White Artists Enki Bilal Stephen R. Bissette Caza Richard Corben Howard Cruse Nicolas de Crécy Philippe Druillet Alex Ebel Will Eisner Jean-Claude Forest Dave Gibbons H. R. Giger Juan Giménez Jean Giraud John Holmstrom Matt Howarth Jeffrey Catherine Jones Michael Kaluta Paul Kirchner Tanino Liberatore Terrance Lindall Milo Manara Esteban Maroto Pepe Moreno Gray Morrow Jean-Michel Nicollet Alex Niño Luis Royo Paolo Eleuteri Serpieri Walt Simonson Dan Steffan Jim Steranko Steve Stiles Arthur Suydam Alain Voss John Workman Bernie Wrightson Olivia De Berardinis Related Heavy Metal Les Humanoïdes Associés Métal Hurlant National Lampoon Schwermetall Heavy Metal (film) Heavy Metal 2000 Love, Death & Robots Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Artists RKD Artists	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[dʁɥijɛ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people"},{"link_name":"comics artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics_artist"},{"link_name":"creator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book_creator"},{"link_name":"visual design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_design"}],"text":"Philippe Druillet (French: [dʁɥijɛ]; born 28 June 1944) is a French comics artist and creator, and an innovator in visual design.","title":"Philippe Druillet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Haute-Garonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Garonne"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics"},{"link_name":"photographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lambiek-druillet-1"},{"link_name":"Lone Sloane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Sloane"},{"link_name":"H. P. Lovecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft"},{"link_name":"A.E. van Vogt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.E._van_Vogt"},{"link_name":"Franco-Belgian comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Belgian_comics"},{"link_name":"Pilote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilote"},{"link_name":"computer-generated images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"indigenous architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_architecture"},{"link_name":"Gothic cathedrals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"Jacques Lob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Lob"},{"link_name":"Moorcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Moorcock"},{"link_name":"Elric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elric"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Dionnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Dionnet"},{"link_name":"Bernard Farkas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Farkas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moebius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Giraud"},{"link_name":"Les Humanoïdes Associés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Humano%C3%AFdes_Associ%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Métal Hurlant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tal_Hurlant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lambiek-druillet-1"},{"link_name":"Flaubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert"},{"link_name":"heroic fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_fantasy"},{"link_name":"Salammbô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4_(novel)"},{"link_name":"architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture"},{"link_name":"rock opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_opera"},{"link_name":"painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture"},{"link_name":"digital art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_art"},{"link_name":"Sorcerer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorcerer_(film)"},{"link_name":"William Friedkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Friedkin"},{"link_name":"Rolf Liebermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Liebermann"},{"link_name":"Opera de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lambiek-druillet-1"},{"link_name":"Les Rois maudits (The Accursed Kings)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Rois_maudits_(miniseries)"}],"text":"Philippe Druillet was born in Toulouse, Haute-Garonne, France, but spent his youth in Spain, returning to France in 1952 after the death of his father. A science fiction and comics fan, Druillet worked as a photographer after graduating from high school, drawing only for his own pleasure.His first published series was his version of Michael Moorcock's Elric stories in a short-lived magazine. His first book, Le Mystère des abîmes (The Mystery of the Abyss), appeared in 1966.[1] It introduced his recurring hero Lone Sloane and played on science-fiction themes partially inspired by his favourite writers, H. P. Lovecraft and A.E. van Vogt. Later, Druillet created book covers for new editions of Lovecraft's work, as well as numerous movie posters.After Druillet became a regular contributor to the Franco-Belgian comics magazine Pilote in 1970, his Lone Sloane saga grew steadily more flamboyant as he pursued innovative new imagery, including bold page designs and computer-generated images. His backdrops of gigantic structures inspired by Art Nouveau, indigenous architecture, and Gothic cathedrals earned him the nickname of \"space architect\". Six tales about Sloane's exploits were collected in Les six voyages de Lone Sloane in 1972, hailed by many as his masterpiece, and Sloane was again the hero of the graphic novel Délirius (1973), written by Jacques Lob. In 1973, Druillet also produced the Moorcock's Elric-inspired Yragaël for Pilote, and Vuzz for the magazine Phénix.In 1975, Druillet joined Jean-Pierre Dionnet, Bernard Farkas, and Moebius to form the publishing house Les Humanoïdes Associés and the magazine Métal Hurlant.[1] This was to be a vehicle for his finest stories, and showcased a steady evolution in his graphical skills. His series Lone Sloane and Vuzz continued, and other stories of this period include La Nuit, and Nosferatu. In 1980, Druillet produced Salammbô, a comic book trilogy based upon Flaubert's proto–heroic fantasy novel Salammbô.Outside his work as a cartoonist and illustrator, Druillet has also been active in architecture, rock opera, painting, sculpture, and digital art. He worked as a designer on the film Sorcerer, directed by William Friedkin in 1976. He collaborated on Rolf Liebermann's Wagner Space Opera in the Opera de Paris in the late 1970s to early 1980s, and founded the Space Art Création in 1984.[1] More recently, he created the artwork and designed large parts of the background of the 2005 TV miniseries remake Les Rois maudits (The Accursed Kings).","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eurocon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocon"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_de_la_ville_d%27Angoul%C3%AAme"},{"link_name":"Angoulême International Comics Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAme_International_Comics_Festival"},{"link_name":"Eurocon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocon"},{"link_name":"Fayence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayence"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"1972: European SF award for Comics for Lone Sloane at the first Eurocon in Trieste, Italy[2]\n1976: Grand Prix de la Science Fiction Française, Special Prize for Urm le Fou [3]\n1988: Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême (lifetime achievement award), at the Angoulême International Comics Festival, France\n1990: ESFS Hall of Fame (best artist) at the 1990 Eurocon in Fayence, France[4]\n1996: Grand Prix National des Arts Graphiques, France","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lone Sloane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Sloane"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-902123-12-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-902123-12-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-205-00632-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-205-00632-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-205-00663-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-205-00663-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-226-10934-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-226-10934-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-205-01678-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-205-01678-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-205-00829-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-205-00829-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-7316-0090-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7316-0090-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-205-00913-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-205-00913-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-7316-0038-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7316-0038-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-902123-06-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-902123-06-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-7316-0146-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7316-0146-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-7316-0065-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7316-0065-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-205-02253-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-205-02253-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-205-02744-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-205-02744-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-205-03763-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-205-03763-3"}],"text":"Lone Sloane:\nLe mystère des abîmes (1966, republished as Lone Sloane 66, 1982, Les Humanoïdes Associés, ISBN 2-902123-12-3)\nLes six voyages de Lone Sloane (1972, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-00632-0)\nDélirius (1973, with Jacques Lob, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-00663-0)\nChaos (2000, Albin Michel, ISBN 2-226-10934-X)\nFiraz et la ville fleur / City of Flowers (with Picotto (art), 1974 in Heavy Metal, 1980, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-01678-4)\nYragaël (1974, with Michel Demuth, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-00829-3)\nVuzz (1974, Dargaud, republished 1981, Les Humanoïdes Associés, ISBN 2-7316-0090-1)\nUrm le fou / Urm the Mad (1975, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-00913-3)\nMirages (1976, Les Humanoïdes Associés, ISBN 2-7316-0038-1)\nLa nuit (1976, Les Humanoïdes Associés, ISBN 2-902123-06-X)\nGail (1978, self-published, republished 1982, Les Humanoïdes Associés, ISBN 2-7316-0146-9)\nSalammbô:\nSalammbô (1980, Les Humanoïdes Associés, ISBN 2-7316-0065-9)\nCarthage (1982, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-02253-9)\nMatho (1986, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-02744-1)\nNosferatu (1989, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-03763-3)","title":"Works"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Philippe Druillet\". Comiclopedia. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor-Arne_Fredheim	Tor-Arne Fredheim	["1 Career","2 Manager career","3 Honours","3.1 Club","4 References","5 External links"]	Swedish footballer and manager Tor-Arne FredheimPersonal informationFull name Tor-Arne FredheimDate of birth (1962-11-05) 5 November 1962 (age 61)Place of birth Hallstahammar, SwedenHeight 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)Position(s) MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team IFK Norrköping women (manager)Youth career1970–1979 Hallstahammars SKSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)1980–1983 Hallstahammars SK 1984–1992 IFK Norrköping 1993–1994 Linköpings FF 1995–1996 Åby IF Managerial career1995–1996 Åby IF1997–2000 IFK Norrköping (assistant)2001 IFK Norrköping2005–2009 IK Sleipner2010–2011 IF Sylvia2011–2015 Ljungskile SK2016 Assyriska FF2017 FC Trollhättan2018 Västerås SK2019 Åtvidabergs FF2020–2021 Ljungskile SK2022– IFK Norrköping women Club domestic league appearances and goals Tor-Arne Fredheim (born 5 November 1962) is a Swedish football manager and former player. Career A midfielder, Fredheim started out his playing career in hometown club Hallstahammars SK before moving to IFK Norrköping where he played for eight seasons and won the Swedish championship. Manager career He was appointed manager as the manager of FC Trollhättan on 25 November 2016. Honours Club IFK Norrköping Swedish champions: 1989 References ^ a b Tor-Arne Fredheim at WorldFootball.net ^ "Vinst eller förlust?" (in Swedish). Gopeking. Retrieved 11 November 2012. ^ "Sleipners helt makalösa svit" (in Swedish). NT. Retrieved 11 November 2012. ^ TOR-ARNE FREDHEIM NY TRÄNARE FÖR FC TROLLHÄTTAN‚ fct.nu, 25 November 2016 External links Tor-Arne Fredheim at Soccerway vteIFK Norrköping – managers H. Butterworth (1921) Schlosser (1923–24) Haglund (1925–35) Flisberg & Lindberg (1936) Lindberg & Johansson (1937) Johansson & Flisberg (1938) Flisberg (1939–40) Flisberg & Haglund (1941) Czeizler (1942–49) Keen & Adamek (1950) Adamek (1951–53) Lindberg (1954) Adamek (1955–57) G. Ericson (1958–66) G. Nordahl (1967–70) Löfgren (1971–72) Martinsson (1973–74) Gustavsson (1975–78) G. Nordahl (1979–80) Axberg (1981–82) Qwist (1983–84) Qwist & Cratz (1985) Karlsson (1986–89) Augustsson (1990) Åslund (1991–92) Cratz (1993–94) Karlsson & T. Nordahl (1995) Toal (1996) Toal & Nordin (1997) Nordin (1998–2000) Fredheim & H. Ericson (2001) Strömberg & H. Ericson (2002) H. Ericson & Hellberg (2003) Hellberg (2004–05) Jingblad (2005–08) Bergort (2009–10) Andersson (2011–16) Gustafsson (2016–20) Norling (2021–22) Riddersholm (2022–23) Alm (2024–) vteÅtvidabergs FF – managers Konrád (1942–47) Almgren (1948) Nagy (1948–52) Raynor (1952–54) Durspekt (1956–57) Durán (1960–63) Gustavsson (1966–70) S. A. Larsson (1971–72) Dombos (1972–7?) Durán (1975) ? (1976) Svensson (1977–79) Westerberg (1979–80) B. L. Larsson (1981–82) Torstensson (1986) Stenbäck (1989) M. Karlsson (1997–99) Augustsson (2000) Creutz & Andersson (2000–03) K. Karlsson (2004–06) Swärdh (2007–08) Wiklund (2009–10) Thomsson (2010–12) Swärdh (2013–14) Hansen (2015–17) Thomsson (2017) Hallingström & Hydén (2018) Johansson (2018–19) Fredheim (2019) Ny (2019–21) Larsén (2022) Stahre (2022) Bååth (2023–) This biographical article related to Swedish football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"}],"text":"Tor-Arne Fredheim (born 5 November 1962) is a Swedish football manager and former player.","title":"Tor-Arne Fredheim"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"Hallstahammars SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallstahammars_SK"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"IFK Norrköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Norrk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"A midfielder, Fredheim started out his playing career in hometown club Hallstahammars SK[2] before moving to IFK Norrköping where he played for eight seasons and won the Swedish championship.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FC Trollhättan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Trollh%C3%A4ttan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"He was appointed manager as the manager of FC Trollhättan on 25 November 2016.[4]","title":"Manager career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Swedish_football_champions"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Allsvenskan"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"IFK NorrköpingSwedish champions: 1989","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Vinst eller förlust?\" (in Swedish). Gopeking. Retrieved 11 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://gopeking.net.preview.binero.se/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20627&catid=45:kroenikor&Itemid=170","url_text":"\"Vinst eller förlust?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sleipners helt makalösa svit\" (in Swedish). NT. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nepal_Nexus	The Nepal Nexus	["1 Background","2 Reception","3 See also","4 References"]	2019 Nepalese non-fiction book The Nepal Nexus Cover page of the 1st EditionAuthorSudheer SharmaTranslatorSanjay DhakalLanguageEnglishSubjectAn Inside Account of the Maoists, the Durbar and New DelhiGenrePoliticalPublisherPenguin VikingPublication dateOctober 3, 2019Publication placeNepalMedia typePrint (Hardcover)Pages520ISBN9780670089307Preceded byPrayogshala WebsiteOfficial site The Nepal Nexus: An Inside Account of the Maoists, the Durbar and New Delhi is a non-fiction, historical and political book by journalist Sudheer Sharma. It was published on October 3, 2019 by Penguin Viking. This book is a translated and updated version of the author's best-selling Nepali book Prayogshala which was published in 2013. The book deals with different political events that occurred in Nepal in last two decades. While Prayogshala only chronicled the events till 2013, this book contains events that have happened after 2013. The book was translated from Nepali by Sanjay Dhakal. Background Cover of Nepali edition Sharma worked as a war reporter during Nepalese Civil War. He presents various changes that has occurred in Nepal such as the Maoist revolt in Nepal, the royal massacre, the state of emergency, the royal coup by Gyanendra Shah, the people's movement, the establishment of Nepal as a republic, the Madhesh uprising, the Constituent Assembly, federalism, the promulgation of the new Constitution in 2015 and 2015 Nepal blockade. The book also highlights the key people and organizations associated with the major events in the Nepal. The political dynamics between (Royal) Nepal Army, Maoists, Nepal Police, the monarchy (Durbar) and India is also analyzed. Reception Kallol Bhattacherjee of The Hindu reviewed the book as a "must-read to understand India-Nepal ties". See also Unleashing Nepal All Roads Lead North References ^ "7 books about Nepal that you should read to know the country". 9 October 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-04. ^ "The Indian Nexus". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2021-11-04. ^ Sijapati, Alisha (10 February 2020). "Two takes on the Nepal-India nexus". Retrieved 2021-11-04. ^ "Opinion \| The historicism of The Nepal Nexus". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2021-11-04. ^ Bhattacherjee, Kallol (2020-06-06). "'The Nepal Nexus: An Inside Account of the Maoists, the Durbar and New Delhi' review: Chill in the neighbourhood". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2021-11-04.	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The book was translated from Nepali by Sanjay Dhakal.","title":"The Nepal Nexus"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prayogshala_by_Sudheer_Sharma.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nepalese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Maoist revolt in Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"royal massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre"},{"link_name":"2015 Nepal blockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Nepal_blockade"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Cover of Nepali editionSharma worked as a war reporter during Nepalese Civil War. He presents various changes that has occurred in Nepal such as the Maoist revolt in Nepal, the royal massacre, the state of emergency, the royal coup by Gyanendra Shah, the people's movement, the establishment of Nepal as a republic, the Madhesh uprising, the Constituent Assembly, federalism, the promulgation of the new Constitution in 2015 and 2015 Nepal blockade. The book also highlights the key people and organizations associated with the major events in the Nepal. The political dynamics between (Royal) Nepal Army, Maoists, Nepal Police, the monarchy (Durbar) and India is also analyzed.[3][4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Kallol Bhattacherjee of The Hindu reviewed the book as a \"must-read to understand India-Nepal ties\".[5]","title":"Reception"}]	[{"image_text":"Cover of Nepali edition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/Prayogshala_by_Sudheer_Sharma.jpg/220px-Prayogshala_by_Sudheer_Sharma.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Unleashing Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unleashing_Nepal"},{"title":"All Roads Lead North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Roads_Lead_North"}]	[{"reference":"\"7 books about Nepal that you should read to know the country\". 9 October 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.onlinekhabar.com/must-read-books-about-nepal-country.html","url_text":"\"7 books about Nepal that you should read to know the country\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Indian Nexus\". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2021-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://kathmandupost.com/books/2020/04/18/the-indian-nexus","url_text":"\"The Indian Nexus\""}]},{"reference":"Sijapati, Alisha (10 February 2020). \"Two takes on the Nepal-India nexus\". Retrieved 2021-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nepalitimes.com/review/two-takes-on-the-nepal-india-nexus/","url_text":"\"Two takes on the Nepal-India nexus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Opinion \| The historicism of The Nepal Nexus\". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2021-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://kathmandupost.com/columns/2019/12/22/the-historicism-of-the-nepal-nexus","url_text":"\"Opinion \| The historicism of The Nepal Nexus\""}]},{"reference":"Bhattacherjee, Kallol (2020-06-06). \"'The Nepal Nexus: An Inside Account of the Maoists, the Durbar and New Delhi' review: Chill in the neighbourhood\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2021-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/the-nepal-nexus-an-inside-account-of-the-maoists-the-durbar-and-new-delhi-review-chill-in-the-neighbourhood/article31755075.ece","url_text":"\"'The Nepal Nexus: An Inside Account of the Maoists, the Durbar and New Delhi' review: Chill in the neighbourhood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://penguin.co.in/book/nepal-nexus-the","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://english.onlinekhabar.com/must-read-books-about-nepal-country.html","external_links_name":"\"7 books about Nepal that you should read to know the country\""},{"Link":"https://kathmandupost.com/books/2020/04/18/the-indian-nexus","external_links_name":"\"The Indian Nexus\""},{"Link":"https://www.nepalitimes.com/review/two-takes-on-the-nepal-india-nexus/","external_links_name":"\"Two takes on the Nepal-India nexus\""},{"Link":"https://kathmandupost.com/columns/2019/12/22/the-historicism-of-the-nepal-nexus","external_links_name":"\"Opinion \| The historicism of The Nepal Nexus\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/the-nepal-nexus-an-inside-account-of-the-maoists-the-durbar-and-new-delhi-review-chill-in-the-neighbourhood/article31755075.ece","external_links_name":"\"'The Nepal Nexus: An Inside Account of the Maoists, the Durbar and New Delhi' review: Chill in the neighbourhood\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iplik_Bazar%E2%80%93Korkut_Effendi	Iplik Bazar–Korkut Effendi	["1 History","2 Korkut Effendi Quarter - landmarks","2.1 Turunjlu Jami","3 Iplik Pazar Quarter - landmarks","3.1 Iplik Pazar Mosque","3.2 Mosque of the Serai","3.3 Venetian Column","3.4 Büyük Hamam","4 References"]	Coordinates: 35°10′34″N 33°21′40″E / 35.17611°N 33.36111°E / 35.17611; 33.36111 Place in Nicosia District, CyprusIplik Bazar–Korkut Effendi Ιπλίκ Παζάρ-Κορκούτ Εφέντι (Greek)İplik Pazarı-Korkut Efendi (Turkish)Border checkpoint in NicosiaIplik Bazar–Korkut EffendiLocation in CyprusCoordinates: 35°10′34″N 33°21′40″E / 35.17611°N 33.36111°E / 35.17611; 33.36111Country CyprusDistrictNicosia DistrictMunicipalityNicosiaGovernment • MukhtarMehmet AlisinemoğluPopulation (2011) • Total229 Iplik Bazar–Korkut Effendi (Greek: Ιπλίκ Παζάρ-Κορκούτ Εφέντι; Turkish: İplik Pazarı-Korkut Efendi) is a Neighbourhood, Quarter, Mahalla or Parish of Nicosia, Cyprus. It lies in the centre of the walled city. At the last Census (2011) it had a population of 229. The population in 1946 was 556, consisting of 116 Greek Cypriots, 232 Turkish Cypriots and 208 others. History Iplik Pazar and Korkut Effendi are two of the 24 historic Neighbourhoods of Nicosia within the walls. Neither quarter appeared in the first Ottoman Census of 1572, which listed 7 quarters. Nor do they appear among the 12 quarters that existed a century later In the Ottoman census of 1831 they are listed among the 24 quarters, as two of the 15 Moslem quarters of the city. By 1912 the two quarters had been merged into one, within about the same boundaries that have been published in the latest survey Green: Iplik Bazar, Orange: Korkut Effendi (according to survey c. 1878). Pink: other areas in the present combined quarter Korkut Effendi Quarter - landmarks In this division the numerous traces of houses of a superior description such as the much mutilated doors and windows of lower floors and courses of regular masonry, seem to suggest the existence of a Latin parish. Turunjlu Jami The mosque of the district is known as the Turunjlu (Turunçlu) Jami or mosque of the "orange tree." It appears to be a building of 18th century style, in the general form of a church with a narthex or porch at the west end. In all probability it is built on the foundations of a mediaeval Latin church, but neither date nor inscription remains to afford any information on the subject. Iplik Pazar Quarter - landmarks Iplik Pazar means cotton or linen market. This quarter probably represents a Latin parish of which the church has been appropriated as a mosque. Iplik Pazar Mosque Main article: İplik Pazarı Mosque The minaret of Iplik Pazar mosque, with its distinctive stone top, rising above the Iplik Pazar Quarter This is a small 19th century building of the usual simple utilitarian character, which was restored in 1826 and 1899. Attached to it is a singularly short minaret the gallery of which is not higher than the first floor of surrounding buildings. The minaret is older than the main building and is probably the only minaret in Cyprus with a stone conical cap. An older building may have existed on the site, of which the minaret remains, half buried in the mound of earth and debris which has accumulated in this neighbourhood from the decay and ruin of old houses. Mosque of the Serai Main article: Sarayönü Mosque The present Mosque of the Serai is a small building erected in 1903, occupying the site of an older mosque built between 1820 and 1824. It may have been constructed out of the remains of a church. A few gravestones which existed in this former building point to this fact. On one of these gravestones was a fairly complete inscription. The other fragments were too much broken to be decipherable. They have all since been destroyed. Venetian Column Main article: Sarayönü Square In the north-west corner of the quarter lies the Atatürk Square, commonly known as "Sarayönü", square of the former Serai or palace, in the centre of which stands the symbol of Venetian Dominion still preserved : the column which was always set up in the principal piazza of a Venetian town. The column in Nicosia is a particularly interesting example of such a monument on account of the inscription and coats of arms on its base. The shaft of grey granite which measures about 6 metres in height and about 70 cm in diameter is evidently the relic of some important Roman temple. Six coats of arms carved in marble in an early renaissance style originally decorated the six faces of the pedestal. The column was intended to be crowned with a Lion of St. Mark which has disappeared. Until the late 19th century a pole stood close by which probably occupied the same place as the original Venetian flagstaff. This pole was decorated with Turkish flags on festival occasions, much in the same way as in the days when the lion banner of St. Mark floated from it, and proclaimed the sovereignty of the "Serene Republic" in this principal piazza of the capital. The Nicosia column was erected in about the year 1550. It was restored on a new site in the summer of 1915, at a few yards distance from its original emplacement. Büyük Hamam Main article: Büyük Hamam The Büyük Hamam (large bathhouse) stands nearby Iplik Pazar mosque. Although some have suggested that this building is the 14th century church of St. George the Latins, no evidence is forthcoming for such an identification, and this theory overlooks the fact that although the building much resembles a mediaeval church in appearance it does not conform to the invariable planning of such buildings. Instead of lying east and west it is built north and south in a manner which would have been almost impossible until perhaps the period of the Venetian Occupation. The interior is a vaulted hall of three bays. This doorway constructed of mutilated fragments from another building which have been pieced together in a clumsy manner, is remarkable as having been originally an exact replica of the west portal of the church of Akhiropietos Monastery in Kyrenia District). In consequence of the decay of surrounding buildings this Bath House is buried to a depth of about one metre and a half below the present level of the neighbouring roads and lanes. References ^ Mahallas,Nicosia Turkish Municipality "Muhtarlıklar". Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2013. retrieved Dec 2013 ^ a b Census organised by the Turkish Cypriots in the occupied area "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) retrieved October 2013 ^ a b Coexistence in the Disappeared Mixed Neighbourhoods of Nicosia by Ahmet An (Paper read at the conference: Nicosia: The Last Divided Capital in Europe, organized by the London Metropolitan University on 20 June 2011) ^ 6th edition of the publication "Statistical Codes of Municipalities, Communities and Quarters of Cyprus" (publ. Statistical Service of Republic of Cyprus) ^ a b "Quarters of Nicosia" Prepared and published by the Dept. of Lands and Surveys, Cyprus, 1985, Revised 1997. Series DLS30. Scale 1:7500 ^ Census of Cyprus, 1946 ^ a b c d e f g h i "A Description of the Historic Monuments of Cyprus" by George Jeffery,Architect .Publ. Government Printing Office, Nicosia, 1918. ^ Population, taxation and wealth in the cities and villages of Cyprus, by R.C. Jennings, 1986, p. 176 ^ Tragedy 1821 continued (in Greek), by I.P. Theocharides and S. Andreev, pub. Nicosia, 1996 ^ Map of Nicosia, 1912, publ by Stanfords, Longacre, London vteQuarters of North NicosiaInside the walled city Arabahmet Akkavuk Ayluka/Ayyıldız Kafesli Haydarpaşa İbrahimpaşa İplikpazarı Karamanzade Mahmutpaşa Selimiye Yenicami Outside the walled city Aydemet/Ayios Dometios Çağlayan Göçmenköy Hamitköy Haspolat Kizilbash Kumsal Köşklüçiftlik Küçük Kaymaklı/Omorfita Kızılay Marmara Ortaköy Taşkınköy Yenişehir	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Mahalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalla"},{"link_name":"Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"Nicosia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicosia"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coexistence-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quarters-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tc_census-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cen46-6"}],"text":"Place in Nicosia District, CyprusIplik Bazar–Korkut Effendi (Greek: Ιπλίκ Παζάρ-Κορκούτ Εφέντι; Turkish: İplik Pazarı-Korkut Efendi) is a Neighbourhood, Quarter, Mahalla or Parish of Nicosia, Cyprus.[3][4] It lies in the centre of the walled city.[5]At the last Census (2011) it had a population of 229.[2] The population in 1946 was 556,[6] consisting of 116 Greek Cypriots, 232 Turkish Cypriots and 208 others.","title":"Iplik Bazar–Korkut Effendi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coexistence-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeffery-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quarters-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iplik_Bazar_and_Korkut_Effendi_map.jpg"}],"text":"Iplik Pazar and Korkut Effendi are two of the 24 historic Neighbourhoods of Nicosia within the walls.[3][7]Neither quarter appeared in the first Ottoman Census of 1572, which listed 7 quarters. Nor do they appear among the 12 quarters that existed a century later [8] In the Ottoman census of 1831 they are listed among the 24 quarters, as two of the 15 Moslem quarters of the city.[9] By 1912 the two quarters had been merged into one,[10] within about the same boundaries that have been published in the latest survey [5]Green: Iplik Bazar, Orange: Korkut Effendi (according to survey c. 1878). Pink: other areas in the present combined quarter","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeffery-7"}],"text":"In this division the numerous traces of houses of a superior description such as the much mutilated doors and windows of lower floors and courses of regular masonry, seem to suggest the existence of a Latin parish.[7]","title":"Korkut Effendi Quarter - landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeffery-7"}],"sub_title":"Turunjlu Jami","text":"The mosque of the district is known as the Turunjlu (Turunçlu) Jami or mosque of the \"orange tree.\" It appears to be a building of 18th century style, in the general form of a church with a narthex or porch at the west end. In all probability it is built on the foundations of a mediaeval Latin church, but neither date nor inscription remains to afford any information on the subject.[7]","title":"Korkut Effendi Quarter - landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeffery-7"}],"text":"Iplik Pazar means cotton or linen market. This quarter probably represents a Latin parish of which the church has been appropriated as a mosque.[7]","title":"Iplik Pazar Quarter - landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iplik_Pazar_Nicosia.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeffery-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeffery-7"}],"sub_title":"Iplik Pazar Mosque","text":"The minaret of Iplik Pazar mosque, with its distinctive stone top, rising above the Iplik Pazar QuarterThis is a small 19th century building of the usual simple utilitarian character, which was restored in 1826 and 1899. Attached to it is a singularly short minaret the gallery of which is not higher than the first floor of surrounding buildings. The minaret is older than the main building and is probably the only minaret in Cyprus with a stone conical cap.[7]An older building may have existed on the site, of which the minaret remains, half buried in the mound of earth and debris which has accumulated in this neighbourhood from the decay and ruin of old houses.[7]","title":"Iplik Pazar Quarter - landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeffery-7"}],"sub_title":"Mosque of the Serai","text":"The present Mosque of the Serai is a small building erected in 1903, occupying the site of an older mosque built between 1820 and 1824. It may have been constructed out of the remains of a church. A few gravestones which existed in this former building point to this fact. On one of these gravestones was a fairly complete inscription. The other fragments were too much broken to be decipherable. They have all since been destroyed.[7]","title":"Iplik Pazar Quarter - landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atatürk Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Square"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeffery-7"}],"sub_title":"Venetian Column","text":"In the north-west corner of the quarter lies the Atatürk Square, commonly known as \"Sarayönü\", square of the former Serai or palace, in the centre of which stands the symbol of Venetian Dominion still preserved : the column which was always set up in the principal piazza of a Venetian town. The column in Nicosia is a particularly interesting example of such a monument on account of the inscription and coats of arms on its base. The shaft of grey granite which measures about 6 metres in height and about 70 cm in diameter is evidently the relic of some important Roman temple. Six coats of arms carved in marble in an early renaissance style originally decorated the six faces of the pedestal.The column was intended to be crowned with a Lion of St. Mark which has disappeared.Until the late 19th century a pole stood close by which probably occupied the same place as the original Venetian flagstaff. This pole was decorated with Turkish flags on festival occasions, much in the same way as in the days when the lion banner of St. Mark floated from it, and proclaimed the sovereignty of the \"Serene Republic\" in this principal piazza of the capital.The Nicosia column was erected in about the year 1550. It was restored on a new site in the summer of 1915, at a few yards distance from its original emplacement.[7]","title":"Iplik Pazar Quarter - landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeffery-7"}],"sub_title":"Büyük Hamam","text":"The Büyük Hamam (large bathhouse) stands nearby Iplik Pazar mosque. Although some have suggested that this building is the 14th century church of St. George the Latins, no evidence is forthcoming for such an identification, and this theory overlooks the fact that although the building much resembles a mediaeval church in appearance it does not conform to the invariable planning of such buildings. Instead of lying east and west it is built north and south in a manner which would have been almost impossible until perhaps the period of the Venetian Occupation.[7]The interior is a vaulted hall of three bays. This doorway constructed of mutilated fragments from another building which have been pieced together in a clumsy manner, is remarkable as having been originally an exact replica of the west portal of the church of Akhiropietos Monastery in Kyrenia District).In consequence of the decay of surrounding buildings this Bath House is buried to a depth of about one metre and a half below the present level of the neighbouring roads and lanes.","title":"Iplik Pazar Quarter - landmarks"}]	[{"image_text":"Green: Iplik Bazar, Orange: Korkut Effendi (according to survey c. 1878). Pink: other areas in the present combined quarter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Iplik_Bazar_and_Korkut_Effendi_map.jpg/286px-Iplik_Bazar_and_Korkut_Effendi_map.jpg"},{"image_text":"The minaret of Iplik Pazar mosque, with its distinctive stone top, rising above the Iplik Pazar Quarter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Iplik_Pazar_Nicosia.jpg/358px-Iplik_Pazar_Nicosia.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Muhtarlıklar\". Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131031041037/http://www.lefkosabelediyesi.org/tr/index.php/lefkosa/resmi-kurumlar/muhtarl-klar","url_text":"\"Muhtarlıklar\""},{"url":"http://www.lefkosabelediyesi.org/tr/index.php/lefkosa/resmi-kurumlar/muhtarl-klar","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131106001538/http://www.devplan.org/Nufus-2011/nufus%20ikinci_.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.devplan.org/Nufus-2011/nufus%20ikinci_.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iplik_Bazar%E2%80%93Korkut_Effendi&params=35_10_34_N_33_21_40_E_region:CY_type:city","external_links_name":"35°10′34″N 33°21′40″E / 35.17611°N 33.36111°E / 35.17611; 33.36111"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iplik_Bazar%E2%80%93Korkut_Effendi&params=35_10_34_N_33_21_40_E_region:CY_type:city","external_links_name":"35°10′34″N 33°21′40″E / 35.17611°N 33.36111°E / 35.17611; 33.36111"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131031041037/http://www.lefkosabelediyesi.org/tr/index.php/lefkosa/resmi-kurumlar/muhtarl-klar","external_links_name":"\"Muhtarlıklar\""},{"Link":"http://www.lefkosabelediyesi.org/tr/index.php/lefkosa/resmi-kurumlar/muhtarl-klar","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131106001538/http://www.devplan.org/Nufus-2011/nufus%20ikinci_.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.devplan.org/Nufus-2011/nufus%20ikinci_.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}]

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