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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_2018 | List of Hindi films of 2018 | ["1 Box office collection","2 January–March","3 April–June","4 July–September","5 October–December","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References"] | Hindi cinema
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1950 1951 1952 1953 19541955 1956 1957 1958 1959
1960s
1960 1961 1962 1963 19641965 1966 1967 1968 1969
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1970 1971 1972 1973 19741975 1976 1977 1978 1979
1980s
1980 1981 1982 1983 19841985 1986 1987 1988 1989
1990s
1990 1991 1992 1993 19941995 1996 1997 1998 1999
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2000 2001 2002 2003 20042005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2010s
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
2020s
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
vte
This is a list of Bollywood (Indian Hindi-language) films that have been released in 2018.
Box office collection
The Highest-grossing Bollywood films released in 2018, by worldwide box office gross revenue, are as follows.
Highest worldwide gross of 2018
Rank
Title
Production Company
Distributor
Worldwide Gross
Ref.
1
Sanju
Vinod Chopra FilmsRajkumar Hirani Films
Fox Star Studios
₹586.85 crore (US$85.81 million)
2
Padmaavat
Bhansali Productions
Viacom18 Studios
₹571.98 crore (US$83.64 million)
3
Andhadhun
Matchbox Pictures
₹456.89 crore (US$66.81 million)
4
Simmba
Dharma ProductionsRohit Shetty Picturez
Reliance Entertainment
₹400.19 crore (US$58.52 million)
5
Thugs of Hindostan
Yash Raj Films
₹335 crore (US$48.98 million)
6
Race 3
Salman Khan Films
Tips Films
₹303 crore (US$44.31 million)
7
Baaghi 2
Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment
Fox Star Studios
₹254.33 crore (US$37.19 million)
8
Hichki
Yash Raj Films
₹239.79 crore (US$35.06 million)
9
Badhaai Ho
Junglee PicturesChrome Pictures
AA Films
₹221.44 crore (US$32.38 million)
10
Pad Man
Columbia PicturesSony Pictures International ProductionsHope ProductionsKriArj EntertainmentMrs. Funnybones Movies
Sony Pictures Releasing
₹212.02 crore (US$31 million)
January–March
Opening
Title
Director
Cast
Production house
Ref.
JAN
12
1921
Vikram Bhatt
Zareen Khan, Karan Kundra, Tobby Hinston, Sonia Armstrong
Reliance Entertainment, LoneRanger Productions, Motion Picture Capital, Uniseller Production
Kaalakaandi
Akshat Verma
Saif Ali Khan, Isha Talwar, Shenaz Treasury, Akshay Oberoi, Vijay Raaz, Deepak Dobriyal, Sobhita Dhulipala, Kunaal Roy Kapur, Nary Singh
Cinestaan Film Company
Mukkabaaz
Anurag Kashyap
Vineet Kumar Singh, Zoya Hussain, Ravi Kishan, Jimmy Sheirgill
Eros International, Colour Yellow Productions
15
Phir Se...
Kunal Kohli
Jennifer Winget, Kunal Kohli, Rajit Kapur
Bombay Film Company
19
My Birthday Song
Samir Soni
Sanjay Suri, Nora Fatehi, Pitobash
Kahwa entertainment
Vodka Diaries
Kushal Srivastava
Kay Kay Menon, Mandira Bedi, Raima Sen, Sharib Hashmi
K'Scope Entertainment Pvt Ltd & Vishalraj Films & Production Pvt Ltd
Nirdosh
Pradeep Rangwani
Arbaaz Khan, Manjari Fadnis, Ashmit Patel, Mukul Dev, Mahek Chahal
UV Films
Union Leader
Sanjay Patel
Rahul Bhat, Tillotama Shome
Dim Light Pictures
25
Padmaavat
Sanjay Leela Bhansali
Shahid Kapoor, Deepika Padukone, Ranveer Singh, Aditi Rao Hydari
Paramount Pictures, Viacom 18 Motion Pictures, Bhansali Productions
FEB
9
Pad Man
R. Balki
Akshay Kumar, Sonam Kapoor, Radhika Apte
Mrs Funnybones Movies, Columbia Pictures, KriArj Entertainment, Cape of Good Films, Hope Productions
14
Love per Square Foot
Anand Tiwari
Vicky Kaushal, Angira Dhar, Alankrita Sahai, Raghubir Yadav
RSVP Movies, Netflix
16
Aiyaary
Neeraj Pandey
Sidharth Malhotra, Manoj Bajpayee, Rakul Preet Singh, Pooja Chopra, Anupam Kher, Naseeruddin Shah
Plan C Studios, Reliance Entertainment, Pen India Limited, Motion Picture Capital, Friday Filmworks
Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz
Onir
Zain Khan Durrani, Geetanjali Thapa
Yoodlee Films
Jaane Kyun De Yaaron
Akshay Anand
Raghu Raja, Abhishek Sharma, Kabir Bedi, Chetna Pande, Viju Khote
NeelRishiFilms, Theatre King
23
Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety
Luv Ranjan
Kartik Aaryan, Nushrat Bharucha, Sunny Nijar
T-Series Films, Luv Films
MAR
2
Pari
Prosit Roy
Anushka Sharma, Parambrata Chatterjee, Rajat Kapoor, Ritabhari Chakraborty, Mansi Multani
Clean Slate Films, KriArj Entertainment, Kyta Productions
Veerey Ki Wedding
Ashu Trikha
Pulkit Samrat, Jimmy Sheirgill, Kriti Kharbanda, Satish Kaushik, Yuvika Chaudhary, Supriya Karnik
Panorama Studios
9
Hate Story IV
Vishal Pandya
Urvashi Rautela, Vivan Bhatena, Karan Wahi, Ihana Dhillon, Gulshan Grover, Tia Bajpai, Shaad Randhawa
T-Series Films
Dil Juunglee
Aleya Sen
Saqib Saleem, Tapsee Pannu, Abhilash Thapleyal, Nidhi Singh, Srishti Srivastava, Ayesha Khaduskar
Pooja Entertainment
3 Storeys
Arjun Mukerjee
Richa Chaddha, Pulkit Samrat, Sharman Joshi, Renuka Shahane, Masumeh Makhija, Laksh Singh, Aisha Ahmed, Ankit Rathi
B4U Motion Pictures, Excel Entertainment, Open Air Films
16
Raid
Raj Kumar Gupta
Ajay Devgn, Ileana D'Cruz, Saurabh Shukla
T-Series Films, Panorama Studios
23
Hichki
Siddharth P Malhotra
Rani Mukerji
Yash Raj Films
Shaadi Teri Bajayenge Hum Band
Gurpreet Sondh
Rajpal Yadav, Mushtaq Khan, Rahul Bagga, Rohit Kumar, Dilbagh Singh, Naresh Gosain, Afreen Alvi, Radha Bhatt
Rangrezaa Films
30
Baaghi 2
Ahmed Khan
Tiger Shroff, Disha Patani, Manoj Bajpayee, Randeep Hooda, Prateik Babbar
Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment, Fox Star Studios
April–June
Opening
Title
Director
Cast
Production house
Ref.
APR
6
Blackmail
Abhinay Deo
Irrfan Khan, Kirti Kulhari, Arunoday Singh, Divya Dutta, Omi Vaidya
T-Series Films, RDP
Missing
Mukul Abhyankar
Tabu, Manoj Bajpayee, Annu Kapoor
Anand Pandit Motion Pictures, Sri Adhikari Brothers, Friday Filmworks, Abundantia Entertainment
13
October
Shoojit Sircar
Varun Dhawan, Banita Sandhu, Gitanjali Rao
Rising Sun Films, Kino Works
Mercury
Karthik Subbaraj
Prabhu Deva, Sananth Reddy, Remya Nambeesan
Pen India Limited, Stone Bench Films
Zoo
Shlok Sharma
Shweta Tripathi, Shashank Arora, Rahul Kumar
Bahadur Films
20
Beyond the Clouds
Majid Majidi
Ishaan Khatter, Malavika Mohanan
Zee Studios, Named Pictures
Nanu Ki Jaanu
Faraz Haider
Patralekhaa, Abhay Deol, Sapna Chaudhary
Inbox Pictures
27
Daas Dev
Sudhir Mishra
Richa Chaddha, Aditi Rao Hydari, Rahul Bhat, Saurabh Shukla, Vipin Sharma, Vineet Kumar Singh, Dalip Tahil, Anurag Kashyap
Saptrishi Cinevision, Storm Motion Pictures
Meri Nimmo
M.M Shanklya
Anjali Patil, Karan Dave
Eros International, Colour Yellow Productions
MAY
4
102 Not Out
Umesh Shukla
Amitabh Bachchan, Rishi Kapoor
Sony Pictures India, Treetop Entertainment, Benchmark Pictures
Omerta
Hansal Mehta
Rajkummar Rao
Swiss Entertainment, Karma Features
11
Raazi
Meghna Gulzar
Vicky Kaushal, Alia Bhatt
Junglee Pictures, Dharma Productions
Hope Aur Hum
Sudip Bandyopadhyay
Naseeruddin Shah, Sonali Kulkarni, Aamir Bashir
PVR Pictures, Thumbnail Pictures
Falooda
Dhiraj Singh
Aarav Negi, Goonj Chand, Azhar, Pihu Sharma, Dhiraj Singh
Vaibav laxmi Films, Shree S.J Entertainment, Dev Gayatri Entertainment
18
High Jack
Akash Khurana
Sumeet Vyas, Sonnalli Seygall, Mantra, Taaruk Raina, Priyanshu Painyuli, Kumud Mishra, Natasha Rastogi
Phantom Films
Khajoor Pe Atke
Harsh Chhaya
Vinay Pathak, Manoj Pahwa, Seema Pahwa, Dolly Ahluwalia, Sabah Kapoor
Welcome Friends Production
25
Parmanu: The Story Of Pokhran
Abhishek Sharma
John Abraham, Diana Penty, Boman Irani
Zee Studios, Kyta Productions, Pooja Entertainment, JA Entertainment
Bioscopewala
Deb Medhekar
Danny Denzongpa, Geetanjali Thapa, Tisca Chopra, Adil Hussain
Fox Star Studios
JUN
1
Veere Di Wedding
Shashanka Ghosh
Kareena Kapoor, Sonam Kapoor, Swara Bhaskar, Shikha Talsania, Sumeet Vyas
Balaji Motion Pictures, Anil Kapoor Film & Communication Network, Saffron Broadcast & Media
Bhavesh Joshi Superhero
Vikramaditya Motwane
Harshvardhan Kapoor, Priyanshu Painyuli, Nishikant Kamat
Eros International, Phantom Films
Phamous
Karan Lalit Butani
Jackie Shroff, Jimmy Sheirgill, Kay Kay Menon, Shriya Saran, Mahie Gill, Pankaj Tripathi
Vidisha Productions Pvt. Ltd.
15
Race 3
Remo D'Souza
Anil Kapoor, Bobby Deol, Daisy Shah, Freddy Daruwala, Jacqueline Fernandez, Salman Khan, Saqib Saleem
Salman Khan Films, Tips Industries
Lust Stories
Anurag Kashyap, Karan Johar, Zoya Akhtar, Dibakar Banerjee
Radhika Apte, Sanjay Kapoor, Kiara Advani, Vicky Kaushal, Neha Dhupia, Neil Bhoopalam, Bhumi Pednekar, Manisha Koirala, Akash Thosar
RSVP Movies, Flying Unicorn Entertainment, Netflix
29
Sanju
Rajkumar Hirani
Ranbir Kapoor
Fox Star Studios, Vinod Chopra Films, Rajkumar Hirani Films
July–September
Opening
Title
Director
Cast
Production house
Ref.
JUL
6
Hanuman vs Mahiravana
Ezhil Vendan
Green Gold Animations
13
Soorma
Shaad Ali
Diljit Dosanjh, Taapsee Pannu, Angad Bedi
Sony Pictures Networks Productions, CS Films
20
When Obama Loved Osama
Sudhish Kumar Sharma
Mousam Sharma, Swati Bakshi, Rahul Avana, Mohit Baghel, Heena Panchal, Hemant Pandey, Vikas Giri Manoj Bakshi, Himani Shivpuri,
Shape Entertainment
Dhadak
Shashank Khaitan
Ishaan Khatter, Jhanvi Kapoor
Zee Studios, Dharma Productions
27
Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3
Tigmanshu Dhulia
Sanjay Dutt, Jimmy Sheirgill, Mahi Gill, Chitrangada Singh, Soha Ali Khan
Raju Chadha Films, Rahul Mittra Films, Jar Pictures, Wave Cinemas
Nawabzaade
Jayesh Pradhan
Raghav Juyal, Punit Pathak, Dharmesh Yelande, Isha Rikhi
Remo D'Souza Entertainment
AUG
3
Fanney Khan
Atul Manjrekar
Anil Kapoor, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Rajkummar Rao, Karan Singh Chhabra, Divya Dutta
T-Series Films, Anil Kapoor Film & Communication Network, ROMP Pictures
Mulk
Anubhav Sinha
Rishi Kapoor, Prateik Babbar, Rajat Kapoor, Taapsee Pannu, Ashutosh Rana, Manoj Pahwa, Neena Gupta
Soham Rockstar Entertainment
Brij Mohan Amar Rahe!
Nikhil Bhatt
Arjun Mathur, Nidhi Singh, Vijayant Kohli, Sunny Hinduja
Yoodlee Films, Netflix
Laxmi and Tikli Bomb
Aditya Kripalani
Vibhawari Deshpande, Suchitra Pillai, Chitraganda Chakraborty, Upendra Limaye
Mumba Devi Motion Pictures
Karwaan
Akarsh Khurana
Irrfan Khan, Dulquer Salman, Mithila Palkar, Kriti Kharbanda
RSVP Movies
15
Gold
Reema Kagti
Akshay Kumar, Kunal Kapoor, Mouni Roy, Amit Sadh
Excel Entertainment
Satyameva Jayate
Milap Zaveri
John Abraham, Manoj Bajpayee, Aisha Sharma, Amruta Khanvilkar
T-Series Films, Emmay Entertainment
24
Genius
Anil Sharma
Utkarsh Sharma, Ishita Chauhan, Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Ayesha Jhulka
Soham Rockstar Entertainment
Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi
Mudassar Aziz
Sonakshi Sinha, Diana Penty, Ali Fazal, Jimmy Shergill, Jassi Gill
Eros International, Colour Yellow Productions
Toba Tek Singh
Ketan Mehta
Pankaj Kapur, Vinay Pathak
Maya Movies
31
Yamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se
Navaniat Singh
Dharmendra, Sunny Deol, Bobby Deol, Kriti Kharbanda
Sunny Sounds, Intercut Entertainment, Pen India Limited, Soham Rockstar Entertainment
Stree
Amar Kaushik
Rajkummar Rao, Shraddha Kapoor, Aparshakti Khurana, Pankaj Tripathi
Maddock Films, D2R Films, Jio Studios
SEP
1
Once Again
Kanwal Sethi
Shefali Shah, Neeraj Kabi
Neufilm, JAR Pictures, Crawling Angel Films, Ascending Films
7
Paltan
J. P. Dutta
Jackie Shroff, Sonu Sood, Arjun Rampal, Gurmeet Choudhary, Siddhanth Kapoor, Harshvardhan Rane, Luv Sinha, Esha Gupta, Monica Gill, Sonal Chauhan, Dipika Kakar, Aditii Arya Sharma
Zee Studios, JP Films
Laila Majnu
Sajid Ali
Mir Sarwar, Avinash Tiwary, Tripti Dimri, Ruchika Kapoor
Balaji Motion Pictures, Pi Films
Gali Guleiyan
Dipesh Jain
Manoj Bajpayee, Ranvir Shorey, Neeraj Kabi, Shahana Goswami
PVR Pictures
Halkaa
Nila Madhab Panda
Ranvir Shorey, Paoli Dam, Tathastu, Kumud Mishra
Shiv Nadar Foundation, Akshay Parija Productions, Eleeanora Images
14
Manmarziyaan
Anurag Kashyap
Abhishek Bachchan, Vicky Kaushal, Taapsee Pannu
Eros International, Colour Yellow Productions, Phantom Films
Love Sonia
Tabrez Noorani
Mrunal Thakur, Freida Pinto, Manoj Bajpayee, Rajkummar Rao, Richa Chadda, Anupam Kher, Adil Hussain, Sai Tamhankar
Tamasha Talkies, Womark/Noorani Productions, Love Sonia Films, India Take One Productions
Mitron
Nitin Kakar
Jackky Bhagnani, Kritika Kamra, Pratik Gandhi, Neeraj Sood
Abundantia Entertainment
21
Batti Gul Meter Chalu
Shree Narayan Singh
Shahid Kapoor, Shraddha Kapoor, Divyendu Sharma, Yami Gautam
T-Series Films, Krti Pictures
Manto
Nandita Das
Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Tahir Raj Bhasin, Rasika Dugal, Rajshri Deshpande
HP Studios, FilmStoc, Viacom18 Motion Pictures, Nandita Das Initiatives
Ishqeria
Prerna Wadhawan
Neil Nitin Mukesh, Richa Chaddha
Swarp Films & Yen Movies
28
Sui Dhaaga
Sharat Katariya
Varun Dhawan, Anushka Sharma
Yash Raj Films
Pataakha
Vishal Bhardwaj
Sanya Malhotra, Sunil Grover, Radhika Madan
Kyta Productions, B4U Motion Pictures, Vishal Bhardwaj Films
October–December
Opening
Title
Director
Cast
Production house
Ref.
OCT
5
Loveyatri
Abhiraj Minawala
Aayush Sharma, Warina Hussain
Salman Khan Films
Andhadhun
Sriram Raghavan
Ayushman Khurana, Tabu, Radhika Apte
Viacom18 Motion Pictures, Matchbox Pictures
12
Jalebi
Pushpdeep Bhardwaj
Rhea Chakraborty, Digangana Suryavanshi, Varun Mitra
Vishesh Films, Viacom18 Motion Pictures
Helicopter Eela
Pradeep Sarkar
Kajol, Riddhi Sen, Neha Dhupia, Tota Roy Choudhury
Pen India Limited, Ajay Devgn FFilms
FryDay
Abhishek Dogra
Govinda, Varun Sharma
Inbox Pictures, PVR Pictures
Tumbbad
Rahi Anil Barve
Soham ShahHarish Khanna, Anita Date
Eros International, Soham Shah Films, Colour Yellow Productions
18
Namaste England
Vipul Shah
Arjun Kapoor, Parineeti Chopra, Aditya Seal, Alankrita Sahai, Anil Mange, Satish Kaushik
Pen India Limited, Reliance Entertainment, Blockbuster Movie Entertainers
Badhaai Ho
Amit Ravindernath Sharma
Ayushman Khurrana, Neena Gupta, Gajraj Rao, Surekha Sikri, Sanya Malhotra
Junglee Pictures, Chrome Pictures
26
Baazaar
Gauravv K. Chawla
Saif Ali Khan, Radhika Apte, Chitrangada Singh, Denzil Smith, Rohan Mehra, Sonia Balani
Viacom18 Motion Pictures, Kyta Productions, B4U Motion Pictures, Emmay Entertainment
5 Weddings
Namrata Singh Gujral
Rajkummar Rao, Nargis Fakhri, Bo Derek, Candy Clark, Anneliese van der Pol, Suvinder Vicky
Uniglobe Entertainment
Kaashi in Search of Ganga
Dhiraj Kumar
Sharman Joshi, Aishwarya Devan, Govind Namdev, Manoj Joshi, Manoj Pahwa, Akhilendra Mishra
Insite India
Dassehra
Manish Vatsalya
Neil Nitin Mukesh, Tina Desai, Govind Namdev
Rash Production
NOV
8
Thugs of Hindostan
Vijay Krishna Acharya
Amitabh Bachchan, Aamir Khan, Fatima Sana Shaikh, Katrina Kaif, Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub
Yash Raj Films
16
Mohalla Assi
Chandraprakash Dwivedi
Sunny Deol, Sakshi Tanwar, Ravi Kishan, Saurabh Shukla, Mukesh Tiwari, Rajendra Gupta, Mithilesh Chaturvedi
Crossword Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
Pihu
Vinod Kapri
Myra Vishwakarma, Prerna Sharma
RSVP Movies, Roy Kapur Films
Hotel Milan
Vishal Mishra
Kunaal Roy Kapur, Karishma Sharma, Zeishan Quadri, Jaideep Ahlawat, Rajesh Sharma, Zakir Hussain
AD Films
21
Tigers
Danis Tanović
Emraan Hashmi, Khalid Abdalla, Geetanjali Thapa, Supriya Pathak
Sikhya Entertainment, A.S.A.P. Films
23
Bhaiaji Superhit
Neerraj Pathak
Sunny Deol, Preity Zinta, Ameesha Patel, Arshad Warsi, Shreyas Talpade, Evelyn Sharma
Metro Movies
29
2.0
S Shankar
Rajnikanth, Amy Jackson, Akshay Kumar, Adil Hussain, Sudhanshu Pandey
Lyca Productions, Dharma Productions
30
Rajma Chawal
Leena Yadav
Rishi Kapoor, Anirudh Tanwar, Amyra Dastur
SaarthiE Entertainment, Netflix
DEC
7
Kedarnath
Abhishek Kapoor
Sushant Singh Rajput, Sara Ali Khan
RSVP Movies, Guy in the Sky Pictures
14
Ascharyachakit!
Samit Kakkad
Priyanka Bose, Vaibhav Raj Gupta, Ankit Raaj, Anangsha Biswas, Santosh Juvekar
Yoodlee Films, Samit Kakkad Films
21
Zero
Aanand L. Rai
Shah Rukh Khan, Katrina Kaif, Anushka Sharma, Abhay Deol, Tigmanshu Dhulia
Red Chillies Entertainment, Colour Yellow Productions
28
Simmba
Rohit Shetty
Ranveer Singh, Sara Ali Khan, Sonu Sood
Reliance Entertainment, Dharma Productions, Rohit Shetty Picturez
See also
Lists of Hindi films
List of Bollywood films of 2019
List of Bollywood films of 2017
Notes
^ Pad Man worldwide gross:
India – ₹104.9 crore
China – ₹66.91 crore
Japan – ₹4.8 crore
Other territories – $4.78 million (₹35.41 crore)
References
^ "Hindi Movie Releases in 2018". BookMyShow.
^ "Sanju Box Office Collection till Now". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
^ "Padmaavat Box Office coollection". Bollywood Hungama.
^ "Andhadhun Box Office Collection". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
^ "Simmba Box Office Collection till Now". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
^ "Zero, Race 3 and Thugs of Hindostan: Presenting the Khans' box-office report of 2018". The Indian Express. 31 December 2018.
^ "Race 3 Goes Past 303 crore Worldwide". Box Office India. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
^ "Baaghi 2 Box Office Collection". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
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^ Adarsh, Taran (9 November 2018). "Taran Adarsh on Twitter". Twitter.
^ "Badhaai Ho: Box Office". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ a b "Pad Man Box Office Collection till Now- Bollywood Hungama". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
^ "China box office: Pad Man collects USD 0.14 million on Day 14; closes business in China at Rs. 66.91 cr". Bollywood Hungama. 29 December 2018.
^ Adarsh, Taran (21 January 2019). "#PadMan gains momentum over the weekend in #Japan... Currently running in Week 7... 23 locations this week ... Fri ¥ 336,500 Sat ¥ 823,900 Sun ¥ 860,200 Total till 20 Jan 2019: ¥ 73,576,400 @comScore" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ "Vikram Bhatt's 1921 Starring Zareen & Karan Kundra Gets A Release Date". 5 August 2017.
^ "1921". BookMyShow. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
^ "Kaalakandi". BookMyShow.
^ Adarsh, Taran (6 December 2017). "First look poster of #Kaalakaandi... Stars Saif Ali Khan... Trailer out today ... 12 Jan 2018 release. https://t.co/aXRymDcR4a" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "Anurag Kashyap Directorial 'Mukkabaaz' To Release On 12 January 2018 - BollywoodCat.com". 11 October 2017.
^ "Mukkabaaz". BookMyShow.
^ "Kunal Kohli to make his Bollywood debut with Jennifer Winget in 'Phir Se!'". The Times of India.
^ "My Birthday Song". BookMyShow.
^ Johar, Karan (13 December 2017). "First look of the psychological thriller #MyBirthdaySong starring @sanjaysuri & @Norafatehi written & directed by @samirsoni123 @MyBirthdaySong @kahwafilms https://t.co/5oNVgIwT1q" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "Vodka Diaries". BookMyShow. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ "Nirdosh". BookMyShow.
^ Adarsh, Taran (21 December 2017). "#Nirdosh to now release on 19 Jan 2018... Stars Arbaaz Khan, Manjari Fadnnis, Ashmit Patel, Maheck Chahal and Mukul Dev... Poster: https://t.co/TF6fZCQ7HC" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "Union Leader". BookMyShow.
^ Adarsh, Taran (1 December 2017). "After its Asian premiere at #IFFI2017 Goa, #UnionLeader to release in India on 19 Jan 2018... Stars Rahul Bhat and Tillotama Shome... Directed by Sanjay Patel... Poster: https://t.co/7mmmIUoKWU" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
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^ "Padmaavat". BookMyShow.
^ "Pad Man: Akshay Kumar shares a happy new poster, reveals release date". 29 October 2017.
^ "Pad Man". BookMyShow.
^ "Love Per Square Foot – Netflix Official Site". www.netflix.com. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
^ "Love Per Square Foot". BookMyShow.
^ "Aiyaary averts clash with PadMan, will now release on February 16". 5 February 2018.
^ "Aiyaary". BookMyShow.
^ "Watch Theatrical Trailer (Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz) Now". Bollywood Hungama.
^ "Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz". BookMyShow.
^ "Jaane Kyun De Yaaron". BookMyShow. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
^ "Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety". BookMyShow.
^ Adarsh, Taran (22 November 2017). "#PyaarKaPunchnama director Luv Ranjan's #SonuKeTituKiSweety to release on 9 Feb 2018 to coincide with Valentine's Day … Produced by TSeries and Luv Films... Stars Kartik Aaryan, Nushrat Bharucha and Sunny Singh... Here's a pic from the movie: https://t.co/uvR0EfPc66" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ ""I'm excited to take up a genre like this" – says Anushka Sharma about her upcoming film Pari". filmfare.com.
^ "Pari 2018". BookMyShow.
^ Adarsh, Taran (4 February 2018). "#VeereyKiWedding release date changed.. Was slated for release on 9 March 2018... Will release one week earlier now: 2 March 2018... Stars Pulkit Samrat, Kriti Kharbanda and Jimmy Sheirgill... Ashuu Trikha directs" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "Veerey Ki Wedding". BookMyShow.
^ "Shooting for Urvashi Rautela starrer Hate Story 4 wrapped up". 12 November 2017.
^ "Hate Story 4". BookMyShow.
^ "Dil Juunglee". BookMyShow.
^ Adarsh, Taran (9 February 2018). "Following the changes in the release date of #Padmaavat, #PadMan and #Aiyaary, #DilJuunglee - which was scheduled for release on 16 Feb 2018 - has been shifted to next month... The Taapsee Pannu - Saqib Saleem starrer will now release on 9 March 2018" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "3 Storeys teaser: Farhan Akhtar's next production venture uncovers stories hidden inside a chawl". 7 December 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
^ "3 Storeys". BookMyShow. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
^ "Raid". BookMyShow. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
^ "Thugs of Hindostan, Tiger Zinda Hai, Hichki release dates announced by YRF: Here's when they come to theatres". Firstpost. 15 September 2017.
^ "Hichki". BookMyShow.
^ T-Series (6 February 2018). "Here's the official teaser of #ShaadiTeriBajayengeHumBand st. #RajpalYadav, #RahulBagga - https://t.co/xLQBagdoLX Releasing on 23rd March. https://t.co/4SHA3AgKot" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "Shaadi Teri Bajayenge Hum Band". BookMyShow.
^ "Baaghi 2". BookMyShow.
^ Singh, Hemant (30 December 2022). "October Movie Review – Site Juggler". Site Juggler. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
^ "Shlok Sharma Zoo movie is now Available on Netflix". Bumppy. 9 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
^ "The direct-to-digital film 'Meri Nimmo' releases today". The Times of India. 27 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
^ Adarsh, Taran (16 April 2018). "Naseeruddin Shah. Sonali Kulkarni. Aamir Bashir... First look poster of the slice-of-life story #HopeAurHum... Sudip Bandyopadhyay directs... Produced by Samira Bandyopadhyay... 11 May 2018 release... #PVRPictures https://t.co/smhBoZeUXW" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "Falooda Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Mumbai". BookMyShow.
^ Checkout Details High Jack Movie http://www.bollywoodfare.com/2018/03/high-jack-movie-2018-release-date-cast.html
^ "Khajoor Pe Atke movie review: Manoj Pahwa, Vinay Pathak's film lacks steam". Hindustan Times.
^ a b "Parmanu The Story of Pokhran movie review: The climax of John Abraham's film keeps you hooked". Hindustan Times.
^ "Sonam Kapoor announces 'Veere Di Wedding' release date with new film poster - Bollywood films to look forward in 2018". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
^ "Bollywood Raises Eyebrows With 'Sex And The City'-Style Rom-Com". NPR.
^ "'Bhavesh Joshi Superhero': The release date of the film postponed to June 1 – Desi superheroes of Bollywood". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
^ "Phamous trailer: Jackie Shroff, Kay Kay Menon, Pankaj Tripathi let out their wild sides as Chambal thugs". Firstpost. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
^ a b "Salman Khan's Race 3 is a hit even before its release. Here's why". India Today. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
^ "'Sanju' trailer: Ranbir Kapoor takes you on an emotional rollercoaster as he brings Sanjay Dutt's life on celluloid". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
^ "'Hanuman vs Mahiravana' gets new release date". Times of India. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
^ "'Soorma' review: Diljit hits a goal in film on hockey star". The Hindu.
^ When Obama Loved Osama Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes, retrieved 21 May 2018
^ Adarsh, Taran (20 January 2018). "The lovebirds of #Dhadak... Janhvi and Ishaan... An adaptation of Marathi blockbuster #Sairat... Directed by Shashank Khaitan... 20 July 2018 release. https://t.co/eRZ8SxVaNL" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ Adarsh, Taran (14 February 2018). "#SahebBiwiAurGangster3 to release on the eve of Sanjay Dutt's birthday: 27 July 2018... Produced by Rahul Mittra... Directed by Tigmanshu Dhulia... Presented by Wave Cinemas... Here's Sanju's look from the movie: https://t.co/xuX0yC7EGC" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ D'souza, Remo (11 July 2018). "Meet #Nawabzaade @TheRaghav_Juyal @dthevirus31 @punitjpathak and there love @isharikhi https://t.co/Xe3oLRMBPK" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "Aishwarya Rai says NO to intimate scenes with Rajkummar Rao in Fanney Khan after Ae Dil Hai Mushkil?". Retrieved 22 October 2017.
^ Adarsh, Taran (28 June 2018). "Rishi Kapoor and Taapsee Pannu... First look posters of #Mulk... Teaser out tomorrow... Directed by Anubhav Sinha... Produced by Deepak Mukut and Anubhav Sinha... 3 Aug 2018 release. https://t.co/dMt3I2IzQ5" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "Brij Mohan Amar Rahe movie review: Netflix's latest Indian original is their worst". Hindustan Times. 4 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
^ "Tikli and Laxmi Bomb movie review: Netflix film gets its atmospherics right despite tiresome screenplay". Firstpost. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
^ "Fanne Khan And Karwan To Clash At The Box Office". Deccan Chronicle. 1 June 2018. Archived from the original on 2 June 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
^ "Akshay Kumar shares his first look from Reema Kagti's 'Gold' and it is intriguing! – See pic". Zee News. 2 July 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
^ "Check out Akshay Kumar's 'Gold' look for Reema Kagti's next". DNA India. 2 July 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
^ "John Abraham begins shooting for Milap Zaveri's action film SMJ". 7 March 2018.
^ Adarsh, Taran (5 February 2018). "#Gadar director Anil Sharma finalizes the release date of his forthcoming film #Genius: 24 Aug 2018... Anil's son Utkarsh stars in the lead role... #RakshaBandhanWeekend https://t.co/8uz5l8VjUx" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
^ "Toba Tek Singh movie review: Pankaj Kapur disappoints, all eyes on Nawazuddin Siddiqui's Manto". Hindustan Times. 27 August 2018.
^ "Yamla Pagla Deewana Phir Se Gets A New Release Date. Details Here". NDTV.
^ "Stree Teaser: Shraddha Kapoor And Rajkummar Rao, We Can't Wait For The Trailer After This". NDTV.
^ "Shefali Shah says 'Once Again'". The Hands India. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
^ "Arsenal Filmverleih - Jetzt im Kino". arsenalfilm.de. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
^ Adarsh, Taran (7 March 2018). "JP Dutta... The master storyteller is back... First look poster of #Paltan... Stars Jackie Shroff, Suniel Shetty, Arjun Rampal, Sonu Sood, Gurmeet Choudhary, Siddhanth Kapoor, Harshvardhan Rane and Luv Sinha... 7 Sept 2018 release. https://t.co/wiKWopjWsv" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ Adarsh, Taran (24 July 2018). "New release date... #LailaMajnu, which was slated for release on 24 Aug 2018, will now release on 7 Sept 2018... Imtiaz Ali and Ekta Kapoor have also decided to launch the trailer later ... Directed by Sajid Ali... Poster with new release date: https://t.co/mnFLixlrln" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ Adarsh, Taran (16 August 2018). "Manoj Bajpayee, Ranvir Shorey, Neeraj Kabi, Shahana Goswami and Om Singh... First look poster of psychological thriller #GaliGuleiyan... Directed by Dipesh Jain... 7 Sept 2018 release... Trailer out tomorrow . https://t.co/MunXQIoe7s" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "Halkaa Movie Review". The Times of India.
^ "'Love Sonia'is hard-hitting story that deals with human trafficking". The Times of India. 17 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
^ "Jaccky Bhagani, Kritika Kamra share the first poster of Mitron". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
^ "Batti Gul Meter Chalu: Even before the release of 'Padmavati', Shahid Kapoor announces his next film – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". 19 October 2017.
^ "Manto Trailer: Nawazuddin Siddiqui As Saadat Hasan Manto Is Brilliant. Take A Bow". The Indian Express. 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
^ "Richa Chadha, Neil Nitin Mukesh gear up for the promotions of Ishqeria". mid-day. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
^ "Varun Dhawan and Anushka Sharma announce their first film Sui Dhaaga amid riddles. Can you solve them?". The Indian Express. 4 July 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
^ "Vishal Bhardwaj's Chhuriyaan with Sanya Malhotra renamed Pataakha; will release on September28". Bollywood Hungama. 23 June 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
^ Adarsh, Taran (23 February 2018). "#NewsAlert: Salman Khan finalises the release date of #Loveratri: 5 Oct 2018... Stars Aayush Sharma and Warina Hussain... Directed by Abhiraj Minawala" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "Loveratri". BookMyShow. 6 March 2018.
^ "Loveratri Movie 2018: Plot, Cast & Crew, News, Videos & More - FE". Filmyearth. 14 May 2018. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
^ "'Andhadhun' motion poster: Ayushmann Khurrana shares the perks of being a blind man". The Times of India.
^ Adarsh, Taran (25 July 2018). "Mahesh Bhatt and Vishesh Films new movie #Jalebi - The Everlasting Taste Of Love to release on 12 Oct 2018... Stars Varun Mitra, Rhea Chakraborty and Digangana Suryavanshi... Directed by debutant Pushpdeep Bhardwaj... Produced by Mukesh Bhatt... Here's the motion poster: https://t.co/cAndNAScMh" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ Adarsh, Taran (24 August 2018). "New release date for #HelicopterEela: 12 Oct 2018... Since director Pradeep Sarkar is diagnosed with dengue, Ajay Devgn has taken a decision to resume work on the film after Sarkar is discharged from hospital... Ajay Devgn and Jayantilal Gada have now shifted the film to 12 Oct" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ Adarsh, Taran (3 September 2018). "Govinda and Varun Sharma... #FryDay to release on 12 Oct 2018... Directed by Abhishek Dogra... New poster: https://t.co/TxNulCD5q8" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "Sohum Shah's Tumbbad gets a release date, Here's all you need to know". dna. 4 July 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
^ Rava, Jurmoloya (7 September 2017). "Namastey Canada to release next year – Eastern Eye". Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
^ "Namaste England". BookMyShow. 6 March 2018.
^ "बधाई हो: इस डेट पर रिलीज़ होगी आमिर खान की 'बेटी' की फिल्म". Jagaran. 25 June 2018.
^ Kyta Productions (13 September 2018). "#Baazaar to release on 26th October! The film will be directed by @gauravvkchawla & produced by @ajay0701& @nikkhiladvani! @KytaProductions @EmmayEntertain @Viacom18Movies https://t.co/FADpsDc497" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "5 Weddings trailer: This Nargis Fakhri and Rajkummar Rao starrer looks quite dated". The Indian Express.
^ "Sharman Joshi". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
^ "'दशहरा' में एनकाउंटर स्पेशलिस्ट की भूमिका में नील नितिन मुकेश". Loktej. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
^ "Thugs of Hindostan". BookMyShow. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
^ Adarsh, Taran (21 September 2018). "Sunny Deol in #MohallaAssi... Costars Sakshi Tanwar and Ravi Kishan... Directed by Chandraprakash Dwivedi... 16 Nov 2018 release... Official announcement: https://t.co/oxMkkstINa" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ Adarsh, Taran (23 October 2018). "Ronnie Screwvala and Siddharth Roy Kapur join hands... First look poster of #Pihu... Trailer out tomorrow... Directed by Vinod Kapri... 16 Nov 2018 release... #PihuTrailerTomorrow https://t.co/j9hbSGY6ay" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ Adarsh, Taran (12 November 2018). "Kunaal Roy Kapur, Zeeshan Quadri, Jaideep Ahlawat and Karishma Sharma... #HotelMilan to release on 16 Nov 2018... Directed by Vishal Mishra... Poster: https://t.co/l5VJMoWM45" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "Emraan Hashmi's Tigers to premiere on ZEE5". 6 November 2018.
^ Deol, Sunny (9 October 2018). "Have a look at the latest poster of #BhaiajiSuperhit. Coming in theatres on 26th October. X@metromovies_ @realpreityzinta @arshadwarsi @shreyastalpade1 @zeemusiccompany https://t.co/9FhO7aoR2g" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "Netflix's Indian Original Rajma Chawal is finally set for a global release". GQ India. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
^ Adarsh, Taran (29 October 2018). "Sushant Singh Rajput and Sara Ali Khan... Presenting the first look poster of #Kedarnath... Teaser out at 12 noon tomorrow... Directed by Abhishek Kapoor... Produced by Ronnie Screwvala and Pragya Kapoor... 7 Dec 2018 release... #KedarnathPoster https://t.co/f4VXL6bhX7" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "Kedarnath". BookMyShow. 6 March 2018.
^ "Zero – Title Announcement – Shah Rukh Khan – Aanand L Rai – Anushka Sharma – Katrina Kaif – 21 Dec18". Red Chillies Entertainment. 1 January 2018. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2018 – via YouTube.
^ "Zero". BookMyShow. 6 March 2018.
^ Adarsh, Taran (7 December 2017). "Karan Johar and Rohit Shetty join hands for #Simmba... Stars Ranveer Singh... Directed by Rohit Shetty... Reliance Entertainment presentation... 28 Dec 2018 release... Poster: https://t.co/uwhukxTfGi" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "Simmba". BookMyShow. 6 March 2018.
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Tonga | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This is a list of Bollywood (Indian Hindi-language) films that have been released in 2018.[1]","title":"List of Hindi films of 2018"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Highest-grossing Bollywood films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highest-grossing_Bollywood_films"},{"link_name":"box office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_office"},{"link_name":"gross revenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_revenue"}],"text":"The Highest-grossing Bollywood films released in 2018, by worldwide box office gross revenue, are as follows.","title":"Box office collection"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"January–March"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"April–June"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"July–September"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"October–December"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-padman-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-padman-12"}],"text":"^ Pad Man worldwide gross:\nIndia – ₹104.9 crore[12]\nChina – ₹66.91 crore[13]\nJapan – ₹4.8 crore[14]\nOther territories – $4.78 million[12] (₹35.41 crore)","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Lists of Hindi films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Hindi_films"},{"title":"List of Bollywood films of 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bollywood_films_of_2019"},{"title":"List of Bollywood films of 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bollywood_films_of_2017"}] | [{"reference":"\"Hindi Movie Releases in 2018\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/hindi","url_text":"\"Hindi Movie Releases in 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sanju Box Office Collection till Now\". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 12 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sanju/box-office/","url_text":"\"Sanju Box Office Collection till Now\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"}]},{"reference":"\"Padmaavat Box Office coollection\". Bollywood Hungama.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/padmaavat/box-office/","url_text":"\"Padmaavat Box Office coollection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"}]},{"reference":"\"Andhadhun Box Office Collection\". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 4 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/andhadhun/box-office/","url_text":"\"Andhadhun Box Office Collection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"}]},{"reference":"\"Simmba Box Office Collection till Now\". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 6 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/simmba/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office","url_text":"\"Simmba Box Office Collection till Now\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"}]},{"reference":"\"Zero, Race 3 and Thugs of Hindostan: Presenting the Khans' box-office report of 2018\". The Indian Express. 31 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/box-office-collection/zero-thugs-of-hindostan-race-3-presenting-khans-box-office-report-of-2018-5516678/","url_text":"\"Zero, Race 3 and Thugs of Hindostan: Presenting the Khans' box-office report of 2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express","url_text":"The Indian Express"}]},{"reference":"\"Race 3 Goes Past 303 crore Worldwide\". Box Office India. Retrieved 28 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4098","url_text":"\"Race 3 Goes Past 303 crore Worldwide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_India","url_text":"Box Office India"}]},{"reference":"\"Baaghi 2 Box Office Collection\". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 1 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/baaghi-2-2/box-office/","url_text":"\"Baaghi 2 Box Office Collection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"}]},{"reference":"\"Box Office: Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Hichki\". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 17 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-hichki/","url_text":"\"Box Office: Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Hichki\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran (9 November 2018). \"Taran Adarsh on Twitter\". Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taran_Adarsh","url_text":"Adarsh, Taran"},{"url":"https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1060910495178227712","url_text":"\"Taran Adarsh on Twitter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Badhaai Ho: Box Office\". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 10 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/badhaai-ho/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office","url_text":"\"Badhaai Ho: Box Office\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"}]},{"reference":"\"Pad Man Box Office Collection till Now- Bollywood Hungama\". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 31 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pad-man/box-office/","url_text":"\"Pad Man Box Office Collection till Now- Bollywood Hungama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"}]},{"reference":"\"China box office: Pad Man collects USD 0.14 million on Day 14; closes business in China at Rs. 66.91 cr\". Bollywood Hungama. 29 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/china-box-office-pad-man-collects-usd-0-14-million-day-14-closes-business-china-rs-66-91-cr/","url_text":"\"China box office: Pad Man collects USD 0.14 million on Day 14; closes business in China at Rs. 66.91 cr\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (21 January 2019). \"#PadMan gains momentum over the weekend in #Japan... Currently running in Week 7... 23 locations this week [18 locations last week]... Fri ¥ 336,500 Sat ¥ 823,900 Sun ¥ 860,200 Total till 20 Jan 2019: ¥ 73,576,400 [₹ 4.80 cr] @comScore\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1087230075622240256","url_text":"\"#PadMan gains momentum over the weekend in #Japan... Currently running in Week 7... 23 locations this week [18 locations last week]... Fri ¥ 336,500 Sat ¥ 823,900 Sun ¥ 860,200 Total till 20 Jan 2019: ¥ 73,576,400 [₹ 4.80 cr] @comScore\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Vikram Bhatt's 1921 Starring Zareen & Karan Kundra Gets A Release Date\". 5 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/vikram-bhatts-1921-starring-zareen-khan-and-karan-kundra-gets-a-release-date/","url_text":"\"Vikram Bhatt's 1921 Starring Zareen & Karan Kundra Gets A Release Date\""}]},{"reference":"\"1921\". BookMyShow. Retrieved 1 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/1921/ET00060939","url_text":"\"1921\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kaalakandi\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kaalakaandi/ET00054569","url_text":"\"Kaalakandi\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (6 December 2017). \"First look poster of #Kaalakaandi... Stars Saif Ali Khan... Trailer out today [6 Dec 2017]... 12 Jan 2018 release. https://t.co/aXRymDcR4a\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/938304234545668096","url_text":"\"First look poster of #Kaalakaandi... Stars Saif Ali Khan... Trailer out today [6 Dec 2017]... 12 Jan 2018 release. https://t.co/aXRymDcR4a\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Anurag Kashyap Directorial 'Mukkabaaz' To Release On 12 January 2018 - BollywoodCat.com\". 11 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodcat.com/anurag-kashyap-directorial-mukkabaaz-release-12th-january-2018/","url_text":"\"Anurag Kashyap Directorial 'Mukkabaaz' To Release On 12 January 2018 - BollywoodCat.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mukkabaaz\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/mukkabaaz/ET00059419","url_text":"\"Mukkabaaz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kunal Kohli to make his Bollywood debut with Jennifer Winget in 'Phir Se!'\". The Times of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kunal-kohli-to-make-his-bollywood-debut-with-jennifer-winget-in-phir-se/articleshow/44803429.cms","url_text":"\"Kunal Kohli to make his Bollywood debut with Jennifer Winget in 'Phir Se!'\""}]},{"reference":"\"My Birthday Song\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/my-birthday-song/ET00067369","url_text":"\"My Birthday Song\""}]},{"reference":"Johar, Karan [@karanjohar] (13 December 2017). \"First look of the psychological thriller #MyBirthdaySong starring @sanjaysuri & @Norafatehi written & directed by @samirsoni123 @MyBirthdaySong @kahwafilms https://t.co/5oNVgIwT1q\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/karanjohar/status/940832966133022722","url_text":"\"First look of the psychological thriller #MyBirthdaySong starring @sanjaysuri & @Norafatehi written & directed by @samirsoni123 @MyBirthdaySong @kahwafilms https://t.co/5oNVgIwT1q\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Vodka Diaries\". BookMyShow. Retrieved 15 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/vodka-diaries/ET00058863","url_text":"\"Vodka Diaries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nirdosh\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/nirdosh/ET00067088","url_text":"\"Nirdosh\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (21 December 2017). \"#Nirdosh to now release on 19 Jan 2018... Stars Arbaaz Khan, Manjari Fadnnis, Ashmit Patel, Maheck Chahal and Mukul Dev... Poster: https://t.co/TF6fZCQ7HC\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/943723030752063489","url_text":"\"#Nirdosh to now release on 19 Jan 2018... Stars Arbaaz Khan, Manjari Fadnnis, Ashmit Patel, Maheck Chahal and Mukul Dev... Poster: https://t.co/TF6fZCQ7HC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Union Leader\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/union-leader/ET00066275","url_text":"\"Union Leader\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (1 December 2017). \"After its Asian premiere at #IFFI2017 Goa, #UnionLeader to release in India on 19 Jan 2018... Stars Rahul Bhat and Tillotama Shome... Directed by Sanjay Patel... Poster: https://t.co/7mmmIUoKWU\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/936482381535391744","url_text":"\"After its Asian premiere at #IFFI2017 Goa, #UnionLeader to release in India on 19 Jan 2018... Stars Rahul Bhat and Tillotama Shome... Directed by Sanjay Patel... Poster: https://t.co/7mmmIUoKWU\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Padmavati is Padmavat: Release date is Jan 25, film to clash with Padman\". indiatoday.intoday.in. 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/padmavati-release-date-january-25-padman-box-office-clash/1/1125922.html","url_text":"\"Padmavati is Padmavat: Release date is Jan 25, film to clash with Padman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Padmaavat\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/padmaavat-3d/ET00046516","url_text":"\"Padmaavat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pad Man: Akshay Kumar shares a happy new poster, reveals release date\". 29 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/padman-akshay-kumar-shares-a-happy-new-poster-reveals-release-date/story-wLzvMKMrwQQe78NoLsRJNJ.html","url_text":"\"Pad Man: Akshay Kumar shares a happy new poster, reveals release date\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pad Man\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/pad-man/ET00051589","url_text":"\"Pad Man\""}]},{"reference":"\"Love Per Square Foot – Netflix Official Site\". www.netflix.com. Retrieved 1 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.netflix.com/title/80227304","url_text":"\"Love Per Square Foot – Netflix Official Site\""}]},{"reference":"\"Love Per Square Foot\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/love-per-square-foot/ET00058859","url_text":"\"Love Per Square Foot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aiyaary averts clash with PadMan, will now release on February 16\". 5 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aiyaary-padman-release-date-akshay-kumar-sidharth-malhotra-5052501/","url_text":"\"Aiyaary averts clash with PadMan, will now release on February 16\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aiyaary\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/aiyaary/ET00055890","url_text":"\"Aiyaary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watch Theatrical Trailer (Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz) Now\". Bollywood Hungama.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-promos/theatrical-trailer-kuchh-bheege-alfaaz/","url_text":"\"Watch Theatrical Trailer (Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz) Now\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kuchh-bheege-alfaaz/ET00067539","url_text":"\"Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jaane Kyun De Yaaron\". BookMyShow. Retrieved 30 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/jaane-kyun-de-yaaron/ET00070339","url_text":"\"Jaane Kyun De Yaaron\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/sonu-ke-titu-ki-sweety/ET00058565","url_text":"\"Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (22 November 2017). \"#PyaarKaPunchnama director Luv Ranjan's #SonuKeTituKiSweety to release on 9 Feb 2018 to coincide with Valentine's Day [14 Feb 2018]… Produced by TSeries and Luv Films... Stars Kartik Aaryan, Nushrat Bharucha and Sunny Singh... Here's a pic from the movie: https://t.co/uvR0EfPc66\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/933284688117899264","url_text":"\"#PyaarKaPunchnama director Luv Ranjan's #SonuKeTituKiSweety to release on 9 Feb 2018 to coincide with Valentine's Day [14 Feb 2018]… Produced by TSeries and Luv Films... Stars Kartik Aaryan, Nushrat Bharucha and Sunny Singh... Here's a pic from the movie: https://t.co/uvR0EfPc66\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"\"I'm excited to take up a genre like this\" – says Anushka Sharma about her upcoming film Pari\". filmfare.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmfare.com/news/im-excited-to-take-up-a-genre-like-this-says-anushka-sharma-about-her-upcoming-film-pari-22569.html","url_text":"\"\"I'm excited to take up a genre like this\" – says Anushka Sharma about her upcoming film Pari\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pari 2018\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/pari/ET00058504","url_text":"\"Pari 2018\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (4 February 2018). \"#VeereyKiWedding release date changed.. Was slated for release on 9 March 2018... Will release one week earlier now: 2 March 2018... Stars Pulkit Samrat, Kriti Kharbanda and Jimmy Sheirgill... Ashuu Trikha directs\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/960021508788752384","url_text":"\"#VeereyKiWedding release date changed.. Was slated for release on 9 March 2018... Will release one week earlier now: 2 March 2018... Stars Pulkit Samrat, Kriti Kharbanda and Jimmy Sheirgill... Ashuu Trikha directs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Veerey Ki Wedding\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/veerey-ki-wedding/ET00070218","url_text":"\"Veerey Ki Wedding\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shooting for Urvashi Rautela starrer Hate Story 4 wrapped up\". 12 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shooting-for-urvashi-rautela-starrer-hate-story-4-wrapped-up-4933975/","url_text":"\"Shooting for Urvashi Rautela starrer Hate Story 4 wrapped up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hate Story 4\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/hate-story-4/ET00049879","url_text":"\"Hate Story 4\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dil Juunglee\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/dil-juunglee/ET00069270","url_text":"\"Dil Juunglee\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (9 February 2018). \"Following the changes in the release date of #Padmaavat, #PadMan and #Aiyaary, #DilJuunglee - which was scheduled for release on 16 Feb 2018 - has been shifted to next month... The Taapsee Pannu - Saqib Saleem starrer will now release on 9 March 2018\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/962029242581069824","url_text":"\"Following the changes in the release date of #Padmaavat, #PadMan and #Aiyaary, #DilJuunglee - which was scheduled for release on 16 Feb 2018 - has been shifted to next month... The Taapsee Pannu - Saqib Saleem starrer will now release on 9 March 2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"3 Storeys teaser: Farhan Akhtar's next production venture uncovers stories hidden inside a chawl\". 7 December 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/3-storeys-teaser-richa-chadha-pulkit-samrat-sharman-joshi-renuka-shahane-farhan-akhtar-watch-video-4972103/","url_text":"\"3 Storeys teaser: Farhan Akhtar's next production venture uncovers stories hidden inside a chawl\""}]},{"reference":"\"3 Storeys\". BookMyShow. Retrieved 18 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/3-storeys/ET00058858","url_text":"\"3 Storeys\""}]},{"reference":"\"Raid\". BookMyShow. Retrieved 1 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/raid/ET00062208","url_text":"\"Raid\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thugs of Hindostan, Tiger Zinda Hai, Hichki release dates announced by YRF: Here's when they come to theatres\". Firstpost. 15 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/thugs-of-hindostan-tiger-zinda-hai-hichki-release-dates-announced-by-yrf-heres-when-they-come-to-theatres-4047055.html","url_text":"\"Thugs of Hindostan, Tiger Zinda Hai, Hichki release dates announced by YRF: Here's when they come to theatres\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hichki\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/hichki/ET00054008","url_text":"\"Hichki\""}]},{"reference":"T-Series [@TSeries] (6 February 2018). \"Here's the official teaser of #ShaadiTeriBajayengeHumBand st. #RajpalYadav, #RahulBagga - https://t.co/xLQBagdoLX Releasing on 23rd March. https://t.co/4SHA3AgKot\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/TSeries/status/960869710777802758","url_text":"\"Here's the official teaser of #ShaadiTeriBajayengeHumBand st. #RajpalYadav, #RahulBagga - https://t.co/xLQBagdoLX Releasing on 23rd March. https://t.co/4SHA3AgKot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Shaadi Teri Bajayenge Hum Band\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/shaadi-teri-bajayenge-hum-band/ET00070372","url_text":"\"Shaadi Teri Bajayenge Hum Band\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baaghi 2\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/baaghi-2/ET00053840","url_text":"\"Baaghi 2\""}]},{"reference":"Singh, Hemant (30 December 2022). \"October Movie Review – Site Juggler\". Site Juggler. Retrieved 31 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sitejuggler.com/october-movie-review/","url_text":"\"October Movie Review – Site Juggler\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shlok Sharma Zoo movie is now Available on Netflix\". Bumppy. 9 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bumppy.com/anurag-kashyaps-zoo-movie-is-now-available-on-netflix/","url_text":"\"Shlok Sharma Zoo movie is now Available on Netflix\""}]},{"reference":"\"The direct-to-digital film 'Meri Nimmo' releases today\". The Times of India. 27 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-direct-to-digital-film-meri-nimmo-releases-today/articleshow/63928957.cms","url_text":"\"The direct-to-digital film 'Meri Nimmo' releases today\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (16 April 2018). \"Naseeruddin Shah. Sonali Kulkarni. Aamir Bashir... First look poster of the slice-of-life story #HopeAurHum... Sudip Bandyopadhyay directs... Produced by Samira Bandyopadhyay... 11 May 2018 release... #PVRPictures https://t.co/smhBoZeUXW\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/985768038656983041","url_text":"\"Naseeruddin Shah. Sonali Kulkarni. Aamir Bashir... First look poster of the slice-of-life story #HopeAurHum... Sudip Bandyopadhyay directs... Produced by Samira Bandyopadhyay... 11 May 2018 release... #PVRPictures https://t.co/smhBoZeUXW\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Falooda Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Mumbai\". BookMyShow.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/mumbai/movies/falooda/ET00060926","url_text":"\"Falooda Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Mumbai\""}]},{"reference":"\"Khajoor Pe Atke movie review: Manoj Pahwa, Vinay Pathak's film lacks steam\". Hindustan Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/khajoor-pe-atke-movie-review-manoj-pahwa-vinay-pathak-s-film-lacks-steam/story-5ufAFWIB2ZHzizunBysXnO.html","url_text":"\"Khajoor Pe Atke movie review: Manoj Pahwa, Vinay Pathak's film lacks steam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Times","url_text":"Hindustan Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Parmanu The Story of Pokhran movie review: The climax of John Abraham's film keeps you hooked\". Hindustan Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/parmanu-the-story-of-pokhran-movie-review-john-abraham-s-film-climaxes-at-the-right-time/story-eK4JaGlmslX44itC3ERw2N.html","url_text":"\"Parmanu The Story of Pokhran movie review: The climax of John Abraham's film keeps you hooked\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Times","url_text":"Hindustan Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Sonam Kapoor announces 'Veere Di Wedding' release date with new film poster - Bollywood films to look forward in 2018\". The Times of India. 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The Hindu.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/soorma-review-diljit-hits-a-goal/article24412041.ece","url_text":"\"'Soorma' review: Diljit hits a goal in film on hockey star\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"}]},{"reference":"When Obama Loved Osama Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes, retrieved 21 May 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/when-obama-loved-osama/movieshow/63478903.cms","url_text":"When Obama Loved Osama Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes"}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (20 January 2018). \"The lovebirds of #Dhadak... Janhvi and Ishaan... An adaptation of Marathi blockbuster #Sairat... Directed by Shashank Khaitan... 20 July 2018 release. https://t.co/eRZ8SxVaNL\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/954599509115387904","url_text":"\"The lovebirds of #Dhadak... Janhvi and Ishaan... An adaptation of Marathi blockbuster #Sairat... Directed by Shashank Khaitan... 20 July 2018 release. https://t.co/eRZ8SxVaNL\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (14 February 2018). \"#SahebBiwiAurGangster3 to release on the eve of Sanjay Dutt's birthday: 27 July 2018... Produced by Rahul Mittra... Directed by Tigmanshu Dhulia... Presented by Wave Cinemas... Here's Sanju's look from the movie: https://t.co/xuX0yC7EGC\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/963626775132737537","url_text":"\"#SahebBiwiAurGangster3 to release on the eve of Sanjay Dutt's birthday: 27 July 2018... Produced by Rahul Mittra... Directed by Tigmanshu Dhulia... Presented by Wave Cinemas... Here's Sanju's look from the movie: https://t.co/xuX0yC7EGC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"D'souza, Remo [@remodsouza] (11 July 2018). \"Meet #Nawabzaade @TheRaghav_Juyal @dthevirus31 @punitjpathak and there love @isharikhi https://t.co/Xe3oLRMBPK\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/remodsouza/status/1017031753721110529","url_text":"\"Meet #Nawabzaade @TheRaghav_Juyal @dthevirus31 @punitjpathak and there love @isharikhi https://t.co/Xe3oLRMBPK\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Aishwarya Rai says NO to intimate scenes with Rajkummar Rao in Fanney Khan after Ae Dil Hai Mushkil?\". 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Produced by Deepak Mukut and Anubhav Sinha... 3 Aug 2018 release. https://t.co/dMt3I2IzQ5\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Brij Mohan Amar Rahe movie review: Netflix's latest Indian original is their worst\". Hindustan Times. 4 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/brij-mohan-amar-rahe-movie-review-netflix-s-latest-indian-original-is-their-worst/story-MsP3bTJViy5wKbfLyC3McM.html","url_text":"\"Brij Mohan Amar Rahe movie review: Netflix's latest Indian original is their worst\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tikli and Laxmi Bomb movie review: Netflix film gets its atmospherics right despite tiresome screenplay\". Firstpost. 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Retrieved 4 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-check-out-akshay-kumar-s-gold-look-for-reema-kagti-s-next-2490072","url_text":"\"Check out Akshay Kumar's 'Gold' look for Reema Kagti's next\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Abraham begins shooting for Milap Zaveri's action film SMJ\". 7 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/john-abraham-begins-shooting-for-milap-zaveri-s-action-film-smj/story-amxbYsPGy77GlcQqC7ERIL.html","url_text":"\"John Abraham begins shooting for Milap Zaveri's action film SMJ\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (5 February 2018). \"#Gadar director Anil Sharma finalizes the release date of his forthcoming film #Genius: 24 Aug 2018... Anil's son Utkarsh stars in the lead role... #RakshaBandhanWeekend https://t.co/8uz5l8VjUx\" (Tweet). 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Hindustan Times. 27 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/toba-tek-singh-movie-review-pankaj-kapur-disappoints-all-eyes-on-nawazuddin-siddiqui-s-manto/story-q2NdmA9JkFx0bucSBdtdyK.html","url_text":"\"Toba Tek Singh movie review: Pankaj Kapur disappoints, all eyes on Nawazuddin Siddiqui's Manto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yamla Pagla Deewana Phir Se Gets A New Release Date. Details Here\". NDTV.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/yamla-pagla-deewana-phir-se-gets-a-new-release-date-details-here-1877242","url_text":"\"Yamla Pagla Deewana Phir Se Gets A New Release Date. Details Here\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDTV","url_text":"NDTV"}]},{"reference":"\"Stree Teaser: Shraddha Kapoor And Rajkummar Rao, We Can't Wait For The Trailer After This\". NDTV.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/stree-teaser-shraddha-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-we-cant-wait-for-the-trailer-after-this-1863561","url_text":"\"Stree Teaser: Shraddha Kapoor And Rajkummar Rao, We Can't Wait For The Trailer After This\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDTV","url_text":"NDTV"}]},{"reference":"\"Shefali Shah says 'Once Again'\". The Hands India. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehansindia.com/amp/posts/index/Cinema/2018-12-07/Shefali-Shah-says-Once-Again/453658","url_text":"\"Shefali Shah says 'Once Again'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arsenal Filmverleih - Jetzt im Kino\". arsenalfilm.de. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://arsenalfilm.de/once-again/index.htm","url_text":"\"Arsenal Filmverleih - Jetzt im Kino\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (7 March 2018). \"JP Dutta... The master storyteller is back... First look poster of #Paltan... Stars Jackie Shroff, Suniel Shetty, Arjun Rampal, Sonu Sood, Gurmeet Choudhary, Siddhanth Kapoor, Harshvardhan Rane and Luv Sinha... 7 Sept 2018 release. https://t.co/wiKWopjWsv\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/971253591007744002","url_text":"\"JP Dutta... The master storyteller is back... First look poster of #Paltan... Stars Jackie Shroff, Suniel Shetty, Arjun Rampal, Sonu Sood, Gurmeet Choudhary, Siddhanth Kapoor, Harshvardhan Rane and Luv Sinha... 7 Sept 2018 release. https://t.co/wiKWopjWsv\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (24 July 2018). \"New release date... #LailaMajnu, which was slated for release on 24 Aug 2018, will now release on 7 Sept 2018... Imtiaz Ali and Ekta Kapoor have also decided to launch the trailer later [was supposed to launch tomorrow]... Directed by Sajid Ali... Poster with new release date: https://t.co/mnFLixlrln\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1021785303005114369","url_text":"\"New release date... #LailaMajnu, which was slated for release on 24 Aug 2018, will now release on 7 Sept 2018... Imtiaz Ali and Ekta Kapoor have also decided to launch the trailer later [was supposed to launch tomorrow]... Directed by Sajid Ali... Poster with new release date: https://t.co/mnFLixlrln\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (16 August 2018). \"Manoj Bajpayee, Ranvir Shorey, Neeraj Kabi, Shahana Goswami and Om Singh... First look poster of psychological thriller #GaliGuleiyan... Directed by Dipesh Jain... 7 Sept 2018 release... Trailer out tomorrow [17 Aug 2018]. https://t.co/MunXQIoe7s\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1029963940267085825","url_text":"\"Manoj Bajpayee, Ranvir Shorey, Neeraj Kabi, Shahana Goswami and Om Singh... First look poster of psychological thriller #GaliGuleiyan... Directed by Dipesh Jain... 7 Sept 2018 release... Trailer out tomorrow [17 Aug 2018]. https://t.co/MunXQIoe7s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Halkaa Movie Review\". The Times of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/halkaa/movie-review/65707786.cms","url_text":"\"Halkaa Movie Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"'Love Sonia'is hard-hitting story that deals with human trafficking\". The Times of India. 17 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/love-sonia-is-a-hard-hitting-story-that-deals-with-human-trafficking/articleshow/65424729.cms","url_text":"\"'Love Sonia'is hard-hitting story that deals with human trafficking\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Jaccky Bhagani, Kritika Kamra share the first poster of Mitron\". Hindustan Times. 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The Indian Express. 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/manto-trailer-nawazuddin-siddiqui-as-saadat-hasan-manto-is-brilliant-take-a-bow-1900726","url_text":"\"Manto Trailer: Nawazuddin Siddiqui As Saadat Hasan Manto Is Brilliant. Take A Bow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richa Chadha, Neil Nitin Mukesh gear up for the promotions of Ishqeria\". mid-day. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mid-day.com/articles/richa-chadha-neil-nitin-mukesh-gear-up-for-the-promotions-of-ishqeria/19681177","url_text":"\"Richa Chadha, Neil Nitin Mukesh gear up for the promotions of Ishqeria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Varun Dhawan and Anushka Sharma announce their first film Sui Dhaaga amid riddles. Can you solve them?\". The Indian Express. 4 July 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/varun-dhawan-and-anushka-sharma-announce-their-first-film-sui-dhaaga-amid-riddles-can-you-solve-them-4734488/","url_text":"\"Varun Dhawan and Anushka Sharma announce their first film Sui Dhaaga amid riddles. Can you solve them?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vishal Bhardwaj's Chhuriyaan with Sanya Malhotra renamed Pataakha; will release on September28\". Bollywood Hungama. 23 June 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vishal-bhardwajs-chhuriyaan-sanya-malhotra-renamed-pataakha-will-release-september-28/","url_text":"\"Vishal Bhardwaj's Chhuriyaan with Sanya Malhotra renamed Pataakha; will release on September28\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (23 February 2018). \"#NewsAlert: Salman Khan finalises the release date of #Loveratri: 5 Oct 2018... Stars Aayush Sharma and Warina Hussain... Directed by Abhiraj Minawala\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/967012049195855875","url_text":"\"#NewsAlert: Salman Khan finalises the release date of #Loveratri: 5 Oct 2018... Stars Aayush Sharma and Warina Hussain... Directed by Abhiraj Minawala\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Loveratri\". BookMyShow. 6 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/loveratri/ET00067372","url_text":"\"Loveratri\""}]},{"reference":"\"Loveratri Movie 2018: Plot, Cast & Crew, News, Videos & More - FE\". Filmyearth. 14 May 2018. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180526190333/https://www.filmyearth.com/loveratri-movie-2018/","url_text":"\"Loveratri Movie 2018: Plot, Cast & Crew, News, Videos & More - FE\""},{"url":"https://www.filmyearth.com/loveratri-movie-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Andhadhun' motion poster: Ayushmann Khurrana shares the perks of being a blind man\". The Times of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/andhadhun-motion-poster-ayushmann-khurrana-shares-the-perks-of-being-a-blind-man/articleshow/65438270.cms","url_text":"\"'Andhadhun' motion poster: Ayushmann Khurrana shares the perks of being a blind man\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (25 July 2018). \"Mahesh Bhatt and Vishesh Films new movie #Jalebi - The Everlasting Taste Of Love to release on 12 Oct 2018... Stars Varun Mitra, Rhea Chakraborty and Digangana Suryavanshi... Directed by debutant Pushpdeep Bhardwaj... Produced by Mukesh Bhatt... Here's the motion poster: https://t.co/cAndNAScMh\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1022012471303970817","url_text":"\"Mahesh Bhatt and Vishesh Films new movie #Jalebi - The Everlasting Taste Of Love to release on 12 Oct 2018... Stars Varun Mitra, Rhea Chakraborty and Digangana Suryavanshi... Directed by debutant Pushpdeep Bhardwaj... Produced by Mukesh Bhatt... Here's the motion poster: https://t.co/cAndNAScMh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (24 August 2018). \"New release date for #HelicopterEela: 12 Oct 2018... Since director Pradeep Sarkar is diagnosed with dengue, Ajay Devgn has taken a decision to resume work on the film after Sarkar is discharged from hospital... Ajay Devgn and Jayantilal Gada have now shifted the film to 12 Oct\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1032842278715318273","url_text":"\"New release date for #HelicopterEela: 12 Oct 2018... Since director Pradeep Sarkar is diagnosed with dengue, Ajay Devgn has taken a decision to resume work on the film after Sarkar is discharged from hospital... Ajay Devgn and Jayantilal Gada have now shifted the film to 12 Oct\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (3 September 2018). \"Govinda and Varun Sharma... #FryDay to release on 12 Oct 2018... Directed by Abhishek Dogra... New poster: https://t.co/TxNulCD5q8\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1036495051914797057","url_text":"\"Govinda and Varun Sharma... #FryDay to release on 12 Oct 2018... Directed by Abhishek Dogra... New poster: https://t.co/TxNulCD5q8\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Sohum Shah's Tumbbad gets a release date, Here's all you need to know\". dna. 4 July 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-sohum-shah-s-tumbbad-gets-a-release-date-here-s-all-you-need-to-know-2633358","url_text":"\"Sohum Shah's Tumbbad gets a release date, Here's all you need to know\""}]},{"reference":"Rava, Jurmoloya (7 September 2017). \"Namastey Canada to release next year – Eastern Eye\". Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171027151212/https://www.easterneye.eu/namastey-canada-release-next-year/","url_text":"\"Namastey Canada to release next year – Eastern Eye\""},{"url":"https://www.easterneye.eu/namastey-canada-release-next-year/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Namaste England\". BookMyShow. 6 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/namaste-england/ET00069350","url_text":"\"Namaste England\""}]},{"reference":"\"बधाई हो: इस डेट पर रिलीज़ होगी आमिर खान की 'बेटी' की फिल्म\". Jagaran. 25 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-ayushmann-khurrana-and-sanya-malhotra-starrer-film-badhaai-ho-will-release-on-19-october-18121587.html","url_text":"\"बधाई हो: इस डेट पर रिलीज़ होगी आमिर खान की 'बेटी' की फिल्म\""}]},{"reference":"Kyta Productions [@KytaProductions] (13 September 2018). \"#Baazaar to release on 26th October! The film will be directed by @gauravvkchawla & produced by @ajay0701& @nikkhiladvani! @KytaProductions @EmmayEntertain @Viacom18Movies https://t.co/FADpsDc497\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/KytaProductions/status/1040100398596612096","url_text":"\"#Baazaar to release on 26th October! The film will be directed by @gauravvkchawla & produced by @ajay0701& @nikkhiladvani! @KytaProductions @EmmayEntertain @Viacom18Movies https://t.co/FADpsDc497\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"5 Weddings trailer: This Nargis Fakhri and Rajkummar Rao starrer looks quite dated\". The Indian Express.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/5-weddings-trailer-rajkummar-rao-5205107/","url_text":"\"5 Weddings trailer: This Nargis Fakhri and Rajkummar Rao starrer looks quite dated\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express","url_text":"The Indian Express"}]},{"reference":"\"Sharman Joshi\". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 17 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/1727455837295747/photos/a.2167614823279844/2167613303279996/?type=3&theater","url_text":"\"Sharman Joshi\""}]},{"reference":"\"'दशहरा' में एनकाउंटर स्पेशलिस्ट की भूमिका में नील नितिन मुकेश\". Loktej. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180925134126/http://www.loktej.com/entertainment/nitin-mukesh-will-play-role-of-encounter-specialist-in-the-movie-dassehra-42572","url_text":"\"'दशहरा' में एनकाउंटर स्पेशलिस्ट की भूमिका में नील नितिन मुकेश\""},{"url":"http://www.loktej.com/entertainment/nitin-mukesh-will-play-role-of-encounter-specialist-in-the-movie-dassehra-42572","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Thugs of Hindostan\". BookMyShow. Retrieved 24 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/thugs-of-hindostan/ET00046165","url_text":"\"Thugs of Hindostan\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (21 September 2018). \"Sunny Deol in #MohallaAssi... Costars Sakshi Tanwar and Ravi Kishan... Directed by Chandraprakash Dwivedi... 16 Nov 2018 release... Official announcement: https://t.co/oxMkkstINa\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1043009672104435712","url_text":"\"Sunny Deol in #MohallaAssi... Costars Sakshi Tanwar and Ravi Kishan... Directed by Chandraprakash Dwivedi... 16 Nov 2018 release... Official announcement: https://t.co/oxMkkstINa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (23 October 2018). \"Ronnie Screwvala and Siddharth Roy Kapur join hands... First look poster of #Pihu... Trailer out tomorrow... Directed by Vinod Kapri... 16 Nov 2018 release... #PihuTrailerTomorrow https://t.co/j9hbSGY6ay\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1054590772887072769","url_text":"\"Ronnie Screwvala and Siddharth Roy Kapur join hands... First look poster of #Pihu... Trailer out tomorrow... Directed by Vinod Kapri... 16 Nov 2018 release... #PihuTrailerTomorrow https://t.co/j9hbSGY6ay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (12 November 2018). \"Kunaal Roy Kapur, Zeeshan Quadri, Jaideep Ahlawat and Karishma Sharma... #HotelMilan to release on 16 Nov 2018... Directed by Vishal Mishra... Poster: https://t.co/l5VJMoWM45\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1062027063001931777","url_text":"\"Kunaal Roy Kapur, Zeeshan Quadri, Jaideep Ahlawat and Karishma Sharma... #HotelMilan to release on 16 Nov 2018... Directed by Vishal Mishra... Poster: https://t.co/l5VJMoWM45\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Emraan Hashmi's Tigers to premiere on ZEE5\". 6 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/emraan-hashmi-tigers-zee5-5436096/","url_text":"\"Emraan Hashmi's Tigers to premiere on ZEE5\""}]},{"reference":"Deol, Sunny [@iamsunnydeol] (9 October 2018). \"Have a look at the latest poster of #BhaiajiSuperhit. Coming in theatres on 26th October. X@metromovies_ @realpreityzinta @arshadwarsi @shreyastalpade1 @zeemusiccompany https://t.co/9FhO7aoR2g\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/iamsunnydeol/status/1049484688455159808","url_text":"\"Have a look at the latest poster of #BhaiajiSuperhit. Coming in theatres on 26th October. X@metromovies_ @realpreityzinta @arshadwarsi @shreyastalpade1 @zeemusiccompany https://t.co/9FhO7aoR2g\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Netflix's Indian Original Rajma Chawal is finally set for a global release\". GQ India. Retrieved 1 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gqindia.com/content/netflixs-indian-original-rajma-chawal-is-finally-set-for-a-global-release","url_text":"\"Netflix's Indian Original Rajma Chawal is finally set for a global release\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (29 October 2018). \"Sushant Singh Rajput and Sara Ali Khan... Presenting the first look poster of #Kedarnath... Teaser out at 12 noon tomorrow... Directed by Abhishek Kapoor... Produced by Ronnie Screwvala and Pragya Kapoor... 7 Dec 2018 release... #KedarnathPoster https://t.co/f4VXL6bhX7\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1056977264515129344","url_text":"\"Sushant Singh Rajput and Sara Ali Khan... Presenting the first look poster of #Kedarnath... Teaser out at 12 noon tomorrow... Directed by Abhishek Kapoor... Produced by Ronnie Screwvala and Pragya Kapoor... 7 Dec 2018 release... #KedarnathPoster https://t.co/f4VXL6bhX7\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Kedarnath\". BookMyShow. 6 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kedarnath/ET00059532","url_text":"\"Kedarnath\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zero – Title Announcement – Shah Rukh Khan – Aanand L Rai – Anushka Sharma – Katrina Kaif – 21 Dec18\". Red Chillies Entertainment. 1 January 2018. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2018 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RF7DhGIQE1k","url_text":"\"Zero – Title Announcement – Shah Rukh Khan – Aanand L Rai – Anushka Sharma – Katrina Kaif – 21 Dec18\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211118/RF7DhGIQE1k","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Zero\". BookMyShow. 6 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/zero/ET00068462","url_text":"\"Zero\""}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran [@taran_adarsh] (7 December 2017). \"Karan Johar and Rohit Shetty join hands for #Simmba... Stars Ranveer Singh... Directed by Rohit Shetty... Reliance Entertainment presentation... 28 Dec 2018 release... Poster: https://t.co/uwhukxTfGi\" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 December 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/938596219869208576","url_text":"\"Karan Johar and Rohit Shetty join hands for #Simmba... Stars Ranveer Singh... Directed by Rohit Shetty... Reliance Entertainment presentation... 28 Dec 2018 release... Poster: https://t.co/uwhukxTfGi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Simmba\". BookMyShow. 6 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/simmba/ET00066720","url_text":"\"Simmba\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/hindi","external_links_name":"\"Hindi Movie Releases in 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sanju/box-office/","external_links_name":"\"Sanju Box Office Collection till Now\""},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/padmaavat/box-office/","external_links_name":"\"Padmaavat Box Office coollection\""},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/andhadhun/box-office/","external_links_name":"\"Andhadhun Box Office Collection\""},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/simmba/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office","external_links_name":"\"Simmba Box Office Collection till Now\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/box-office-collection/zero-thugs-of-hindostan-race-3-presenting-khans-box-office-report-of-2018-5516678/","external_links_name":"\"Zero, Race 3 and Thugs of Hindostan: Presenting the Khans' box-office report of 2018\""},{"Link":"https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4098","external_links_name":"\"Race 3 Goes Past 303 crore Worldwide\""},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/baaghi-2-2/box-office/","external_links_name":"\"Baaghi 2 Box Office Collection\""},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-hichki/","external_links_name":"\"Box Office: Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Hichki\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1060910495178227712","external_links_name":"\"Taran Adarsh on Twitter\""},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/badhaai-ho/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office","external_links_name":"\"Badhaai Ho: Box Office\""},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pad-man/box-office/","external_links_name":"\"Pad Man Box Office Collection till Now- Bollywood Hungama\""},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/china-box-office-pad-man-collects-usd-0-14-million-day-14-closes-business-china-rs-66-91-cr/","external_links_name":"\"China box office: Pad Man collects USD 0.14 million on Day 14; closes business in China at Rs. 66.91 cr\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1087230075622240256","external_links_name":"\"#PadMan gains momentum over the weekend in #Japan... Currently running in Week 7... 23 locations this week [18 locations last week]... Fri ¥ 336,500 Sat ¥ 823,900 Sun ¥ 860,200 Total till 20 Jan 2019: ¥ 73,576,400 [₹ 4.80 cr] @comScore\""},{"Link":"http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/vikram-bhatts-1921-starring-zareen-khan-and-karan-kundra-gets-a-release-date/","external_links_name":"\"Vikram Bhatt's 1921 Starring Zareen & Karan Kundra Gets A Release Date\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/1921/ET00060939","external_links_name":"\"1921\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kaalakaandi/ET00054569","external_links_name":"\"Kaalakandi\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/938304234545668096","external_links_name":"\"First look poster of #Kaalakaandi... Stars Saif Ali Khan... Trailer out today [6 Dec 2017]... 12 Jan 2018 release. https://t.co/aXRymDcR4a\""},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodcat.com/anurag-kashyap-directorial-mukkabaaz-release-12th-january-2018/","external_links_name":"\"Anurag Kashyap Directorial 'Mukkabaaz' To Release On 12 January 2018 - BollywoodCat.com\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/mukkabaaz/ET00059419","external_links_name":"\"Mukkabaaz\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kunal-kohli-to-make-his-bollywood-debut-with-jennifer-winget-in-phir-se/articleshow/44803429.cms","external_links_name":"\"Kunal Kohli to make his Bollywood debut with Jennifer Winget in 'Phir Se!'\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/my-birthday-song/ET00067369","external_links_name":"\"My Birthday Song\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/karanjohar/status/940832966133022722","external_links_name":"\"First look of the psychological thriller #MyBirthdaySong starring @sanjaysuri & @Norafatehi written & directed by @samirsoni123 @MyBirthdaySong @kahwafilms https://t.co/5oNVgIwT1q\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/vodka-diaries/ET00058863","external_links_name":"\"Vodka Diaries\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/nirdosh/ET00067088","external_links_name":"\"Nirdosh\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/943723030752063489","external_links_name":"\"#Nirdosh to now release on 19 Jan 2018... Stars Arbaaz Khan, Manjari Fadnnis, Ashmit Patel, Maheck Chahal and Mukul Dev... Poster: https://t.co/TF6fZCQ7HC\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/union-leader/ET00066275","external_links_name":"\"Union Leader\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/936482381535391744","external_links_name":"\"After its Asian premiere at #IFFI2017 Goa, #UnionLeader to release in India on 19 Jan 2018... Stars Rahul Bhat and Tillotama Shome... Directed by Sanjay Patel... Poster: https://t.co/7mmmIUoKWU\""},{"Link":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/padmavati-release-date-january-25-padman-box-office-clash/1/1125922.html","external_links_name":"\"Padmavati is Padmavat: Release date is Jan 25, film to clash with Padman\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/padmaavat-3d/ET00046516","external_links_name":"\"Padmaavat\""},{"Link":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/padman-akshay-kumar-shares-a-happy-new-poster-reveals-release-date/story-wLzvMKMrwQQe78NoLsRJNJ.html","external_links_name":"\"Pad Man: Akshay Kumar shares a happy new poster, reveals release date\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/pad-man/ET00051589","external_links_name":"\"Pad Man\""},{"Link":"https://www.netflix.com/title/80227304","external_links_name":"\"Love Per Square Foot – Netflix Official Site\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/love-per-square-foot/ET00058859","external_links_name":"\"Love Per Square Foot\""},{"Link":"http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aiyaary-padman-release-date-akshay-kumar-sidharth-malhotra-5052501/","external_links_name":"\"Aiyaary averts clash with PadMan, will now release on February 16\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/aiyaary/ET00055890","external_links_name":"\"Aiyaary\""},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-promos/theatrical-trailer-kuchh-bheege-alfaaz/","external_links_name":"\"Watch Theatrical Trailer (Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz) Now\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kuchh-bheege-alfaaz/ET00067539","external_links_name":"\"Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/jaane-kyun-de-yaaron/ET00070339","external_links_name":"\"Jaane Kyun De Yaaron\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/sonu-ke-titu-ki-sweety/ET00058565","external_links_name":"\"Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/933284688117899264","external_links_name":"\"#PyaarKaPunchnama director Luv Ranjan's #SonuKeTituKiSweety to release on 9 Feb 2018 to coincide with Valentine's Day [14 Feb 2018]… Produced by TSeries and Luv Films... Stars Kartik Aaryan, Nushrat Bharucha and Sunny Singh... Here's a pic from the movie: https://t.co/uvR0EfPc66\""},{"Link":"https://www.filmfare.com/news/im-excited-to-take-up-a-genre-like-this-says-anushka-sharma-about-her-upcoming-film-pari-22569.html","external_links_name":"\"\"I'm excited to take up a genre like this\" – says Anushka Sharma about her upcoming film Pari\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/pari/ET00058504","external_links_name":"\"Pari 2018\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/960021508788752384","external_links_name":"\"#VeereyKiWedding release date changed.. Was slated for release on 9 March 2018... Will release one week earlier now: 2 March 2018... Stars Pulkit Samrat, Kriti Kharbanda and Jimmy Sheirgill... Ashuu Trikha directs\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/veerey-ki-wedding/ET00070218","external_links_name":"\"Veerey Ki Wedding\""},{"Link":"http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shooting-for-urvashi-rautela-starrer-hate-story-4-wrapped-up-4933975/","external_links_name":"\"Shooting for Urvashi Rautela starrer Hate Story 4 wrapped up\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/hate-story-4/ET00049879","external_links_name":"\"Hate Story 4\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/dil-juunglee/ET00069270","external_links_name":"\"Dil Juunglee\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/962029242581069824","external_links_name":"\"Following the changes in the release date of #Padmaavat, #PadMan and #Aiyaary, #DilJuunglee - which was scheduled for release on 16 Feb 2018 - has been shifted to next month... The Taapsee Pannu - Saqib Saleem starrer will now release on 9 March 2018\""},{"Link":"http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/3-storeys-teaser-richa-chadha-pulkit-samrat-sharman-joshi-renuka-shahane-farhan-akhtar-watch-video-4972103/","external_links_name":"\"3 Storeys teaser: Farhan Akhtar's next production venture uncovers stories hidden inside a chawl\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/3-storeys/ET00058858","external_links_name":"\"3 Storeys\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/raid/ET00062208","external_links_name":"\"Raid\""},{"Link":"https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/thugs-of-hindostan-tiger-zinda-hai-hichki-release-dates-announced-by-yrf-heres-when-they-come-to-theatres-4047055.html","external_links_name":"\"Thugs of Hindostan, Tiger Zinda Hai, Hichki release dates announced by YRF: Here's when they come to theatres\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/hichki/ET00054008","external_links_name":"\"Hichki\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/TSeries/status/960869710777802758","external_links_name":"\"Here's the official teaser of #ShaadiTeriBajayengeHumBand st. #RajpalYadav, #RahulBagga - https://t.co/xLQBagdoLX Releasing on 23rd March. https://t.co/4SHA3AgKot\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/shaadi-teri-bajayenge-hum-band/ET00070372","external_links_name":"\"Shaadi Teri Bajayenge Hum Band\""},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/baaghi-2/ET00053840","external_links_name":"\"Baaghi 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.sitejuggler.com/october-movie-review/","external_links_name":"\"October Movie Review – Site Juggler\""},{"Link":"https://www.bumppy.com/anurag-kashyaps-zoo-movie-is-now-available-on-netflix/","external_links_name":"\"Shlok Sharma Zoo movie is now Available on Netflix\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-direct-to-digital-film-meri-nimmo-releases-today/articleshow/63928957.cms","external_links_name":"\"The direct-to-digital film 'Meri Nimmo' releases today\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/985768038656983041","external_links_name":"\"Naseeruddin Shah. 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Here's Sanju's look from the movie: https://t.co/xuX0yC7EGC\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/remodsouza/status/1017031753721110529","external_links_name":"\"Meet #Nawabzaade @TheRaghav_Juyal @dthevirus31 @punitjpathak and there love @isharikhi https://t.co/Xe3oLRMBPK\""},{"Link":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/aishwarya-rai-intimate-scenes-fanney-khan-rajkummar-rao/1/1052907.html","external_links_name":"\"Aishwarya Rai says NO to intimate scenes with Rajkummar Rao in Fanney Khan after Ae Dil Hai Mushkil?\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1012303734251061248","external_links_name":"\"Rishi Kapoor and Taapsee Pannu... First look posters of #Mulk... Teaser out tomorrow... Directed by Anubhav Sinha... 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Anil's son Utkarsh stars in the lead role... #RakshaBandhanWeekend https://t.co/8uz5l8VjUx\""},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sonakshi-sinha-joins-diana-penty-in-happy-phir-bhag-jayegi-watch-teaser/story-ATsVqILPbSf5wAq9iQTNwO.html","external_links_name":"\"Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi\""},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/toba-tek-singh-movie-review-pankaj-kapur-disappoints-all-eyes-on-nawazuddin-siddiqui-s-manto/story-q2NdmA9JkFx0bucSBdtdyK.html","external_links_name":"\"Toba Tek Singh movie review: Pankaj Kapur disappoints, all eyes on Nawazuddin Siddiqui's Manto\""},{"Link":"https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/yamla-pagla-deewana-phir-se-gets-a-new-release-date-details-here-1877242","external_links_name":"\"Yamla Pagla Deewana Phir Se Gets A New Release Date. 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Trailer out tomorrow [17 Aug 2018]. https://t.co/MunXQIoe7s\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/halkaa/movie-review/65707786.cms","external_links_name":"\"Halkaa Movie Review\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/love-sonia-is-a-hard-hitting-story-that-deals-with-human-trafficking/articleshow/65424729.cms","external_links_name":"\"'Love Sonia'is hard-hitting story that deals with human trafficking\""},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/jaccky-bhagani-kritika-kamra-share-the-first-poster-of-mitron/story-8amh8nKG1QFIIutpNIjQOO.html","external_links_name":"\"Jaccky Bhagani, Kritika Kamra share the first poster of Mitron\""},{"Link":"http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-batti-gul-meter-chalu-even-before-the-release-of-padmavati-shahid-kapoor-announces-his-next-film-2553986","external_links_name":"\"Batti Gul Meter Chalu: Even before the release of 'Padmavati', Shahid Kapoor announces his next film – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis\""},{"Link":"https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/manto-trailer-nawazuddin-siddiqui-as-saadat-hasan-manto-is-brilliant-take-a-bow-1900726","external_links_name":"\"Manto Trailer: Nawazuddin Siddiqui As Saadat Hasan Manto Is Brilliant. 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Stars Varun Mitra, Rhea Chakraborty and Digangana Suryavanshi... Directed by debutant Pushpdeep Bhardwaj... Produced by Mukesh Bhatt... Here's the motion poster: https://t.co/cAndNAScMh\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1032842278715318273","external_links_name":"\"New release date for #HelicopterEela: 12 Oct 2018... Since director Pradeep Sarkar is diagnosed with dengue, Ajay Devgn has taken a decision to resume work on the film after Sarkar is discharged from hospital... Ajay Devgn and Jayantilal Gada have now shifted the film to 12 Oct\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1036495051914797057","external_links_name":"\"Govinda and Varun Sharma... #FryDay to release on 12 Oct 2018... Directed by Abhishek Dogra... New poster: https://t.co/TxNulCD5q8\""},{"Link":"https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-sohum-shah-s-tumbbad-gets-a-release-date-here-s-all-you-need-to-know-2633358","external_links_name":"\"Sohum Shah's Tumbbad gets a release date, Here's all you need to know\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171027151212/https://www.easterneye.eu/namastey-canada-release-next-year/","external_links_name":"\"Namastey Canada to release next year – Eastern Eye\""},{"Link":"https://www.easterneye.eu/namastey-canada-release-next-year/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/namaste-england/ET00069350","external_links_name":"\"Namaste England\""},{"Link":"https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-ayushmann-khurrana-and-sanya-malhotra-starrer-film-badhaai-ho-will-release-on-19-october-18121587.html","external_links_name":"\"बधाई हो: इस डेट पर रिलीज़ होगी आमिर खान की 'बेटी' की फिल्म\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/KytaProductions/status/1040100398596612096","external_links_name":"\"#Baazaar to release on 26th October! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Gaol | Victoria Prison | ["1 History","2 Preservation Guidelines","3 Preservation of F Hall","3.1 Reasons for preserving F Hall (as submitted by the Central and Western District Council","3.2 Motions passed by the Central & Western District Council on F Hall","3.3 Views of Government on the preservation of F Hall","3.4 Views put forward by the C&W DC on the preservation of F Hall","4 Buildings","5 2006 Public Opening","6 2007 Public Opening","7 In popular culture","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"] | Coordinates: 22°16′52″N 114°09′14″E / 22.281073°N 114.153944°E / 22.281073; 114.153944 (Victoria Prison)Former prison in Hong Kong
Victoria PrisonOpened4 August 1841Closed2 March 2006CityHong Kong
The entrance to Hong Kong's Victoria Prison in 2005.
Victoria PrisonTraditional Chinese域多利監獄Simplified Chinese域多利监狱TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinYùduōlì JiānyùYue: CantoneseYale RomanizationWihk dō leih gāam yuhkJyutpingWik6 do1 lei6 gaam1 juk6
Interior of one of the halls
The Female Section of Hall D
Victoria Prison, was the first and longest-running prison to date in Hong Kong. It is located on Old Bailey Street in Central, Hong Kong Island. Named in honour of Queen Victoria, it was originally known as Victoria Gaol and was renamed into Victoria Prison in 1899. Victoria Prison has been redeveloped into a cultural and shopping destination generally called Tai Kwun (大館). Tai Kwun is composed of three declared monuments: the former Central Police Station, former Central Magistracy and Victoria Prison.
History
The prison was completed on 4 August 1842. It was originally known as the Victoria Gaol and is said to be the first western building constructed of durable material in Hong Kong. The prison still retains the facade of Victorian architecture, having been built mostly of granite and brick.
Ho Chi Minh, the Vietnamese revolutionary, was imprisoned there from 1931 to 1933.
During World War II, the prison was occupied by the Japanese and most of its buildings were damaged by bombing. The prison was re-opened for use in 1946 after restoration. When Hong Kong was later declared a port of first asylum for Vietnamese refugees, Victoria Prison became a transit and repatriation centre. It was subsequently developed into an institution with modern management facilities for accommodating discharged inmates of both sexes prior to repatriation or deportation. The prison buildings were declared monuments on 8 September 1995, together with the adjacent former Central Police Station and the former Central Magistracy. It was officially decommissioned on 12 March 2006. It has recently finished renovation and in 2018 Victoria Prison was reopened as The Tai Kwun Center for Heritage and Arts.
Preservation Guidelines
The completion dates of different parts of the old Central Police Station, the former Central Magistracy and Victoria Prison compound are listed below:
Year of Completion
Area
Heritage Guidelines
1860
D Hall West Wing of Victoria Prison
The exterior of the building must be preserved while future developers can apply for renovating the interior of the building
1864
Barrack Block
The exterior of the building must be preserved while future developers can apply for renovating the interior of the building
1914
Former Central Magistracy
The exterior of the building must be preserved while future developers can apply for renovating the interior of the building
1919
Headquarters Block
The exterior of the building must be preserved while future developers can apply for renovating the interior of the building
1910
Block A, B, C, D
Both the interior and exterior of the building is to be preserved
1914
B Hall, C Hall East Wing, C Hall West Wing, E Hall
Both the interior and exterior of the building is to be preserved
1925
Stable Block
Both the interior and exterior of the building is to be preserved
1945
A Hall
Both the interior and exterior of the building is to be preserved
after 1948
Sanitary Block
The exterior of the building must be preserved while the future developer can apply for renovating the interior of the building
1913, 1931, 1948
F Hall and all others
Future developers can apply for demolition of these building.
Preservation of F Hall
Reasons for preserving F Hall (as submitted by the Central and Western District Council
In the early 20th century, a series of changes happened in Victoria Prison. The existing F Hall, representing the door to the interior of the prison, was completed in 1913. It was used as a printing factory for prisoners to work and acquire skills. In 1931, F Hall was rebuilt as a two-storey building and a "weaving area" was added. After the Japanese Army invaded Hong Kong during World War II, many parts of the Prison, including F Hall, were severely damaged. F Hall was rebuilt in 1948 and was re-opened as a Government printing workshop (i.e. the former Printing Department). In 1956, the ground floor of F Hall was converted to an office and reception centre of the prison. The Victoria Prison finally closed down in early 2006.
The Government declared Victoria Prison as a declared monument in September 1995.
In early 2000, the Government planned to develop the Central Police Station and Victoria Prison Compound for cultural and tourism use, and to assign the Tourism Commission, which was responsible for developing the new tourist spots, to co-ordinate the development project. The Government also planned to let private enterprise develop and manage te heritage compound through public tender.
Accompanied by representatives of the Antiquities and Monuments Office (AMO), the Central and Western District Council (C&W DC) visited the heritage compound in April 2003. During the visit, the C&W DC learned that the Antiquities Advisory Board (AAB) had considered the 18 buildings in the heritage compound as historical buildings. However, AAB formally laid down a set of guidelines for developing the heritage compound after a meeting held in June 2004. The guidelines pointed out that only 17 buildings in the compound were considered historical buildings and that F Hall, located behind the entrance to Victoria Prison, was not on the list.
Motions passed by the Central & Western District Council on F Hall
The C&W DC strongly requested that F Hall of Victoria Prison be preserved, and that the future developer of the heritage compound not be given the right to decide whether F Hall should be demolished. The C&W DC also requested the AAB to reconsider the views of the public and the C&W DC. (This motion was passed by the C&W DC at a meeting held on 25 November 2004)
Views of Government on the preservation of F Hall
In a reply to the C&W DC in November 2004, AMO pointed out that the AAB had considered that in comparison with other historical buildings, the cultural value of F Hall was lower, and therefore F Hall should be kept under the category of non-historical buildings. AAB also viewed that the above decision would not affect the overall historical value of the Victoria Prison Compound. This could enhance the flexibility of the future development of the compound, and allow more creative design that was compatible with the historical buildings in the Victoria Prison Compound.
At the C&W DC meeting held on 2 November 2004, Dr. Louis Ng, the former Executive Secretary of the Antiquities and Monuments Office stated that the Government declared the whole heritage compound as declared monuments in 1995. However, the Government did not specify the cultural value and preservation mode of individual buildings in the heritage compound, nor pointed out particularly that F Hall was a historical building. According to the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance, any demolition works to be carried out in the heritage compound is to be approved by the Antiquities Authority (i.e. the Secretary for Home Affairs). Upon receiving an application for demolition of a building in the heritage compound, the Antiquities Authority will consider the cultural value of relevant buildings and the necessity of the demolition works etc. Doctor Louis Ng has clarified that AAB did not ask for demolition of F Hall, but considered if there was a need to fulfill the design, the Board would consider demolition of F Hall.
Views put forward by the C&W DC on the preservation of F Hall
At a meeting held on 25 November 2004, C&W DC members put forward the following views regarding the preservation of F Hall:
Demolition of F Hall would affect unity of the heritage compound, and therefore the future developer should not be given the right to decide whether F Hall should be demolished.
F Hall represented the entrance of the whole heritage compound. Without this entrance, the heritage compound could not be regarded as a heritage compound.
There was educational value in F Hall. It was a typical prison and was totally different from B Hall and E Hall. If the future developer was given the right to decide whether F Hall should preserved, F Hall would not exist and the history of prisons in Hong Kong would certainly diminish.
It was hoped that the Government would review the preservation of F Hall. The Hong Kong Institute of Architects has indicated that F Hall should not be demolished, and only part of F Hall should be redeveloped. The heritage compound reflected the prison development in Hong Kong. If the future developer was given the right to decide whether F Hall should be preserved, they would certainly pull down the building for redevelopment
Typical Victoria Prison cell
Buildings
The prison complex consists of 3 three-storey buildings, 3 two-storey buildings and 3 single-storey buildings. Inside these buildings there are cellular and dormitory accommodations, a special unit, a hospital, a kitchen, dining halls/ dayrooms, a laundry, an exercise yard and an administration block.
The prison had undergone several stages of expansion since its original founding with the major one in 1895 when D Hall complex with its Neo-Georgian architectural style was built. A further stage of major expansion took place in 1914 with the addition of B Hall, C Hall and E Hall to cope with the needs of the time.
The various buildings were constructed as follows:
Hall
Constructed
A Hall
1945
B Hall
1914
C Hall West
1914
C Hall East
1914
D Hall East
1860
D Hall West
1860
E Hall
1914
F Hall
1913, 1931, 1948
The overall compound also comprises 7 blocks of the old Central Police Station as follows:
Hall
Constructed
Headquarters Block
1919
Block A
1910
Block B
1910
Block C
1910
Block D
1910
Stable Block
1925
Barrack Block
1864
And finally, there is also one former Central Magistracy building built in 1914.
The compound is bordered on the North by Hollywood Road, on the South by Chancery Lane, on the East by Arbuthnot Road and on the West by Old Bailey Street.
2006 Public Opening
Upon its decommission, the "Victoria Prison Decommissioning Open Days" event was organised. The prison was opened to the public on 11, 17 and 18 March 2006 as a charity event to raise funds for the Community Chest of Hong Kong. Each visitor was asked to donate HK$20 to the charity.
Correctional Services department staff volunteers dressed in old staff uniforms helped to provide a glimpse of the changes in attire over the years, when the former Prisons Department was renamed the Correctional Services Department in 1982.
A piece of the equipment for administering corporal punishment, called the "Cat-of-nine tails" (a whip), was also on display.
2007 Public Opening
The Central and Western District Council organised six Open Days in January 2007 under the title of "Journey to the History of Victoria Prison"
Guided tours were led by docents to historical buildings in the heritage compound. There was a "Prison Art Museum" where local artists were given access to several cells that they could decorate or use as a display gallery.
The Open Days were scheduled on 6,7,13,14,20 and 21 January 2007 from 09:30 to 16:00.
In popular culture
Victoria Prison appeared in the 2008 Anthony Horowitz novel Necropolis as Scarlett Adams' and Matthew Freeman's prison when they are captured by the Nightrise corporation.
This prison serves as a main setting for Hong Kong TVB drama series Phoenix Rising.
See also
List of places named for Queen Victoria, for a list of places named after Queen Victoria
Malcolm Struan Tonnochy - Superintendent of Victoria Gaol 1876-1882
References
^ "Do you know the early history of Victoria Prison?". Hong Kong Memory. 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
^ Tsui, Enid (9 May 2018). "Former Hong Kong prison and police station turned arts complex to open this month after US$485 million, eight-year restoration". South China Morning Post.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Victoria Prison.
Antiquities and Monuments Office
Victoria Prison at the Wayback Machine (archived 2004-12-06) - Hong Kong Correctional Services
Hong Kong Disciplined Services Collectibles
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This list is incomplete.
vte Heritage conservation in Hong KongGovernment
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Lists
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Notable casesDemolished
Kowloon Station (1978)
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Preserved
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Pending
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Adaptive reuseCompleted
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PMQ
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22°16′52″N 114°09′14″E / 22.281073°N 114.153944°E / 22.281073; 114.153944 (Victoria Prison) | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_Prison.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vprison.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HK_Victoria_Prison_Hall_D_Female_Section.JPG"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Old Bailey Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bailey_Street"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central,_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tai Kwun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Kwun"},{"link_name":"former Central Police Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Police_Station_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"former Central Magistracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_Central_Magistracy"}],"text":"Former prison in Hong KongThe entrance to Hong Kong's Victoria Prison in 2005.Interior of one of the hallsThe Female Section of Hall DVictoria Prison, was the first and longest-running prison to date in Hong Kong. It is located on Old Bailey Street in Central, Hong Kong Island. Named in honour of Queen Victoria, it was originally known as Victoria Gaol and was renamed into Victoria Prison in 1899.[1] Victoria Prison has been redeveloped into a cultural and shopping destination generally called Tai Kwun (大館). Tai Kwun is composed of three declared monuments: the former Central Police Station, former Central Magistracy and Victoria Prison.","title":"Victoria Prison"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ho Chi Minh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"former Central Magistracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_Central_Magistracy"},{"link_name":"Tai Kwun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Kwun"}],"text":"The prison was completed on 4 August 1842. It was originally known as the Victoria Gaol and is said to be the first western building constructed of durable material in Hong Kong. The prison still retains the facade of Victorian architecture, having been built mostly of granite and brick.Ho Chi Minh, the Vietnamese revolutionary, was imprisoned there from 1931 to 1933.[2]During World War II, the prison was occupied by the Japanese and most of its buildings were damaged by bombing. The prison was re-opened for use in 1946 after restoration. When Hong Kong was later declared a port of first asylum for Vietnamese refugees, Victoria Prison became a transit and repatriation centre. It was subsequently developed into an institution with modern management facilities for accommodating discharged inmates of both sexes prior to repatriation or deportation. The prison buildings were declared monuments on 8 September 1995, together with the adjacent former Central Police Station and the former Central Magistracy. It was officially decommissioned on 12 March 2006. It has recently finished renovation and in 2018 Victoria Prison was reopened as The Tai Kwun Center for Heritage and Arts.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The completion dates of different parts of the old Central Police Station, the former Central Magistracy and Victoria Prison compound are listed below:","title":"Preservation Guidelines"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Preservation of F Hall"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Reasons for preserving F Hall (as submitted by the Central and Western District Council","text":"In the early 20th century, a series of changes happened in Victoria Prison. The existing F Hall, representing the door to the interior of the prison, was completed in 1913. It was used as a printing factory for prisoners to work and acquire skills. In 1931, F Hall was rebuilt as a two-storey building and a \"weaving area\" was added. After the Japanese Army invaded Hong Kong during World War II, many parts of the Prison, including F Hall, were severely damaged. F Hall was rebuilt in 1948 and was re-opened as a Government printing workshop (i.e. the former Printing Department). In 1956, the ground floor of F Hall was converted to an office and reception centre of the prison. The Victoria Prison finally closed down in early 2006.The Government declared Victoria Prison as a declared monument in September 1995.In early 2000, the Government planned to develop the Central Police Station and Victoria Prison Compound for cultural and tourism use, and to assign the Tourism Commission, which was responsible for developing the new tourist spots, to co-ordinate the development project. The Government also planned to let private enterprise develop and manage te heritage compound through public tender.Accompanied by representatives of the Antiquities and Monuments Office (AMO), the Central and Western District Council (C&W DC) visited the heritage compound in April 2003. During the visit, the C&W DC learned that the Antiquities Advisory Board (AAB) had considered the 18 buildings in the heritage compound as historical buildings. However, AAB formally laid down a set of guidelines for developing the heritage compound after a meeting held in June 2004. The guidelines pointed out that only 17 buildings in the compound were considered historical buildings and that F Hall, located behind the entrance to Victoria Prison, was not on the list.","title":"Preservation of F Hall"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Motions passed by the Central & Western District Council on F Hall","text":"The C&W DC strongly requested that F Hall of Victoria Prison be preserved, and that the future developer of the heritage compound not be given the right to decide whether F Hall should be demolished. The C&W DC also requested the AAB to reconsider the views of the public and the C&W DC. (This motion was passed by the C&W DC at a meeting held on 25 November 2004)","title":"Preservation of F Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antiquities and Monuments Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquities_and_Monuments_Office"},{"link_name":"Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquities_and_Monuments_Ordinance"},{"link_name":"Secretary for Home Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_for_Home_Affairs"}],"sub_title":"Views of Government on the preservation of F Hall","text":"In a reply to the C&W DC in November 2004, AMO pointed out that the AAB had considered that in comparison with other historical buildings, the cultural value of F Hall was lower, and therefore F Hall should be kept under the category of non-historical buildings. AAB also viewed that the above decision would not affect the overall historical value of the Victoria Prison Compound. This could enhance the flexibility of the future development of the compound, and allow more creative design that was compatible with the historical buildings in the Victoria Prison Compound.At the C&W DC meeting held on 2 November 2004, Dr. Louis Ng, the former Executive Secretary of the Antiquities and Monuments Office stated that the Government declared the whole heritage compound as declared monuments in 1995. However, the Government did not specify the cultural value and preservation mode of individual buildings in the heritage compound, nor pointed out particularly that F Hall was a historical building. According to the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance, any demolition works to be carried out in the heritage compound is to be approved by the Antiquities Authority (i.e. the Secretary for Home Affairs). Upon receiving an application for demolition of a building in the heritage compound, the Antiquities Authority will consider the cultural value of relevant buildings and the necessity of the demolition works etc. Doctor Louis Ng has clarified that AAB did not ask for demolition of F Hall, but considered if there was a need to fulfill the design, the Board would consider demolition of F Hall.","title":"Preservation of F Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Hong Kong Institute of Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hkia.net/"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vprisoncell.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Views put forward by the C&W DC on the preservation of F Hall","text":"At a meeting held on 25 November 2004, C&W DC members put forward the following views regarding the preservation of F Hall:Demolition of F Hall would affect unity of the heritage compound, and therefore the future developer should not be given the right to decide whether F Hall should be demolished.\nF Hall represented the entrance of the whole heritage compound. Without this entrance, the heritage compound could not be regarded as a heritage compound.\nThere was educational value in F Hall. It was a typical prison and was totally different from B Hall and E Hall. If the future developer was given the right to decide whether F Hall should preserved, F Hall would not exist and the history of prisons in Hong Kong would certainly diminish.\nIt was hoped that the Government would review the preservation of F Hall. The Hong Kong Institute of Architects has indicated that F Hall should not be demolished, and only part of F Hall should be redeveloped. The heritage compound reflected the prison development in Hong Kong. If the future developer was given the right to decide whether F Hall should be preserved, they would certainly pull down the building for redevelopmentTypical Victoria Prison cell","title":"Preservation of F Hall"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The prison complex consists of 3 three-storey buildings, 3 two-storey buildings and 3 single-storey buildings. Inside these buildings there are cellular and dormitory accommodations, a special unit, a hospital, a kitchen, dining halls/ dayrooms, a laundry, an exercise yard and an administration block.The prison had undergone several stages of expansion since its original founding with the major one in 1895 when D Hall complex with its Neo-Georgian architectural style was built. A further stage of major expansion took place in 1914 with the addition of B Hall, C Hall and E Hall to cope with the needs of the time.The various buildings were constructed as follows:The overall compound also comprises 7 blocks of the old Central Police Station as follows:And finally, there is also one former Central Magistracy building built in 1914.The compound is bordered on the North by Hollywood Road, on the South by Chancery Lane, on the East by Arbuthnot Road and on the West by Old Bailey Street.","title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Community Chest of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Community_Chest_of_Hong_Kong"}],"text":"Upon its decommission, the \"Victoria Prison Decommissioning Open Days\" event was organised. The prison was opened to the public on 11, 17 and 18 March 2006 as a charity event to raise funds for the Community Chest of Hong Kong. Each visitor was asked to donate HK$20 to the charity.Correctional Services department staff volunteers dressed in old staff uniforms helped to provide a glimpse of the changes in attire over the years, when the former Prisons Department was renamed the Correctional Services Department in 1982.A piece of the equipment for administering corporal punishment, called the \"Cat-of-nine tails\" (a whip), was also on display.","title":"2006 Public Opening"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"docents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docent"}],"text":"The Central and Western District Council organised six Open Days in January 2007 under the title of \"Journey to the History of Victoria Prison\"Guided tours were led by docents to historical buildings in the heritage compound. There was a \"Prison Art Museum\" where local artists were given access to several cells that they could decorate or use as a display gallery.The Open Days were scheduled on 6,7,13,14,20 and 21 January 2007 from 09:30 to 16:00.","title":"2007 Public Opening"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony Horowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Horowitz"},{"link_name":"Necropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necropolis_(2008_novel)"},{"link_name":"Matthew Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Freeman_(Power_of_Five)"},{"link_name":"Nightrise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightrise"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Rising_(Hong_Kong_TV_series)"}],"text":"Victoria Prison appeared in the 2008 Anthony Horowitz novel Necropolis as Scarlett Adams' and Matthew Freeman's prison when they are captured by the Nightrise corporation.\nThis prison serves as a main setting for Hong Kong TVB drama series Phoenix Rising.","title":"In popular culture"}] | [{"image_text":"The entrance to Hong Kong's Victoria Prison in 2005.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Victoria_Prison.jpg/220px-Victoria_Prison.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior of one of the halls","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Vprison.jpg/220px-Vprison.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Female Section of Hall D","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HK_Victoria_Prison_Hall_D_Female_Section.JPG/220px-HK_Victoria_Prison_Hall_D_Female_Section.JPG"},{"image_text":"Typical Victoria Prison cell","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Vprisoncell.jpg/220px-Vprisoncell.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of places named for Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_named_for_Queen_Victoria"},{"title":"Malcolm Struan Tonnochy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Struan_Tonnochy"}] | [{"reference":"\"Do you know the early history of Victoria Prison?\". Hong Kong Memory. 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hkmemory.org/central-police/text/prison-q1-eng.php","url_text":"\"Do you know the early history of Victoria Prison?\""}]},{"reference":"Tsui, Enid (9 May 2018). \"Former Hong Kong prison and police station turned arts complex to open this month after US$485 million, eight-year restoration\". South China Morning Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/culture/arts-entertainment/article/2145426/former-hong-kong-prison-and-police-station-turned-arts","url_text":"\"Former Hong Kong prison and police station turned arts complex to open this month after US$485 million, eight-year restoration\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Victoria_Prison¶ms=22.281073_N_114.153944_E_type:landmark_region:HK&title=Victoria+Prison","external_links_name":"22°16′52″N 114°09′14″E / 22.281073°N 114.153944°E / 22.281073; 114.153944 (Victoria Prison)"},{"Link":"http://www.hkia.net/","external_links_name":"The Hong Kong Institute of Architects"},{"Link":"http://www.hkmemory.org/central-police/text/prison-q1-eng.php","external_links_name":"\"Do you know the early history of Victoria Prison?\""},{"Link":"https://www.scmp.com/culture/arts-entertainment/article/2145426/former-hong-kong-prison-and-police-station-turned-arts","external_links_name":"\"Former Hong Kong prison and police station turned arts complex to open this month after US$485 million, eight-year restoration\""},{"Link":"http://www.amo.gov.hk/en/monuments_55.php","external_links_name":"Antiquities and Monuments Office"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041206082826/http://www.csd.gov.hk:80/english/ins/ins_ind/ins_hk_vp.html","external_links_name":"Victoria Prison"},{"Link":"http://www.hkdsc.com/","external_links_name":"Hong Kong Disciplined Services Collectibles"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Victoria_Prison¶ms=22.281073_N_114.153944_E_type:landmark_region:HK&title=Victoria+Prison","external_links_name":"22°16′52″N 114°09′14″E / 22.281073°N 114.153944°E / 22.281073; 114.153944 (Victoria Prison)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingui-Bot%C3%B3_language | Dzubukuá language | ["1 Phonology","1.1 Consonants","1.2 Vowels","2 See also","3 References","4 External Links"] | Extinct Karirian language of Brazil
DzubukuáKiririNative toBrazilRegionCabrobó, PernambucoEthnicityKiriri peopleExtinctmid-20th centuryLanguage familyMacro-Gê
KaririanDzubukuáLanguage codesISO 639-3(included in Karirí-Xocó )Individual code:tgv – Tingui-BotóGlottologdzub1241
Dzubukuá (Dzubucua), or Kiriri, is an extinct Karirian language of Brazil. It is sometimes considered a dialect of a single Kariri language. A short grammatical description is available.
It was spoken on the São Francisco River islands, in the Cabrobó area of Pernambuco.
Phonology
Phonology of the Dzubukuá language:
Consonants
Labial
Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
Plosive
voiceless
p
t
k
voiced
b
d
ɡ
Affricate
voiceless
t͡s
voiced
d͡z
Nasal
m
n
ɲ
Fricative
h
Liquid
lateral
l
rhotic
ɾ
Semivowel
w
j
Vowels
Vowel sounds are presented as and which is written out as a double vowel oe. Nasal vowels are pronounced as along with nasalized double vowels oê and aê, not pronounced as diphthongs, but as nasalized monophthongs .
See also
Kipeá language
References
^ Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
^ a b c de Queiroz, José Márcio Correia. 2008. Aspectos da fonologia Dzubukuá. MA thesis, Recife: Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. 124pp.
External Links
Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix:Dzubukuá word list
vteMacro-Jê languagesJêCerradoGoyazPanará
Southern Kayapó
Panará
Northern
Apinajé
Mẽbêngôkre (dialects: Kayapó, Xikrín)
Kĩsêdjê (Suyá)
Tapayuna
Timbira
Canela
Krahô
Pykobjê
Krĩkatí
Parkatêjê
Kỳikatêjê
Krẽjê
Central (Akuwẽ)
Acroá
Xakriabá
Xavánte
Akwẽ-Xerénte (Xerénte)
Jê of Paraná
Ingain
Southern
Kaingáng
Laklãnõ (Xokléng)
Unclassified
Jaikó
Trans–São FranciscoKrenák
Guerén
Krenak
Nakrehé
Maxakalían
Malalí
Maxakalí
Ritual Maxakalí
Pataxó
Makoní
Kapoxó
Kamakã
Kamakã
Kotoxó
Masakará
Menién
WesternMato Grosso
Ofayé
Rikbáktsa
Jabutian
Arikapú
Djeoromitxi
Karajá
Karajá
Borôro ?
Umutína
Boróro
Bororo of Cabaçal
Otuke
Gorgotoqui ?
Karirí ?
Dzubukuá
Kamurú
Kipeá
Sabujá
Purian ?
Coropó
Puri
Italics indicate extinct languages | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karirian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karirian_language"},{"link_name":"Kariri language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kariri_language"},{"link_name":"São Francisco River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_River"},{"link_name":"Cabrobó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabrob%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Pernambuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernambuco"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Dzubukuá (Dzubucua), or Kiriri, is an extinct Karirian language of Brazil. It is sometimes considered a dialect of a single Kariri language. A short grammatical description is available.It was spoken on the São Francisco River islands, in the Cabrobó area of Pernambuco.[2]","title":"Dzubukuá language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Phonology of the Dzubukuá language:[2]","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Consonants","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"sub_title":"Vowels","text":"Vowel sounds are presented as [i, ɨ, u, e, o, a] and [œ] which is written out as a double vowel oe. Nasal vowels are pronounced as [ɐ̃, ẽ, ĩ, õ, ũ] along with nasalized double vowels oê and aê, not pronounced as diphthongs, but as nasalized monophthongs [œ̃, æ̃].[2]","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wiktionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary"},{"link_name":"Appendix:Dzubukuá word list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Dzubuku%C3%A1_word_list"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Macro-J%C3%AA_languages"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Macro-J%C3%AA_languages"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Macro-J%C3%AA_languages"},{"link_name":"Macro-Jê languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages"},{"link_name":"Jê","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%AA_languages"},{"link_name":"Cerrado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado_languages"},{"link_name":"Goyaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goyaz_J%C3%AA_languages"},{"link_name":"Southern Kayapó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Kayap%C3%B3_language"},{"link_name":"Panará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panar%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_J%C3%AA_languages"},{"link_name":"Apinajé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apinay%C3%A9_language"},{"link_name":"Mẽbêngôkre (dialects: Kayapó, Xikrín)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayapo_language"},{"link_name":"Kĩsêdjê (Suyá)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suya_language"},{"link_name":"Tapayuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapayuna_language"},{"link_name":"Timbira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbira_language"},{"link_name":"Canela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canela_language"},{"link_name":"Krahô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krah%C3%B4_language"},{"link_name":"Pykobjê","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pykobj%C3%AA_language"},{"link_name":"Krĩkatí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%A9kat%C3%AD_language"},{"link_name":"Parkatêjê","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkat%C3%AAj%C3%AA_language"},{"link_name":"Kỳikatêjê","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BB%B3ikat%C3%AAj%C3%AA_language"},{"link_name":"Krẽjê","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%E1%BA%BDje_language"},{"link_name":"Central (Akuwẽ)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_J%C3%AA_languages"},{"link_name":"Acroá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acro%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Xakriabá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xakriab%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Xavánte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavante_language"},{"link_name":"Akwẽ-Xerénte (Xerénte)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xer%C3%A9nte_language"},{"link_name":"Jê of Paraná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_J%C3%AA_languages"},{"link_name":"Ingain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingain_language"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_J%C3%AA_languages"},{"link_name":"Kaingáng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaingang_language"},{"link_name":"Laklãnõ (Xokléng)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xokleng_language"},{"link_name":"Jaikó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaik%C3%B3_language"},{"link_name":"Trans–São Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93S%C3%A3o_Francisco_languages"},{"link_name":"Krenák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krenak_languages"},{"link_name":"Guerén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guer%C3%A9n_language"},{"link_name":"Krenak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krenak_language"},{"link_name":"Nakrehé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakreh%C3%A9_language"},{"link_name":"Maxakalían","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxakal%C3%ADan_languages"},{"link_name":"Malalí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malal%C3%AD_language"},{"link_name":"Maxakalí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxakal%C3%AD_language"},{"link_name":"Ritual Maxakalí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_Maxakal%C3%AD_language"},{"link_name":"Pataxó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patax%C3%B3_language"},{"link_name":"Makoní","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makon%C3%AD_language"},{"link_name":"Kapoxó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapox%C3%B3_language"},{"link_name":"Kamakã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamak%C3%A3_languages"},{"link_name":"Kamakã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamak%C3%A3_language"},{"link_name":"Kotoxó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotox%C3%B3_language"},{"link_name":"Masakará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakar%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Menién","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meni%C3%A9n_language"},{"link_name":"Ofayé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofay%C3%A9_language"},{"link_name":"Rikbáktsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikbaktsa_language"},{"link_name":"Jabutian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabutian_languages"},{"link_name":"Arikapú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arikap%C3%BA_language"},{"link_name":"Djeoromitxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djeoromitxi_language"},{"link_name":"Karajá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Karajá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Borôro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bororoan_languages"},{"link_name":"Umutína","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umotina_language"},{"link_name":"Boróro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bororo_language"},{"link_name":"Bororo of Cabaçal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bororo_of_Caba%C3%A7al"},{"link_name":"Otuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otuke_language"},{"link_name":"Gorgotoqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgotoqui_language"},{"link_name":"Karirí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kariri_languages"},{"link_name":"Dzubukuá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Kamurú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamur%C3%BA_language"},{"link_name":"Kipeá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipe%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Sabujá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabuj%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Purian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purian_languages"},{"link_name":"Coropó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corop%C3%B3_language"},{"link_name":"Puri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puri_language"},{"link_name":"extinct languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_death"}],"text":"Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix:Dzubukuá word listvteMacro-Jê languagesJêCerradoGoyazPanará\nSouthern Kayapó\nPanará\nNorthern\nApinajé\nMẽbêngôkre (dialects: Kayapó, Xikrín)\nKĩsêdjê (Suyá)\nTapayuna\nTimbira\nCanela\nKrahô\nPykobjê\nKrĩkatí\nParkatêjê\nKỳikatêjê\nKrẽjê\n\nCentral (Akuwẽ)\nAcroá\nXakriabá\nXavánte\nAkwẽ-Xerénte (Xerénte)\n\nJê of Paraná\nIngain\nSouthern\nKaingáng\nLaklãnõ (Xokléng)\n\nUnclassified\nJaikó\nTrans–São FranciscoKrenák\nGuerén\nKrenak\nNakrehé\nMaxakalían\nMalalí\nMaxakalí\nRitual Maxakalí\nPataxó\nMakoní\nKapoxó\nKamakã\nKamakã\nKotoxó\nMasakará\nMenién\nWesternMato Grosso\nOfayé\nRikbáktsa\nJabutian\nArikapú\nDjeoromitxi\nKarajá\nKarajá\nBorôro ?\nUmutína\nBoróro\nBororo of Cabaçal\nOtuke\nGorgotoqui ?\nKarirí ?\nDzubukuá\nKamurú\nKipeá\nSabujá\nPurian ?\nCoropó\nPuri\nItalics indicate extinct languages","title":"External Links"}] | [] | [{"title":"Kipeá language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipe%C3%A1_language"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/dzub1241","external_links_name":"dzub1241"},{"Link":"https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/7319","external_links_name":"Aspectos da fonologia Dzubukuá"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Forman_(That_%2770s_Show) | List of That '70s and '90s Show characters | ["1 Cast table","2 Main characters","2.1 Eric Forman","2.2 Donna Pinciotti","2.3 Steven Hyde","2.4 Michael Kelso","2.5 Jacqueline \"Jackie\" Burkhart","2.6 Fez","2.7 Red Forman","2.8 Kitty Forman (née Sigurdson)","2.9 Bob Pinciotti","2.10 Midge Pinciotti","2.11 Laurie Forman","2.12 Leo Chingkwake","2.13 Randy Pearson","2.14 Leia Forman","2.15 Gwen Runck","2.16 Jay Kelso","2.17 Nate Runck","2.18 Ozzie","2.19 Nikki","3 Recurring characters","4 Introduced in That '90s Show","5 Intended recurring roles","6 Notable guest stars","7 References"] | This is a list of characters appearing in the television series That '70s Show and That '90s Show.
Cast table
Character
Portrayed by
That '70s Show
That '90s Show
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
Eric Forman
Topher Grace
Main
Guest
Jackie Burkhart
Mila Kunis
Main
Guest
Michael Kelso
Ashton Kutcher
Main
Recurring
Guest
Steven Hyde
Danny Masterson
Main
Donna Pinciotti
Laura Prepon
Main
Recurring
Fez
Wilmer Valderrama
Main
Recurring
Kitty Forman
Debra Jo Rupp
Main
Red Forman
Kurtwood Smith
Main
Midge Pinciotti
Tanya Roberts
Main
Guest
Recurring
Bob Pinciotti
Don Stark
Main
Guest
Laurie Forman
Lisa Robin Kelly
Recurring
Main
Recurring
Christina Moore
Recurring
Leo Chingkwake
Tommy Chong
Recurring
Main
Recurring
Main
Recurring
Randy Pearson
Josh Meyers
Main
Leia Forman
Callie Haverda
Main
Gwen Runck
Ashley Aufderheide
Main
Jay Kelso
Mace Coronel
Main
Nate Runck
Maxwell Acee Donovan
Main
Ozzie
Reyn Doi
Main
Nikki
Sam Morelos
Main
^ Uncredited in That '70s Show Season 8.
^ Credited in That '70s Show through episodes 1-10 and 13 as main cast; otherwise does not appear and is uncredited.
Main characters
Eric Forman
Portrayed by Topher Grace: The protagonist; Eric is a nice guy, generally nerdy, clumsy, and accident-prone. He does, however, have a deadpan sense of humor that rivals that of his father, Red, and is far from afraid of asserting himself should he be pushed too far. Eric convinces his parents to let his best friend Steven Hyde move in with them, making Hyde like a brother. Red is always hard on him (as a way to toughen him to be a man). He is in a relationship with his longtime love and neighbor Donna Pinciotti. He decides to become a teacher after high school, and he leaves the series at the end of the seventh season to teach in Africa. Eric returns for the series finale, reuniting with Donna. In That '90s Show, it is revealed that Eric eventually married Donna and they had a daughter named Leia, named after Princess Leia. They moved to Chicago and he became an adjunct professor at an unnamed university, teaching "the religion of Star Wars". Eric is based on the adolescence of show creator Mark Brazill.
Donna Pinciotti
Portrayed by Laura Prepon: Eric's longtime girlfriend (and briefly fiancée). Donna is intelligent, good-looking, and a feminist tomboy. Although she does not agree with what Jackie represents in the beginning of the series, they become friends. Donna is in a relationship with Eric for seven seasons (despite their break-up during season 4). She has brief romances with Michael's brother Casey and with Randy during the final season before rekindling her relationship with Eric at the end of the show's finale. In the time in between the finale of That '70s Show and That '90s Show, Donna and Eric married, moved to Chicago, and had a daughter together. She became a professional author.
Steven Hyde
Portrayed by Danny Masterson: Eric's best friend and the anti-establishment member of the group. By the end of season one, Kitty Forman prevails on her husband to allow Hyde to move in after he was abandoned by his mother (played by Katey Sagal) and living in squalor. Hyde is promoted to brother to Eric as soon as he moves in. Hyde has a witty, blunt, and sarcastic sense of humor, and a rebellious personality. He is also the smartest and most practical friend in the group, and the other members often ask for his advice. Although Hyde dates Jackie for three seasons, they eventually part and in the final season he marries an exotic dancer/stripper named Samantha, who (unknown to Hyde) was still wed to her first husband, Larry (Sam McMurray), when she married him. As Donna points out in "My Fairy King", that means Hyde and Samantha are not legally married. In the seventh season, Hyde meets his biological father (William Barnett, played by Tim Reid), a wealthy African-American businessman. Hyde also has a strait-laced half-sister named Angie from this newfound relationship. Barnett, who owns a chain of record stores, makes Hyde the manager (and later the owner) of the Point Place store called Grooves. Hyde does not appear nor is mentioned in Season 1 of That '90s Show, leaving his ultimate fate unknown.
Michael Kelso
Main article: Michael Kelso
Portrayed by Ashton Kutcher: The dim-witted, sex-obsessed pretty boy of the group who wants to coast through life on his good looks. He spends the first half of the series in a relationship with the equally vapid Jackie but their relationship comes to an end when Jackie finds out he's been cheating on her with Laurie. In the season 4 finale, Jackie wants to marry Michael but he isn't ready, so he runs away to California with Donna. His best friend is Fez. He fathers a baby girl named Betsy during the seventh season after getting a girl named Brooke pregnant. He becomes a police officer but gets kicked off the force because he does just about everything wrong. He gets a job as a security guard at a Playboy Club in Chicago, and leaves the series during the eighth and final season. He only appears in five episodes during season eight, including the series finale. In season 1 of That '90s Show, Kelso makes a guest appearance where it is revealed he and Jackie were on their "second re-marriage" and that he had become a father for (at least) a second time with a son named Jay.
Kelso was portrayed once again by Kutcher in a Robot Chicken sketch entitled "That '00s Show". Critics have noted striking similarities to the portrayal of Kutcher's character Walden Schmidt on Two and a Half Men to that of Kelso. Walden's personality, however, drastically changed since his initial appearances and by the series' end he was a completely changed man. Other similarities drawn are between that of his role as Jesse Montgomery III in the stoner film Dude, Where's My Car? (2000).
Jacqueline "Jackie" Burkhart
Portrayed by Mila Kunis: The youngest member of the group, Jackie starts the series as being pretty, rich, stylish, spoiled, selfish, conceited, annoying, and immature. She makes thoughtless and superficial comments, which occasionally turn out to be correct. As the series progresses, her wealthy father is jailed and her mother (first played by Eve Plumb in an early episode, and later, permanently, by Brooke Shields) abandons Point Place. Jackie is forced to take a job and becomes less self-centered and needy of genuine love and affection. Partly as a result of these changes, she and Donna become better friends. By the end of the series, Jackie has dated three of the four men of the original group: Kelso, Hyde, and Fez. Jackie lives with Donna after her dad is put in jail and her mom runs away to Mexico.
It is revealed in the That 90s Show that she continued an on and off relationship with Michael Kelso marrying him at least twice and had a son with him named Jay.
Fez
Main article: Fez (That '70s Show)
Portrayed by Wilmer Valderrama: The foreign exchange student of the group, whose hormones seem to be out of control. His country of origin is one of the longest-running gags on the show. He is sweet, friendly, perverted, gullible, and rather odd. He enjoys eating candy, drinking beer, and looking at pornography. His best friend is Michael Kelso, and he shares a "younger brother" type relationship with Hyde and Eric. He constantly flirts with Jackie and Donna and often makes romantic advances toward them. Initially, he has a lot of trouble getting attention from girls, but during the eighth season, he becomes a ladies' man. He is in love with Jackie throughout the series, but his love is not reciprocated until the eighth season when they become a couple. However, by the time That '90s Show begins, Fez and Jackie had broken up (a result of Jackie cheating on him with Kelso) and has begun a relationship with Sherri Runck. It is also revealed that Fez had opened up a successful chain of beauty salons in Point Place, and is the only one of Eric’s friends to have maintained a close relationship with the Formans - aside from Donna, who is now married into the family. The series' official web site explains the spelling "Fez", as opposed to "Fes" (short for Foreign Exchange Student), as "poetic license".
Red Forman
Portrayed by Kurtwood Smith: Kitty's husband, Eric's and Laurie's father, and Hyde's surrogate father. Red is a Navy combat veteran, having served in World War II and the Korean War. Impatient, short-tempered, often grouchy and constantly threatening to "put my foot in your ass", he occasionally displays a soft side. His hobbies include working with his power tools, watching television (especially Green Bay Packers games), reading the newspaper, hunting, and fishing. He shows no respect for Fez because he's a foreigner, sometimes he gives him offensive nicknames like "Tonto" and "Ali Baba". In That '90s Show, Red plays a central role, as his granddaughter (and series protagonist) Leia spends the summer with him and Kitty. Much to Red's chagrin, Leia and her friends spend most of their time hanging out in his basement and, as such, acts curmudgeonly towards them.
Kitty Forman (née Sigurdson)
Portrayed by Debra Jo Rupp: Eric's and Laurie's mother and Red's wife, Kitty is a cheerful, doting, often oversolicitous mother, who can turn cold and assertive when pushed too far. A nurse and former alcoholic (though she begins again occasionally), her major mood swings are usually attributed to menopause. She is also an overly nurturing mother figure to Eric's friends, especially Fez and Hyde. In That '90s Show, Kitty continues her overbearing actions towards her granddaughter Leia and is overjoyed with happiness with the prospect of Leia and her friends spending time at their house. Kitty also reveals a semi-progressive side of herself, as she accepts Ozzie when he comes out as gay to her. In flashbacks, she was played by Ashley Peldon.
Bob Pinciotti
Portrayed by Don Stark: Midge's husband, Donna's father. Bob often brags about his service in the National Guard, which invariably irritates Red. Bob is also known for walking around his house with his robe wide open wearing no underwear. He eats constantly, even in bed. Bob is almost always in a good mood and is a ladies' man. His best friend is Red, even though Red sees him as a nuisance. He usually takes the brunt of Red's abuse in a jolly manner. Bob makes a guest appearance in Season 1 of That '90s Show. In this appearance, Bob remains cheerful, jolly, and silly. However, he shows a degree of jealousy towards Red and Kitty for having the ability to spend more time with their granddaughter Leia. Bob attempts to one up them by giving Leia more expensive gifts.
Midge Pinciotti
Portrayed by Tanya Roberts: Bob's wife and Donna's mother. Midge is the woman that Eric and his male friends fantasize about when coming of age. Although often dim-witted, she is also a kind-hearted woman who develops feminist ideals. She and Bob divorce when she is written out of the series after the third season. She later returns during the sixth and seventh seasons, in a recurring role where she and Bob almost reunite, but they then decide that they are better off apart.
Laurie Forman
Portrayed by Lisa Robin Kelly/Christina Moore: Eric's beautiful but mean and promiscuous older sister. She is also the foster sister of Steven Hyde. Laurie enjoys tormenting Eric and manipulating her father. She is often seen with various men, mainly Eric's friend Kelso (who cheats on his girlfriend Jackie). Eric, Hyde, and Donna often mock her promiscuity, including calling her "The Village Whore". Laurie has a strained relationship with her mother who, unlike her father, sees Laurie for what she really is. Red finally sees her real self in "Laurie Moves Out", but afterward, still doesn't try to help her become a productive member of society. Laurie leaves the series during the third season but returns in a recurring role during the fifth, somewhat chastened. At one point, she genuinely seeks out a loving relationship (rather than merely physical) with Kelso, who is dumbfounded. She also becomes attached to a baby for whom she is babysitting and feels quasi-maternal pangs, which soon disappear. In season five, she and Fez marry to prevent him from getting deported. In season six she regresses to her previous self, and at one point, Red and Kitty genuinely ponder whether she may have children they don't know about. She and Fez are shown to be unhappy in their marriage, with her constantly cheating, and eventually, with pressure from Red, divorce off-screen after Fez gets his green card. Due to Kelly's health issues, Laurie was portrayed by Moore in season six. She does not appear after the sixth season. In the seventh season, she is briefly mentioned to have moved to Canada. In the series finale, Kitty asks if anyone has seen her recently. In That 90s Show she is indirectly referenced when Red mentions that Eric is their second child.
Leo Chingkwake
Tommy Chong played Leo
Portrayed by Tommy Chong: A hippie, and the owner of a Foto Hut at which Hyde once worked. Leo is an Army veteran who served in World War II, where he was awarded a Purple Heart. He would have had a promising medical career ahead of him after the war ended, but he became the stoner he is today after accepting a ride home with some jazz musicians that were smoking marijuana. Leo often puts play before work and maintains an easy-going attitude in most things, business included. Due to Chong's real-life legal issues at the time, he disappears from the series after season four but is later referenced in season five's "The Battle of Evermore", when the gang goes on an unsuccessful mission to find him, finding only a letter from him explaining that he remembered he has a wife and should probably go back to her. Following Chong's release from prison, he returns in season seven and remains on the series until the show's end. In season 8, he gets a new job working for Hyde at Grooves. Leo makes two appearances in Season 1 of That '90s Show, where it is revealed he has remained a stoner and has unsuccessfully auditioned for The Real World.
Randy Pearson
Portrayed by Josh Meyers: The newest member of the group, Randy is introduced in the final season. Tall and handsome, he is laid back, polite, and forms a friendship with Red who is impressed at Randy's skill at fixing things. While Hyde, Jackie, Donna, and Kelso accept him as a new member of their group, Fez does not. Randy dates Donna for the majority of season eight, causing Kitty to be infuriated with both of them. Donna eventually breaks up with him, and reconciles with Eric when he returns in the last episode of the series.
Leia Forman
Portrayed by Callie Haverda. She's the teenage daughter of Eric and Donna Forman and granddaughter of Red and Kitty Forman and Bob Pinciotti, who moves in with them for the summer. Her middle name is Anne while Eric wishes it was Tatooine due to his love for Star Wars.
Gwen Runck
Portrayed by Ashley Aufderheide, Gwen is a rebellious Riot Grrrl with a loyal heart.
Jay Kelso
Jay is portrayed by Mace Coronel. He's a charming, flirty young videographer, Leia's love interest, and the son of Michael Kelso (Ashton Kutcher) and Jackie Burkhart (Mila Kunis) from the original series.
Nate Runck
Portrayed by Maxwell Acee Donovan, Nate is Gwen's easygoing and fun-loving half-brother (as they have the same mother).
Ozzie
Portrayed by Reyn Doi, Ozzie is an insightful and perceptive teen who is openly gay. However, his parents are not aware of his sexual orientation.
Nikki
Portrayed by Sam Morelos, Nikki is Nate's ambitious and intelligent girlfriend.
Recurring characters
Angie Barnett (played by Megalyn Echikunwoke) is Hyde's half-sister. Hyde did not know he had a sister until season 7. Angie graduated from college as a mathematics major. Angie and Hyde worked together managing their father's record store, but Angie did not always like working with him. She dated Kelso, which sometimes annoyed Hyde. Angie got her name because all season 7 episodes were named after Rolling Stones songs, and "Angie" was a song by the Stones.
Annette Berkardt (played by Jessica Simpson) was Kelso's girlfriend for a brief period of time in season 5. She acts and talks very similar to Jackie, constantly bossing Kelso around. Eric and Donna once referred to her as a blonde version of Jackie, or "Blackie." Despite this, Jackie and Annette hated each other. Once at The Hub, Jackie said to Annette "I did not know they let 'slutballs' in here". Annette said since she saw Jackie in there she thought it was okay. Later in the episode, when Annette and Kelso were kissing, Jackie yelled "Get off my boyfriend!" to Annette, even though it was months after Kelso and Jackie broke up. This led to Hyde wanting to break up with Jackie. After Hyde and Jackie both reconciled and seeing Kelso is still not over Jackie, Annette decides to break up with Kelso and go back home to California.
Beatrice "Bea" Sigurdson (played by Betty White) is Kitty's mother. Bea seems like a friendly old lady but is cold and critical, especially of Kitty. She appeared in a few episodes in season five, often nagging at Burt or saying something rude to Kitty in a faux-friendly manner. She was widowed in "Your Time is Gonna Come" when Burt collapses in the driveway and is rushed to the hospital where he dies. She shows little emotion after her husband's death but Kitty does catch her crying in a bedroom. Bea stays with the Formans for a while after Burt's death, causing Kitty considerable stress. She is mentioned as being deceased by the time of the first episode of That 90s Show. In the seventh episode of That 90s Show, Kitty mentions that they spread Bea's ashes outside a Sizzler restaurant.
Bernice Forman (played by Marion Ross) is Red's mother. Bernice resented Kitty and was always mean to her. Kitty revealed it was because Red married her instead of an attractive and wealthy woman he once dated who Bernice liked. She appeared in the episodes "Sunday, Bloody Sunday", "The Best Christmas Ever" and "Grandma's Dead" of season 1, and in a flashback in the episode "Halloween" of season two. In the episode "Grandma's Dead" she dies in Eric's car while he is driving her home after Eric tells her off for her treatment of his mother.
Brooke Rockwell (played by Shannon Elizabeth) was the valedictorian of the high school class two years before Eric's class. The summer after Kelso's graduation, she had sex with him at a Molly Hatchet concert in a bathroom stall and got pregnant. Initially, Brooke did not trust Kelso because of his immaturity and did not want him in the child's life. Eventually, Kelso convinced her to give him another chance. Brooke gave birth to their daughter Betsy in 1979.
Burt Sigurdson (played by Tom Poston) is Kitty's father. He is often seen avoiding his wife, Bea. In one episode, he bought an ostrich farm, which was right next to a coyote farm. The coyotes ate all the ostriches and the Sigurdsons had to sell the house. Burt died in the driveway on the episode "Your Time is Gonna Come". He is later mentioned in the eighth episode of That 90s Show to have given Kitty beer when she was ten.
Caroline "Crazy Caroline" Dupree (played by Allison Munn) was Fez's girlfriend in season 3. Fez quickly learned Caroline is very jealous and paranoid. She made threats against Donna and Jackie because Caroline felt they were going to steal Fez from her, when in fact Jackie and Donna had no intention of doing so. Caroline was once found hiding in the men's bathroom looking for Fez. Fez did not want to be with someone that aggressive and paranoid so he broke up with her. Fez and Caroline were together one last time in the eighth season. She got extremely angry when she found out that Fez had lied to her about Jackie being his roommate, and when she found nude photos of Donna in Fez's Barry White album (Leo hid the nude photos in the album without Fez's knowledge, but Caroline believed they were put there by Fez). Caroline appeared again in "Sheer Heart Attack". Fez was having sex with women once and not seeing them again and then decided that he wanted to be with only one woman, so he called Caroline. Later in the episode, Jackie told Fez that she loved him and then kissed him as Caroline walked in. This, as always, made Caroline angry with Fez and attack him viciously.
Casey Kelso (played by Luke Wilson) is Kelso's brother who was in the military. Towards the end of season 4 he was dating Donna. During their relationship, there were instances of them engaging in bad behavior, such as Donna drinking and skipping school to hang out with Casey. Donna's father, Bob, felt that Casey was a bad influence and did not want Donna to date him anymore. Eric was jealous of Casey because he wanted to be with Donna, so Eric wanted them to break up. When Red, Kitty and Bob were discussing Casey's bad influence with Donna and Casey, Casey broke up with Donna, deciding the conflict with the adults to be too much hassle. Donna felt that she and Casey were in love, but Casey cruelly said "I have this thing where I say stuff don't really mean." Kelso said that his brother got bored with his girlfriends and broke up with them. During the summer of 1979, Casey was teaching physical education at Eric's old high school, and Eric was in Casey's class. He likes to call Eric "Foreplay". His last appearance was in the Season 7 episode "2120 So. Michigan Ave". He is later mentioned in the season finale of That 90s Show when Donna tells Leia she dated him while broken up with Eric.
Charlie Richardson (played by Bret Harrison) is the son of one of Red's war buddies. Eric held a grudge against him from the time that he let some sick children win "Eric's" goldfish in an egg toss. Charlie only appeared in about three episodes towards the end of season 7. Before the beginning of season 8, Charlie accidentally fell off the water tower and died. The water tower is named the Charlie Richardson Memorial Water Tower in his honor. The show originally planned to have Charlie stay the entire 8th season as a replacement for Eric, but killed Charlie off because Harrison got an offer to star in The Loop.
Christine St. George (played by Mary Tyler Moore) is a talk show host of What's Up Wisconsin. In the episode "Sweet Lady", Jackie felt she was destined to be Christine's co-host on the show. She persistently tries to get the job, but Christine St. George makes Jackie her assistant instead. After a few episodes, Jackie was fired for knowing too much about her.
Earl Arthur (played by Bob Clendenin) is a friend of Red's who worked for Red at Price Mart. Earl frequently came to work late and slacked off on his job, so Red fired him. In response Earl sued Red for wrongful termination, but the judge ruled in favor of Red when Earl arrived too late for his own hearing. Earl later got a job working at a fast food restaurant, where he is again fired for his poor work ethic (this time for repeatedly eating the restaurant's food while at work). Earl appears in the episodes "Red Fired Up", "Roller Disco" and "Radio Daze".
Edna Hyde (played by Katey Sagal) is Hyde's biological mother. She is in the season 1 episodes "Career Day", "Prom Night", and "Punk Chick", only appearing on-screen in "Career Day". She plays a large part in "Career Day" as the school chef "Gross Edna", playing opposite Hyde when he has to help her in the kitchen on Career Day. In other episodes she only has lines yelling at Hyde on the porch from the inside of the house such as:
In Prom Night Edna: "They're all gonna laugh at you!" (a prom night reference to the 1976 film, Carrie) Steven: "Shut up ma, you're makin' the night too damn special!"
In Punk Chick Steven: "It's still my suitcase!" Edna: "Nothing in this house is yours!" Steven: "Shut up!"
Edna then ran off and abandoned Hyde, not heard of again until the 4th season where Hyde claims that she and his stepfather Bud got back together and ran off. After Hyde's abandonment, Kitty prevailed upon Red to let the squalor-ridden Hyde live with the Formans.
Fenton (played by Jim Rash) is someone with whom Fez has a feud due to a "half-off sale, a crowded parking lot and a pair of pants that made Fez's ass look like an oil painting" (in Fez's own words). In the fifth season, he was an employee at the jewelry store where Eric bought Donna's engagement ring. He is also the landlord of the apartment that Fez and Kelso moved into in the seventh season, which later became Fez and Jackie's apartment when Kelso moved to Chicago. At first, Fenton did not want to let Kelso and Fez move in because of his feud with Fez, but later when he found out Kelso wanted the apartment to have a place to take care of his daughter, and Fenton got the impression that Kelso and Fez were "life partners", he let them have it. Though Fenton does not state this explicitly, his frequent innuendos about men, his lack of experience with women, his mannerisms and affect overtly imply that he is gay. Whenever he sees Fez, he says "Oh, it's you" in a contemptuous way. Neither Fenton nor Fez specifically explain the reason for their mutual hostility and dislike to Eric, despite his increasing curiosity. Fenton later becomes good friends with Jackie, who persuades him not to evict Fez and end their feud. However, very shortly thereafter she carelessly floods both their apartment and Fenton's apartment directly underneath after falling asleep while running the bathtub. He returns in the finale of That 90s Show, now Sherri's landlord, and reignites his rivalry with Fez. He also mentions that he now owns three houses, a duplex and a Dippin Dots. He is the only character who was not part of the main cast to make an appearance in That 90s Show.
Hilary Robinson (played by Lara Everly) is Fez's co-worker at the salon where Fez works in season 8. Fez tries to impress her by trying to look cool, which instead intimidates her. However, when Jackie explains to her who Fez really is, she falls in love with him. Fez and Hilary date for a few weeks before Hilary suddenly decides to become a nun and leaves Fez.
Jack Burkhart (played by Paul Kreppel) is the father of Jackie. Jack's imprisonment for bribery and embezzlement causes Jackie to cease being a rich, privileged girl.
Joanne Stupac (played by Mo Gaffney) is a girlfriend of Bob who appears in seasons 4 and 5. She meets Bob at the supermarket when Bob, unable to cook, was about to buy a dozen TV dinners. Joanne decides to teach Bob to make a meatloaf so he would not have to buy more TV dinners. She does not get along well with Red. When Red and Joanne first meet, they get into an argument about who would cook the meat and who would make the salad. Joanne works at the dog food factory and hires Eric to put coupons in the dog food bags. Eric eventually loses that job after Joanne breaks up with Bob.
Mitch Miller (played by Seth Green) is a student in the same class as Eric. Mitch has a feud with Fez and publishes a photo in the school newspaper of Fez and Kelso kissing each other. Mitch has a crush on Donna, and the two once went to a wedding. Eric is angered when Mitch embarrasses Donna, and Eric and Mitch agree to fight each other the next day at 5:15 PM. Not wanting to fight, Mitch persuades Eric not to fight by offering him a French-made GI Joe called "GI Jacques". Mitch has a father, Charlie Miller, played by Fred Willard.
Nina Bartell (played by Joanna Canton) is a girlfriend of Fez in season 5 who works with him at the DMV. Fez loses his virginity to her but it goes badly, so she suggests they need to do it more often to get better. It turns out that the reason she's dating Fez was to anger her parents due to him being "different", They break up a while later because Nina thinks he is too needy.
Officer Kennedy (played by James Avery) is Kelso's training officer when he joins the police force. He appears mostly in the 6th season, playing a straight ace to the bumbling Kelso.
Pam Burkhart (played by Eve Plumb in season 1 and Brooke Shields in season 6) is the mother of Jackie who was dating Bob Pinciotti in season 6. Once a serious business lady, she flees to Mexico when Jackie's councilman father is arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000. She returns to try to fix her relationship with Jackie.
Pam Macy (played by Jennifer Lyons) is a classmate of the main characters of the show. She is mentioned in more episodes than she appears, mostly by Michael Kelso. She appears in the episodes "Prom Night", "Romantic Weekend", and "It's a Wonderful life". In "Prom Night", Michael takes Pam to the prom while temporarily broken up with Jackie. In "Romantic Weekend", Kelso is about to have sex with Pam but is unable to perform, telling his friends "the buffer wouldn't buff." Pam tells the whole school, which causes everyone to tease Kelso.
Pastor Dave (played by Kevin McDonald), Pastor Dave is the local pastor at the church. He is overly cheerful and (incorrectly) thinks he is "hip cand cool", up to date with the trends. He is often greeted by Eric and his friends with deadpan voices, and they typically just agree with Dave in the hopes he'll go away. Dave is good friends with Kitty, who helps with the church fundraisers, and has an uneasy friendship with Red (mostly because Red is not used to having friends). His friendship with Red seems to have brought out a less-pure side of Dave, as he spends a day with Red watching football and drinking beer, and once even quit the church because he wanted to watch more football on Sundays (later rejoining as the pastor). He appears primarily in season 3 and 4, but has a few cameos in season 2.
Rhonda Tate (played by Cynthia Lamontagne) Often called "Big Rhonda" by her classmates, she is a recurring character during season 4 as Fez's girlfriend. When she and Fez are stuck in the school during a tornado they are about to have sex, but Rhonda changes her mind when the tornado ends. She breaks up with Fez after she chokes him after he wanted to get to third base, which came from bad advice from Casey Kelso. Like Fez, she loves candy. She treats Eric with relentless contempt but is genuinely fond of Fez. She also physically intimidated tiny Jackie by threatening to wrestle her after Jackie gets rude with her. The episode "It's a Wonderful Life" features an alternate timeline where Rhonda goes to the prom with Eric (in this timeline, Eric and Donna were never in a relationship), and they remain together until he dumps her. Eric mentions that the two only had sex three times. Later in the same episode she is seen at their 10-year reunion but now as a trim, beautiful, and sexy woman. Rhonda claims her new body came from being dumped by Eric, leading her to lose weight using Jane Fonda workout tapes before becoming a fitness instructor herself. She thanks him for this. It is also mentioned in the season 3 episode "Kitty's Birthday" that she was hit by a car but was apparently uninjured.
Roy Keene (played by Jim Gaffigan) is the kitchen manager of the Holiday Hotel employing Eric, Hyde, and Kelso to work as waiters in the hotel's restaurant during seasons 5 and 6. The character serves as the replacement for Leo, who was written out during season 5. Hyde mentions that Roy is like a father figure since his father abandoned him. Roy has stated that his standards for food service are low, and he goes days without washing his hands. Roy served in the Vietnam War, once describing Eric as "scrawny, but strong... like the Vietcong". He suffers from serious trouble connecting to people. One time, he got the impression a woman was in love with him after she insulted him when he got her some butter, so he hid in her shower to surprise her with flowers. He once mentioned he was living with a woman but moved out when she found out he was living with her in secret. It is revealed in the season 6 episode "A Legal Matter" that he was a police cadet who was kicked out of the police academy for shooting a police horse.
Samantha Hyde (played by Judy Tylor) is Hyde's wife during season 8. They got married while Hyde was drunk in Las Vegas. The two barely knew each other when they got married. Hyde did not even remember the wedding and did not know he was married until after Samantha came to Point Place to see Hyde. In the episode "My Fairy King", Hyde learned that Samantha was already married to someone else. After this, Hyde and Samantha's relationship ended.
Schatzi is a Dachshund that Red gave Kitty in an attempt to make her happy. Schatzi was in several episodes of season 5, was absent for all of season 6, then returned for only one episode towards the beginning of season 7. Red claimed that his absence was due to hiding under the house because he was afraid of the garden hose. "Schatzi" is German and means "little treasure" or "darling" (diminutive of "Schatz"). In the eighth episode of That 90s Show, Kitty mentions that they don't have a dog anymore, confirming that Schatzi is either dead or no longer lives with the Formans.
Steven James "Bud" Hyde Sr. (played by Robert Hays) is Hyde's stepfather. Bud Hyde worked as a bartender and is an alcoholic. Until the end of the 6th season, Hyde thought Bud was his biological father. Bud abandoned Hyde when he was a child and Steven was always angry at Bud for this. They temporarily reconciled in season 3, with Hyde even moving in with him. However, he would leave again at the beginning of season 4 after getting back together with Edna – forcing Hyde to move back to the Forman house. Hyde mentioned that Bud did attempt to get in touch with him again. (Bud was passed out drunk on Hyde's car.)
Suzy Simpson (played by Alyson Hannigan) appears in two episodes of season 6. She is Kelso's buddy from the police academy who is also attracted to him. Fez has a crush on Suzy and it is because of her that he and Kelso fight after Kelso lies to Fez saying that Suzy has agreed to go on a date with him when really she thinks that she is dating Kelso. However, when Fez reveals that Kelso's having a Baby with another woman and Kelso reveals that Fez is married, she is furious and wants nothing to do with them.
Timmy Thompson (played by Paul Connor) is an annoying fellow student in the gang who always embarrasses someone with loud comments meant for everyone around to hear, such as:
"Heeey, Forman and Donna got a motel room and they're going to do it!"
"Heeey, I'm taking off my pants!"
"Heeey, Forman's on a date with his mom!"
"Heeey, Donna's showed her ass!" (while showing everyone a yearbook photo where Donna mooned the camera).
He only has real dialogue in the episode "Burning Down The House".
William James "WB" Barnett (played by Tim Reid) is Hyde's biological father. Hyde originally thought Bud Hyde was his biological father until the cliffhanger between the 6th and 7th seasons, where Kitty discovers that Hyde's real father is a man who lives in Milwaukee. Sometimes people call Barnett by his initials, "WB". Barnett is wealthy and owns Grooves, a chain of record stores. Barnett put Hyde in charge of the Point Place record store along with his daughter (and Hyde's half sister), Angie. Barnett is an African American, which Hyde believes explains his "coolness, afro and suspicion of The Man" (it can also be noted that when Hyde asked him who killed Kennedy his father stated "I don't know, because they don't want me to know"). WB's last on-screen appearance is in the first half of the series finale which is the twenty-first episode of the eighth season, "Love of My Life" (WB had already appeared in the fourteenth episode of that season, "Son and Daughter").
Introduced in That '90s Show
Sherri Runck (played by Andrea Anders) is the single mother of Gwen and Nate Runck, with different men. It is stated that Nate's father, named Brian, lives and works in Japan, where he plays baseball and does commercials for adult diapers, as the oldest player on the team, and Gwen's father is a trucker who sometimes passes through Point Place. She lives in the house next door to Red and Kitty, which she is revealed in the season finale to be renting from Fenton. She had a tendency to sleep with a lot of men before the show, but has a relationship with Fez in the show, which she tries to give up to focus on herself. She befriends Red and Kitty, and is also shown to have issues with her deceased father. In "Boyfriend Day One" it is shown that she does not know how to ride a bike.
Intended recurring roles
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Several characters on the series were written as recurring, but made only one appearance. Among them:
Tina Pinciotti (played by Amanda Fuller) is the younger sister of Donna. She first appears in "Eric's Burger Job", but make no following appearances aside from a brief mention in the Soap parody in "Vanstock". She is later written out with no explanation, as demonstrated in the season 7 premiere when Kitty refers to Donna as Bob and Midge's only child.
Valerie Pinciotti is the older never-seen sister of Donna and Tina Pinciotti, who was said to be away at college in "Eric's Birthday" and never mentioned again.
Matthew and Rebecca Erdman (played by Kevin Farley and Shannon Holt) are the prudish, fundamentalist host parents of Fez. They first appear in "Drive-In" and convince Fez the rock music they detest is diabolical by playing a KISS album backwards. Although referenced several times, Fez's host parents make no further appearances in the show. They eventually kick Fez out of their home and take all his money back as rent because he graduated a year ago in season 7.
Buddy Morgan (played by Joseph Gordon-Levitt) is introduced in "Eric's Buddy" and was intended to become a recurring character. However, the introduction of a homosexual as a love interest for Eric (at a time when both Eric and Hyde were competing for Donna) did not go over well with audiences, and Buddy was cut from the show.
Melissa (played by Reagan Gomez-Preston) appears in "Hyde Gets the Girl" as a potential love interest for Hyde. She was intended to become his on-off girlfriend.
Patty (played by Lindsay Sloane) appears in two episodes in season 2. She is introduced in "Eric Gets Suspended" along with her best friend, Mary (played by Melissa Joan Hart). The two go on a double blind date with Hyde and Fez. Hyde initially pairs with Mary, and Fez with Patty. However, in the course of the date Hyde tells Fez to swap dates, because he is hitting it off with Patty. Patty then returns in "Eric and Kitty's Night Out", becoming Fez's girlfriend. Patty's role and impact in the episode implies an intention to continue the character's appearance in the series, but Patty is not seen or mentioned again.
Notable guest stars
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Amy Adams
Paul Anka
Curtis Armstrong
James Avery
Lynsey Bartilson
Jim Beaver
Rachel Bilson
Charo
Erika Christensen
Alice Cooper
Shae D'lyn
Roger Daltrey
Ashley Drane
Eliza Dushku
Alexis Dziena
Jamie Farr
Jenna Fischer
Joe Flaherty
Adrienne Frantz
Gloria Gaynor
Monty Hall
Alyson Hannigan
Valerie Harper
Jenilee Harrison
Isaac Hayes
Mitch Hedberg
Carolyn Hennesy
Howard Hesseman
Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson
Matt and Jeff Hardy
Jay Johnson
Shirley Jones
Richard Karn
KISS
Richard Kline
Christopher Knight
Wayne Knight
Don Knotts
Joseph Gordon-Levitt
Lindsay Lohan
Justin Long
Gavin MacLeod
Christopher Masterson
Alex Nevil
Ted Nugent
Keri Lynn Pratt
Ethan Peck
Jack Riley
John Ratzenberger
Connie Sawyer
Reid Scott
Ken Shamrock
Jessica Simpson
French Stewart
Dave Thomas
Rozonda Thomas
Barry Williams
Billy Dee Williams
Bruce Willis
References
^ Meisler, Andy (October 10, 1999). "Clothes and Hairstyles Do Not a Decade Make". The New York Times. Retrieved January 9, 2010.
^ "It's Only Rock and Roll". That '70s Show. Season 7. Episode 158. 6 Oct 2004.
^ "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
^ "Kutcher's channeling Kelso. Bring back Sheen". The Vancouver Sun. September 27, 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
^ "Wilmer Valderrama". That70sShow.com. Carsey-Werner LLC. Archived from the original on 2009-04-29. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
^ "That 70s Show and the Imaginary Fez". Overthinking It. May 4, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
^ "Frequently Asked Questions". That70sShow.com. Carsey-Werner LLC. 2004. Archived from the original on 2008-02-06. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
^ Barlow, Helen (2007-01-03). "Charmer out of the '70s". Herald Sun. Melbourne. Retrieved 17 April 2009.
^ "Twiz Tv".
vteThat '70s ShowCharacters
Michael Kelso
Fez
Episodes
Season 1
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4
5
6
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8
Related
Awards and nominations
Home video releases
That '80s Show
That '90s Show
Days Like These
"That '90s Show" (The Simpsons episode) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"That '70s Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_%2770s_Show"},{"link_name":"That '90s Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_%2790s_Show"}],"text":"This is a list of characters appearing in the television series That '70s Show and That '90s Show.","title":"List of That '70s and '90s Show characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ Uncredited in That '70s Show Season 8.\n\n^ Credited in That '70s Show through episodes 1-10 and 13 as main cast; otherwise does not appear and is uncredited.","title":"Cast table"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Topher Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topher_Grace"},{"link_name":"nice guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice_guy"},{"link_name":"nerdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerdy"},{"link_name":"deadpan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadpan"},{"link_name":"Princess Leia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Leia"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars"},{"link_name":"Mark Brazill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Brazill"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Eric Forman","text":"Portrayed by Topher Grace: The protagonist; Eric is a nice guy, generally nerdy, clumsy, and accident-prone. He does, however, have a deadpan sense of humor that rivals that of his father, Red, and is far from afraid of asserting himself should he be pushed too far. Eric convinces his parents to let his best friend Steven Hyde move in with them, making Hyde like a brother. Red is always hard on him (as a way to toughen him to be a man). He is in a relationship with his longtime love and neighbor Donna Pinciotti. He decides to become a teacher after high school, and he leaves the series at the end of the seventh season to teach in Africa. Eric returns for the series finale, reuniting with Donna. In That '90s Show, it is revealed that Eric eventually married Donna and they had a daughter named Leia, named after Princess Leia. They moved to Chicago and he became an adjunct professor at an unnamed university, teaching \"the religion of Star Wars\". Eric is based on the adolescence of show creator Mark Brazill.[1]","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laura Prepon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Prepon"},{"link_name":"tomboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomboy"}],"sub_title":"Donna Pinciotti","text":"Portrayed by Laura Prepon: Eric's longtime girlfriend (and briefly fiancée). Donna is intelligent, good-looking, and a feminist tomboy. Although she does not agree with what Jackie represents in the beginning of the series, they become friends. Donna is in a relationship with Eric for seven seasons (despite their break-up during season 4). She has brief romances with Michael's brother Casey and with Randy during the final season before rekindling her relationship with Eric at the end of the show's finale. In the time in between the finale of That '70s Show and That '90s Show, Donna and Eric married, moved to Chicago, and had a daughter together. She became a professional author.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danny Masterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Masterson"},{"link_name":"Katey Sagal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katey_Sagal"},{"link_name":"Sam McMurray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_McMurray"},{"link_name":"My Fairy King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_That_%2770s_Show_episodes_season_8&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"legally married","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigamy"},{"link_name":"Tim Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Reid"}],"sub_title":"Steven Hyde","text":"Portrayed by Danny Masterson: Eric's best friend and the anti-establishment member of the group. By the end of season one, Kitty Forman prevails on her husband to allow Hyde to move in after he was abandoned by his mother (played by Katey Sagal) and living in squalor. Hyde is promoted to brother to Eric as soon as he moves in. Hyde has a witty, blunt, and sarcastic sense of humor, and a rebellious personality. He is also the smartest and most practical friend in the group, and the other members often ask for his advice. Although Hyde dates Jackie for three seasons, they eventually part and in the final season he marries an exotic dancer/stripper named Samantha, who (unknown to Hyde) was still wed to her first husband, Larry (Sam McMurray), when she married him. As Donna points out in \"My Fairy King\", that means Hyde and Samantha are not legally married. In the seventh season, Hyde meets his biological father (William Barnett, played by Tim Reid), a wealthy African-American businessman. Hyde also has a strait-laced half-sister named Angie from this newfound relationship. Barnett, who owns a chain of record stores, makes Hyde the manager (and later the owner) of the Point Place store called Grooves. Hyde does not appear nor is mentioned in Season 1 of That '90s Show, leaving his ultimate fate unknown.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashton Kutcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Kutcher"},{"link_name":"Playboy Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy_Club"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"series finale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_%2770s_Finale"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Robot Chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Chicken"},{"link_name":"Walden Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden_Schmidt"},{"link_name":"Two and a Half Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_and_a_Half_Men"},{"link_name":"stoner film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoner_film"},{"link_name":"Dude, Where's My Car?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dude,_Where%27s_My_Car%3F"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Michael Kelso","text":"Portrayed by Ashton Kutcher: The dim-witted, sex-obsessed pretty boy of the group who wants to coast through life on his good looks. He spends the first half of the series in a relationship with the equally vapid Jackie but their relationship comes to an end when Jackie finds out he's been cheating on her with Laurie. In the season 4 finale, Jackie wants to marry Michael but he isn't ready, so he runs away to California with Donna. His best friend is Fez. He fathers a baby girl named Betsy during the seventh season after getting a girl named Brooke pregnant. He becomes a police officer but gets kicked off the force because he does just about everything wrong. He gets a job as a security guard at a Playboy Club in Chicago, and leaves the series during the eighth and final season. He only appears in five episodes during season eight, including the series finale.[2][3] In season 1 of That '90s Show, Kelso makes a guest appearance where it is revealed he and Jackie were on their \"second re-marriage\" and that he had become a father for (at least) a second time with a son named Jay.Kelso was portrayed once again by Kutcher in a Robot Chicken sketch entitled \"That '00s Show\". Critics have noted striking similarities to the portrayal of Kutcher's character Walden Schmidt on Two and a Half Men to that of Kelso. Walden's personality, however, drastically changed since his initial appearances and by the series' end he was a completely changed man. Other similarities drawn are between that of his role as Jesse Montgomery III in the stoner film Dude, Where's My Car? (2000).[4]","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mila Kunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mila_Kunis"},{"link_name":"Eve Plumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Plumb"},{"link_name":"Brooke Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke_Shields"}],"sub_title":"Jacqueline \"Jackie\" Burkhart","text":"Portrayed by Mila Kunis: The youngest member of the group, Jackie starts the series as being pretty, rich, stylish, spoiled, selfish, conceited, annoying, and immature. She makes thoughtless and superficial comments, which occasionally turn out to be correct. As the series progresses, her wealthy father is jailed and her mother (first played by Eve Plumb in an early episode, and later, permanently, by Brooke Shields) abandons Point Place. Jackie is forced to take a job and becomes less self-centered and needy of genuine love and affection. Partly as a result of these changes, she and Donna become better friends. By the end of the series, Jackie has dated three of the four men of the original group: Kelso, Hyde, and Fez. Jackie lives with Donna after her dad is put in jail and her mom runs away to Mexico.\nIt is revealed in the That 90s Show that she continued an on and off relationship with Michael Kelso marrying him at least twice and had a son with him named Jay.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilmer Valderrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmer_Valderrama"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"foreign exchange student","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_student"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"ladies' man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lady%27s_man"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Fez","text":"Portrayed by Wilmer Valderrama:[5] The foreign exchange student of the group, whose hormones seem to be out of control. His country of origin is one of the longest-running gags on the show.[6] He is sweet, friendly, perverted, gullible, and rather odd. He enjoys eating candy, drinking beer, and looking at pornography. His best friend is Michael Kelso, and he shares a \"younger brother\" type relationship with Hyde and Eric. He constantly flirts with Jackie and Donna and often makes romantic advances toward them. Initially, he has a lot of trouble getting attention from girls, but during the eighth season, he becomes a ladies' man. He is in love with Jackie throughout the series, but his love is not reciprocated until the eighth season when they become a couple. However, by the time That '90s Show begins, Fez and Jackie had broken up (a result of Jackie cheating on him with Kelso) and has begun a relationship with Sherri Runck. It is also revealed that Fez had opened up a successful chain of beauty salons in Point Place, and is the only one of Eric’s friends to have maintained a close relationship with the Formans - aside from Donna, who is now married into the family. The series' official web site explains the spelling \"Fez\", as opposed to \"Fes\" (short for Foreign Exchange Student), as \"poetic license\".[7][8]","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kurtwood Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurtwood_Smith"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers"},{"link_name":"Tonto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonto"},{"link_name":"Ali Baba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Baba"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Red Forman","text":"Portrayed by Kurtwood Smith: Kitty's husband, Eric's and Laurie's father, and Hyde's surrogate father. Red is a Navy combat veteran, having served in World War II and the Korean War. Impatient, short-tempered, often grouchy and constantly threatening to \"put my foot in your ass\", he occasionally displays a soft side. His hobbies include working with his power tools, watching television (especially Green Bay Packers games), reading the newspaper, hunting, and fishing. He shows no respect for Fez because he's a foreigner, sometimes he gives him offensive nicknames like \"Tonto\" and \"Ali Baba\".[9] In That '90s Show, Red plays a central role, as his granddaughter (and series protagonist) Leia spends the summer with him and Kitty. Much to Red's chagrin, Leia and her friends spend most of their time hanging out in his basement and, as such, acts curmudgeonly towards them.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Debra Jo Rupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debra_Jo_Rupp"},{"link_name":"nurse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing"},{"link_name":"alcoholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism"},{"link_name":"menopause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menopause"},{"link_name":"Ashley Peldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Peldon"}],"sub_title":"Kitty Forman (née Sigurdson)","text":"Portrayed by Debra Jo Rupp: Eric's and Laurie's mother and Red's wife, Kitty is a cheerful, doting, often oversolicitous mother, who can turn cold and assertive when pushed too far. A nurse and former alcoholic (though she begins again occasionally), her major mood swings are usually attributed to menopause. She is also an overly nurturing mother figure to Eric's friends, especially Fez and Hyde. In That '90s Show, Kitty continues her overbearing actions towards her granddaughter Leia and is overjoyed with happiness with the prospect of Leia and her friends spending time at their house. Kitty also reveals a semi-progressive side of herself, as she accepts Ozzie when he comes out as gay to her. In flashbacks, she was played by Ashley Peldon.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Stark"}],"sub_title":"Bob Pinciotti","text":"Portrayed by Don Stark: Midge's husband, Donna's father. Bob often brags about his service in the National Guard, which invariably irritates Red. Bob is also known for walking around his house with his robe wide open wearing no underwear. He eats constantly, even in bed. Bob is almost always in a good mood and is a ladies' man. His best friend is Red, even though Red sees him as a nuisance. He usually takes the brunt of Red's abuse in a jolly manner. Bob makes a guest appearance in Season 1 of That '90s Show. In this appearance, Bob remains cheerful, jolly, and silly. However, he shows a degree of jealousy towards Red and Kitty for having the ability to spend more time with their granddaughter Leia. Bob attempts to one up them by giving Leia more expensive gifts.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tanya Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanya_Roberts"}],"sub_title":"Midge Pinciotti","text":"Portrayed by Tanya Roberts: Bob's wife and Donna's mother. Midge is the woman that Eric and his male friends fantasize about when coming of age. Although often dim-witted, she is also a kind-hearted woman who develops feminist ideals. She and Bob divorce when she is written out of the series after the third season. She later returns during the sixth and seventh seasons, in a recurring role where she and Bob almost reunite, but they then decide that they are better off apart.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lisa Robin Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Robin_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Christina Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Moore"},{"link_name":"promiscuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promiscuity"}],"sub_title":"Laurie Forman","text":"Portrayed by Lisa Robin Kelly/Christina Moore: Eric's beautiful but mean and promiscuous older sister. She is also the foster sister of Steven Hyde. Laurie enjoys tormenting Eric and manipulating her father. She is often seen with various men, mainly Eric's friend Kelso (who cheats on his girlfriend Jackie). Eric, Hyde, and Donna often mock her promiscuity, including calling her \"The Village Whore\". Laurie has a strained relationship with her mother who, unlike her father, sees Laurie for what she really is. Red finally sees her real self in \"Laurie Moves Out\", but afterward, still doesn't try to help her become a productive member of society. Laurie leaves the series during the third season but returns in a recurring role during the fifth, somewhat chastened. At one point, she genuinely seeks out a loving relationship (rather than merely physical) with Kelso, who is dumbfounded. She also becomes attached to a baby for whom she is babysitting and feels quasi-maternal pangs, which soon disappear. In season five, she and Fez marry to prevent him from getting deported. In season six she regresses to her previous self, and at one point, Red and Kitty genuinely ponder whether she may have children they don't know about. She and Fez are shown to be unhappy in their marriage, with her constantly cheating, and eventually, with pressure from Red, divorce off-screen after Fez gets his green card. Due to Kelly's health issues, Laurie was portrayed by Moore in season six. She does not appear after the sixth season. In the seventh season, she is briefly mentioned to have moved to Canada. In the series finale, Kitty asks if anyone has seen her recently. In That 90s Show she is indirectly referenced when Red mentions that Eric is their second child.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tommy_Chong_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tommy Chong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Chong"},{"link_name":"Foto Hut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foto_Hut"},{"link_name":"Purple Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Heart"},{"link_name":"real-life legal issues at the time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pipe_Dreams"},{"link_name":"The Battle of Evermore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_That_%2770s_Show_episodes_season_5&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Real World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_World"}],"sub_title":"Leo Chingkwake","text":"Tommy Chong played LeoPortrayed by Tommy Chong: A hippie, and the owner of a Foto Hut at which Hyde once worked. Leo is an Army veteran who served in World War II, where he was awarded a Purple Heart. He would have had a promising medical career ahead of him after the war ended, but he became the stoner he is today after accepting a ride home with some jazz musicians that were smoking marijuana. Leo often puts play before work and maintains an easy-going attitude in most things, business included. Due to Chong's real-life legal issues at the time, he disappears from the series after season four but is later referenced in season five's \"The Battle of Evermore\", when the gang goes on an unsuccessful mission to find him, finding only a letter from him explaining that he remembered he has a wife and should probably go back to her. Following Chong's release from prison, he returns in season seven and remains on the series until the show's end. In season 8, he gets a new job working for Hyde at Grooves. Leo makes two appearances in Season 1 of That '90s Show, where it is revealed he has remained a stoner and has unsuccessfully auditioned for The Real World.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Josh Meyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Meyers_(actor)"}],"sub_title":"Randy Pearson","text":"Portrayed by Josh Meyers: The newest member of the group, Randy is introduced in the final season. Tall and handsome, he is laid back, polite, and forms a friendship with Red who is impressed at Randy's skill at fixing things. While Hyde, Jackie, Donna, and Kelso accept him as a new member of their group, Fez does not. Randy dates Donna for the majority of season eight, causing Kitty to be infuriated with both of them. Donna eventually breaks up with him, and reconciles with Eric when he returns in the last episode of the series.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tatooine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatooine"}],"sub_title":"Leia Forman","text":"Portrayed by Callie Haverda. She's the teenage daughter of Eric and Donna Forman and granddaughter of Red and Kitty Forman and Bob Pinciotti, who moves in with them for the summer. Her middle name is Anne while Eric wishes it was Tatooine due to his love for Star Wars.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riot Grrrl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_Grrrl"}],"sub_title":"Gwen Runck","text":"Portrayed by Ashley Aufderheide, Gwen is a rebellious Riot Grrrl with a loyal heart.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Jay Kelso","text":"Jay is portrayed by Mace Coronel. He's a charming, flirty young videographer, Leia's love interest, and the son of Michael Kelso (Ashton Kutcher) and Jackie Burkhart (Mila Kunis) from the original series.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Nate Runck","text":"Portrayed by Maxwell Acee Donovan, Nate is Gwen's easygoing and fun-loving half-brother (as they have the same mother).","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ozzie","text":"Portrayed by Reyn Doi, Ozzie is an insightful and perceptive teen who is openly gay. However, his parents are not aware of his sexual orientation.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Nikki","text":"Portrayed by Sam Morelos, Nikki is Nate's ambitious and intelligent girlfriend.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Megalyn Echikunwoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalyn_Echikunwoke"},{"link_name":"season 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_That_%2770s_Show_episodes#Season_7:_2004%E2%80%932005"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Angie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_(song)"},{"link_name":"Jessica Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Simpson"},{"link_name":"season 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_That_%2770s_Show_episodes#Season_5:_2002%E2%80%932003"},{"link_name":"Betty White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_White"},{"link_name":"Sizzler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizzler"},{"link_name":"Marion Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Ross"},{"link_name":"Shannon Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Elizabeth"},{"link_name":"Tom Poston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Poston"},{"link_name":"Allison Munn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Munn"},{"link_name":"season 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_That_%2770s_Show_episodes#Season_3:_2000%E2%80%932001"},{"link_name":"eighth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_That_%2770s_Show_episodes#Season_8:_2005%E2%80%932006"},{"link_name":"Barry White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_White"},{"link_name":"Luke Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Wilson"},{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military"},{"link_name":"season 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_That_%2770s_Show_episodes#Season_4:_2001%E2%80%932002"},{"link_name":"physical education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_education"},{"link_name":"Eric's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Forman_(That_%2770s_Show)"},{"link_name":"Bret Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bret_Harrison"},{"link_name":"egg toss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_toss"},{"link_name":"The Loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Loop_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Mary Tyler Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Tyler_Moore"},{"link_name":"Bob Clendenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Clendenin"},{"link_name":"wrongful termination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrongful_termination"},{"link_name":"Katey Sagal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katey_Sagal"},{"link_name":"the 1976 film, Carrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_(1976_film)"},{"link_name":"Jim Rash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Rash"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Dippin Dots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dippin_Dots"},{"link_name":"Paul Kreppel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kreppel"},{"link_name":"Mo Gaffney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Gaffney"},{"link_name":"TV dinners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_dinner"},{"link_name":"meatloaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meatloaf"},{"link_name":"Seth Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Green"},{"link_name":"Fred Willard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Willard"},{"link_name":"DMV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Motor_Vehicles"},{"link_name":"virginity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginity"},{"link_name":"James Avery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Avery,_Sr."},{"link_name":"Eve Plumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Plumb"},{"link_name":"Brooke Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke_Shields"},{"link_name":"the buffer wouldn't buff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction"},{"link_name":"Kevin McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_McDonald"},{"link_name":"Cynthia Lamontagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Lamontagne"},{"link_name":"Jim Gaffigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Gaffigan"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Vietcong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietcong"},{"link_name":"Judy Tylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Tylor"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Dachshund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachshund"},{"link_name":"diminutive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminutive"},{"link_name":"Schatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Schatz"},{"link_name":"Robert Hays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hays"},{"link_name":"bartender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartender"},{"link_name":"alcoholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic"},{"link_name":"6th season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_That_%2770s_Show_episodes#Season_6:_2003%E2%80%932004"},{"link_name":"Alyson Hannigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyson_Hannigan"},{"link_name":"mooned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooning"},{"link_name":"Tim Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Reid"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"The Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man"},{"link_name":"Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"}],"text":"Angie Barnett (played by Megalyn Echikunwoke) is Hyde's half-sister. Hyde did not know he had a sister until season 7. Angie graduated from college as a mathematics major. Angie and Hyde worked together managing their father's record store, but Angie did not always like working with him. She dated Kelso, which sometimes annoyed Hyde. Angie got her name because all season 7 episodes were named after Rolling Stones songs, and \"Angie\" was a song by the Stones.\nAnnette Berkardt (played by Jessica Simpson) was Kelso's girlfriend for a brief period of time in season 5. She acts and talks very similar to Jackie, constantly bossing Kelso around. Eric and Donna once referred to her as a blonde version of Jackie, or \"Blackie.\" Despite this, Jackie and Annette hated each other. Once at The Hub, Jackie said to Annette \"I did not know they let 'slutballs' in here\". Annette said since she saw Jackie in there she thought it was okay. Later in the episode, when Annette and Kelso were kissing, Jackie yelled \"Get off my boyfriend!\" to Annette, even though it was months after Kelso and Jackie broke up. This led to Hyde wanting to break up with Jackie. After Hyde and Jackie both reconciled and seeing Kelso is still not over Jackie, Annette decides to break up with Kelso and go back home to California.\nBeatrice \"Bea\" Sigurdson (played by Betty White) is Kitty's mother. Bea seems like a friendly old lady but is cold and critical, especially of Kitty. She appeared in a few episodes in season five, often nagging at Burt or saying something rude to Kitty in a faux-friendly manner. She was widowed in \"Your Time is Gonna Come\" when Burt collapses in the driveway and is rushed to the hospital where he dies. She shows little emotion after her husband's death but Kitty does catch her crying in a bedroom. Bea stays with the Formans for a while after Burt's death, causing Kitty considerable stress. She is mentioned as being deceased by the time of the first episode of That 90s Show. In the seventh episode of That 90s Show, Kitty mentions that they spread Bea's ashes outside a Sizzler restaurant.\nBernice Forman (played by Marion Ross) is Red's mother. Bernice resented Kitty and was always mean to her. Kitty revealed it was because Red married her instead of an attractive and wealthy woman he once dated who Bernice liked. She appeared in the episodes \"Sunday, Bloody Sunday\", \"The Best Christmas Ever\" and \"Grandma's Dead\" of season 1, and in a flashback in the episode \"Halloween\" of season two. In the episode \"Grandma's Dead\" she dies in Eric's car while he is driving her home after Eric tells her off for her treatment of his mother.\nBrooke Rockwell (played by Shannon Elizabeth) was the valedictorian of the high school class two years before Eric's class. The summer after Kelso's graduation, she had sex with him at a Molly Hatchet concert in a bathroom stall and got pregnant. Initially, Brooke did not trust Kelso because of his immaturity and did not want him in the child's life. Eventually, Kelso convinced her to give him another chance. Brooke gave birth to their daughter Betsy in 1979.\nBurt Sigurdson (played by Tom Poston) is Kitty's father. He is often seen avoiding his wife, Bea. In one episode, he bought an ostrich farm, which was right next to a coyote farm. The coyotes ate all the ostriches and the Sigurdsons had to sell the house. Burt died in the driveway on the episode \"Your Time is Gonna Come\". He is later mentioned in the eighth episode of That 90s Show to have given Kitty beer when she was ten.\nCaroline \"Crazy Caroline\" Dupree (played by Allison Munn) was Fez's girlfriend in season 3. Fez quickly learned Caroline is very jealous and paranoid. She made threats against Donna and Jackie because Caroline felt they were going to steal Fez from her, when in fact Jackie and Donna had no intention of doing so. Caroline was once found hiding in the men's bathroom looking for Fez. Fez did not want to be with someone that aggressive and paranoid so he broke up with her. Fez and Caroline were together one last time in the eighth season. She got extremely angry when she found out that Fez had lied to her about Jackie being his roommate, and when she found nude photos of Donna in Fez's Barry White album (Leo hid the nude photos in the album without Fez's knowledge, but Caroline believed they were put there by Fez). Caroline appeared again in \"Sheer Heart Attack\". Fez was having sex with women once and not seeing them again and then decided that he wanted to be with only one woman, so he called Caroline. Later in the episode, Jackie told Fez that she loved him and then kissed him as Caroline walked in. This, as always, made Caroline angry with Fez and attack him viciously.\nCasey Kelso (played by Luke Wilson) is Kelso's brother who was in the military. Towards the end of season 4 he was dating Donna. During their relationship, there were instances of them engaging in bad behavior, such as Donna drinking and skipping school to hang out with Casey. Donna's father, Bob, felt that Casey was a bad influence and did not want Donna to date him anymore. Eric was jealous of Casey because he wanted to be with Donna, so Eric wanted them to break up. When Red, Kitty and Bob were discussing Casey's bad influence with Donna and Casey, Casey broke up with Donna, deciding the conflict with the adults to be too much hassle. Donna felt that she and Casey were in love, but Casey cruelly said \"I have this thing where I say stuff don't really mean.\" Kelso said that his brother got bored with his girlfriends and broke up with them. During the summer of 1979, Casey was teaching physical education at Eric's old high school, and Eric was in Casey's class. He likes to call Eric \"Foreplay\". His last appearance was in the Season 7 episode \"2120 So. Michigan Ave\". He is later mentioned in the season finale of That 90s Show when Donna tells Leia she dated him while broken up with Eric.\nCharlie Richardson (played by Bret Harrison) is the son of one of Red's war buddies. Eric held a grudge against him from the time that he let some sick children win \"Eric's\" goldfish in an egg toss. Charlie only appeared in about three episodes towards the end of season 7. Before the beginning of season 8, Charlie accidentally fell off the water tower and died. The water tower is named the Charlie Richardson Memorial Water Tower in his honor. The show originally planned to have Charlie stay the entire 8th season as a replacement for Eric, but killed Charlie off because Harrison got an offer to star in The Loop.\nChristine St. George (played by Mary Tyler Moore) is a talk show host of What's Up Wisconsin. In the episode \"Sweet Lady\", Jackie felt she was destined to be Christine's co-host on the show. She persistently tries to get the job, but Christine St. George makes Jackie her assistant instead. After a few episodes, Jackie was fired for knowing too much about her.\nEarl Arthur (played by Bob Clendenin) is a friend of Red's who worked for Red at Price Mart. Earl frequently came to work late and slacked off on his job, so Red fired him. In response Earl sued Red for wrongful termination, but the judge ruled in favor of Red when Earl arrived too late for his own hearing. Earl later got a job working at a fast food restaurant, where he is again fired for his poor work ethic (this time for repeatedly eating the restaurant's food while at work). Earl appears in the episodes \"Red Fired Up\", \"Roller Disco\" and \"Radio Daze\".\nEdna Hyde (played by Katey Sagal) is Hyde's biological mother. She is in the season 1 episodes \"Career Day\", \"Prom Night\", and \"Punk Chick\", only appearing on-screen in \"Career Day\". She plays a large part in \"Career Day\" as the school chef \"Gross Edna\", playing opposite Hyde when he has to help her in the kitchen on Career Day. In other episodes she only has lines yelling at Hyde on the porch from the inside of the house such as:\nIn Prom Night Edna: \"They're all gonna laugh at you!\" (a prom night reference to the 1976 film, Carrie) Steven: \"Shut up ma, you're makin' the night too damn special!\"\nIn Punk Chick Steven: \"It's still my suitcase!\" Edna: \"Nothing in this house is yours!\" Steven: \"Shut up!\"Edna then ran off and abandoned Hyde, not heard of again until the 4th season where Hyde claims that she and his stepfather Bud got back together and ran off. After Hyde's abandonment, Kitty prevailed upon Red to let the squalor-ridden Hyde live with the Formans.Fenton (played by Jim Rash) is someone with whom Fez has a feud due to a \"half-off sale, a crowded parking lot and a pair of pants that made Fez's ass look like an oil painting\" (in Fez's own words). In the fifth season, he was an employee at the jewelry store where Eric bought Donna's engagement ring. He is also the landlord of the apartment that Fez and Kelso moved into in the seventh season, which later became Fez and Jackie's apartment when Kelso moved to Chicago. At first, Fenton did not want to let Kelso and Fez move in because of his feud with Fez, but later when he found out Kelso wanted the apartment to have a place to take care of his daughter, and Fenton got the impression that Kelso and Fez were \"life partners\", he let them have it. Though Fenton does not state this explicitly, his frequent innuendos about men, his lack of experience with women, his mannerisms and affect overtly imply that he is gay. Whenever he sees Fez, he says \"Oh, it's you\" in a contemptuous way. Neither Fenton nor Fez specifically explain the reason for their mutual hostility and dislike to Eric, despite his increasing curiosity. Fenton later becomes good friends with Jackie, who persuades him not to evict Fez and end their feud. However, very shortly thereafter she carelessly floods both their apartment and Fenton's apartment directly underneath after falling asleep while running the bathtub. He returns in the finale of That 90s Show, now Sherri's landlord, and reignites his rivalry with Fez. He also mentions that he now owns three houses, a duplex and a Dippin Dots. He is the only character who was not part of the main cast to make an appearance in That 90s Show.\nHilary Robinson (played by Lara Everly) is Fez's co-worker at the salon where Fez works in season 8. Fez tries to impress her by trying to look cool, which instead intimidates her. However, when Jackie explains to her who Fez really is, she falls in love with him. Fez and Hilary date for a few weeks before Hilary suddenly decides to become a nun and leaves Fez.\nJack Burkhart (played by Paul Kreppel) is the father of Jackie. Jack's imprisonment for bribery and embezzlement causes Jackie to cease being a rich, privileged girl.\nJoanne Stupac (played by Mo Gaffney) is a girlfriend of Bob who appears in seasons 4 and 5. She meets Bob at the supermarket when Bob, unable to cook, was about to buy a dozen TV dinners. Joanne decides to teach Bob to make a meatloaf so he would not have to buy more TV dinners. She does not get along well with Red. When Red and Joanne first meet, they get into an argument about who would cook the meat and who would make the salad. Joanne works at the dog food factory and hires Eric to put coupons in the dog food bags. Eric eventually loses that job after Joanne breaks up with Bob.\nMitch Miller (played by Seth Green) is a student in the same class as Eric. Mitch has a feud with Fez and publishes a photo in the school newspaper of Fez and Kelso kissing each other. Mitch has a crush on Donna, and the two once went to a wedding. Eric is angered when Mitch embarrasses Donna, and Eric and Mitch agree to fight each other the next day at 5:15 PM. Not wanting to fight, Mitch persuades Eric not to fight by offering him a French-made GI Joe called \"GI Jacques\". Mitch has a father, Charlie Miller, played by Fred Willard.\nNina Bartell (played by Joanna Canton) is a girlfriend of Fez in season 5 who works with him at the DMV. Fez loses his virginity to her but it goes badly, so she suggests they need to do it more often to get better. It turns out that the reason she's dating Fez was to anger her parents due to him being \"different\", They break up a while later because Nina thinks he is too needy.\nOfficer Kennedy (played by James Avery) is Kelso's training officer when he joins the police force. He appears mostly in the 6th season, playing a straight ace to the bumbling Kelso.\nPam Burkhart (played by Eve Plumb in season 1 and Brooke Shields in season 6) is the mother of Jackie who was dating Bob Pinciotti in season 6. Once a serious business lady, she flees to Mexico when Jackie's councilman father is arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000. She returns to try to fix her relationship with Jackie.\nPam Macy (played by Jennifer Lyons) is a classmate of the main characters of the show. She is mentioned in more episodes than she appears, mostly by Michael Kelso. She appears in the episodes \"Prom Night\", \"Romantic Weekend\", and \"It's a Wonderful life\". In \"Prom Night\", Michael takes Pam to the prom while temporarily broken up with Jackie. In \"Romantic Weekend\", Kelso is about to have sex with Pam but is unable to perform, telling his friends \"the buffer wouldn't buff.\" Pam tells the whole school, which causes everyone to tease Kelso.\nPastor Dave (played by Kevin McDonald), Pastor Dave is the local pastor at the church. He is overly cheerful and (incorrectly) thinks he is \"hip cand cool\", up to date with the trends. He is often greeted by Eric and his friends with deadpan voices, and they typically just agree with Dave in the hopes he'll go away. Dave is good friends with Kitty, who helps with the church fundraisers, and has an uneasy friendship with Red (mostly because Red is not used to having friends). His friendship with Red seems to have brought out a less-pure side of Dave, as he spends a day with Red watching football and drinking beer, and once even quit the church because he wanted to watch more football on Sundays (later rejoining as the pastor). He appears primarily in season 3 and 4, but has a few cameos in season 2.\nRhonda Tate (played by Cynthia Lamontagne) Often called \"Big Rhonda\" by her classmates, she is a recurring character during season 4 as Fez's girlfriend. When she and Fez are stuck in the school during a tornado they are about to have sex, but Rhonda changes her mind when the tornado ends. She breaks up with Fez after she chokes him after he wanted to get to third base, which came from bad advice from Casey Kelso. Like Fez, she loves candy. She treats Eric with relentless contempt but is genuinely fond of Fez. She also physically intimidated tiny Jackie by threatening to wrestle her after Jackie gets rude with her. The episode \"It's a Wonderful Life\" features an alternate timeline where Rhonda goes to the prom with Eric (in this timeline, Eric and Donna were never in a relationship), and they remain together until he dumps her. Eric mentions that the two only had sex three times. Later in the same episode she is seen at their 10-year reunion but now as a trim, beautiful, and sexy woman. Rhonda claims her new body came from being dumped by Eric, leading her to lose weight using Jane Fonda workout tapes before becoming a fitness instructor herself. She thanks him for this. It is also mentioned in the season 3 episode \"Kitty's Birthday\" that she was hit by a car but was apparently uninjured.\nRoy Keene (played by Jim Gaffigan) is the kitchen manager of the Holiday Hotel employing Eric, Hyde, and Kelso to work as waiters in the hotel's restaurant during seasons 5 and 6. The character serves as the replacement for Leo, who was written out during season 5. Hyde mentions that Roy is like a father figure since his father abandoned him. Roy has stated that his standards for food service are low, and he goes days without washing his hands. Roy served in the Vietnam War, once describing Eric as \"scrawny, but strong... like the Vietcong\". He suffers from serious trouble connecting to people. One time, he got the impression a woman was in love with him after she insulted him when he got her some butter, so he hid in her shower to surprise her with flowers. He once mentioned he was living with a woman but moved out when she found out he was living with her in secret. It is revealed in the season 6 episode \"A Legal Matter\" that he was a police cadet who was kicked out of the police academy for shooting a police horse.\nSamantha Hyde (played by Judy Tylor) is Hyde's wife during season 8. They got married while Hyde was drunk in Las Vegas. The two barely knew each other when they got married. Hyde did not even remember the wedding and did not know he was married until after Samantha came to Point Place to see Hyde. In the episode \"My Fairy King\", Hyde learned that Samantha was already married to someone else. After this, Hyde and Samantha's relationship ended.\nSchatzi is a Dachshund that Red gave Kitty in an attempt to make her happy. Schatzi was in several episodes of season 5, was absent for all of season 6, then returned for only one episode towards the beginning of season 7. Red claimed that his absence was due to hiding under the house because he was afraid of the garden hose. \"Schatzi\" is German and means \"little treasure\" or \"darling\" (diminutive of \"Schatz\"). In the eighth episode of That 90s Show, Kitty mentions that they don't have a dog anymore, confirming that Schatzi is either dead or no longer lives with the Formans.\nSteven James \"Bud\" Hyde Sr. (played by Robert Hays) is Hyde's stepfather. Bud Hyde worked as a bartender and is an alcoholic. Until the end of the 6th season, Hyde thought Bud was his biological father. Bud abandoned Hyde when he was a child and Steven was always angry at Bud for this. They temporarily reconciled in season 3, with Hyde even moving in with him. However, he would leave again at the beginning of season 4 after getting back together with Edna – forcing Hyde to move back to the Forman house. Hyde mentioned that Bud did attempt to get in touch with him again. (Bud was passed out drunk on Hyde's car.)\nSuzy Simpson (played by Alyson Hannigan) appears in two episodes of season 6. She is Kelso's buddy from the police academy who is also attracted to him. Fez has a crush on Suzy and it is because of her that he and Kelso fight after Kelso lies to Fez saying that Suzy has agreed to go on a date with him when really she thinks that she is dating Kelso. However, when Fez reveals that Kelso's having a Baby with another woman and Kelso reveals that Fez is married, she is furious and wants nothing to do with them.\nTimmy Thompson (played by Paul Connor) is an annoying fellow student in the gang who always embarrasses someone with loud comments meant for everyone around to hear, such as:\n\"Heeey, Forman and Donna got a motel room and they're going to do it!\"\n\"Heeey, I'm taking off my pants!\"\n\"Heeey, Forman's on a date with his mom!\"\n\"Heeey, Donna's showed her ass!\" (while showing everyone a yearbook photo where Donna mooned the camera).He only has real dialogue in the episode \"Burning Down The House\".William James \"WB\" Barnett (played by Tim Reid) is Hyde's biological father. Hyde originally thought Bud Hyde was his biological father until the cliffhanger between the 6th and 7th seasons, where Kitty discovers that Hyde's real father is a man who lives in Milwaukee. Sometimes people call Barnett by his initials, \"WB\". Barnett is wealthy and owns Grooves, a chain of record stores. Barnett put Hyde in charge of the Point Place record store along with his daughter (and Hyde's half sister), Angie. Barnett is an African American, which Hyde believes explains his \"coolness, afro and suspicion of The Man\" (it can also be noted that when Hyde asked him who killed Kennedy his father stated \"I don't know, because they don't want me to know\"). WB's last on-screen appearance is in the first half of the series finale which is the twenty-first episode of the eighth season, \"Love of My Life\" (WB had already appeared in the fourteenth episode of that season, \"Son and Daughter\").","title":"Recurring characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrea Anders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Anders"}],"text":"Sherri Runck (played by Andrea Anders) is the single mother of Gwen and Nate Runck, with different men. It is stated that Nate's father, named Brian, lives and works in Japan, where he plays baseball and does commercials for adult diapers, as the oldest player on the team, and Gwen's father is a trucker who sometimes passes through Point Place. She lives in the house next door to Red and Kitty, which she is revealed in the season finale to be renting from Fenton. She had a tendency to sleep with a lot of men before the show, but has a relationship with Fez in the show, which she tries to give up to focus on herself. She befriends Red and Kitty, and is also shown to have issues with her deceased father. In \"Boyfriend Day One\" it is shown that she does not know how to ride a bike.","title":"Introduced in That '90s Show"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amanda Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Fuller"},{"link_name":"Soap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_(TV_show)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Farley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Farley"},{"link_name":"fundamentalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalist"},{"link_name":"KISS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(band)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Gordon-Levitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gordon-Levitt"},{"link_name":"Reagan Gomez-Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_Gomez-Preston"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Sloane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Sloane"},{"link_name":"Melissa Joan Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Joan_Hart"}],"text":"Several characters on the series were written as recurring, but made only one appearance. Among them:Tina Pinciotti (played by Amanda Fuller) is the younger sister of Donna. She first appears in \"Eric's Burger Job\", but make no following appearances aside from a brief mention in the Soap parody in \"Vanstock\". She is later written out with no explanation, as demonstrated in the season 7 premiere when Kitty refers to Donna as Bob and Midge's only child.\nValerie Pinciotti is the older never-seen sister of Donna and Tina Pinciotti, who was said to be away at college in \"Eric's Birthday\" and never mentioned again.\nMatthew and Rebecca Erdman (played by Kevin Farley and Shannon Holt) are the prudish, fundamentalist host parents of Fez. They first appear in \"Drive-In\" and convince Fez the rock music they detest is diabolical by playing a KISS album backwards. Although referenced several times, Fez's host parents make no further appearances in the show. They eventually kick Fez out of their home and take all his money back as rent because he graduated a year ago in season 7.\nBuddy Morgan (played by Joseph Gordon-Levitt) is introduced in \"Eric's Buddy\" and was intended to become a recurring character. However, the introduction of a homosexual as a love interest for Eric (at a time when both Eric and Hyde were competing for Donna) did not go over well with audiences, and Buddy was cut from the show.\nMelissa (played by Reagan Gomez-Preston) appears in \"Hyde Gets the Girl\" as a potential love interest for Hyde. She was intended to become his on-off girlfriend.\nPatty (played by Lindsay Sloane) appears in two episodes in season 2. She is introduced in \"Eric Gets Suspended\" along with her best friend, Mary (played by Melissa Joan Hart). The two go on a double blind date with Hyde and Fez. Hyde initially pairs with Mary, and Fez with Patty. However, in the course of the date Hyde tells Fez to swap dates, because he is hitting it off with Patty. Patty then returns in \"Eric and Kitty's Night Out\", becoming Fez's girlfriend. Patty's role and impact in the episode implies an intention to continue the character's appearance in the series, but Patty is not seen or mentioned again.","title":"Intended recurring roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amy Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Adams"},{"link_name":"Paul Anka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Anka"},{"link_name":"Curtis Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"James Avery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Avery"},{"link_name":"Lynsey Bartilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynsey_Bartilson"},{"link_name":"Jim Beaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Beaver"},{"link_name":"Rachel Bilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Bilson"},{"link_name":"Charo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charo"},{"link_name":"Erika Christensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erika_Christensen"},{"link_name":"Alice Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Shae D'lyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shae_D%27lyn"},{"link_name":"Roger Daltrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Daltrey"},{"link_name":"Ashley Drane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Drane"},{"link_name":"Eliza Dushku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza_Dushku"},{"link_name":"Alexis Dziena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Dziena"},{"link_name":"Jamie Farr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Farr"},{"link_name":"Jenna Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenna_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Joe Flaherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Flaherty"},{"link_name":"Adrienne Frantz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrienne_Frantz"},{"link_name":"Gloria Gaynor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Gaynor"},{"link_name":"Monty Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Hall"},{"link_name":"Alyson Hannigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyson_Hannigan"},{"link_name":"Valerie Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Harper"},{"link_name":"Jenilee Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenilee_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Isaac Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Hayes"},{"link_name":"Mitch Hedberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Hedberg"},{"link_name":"Carolyn Hennesy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_Hennesy"},{"link_name":"Howard Hesseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hesseman"},{"link_name":"Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Matt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Hardy"},{"link_name":"and","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hardy_Boyz"},{"link_name":"Jeff Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Shirley Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Jones"},{"link_name":"Richard Karn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Karn"},{"link_name":"KISS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(band)"},{"link_name":"Richard Kline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kline"},{"link_name":"Christopher Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Knight_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Wayne Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Knight"},{"link_name":"Don Knotts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Knotts"},{"link_name":"Joseph Gordon-Levitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gordon-Levitt"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Lohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Lohan"},{"link_name":"Justin Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Long"},{"link_name":"Gavin MacLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_MacLeod"},{"link_name":"Christopher Masterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Masterson"},{"link_name":"Alex Nevil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Nevil"},{"link_name":"Ted Nugent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nugent"},{"link_name":"Keri Lynn Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keri_Lynn_Pratt"},{"link_name":"Ethan Peck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Peck"},{"link_name":"Jack Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Riley_(actor)"},{"link_name":"John Ratzenberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ratzenberger"},{"link_name":"Connie Sawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie_Sawyer"},{"link_name":"Reid Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Scott_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ken Shamrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Shamrock"},{"link_name":"Jessica Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Simpson"},{"link_name":"French Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Dave Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Thomas_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Rozonda Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozonda_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Barry Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Williams_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Billy Dee Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Dee_Williams"},{"link_name":"Bruce Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Willis"}],"text":"Amy Adams\nPaul Anka\nCurtis Armstrong\nJames Avery\nLynsey Bartilson\nJim Beaver\nRachel Bilson\nCharo\nErika Christensen\nAlice Cooper\nShae D'lyn\nRoger Daltrey\nAshley Drane\nEliza Dushku\nAlexis Dziena\nJamie Farr\nJenna Fischer\nJoe Flaherty\nAdrienne Frantz\nGloria Gaynor\nMonty Hall\nAlyson Hannigan\nValerie Harper\nJenilee Harrison\nIsaac Hayes\nMitch Hedberg\nCarolyn Hennesy\nHoward Hesseman\nDwayne “The Rock” Johnson\nMatt and Jeff Hardy\nJay Johnson\nShirley Jones\nRichard Karn\nKISS\nRichard Kline\nChristopher Knight\nWayne Knight\nDon Knotts\nJoseph Gordon-Levitt\nLindsay Lohan\nJustin Long\nGavin MacLeod\nChristopher Masterson\nAlex Nevil\nTed Nugent\nKeri Lynn Pratt\nEthan Peck\nJack Riley\nJohn Ratzenberger\nConnie Sawyer\nReid Scott\nKen Shamrock\nJessica Simpson\nFrench Stewart\nDave Thomas\nRozonda Thomas\nBarry Williams\nBilly Dee Williams\nBruce Willis","title":"Notable guest stars"}] | [{"image_text":"Tommy Chong played Leo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tommy_Chong_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/170px-Tommy_Chong_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Meisler, Andy (October 10, 1999). \"Clothes and Hairstyles Do Not a Decade Make\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/10/arts/television-radio-clothes-and-hairstyles-do-not-a-decade-make.html?pagewanted=2","url_text":"\"Clothes and Hairstyles Do Not a Decade Make\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"It's Only Rock and Roll\". That '70s Show. Season 7. Episode 158. 6 Oct 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_%2770s_Show_(season_7)#Episodes","url_text":"It's Only Rock and Roll"}]},{"reference":"\"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://tv.nytimes.com/episode/4932472/That-70s-Show/overview","url_text":"\"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Kutcher's channeling Kelso. Bring back Sheen\". The Vancouver Sun. September 27, 2011. 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Retrieved 17 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/television/charmer-out-of-the-70s/story-e6frf9ho-1111112764733","url_text":"\"Charmer out of the '70s\""}]},{"reference":"\"Twiz Tv\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.twiztv.com/scripts/that70sshow/season2/that70sshow-202.htm","url_text":"\"Twiz Tv\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_That_%2770s_and_%2790s_Show_characters&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/10/arts/television-radio-clothes-and-hairstyles-do-not-a-decade-make.html?pagewanted=2","external_links_name":"\"Clothes and Hairstyles Do Not a Decade Make\""},{"Link":"http://tv.nytimes.com/episode/4932472/That-70s-Show/overview","external_links_name":"\"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2011/09/27/kutchers-channeling-kelso-bring-back-sheen/","external_links_name":"\"Kutcher's channeling Kelso. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Illusions:_Reflections | Real Illusions: Reflections | ["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 Chart performance","5 Awards","6 References","7 External links"] | 2005 studio album by Steve VaiReal Illusions: ReflectionsStudio album by Steve VaiReleasedFebruary 22, 2005 (2005-02-22)StudioThe Mothership Studio in Hollywood Hills; The Harmony Hut in Encino, Los Angeles; De Oosterpoort in Groningen; Paradiso in AmsterdamGenreInstrumental rock, progressive metal, heavy metal, hard rockLength55:10LabelEpicProducerSteve VaiSteve Vai chronology
The Ultra Zone(1999)
Real Illusions: Reflections(2005)
The Story of Light(2012)
Real Illusions: Reflections is the seventh studio album by guitarist Steve Vai, released on February 22, 2005, through Epic Records. The album reached No. 147 on the U.S. Billboard 200, as well as No. 88 on the Dutch albums chart and No. 110 on the French albums chart.
Described by Vai as "rock fable", Real Illusions: Reflections is the first part of a three-part concept album about a town visited by the godsent Pamposh and his construction of the Church. "Lotus Feet", purposely designated as track seven (see The Seventh Song) and recorded live during three separate concerts in the Netherlands during Vai's 2004 "Aching Hunger Tour", was nominated for Best Rock Instrumental Performance at the 2006 Grammy Awards. Vai cites Bulgarian wedding music as having inspired "Freak Show Excess".
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic
Sean Westergaard at AllMusic gave Real Illusions: Reflections four stars out of five, listing "K'm-Pee-Du-Wee", "Firewall", "Yai Yai", "Freak Show Excess" and "Lotus Feet" as highlights. He also remarked favorably about Vai's singing: "As a vocalist, he's gotten way more confident, and while it's doubtful his singing will ever be the primary attraction, he does a fine job here."
Track listing
All tracks are written by Steve VaiNo.TitleLength1."Building the Church"4:582."Dying for Your Love"4:503."Glorious"4:354."K'm-Pee-Du-Wee"4:005."Firewall"4:196."Freak Show Excess"6:517."Lotus Feet" (live)6:458."Yai Yai"2:379."Midway Creatures"3:4210."I'm Your Secrets"4:2611."Under it All"8:07Total length:55:10
Personnel
Steve Vai – lead vocals, guitar, all instrumentation (except where noted), engineering, mixing, production
Jeremy Colson – drums, percussion (track 5), additional percussion (tracks 4, 6, 10)
Gregg Bissonette – percussion (track 5), additional percussion (tracks 4, 6, 10)
Billy Sheehan – bass
Bryan Beller – bass (track 7)
Jerry Hey – trumpet (track 5)
Gary Grant – trumpet (track 5)
Dan Higgins – saxophone (track 5)
Larry Williams – saxophone (track 5)
Bill Reichenbach, Jr. – trombone (track 5)
Charlie Loper – trombone (track 5)
Stacy Ellis – background vocals (track 5)
Metropole Orkest – orchestra (track 7)
Chris Opperman – piano (track 7)
Pia Vai – harp (track 11)
Fire Vai – spoken vocals (track 11)
Laurel Fishman – spoken vocals (track 11)
Ruby Birman – spoken vocals (track 11)
Len Birman – spoken vocals (track 11)
Jeff Mallard – spoken vocals (track 11)
Michael Mesker – spoken vocals (track 11)
Thomas Nordegg – spoken vocals (track 11)
David Kole – orchestration (track 7)
Dick Bakker – conducting (track 7)
Neil Citron – engineering assistance
Paul Bliven – engineering assistance
Bernie Grundman – mastering
Chart performance
Year
Chart
Position
2005
Billboard Independent Albums
15
Dutch albums chart
88
French albums chart
110
Billboard 200
147
Billboard Top Internet Albums
147
Greek Albums
25
Awards
Event
Title
Award
Result
2006 Grammys
"Lotus Feet"
Best Rock Instrumental Performance
Nominated
References
^ a b c d Westergaard, Sean. "Real Illusions: Reflections - Steve Vai". AllMusic. Retrieved 2014-12-12.
^ a b c d "Real Illusions: Reflections - Steve Vai | Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 2014-12-12.
^ a b c "Steve Vai - Real Illusions: Reflections (album)". finnishcharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 2014-01-10.
^ Vai, Steve (2005). "Inside Real Illusions: Reflections". vai.com. Retrieved 2014-12-12.
^ a b "48th Grammy Awards - 2006". Rock On The Net. Retrieved 2014-12-12.
^ rkkrah (2008-03-03). "Steve Vai demonstration - Freak Show Excess". YouTube. Retrieved 2014-12-12.
^ Ελληνικό Chart
External links
In Review: Steve Vai "Real Illusions: Reflections" at Guitar Nine Records
vteSteve VaiStudio albums
Flex-Able
Flex-Able Leftovers (EP)
Passion and Warfare
Sex & Religion
Alien Love Secrets (EP)
Fire Garden
Flex-Able Leftovers (album)
The Ultra Zone
Real Illusions: Reflections
The Story of Light
Modern Primitive
Inviolate
Vai/Gash
Compilations
The 7th Song, Enchanting Guitar Melodies (Archives Vol. 1)
The Secret Jewel Box
FZ Original Recordings; Steve Vai (Archives Vol. 2)
The Elusive Light and Sound Vol. 1
Mystery Tracks (Archives Vol. 3)
The Infinite Steve Vai: An Anthology
Piano Reductions, Vol. 1 (by Mike Keneally)
Live &orchestral
G3: Live in Concert
Alive in an Ultra World
G3: Rockin' in the Free World
Live in London
G3: Live in Tokyo
Sound Theories, Vols. 1–2
Stillness in Motion: Vai Live in L.A.
Videos
Live at the Astoria, London
Live in Denver (DVD)
Visual Sound Theories
Frank Zappa
Tinsel Town Rebellion
Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar
You Are What You Is
Ship Arriving Too Late to Save a Drowning Witch
The Man from Utopia
Them or Us
Thing-Fish
Frank Zappa Meets the Mothers of Prevention
Jazz from Hell
Guitar
You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 1
You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 3
You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 4
As An Am
You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 5
You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 6
Strictly Commercial
Have I Offended Someone?
Cheap Thrills
Son of Cheep Thrills
FZ Original Recordings; Steve Vai Archives, Vol. 2
Alcatrazz
Disturbing the Peace
David Lee Roth
Eat 'Em and Smile
Skyscraper
Public Image Ltd
Album
Whitesnake
Slip of the Tongue
Collaborations
Generation Axe
Related
Evo
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Vai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Vai"},{"link_name":"Epic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusicawards-2"},{"link_name":"Dutch albums chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MegaCharts"},{"link_name":"French albums chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finnishcharts-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"concept album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_album"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Seventh Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seventh_Song"},{"link_name":"Best Rock Instrumental Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Instrumental_Performance"},{"link_name":"2006 Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grammy-5"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian wedding music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_wedding_music"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Real Illusions: Reflections is the seventh studio album by guitarist Steve Vai, released on February 22, 2005, through Epic Records.[1] The album reached No. 147 on the U.S. Billboard 200,[2] as well as No. 88 on the Dutch albums chart and No. 110 on the French albums chart.[3]Described by Vai as \"rock fable\",[1] Real Illusions: Reflections is the first part of a three-part concept album about a town visited by the godsent Pamposh and his construction of the Church.[4] \"Lotus Feet\", purposely designated as track seven (see The Seventh Song) and recorded live during three separate concerts in the Netherlands during Vai's 2004 \"Aching Hunger Tour\", was nominated for Best Rock Instrumental Performance at the 2006 Grammy Awards.[5] Vai cites Bulgarian wedding music as having inspired \"Freak Show Excess\".[6]","title":"Real Illusions: Reflections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-1"}],"text":"Sean Westergaard at AllMusic gave Real Illusions: Reflections four stars out of five, listing \"K'm-Pee-Du-Wee\", \"Firewall\", \"Yai Yai\", \"Freak Show Excess\" and \"Lotus Feet\" as highlights. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Murray_Keith | Robert Murray Keith | ["1 References"] | British diplomat
Robert Murray Keith (died 1774) was a British diplomat. He was descended from a younger son of the 2nd Earl Marischal.
Keith was minister in Vienna in 1748 and from 1753 Minister-plenipotentiary. In 1757, he transferred to St. Petersburg (arriving in 1758) and remained there until October 1762, when the imperial government requested that he be replaced by a nobleman. He then retired to live at the Hermitage near Edinburgh, and subsequently held other important diplomatic appointments, being known to his numerous friends, among whom were the leading men of letters of his time, as "Ambassador Keith."
In 1772, George III sent Robert Murray Keith to negotiate for the release of his sister Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark, from imprisonment. Keith succeeded in his mission and on 28 May 1772 the Queen was deported from Denmark on board a British frigate which took her to Celle Castle in her brother's German territory of Hanover.
Keith married Margaret, daughter of Sir William Cunningham, 2nd baronet, of Caprington before 1730 when their son Robert Murray Keith (the younger) was born. Another son was Sir Basil Keith, a naval officer and Governor of Gibraltar.
References
^ Chisholm 1911.
^ Thomas Campbell, ed. New monthly magazine, vol. 85, p. 433
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Keith s.v. Robert Keith". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 716.
Eagles, R. D. E. "Keith, Robert (c.1697–1774)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/15271. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.). The first edition of this text is available at Wikisource: "Keith, Robert Murray" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byThomas Robinson
British Minister in Austria 1748–1757
Succeeded byThe Earl of Hyndford
Preceded byCharles Hanbury Williams
Ambassador to Russia 1758–1762
Succeeded byThe Earl of Buckinghamshire
Preceded byPhilip Stanhope
British Minister to Saxony 1767–1771
Succeeded byJohn Osborne
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
This English biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"diplomat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomat"},{"link_name":"Earl Marischal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Marischal"},{"link_name":"minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(diplomacy)"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"},{"link_name":"Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Matilda_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Celle Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celle_Castle"},{"link_name":"Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Robert Murray Keith (the younger)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Murray_Keith_(the_younger)"},{"link_name":"Basil Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Keith"},{"link_name":"naval officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Governor of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Robert Murray Keith (died 1774) was a British diplomat. He was descended from a younger son of the 2nd Earl Marischal.Keith was minister in Vienna in 1748 and from 1753 Minister-plenipotentiary. In 1757, he transferred to St. Petersburg (arriving in 1758) and remained there until October 1762, when the imperial government requested that he be replaced by a nobleman. He then retired to live at the Hermitage near Edinburgh, and subsequently held other important diplomatic appointments, being known to his numerous friends, among whom were the leading men of letters of his time, as \"Ambassador Keith.\"[1]In 1772, George III sent Robert Murray Keith to negotiate for the release of his sister Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark, from imprisonment. Keith succeeded in his mission and on 28 May 1772 the Queen was deported from Denmark on board a British frigate which took her to Celle Castle in her brother's German territory of Hanover.[2]Keith married Margaret, daughter of Sir William Cunningham, 2nd baronet, of Caprington before 1730 when their son Robert Murray Keith (the younger) was born. Another son was Sir Basil Keith, a naval officer and Governor of Gibraltar.[citation needed]","title":"Robert Murray Keith"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Keith s.v. Robert Keith\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 716.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Keith_(family)","url_text":"Keith s.v. Robert Keith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Eagles, R. D. E. \"Keith, Robert (c.1697–1774)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/15271.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F15271","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/15271"}]},{"reference":"\"Keith, Robert Murray\" . Dictionary of National Biography. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinar_Sverd_Johnsen | Steinar Sverd Johnsen | ["1 Discography","1.1 With Mortem","1.2 With Arcturus","1.3 With Covenant","1.4 As a session musician","1.5 As a guest musician","2 References"] | Steinar Sverd JohnsenSverd (left) with Arcturus guitarist Tore Moren in 2005Background informationBorn1972 (age 51–52)OriginNorwayGenresHeavy metalBlack metalAvant-garde metalIndustrial metalOccupation(s)Musician, SongwriterInstrument(s)Keyboards, Synthesizer, Piano, GuitarMember ofArcturusMusical artist
Steinar Sverd Johnsen (born 1972) is a Norwegian keyboardist and composer. Sverd plays keyboards and synthesizers in Arcturus and was also the main composer for the band. He formed the band with Marius Vold (Mortem, Stigma Diabolicum of Thorns, and Jan Axel Blomberg (also known as Hellhammer) of Mayhem in 1987, originally under the moniker Mortem (where he played guitar). The band split up in April 2007, but reformed in 2011.
In 1998, Sverd was recruited by the band, The Kovenant, known at the time as Covenant, along with Hellhammer. After the release of the album Nexus Polaris, Sverd and the band parted ways.
Sverd has also been a guest on a few releases by prominent Norwegian black metal bands, Ulver and Satyricon.
Discography
With Mortem
Slow Death (demo, 1989)
Slow Death (EP, 1990)
Ravnsvart (LP, 2019)
Slow Death (album + extra tracks, 2022)
With Arcturus
Promo 90 (Demo, 1990)
My Angel (EP, 1991)
Constellation (EP, 1994)
Aspera Hiems Symfonia (full-length, 1995)
La Masquerade Infernale (full-length, 1997)
Disguised Masters (compilation, 1999)
Aspera Hiems Symfonia/Constellation/My Angel (compilation, 2001)
The Sham Mirrors (full-length, 2002)
Sideshow Symphonies (full-length, 2005)
Shipwrecked in Oslo (live film, 2006)
Arcturian (full-length 2015)
With Covenant
Nexus Polaris (full-length, 1998)
As a session musician
Satyricon - The Shadowthrone (full-length, 1994) (credited as S.S.)
Ved Buens Ende - ...Coiled in Obscurity (compilation, 1995)
As a guest musician
Ulver - Bergtatt - Et Eeventyr i 5 Capitler (full-length, 1995)
Fleurety - Department of Apocalyptic Affairs - (full-length, 2000)
References
^ Reesman, Bryan. "Biography: Arcturus". Allmusic. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
^ DaRonco, Mike. "Biography: Kovenant". Allmusic. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
vteArcturus
Steinar Sverd Johnsen
Jan Axel Blomberg
Knut Magne Valle
Hugh Mingay
ICS Vortex
Kristoffer Rygg
Carl August Tidemann
Samoth
Studio albums
Aspera Hiems Symfonia
La Masquerade Infernale
The Sham Mirrors
Sideshow Symphonies
Arcturian
Extended plays
My Angel
Constellation
Other releases
Disguised Masters
Aspera Hiems Symfonia
Shipwrecked in Oslo
vteThe Kovenant
Lex Icon
Pzy-Clone
Hellhammer
Sverd
Angel
Astennu
Eileen Küpper
Sarah Jezebel Deva
Küth
Gerlioz
Studio albums
In Times Before the Light (1997)
Nexus Polaris (1998)
Animatronic (1999)
SETI (2003)
EPs
S.E.T.I. 4-Track Club EP (2003)
Record labels
Nuclear Blast
Hammerheart
VME/Head Not Found
Related groups
Dimmu Borgir
Troll
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Norway
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"keyboardist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboardist"},{"link_name":"Arcturus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcturus_(band)"},{"link_name":"Mortem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mortem_(Norwegian_band)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorns_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jan Axel Blomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Axel_Blomberg"},{"link_name":"Mayhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayhem_(band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The Kovenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kovenant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nexus Polaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_Polaris"},{"link_name":"black metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_metal"},{"link_name":"Ulver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulver"},{"link_name":"Satyricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyricon_(band)"}],"text":"Musical artistSteinar Sverd Johnsen (born 1972) is a Norwegian keyboardist and composer. Sverd plays keyboards and synthesizers in Arcturus and was also the main composer for the band. He formed the band with Marius Vold (Mortem, Stigma Diabolicum of Thorns, and Jan Axel Blomberg (also known as Hellhammer) of Mayhem in 1987, originally under the moniker Mortem (where he played guitar).[1] The band split up in April 2007, but reformed in 2011.In 1998, Sverd was recruited by the band, The Kovenant, known at the time as Covenant, along with Hellhammer.[2] After the release of the album Nexus Polaris, Sverd and the band parted ways.Sverd has also been a guest on a few releases by prominent Norwegian black metal bands, Ulver and Satyricon.","title":"Steinar Sverd Johnsen"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"With Mortem","text":"Slow Death (demo, 1989)\nSlow Death (EP, 1990)\nRavnsvart (LP, 2019)\nSlow Death (album + extra tracks, 2022)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aspera Hiems Symfonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspera_Hiems_Symfonia"},{"link_name":"La Masquerade Infernale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Masquerade_Infernale"},{"link_name":"Disguised Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disguised_Masters"},{"link_name":"Aspera Hiems Symfonia/Constellation/My Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspera_Hiems_Symfonia/Constellation/My_Angel"},{"link_name":"The Sham Mirrors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sham_Mirrors"},{"link_name":"Sideshow Symphonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideshow_Symphonies"},{"link_name":"Shipwrecked in Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipwrecked_in_Oslo"},{"link_name":"Arcturian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcturian_(album)"}],"sub_title":"With Arcturus","text":"Promo 90 (Demo, 1990)\nMy Angel (EP, 1991)\nConstellation (EP, 1994)\nAspera Hiems Symfonia (full-length, 1995)\nLa Masquerade Infernale (full-length, 1997)\nDisguised Masters (compilation, 1999)\nAspera Hiems Symfonia/Constellation/My Angel (compilation, 2001)\nThe Sham Mirrors (full-length, 2002)\nSideshow Symphonies (full-length, 2005)\nShipwrecked in Oslo (live film, 2006)\nArcturian (full-length 2015)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nexus Polaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_Polaris"}],"sub_title":"With Covenant","text":"Nexus Polaris (full-length, 1998)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Satyricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyricon_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Shadowthrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadowthrone"},{"link_name":"Ved Buens Ende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ved_Buens_Ende"},{"link_name":"...Coiled in Obscurity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=...Coiled_in_Obscurity&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"As a session musician","text":"Satyricon - The Shadowthrone (full-length, 1994) (credited as S.S.)\nVed Buens Ende - ...Coiled in Obscurity (compilation, 1995)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ulver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulver"},{"link_name":"Bergtatt - Et Eeventyr i 5 Capitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergtatt_-_Et_Eeventyr_i_5_Capitler"},{"link_name":"Fleurety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleurety"},{"link_name":"Department of Apocalyptic Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Apocalyptic_Affairs"}],"sub_title":"As a guest musician","text":"Ulver - Bergtatt - Et Eeventyr i 5 Capitler (full-length, 1995)\nFleurety - Department of Apocalyptic Affairs - (full-length, 2000)","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Reesman, Bryan. \"Biography: Arcturus\". Allmusic. Retrieved 14 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p200250","url_text":"\"Biography: Arcturus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"DaRonco, Mike. \"Biography: Kovenant\". Allmusic. Retrieved 14 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p293766","url_text":"\"Biography: Kovenant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p200250","external_links_name":"\"Biography: Arcturus\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p293766","external_links_name":"\"Biography: Kovenant\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/850149108400768780000","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/9053853","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6c5a856b-55cf-4797-a1ec-879490cf9efe","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauwa_Ibrahim | Hauwa Ibrahim | ["1 Life","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Nigerian human rights lawyer (born 1968)
Hauwa IbrahimBorn20 January 1968GombeNationalityNigerianOccupationNigerian Human Rights Lawyer.Known forHuman Rights Activism.AwardsEuropean Parliament's Sakharov Prize in 2005.
Hauwa Ibrahim (born 1968) is a Nigerian human rights lawyer who won the European Parliament's Sakharov Prize in 2005.
Life
Ibrahim was born in Gombe in 1968. She was trained to be a lawyer and was considered the first Muslim woman in Nigeria to achieve this distinction.
Ibrahim was known for pro bono work defending people condemned under the Islamic Sharia laws that are in force in the northern Nigerian provinces. She claims she defended Amina Lawal, Safiya Hussaini and Hafsatu Abubákar. This has however been refuted by Aliyu Musa Yawuri in her piece 'On Defending Safiyatu Hussaini and Amina Lawal'. In 2005 she was awarded the Sakharov Prize for this work.
Hauwa has been a Visiting Professor at Saint Louis University School of Law and Stonehill College, a World Fellow at Yale University, a Radcliffe fellow, and a fellow at both the Human Rights Program and the Islamic Legal Studies Program at Harvard University. Hauwa is presently a teacher and a researcher at Harvard University. She is also one of the 25 leading figures on the Information and Democracy Commission launched by Reporters Without Borders.
While a Radcliffe fellow, Ibrahim adopted an interdisciplinary approach to delve into the theoretical foundations of Shariah law and examine how they have influenced legal practice, which has, in turn, affected the human rights of women in West Africa . Her research led to the book Practicing Shariah Law: Seven Strategies for Achieving Justice in Shariah Courts, published in January 2013."
See also
Nigeria portalBiography portalLaw portal
First women lawyers around the world
References
^ Ms Meena Sharify-Funk (28 March 2013). Encountering the Transnational: Women, Islam and the Politics of Interpretation. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4094-9856-8.
^ "Nigerian Woman Wins Appeal of Stoning Sentence". PBS NewsHour. 25 September 2003. Retrieved 2018-07-25.
^ "Hauwa Ibrahim | Nobel Laureate, Human Rights Lawyer | Katerva". www.katerva.net. Retrieved 2018-07-25.
^ "HAUWA IBRAHIM". Yales.edu. YALE UNIVERSITY. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
^ "Hauwa Ibrahim | Reporters without borders". 9 September 2018.
^ Harvard Divinity School visiting faculty profile, retrieved 2013.
External links
Hauwa Ibrahim at Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteData from Wikidata
Downloadable PDF brochure from the Sakharov Prize ceremony describing the prize, Ibrahim, and her work
Frontline (US Public Broadcasting program) interview
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Netherlands | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_right"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Sakharov Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakharov_Prize_for_Freedom_of_Thought"}],"text":"Hauwa Ibrahim (born 1968) is a Nigerian human rights lawyer who won the European Parliament's Sakharov Prize in 2005.","title":"Hauwa Ibrahim"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombe,_Gombe"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharify-Funk2013-1"},{"link_name":"pro bono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_bono"},{"link_name":"Sharia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"in force in the northern Nigerian provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia_in_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Amina Lawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina_Lawal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Safiya Hussaini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safiya_Hussaini"},{"link_name":"Hafsatu Abubákar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hafsatu_Abub%C3%A1kar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sakharov Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakharov_Prize"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis University School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_University_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Reporters Without Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders#Publications"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Ibrahim was born in Gombe in 1968. She was trained to be a lawyer and was considered the first Muslim woman in Nigeria to achieve this distinction.[1]Ibrahim was known for pro bono work defending people condemned under the Islamic Sharia laws that are in force in the northern Nigerian provinces. She claims she defended Amina Lawal,[2] Safiya Hussaini and Hafsatu Abubákar. This has however been refuted by Aliyu Musa Yawuri in her piece 'On Defending Safiyatu Hussaini and Amina Lawal'. In 2005 she was awarded the Sakharov Prize for this work.[3]Hauwa has been a Visiting Professor at Saint Louis University School of Law and Stonehill College, a World Fellow at Yale University, a Radcliffe fellow, and a fellow at both the Human Rights Program and the Islamic Legal Studies Program at Harvard University. Hauwa is presently a teacher and a researcher at Harvard University.[4] She is also one of the 25 leading figures on the Information and Democracy Commission launched by Reporters Without Borders.[5]While a Radcliffe fellow, Ibrahim adopted an interdisciplinary approach to delve into the theoretical foundations of Shariah law and examine how they have influenced legal practice, which has, in turn, affected the human rights of women in West Africa . Her research led to the book Practicing Shariah Law: Seven Strategies for Achieving Justice in Shariah Courts, published in January 2013.\"[6]","title":"Life"}] | [] | [{"title":"Nigeria portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Nigeria"},{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg"},{"title":"Law portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law"},{"title":"First women lawyers around the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_women_lawyers_around_the_world"}] | [{"reference":"Ms Meena Sharify-Funk (28 March 2013). Encountering the Transnational: Women, Islam and the Politics of Interpretation. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 3. 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YALE UNIVERSITY. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Sj%C3%B6din | Anna Sjödin | ["1 Family life","2 Political career","3 2006 arrest and criminal charges","4 References","5 External links"] | Swedish politician
Anna SjödinBorn (1976-04-22) April 22, 1976 (age 48)Össeby-Garn, Vallentuna Municipality
Anna Margareta Hartman Sjödin (born April 22, 1976) is a Swedish Social Democratic politician, and elected president of the Social Democratic Youth League from August 3, 2005, to December 16, 2006. She was also elected vice president of the International Union of Socialist Youth (IUSY) at the congress in January 2006. Sjödin is the second woman, after Anna Lindh, to be elected president of the Social Democratic Youth League.
Family life
Anna Sjödin is born in Össeby-Garn in Stockholm County and was raised outside of Enköping. She played rugby union in her youth and represented Sweden four times in 1994. After completing her secondary education Sjödin spent one year working at a health care facility in England and after that some time at a Kibbutz in Israel. After returning to Sweden she joined the Social Democratic Youth League at the age of 19, and moved to Umeå in order to study social work and public administration (Swedish: Socionom) at Umeå University. After having completed her studies Sjödin worked at a women's shelter.
Political career
Anna Sjödin was first elected chairperson for the Social Democratic Youth League in Västerbotten, and in 2001 was elected in to the board of the Social Democratic Youth League. In August 2005 Sjödin was unanimously elected as the new chairperson of the Social Democratic Youth League after Ardalan Shekarabi who chose not to stand for re-election after several scandals and divisive battles. In December 2006 she had to resign from the chairperson position after found guilty of a number of severe criminal actions while drunk. See below. Later she has taken a position as a headmaster of a Folk high school in Vindeln, North Sweden.
2006 arrest and criminal charges
On January 29, 2006, Sjödin was arrested by the police outside the pub Crazy Horse in Östermalm in Stockholm. According to Babak Jamei, one of the bouncers, a drunk Sjödin not only assaulted him and other bouncers but also used derogatory words--alluding to the fact that he was an immigrant. Sjödin, however, claims that the bouncers assaulted her and her friends. She had to spend the night in the constabulary. The prosecutor rejected Sjödins allegations, but continued investigating the allegations made by the bouncers.
During the trial Sjödin continued to claim that the bouncer had shouted profanities at her and her friend and that he was aggressive, but she also admitted that she had drunk a couple of beers, a third of a bottle of wine and one tequila. The barman had determined that Sjödin was too drunk to be served, and called the bouncers to eject Sjödin and her friend. During the trial, witnesses testified that Sjödin, who is a former rugby union footballer, had used violence in resisting her ejection from the pub.
On October 12, 2006, the Stockholm district court found Sjödin guilty of assaulting the bouncer on charges of slander (Swedish: förolämpning), criminal conversion (Swedish: egenmäktigt förfarande), assaulting a person holding legal authority (Swedish: våld mot tjänsteman) and resisting lawful apprehension (Swedish: våldsamt motstånd). She was sentenced to pay a fine of 120 days wages (Swedish: dagsböter) at 300 kronor per day (36,000 kronor in total). Sjödin was also ordered to pay 5,500 kronor in damages to Babak Jamei, the doorman. The court found that Sjödin had used words of "racist characteristic", she had used a racist slur and had said that people such as him were not welcome in Sweden. The court said that there was strong evidence that Sjödin had challenged the bouncer's authority. The court also found that Sjödin had ripped Jamei's badge from his jacket and taken it with her into a police car. Sjödin has decided to appeal the verdict to the Svea Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal decided not to try this case (the Court of Appeal can deny cases when the penalty is a fine). She has said she will appeal this denial, since in this case it is not only a fine, but a political career at stake.
References
^ "Anna Hartman Sjödin (45 år) Umeå | Ratsit".
^ New Social Democrat youth leader elected Archived June 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Local, August 3, 2005
^ "Brawl" leads to SD youth chief arrest Archived June 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Local, January 29, 2006
^ Prosecutor rejects SD youth leader brawl allegations Archived June 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Local, March 29, 2006
^ Sjödin faces four charges Archived June 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Local, April 7, 2006
^ a b Sjödin guilty of Crazy Horse assault Archived June 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Local, October 12, 2006.
^ Anna Sjödin dömd till böter Archived 2006-11-04 at the Wayback Machine (in Swedish), Aftonbladet, October 12, 2006.
^ Sjödin överklagar Archived October 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine (in Swedish), Dagens Nyheter, October 12, 2006.
External links
Swedish Social Democratic Youth League (in Swedish)
Preceded byArdalan Shekarabi
Chairperson of the Social Democratic Youth League 2005 - 2006
Succeeded byJytte Guteland
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
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During the trial, witnesses testified that Sjödin, who is a former rugby union footballer, had used violence in resisting her ejection from the pub.[6]On October 12, 2006, the Stockholm district court found Sjödin guilty of assaulting the bouncer on charges of slander (Swedish: förolämpning), criminal conversion (Swedish: egenmäktigt förfarande), assaulting a person holding legal authority (Swedish: våld mot tjänsteman) and resisting lawful apprehension (Swedish: våldsamt motstånd). She was sentenced to pay a fine of 120 days wages (Swedish: dagsböter) at 300 kronor per day (36,000 kronor in total). Sjödin was also ordered to pay 5,500 kronor in damages to Babak Jamei, the doorman. The court found that Sjödin had used words of \"racist characteristic\", she had used a racist slur and had said that people such as him were not welcome in Sweden. The court said that there was strong evidence that Sjödin had challenged the bouncer's authority. The court also found that Sjödin had ripped Jamei's badge from his jacket and taken it with her into a police car.[6][7] Sjödin has decided to appeal the verdict to the Svea Court of Appeal.[8] The Court of Appeal decided not to try this case (the Court of Appeal can deny cases when the penalty is a fine). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Couronne | Paris metropolitan area | ["1 Overview","2 Extent","3 Population","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | French statistical area
Not to be confused with Paris Métro.
This article is about the statistical area. For the administrative structure, see Métropole du Grand Paris.
Metropolis and metropolitan area in FranceParis metropolitan area
aire d'attraction de ParisMetropolis and metropolitan areaParis, the most populated city in the metropolitan areaMap showing the extent of the Paris metropolitan area as of 2020, when it included 1,929 communes and covered 18,941 km2.
Central commune
Primary urban cluster
Secondary urban cluster
Peripheral commune
Peripheral commune of a functional area with less than 200,000 inhabitantsCountry FranceLargest cityParis (2,165,423)Area • Metro18,941 km2 (7,313 sq mi)Population • Metro13,064,617 • Metro density690/km2 (1,800/sq mi)GDP • Metro€764.8 billion (2021)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
The Paris metropolitan area (French: aire d'attraction de Paris) is a statistical area that describes the reach of commuter movement to and from Paris, France and its surrounding suburbs.
Overview
In 2020, France's national INSEE statistical bureau introduced the concept "aire d'attraction d'une ville" (functional area), replacing the former "aire urbaine" (urban area). A functional area consists of an urban cluster and the surrounding commuting zone. This concept is consistent with the functional urban area as defined by Eurostat.
Created and used from 1996 by France's national INSEE statistical bureau to match international demographic standards, the aire urbaine (literally: 'urban area') was a statistical unit that described the suburban development around centres of urban growth. In 2011, the INSEE reclassified its largest aires urbaines into aires métropolitaines (literally: metropolitan areas) and grandes aires urbaines ('large urban areas'). With this change, the Paris metropolitan area became the largest in France.
In France, use of the term 'Paris metropolitan area' is limited to demographic and statistical studies, and, to date, it is not used in economic statistics — the traditional administrative subdivisions commune, département, and région are still referenced for this — though the media will employ it when referring to the electoral tendencies of France's largest cities. In 2010 the government passed a law that invited France's largest city 'metropoles' to work together as an intercommunitary entities (more or less described by the INSEE concept), but the lack of response by the following year moved the government to make the cooperation for many of France's largest cities obligatory, and Paris became a case study all on its own.
This latter initiative created the "Métropole du Grand Paris" (official translation: 'Greater Paris metropolitan authority'), a Paris-centred intercommunal cooperation effort enacted from January 1, 2016. The territory it covers is much smaller than the INSEE 'Paris metropolitan area' statistical area: it includes Paris, its neighbouring three departments (or 'petite couronne'), and a few bordering communes in the departments beyond.
Extent
Map showing the extent of the Paris metropolitan area at the 1999 census, when it included 1,584 communes and covered 14,518 km2.
False-color satellite image of the Parisian metropolitan area.
As of 2022, the INSEE statistical Paris metropolitan area covers 1,929 communes. With its 18,941 km2 (7,313 sq mi), it extends significantly beyond Paris' administrative Île-de-France region (12,012 km2 (4,638 sq mi)). Outside the Île-de-France region, it covers part of the departments Aisne, Aube, Eure, Eure-et-Loir, Loiret, Marne, Oise, Seine-Maritime and Yonne.
The Paris metropolitan area expands at each population census due to the rapid population growth in the Paris area. New communes (municipalities) surrounding Paris are included when they meet the commuter threshold required. At the 1968 census, the earliest date for which population figures were retrospectively computed for French aire urbaines, the Paris metropolitan area had 8,368,459 inhabitants in an area that only encompassed 279 communes in central Île-de-France.
By the 1999 census the Paris metropolitan area was slightly larger than Île-de-France and had 11,174,743 inhabitants in 14,518 km2. At the 2010 revision, the aire urbaine of Paris had 1,751 communes.
Population
The area had a population of 13,064,617 as of 2018. Nearly 20% of France's population resides in the region.
The table below shows the population growth of the Paris metropolitan area (aire urbaine), i.e. the urban area (pôle urbain) and the commuter belt (couronne périurbaine) surrounding it. (Note: the area shown in red and pink in the map above):
1968 : 8,368,459
1975 : 9,096,000
1982 : 9,362,000
1990 : 10,291,851 (1,155 communes; 9,679 km²)
1999 : 11,174,743 (1,584 communes; 14,518 km²)
2010 : 12,223,100 (1,751 communes; 17,194 km²)
2018 : 13,064,617 (1,929 communes; 18,941 km²)
See also
Grand Paris
Functional areas of France
Île-de-France
References
^ "Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
^ a b "Definition: Functional areas". INSEE. 18 February 2021.
^ "Definition: Urban cluster". INSEE. 19 February 2020.
^ "En France, neuf personnes sur dix vivent dans l'aire d'attraction d'une ville" (in French). INSEE. 21 October 2020.
^ Joubert, Guillaume; Lebrun, Vanessa (Jul 2, 2014). Histoire-Géographie Éducation civique 3e - Prépabrevet Cours & entraînement (in French). Hatier. p. 117. ISBN 978-2218962431. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
^ "Definition: Urban area". INSEE. 13 October 2016.
^ "An administrative segmentation of French territory: 12 metropolitan areas, 29 large urban areas". INSEE. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
^ "Un maillage du territoire français" (PDF). Insee Premiere (in French). 1333: 2. January 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
^ "LOI n° 2010-1563 du 16 décembre 2010 de réforme des collectivités territoriales". legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
^ "Affirmation des Metropoles et Grand Paris" (PDF) (in French). May 2014. p. 1.1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
^ "Métropole du Grand Paris - English version". Métropole du Grand Paris. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
^ "Carte des territoires". Métropole du Grand Paris. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
^ a b Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001), INSEE
^ a b c "Comparateur de territoire: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001), Île-de-France (11)" (in French). INSEE. 2022-01-17. Archived from the original on 2022-06-15. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
^ a b c Julien, Philippe (2000). "Mesurer un univers urbain en expansion" (PDF). Économie et statistique (in French). 336: 13–14. doi:10.3406/estat.2000.7508.
^ Aire urbaine 2010 de Paris (001), INSEE
^ Évolution et structure de la population en 2010: Aire urbaine 2010 de Paris (001), INSEE
External links
(in French) Document about the functioning of Paris Metropolitan Area
(in French) Document about the extension of Paris Metropolitan Area
vte Paris
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France
vte Communes in the Paris metropolitan areaPopulation over 2 million
Paris
Population over 100,000
Argenteuil
Boulogne-Billancourt
Montreuil
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Population over 75,000
Asnières-sur-Seine
Aubervilliers
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Champigny-sur-Marne
Colombes
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Population over 50,000
Antony
Le Blanc-Mesnil
Bobigny
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Clichy
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Épinay-sur-Seine
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Ivry-sur-Seine
Levallois-Perret
Maisons-Alfort
Massy
Meaux
Neuilly-sur-Seine
Noisy-le-Grand
Pantin
Saint-Maur-des-Fossés
Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine
Sarcelles
Sartrouville
Sevran
Villejuif
Population over 25,000
Alfortville
Athis-Mons
Bagneux
Bagnolet
Bezons
Bois-Colombes
Brétigny-sur-Orge
Brunoy
Bussy-Saint-Georges
Cachan
Champs-sur-Marne
Charenton-le-Pont
Châtenay-Malabry
Châtillon
Chatou
Le Chesnay-Rocquencourt
Choisy-le-Roi
Clichy-sous-Bois
Conflans-Sainte-Honorine
Cormeilles-en-Parisis
La Courneuve
Creil
Draveil
Dreux
Eaubonne
Élancourt
Ermont
Étampes
Fontenay-aux-Roses
Franconville
Fresnes
Gagny
La Garenne-Colombes
Garges-lès-Gonesse
Gennevilliers
Gonesse
Goussainville
Grigny
Guyancourt
L'Haÿ-les-Roses
Herblay-sur-Seine
Houilles
Limeil-Brévannes
Livry-Gargan
Malakoff
Mantes-la-Jolie
Melun
Meudon
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Montigny-le-Bretonneux
Montrouge
Les Mureaux
Neuilly-sur-Marne
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Noisy-le-Sec
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Pierrefitte-sur-Seine
Plaisir
Le Plessis-Robinson
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Pontoise
Puteaux
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Ris-Orangis
Romainville
Rosny-sous-Bois
Saint-Cloud
Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois
Sannois
Savigny-sur-Orge
Savigny-le-Temple
Stains
Sucy-en-Brie
Suresnes
Taverny
Thiais
Trappes
Tremblay-en-France
Les Ulis
Vanves
Vigneux-sur-Seine
Villemomble
Villeneuve-Saint-Georges
Villeparisis
Villepinte
Villiers-le-Bel
Villiers-sur-Marne
Vincennes
Viry-Châtillon
Yerres
Population under 25,000
1,792 other communes
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LimaWuhanBogotáTianjinHyderabadTaipeiHangzhouNagoyaSurabayaBandung | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris Métro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro"},{"link_name":"Métropole du Grand Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Paris"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"statistical area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_area_(France)"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Paris Métro.This article is about the statistical area. For the administrative structure, see Métropole du Grand Paris.Metropolis and metropolitan area in FranceThe Paris metropolitan area (French: aire d'attraction de Paris) is a statistical area that describes the reach of commuter movement to and from Paris, France and its surrounding suburbs.","title":"Paris metropolitan area"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"INSEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques"},{"link_name":"functional area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_area_(France)"},{"link_name":"urban area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area_(France)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-defaav-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-defaav-2"},{"link_name":"functional urban area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larger_urban_zone"},{"link_name":"Eurostat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurostat"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hatier-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INSEE-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rang_AU-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Métropole du Grand Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Paris"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metropolegrandparis.fr-11"},{"link_name":"petite couronne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France#Petite_Couronne"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carte_des_territoires-12"}],"text":"In 2020, France's national INSEE statistical bureau introduced the concept \"aire d'attraction d'une ville\" (functional area), replacing the former \"aire urbaine\" (urban area).[2] A functional area consists of an urban cluster[3] and the surrounding commuting zone.[2] This concept is consistent with the functional urban area as defined by Eurostat.[4]Created and used from 1996 by France's national INSEE statistical bureau to match international demographic standards,[5] the aire urbaine (literally: 'urban area') was a statistical unit that described the suburban development around centres of urban growth.[6] In 2011, the INSEE reclassified its largest aires urbaines into aires métropolitaines (literally: metropolitan areas) and grandes aires urbaines ('large urban areas').[7] With this change, the Paris metropolitan area became the largest in France.[8]In France, use of the term 'Paris metropolitan area' is limited to demographic and statistical studies, and, to date, it is not used in economic statistics — the traditional administrative subdivisions commune, département, and région are still referenced for this — though the media will employ it when referring to the electoral tendencies of France's largest cities[citation needed]. In 2010 the government passed a law that invited France's largest city 'metropoles' to work together as an intercommunitary entities (more or less described by the INSEE concept),[9] but the lack of response by the following year moved the government to make the cooperation for many of France's largest cities obligatory, and Paris became a case study all on its own.[10]This latter initiative created the \"Métropole du Grand Paris\" (official translation: 'Greater Paris metropolitan authority'), a Paris-centred intercommunal cooperation effort enacted from January 1, 2016.[11] The territory it covers is much smaller than the INSEE 'Paris metropolitan area' statistical area: it includes Paris, its neighbouring three departments (or 'petite couronne'), and a few bordering communes in the departments beyond.[12]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_uu_ua_jms.png"},{"link_name":"communes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_and_vicinities,_LandSat-5_false_color_satellite_image,_2006-07-16.jpg"},{"link_name":"False-color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_color"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cog-13"},{"link_name":"Île-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-compar-14"},{"link_name":"Aisne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisne"},{"link_name":"Aube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aube"},{"link_name":"Eure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eure"},{"link_name":"Eure-et-Loir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eure-et-Loir"},{"link_name":"Loiret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loiret"},{"link_name":"Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marne_(department)"},{"link_name":"Oise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oise"},{"link_name":"Seine-Maritime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Maritime"},{"link_name":"Yonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonne"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cog-13"},{"link_name":"communes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Julien-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meta-16"}],"text":"Map showing the extent of the Paris metropolitan area at the 1999 census, when it included 1,584 communes and covered 14,518 km2.False-color satellite image of the Parisian metropolitan area.As of 2022, the INSEE statistical Paris metropolitan area covers 1,929 communes.[13] With its 18,941 km2 (7,313 sq mi), it extends significantly beyond Paris' administrative Île-de-France region (12,012 km2 (4,638 sq mi)).[14] Outside the Île-de-France region, it covers part of the departments Aisne, Aube, Eure, Eure-et-Loir, Loiret, Marne, Oise, Seine-Maritime and Yonne.[13]The Paris metropolitan area expands at each population census due to the rapid population growth in the Paris area. New communes (municipalities) surrounding Paris are included when they meet the commuter threshold required. At the 1968 census, the earliest date for which population figures were retrospectively computed for French aire urbaines, the Paris metropolitan area had 8,368,459 inhabitants in an area that only encompassed 279 communes in central Île-de-France.[15]By the 1999 census the Paris metropolitan area was slightly larger than Île-de-France and had 11,174,743 inhabitants in 14,518 km2. At the 2010 revision, the aire urbaine of Paris had 1,751 communes.[16]","title":"Extent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-compar-14"},{"link_name":"metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"the map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_uu_ua_jms.png"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Julien-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Julien-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-compar-14"}],"text":"The area had a population of 13,064,617 as of 2018.[14] Nearly 20% of France's population resides in the region.The table below shows the population growth of the Paris metropolitan area (aire urbaine), i.e. the urban area (pôle urbain) and the commuter belt (couronne périurbaine) surrounding it. (Note: the area shown in red and pink in the map above):1968 : 8,368,459[15]\n1975 : 9,096,000\n1982 : 9,362,000\n1990 : 10,291,851[15] (1,155 communes; 9,679 km²)\n1999 : 11,174,743 (1,584 communes; 14,518 km²)\n2010 : 12,223,100[17] (1,751 communes; 17,194 km²)\n2018 : 13,064,617[14] (1,929 communes; 18,941 km²)","title":"Population"}] | [{"image_text":"Map showing the extent of the Paris metropolitan area at the 1999 census, when it included 1,584 communes and covered 14,518 km2.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Paris_uu_ua_jms.png/250px-Paris_uu_ua_jms.png"},{"image_text":"False-color satellite image of the Parisian metropolitan area.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Paris_and_vicinities%2C_LandSat-5_false_color_satellite_image%2C_2006-07-16.jpg/250px-Paris_and_vicinities%2C_LandSat-5_false_color_satellite_image%2C_2006-07-16.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Grand Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Paris"},{"title":"Functional areas of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_area_(France)"},{"title":"Île-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France"}] | [{"reference":"\"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions\". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2023-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en","url_text":"\"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Definition: Functional areas\". INSEE. 18 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c2173","url_text":"\"Definition: Functional areas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Definition: Urban cluster\". INSEE. 19 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c1411","url_text":"\"Definition: Urban cluster\""}]},{"reference":"\"En France, neuf personnes sur dix vivent dans l'aire d'attraction d'une ville\" (in French). INSEE. 21 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4806694","url_text":"\"En France, neuf personnes sur dix vivent dans l'aire d'attraction d'une ville\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"INSEE"}]},{"reference":"Joubert, Guillaume; Lebrun, Vanessa (Jul 2, 2014). Histoire-Géographie Éducation civique 3e - Prépabrevet Cours & entraînement (in French). Hatier. p. 117. ISBN 978-2218962431. Retrieved 5 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n_LFCQAAQBAJ&q=%22aire+urbaine%22+INSEE+histoire&pg=PA117","url_text":"Histoire-Géographie Éducation civique 3e - Prépabrevet Cours & entraînement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2218962431","url_text":"978-2218962431"}]},{"reference":"\"Definition: Urban area\". INSEE. 13 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c2070","url_text":"\"Definition: Urban area\""}]},{"reference":"\"An administrative segmentation of French territory: 12 metropolitan areas, 29 large urban areas\". INSEE. Retrieved 5 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/1280953","url_text":"\"An administrative segmentation of French territory: 12 metropolitan areas, 29 large urban areas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Un maillage du territoire français\" (PDF). Insee Premiere (in French). 1333: 2. January 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/version-html/1280952/ip1333.pdf","url_text":"\"Un maillage du territoire français\""}]},{"reference":"\"LOI n° 2010-1563 du 16 décembre 2010 de réforme des collectivités territoriales\". legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 5 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/loi/2010/12/16/IOCX0922788L/jo#JORFSCTA000023239635","url_text":"\"LOI n° 2010-1563 du 16 décembre 2010 de réforme des collectivités territoriales\""}]},{"reference":"\"Affirmation des Metropoles et Grand Paris\" (PDF) (in French). May 2014. p. 1.1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202857/http://www.cheuvreux-notaires.fr/veille_juridique/nouveautesjuridiques/nju-2014-05-01_article_affirmation-metropole-et-grand-paris-dpi.pdf","url_text":"\"Affirmation des Metropoles et Grand Paris\""},{"url":"http://www.cheuvreux-notaires.fr/veille_juridique/nouveautesjuridiques/nju-2014-05-01_article_affirmation-metropole-et-grand-paris-dpi.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Métropole du Grand Paris - English version\". Métropole du Grand Paris. Retrieved 5 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metropolegrandparis.fr/fr/content/english-version","url_text":"\"Métropole du Grand Paris - English version\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carte des territoires\". Métropole du Grand Paris. Retrieved 5 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metropolegrandparis.fr/fr/content/carte-des-territoires","url_text":"\"Carte des territoires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comparateur de territoire: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001), Île-de-France (11)\" (in French). INSEE. 2022-01-17. Archived from the original on 2022-06-15. Retrieved 2022-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220615101908/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-001+REG-11","url_text":"\"Comparateur de territoire: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001), Île-de-France (11)\""},{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-001+REG-11","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Julien, Philippe (2000). \"Mesurer un univers urbain en expansion\" (PDF). Économie et statistique (in French). 336: 13–14. doi:10.3406/estat.2000.7508.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/estat_0336-1454_2000_num_336_1_7508.pdf","url_text":"\"Mesurer un univers urbain en expansion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Festat.2000.7508","url_text":"10.3406/estat.2000.7508"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c2173","external_links_name":"\"Definition: Functional areas\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c1411","external_links_name":"\"Definition: Urban cluster\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4806694","external_links_name":"\"En France, neuf personnes sur dix vivent dans l'aire d'attraction d'une ville\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n_LFCQAAQBAJ&q=%22aire+urbaine%22+INSEE+histoire&pg=PA117","external_links_name":"Histoire-Géographie Éducation civique 3e - Prépabrevet Cours & entraînement"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c2070","external_links_name":"\"Definition: Urban area\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/1280953","external_links_name":"\"An administrative segmentation of French territory: 12 metropolitan areas, 29 large urban areas\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/version-html/1280952/ip1333.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Un maillage du territoire français\""},{"Link":"https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/loi/2010/12/16/IOCX0922788L/jo#JORFSCTA000023239635","external_links_name":"\"LOI n° 2010-1563 du 16 décembre 2010 de réforme des collectivités territoriales\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202857/http://www.cheuvreux-notaires.fr/veille_juridique/nouveautesjuridiques/nju-2014-05-01_article_affirmation-metropole-et-grand-paris-dpi.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Affirmation des Metropoles et Grand Paris\""},{"Link":"http://www.cheuvreux-notaires.fr/veille_juridique/nouveautesjuridiques/nju-2014-05-01_article_affirmation-metropole-et-grand-paris-dpi.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.metropolegrandparis.fr/fr/content/english-version","external_links_name":"\"Métropole du Grand Paris - English version\""},{"Link":"http://www.metropolegrandparis.fr/fr/content/carte-des-territoires","external_links_name":"\"Carte des territoires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/cog/aire-attraction-ville/AAV2020001-paris","external_links_name":"Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220615101908/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-001+REG-11","external_links_name":"\"Comparateur de territoire: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001), Île-de-France (11)\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-001+REG-11","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/estat_0336-1454_2000_num_336_1_7508.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mesurer un univers urbain en expansion\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Festat.2000.7508","external_links_name":"10.3406/estat.2000.7508"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/cog/aire-urbaine/AU2010001-paris","external_links_name":"Aire urbaine 2010 de Paris (001)"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2044418?sommaire=2133795&geo=AU2010-001","external_links_name":"Évolution et structure de la population en 2010: Aire urbaine 2010 de Paris (001)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718191341/http://www.ile-de-france.equipement.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/emploi2_bassinsvie2_cle0ea6d8.pdf","external_links_name":"Document about the functioning of Paris Metropolitan Area"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081117120915/http://www.iau-idf.fr/fileadmin/Etudes/etude_246/nr_333_31_l_extension_de_l_aire_urbaine.pdf","external_links_name":"Document about the extension of Paris Metropolitan Area"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glogova_massacre | Glogova massacre | ["1 Background","2 Massacre","3 Trial","4 See also","5 References"] | Glogova massacrePart of Bosnian WarGlogovaLocationGlogova, Bosnia and HerzegovinaCoordinates44°12′36″N 19°15′36″E / 44.21000°N 19.26000°E / 44.21000; 19.26000Date9 May 1992 (Central European Time)TargetBosniaksAttack typeMass killingsDeaths64PerpetratorsBosnian Serb forces, Yugoslav People's Army (JNA)
The Glogova massacre was the mass murder of 64 Bosniak civilians by Serb forces, consisting of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), Bratunac Territorial Defence (TO), local police, and paramilitaries from Serbia, on 9 May 1992. Miroslav Deronjić, the head of the "Bratunac Municipal Board" established by the Serbian Democratic Party (SDS), was sentenced to 10 years in prison by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia for ordering the massacre.
Background
Village Glogova is located in the Bratunac municipality near Srebrenica in east Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1991, the village had 1,913 residents, including 1,901 identified as Bosnian Muslims (Bosniaks), six as Bosnian Serbs, four as Yugoslavs, one as a Bosnian Croat and one as "other".
Massacre
On 9 May 1992, Serb forces, composed of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), Bratunac Territorial Defence, the local police, and Serbian paramilitary, entered Glogova, attacking the unarmed and defenseless village. The villagers were rounded up at the village's center and while in progress a number were killed. After being gathered, a group of about 19 Bosniak men were executed at the center. The attackers then made other Bosniaks carry and throw these and other bodies into a river. After doing so they were forced near the river and executed as well. Another group of about 20 Bosniak men were gathered at the village's market and then marched to the river and executed. A total of 64 Bosniak civilians were killed in the massacre and a number were forcibly displaced. A significant portion of Glogova was demolished including houses owned by Bosniaks, the village's mosque, and other private property.
Trial
On 4 July 2002, an indictment and arrest warrant were filed against Miroslav Deronjić, the head of the SDS-established "Bratunac Municipal Board", by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). The Stabilisation Force (SFOR) captured him shortly afterwards. On 10 July 2002, he pleaded not guilty to all charges of the first indictment. On 30 September 2003, he entered a plea deal and "accepted without any reservation full responsibility for the crimes". He was sentenced to 10 years in prison by the ICTY. The sentence was criticized by dissenting Judge Wolfgang Schomburg as inadequate for the "heinous and long-planned crimes" committed and argued that he should have received a sentence of "no less than twenty years." He also criticized the prosecution for focusing only Deronjić's involvement in Glogova which he considered a part of "a larger criminal plan." Deronjić died of natural causes on 19 May 2007.
See also
List of massacres in Bosnia and Herzegovina
References
^ "162 Bodies Counted as Bosnians Open Mass Graves". Los Angeles Times. 21 July 2001.
^ a b "Prosecutor v. Miroslav Deronjić Judgement" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 30 March 2004. pp. 13, 15, 25–28, 56.
^ "Miroslav Deronjić - Case Information Sheet" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.
^ Simons, Marlise (31 March 2004). "10-Year Term For a Serb In War Crimes Called Light". New York Times.
^ "Bosnian Serb war criminal Deronjic dies in Sweden". Reuters. 19 May 2007.
vteBosnian WarPart of the Yugoslav WarsBelligerents Bosniak side
Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1st Corps
2nd Corps
3rd Corps
4th Corps
5th Corps
6th Corps
7th Corps
Paramilitary
Patriotic League
Green Berets
Croatian Defence Forces
Bosnian mujahideen
Croat side
Croatian Defence Council
1OZ
2OZ
3OZ
4OZ
Paramilitary
Croatian Defence Forces
Knights
Serb side
Army of Republika Srpska
1st Krajina Corps
2nd Krajina Corps
3rd Corps
East Bosnia Corps
Herzegovina Corps
Sarajevo-Romanija Corps
Drina Corps
Paramilitary
Wolves of Vučjak
White Eagles
Serb Volunteer Guard
Scorpions
Yellow Wasps
Western Bosnian side
National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia
Prelude
Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting
Zulfikarpašić–Karadžić agreement
RAM Plan
Serb Autonomous Regions
Bosanska Krajina
Herzegovina
North-East Bosnia
Romanija
Establishment of the Croatian Community of Herzeg Bosnia
Establishment of Republika Srpska
Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum
Sarajevo wedding attack
Declaration of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Battle of Bosanski Brod
Sijekovac killings
Bijeljina massacre
1992 anti-war protests in Sarajevo
1992
Battle of Kupres
Siege of Sarajevo
Kazani pit killings
Foča ethnic cleansing
Bosanski Šamac ethnic cleansing
Siege of Srebrenica
Zvornik massacre
Doboj
Snagovo massacre
Prijedor ethnic cleansing
Sarajevo column incident
Siege of Goražde
Graz agreement
Glogova massacre
Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing
Tuzla column incident
Zaklopača massacre
Siege of Doboj
Bradina massacre
Sarajevo bread line massacre
Bijeli Potok massacre
Pionirska Street fire
Operation Jackal
Višegrad massacres
Bosanska Jagodina
Paklenik
Barimo
Sjeverin
Čemerno massacre
Siege of Bihać
Ahatovići massacre
Croat–Bosniak War
Operation Vrbas '92
Operation Corridor 92
Bikavac fire
Killings in Bratunac and Srebrenica
Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia
Korićani Cliffs massacre
Mičivode massacre
Novoseoci massacre
Gornja Jošanica massacre
1993
Kravica attack
Duša killings
Skelani massacre
Štrpci
Siege of Mostar
Srebrenica shelling
Ahmići massacre
Trusina massacre
Sovići and Doljani killings
Zenica massacre
Vranica case
Dobrinja mortar attack
Battle of Žepče
Battle of Travnik (1993)
Battle of Bugojno
Operation Irma
Operation Neretva '93
Grabovica massacre
Mokronoge massacre
Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia
Inter-Bosniak conflict in Bosanska Krajina
Stupni Do massacre
Operation Deny Flight
Križančevo Selo killings
1994
Operation Tvigi 94
First Markale massacre
Banja Luka incident
Washington Agreement
Establishment of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Operation Bøllebank
Attack on Spin magazine journalists
Operation Tiger
Operation "Breza '94"
Battle of Kupres
Operation Amanda
Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 347
Operation Spider
Operation Winter '94
1995
Operation Vlašić
Operation Leap 1
Battle of Orašje
Operation Leap 2
Split Agreement
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Ethnic cleansing and massacres
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Internment camps
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Timeline of the Bosnian War (Timeline of the Croat–Bosniak War)
Category
Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mass murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_murder"},{"link_name":"Bosniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniak"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav People's Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army"},{"link_name":"Territorial Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Defense_(Yugoslavia)#Dissolution"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1990-2006)"},{"link_name":"Miroslav Deronjić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav_Deronji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Serbian Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Democratic_Party_(Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)"},{"link_name":"International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia"}],"text":"The Glogova massacre was the mass murder of 64 Bosniak civilians by Serb forces, consisting of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), Bratunac Territorial Defence (TO), local police, and paramilitaries from Serbia, on 9 May 1992. Miroslav Deronjić, the head of the \"Bratunac Municipal Board\" established by the Serbian Democratic Party (SDS), was sentenced to 10 years in prison by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia for ordering the massacre.","title":"Glogova massacre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glogova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glogova,_Bratunac"},{"link_name":"Bratunac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratunac"},{"link_name":"Srebrenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebrenica"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTY-2"}],"text":"Village Glogova is located in the Bratunac municipality near Srebrenica in east Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1991, the village had 1,913 residents, including 1,901 identified as Bosnian Muslims (Bosniaks), six as Bosnian Serbs, four as Yugoslavs, one as a Bosnian Croat and one as \"other\".[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yugoslav People's Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTY-2"}],"text":"On 9 May 1992, Serb forces, composed of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), Bratunac Territorial Defence, the local police, and Serbian paramilitary, entered Glogova, attacking the unarmed and defenseless village. The villagers were rounded up at the village's center and while in progress a number were killed. After being gathered, a group of about 19 Bosniak men were executed at the center. The attackers then made other Bosniaks carry and throw these and other bodies into a river. After doing so they were forced near the river and executed as well. Another group of about 20 Bosniak men were gathered at the village's market and then marched to the river and executed. A total of 64 Bosniak civilians were killed in the massacre and a number were forcibly displaced. A significant portion of Glogova was demolished including houses owned by Bosniaks, the village's mosque, and other private property.[2]","title":"Massacre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miroslav Deronjić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav_Deronji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Stabilisation Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilisation_Force"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Schomburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Schomburg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"On 4 July 2002, an indictment and arrest warrant were filed against Miroslav Deronjić, the head of the SDS-established \"Bratunac Municipal Board\", by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). The Stabilisation Force (SFOR) captured him shortly afterwards. On 10 July 2002, he pleaded not guilty to all charges of the first indictment. On 30 September 2003, he entered a plea deal and \"accepted without any reservation full responsibility for the crimes\". He was sentenced to 10 years in prison by the ICTY.[3] The sentence was criticized by dissenting Judge Wolfgang Schomburg as inadequate for the \"heinous and long-planned crimes\" committed and argued that he should have received a sentence of \"no less than twenty years.\" He also criticized the prosecution for focusing only Deronjić's involvement in Glogova which he considered a part of \"a larger criminal plan.\"[4] Deronjić died of natural causes on 19 May 2007.[5]","title":"Trial"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of massacres in Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"}] | [{"reference":"\"162 Bodies Counted as Bosnians Open Mass Graves\". Los Angeles Times. 21 July 2001.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2001/jul/20/news/mn-24469","url_text":"\"162 Bodies Counted as Bosnians Open Mass Graves\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prosecutor v. Miroslav Deronjić Judgement\" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 30 March 2004. pp. 13, 15, 25–28, 56.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icty.org/x/cases/deronjic/tjug/en/sj-040330e.pdf","url_text":"\"Prosecutor v. Miroslav Deronjić Judgement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Miroslav Deronjić - Case Information Sheet\" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icty.org/x/cases/deronjic/cis/en/cis_deronjic.pdf","url_text":"\"Miroslav Deronjić - Case Information Sheet\""}]},{"reference":"Simons, Marlise (31 March 2004). \"10-Year Term For a Serb In War Crimes Called Light\". New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/31/world/10-year-term-for-a-serb-in-war-crimes-called-light.html","url_text":"\"10-Year Term For a Serb In War Crimes Called Light\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bosnian Serb war criminal Deronjic dies in Sweden\". Reuters. 19 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL19395919","url_text":"\"Bosnian Serb war criminal Deronjic dies in Sweden\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Glogova_massacre¶ms=44_12_36_N_19_15_36_E_","external_links_name":"44°12′36″N 19°15′36″E / 44.21000°N 19.26000°E / 44.21000; 19.26000"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2001/jul/20/news/mn-24469","external_links_name":"\"162 Bodies Counted as Bosnians Open Mass Graves\""},{"Link":"http://www.icty.org/x/cases/deronjic/tjug/en/sj-040330e.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Prosecutor v. Miroslav Deronjić Judgement\""},{"Link":"http://www.icty.org/x/cases/deronjic/cis/en/cis_deronjic.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Miroslav Deronjić - Case Information Sheet\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/31/world/10-year-term-for-a-serb-in-war-crimes-called-light.html","external_links_name":"\"10-Year Term For a Serb In War Crimes Called Light\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL19395919","external_links_name":"\"Bosnian Serb war criminal Deronjic dies in Sweden\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertuis | Pertuis | ["1 Population","2 International relations","3 Notable people from Pertuis","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 43°41′42″N 5°30′13″E / 43.695°N 5.5036°E / 43.695; 5.5036Commune in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, FrancePertuisCommuneThe church and the tourist office in the town of Pertuis
FlagCoat of armsLocation of Pertuis
PertuisShow map of FrancePertuisShow map of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'AzurCoordinates: 43°41′42″N 5°30′13″E / 43.695°N 5.5036°E / 43.695; 5.5036CountryFranceRegionProvence-Alpes-Côte d'AzurDepartmentVaucluseArrondissementAptCantonPertuisIntercommunalityAix-Marseille-ProvenceGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Roger PellencArea166.23 km2 (25.57 sq mi)Population (2021)20,012 • Density300/km2 (780/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code84089 /84120Elevation171–472 m (561–1,549 ft) (avg. 246 m or 807 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Pertuis (French pronunciation: ⓘ; Occitan: Pertús) is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.
Located south of the Luberon, this town is also near Aix-en-Provence, a famous town. Pertuis has existed since at least 981, while a castle was first built in the 12th century.
Population
Pertuis has registered significant population growth since the 1960s, with a threefold increase during this period.
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1793 3,700— 1800 4,000+1.12%1806 4,440+1.75%1821 4,616+0.26%1831 4,520−0.21%1836 4,470−0.22%1841 4,380−0.41%1846 4,487+0.48%1851 4,766+1.21%1856 4,959+0.80%1861 4,859−0.41%1866 4,839−0.08%1872 5,494+2.14%1876 5,649+0.70%1881 5,612−0.13%1886 5,484−0.46%1891 4,927−2.12%1896 4,910−0.07%YearPop.±% p.a.1901 4,838−0.30%1906 4,956+0.48%1911 4,973+0.07%1921 4,772−0.41%1926 5,030+1.06%1931 5,401+1.43%1936 5,229−0.65%1946 5,556+0.61%1954 5,621+0.15%1962 6,774+2.36%1968 8,355+3.56%1975 10,117+2.77%1982 12,430+2.99%1990 15,791+3.04%1999 17,833+1.36%2007 18,680+0.58%2012 19,141+0.49%2017 20,380+1.26%Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017)
International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France
Pertuis is twinned with:
Alton, Hampshire, England
Herborn, Hesse, Germany
Este, Veneto, Italy
Utiel, Spain
Notable people from Pertuis
Henry de Saint Didier (16th century), fencer and author of the first French book on fencing (1573)
Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau (1715–1789), economist
Michèle Torr (1947-), singer
Cyril Rool (1975-), footballer
Malick Bowens (1941-2017), actor
Gallery
Église Saint-Nicolas
See also
Communes of the Vaucluse department
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Pertuis, EHESS (in French).
^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
^ "Alton Town Twinning Association". Hampshire County Council. May 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-09-13. Retrieved 2013-07-25.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pertuis.
Official website
The portal website
vte Communes of the Vaucluse department
Althen-des-Paluds
Ansouis
Aptsubpr
Aubignan
Aurel
Auribeau
Avignonpref
Le Barroux
La Bastide-des-Jourdans
La Bastidonne
Le Beaucet
Beaumes-de-Venise
Beaumettes
Beaumont-de-Pertuis
Beaumont-du-Ventoux
Bédarrides
Bédoin
Blauvac
Bollène
Bonnieux
Brantes
Buisson
Buoux
Cabrières-d'Aigues
Cabrières-d'Avignon
Cadenet
Caderousse
Cairanne
Camaret-sur-Aigues
Caromb
Carpentrassubpr
Caseneuve
Castellet-en-Luberon
Caumont-sur-Durance
Cavaillon
Châteauneuf-de-Gadagne
Châteauneuf-du-Pape
Cheval-Blanc
Courthézon
Crestet
Crillon-le-Brave
Cucuron
Entraigues-sur-la-Sorgue
Entrechaux
Faucon
Flassan
Fontaine-de-Vaucluse
Gargas
Gignac
Gigondas
Gordes
Goult
Grambois
Grillon
L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue
Jonquerettes
Jonquières
Joucas
Lacoste
Lafare
Lagarde-d'Apt
Lagarde-Paréol
Lagnes
Lamotte-du-Rhône
Lapalud
Lauris
Lioux
Loriol-du-Comtat
Lourmarin
Malaucène
Malemort-du-Comtat
Maubec
Mazan
Ménerbes
Mérindol
Méthamis
Mirabeau
Modène
Mondragon
Monieux
Monteux
Morières-lès-Avignon
Mormoiron
Mornas
La Motte-d'Aigues
Murs
Oppède
Orange
Pernes-les-Fontaines
Pertuis
Peypin-d'Aigues
Piolenc
Le Pontet
Puget
Puyméras
Puyvert
Rasteau
Richerenches
Roaix
Robion
La Roque-Alric
La Roque-sur-Pernes
Roussillon
Rustrel
Sablet
Saignon
Saint-Christol
Saint-Didier
Sainte-Cécile-les-Vignes
Saint-Hippolyte-le-Graveyron
Saint-Léger-du-Ventoux
Saint-Marcellin-lès-Vaison
Saint-Martin-de-Castillon
Saint-Martin-de-la-Brasque
Saint-Pantaléon
Saint-Pierre-de-Vassols
Saint-Romain-en-Viennois
Saint-Roman-de-Malegarde
Saint-Saturnin-lès-Apt
Saint-Saturnin-lès-Avignon
Saint-Trinit
Sannes
Sarrians
Sault
Saumane-de-Vaucluse
Savoillan
Séguret
Sérignan-du-Comtat
Sivergues
Sorgues
Suzette
Taillades
Le Thor
La Tour-d'Aigues
Travaillan
Uchaux
Vacqueyras
Vaison-la-Romaine
Valréas
Vaugines
Vedène
Velleron
Venasque
Viens
Villars
Villedieu
Villelaure
Villes-sur-Auzon
Violès
Visan
Vitrolles-en-Luberon
pref: prefecture
subpr: subprefecture
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Israel
United States
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
Other
IdRef
This Vaucluse geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[pɛʁtɥi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-0x010C-pertuis.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-0x010C-pertuis.wav.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-0x010C-pertuis.wav"},{"link_name":"Occitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_language"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Vaucluse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaucluse"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Luberon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luberon"},{"link_name":"Aix-en-Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-en-Provence"}],"text":"Commune in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, FrancePertuis (French pronunciation: [pɛʁtɥi] ⓘ; Occitan: Pertús) is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.Located south of the Luberon, this town is also near Aix-en-Provence, a famous town. Pertuis has existed since at least 981, while a castle was first built in the 12th century.","title":"Pertuis"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Pertuis has registered significant population growth since the 1960s, with a threefold increase during this period.","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_France"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Alton, Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alton_twinning-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Herborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herborn_(Hesse)"},{"link_name":"Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Este, Veneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Este,_Veneto"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Utiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utiel"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in FrancePertuis is twinned with:Alton, Hampshire, England[5]\n Herborn, Hesse, Germany\n Este, Veneto, Italy\n Utiel, Spain","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_de_Riqueti,_marquis_de_Mirabeau"},{"link_name":"Michèle Torr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Torr"},{"link_name":"Cyril Rool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Rool"},{"link_name":"Malick Bowens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malick_Bowens&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Henry de Saint Didier (16th century), fencer and author of the first French book on fencing (1573)\nVictor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau (1715–1789), economist\nMichèle Torr (1947-), singer\nCyril Rool (1975-), footballer\nMalick Bowens (1941-2017), actor","title":"Notable people from Pertuis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%89glise_Saint-Nicolas_de_Pertuis,_Vaucluse,_France_-_20090509.jpg"}],"text":"Église Saint-Nicolas","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | [{"title":"Communes of the Vaucluse department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Vaucluse_department"}] | [{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_VVL_engine | Nissan VVL engine | ["1 See also","2 Sources"] | Reciprocating internal combustion engine
Nissan SR16VEOverviewProduction1997–2001LayoutDisplacement1.6LOutputPower output175 hp (130 kW)Torque output119 lb⋅ft (161 N⋅m)
Reciprocating internal combustion engine
Nissan SR20VEOverviewProduction2001–2003LayoutDisplacement2.0LOutputPower output204 hp (152 kW)Torque output152 lb⋅ft (206 N⋅m)
Reciprocating internal combustion engine
Nissan SR20VETOverviewProduction2001–2007LayoutDisplacement2.0LOutputPower output276 hp (206 kW)Torque output228 lb⋅ft (309 N⋅m)
Nissan Ecology Oriented Variable Valve Lift and Timing (commonly known as VVL & VVT) is an automobile variable valve timing technology developed by Nissan. VVL varies the duration, and lift of valves by using hydraulic pressure switch between two different sets of camshaft lobes. VVT varies the valve timing throughout the RPM range. Together they function similarly to Honda's VTEC system.
The SR20VE is the most common engine with NEO VVL. There have been two main versions of this engine. The first version made 187 hp (139 kW) and 145 lb⋅ft (197 N⋅m) torque. This engine was used by Nissan from 1997 to 2001. It is found in the Nissan Primera, Nissan Bluebird, and the Nissan Wingroad.
The second variant of the SR20VE is found only in the 2001 and later P12 Nissan Primera. This version of the SR20VE makes 204 hp (152 kW), and 152 lb⋅ft (206 N⋅m) torque. This engine is commonly known as the SR20VE '20V'. Although, in automotive terms, '20V' would normally be interpreted as having twenty valves, this is incorrect. The name '20V' is the name of the trim level of the Nissan Primera that it is found in. It is also a shortened version of the name SR20VE. This engine has 16 valves like the rest of the SR20 engines. This newer '20V' engine, along with the SR20VET, were the only SR20 engines to get restyled valve covers. It also came with an upgraded intake manifold, which has longer runners and a larger 70 mm (2.8 in) throttle body (earlier SR20VE has 60 mm).
Another version of the VVL SR engines, is the 1.6 L SR16VE. The engine block for the SR16VE is the same as the SR20VE; it also has the same cylinder bore. The crankshaft has a shorter stroke, which lowers the displacement, but allows the engine to safely rev to higher RPM. Although this engine has 1.6 L of displacement, it has more aggressive camshaft specifications. It manages to make 173 hp (129 kW). The camshafts from this engine are considered to be an upgrade for SR20VE owners.
From 1997 to 1998, Nissan produced 500 limited-edition SR16VE N1 engines. These engines made 197 hp (147 kW). They had further upgraded camshafts, upgraded intake manifold using eight injectors and a larger 70 mm (2.8 in) throttle body. These engines were found in the limited-edition Nissan Pulsar VZ-R N1. They were only sold in Japan.
The most powerful VVL engine so far is the SR20VET. The SR20VET is a turbocharged '20V' SR20VE. It uses a Garrett GT2560LS, and makes 280 PS (206 kW; 276 hp). Nissan's technical information about this engine states that it is 9:1 compression ratio, but it really adds up to 8.8:1. Compared to the SR20DET (used in the Nissan Silvia, and Bluebird), the SR20VET (aside from having VVL technology) has improved airflow in the cylinder head, higher compression, and also improved coolant passages.
In 1998 Nissan's RB engine was also improved using the NEO Head Technology (but no VVL), which provided the motor better fuel economy and lower exhaust emissions to keep up with emission standards.
One difference from Honda's VTEC system is that NEO VVL engages the change of intake and exhaust cams independently for a flatter, more consistent power band. On the SR20VE, the intake camshaft is switched at 5000 rpm, and the exhaust at 6500 rpm. However this trait was not included on the newer '20V' version, as both camshafts engage at the same RPM.
See also
Nissan Continuous Variable Valve Timing Control
Nissan SR engine
Nissan Variable Cam Timing
Nissan Variable Valve Event and Lift
Sources
New Zealand Primera Club
Nissan Primera Owners Club - Valuable Primera Information
SR20forum VVL FAQ FAQ about VVL
Nissan Japan Official Nissan of Japan site
NeoVVL Owners Club The Resource for the NeoVVL Engine
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VVL varies the duration, and lift of valves by using hydraulic pressure switch between two different sets of camshaft lobes. VVT varies the valve timing throughout the RPM range. Together they function similarly to Honda's VTEC system.The SR20VE is the most common engine with NEO VVL. There have been two main versions of this engine. The first version made 187 hp (139 kW) and 145 lb⋅ft (197 N⋅m) torque. This engine was used by Nissan from 1997 to 2001. It is found in the Nissan Primera, Nissan Bluebird, and the Nissan Wingroad.The second variant of the SR20VE is found only in the 2001 and later P12 Nissan Primera. This version of the SR20VE makes 204 hp (152 kW), and 152 lb⋅ft (206 N⋅m) torque. This engine is commonly known as the SR20VE '20V'. Although, in automotive terms, '20V' would normally be interpreted as having twenty valves, this is incorrect. The name '20V' is the name of the trim level of the Nissan Primera that it is found in. It is also a shortened version of the name SR20VE. This engine has 16 valves like the rest of the SR20 engines. This newer '20V' engine, along with the SR20VET, were the only SR20 engines to get restyled valve covers. It also came with an upgraded intake manifold, which has longer runners and a larger 70 mm (2.8 in) throttle body (earlier SR20VE has 60 mm).Another version of the VVL SR engines, is the 1.6 L SR16VE. The engine block for the SR16VE is the same as the SR20VE; it also has the same cylinder bore. The crankshaft has a shorter stroke, which lowers the displacement, but allows the engine to safely rev to higher RPM. Although this engine has 1.6 L of displacement, it has more aggressive camshaft specifications. It manages to make 173 hp (129 kW). The camshafts from this engine are considered to be an upgrade for SR20VE owners.From 1997 to 1998, Nissan produced 500 limited-edition SR16VE N1 engines. These engines made 197 hp (147 kW). They had further upgraded camshafts, upgraded intake manifold using eight injectors and a larger 70 mm (2.8 in) throttle body. These engines were found in the limited-edition Nissan Pulsar VZ-R N1. They were only sold in Japan.The most powerful VVL engine so far is the SR20VET. The SR20VET is a turbocharged '20V' SR20VE. It uses a Garrett GT2560LS, and makes 280 PS (206 kW; 276 hp). Nissan's technical information about this engine states that it is 9:1 compression ratio, but it really adds up to 8.8:1.[citation needed] Compared to the SR20DET (used in the Nissan Silvia, and Bluebird), the SR20VET (aside from having VVL technology) has improved airflow in the cylinder head, higher compression, and also improved coolant passages.In 1998 Nissan's RB engine was also improved using the NEO Head Technology (but no VVL), which provided the motor better fuel economy and lower exhaust emissions to keep up with emission standards.One difference from Honda's VTEC system is that NEO VVL engages the change of intake and exhaust cams independently for a flatter, more consistent power band. On the SR20VE, the intake camshaft is switched at 5000 rpm, and the exhaust at 6500 rpm. However this trait was not included on the newer '20V' version, as both camshafts engage at the same RPM.","title":"Nissan VVL engine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand Primera Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.primeracarclub.co.nz"},{"link_name":"Nissan Primera Owners Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.npoc.co.uk"},{"link_name":"SR20forum VVL FAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sr20forum.com/showthread.php?t=18317"},{"link_name":"Nissan Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nissan.co.jp"},{"link_name":"NeoVVL Owners Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.neovvl.com"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nissan"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Nissan"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nissan"},{"link_name":"Nissan Motor 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Nissan Computer\nVVEL\nVVL\nYokohama F. Marinos\n\n1A brand of Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd.\n Category","title":"Sources"}] | [] | [{"title":"Nissan Continuous Variable Valve Timing Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CVTCS"},{"title":"Nissan SR engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_SR_engine"},{"title":"Nissan Variable Cam Timing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-VCT"},{"title":"Nissan Variable Valve Event and Lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_Valve_Event_and_Lift"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.primeracarclub.co.nz/","external_links_name":"New Zealand Primera Club"},{"Link":"https://www.npoc.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Nissan Primera Owners Club"},{"Link":"http://www.sr20forum.com/showthread.php?t=18317","external_links_name":"SR20forum VVL FAQ"},{"Link":"http://www.nissan.co.jp/","external_links_name":"Nissan Japan"},{"Link":"http://www.neovvl.com/","external_links_name":"NeoVVL Owners Club"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Fl%C3%B3rez_Ortiz | Alfonso Flórez Ortiz | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Colombian cyclist (1952–1992)
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Flórez and the second or maternal family name is Ortíz.
Alfonzo Flórez Ortiz (November 5, 1952 – April 25, 1992) was a Colombian road racing cyclist who was a professional from 1985 to 1987, where he rode for the Colombian professional cycling team Café de Colombia team.
Born in Bucaramanga, Santander Flórez Ortiz won the most important race in Colombia, the Vuelta a Colombia in 1979 and 1983. He frequently rode for the Colombian national cycling team and won the Tour de l'Avenir in 1980. Flórez made history when he captained the first Colombian cycle team in the Tour de France in 1983.
He was murdered in April 1992 in Medellín.
References
^ "Alfonso Florez Ortiz". cyclebase.nl. Retrieved 2007-09-10.
^ Colombianen in de Tour Archived 2008-10-30 at the Wayback Machine - Sportgeschiedenis (in Dutch)
^ "ALFONSO FLOREZ ORTIZ:Precursor de los triunfos de Colombia en Europa". pedaleur. Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2007-09-10.
External links
Alltime Tour de France results - Le Tour
This biographical article relating to Colombian cycling is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Café de Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_Colombia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bucaramanga, Santander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucaramanga,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_a_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Tour de l'Avenir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_l%27Avenir"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Medellín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Flórez and the second or maternal family name is Ortíz.Alfonzo Flórez Ortiz (November 5, 1952 – April 25, 1992) was a Colombian road racing cyclist who was a professional from 1985 to 1987, where he rode for the Colombian professional cycling team Café de Colombia team.[1]Born in Bucaramanga, Santander Flórez Ortiz won the most important race in Colombia, the Vuelta a Colombia in 1979 and 1983. He frequently rode for the Colombian national cycling team and won the Tour de l'Avenir in 1980. Flórez made history when he captained the first Colombian cycle team in the Tour de France in 1983.[2]He was murdered in April 1992 in Medellín.[3]","title":"Alfonso Flórez Ortiz"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Alfonso Florez Ortiz\". cyclebase.nl. Retrieved 2007-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclebase.nl/?lang=nl&news=nl&pc=normal&page=renner&db=m&id=5538","url_text":"\"Alfonso Florez Ortiz\""}]},{"reference":"\"ALFONSO FLOREZ ORTIZ:Precursor de los triunfos de Colombia en Europa\". pedaleur. Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2007-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605002547/http://members.fortunecity.es/pedalear/Divers/ciclisan7.htm","url_text":"\"ALFONSO FLOREZ ORTIZ:Precursor de los triunfos de Colombia en Europa\""},{"url":"http://members.fortunecity.es/pedalear/Divers/ciclisan7.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.cyclebase.nl/?lang=nl&news=nl&pc=normal&page=renner&db=m&id=5538","external_links_name":"\"Alfonso Florez Ortiz\""},{"Link":"http://www.sportgeschiedenis.nl/2007/07/17/colombianen-in-de-tour.aspx","external_links_name":"Colombianen in de Tour"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081030070814/http://www.sportgeschiedenis.nl/2007/07/17/colombianen-in-de-tour.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605002547/http://members.fortunecity.es/pedalear/Divers/ciclisan7.htm","external_links_name":"\"ALFONSO FLOREZ ORTIZ:Precursor de los triunfos de Colombia en Europa\""},{"Link":"http://members.fortunecity.es/pedalear/Divers/ciclisan7.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100709064047/http://www.letour.fr/HISTO/fr/TDF/coureur/4616.html","external_links_name":"Alltime Tour de France results"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_Fl%C3%B3rez_Ortiz&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettona | Bettona | ["1 History","2 Main sights","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 43°01′09″N 12°29′04″E / 43.01917°N 12.48444°E / 43.01917; 12.48444Comune in Umbria, ItalyBettonaComuneComune di BettonaBettona
Coat of armsLocation of Bettona
BettonaLocation of Bettona in ItalyShow map of ItalyBettonaBettona (Umbria)Show map of UmbriaCoordinates: 43°01′09″N 12°29′04″E / 43.01917°N 12.48444°E / 43.01917; 12.48444CountryItalyRegionUmbriaProvincePerugiaFrazioniColle, Passaggio, CerretoGovernment • MayorLamberto MarcantoniniArea • Total45 km2 (17 sq mi)Elevation353 m (1,158 ft)Population (30 April 2017) • Total4,371 • Density97/km2 (250/sq mi)DemonymBettonesiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code06084Dialing code075Patron saintSaint CrispoldusSaint dayMay 12WebsiteOfficial website
Bettona (Latin: Vettona) is an ancient town and comune of Italy, in the province of Perugia in central Umbria at the northern edge of the Colli Martani range. It is 5 km (3 mi) E of Torgiano and 12 km (7 mi) SW of Assisi. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). Passaggio, Colle, and Cerreto are frazioni of the comune.
History
The town is of Etruscan origin; its people are first referred to in Pliny, NH III.114 (Vettonenses). After that its people are mentioned in inscriptions and works by ancient authors.
Vettona was once the seat of a bishopric. While legend associates two other bishops with the see, the only historically-documented bishop was named Gaudentius, who took part in a synod at Rome called by Pope Hilarius in 465. The synod was held in the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore and the record of that synod is the oldest surviving record of a Roman synod.
Under the Latin name Bettonium the bishopric is listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.
Main sights
Palazzetto del Podestà
Bettona still retains a complete circuit of medieval walls incorporating portions of the original Etruscan walls. The town was sacked in 1352 and very little remains following that, save the churches that have since been completely updated. The town was ordered rebuilt by Cardinal Albornoz, who built a small rocca where the Church of San Crispolto stands. The remains of a draw bridge can be found in a piazza now used for parking near the town's rear gate, Porta Romana.
The Pinacoteca Comunale in the Palazzetto del Podestà (1371) has a painting by Perugino, the Madonna of Mercy, as well as other works by Jacopo Siculo, Dono Doni, Fiorenzo di Lorenzo, and Della Robbia.
Santa Maria Maggiore church, situated in the historical centre, is the main church of the comune. A Gothic chapel located near the nave entrance and dedicated to Saint Rita, is the only remaining part of the original church. The main altar is in the shape of domed temple, by Cruciano Egiduzio. The apse was frescoed in 1939 by the futurist painter Gerardo Dottori.
The church of San Crispolto was erected by monks to preserve the body of the patron saint (eighth century). The current façade is by Antonio Stefanucci.
In the “Oratorio of St. Andrea” is a series of paintings from the school of Giotto, dated 1394, which show the Passion of Christ. The paintings were rediscovered during a 1980s restoration. A beautiful carved wooden ceiling and baroque altar also are features of the church.
References
^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ "Umbria" (in Italian). Retrieved 1 August 2023.
^ Francesco Lanzoni, Le diocesi d'Italia dalle origini al principio del secolo VII (an. 604), vol. I, Faenza 1927, pp. 427–434
^ Giuseppe Cappelletti, Le Chiese d'Italia della loro origine sino ai nostri giorni, vol. V, Venezia 1846, pp. 190–193
^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 849
^ Cardinal Albornoz is also responsible for the roccas at Assisi, Spoleto, and Orvieto among others.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bettona.
Bettona official site, also in English
• http://www.prolocobettona.it/ For information on events in Bettona, visit the site of our Proloco
vteUmbria · Comuni of the Province of Perugia
Assisi
Bastia Umbra
Bettona
Bevagna
Campello sul Clitunno
Cannara
Cascia
Castel Ritaldi
Castiglione del Lago
Cerreto di Spoleto
Citerna
Città della Pieve
Città di Castello
Collazzone
Corciano
Costacciaro
Deruta
Foligno
Fossato di Vico
Fratta Todina
Giano dell'Umbria
Gualdo Cattaneo
Gualdo Tadino
Gubbio
Lisciano Niccone
Magione
Marsciano
Massa Martana
Monte Castello di Vibio
Monte Santa Maria Tiberina
Montefalco
Monteleone di Spoleto
Montone
Nocera Umbra
Norcia
Paciano
Panicale
Passignano sul Trasimeno
Perugia
Piegaro
Pietralunga
Poggiodomo
Preci
San Giustino
Sant'Anatolia di Narco
Scheggia e Pascelupo
Scheggino
Sellano
Sigillo
Spello
Spoleto
Todi
Torgiano
Trevi
Tuoro sul Trasimeno
Umbertide
Valfabbrica
Vallo di Nera
Valtopina
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"province of Perugia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Perugia"},{"link_name":"Umbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbria"},{"link_name":"Colli Martani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colli_Martani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Torgiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torgiano"},{"link_name":"Assisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisi"},{"link_name":"I Borghi più belli d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Borghi_pi%C3%B9_belli_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Passaggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaggio,_Bettona"},{"link_name":"Colle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colle,_Bettona"},{"link_name":"Cerreto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerreto,_Bettona"},{"link_name":"frazioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazioni"}],"text":"Comune in Umbria, ItalyBettona (Latin: Vettona) is an ancient town and comune of Italy, in the province of Perugia in central Umbria at the northern edge of the Colli Martani range. It is 5 km (3 mi) E of Torgiano and 12 km (7 mi) SW of Assisi. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia (\"The most beautiful villages of Italy\").[3] Passaggio, Colle, and Cerreto are frazioni of the comune.","title":"Bettona"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pliny, NH III.114 (Vettonenses)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/3*.html#114"},{"link_name":"Pope Hilarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Hilarius"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Santa_Maria_Maggiore"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"titular see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_see"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The town is of Etruscan origin; its people are first referred to in Pliny, NH III.114 (Vettonenses). After that its people are mentioned in inscriptions and works by ancient authors.Vettona was once the seat of a bishopric. While legend associates two other bishops with the see, the only historically-documented bishop was named Gaudentius, who took part in a synod at Rome called by Pope Hilarius in 465.[4][5] The synod was held in the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore and the record of that synod is the oldest surviving record of a Roman synod.Under the Latin name Bettonium the bishopric is listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bettona_z04.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Albornoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_%C3%81lvarez_Carrillo_de_Albornoz"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Perugino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perugino"},{"link_name":"Jacopo Siculo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo_Siculo"},{"link_name":"Dono Doni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dono_Doni"},{"link_name":"Fiorenzo di Lorenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorenzo_di_Lorenzo"},{"link_name":"Della Robbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_della_Robbia"},{"link_name":"Saint Rita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Rita"},{"link_name":"Cruciano Egiduzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cruciano_Egiduzio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gerardo Dottori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardo_Dottori"},{"link_name":"San Crispolto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crispoldus"},{"link_name":"patron saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saint"},{"link_name":"Antonio Stefanucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Stefanucci&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto"}],"text":"Palazzetto del PodestàBettona still retains a complete circuit of medieval walls incorporating portions of the original Etruscan walls. The town was sacked in 1352 and very little remains following that, save the churches that have since been completely updated. The town was ordered rebuilt by Cardinal Albornoz, who built a small rocca where the Church of San Crispolto stands.[7] The remains of a draw bridge can be found in a piazza now used for parking near the town's rear gate, Porta Romana.The Pinacoteca Comunale in the Palazzetto del Podestà (1371) has a painting by Perugino, the Madonna of Mercy, as well as other works by Jacopo Siculo, Dono Doni, Fiorenzo di Lorenzo, and Della Robbia.Santa Maria Maggiore church, situated in the historical centre, is the main church of the comune. A Gothic chapel located near the nave entrance and dedicated to Saint Rita, is the only remaining part of the original church. The main altar is in the shape of domed temple, by Cruciano Egiduzio. The apse was frescoed in 1939 by the futurist painter Gerardo Dottori.The church of San Crispolto was erected by monks to preserve the body of the patron saint (eighth century). The current façade is by Antonio Stefanucci.In the “Oratorio of St. Andrea” is a series of paintings from the school of Giotto, dated 1394, which show the Passion of Christ. The paintings were rediscovered during a 1980s restoration. A beautiful carved wooden ceiling and baroque altar also are features of the church.","title":"Main sights"}] | [{"image_text":"Palazzetto del Podestà","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bettona_z04.jpg/220px-Bettona_z04.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","url_text":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html","url_text":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Umbria\" (in Italian). Retrieved 1 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://borghipiubelliditalia.it/umbria/","url_text":"\"Umbria\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bettona¶ms=43_01_09_N_12_29_04_E_region:IT_type:city(4371)","external_links_name":"43°01′09″N 12°29′04″E / 43.01917°N 12.48444°E / 43.01917; 12.48444"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bettona¶ms=43_01_09_N_12_29_04_E_region:IT_type:city(4371)","external_links_name":"43°01′09″N 12°29′04″E / 43.01917°N 12.48444°E / 43.01917; 12.48444"},{"Link":"http://www.comune.bettona.pg.it/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/3*.html#114","external_links_name":"Pliny, NH III.114 (Vettonenses)"},{"Link":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","external_links_name":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""},{"Link":"http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html","external_links_name":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\""},{"Link":"https://borghipiubelliditalia.it/umbria/","external_links_name":"\"Umbria\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/MN5017ucmf_0#page/n449/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Le diocesi d'Italia dalle origini al principio del secolo VII (an. 604)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cdICAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA190","external_links_name":"Le Chiese d'Italia della loro origine sino ai nostri giorni"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20060214043512/http://www.comune.bettona.pg.it/Default.aspx?lang=en-GB","external_links_name":"Bettona"},{"Link":"http://www.prolocobettona.it/","external_links_name":"http://www.prolocobettona.it/"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/134130366","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14504395w","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14504395w","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4428403-2","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CanStage | Canadian Stage Company | ["1 History","2 Current leadership","3 Theatres","4 Awards","5 Partnership with York University","6 Artistic Leadership","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 43°39′02″N 79°21′50″W / 43.65056°N 79.36389°W / 43.65056; -79.36389Canadian non-profit arts organization
This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Canadian StageFormation1988TypeTheatre groupLocationToronto, Ontario, CanadaArtistic director(s)Brendan HealyMatthew Jocelyn (formerly)Websitewww.canadianstage.com
Canadian Stage is one of Canada's largest non-profit contemporary theatre companies, based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
History
The company was founded in 1988 with the merger of Centre Stage and Toronto Free Theatre. Canadian Stage has produced more than 300 shows - over half of which have been Canadian plays. Canadian Stage also runs a series of development, education, and outreach programs.
Martin Bragg stepped down as artistic producer at the end of the 2008-2009 season, his 17th with the company.
Following the pandemic, the company expected attendance to increase to approximately 100,000 people.
In 2023, the Dream in High Park, the company's series of William Shakespeare plays presented in an open-air amphitheatre, celebrated its 40th anniversary.
Current leadership
The current artistic director of Canadian Stage is Brendan Healy, who replaced artistic director Matthew Jocelyn in early 2018. Prior to his appointment at Canadian Stage, Healy worked at the Rose Theatre in Brampton, and Buddies in Bad Times Theatre.
The current executive director of Canadian Stage is Monica Esteves. Esteves joined Canadian Stage after a tenure at Crow's Theatre.
Theatres
Canadian Stage presents performances at three venues: the 876-seat Bluma Appel Theatre; the Berkeley Street Theatres (244-seat Berkeley Downstairs Theatre and the 167-seat Berkeley Street Upstairs Theatre); and a 1,000-seat outdoor amphitheatre in Toronto's High Park, where Shakespeare is performed each summer.
The company's main stage, The Bluma Appel Theatre, is located in the St. Lawrence Centre for the Arts (a city of Toronto-owned building), at 27 Front Street East. The theatre has been Canadian Stage's home for over 25 years. The St. Lawrence Centre for the Arts was constructed in the late 1960s as part of the city's Centennial Celebrations. Originally named "The Theatre", it was opened in February 1970 and renovated by the Thom Partnership in 1982.
The Berkeley Street Theatre complex contains two performance spaces, as well as a rehearsal space, props and wardrobe facilities, and the company's administrative offices. The Berkeley site was originally built by the Consumer's Gas Corporation in 1887 as part of a gas pumping station complex. The Berkeley Downstairs Theatre was originally a pump room and served in that capacity until 1955, when Consumer's Gas moved their production out of downtown Toronto. A wrecking firm was hired to demolish the buildings in February 1971, but the complex was renovated instead. The Berkeley Upstairs Theatre was created as part of the general 1976 renovations of the complex. This building is also owned by the City of Toronto.
Situated in the middle of Toronto's High Park, the amphitheatre can seat over 1,000 people. The first production of Shakespeare in High Park was performed in 1983 without a stage. The City of Toronto terraced the hillside of the Amphitheatre to provide seating in 1997. A permanent stage was installed in 2005.
Awards
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Canadian Stage is a three-time recipient of the Lieutenant Governor's Award for the Arts, in recognition of building private sector and community support. Canadian Stage has been nominated for 296 Dora Mavor Moore Awards, receiving 62.
Partnership with York University
Since 2010, Canadian Stage and York University's Faculty of Fine Arts have collaborated through an MFA in Theatre – Stage Direction. The initiative was launched in 2011 to provide training in large-scale theatre directing. The first graduates of the program were Ker Wells and Ted Witzel. Students direct a Canadian Stage production and intern with a theatre.
Artistic Leadership
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Bill Glassco - Producing Director, 1988–1990
Guy Sprung -Producing and Artistic Director 1990-1992
Bob Baker - Artistic Director, 1992–1998
Martin Bragg - Artistic Producer, 1998–2009
Matthew Jocelyn - Artistic & General Director, 2009–2018
Brendan Healy - Artistic Director, 2018–Present
References
^ "Canadian Stage". Charity Intelligence. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
^ "...Canadian Stage - Sharing innovative and vibrant theatre from ." canadianstage.com. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
^ "CANADIAN STAGE". arts.nationalpost.com. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
^ Critic, Richard Ouzounian Theatre (2008-06-19). "Bragg stepping down as artistic producer of Canadian Stage Company". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
^ "Canadian Stage's new season to feature hit Broadway plays The Lehman Trilogy and The Inheritance". The Globe and Mail. 2023-04-12. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
^ Wilson, Kerrisa (2023-07-27). "'A Midsummer Night's Dream' returns to Toronto's High Park Amphitheatre for 40th anniversary". NOW Toronto. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
^ "Buddies in Bad Times veteran Brendan Healy chosen as new artistic head at Canadian Stage". The Globe and Mail. 2018-07-17. Retrieved 2024-01-08.
^ "Staff / Canadian Stage". www.canadianstage.com. Retrieved 2022-01-28.
^ "TAPA - Monica Esteves". TAPA. 2021-06-18. Retrieved 2024-01-08.
^ "Canadian Stage Company Bluma Appel Theatre". abouttheartists.com. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
^ "Canadian Stage Opens 2013-14 Season with THE FLOOD THEREAFTER and YUKONSTYLE, Sept-Oct 2013". broadwayworld.com. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
^ "St. Lawrence Centre for the Arts". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 2024-01-08.
^ "Canadian Stage". ckc.tcf.ca. Archived from the original on 2014-03-12. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
^ "Canadian Stage". Canadian Stage Website. Retrieved 2016-06-06.
External links
Official website
Authority control databases
ISNI
VIAF
43°39′02″N 79°21′50″W / 43.65056°N 79.36389°W / 43.65056; -79.36389 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organization"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"}],"text":"Canadian non-profit arts organizationCanadian Stage is one of Canada's largest non-profit contemporary theatre companies, based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.","title":"Canadian Stage Company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canadianstage-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arts-nationalpost-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The company was founded in 1988 with the merger of Centre Stage and Toronto Free Theatre.[1] Canadian Stage has produced more than 300 shows - over half of which have been Canadian plays. Canadian Stage also runs a series of development, education, and outreach programs.[2][3]Martin Bragg stepped down as artistic producer at the end of the 2008-2009 season, his 17th with the company.[4]Following the pandemic, the company expected attendance to increase to approximately 100,000 people.[5]In 2023, the Dream in High Park, the company's series of William Shakespeare plays presented in an open-air amphitheatre, celebrated its 40th anniversary.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rose Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Theatre_Brampton"},{"link_name":"Brampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brampton"},{"link_name":"Buddies in Bad Times Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddies_in_Bad_Times_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The current artistic director of Canadian Stage is Brendan Healy, who replaced artistic director Matthew Jocelyn in early 2018. Prior to his appointment at Canadian Stage, Healy worked at the Rose Theatre in Brampton, and Buddies in Bad Times Theatre.[7]The current executive director of Canadian Stage is Monica Esteves.[8] Esteves joined Canadian Stage after a tenure at Crow's Theatre.[9]","title":"Current leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abouttheartists-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-broadwayworld-11"},{"link_name":"St. Lawrence Centre for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_Centre_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"High Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Park"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Canadian Stage presents performances at three venues: the 876-seat Bluma Appel Theatre; the Berkeley Street Theatres (244-seat Berkeley Downstairs Theatre and the 167-seat Berkeley Street Upstairs Theatre); and a 1,000-seat outdoor amphitheatre in Toronto's High Park, where Shakespeare is performed each summer.[10][11]The company's main stage, The Bluma Appel Theatre, is located in the St. Lawrence Centre for the Arts (a city of Toronto-owned building), at 27 Front Street East. The theatre has been Canadian Stage's home for over 25 years. The St. Lawrence Centre for the Arts was constructed in the late 1960s as part of the city's Centennial Celebrations. Originally named \"The Theatre\", it was opened in February 1970 and renovated by the Thom Partnership in 1982.[12]The Berkeley Street Theatre complex contains two performance spaces, as well as a rehearsal space, props and wardrobe facilities, and the company's administrative offices. The Berkeley site was originally built by the Consumer's Gas Corporation in 1887 as part of a gas pumping station complex. The Berkeley Downstairs Theatre was originally a pump room and served in that capacity until 1955, when Consumer's Gas moved their production out of downtown Toronto. A wrecking firm was hired to demolish the buildings in February 1971, but the complex was renovated instead. The Berkeley Upstairs Theatre was created as part of the general 1976 renovations of the complex. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Future_(Nedor_Comics) | Captain Future (Nedor Comics) | ["1 Publishing history","2 Fictional biography","2.1 Nedor Comics","2.2 Project Superpowers","3 Powers and abilities","4 References","5 External links"] | Comics character
Captain FutureStartling Comics #10 (Sep. 1941), art by Kin Platt.Publication informationPublisherNedor ComicsFirst appearanceStartling Comics #1 (June 1940)Created byKin PlattIn-story informationAlter egoAndrew BryantAbilitiesSuperhuman strengthFlightEnergy bolt projection
Captain Future is a fictional superhero character (not to be confused with the pulp magazine character of the same name) who first appeared in Startling Comics #1 (June 1940) from Nedor Comics.
Publishing history
Captain Future appeared in issues #1-40 of Startling Comics (June 1940 - July 1946). He also appeared in several issues of America's Best Comics.
In 2003, he appeared in AC Comics' Sentinels of America #1, along with Black Terror, Miss Masque, Fighting Yank, and The Scarab. In 2004 he appeared in Terra Obscura, Volume Two.
In 2008, Captain Future appeared in flashbacks in Dynamite Entertainment's miniseries Project Superpowers; in the one-shot Project Superpowers: Chapter Two Prelude, it was stated that he would appear in future issues in this line.
In 2023, he is about to make an appearance as a player in an Untitled visual novel game by the indie game developer JustinXcrafter Games with a complete redesign of his suit.
Fictional biography
Nedor Comics
America's Best Comics #22, Page 43 June, 1947, art by Ken Battefield
In 1940, scientist Andrew Bryant discovers that bathing himself in a combination of gamma and infrared rays will grant him superpowers. He uses these powers to fight crime, with the help of his detective girlfriend, Grace Adams of the Agatha Detective Agency. While "powered up" Bryant is super-strong, can fly and hurl bolts of energy from his hands. Strong blows to the head, however, can render him unconscious, and he must frequently use his radiation machine to recharge his powers.
According to Jess Nevins' Encyclopedia of Golden Age Superheroes, "his enemies vary from German ("Nazonians") and Japanese agents to Dr. Allirog, a Moreau-like mad scientist who creates "fiendish monsters" and who transplanted his brain into the body of a bear with the head, hands and feet of a gorilla, to Dr. Bio, who creates horse-sized tarantulas with human faces, to kaiju-sized alligators".
Project Superpowers
At some point after World War II, Captain Future was trapped in the mystical Urn of Pandora by the misguided Fighting Yank, along with dozens of other heroes. Decades later, the Urn was broken and the heroes were freed.
In the second volume of Project Superpowers, it is revealed that Captain Future was actually the Greek god Zeus all along.
Powers and abilities
After bathing himself in gamma and infrared rays, Captain Future gained superhuman strength, flight, and the ability to project energy bolts through his hands, although his powers are only temporary and he must expose himself to the radiation to recharge them.
References
^ Markstein, Don. "Captain Future". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
^ Benton, Mike (1992). Superhero Comics of the Golden Age: The Illustrated History. Dallas: Taylor Publishing Company. pp. 184–185. ISBN 0-87833-808-X. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
^ Benton, Mike (1992). Superhero Comics of the Golden Age: The Illustrated History. Dallas: Taylor Publishing Company. p. 150. ISBN 0-87833-808-X. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
^ Mitchell, Kurt; Thomas, Roy (2019). American Comic Book Chronicles: 1940-1944. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 49. ISBN 978-1605490892.
^ Mougin, Lou (2020). Secondary Superheroes of Golden Age Comics. McFarland & Co. pp. 149–150. ISBN 9781476638607.
^ Nevins, Jess (2013). Encyclopedia of Golden Age Superheroes. High Rock Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-61318-023-5.
External links
Captain Future at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)
Captain Future at The Good Guys & Gals of the Golden Age, vol. 2, no. 22
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Captain Future (Nedor Comics). | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero"},{"link_name":"the pulp magazine character of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Future"},{"link_name":"Nedor Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedor_Comics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Captain Future is a fictional superhero character (not to be confused with the pulp magazine character of the same name) who first appeared in Startling Comics #1 (June 1940) from Nedor Comics.[1]","title":"Captain Future (Nedor Comics)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"AC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Black Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Terror"},{"link_name":"Miss Masque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Masque"},{"link_name":"Fighting Yank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_Yank"},{"link_name":"Scarab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarab_(Nedor)"},{"link_name":"Terra Obscura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Obscura"},{"link_name":"Dynamite Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamite_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Project Superpowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Superpowers"},{"link_name":"JustinXcrafter Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JustinXcrafter_Games&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Captain Future appeared in issues #1-40 of Startling Comics (June 1940 - July 1946).[2] He also appeared in several issues of America's Best Comics.[3]In 2003, he appeared in AC Comics' Sentinels of America #1, along with Black Terror, Miss Masque, Fighting Yank, and The Scarab. In 2004 he appeared in Terra Obscura, Volume Two.In 2008, Captain Future appeared in flashbacks in Dynamite Entertainment's miniseries Project Superpowers; in the one-shot Project Superpowers: Chapter Two Prelude, it was stated that he would appear in future issues in this line.In 2023, he is about to make an appearance as a player in an Untitled visual novel game by the indie game developer JustinXcrafter Games with a complete redesign of his suit.","title":"Publishing history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fictional biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AmericasBestComics2243.jpg"},{"link_name":"scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist"},{"link_name":"gamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray"},{"link_name":"infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared"},{"link_name":"detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Moreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Moreau"},{"link_name":"kaiju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiju"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Nedor Comics","text":"America's Best Comics #22, Page 43 June, 1947, art by Ken BattefieldIn 1940, scientist Andrew Bryant discovers that bathing himself in a combination of gamma and infrared rays will grant him superpowers. He uses these powers to fight crime, with the help of his detective girlfriend, Grace Adams of the Agatha Detective Agency.[4] While \"powered up\" Bryant is super-strong, can fly and hurl bolts of energy from his hands. Strong blows to the head, however, can render him unconscious, and he must frequently use his radiation machine to recharge his powers.[5]According to Jess Nevins' Encyclopedia of Golden Age Superheroes, \"his enemies vary from German (\"Nazonians\") and Japanese agents to Dr. Allirog, a Moreau-like mad scientist who creates \"fiendish monsters\" and who transplanted his brain into the body of a bear with the head, hands and feet of a gorilla, to Dr. Bio, who creates horse-sized tarantulas with human faces, to kaiju-sized alligators\".[6]","title":"Fictional biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Fighting Yank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_Yank"}],"sub_title":"Project Superpowers","text":"At some point after World War II, Captain Future was trapped in the mystical Urn of Pandora by the misguided Fighting Yank, along with dozens of other heroes. Decades later, the Urn was broken and the heroes were freed.In the second volume of Project Superpowers, it is revealed that Captain Future was actually the Greek god Zeus all along.","title":"Fictional biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"After bathing himself in gamma and infrared rays, Captain Future gained superhuman strength, flight, and the ability to project energy bolts through his hands, although his powers are only temporary and he must expose himself to the radiation to recharge them.","title":"Powers and abilities"}] | [{"image_text":"America's Best Comics #22, Page 43 June, 1947, art by Ken Battefield","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/AmericasBestComics2243.jpg/220px-AmericasBestComics2243.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Markstein, Don. \"Captain Future\". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Retrieved 2 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.toonopedia.com/cfuture.htm","url_text":"\"Captain Future\""}]},{"reference":"Benton, Mike (1992). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Hawley_Everett | Elizabeth Hawley Everett | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Death and legacy","5 Selected works","6 References","7 External links"] | Elizabeth Hawley EverettSuperintendent of schools,Highland Park, IllinoisIn office1894–1898
Personal detailsBornElizabeth Caldwell Wilkey HawleyAugust 23, 1857Pekin, Illinois, U.S.DiedSeptember 6, 1940Highland Park, Illinois, U.S.Resting placeWyuka Cemetery, Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.Spouses
James Albert Bowen
(m. 1881; div. 1885)
Francis Dennison Everett
(m. 1899; died 1937)ChildrenGeorge Hawley BowenParentsWilliam Caldwell HawleyMary Shuah (Nason) HawleyAlma materUniversity of NebraskaOccupationclubwomansuffragistauthornewspaper founder, editorschool principalsuperintendent of schools
Elizabeth Hawley Everett (née, Hawley; after first marriage, Bowen; after second marriage, Everett; August 23, 1857 – September 6, 1940) was an American clubwoman, suffragist, and author. She served as a school principal and a superintendent of schools, and later, was a newspaper founder and editor. She published Hawley and Nason ancestry including the following contributory lines: Welles, Hollister, Treat, Boothe, Thompson, Caldwell, Staples, Tetherly, Coffin, Greenleaf, Brocklebank, Bartlett, Heard, McLellan, Patterson in 1929.
Early life and education
Elizabeth Caldwell Wilkey Hawley was born in Pekin, Illinois, August 23, 1857. Her parents were William Caldwell Hawley (1830-1918) and Mary Shuah (Nason) Hawley (1829-1909). Her siblings were: Martha Nason, William Norman, George Appleton, Gideon Leonard, and Nathaniel Nason.
She was educated in the schools of Mount Pleasant, Iowa, including the Mt. Pleasant Ladies' Seminary. She also attended the University of Nebraska.
Career
She served as principal of the Everett and Prescott Schools of Lincoln, Nebraska, 1887–94. In 1894–98, she was the superintendent of schools of Highland Park, Illinois. Everett was also active in Bible school work.
For fifteen years, she stood for equal suffrage and spoke for it frequently. She was a member of the American Com. YWCA, 1901–06; vice-president, Highland Park Public Library Board, and was a member of the board from 1904; recording secretary, Illinois Equal Suffrage Association; president, Ossoli Club of Highland Park, 1900–02; vice-president, Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs, 1906–08; president, Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs, 1908–10; General Federation of Women's Clubs (secretary, Illinois), 1910–12.
Illinois Club Bulletin, Oct. 1909, Vol. 1, No. 1.
Everett founded the Illinois Club Bulletin in 1909, as the official organ of the board of directors of the Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs, and edited it three years.
She was the author of Hawley and Nason ancestry including the following contributory lines: Welles, Hollister, Treat, Boothe, Thompson, Caldwell, Staples, Tetherly, Coffin, Greenleaf, Brocklebank, Bartlett, Heard, McLellan, Patterson. (Chicago, R.F. Seymour, 1929)
Personal life
She was twice married. First, on September 13, 1881, at Lincoln, Nebraska, she married James Albert Bowen (b. 1849); they divorced in 1885. Their only child was George Hawley Bowen (1882-1926).
Second, on March 2, 1899, she married Francis Dennison Everett (1839-1937), a businessman of Chicago.
In religion, she was Presbyterian.
Death and legacy
Elizabeth Hawley Everett died September 6, 1940, at Highland Park, Illinois, and was buried at Hawley Plot, Wyuka Cemetery, Lincoln, Nebraska.
Her stories, records, and reflections were posthumously gathered in The olden time : stories for Betty, by Elizabeth Hawley Everett, Amanda Carson Bank, and Diane Banks (Philadelphia : Xlibris, 2005).
Selected works
Hawley and Nason ancestry including the following contributory lines: Welles, Hollister, Treat, Boothe, Thompson, Caldwell, Staples, Tetherly, Coffin, Greenleaf, Brocklebank, Bartlett, Heard, McLellan, Patterson., 1929
References
^ a b c d e f g Leonard, John W. (1914). Woman's Who's who of America (Public domain ed.). American Commonwealth Company. p. 280. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ a b Everett, Elizabeth Hawley (1929). Hawley and Nason ancestry, including the following contributory lines: Welles, Hollister, Treat, Boothe, Thompson, Caldwell, Staples, Tetherly, Coffin, Greenleaf, Brocklebank, Bartlett, Heard, McLellan, Patterson. Chicago: R.F. Seymour. pp. 21–22. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
^ Everett, Mrs. Francis D. (1909). "What the State Federations are Doing. Illinois. By Mrs. Francis D. Everett". The Federation Bulletin. 6–7 (Public domain ed.). Illinois State Association of Graduade Nurses: 109. Retrieved 22 December 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ The Magazine of American Genealogy. Vol. 22–27. Institute of American Genealogy. 1932. p. 1641.
^ "Word has been received". The Nebraska State Journal. 14 January 1926. p. 7. Retrieved 22 December 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Marriage licenses have been granted". The Nebraska State Journal. 3 March 1899. p. 6. Retrieved 22 December 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Mrs. Elizabeth Hawley Bowen was married". Lincoln Journal Star. 3 March 1899. p. 5. Retrieved 22 December 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Everett, Elizabeth Hawley, 1857-1940". snaccooperative.org. Social Networks and Archival Context. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
^ a b Hawley, Elizabeth (4 October 2005). The Olden Time: Stories for Betty. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4691-1106-3. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
External links
Works by or about Elizabeth Hawley Everett at Internet Archive
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"}],"text":"Elizabeth Hawley Everett (née, Hawley; after first marriage, Bowen; after second marriage, Everett; August 23, 1857 – September 6, 1940) was an American clubwoman, suffragist, and author. She served as a school principal and a superintendent of schools, and later, was a newspaper founder and editor. She published Hawley and Nason ancestry including the following contributory lines: Welles, Hollister, Treat, Boothe, Thompson, Caldwell, Staples, Tetherly, Coffin, Greenleaf, Brocklebank, Bartlett, Heard, McLellan, Patterson in 1929.","title":"Elizabeth Hawley Everett"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pekin, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekin,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leonard1914-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-everett1929-2"},{"link_name":"Mount Pleasant, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"University of Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leonard1914-1"}],"text":"Elizabeth Caldwell Wilkey Hawley was born in Pekin, Illinois, August 23, 1857. Her parents were William Caldwell Hawley (1830-1918) and Mary Shuah (Nason) Hawley (1829-1909).[1] Her siblings were: Martha Nason, William Norman, George Appleton, Gideon Leonard, and Nathaniel Nason.[2]She was educated in the schools of Mount Pleasant, Iowa, including the Mt. Pleasant Ladies' Seminary. She also attended the University of Nebraska.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"principal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_teacher"},{"link_name":"Lincoln, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Highland Park, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Park,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leonard1914-1"},{"link_name":"equal suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"YWCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YWCA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leonard1914-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illinois_Club_Bulletin,_Oct._1909,_Vol._1,_No._1.png"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-everett1909-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leonard1914-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-themagazine1932-4"}],"text":"She served as principal of the Everett and Prescott Schools of Lincoln, Nebraska, 1887–94. In 1894–98, she was the superintendent of schools of Highland Park, Illinois. Everett was also active in Bible school work.[1]For fifteen years, she stood for equal suffrage and spoke for it frequently. She was a member of the American Com. YWCA, 1901–06; vice-president, Highland Park Public Library Board, and was a member of the board from 1904; recording secretary, Illinois Equal Suffrage Association; president, Ossoli Club of Highland Park, 1900–02; vice-president, Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs, 1906–08; president, Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs, 1908–10; General Federation of Women's Clubs (secretary, Illinois), 1910–12.[1]Illinois Club Bulletin, Oct. 1909, Vol. 1, No. 1.Everett founded the Illinois Club Bulletin in 1909, as the official organ of the board of directors of the Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs,[3] and edited it three years.[1]She was the author of Hawley and Nason ancestry including the following contributory lines: Welles, Hollister, Treat, Boothe, Thompson, Caldwell, Staples, Tetherly, Coffin, Greenleaf, Brocklebank, Bartlett, Heard, McLellan, Patterson. (Chicago, R.F. Seymour, 1929)[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leonard1914-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-everett1929-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thenebraskastatejournal1926-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thenebraskastatejournal1899-6"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lincolnjournalstar1899-7"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leonard1914-1"}],"text":"She was twice married. First, on September 13, 1881, at Lincoln, Nebraska, she married James Albert Bowen (b. 1849); they divorced in 1885. Their only child was George Hawley Bowen (1882-1926).[1][2][5]\nSecond, on March 2, 1899, she married Francis Dennison Everett (1839-1937),[6] a businessman of Chicago.[7]In religion, she was Presbyterian.[1]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snaccooperative-8"},{"link_name":"Wyuka Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyuka_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hawley2005-9"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Xlibris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xlibris"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hawley2005-9"}],"text":"Elizabeth Hawley Everett died September 6, 1940,[8] at Highland Park, Illinois, and was buried at Hawley Plot, Wyuka Cemetery, Lincoln, Nebraska.[9]Her stories, records, and reflections were posthumously gathered in The olden time : stories for Betty, by Elizabeth Hawley Everett, Amanda Carson Bank, and Diane Banks (Philadelphia : Xlibris, 2005).[9]","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hawley and Nason ancestry including the following contributory lines: Welles, Hollister, Treat, Boothe, Thompson, Caldwell, Staples, Tetherly, Coffin, Greenleaf, Brocklebank, Bartlett, Heard, McLellan, Patterson., 1929","title":"Selected works"}] | [{"image_text":"Illinois Club Bulletin, Oct. 1909, Vol. 1, No. 1.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Illinois_Club_Bulletin%2C_Oct._1909%2C_Vol._1%2C_No._1.png/220px-Illinois_Club_Bulletin%2C_Oct._1909%2C_Vol._1%2C_No._1.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Leonard, John W. (1914). Woman's Who's who of America (Public domain ed.). American Commonwealth Company. p. 280.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Woman%27s_who%27s_who_of_America,_1914-15.djvu/268","url_text":"Woman's Who's who of America"}]},{"reference":"Everett, Elizabeth Hawley (1929). Hawley and Nason ancestry, including the following contributory lines: Welles, Hollister, Treat, Boothe, Thompson, Caldwell, Staples, Tetherly, Coffin, Greenleaf, Brocklebank, Bartlett, Heard, McLellan, Patterson. Chicago: R.F. Seymour. pp. 21–22. Retrieved 22 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hawleynasonances00ever/page/22/mode/2up?q=bowen","url_text":"Hawley and Nason ancestry, including the following contributory lines: Welles, Hollister, Treat, Boothe, Thompson, Caldwell, Staples, Tetherly, Coffin, Greenleaf, Brocklebank, Bartlett, Heard, McLellan, Patterson"}]},{"reference":"Everett, Mrs. Francis D. (1909). \"What the State Federations are Doing. Illinois. By Mrs. Francis D. Everett\". The Federation Bulletin. 6–7 (Public domain ed.). Illinois State Association of Graduade Nurses: 109. Retrieved 22 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yhYkAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA109","url_text":"\"What the State Federations are Doing. Illinois. By Mrs. Francis D. Everett\""}]},{"reference":"The Magazine of American Genealogy. Vol. 22–27. Institute of American Genealogy. 1932. p. 1641.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TWlbAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA1641","url_text":"The Magazine of American Genealogy"}]},{"reference":"\"Word has been received\". The Nebraska State Journal. 14 January 1926. p. 7. Retrieved 22 December 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/314002745/?terms=George%20Hawley%20Bowen&match=1","url_text":"\"Word has been received\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Marriage licenses have been granted\". The Nebraska State Journal. 3 March 1899. p. 6. Retrieved 22 December 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/333750968/?terms=elizabeth%20hawley%20bowen&match=1","url_text":"\"Marriage licenses have been granted\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Mrs. Elizabeth Hawley Bowen was married\". Lincoln Journal Star. 3 March 1899. p. 5. Retrieved 22 December 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/309381158/?terms=elizabeth%20hawley%20bowen&match=1","url_text":"\"Mrs. Elizabeth Hawley Bowen was married\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Everett, Elizabeth Hawley, 1857-1940\". snaccooperative.org. Social Networks and Archival Context. Retrieved 22 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://snaccooperative.org/view/1471101#resources","url_text":"\"Everett, Elizabeth Hawley, 1857-1940\""}]},{"reference":"Hawley, Elizabeth (4 October 2005). The Olden Time: Stories for Betty. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4691-1106-3. Retrieved 22 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zXr5AAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Olden Time: Stories for Betty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4691-1106-3","url_text":"978-1-4691-1106-3"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Woman%27s_who%27s_who_of_America,_1914-15.djvu/268","external_links_name":"Woman's Who's who of America"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/hawleynasonances00ever/page/22/mode/2up?q=bowen","external_links_name":"Hawley and Nason ancestry, including the following contributory lines: Welles, Hollister, Treat, Boothe, Thompson, Caldwell, Staples, Tetherly, Coffin, Greenleaf, Brocklebank, Bartlett, Heard, McLellan, Patterson"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yhYkAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA109","external_links_name":"\"What the State Federations are Doing. Illinois. By Mrs. Francis D. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapeang_Thum_Khang_Tboung_Commune | Trapeang Thum Khang Tboung Commune | ["1 Administration","2 References"] | Coordinates: 11°01′25″N 104°34′29″E / 11.0236°N 104.5747°E / 11.0236; 104.5747Commune in Takéo, CambodiaTrapeang Thum Khang Tboung
ឃុំត្រពាំងធំខាងត្បូងCommune (Khum)Trapeang Thum Khang TboungLocation within CambodiaCoordinates: 11°01′25″N 104°34′29″E / 11.0236°N 104.5747°E / 11.0236; 104.5747Country CambodiaProvinceTakéoDistrictTram KakTime zoneUTC+7Geocode210915
Trapeang Thum Khang Tboung Commune (Khmer: ឃុំត្រពាំងធំខាងត្បូង) is a khum (commune) in Tram Kak District, Takéo Province, Cambodia.
Administration
As of 2019, Trapeang Thum Khang Tboung Commune has 13 phums (villages) as follows.
No.
Code
Khmer
Village
1
21091501
ត្រពាំងកោះ
Trapeang Kaoh
2
21091502
ព្រៃក្ដី
Prey Kdei
3
21091503
ព្រៃរំដួល
Prey Rumduol
4
21091504
ប្រគៀប
Prakieb
5
21091505
ត្រពាំងជ្រៃ
Trapeang Chrey
6
21091506
សំរោង
Samraong
7
21091507
គោចិនលែង
Kou Chen Leaeng
8
21091508
ត្រពាំងតាសោម
Trapeang Ta Saom
9
21091509
ត្រពាំងឈូក
Trapeang Chhuk
10
21091510
ត្រពាំងត្នោត
Trapeang Tnaot
11
21091511
ត្រពាំងប្រីយ៍
Trapeang Prei
12
21091512
ត្រពាំងខន
Trapeang Khan
13
21091513
ព្រៃព្រាល
Prey Preal
References
^ "Cambodia Gazetteer Database Online". Cambodia NCDD Databases. National Committee for Sub-National Democratic Development (NCDD). 2019. Retrieved 2019-08-12.
vte Takéo provinceCapital: Doun KaevAngkor Borei District
Angkor Borei
Ba Srae
Kouk Thlok
Ponley
Prek Phtoul
Prey Phkoam
Bati District
Chambak
Champei
Doung
Kandoeng
Komar Reachea
Krang Leav
Krang Thnong
Lumpong
Pea Ream
Pot Sar
Sour Phi
Tang Doung
Tnaot
Trapeang Krasang
Trapeang Sab
Bourei Cholsar District
Bourei Cholsar
Chey Chouk
Doung Khpos
Kampong Krasang
Kouk Pou
Kiri Vong District
Angk Prasat
Preah Bat Choan Chum
Kamnab
Kampeaeng
Kiri Chong Kaoh
Kouk Prech
Phnum Den
Prey Ampok
Prey Rumdeng
Ream Andaeuk
Saom
Ta Our
Kaoh Andaet District
Krapum Chhuk
Pech Sar
Prey Khla
Prey Yuthka
Romenh
Thlea Prachum
Prey Kabbas District
Angkanh
Ban Kam
Champa
Char
Kampeaeng
Kampong Reab
Kdanh
Pou Rumchak
Prey Kabbas
Prey Lvea
Prey Phdau
Snao
Tang Yab
Samraŏng District
Boeng Tranh Khang Cheung
Boeng Tranh Khang Tboung
Cheung Kuon
Chumreah Pen
Khvav
Lumchang
Rovieng
Samraong
Soengh
Sla
Trea
Doun Kaev Municipality
Baray
Roka Knong
Roka Krau
Tram Kak District
Angk Ta Saom
Cheang Tong
Kus
Leay Bour
Nhaeng Nhang
Our Saray
Trapeang Kranhung
Otdam Soriya
Popel
Samraong
Srae Ronoung
Ta Phem
Tram Kak
Trapeang Thum Khang Cheung
Trapeang Thum Khang Tboung
Treang District
Angkanh
Angk Khnor
Chi Khma
Khvav
Prambei Mum
Angk Kev
Prey Sloek
Roneam
Sambuor
Sanlong
Smaong
Srangae
Thlok
Tralach | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language"},{"link_name":"khum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Tram Kak District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram_Kak_District"},{"link_name":"Takéo Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak%C3%A9o_Province"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"}],"text":"Commune in Takéo, CambodiaTrapeang Thum Khang Tboung Commune (Khmer: ឃុំត្រពាំងធំខាងត្បូង) is a khum (commune) in Tram Kak District, Takéo Province, Cambodia.","title":"Trapeang Thum Khang Tboung Commune"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCDD-gZ-1"}],"text":"As of 2019, Trapeang Thum Khang Tboung Commune has 13 phums (villages) as follows.[1]","title":"Administration"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Cambodia Gazetteer Database Online\". Cambodia NCDD Databases. National Committee for Sub-National Democratic Development (NCDD). 2019. Retrieved 2019-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://db.ncdd.gov.kh/gazetteer","url_text":"\"Cambodia Gazetteer Database Online\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trapeang_Thum_Khang_Tboung_Commune¶ms=11.0236_N_104.5747_E_region:KH_type:city","external_links_name":"11°01′25″N 104°34′29″E / 11.0236°N 104.5747°E / 11.0236; 104.5747"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trapeang_Thum_Khang_Tboung_Commune¶ms=11.0236_N_104.5747_E_region:KH_type:city","external_links_name":"11°01′25″N 104°34′29″E / 11.0236°N 104.5747°E / 11.0236; 104.5747"},{"Link":"http://db.ncdd.gov.kh/gazetteer","external_links_name":"\"Cambodia Gazetteer Database Online\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_dysplasias | Osteochondrodysplasia | ["1 Types","1.1 Achondroplasia","1.2 Pseudoachondroplasia","1.3 Osteogenesis imperfecta","1.4 Mucopolysaccharidosis","1.5 Cleidocranial dysostosis","1.6 Fibrous dysplasia","1.7 Langer–Giedion syndrome","1.8 Maffucci syndrome","1.9 Osteosclerosis","1.10 Other","2 Diagnosis","2.1 Differential diagnosis","3 Treatment","4 Management","5 Footnotes","5.1 Notes","5.2 References","6 External links"] | Group of disorders of bone and cartilage development
Medical conditionOsteochondrodysplasiaOther namesSkeletal dysplasiaSpecialtyOrthopedic
An osteochondrodysplasia, or skeletal dysplasia, is a disorder of the development of bone and cartilage. Osteochondrodysplasias are rare diseases. About 1 in 5,000 babies are born with some type of skeletal dysplasia. Nonetheless, if taken collectively, genetic skeletal dysplasias or osteochondrodysplasias comprise a recognizable group of genetically determined disorders with generalized skeletal affection. These disorders lead to disproportionate short stature and bone abnormalities, particularly in the arms, legs, and spine. Skeletal dysplasia can result in marked functional limitation and even mortality.
Osteochondrodysplasias or skeletal dysplasia subtypes can overlap in clinical aspects, therefore plain radiography is absolutely necessary to establish an accurate diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging can provide further diagnostic insights and guide treatment strategies especially in cases of spinal involvement. As some disorders that cause skeletal dysplasia have treatments available, early diagnosis is particularly important, but may be challenging due to overlapping features and symptoms that may also be common in unaffected children.
Types
Achondroplasia
Main article: Achondroplasia
Achondroplasia is a type of autosomal dominant genetic disorder that is the most common cause of dwarfism. It is also the most common type of non-lethal osteochondrodysplasia or skeletal dysplasia. The prevalence is approximately 1 in 25,000 births. Achondroplastic dwarfs have short stature, with an average adult height of 131 cm (4 feet, 3 inches) for males and 123 cm (4 feet, 0 inches) for females. In achondroplasia the dwarfism is readily apparent at birth. likewise, craniofacial abnormalities in the form of macrocephaly and mid-face hypoplasia are present at birth. The previous clinical findings differentiate between achondroplasia and pseudoachondroplasia in which dwarfism is not recognizable at birth and craniofacial abnormalities are not considered a disease feature. Plain radiography plays an additional and important role in the differential diagnosis of achondroplasia.
Pseudoachondroplasia
Pseudoachondroplasia is an osteochondrodysplasia made distinctive by disproportionate short stature, hip and knee deformities, brachydactyly (short fingers) and ligamentous laxity. It affects at least 1 in 20,000 individuals. Pseudoachondroplasia is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and is caused solely by mutations in the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein COMP gene. It's distinguished by a moderate to severe form of disproportionate short-limb short stature. The limb shortening is fundamentally confined to the proximal limb segments i.e., Femurs and humeri. A known presenting feature is a waddling gait, noticed at the onset of walking. A prompt diagnosis of a skeletal dysplasia in general and Pseudoachondroplasia in specific is still based upon a comprehensive clinical and radiographic correlation. A detailed radiographic examination of the axial and appendicular skeleton is invaluable for the differential diagnosis of Pseudoachondroplasia. Coxa vara (reduced neck shaft angle), broad femoral necks, short femurs and humeri, and bullet-shaped vertebrae are noticeable radiographic features. Additionally, the presence of metaphyseal broadening, cupping and dense line of ossification about the knee can simulate rachitic changes. These radiographic features are collectively known as rachitic-like changes. The presence of epiphyseal changes serves as an important differentiating feature from achondroplasia.
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Main article: Osteogenesis imperfecta
COL1A1/2-related osteogenesis imperfecta is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. The proportion of cases caused by a De novo COL1A1 or COL1A2 mutations are the cause of osteogenesis imperfecta in the vast majority of perinatally lethal osteogenesis imperfecta, and progressively deforming osteogenesis imperfecta. In classic non-deforming osteogenesis imperfecta with blue sclerae or common variable osteogenesis imperfecta with normal sclerae, nearly 60% of cases are de novo. COL1A1/2-related osteogenesis imperfecta is identified by repeated fractures with trivial trauma, defective dentinogenesis imperfecta (DI), and hearing loss. The clinical features of COL1A1/2-related osteogenesis imperfecta can be highly variable ranging from severe and lethal perinatal fractures to individuals with minimal tendency to repeated fractures and skeletal deformities and with a normal stature and life span. In between the clinical spectrum may include individuals with various degrees of disabling skeletal deformities and short stature. The radiographic findings of osteogenesis imperfecta include; long bone deformations such as bowing of the tibias and femurs, pencil-like deformity and tapering of bones, cortical thinning and rarefaction, pathologic fractures at various degrees of healing, bone shortening and vertebral wedging. Accordingly, COL1A1/2-related osteogenesis imperfecta has been classified into four sub-types (I, II, III, and IV) built upon the diversity of the radioclinical features.
Mucopolysaccharidosis
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) constitute a commonly seen group of osteochondrodysplasias. Mucopolysaccharidosis can cause a wide spectrum of clinical and radiologic manifestations ranging from mild skeletal and systemic involvement to severe life-threatening manifestations. It is caused by a contiguous gene duplication or deletion syndrome in which multiple genes are involved. All forms of MPS are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, except fir of MPS II; Hunter syndrome which is X-linked. They are caused by an abnormal function of the lysosomal enzymes, which blocks degradation of mucopolysaccharides and leads to accumulation of harmful byproducts, namely, heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate. The resulting cellular malfunction can lead to a diverse array of skeletal and visceral manifestations. MPS have been subcategorized according to the type of enzyme inadequacy and glycoprotein accumulated.
Cleidocranial dysostosis
Main article: Cleidocranial dysostosis
Cleidocranial dysostosis is a general skeletal condition named for the collarbone (cleido-) and cranium deformities which people with it often have. Common features include:
Partly or completely missing collarbones.
A soft spot or larger soft area in the top of the head where the fontanelle failed to close.
Bones and joints are underdeveloped.
The permanent teeth include supernumerary teeth.
Permanent teeth not erupting
Bossing (bulging) of the forehead.
Hypertelorism
Fibrous dysplasia
Main article: Fibrous dysplasia
Fibrous dysplasia causes bone thinning and growths or lesions in one or more bones of the human body.
These lesions are tumor-like growths that consist of replacement of the medullary bone with fibrous tissue, causing the expansion and weakening of the areas of bone involved. Especially when involving the skull or facial bones, the lesions can cause externally visible deformities. The skull is often, but not necessarily, affected, and any other bones can be involved.
Langer–Giedion syndrome
Main article: Langer–Giedion syndrome
Langer–Giedion syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder caused by a deletion of chromosomal material. Diagnosis is usually made at birth or in early childhood. The features associated with this condition include mild to moderate learning difficulties, short stature, unique facial features, small head and skeletal abnormalities including bony growths projecting from the surfaces of bones.
Maffucci syndrome
Main article: Maffucci syndrome
Maffucci syndrome is a sporadic disease characterized by the presence of multiple enchondromas associated with multiple simple or cavernous soft tissue hemangiomas. Also lymphangiomas may be apparent.
Patients are normal at birth and the syndrome manifests during childhood and puberty. The enchondromas affect the extremities and their distribution is asymmetrical.
Osteosclerosis
Main article: Osteosclerosis
Osteosclerosis, an elevation in bone density, is normally detected on an X-ray as an area of whiteness and is where the bone density has significantly increased.
Other
Deformity type Erlenmeyer flask gives a distal femur similar to an Erlenmeyer flask. It may result from Gaucher disease.
Kashin–Beck disease
Melnick–Needles syndrome
Ovine chondrodysplasia
Familial osteodysplasia, Anderson type
Diagnosis
The diagnosis is mainly based upon delineating the specific clinical and radiographic pattern of skeletal involvement. However, the different types of skeletal dysplasia can overlap considerably in their clinical presentation. Molecular or genetic analysis may be required to resolve diagnostic difficulties.
Differential diagnosis
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis may closely resemble the clinical presentation of some osteochondrodysplasias or genetic skeletal dysplsias. In that, both conditions can present with swollen, stiff and deformed joints.
Type II collagen disorders are caused by variants in the COL2A1 gene. Type II collagen disorders can result in mild disease or severe which can cause death within weeks of birth. Infants with the severe form of the disease would be born with clear indications of the disease, such as disproportionate short stature, skeletal dysplasia, distinctive eye abnormalities, cleft palate, and others. However, infants with mild disease may only experience arthritis at birth, but may progress to more severe disease later in life. Early diagnosis can be challenging. Furthermore, type II collagenopathies have significant phenotypic overlap with conditions such as MPS. Guidelines are available to ensure healthcare professional are aware of the conditions and the symptoms of disease to support efficient diagnosis.
Treatment
Emerging therapies for genetic skeletal dysplasias include enzyme replacement therapy, small molecule therapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and gene therapy. These therapies aim at preventing disease progression and thus improving quality of life. Enzyme replacement therapies are some of the mucopolysaccharidoses and Gaucher disease. Results have shown effectivity of enzyme replacement therapy. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can be lifesaving for some disorders, such as with malignant infantile osteopetrosis.
Even with treatments such as enzyme replacement therapy and stem cell transplantation, people with skeletal dysplasia often require orthopedic surgery and other disease management interventions. There is a lack of information available to support these patients as most physicians may only see one or two skeletal dysplasia patients in their lifetime. Guidelines are available to support best practices for managing several areas of skeletal dysplasia, such as the craniofacial aspects of skeletal dysplasia, spinal disorders, diagnosis and management of type II collagen disorders, pregnancy of people with skeletal dysplasia, peri-operative management, and foramen magnum stenosis in achondroplasia. Written and video resources for patients with skeletal dysplasia and caregivers are also available.
Management
Timely management of skeletal dysplasia is important to combat functional deterioration. Due to rarity of the individual disorders that cause skeletal dysplasia, management can be challenging if a patient does not have access to a facility that has physicians who specialize in skeletal dysplasia. Guidelines have been developed for the management different aspects of skeletal dysplasia, including best practices for managing craniofacial and spinal manifestations, diagnosis and management of type II collagen disorders, pregnancy of people with skeletal dysplasia, peri-operative management, and foramen magnum stenosis in achondroplasia.
Footnotes
Notes
^ Etymology: from Ancient Greek ὀστέο(ν) (ostéo(n)) 'bone', χόνδρο(ς) (khóndro(s)) 'cartiledge', δυσ (dus) 'badly', and -πλασίᾱ (-plasíā) 'formed'.
References
^ "Medcyclopaedia - Osteochondrodysplasia". Archived from the original on 2011-05-26.
^ Geister, Krista A.; Camper, Sally A. (2015-01-01). "Advances in Skeletal Dysplasia Genetics". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 16 (1): 199–227. doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-090314-045904. PMC 5507692. PMID 25939055.
^ Mortier, Geert R.; Cohn, Daniel H.; Cormier-Daire, Valerie; Hall, Christine; Krakow, Deborah; Mundlos, Stefan; Nishimura, Gen; Robertson, Stephen; Sangiorgi, Luca; Savarirayan, Ravi; Sillence, David; Superti-Furga, Andrea; Unger, Sheila; Warman, Matthew L. (2019-10-21). "Nosology and classification of genetic skeletal disorders: 2019 revision". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 179 (12): 2393–2419. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.61366. hdl:11343/286524. ISSN 1552-4825. PMID 31633310. S2CID 204813822.
^ a b c d e f EL-Sobky, TA; Shawky, RM; Sakr, HM; Elsayed, SM; Elsayed, NS; Ragheb, SG; Gamal, R (15 November 2017). "A systematized approach to radiographic assessment of commonly seen genetic bone diseases in children: A pictorial review". J Musculoskelet Surg Res. 1 (2): 25. doi:10.4103/jmsr.jmsr_28_17. S2CID 79825711.
^ a b c White, Klane; Bober, Michael B; Cho, Tae-Joon; Goldberg, Michael J; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Irving, Melita; Kamps, Shawn; Mackenzie, William G; Raggio, Cathleen (2020-02-18). "Best practice guidelines for management of spinal disorders in skeletal dysplasia". dx.doi.org. doi:10.21203/rs.2.23876/v1. hdl:11343/245301. PMID 32580780. Retrieved 2023-12-13.
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^ Briggs, MD; Wright, MJ (16 July 2015). "COMP-Related Pseudoachondroplasia". Pseudoachondroplasia. University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301660. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
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^ "Osteogenesis Imperfecta - Children's Health Issues". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
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^ "Mucopolysaccharidoses - Children's Health Issues". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
^ "Cleidocranial Dysplasia". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18.
^ "fibrous dysplasia of bone" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
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^ Devidayal, null; Marwaha, Ram Kumar (2006-02-01). "Langer-Giedion Syndrome". Indian Pediatrics. 43 (2): 174–175. ISSN 0019-6061. PMID 16528117 – via PubMed.
^ "Maffucci Syndrome". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18.
^ "Maffucci syndrome: MedlinePlus Genetics". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
^ "Medcyclopaedia - Osteosclerosis". Retrieved 2007-12-23.
^ Marks, Dawn B.; Swanson, Todd; Sandra I Kim; Marc Glucksman (2007). Biochemistry and molecular biology. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-8624-9.
^ Kaya Akca, U; Simsek Kiper, PO; Urel Demir, G; Sag, E; Atalay, E; Utine, GE; Alikasifoglu, M; Boduroglu, K; Bilginer, Y; Ozen, S (April 2021). "Genetic disorders with symptoms mimicking rheumatologic diseases: A single-center retrospective study" (PDF). European Journal of Medical Genetics. 64 (4): 104185. doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104185. PMID 33662637. S2CID 232122235.
^ Elsebaie, H; Mansour, MA; Elsayed, SM; Mahmoud, S; El-Sobky, TA (December 2021). "Multicentric Osteolysis, Nodulosis, and Arthropathy in two unrelated children with matrix metalloproteinase 2 variants: Genetic-skeletal correlations". Bone Reports. 15: 101106. doi:10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101106. PMC 8283316. PMID 34307793.
^ a b c Savarirayan, Ravi; Bompadre, Viviana; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Goldberg, Michael J.; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Irving, Melita; Kamps, Shawn E.; Mackenzie, William G.; Raggio, Cathleen; Spencer, Samantha S.; White, Klane K. (September 2019). "Best practice guidelines regarding diagnosis and management of patients with type II collagen disorders". Genetics in Medicine. 21 (9): 2070–2080. doi:10.1038/s41436-019-0446-9. ISSN 1098-3600. PMID 30696995.
^ a b Jameson, Elisabeth; Jones, Simon; Remmington, Tracey (18 June 2019). "Enzyme replacement therapy with laronidase (Aldurazyme®) for treating mucopolysaccharidosis type I". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6 (4): CD009354. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009354.pub5. PMC 6581069. PMID 31211405.
^ Savarirayan, Ravi; Tofts, Louise; Irving, Melita; Wilcox, William R.; Bacino, Carlos A.; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Font, Rosendo Ullot; Harmatz, Paul; Rutsch, Frank; Bober, Michael B.; Polgreen, Lynda E.; Ginebreda, Ignacio; Mohnike, Klaus; Charrow, Joel; Hoernschemeyer, Daniel (December 2021). "Safe and persistent growth-promoting effects of vosoritide in children with achondroplasia: 2-year results from an open-label, phase 3 extension study". Genetics in Medicine. 23 (12): 2443–2447. doi:10.1038/s41436-021-01287-7. PMC 8327889. PMID 34341520.
^ a b Hashemi Taheri, Amir Pejman; Radmard, Amir Reza; Kooraki, Soheil; Behfar, Maryam; Pak, Neda; Hamidieh, Amir Ali; Ghavamzadeh, Ardeshir (September 2015). "Radiologic resolution of malignant infantile osteopetrosis skeletal changes following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Radiologic Resolution of MIOP After HSCT". Pediatric Blood & Cancer. 62 (9): 1645–1649. doi:10.1002/pbc.25524. PMID 25820806. S2CID 11287381.
^ a b El-Sobky, Tamer; El-Haddad, Alaa; Elsobky, Ezzat; Elsayed, Solaf; Sakr, Hossam (1 March 2017). "Reversal of skeletal radiographic pathology in a case of malignant infantile osteopetrosis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation". The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. 48 (1): 237–243. doi:10.1016/j.ejrnm.2016.12.013.
^ Shemesh, E; Deroma, L; Bembi, B; Deegan, P; Hollak, C; Weinreb, NJ; Cox, TM (27 March 2015). "Enzyme replacement and substrate reduction therapy for Gaucher disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (3): CD010324. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010324.pub2. PMC 8923052. PMID 25812601.
^ a b Savarirayan, Ravi; Tunkel, David E.; Sterni, Laura M.; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Goldberg, Michael J; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Irving, Melita; Kamps, Shawn E. (2021-01-05). "Best practice guidelines in managing the craniofacial aspects of skeletal dysplasia". dx.doi.org. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-61766/v2. hdl:11343/272597. PMID 33446226. Retrieved 2023-12-13.
^ a b Savarirayan, Ravi; Rossiter, Judith P.; Hoover-Fong, Julie E.; Irving, Melita; Bompadre, Viviana; Goldberg, Michael J.; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Kamps, Shawn E.; Mackenzie, William G.; Raggio, Cathleen; Spencer, Samantha S.; White, Klane K. (December 2018). "Best practice guidelines regarding prenatal evaluation and delivery of patients with skeletal dysplasia". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 219 (6): 545–562. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2018.07.017. ISSN 0002-9378. PMID 30048634.
^ a b White, Klane K.; Bompadre, Viviana; Goldberg, Michael J.; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Hoover-Fong, Julie E.; Irving, Melita; Mackenzie, William G.; Kamps, Shawn E.; Raggio, Cathleen; Redding, Gregory J.; Spencer, Samantha S.; Savarirayan, Ravi; Theroux, Mary C. (August 2017). "Best practices in peri-operative management of patients with skeletal dysplasias". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 173 (10): 2584–2595. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.38357. hdl:11343/293252. ISSN 1552-4825. PMID 28763154. S2CID 22251966.
^ a b White, Klane K.; Savarirayan, Ravi; Goldberg, Michael J.; MacKenzie, William; Bompadre, Viviana; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Parnell, Shawn E.; Raggio, Cathleen; Spencer, Samantha A.; Campbell, Jeffery W.; Rapoport, David M.; Kifle, Yemiserach; Blackledge, Marcella (2016-01-11). "Response: "Best practices in the evaluation and treatment of foramen magnum stenosis in achondroplasia during infancy" and "is there a correlation between sleep disordered breathing and foramen magnum stenosis in children with achondroplasia?"". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 170 (4): 1101–1103. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.37546. hdl:11343/290811. ISSN 1552-4825. PMID 26754314. S2CID 35361558.
^ "Publications". Skeletal Displasia Management Consortium. 27 February 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
External links
ClassificationDICD-10: Q77-Q78OMIM: 184260MeSH: D010009DiseasesDB: 34854SNOMED CT: 240190009External resourcesPatient UK: Osteochondrodysplasia
vteOsteochondrodysplasiasOsteodysplasia/osteodystrophyDiaphysis
Camurati–Engelmann disease
Metaphysis
Metaphyseal dysplasia
Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia
Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia
Epiphysis
Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita
Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia
Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia
Osteosclerosis
Raine syndrome
Osteopoikilosis
Osteopetrosis
Other/ungrouped
FLNB
Boomerang dysplasia
Opsismodysplasia
Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
McCune–Albright syndrome
Chondrodysplasia/chondrodystrophy(including dwarfism)Osteochondroma
osteochondromatosis
Hereditary multiple exostoses
Chondroma/enchondroma
enchondromatosis
Ollier disease
Maffucci syndrome
Growth factor receptorFGFR2:
Antley–Bixler syndrome
FGFR3:
Achondroplasia
Hypochondroplasia
Thanatophoric dysplasia
COL2A1 collagen disease
Achondrogenesis
type 2
Hypochondrogenesis
SLC26A2 sulfation defect
Achondrogenesis
type 1B
Autosomal recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia
Atelosteogenesis, type II
Diastrophic dysplasia
Chondrodysplasia punctata
Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata
Conradi–Hünermann syndrome
Other dwarfism
Fibrochondrogenesis
Short rib – polydactyly syndrome
Majewski's polydactyly syndrome
Léri–Weill dyschondrosteosis | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone"},{"link_name":"cartilage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"rare diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_disease"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elsobky2017-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"}],"text":"Medical conditionAn osteochondrodysplasia,[note 1] or skeletal dysplasia, is a disorder of the development of bone and cartilage.[1] Osteochondrodysplasias are rare diseases. About 1 in 5,000 babies are born with some type of skeletal dysplasia.[2] Nonetheless, if taken collectively, genetic skeletal dysplasias or osteochondrodysplasias comprise a recognizable group of genetically determined disorders with generalized skeletal affection. These disorders lead to disproportionate short stature and bone abnormalities, particularly in the arms, legs, and spine.[3] Skeletal dysplasia can result in marked functional limitation and even mortality.Osteochondrodysplasias or skeletal dysplasia subtypes can overlap in clinical aspects, therefore plain radiography is absolutely necessary to establish an accurate diagnosis.[4] Magnetic resonance imaging can provide further diagnostic insights and guide treatment strategies especially in cases of spinal involvement. As some disorders that cause skeletal dysplasia have treatments available, early diagnosis is particularly important, but may be challenging due to overlapping features and symptoms[5] that may also be common in unaffected children.","title":"Osteochondrodysplasia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"autosomal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomal"},{"link_name":"dominant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"genetic disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorder"},{"link_name":"dwarfism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17879967-7"},{"link_name":"short stature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_stature"},{"link_name":"pseudoachondroplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoachondroplasia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elsobky2017-5"}],"sub_title":"Achondroplasia","text":"Achondroplasia is a type of autosomal dominant genetic disorder that is the most common cause of dwarfism. It is also the most common type of non-lethal osteochondrodysplasia or skeletal dysplasia. The prevalence is approximately 1 in 25,000 births.[6] Achondroplastic dwarfs have short stature, with an average adult height of 131 cm (4 feet, 3 inches) for males and 123 cm (4 feet, 0 inches) for females. In achondroplasia the dwarfism is readily apparent at birth. likewise, craniofacial abnormalities in the form of macrocephaly and mid-face hypoplasia are present at birth. The previous clinical findings differentiate between achondroplasia and pseudoachondroplasia in which dwarfism is not recognizable at birth and craniofacial abnormalities are not considered a disease feature. Plain radiography plays an additional and important role in the differential diagnosis of achondroplasia.[4]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pseudoachondroplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoachondroplasia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genereviews1-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elsobky2017-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elsobky2017-5"}],"sub_title":"Pseudoachondroplasia","text":"Pseudoachondroplasia is an osteochondrodysplasia made distinctive by disproportionate short stature, hip and knee deformities, brachydactyly (short fingers) and ligamentous laxity. It affects at least 1 in 20,000 individuals. Pseudoachondroplasia is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and is caused solely by mutations in the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein COMP gene.[7] It's distinguished by a moderate to severe form of disproportionate short-limb short stature. The limb shortening is fundamentally confined to the proximal limb segments i.e., Femurs and humeri. A known presenting feature is a waddling gait, noticed at the onset of walking. A prompt diagnosis of a skeletal dysplasia in general and Pseudoachondroplasia in specific is still based upon a comprehensive clinical and radiographic correlation.[4] A detailed radiographic examination of the axial and appendicular skeleton is invaluable for the differential diagnosis of Pseudoachondroplasia. Coxa vara (reduced neck shaft angle), broad femoral necks, short femurs and humeri, and bullet-shaped vertebrae are noticeable radiographic features. Additionally, the presence of metaphyseal broadening, cupping and dense line of ossification about the knee can simulate rachitic changes. These radiographic features are collectively known as rachitic-like changes. The presence of epiphyseal changes serves as an important differentiating feature from achondroplasia.[4]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"osteogenesis imperfecta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteogenesis_imperfecta"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genereviews-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elsobky2017-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Osteogenesis imperfecta","text":"COL1A1/2-related osteogenesis imperfecta is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. The proportion of cases caused by a De novo COL1A1 or COL1A2 mutations are the cause of osteogenesis imperfecta in the vast majority of perinatally lethal osteogenesis imperfecta, and progressively deforming osteogenesis imperfecta. In classic non-deforming osteogenesis imperfecta with blue sclerae or common variable osteogenesis imperfecta with normal sclerae, nearly 60% of cases are de novo. COL1A1/2-related osteogenesis imperfecta is identified by repeated fractures with trivial trauma, defective dentinogenesis imperfecta (DI), and hearing loss. The clinical features of COL1A1/2-related osteogenesis imperfecta can be highly variable ranging from severe and lethal perinatal fractures to individuals with minimal tendency to repeated fractures and skeletal deformities and with a normal stature and life span. In between the clinical spectrum may include individuals with various degrees of disabling skeletal deformities and short stature.[8] The radiographic findings of osteogenesis imperfecta include; long bone deformations such as bowing of the tibias and femurs, pencil-like deformity and tapering of bones, cortical thinning and rarefaction, pathologic fractures at various degrees of healing, bone shortening and vertebral wedging.[4] Accordingly, COL1A1/2-related osteogenesis imperfecta has been classified into four sub-types (I, II, III, and IV) built upon the diversity of the radioclinical features.[9]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mucopolysaccharidoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidoses"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mucopolysaccharidoses-11"},{"link_name":"mucopolysaccharides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucopolysaccharide"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mucopolysaccharidoses-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Mucopolysaccharidosis","text":"Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) constitute a commonly seen group of osteochondrodysplasias. Mucopolysaccharidosis can cause a wide spectrum of clinical and radiologic manifestations ranging from mild skeletal and systemic involvement to severe life-threatening manifestations. It is caused by a contiguous gene duplication or deletion syndrome in which multiple genes are involved. All forms of MPS are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, except fir of MPS II; Hunter syndrome which is X-linked.[10] They are caused by an abnormal function of the lysosomal enzymes, which blocks degradation of mucopolysaccharides and leads to accumulation of harmful byproducts, namely, heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate.[10] The resulting cellular malfunction can lead to a diverse array of skeletal and visceral manifestations. MPS have been subcategorized according to the type of enzyme inadequacy and glycoprotein accumulated.[11]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"collarbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collarbone"},{"link_name":"cranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cranium"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"collarbones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collarbone"},{"link_name":"fontanelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontanelle"},{"link_name":"permanent teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_teeth"},{"link_name":"supernumerary teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperdontia"},{"link_name":"forehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forehead"},{"link_name":"Hypertelorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertelorism"}],"sub_title":"Cleidocranial dysostosis","text":"Cleidocranial dysostosis is a general skeletal condition named for the collarbone (cleido-) and cranium deformities which people with it often have. Common features include:[12]Partly or completely missing collarbones.\nA soft spot or larger soft area in the top of the head where the fontanelle failed to close.\nBones and joints are underdeveloped.\nThe permanent teeth include supernumerary teeth.\nPermanent teeth not erupting\nBossing (bulging) of the forehead.\nHypertelorism","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"lesions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesion"},{"link_name":"tumor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor"},{"link_name":"medullary bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary_bone"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Fibrous dysplasia","text":"Fibrous dysplasia causes bone thinning[13] and growths or lesions in one or more bones of the human body.These lesions are tumor-like growths that consist of replacement of the medullary bone with fibrous tissue, causing the expansion and weakening of the areas of bone involved. Especially when involving the skull or facial bones, the lesions can cause externally visible deformities. The skull is often, but not necessarily, affected, and any other bones can be involved.[14]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genetic disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorder"},{"link_name":"deletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_deletion"},{"link_name":"chromosomal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"skeletal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skeleton"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Langer–Giedion syndrome","text":"Langer–Giedion syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder caused by a deletion of chromosomal material. Diagnosis is usually made at birth or in early childhood. The features associated with this condition include mild to moderate learning difficulties, short stature, unique facial features, small head and skeletal abnormalities including bony growths projecting from the surfaces of bones.[15]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enchondromas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchondroma"},{"link_name":"hemangiomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemangioma"},{"link_name":"lymphangiomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphangioma"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Maffucci syndrome","text":"Maffucci syndrome is a sporadic disease characterized by the presence of multiple enchondromas associated with multiple simple or cavernous soft tissue hemangiomas. Also lymphangiomas may be apparent.[16]Patients are normal at birth and the syndrome manifests during childhood and puberty. The enchondromas affect the extremities and their distribution is asymmetrical.[17]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-titleMedcyclopaedia_-_Osteosclerosis-19"},{"link_name":"X-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray"}],"sub_title":"Osteosclerosis","text":"Osteosclerosis, an elevation in bone density,[18] is normally detected on an X-ray as an area of whiteness and is where the bone density has significantly increased.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"femur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femur"},{"link_name":"Erlenmeyer flask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlenmeyer_flask"},{"link_name":"Gaucher disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaucher_disease"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brschemi-20"},{"link_name":"Kashin–Beck disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashin%E2%80%93Beck_disease"},{"link_name":"Melnick–Needles syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melnick%E2%80%93Needles_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Ovine chondrodysplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovine_chondrodysplasia"},{"link_name":"Familial osteodysplasia, Anderson type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_osteodysplasia,_Anderson_type"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Deformity type Erlenmeyer flask gives a distal femur similar to an Erlenmeyer flask. It may result from Gaucher disease.[19]\nKashin–Beck disease\nMelnick–Needles syndrome\nOvine chondrodysplasia\nFamilial osteodysplasia, Anderson type","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The diagnosis is mainly based upon delineating the specific clinical and radiographic pattern of skeletal involvement. However, the different types of skeletal dysplasia can overlap considerably in their clinical presentation. Molecular or genetic analysis may be required to resolve diagnostic difficulties.[citation needed]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juvenile idiopathic arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_idiopathic_arthritis"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elsebaie-22"},{"link_name":"cleft palate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft_lip_and_cleft_palate"},{"link_name":"arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritis"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-23"}],"sub_title":"Differential diagnosis","text":"Juvenile idiopathic arthritis may closely resemble the clinical presentation of some osteochondrodysplasias or genetic skeletal dysplsias. In that, both conditions can present with swollen, stiff and deformed joints.[20][21]Type II collagen disorders are caused by variants in the COL2A1 gene. Type II collagen disorders can result in mild disease or severe which can cause death within weeks of birth. Infants with the severe form of the disease would be born with clear indications of the disease, such as disproportionate short stature, skeletal dysplasia, distinctive eye abnormalities, cleft palate, and others. However, infants with mild disease may only experience arthritis at birth, but may progress to more severe disease later in life. Early diagnosis can be challenging. Furthermore, type II collagenopathies have significant phenotypic overlap with conditions such as MPS. Guidelines are available to ensure healthcare professional are aware of the conditions and the symptoms of disease to support efficient diagnosis.[22]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jameson-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hashemi-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haddad-27"},{"link_name":"some of the mucopolysaccharidoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidoses"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jameson-24"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"malignant infantile osteopetrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant_infantile_osteopetrosis"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hashemi-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haddad-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-29"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-23"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-32"},{"link_name":"patients with skeletal dysplasia and caregivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.skeletaldysplasia.org/patients"}],"text":"Emerging therapies for genetic skeletal dysplasias include enzyme replacement therapy,[23] small molecule therapy,[24] hematopoietic stem cell transplantation[25][26] and gene therapy. These therapies aim at preventing disease progression and thus improving quality of life. Enzyme replacement therapies are some of the mucopolysaccharidoses[23] and Gaucher disease.[27] Results have shown effectivity of enzyme replacement therapy. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can be lifesaving for some disorders, such as with malignant infantile osteopetrosis.[25][26]Even with treatments such as enzyme replacement therapy and stem cell transplantation, people with skeletal dysplasia often require orthopedic surgery and other disease management interventions. There is a lack of information available to support these patients as most physicians may only see one or two skeletal dysplasia patients in their lifetime. Guidelines are available to support best practices for managing several areas of skeletal dysplasia, such as the craniofacial aspects of skeletal dysplasia,[28] spinal disorders,[5] diagnosis and management of type II collagen disorders,[22] pregnancy of people with skeletal dysplasia,[29] peri-operative management,[30] and foramen magnum stenosis in achondroplasia.[31] Written and video resources for patients with skeletal dysplasia and caregivers are also available.","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elsobky2017-5"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-29"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-23"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-32"}],"text":"Timely management of skeletal dysplasia is important to combat functional deterioration.[4] Due to rarity of the individual disorders that cause skeletal dysplasia, management can be challenging if a patient does not have access to a facility that has physicians who specialize in skeletal dysplasia. Guidelines have been developed for the management different aspects of skeletal dysplasia,[32] including best practices for managing craniofacial[28] and spinal manifestations,[5] diagnosis and management of type II collagen disorders,[22] pregnancy of people with skeletal dysplasia,[29] peri-operative management,[30] and foramen magnum stenosis in achondroplasia.[31]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ Etymology: from Ancient Greek ὀστέο(ν) (ostéo(n)) 'bone', χόνδρο(ς) (khóndro(s)) 'cartiledge', δυσ (dus) 'badly', and -πλασίᾱ (-plasíā) 'formed'.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Medcyclopaedia - Osteochondrodysplasia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20110526161907/http://www.medcyclopaedia.com/library/topics/volume_iii_1/o/osteochondrodysplasia.aspx"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.medcyclopaedia.com/library/topics/volume_iii_1/o/osteochondrodysplasia.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"Advances in Skeletal Dysplasia Genetics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5507692"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1146/annurev-genom-090314-045904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-genom-090314-045904"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5507692","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5507692"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25939055","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25939055"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Nosology and classification of genetic skeletal disorders: 2019 revision\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.61366"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/ajmg.a.61366","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.a.61366"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11343/286524","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/11343%2F286524"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1552-4825","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1552-4825"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"31633310","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31633310"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"204813822","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204813822"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-elsobky2017_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-elsobky2017_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-elsobky2017_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-elsobky2017_5-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-elsobky2017_5-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-elsobky2017_5-5"},{"link_name":"\"A systematized approach to radiographic assessment of commonly seen genetic bone diseases in children: A pictorial review\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4103%2Fjmsr.jmsr_28_17"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4103/jmsr.jmsr_28_17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4103%2Fjmsr.jmsr_28_17"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"79825711","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:79825711"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:3_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:3_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:3_6-2"},{"link_name":"\"Best practice guidelines for management of spinal disorders in skeletal 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Pseudoachondroplasia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1487/"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20301660","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20301660"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Genereviews_9-0"},{"link_name":"\"COL1A1/2 Osteogenesis Imperfecta\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1295/"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20301472","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20301472"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Osteogenesis Imperfecta - Children's Health 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of skeletal radiographic pathology in a case of malignant infantile osteopetrosis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejrnm.2016.12.013"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.ejrnm.2016.12.013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejrnm.2016.12.013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"Enzyme replacement and substrate reduction therapy for Gaucher 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dysplasia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajog.2018.07.017"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.ajog.2018.07.017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajog.2018.07.017"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0002-9378","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9378"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"30048634","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30048634"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:5_31-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:5_31-1"},{"link_name":"\"Best practices in peri-operative management of patients with skeletal dysplasias\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.38357"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/ajmg.a.38357","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.a.38357"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11343/293252","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/11343%2F293252"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1552-4825","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1552-4825"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"28763154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28763154"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"22251966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22251966"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:6_32-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:6_32-1"},{"link_name":"\"Response: \"Best practices in the evaluation and treatment of foramen magnum stenosis in achondroplasia during infancy\" and \"is there a correlation between sleep disordered breathing and foramen magnum stenosis in children with achondroplasia?\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.37546"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/ajmg.a.37546","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.a.37546"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11343/290811","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/11343%2F290811"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1552-4825","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1552-4825"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"26754314","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26754314"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"35361558","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35361558"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"Publications\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.skeletaldysplasia.org/publications"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ \"Medcyclopaedia - Osteochondrodysplasia\". Archived from the original on 2011-05-26.\n\n^ Geister, Krista A.; Camper, Sally A. (2015-01-01). \"Advances in Skeletal Dysplasia Genetics\". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 16 (1): 199–227. doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-090314-045904. PMC 5507692. PMID 25939055.\n\n^ Mortier, Geert R.; Cohn, Daniel H.; Cormier-Daire, Valerie; Hall, Christine; Krakow, Deborah; Mundlos, Stefan; Nishimura, Gen; Robertson, Stephen; Sangiorgi, Luca; Savarirayan, Ravi; Sillence, David; Superti-Furga, Andrea; Unger, Sheila; Warman, Matthew L. (2019-10-21). \"Nosology and classification of genetic skeletal disorders: 2019 revision\". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 179 (12): 2393–2419. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.61366. hdl:11343/286524. ISSN 1552-4825. PMID 31633310. S2CID 204813822.\n\n^ a b c d e f EL-Sobky, TA; Shawky, RM; Sakr, HM; Elsayed, SM; Elsayed, NS; Ragheb, SG; Gamal, R (15 November 2017). \"A systematized approach to radiographic assessment of commonly seen genetic bone diseases in children: A pictorial review\". J Musculoskelet Surg Res. 1 (2): 25. doi:10.4103/jmsr.jmsr_28_17. S2CID 79825711.\n\n^ a b c White, Klane; Bober, Michael B; Cho, Tae-Joon; Goldberg, Michael J; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Irving, Melita; Kamps, Shawn; Mackenzie, William G; Raggio, Cathleen (2020-02-18). \"Best practice guidelines for management of spinal disorders in skeletal dysplasia\". dx.doi.org. doi:10.21203/rs.2.23876/v1. hdl:11343/245301. PMID 32580780. Retrieved 2023-12-13.\n\n^ Wynn J, King TM, Gambello MJ, Waller DK, Hecht JT (2007). \"Mortality in achondroplasia study: A 42-year follow up\". Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 143 (21): 2502–11. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31919. PMID 17879967. S2CID 25933218.\n\n^ Briggs, MD; Wright, MJ (16 July 2015). \"COMP-Related Pseudoachondroplasia\". Pseudoachondroplasia. University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301660. Retrieved 16 April 2018.\n\n^ Steiner, RD; Adsit, J; Basel, D (14 February 2013). \"COL1A1/2 Osteogenesis Imperfecta\". COL1A1/2-Related Osteogenesis Imperfecta. University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301472. Retrieved 16 April 2018.\n\n^ \"Osteogenesis Imperfecta - Children's Health Issues\". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Retrieved 2022-11-18.\n\n^ a b \"Mucopolysaccharidoses\". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18.\n\n^ \"Mucopolysaccharidoses - Children's Health Issues\". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Retrieved 2022-11-18.\n\n^ \"Cleidocranial Dysplasia\". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18.\n\n^ \"fibrous dysplasia of bone\" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary\n\n^ \"Fibrous Dysplasia\". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18.\n\n^ Devidayal, null; Marwaha, Ram Kumar (2006-02-01). \"Langer-Giedion Syndrome\". Indian Pediatrics. 43 (2): 174–175. ISSN 0019-6061. PMID 16528117 – via PubMed.\n\n^ \"Maffucci Syndrome\". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18.\n\n^ \"Maffucci syndrome: MedlinePlus Genetics\". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-18.\n\n^ \"Medcyclopaedia - Osteosclerosis\". Retrieved 2007-12-23.\n\n^ Marks, Dawn B.; Swanson, Todd; Sandra I Kim; Marc Glucksman (2007). Biochemistry and molecular biology. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-8624-9.\n\n^ Kaya Akca, U; Simsek Kiper, PO; Urel Demir, G; Sag, E; Atalay, E; Utine, GE; Alikasifoglu, M; Boduroglu, K; Bilginer, Y; Ozen, S (April 2021). \"Genetic disorders with symptoms mimicking rheumatologic diseases: A single-center retrospective study\" (PDF). European Journal of Medical Genetics. 64 (4): 104185. doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104185. PMID 33662637. S2CID 232122235.\n\n^ Elsebaie, H; Mansour, MA; Elsayed, SM; Mahmoud, S; El-Sobky, TA (December 2021). \"Multicentric Osteolysis, Nodulosis, and Arthropathy in two unrelated children with matrix metalloproteinase 2 variants: Genetic-skeletal correlations\". Bone Reports. 15: 101106. doi:10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101106. PMC 8283316. PMID 34307793.\n\n^ a b c Savarirayan, Ravi; Bompadre, Viviana; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Goldberg, Michael J.; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Irving, Melita; Kamps, Shawn E.; Mackenzie, William G.; Raggio, Cathleen; Spencer, Samantha S.; White, Klane K. (September 2019). \"Best practice guidelines regarding diagnosis and management of patients with type II collagen disorders\". Genetics in Medicine. 21 (9): 2070–2080. doi:10.1038/s41436-019-0446-9. ISSN 1098-3600. PMID 30696995.\n\n^ a b Jameson, Elisabeth; Jones, Simon; Remmington, Tracey (18 June 2019). \"Enzyme replacement therapy with laronidase (Aldurazyme®) for treating mucopolysaccharidosis type I\". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6 (4): CD009354. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009354.pub5. PMC 6581069. PMID 31211405.\n\n^ Savarirayan, Ravi; Tofts, Louise; Irving, Melita; Wilcox, William R.; Bacino, Carlos A.; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Font, Rosendo Ullot; Harmatz, Paul; Rutsch, Frank; Bober, Michael B.; Polgreen, Lynda E.; Ginebreda, Ignacio; Mohnike, Klaus; Charrow, Joel; Hoernschemeyer, Daniel (December 2021). \"Safe and persistent growth-promoting effects of vosoritide in children with achondroplasia: 2-year results from an open-label, phase 3 extension study\". Genetics in Medicine. 23 (12): 2443–2447. doi:10.1038/s41436-021-01287-7. PMC 8327889. PMID 34341520.\n\n^ a b Hashemi Taheri, Amir Pejman; Radmard, Amir Reza; Kooraki, Soheil; Behfar, Maryam; Pak, Neda; Hamidieh, Amir Ali; Ghavamzadeh, Ardeshir (September 2015). \"Radiologic resolution of malignant infantile osteopetrosis skeletal changes following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Radiologic Resolution of MIOP After HSCT\". Pediatric Blood & Cancer. 62 (9): 1645–1649. doi:10.1002/pbc.25524. PMID 25820806. S2CID 11287381.\n\n^ a b El-Sobky, Tamer; El-Haddad, Alaa; Elsobky, Ezzat; Elsayed, Solaf; Sakr, Hossam (1 March 2017). \"Reversal of skeletal radiographic pathology in a case of malignant infantile osteopetrosis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation\". The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. 48 (1): 237–243. doi:10.1016/j.ejrnm.2016.12.013.\n\n^ Shemesh, E; Deroma, L; Bembi, B; Deegan, P; Hollak, C; Weinreb, NJ; Cox, TM (27 March 2015). \"Enzyme replacement and substrate reduction therapy for Gaucher disease\". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (3): CD010324. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010324.pub2. PMC 8923052. PMID 25812601.\n\n^ a b Savarirayan, Ravi; Tunkel, David E.; Sterni, Laura M.; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Goldberg, Michael J; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Irving, Melita; Kamps, Shawn E. (2021-01-05). \"Best practice guidelines in managing the craniofacial aspects of skeletal dysplasia\". dx.doi.org. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-61766/v2. hdl:11343/272597. PMID 33446226. Retrieved 2023-12-13.\n\n^ a b Savarirayan, Ravi; Rossiter, Judith P.; Hoover-Fong, Julie E.; Irving, Melita; Bompadre, Viviana; Goldberg, Michael J.; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Kamps, Shawn E.; Mackenzie, William G.; Raggio, Cathleen; Spencer, Samantha S.; White, Klane K. (December 2018). \"Best practice guidelines regarding prenatal evaluation and delivery of patients with skeletal dysplasia\". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 219 (6): 545–562. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2018.07.017. ISSN 0002-9378. PMID 30048634.\n\n^ a b White, Klane K.; Bompadre, Viviana; Goldberg, Michael J.; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Hoover-Fong, Julie E.; Irving, Melita; Mackenzie, William G.; Kamps, Shawn E.; Raggio, Cathleen; Redding, Gregory J.; Spencer, Samantha S.; Savarirayan, Ravi; Theroux, Mary C. (August 2017). \"Best practices in peri-operative management of patients with skeletal dysplasias\". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 173 (10): 2584–2595. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.38357. hdl:11343/293252. ISSN 1552-4825. PMID 28763154. S2CID 22251966.\n\n^ a b White, Klane K.; Savarirayan, Ravi; Goldberg, Michael J.; MacKenzie, William; Bompadre, Viviana; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Parnell, Shawn E.; Raggio, Cathleen; Spencer, Samantha A.; Campbell, Jeffery W.; Rapoport, David M.; Kifle, Yemiserach; Blackledge, Marcella (2016-01-11). \"Response: \"Best practices in the evaluation and treatment of foramen magnum stenosis in achondroplasia during infancy\" and \"is there a correlation between sleep disordered breathing and foramen magnum stenosis in children with achondroplasia?\"\". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 170 (4): 1101–1103. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.37546. hdl:11343/290811. ISSN 1552-4825. PMID 26754314. S2CID 35361558.\n\n^ \"Publications\". Skeletal Displasia Management Consortium. 27 February 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.","title":"Footnotes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Medcyclopaedia - Osteochondrodysplasia\". Archived from the original on 2011-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20110526161907/http://www.medcyclopaedia.com/library/topics/volume_iii_1/o/osteochondrodysplasia.aspx","url_text":"\"Medcyclopaedia - Osteochondrodysplasia\""},{"url":"http://www.medcyclopaedia.com/library/topics/volume_iii_1/o/osteochondrodysplasia.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Geister, Krista A.; Camper, Sally A. (2015-01-01). \"Advances in Skeletal Dysplasia Genetics\". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 16 (1): 199–227. doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-090314-045904. PMC 5507692. PMID 25939055.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5507692","url_text":"\"Advances in Skeletal Dysplasia Genetics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-genom-090314-045904","url_text":"10.1146/annurev-genom-090314-045904"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5507692","url_text":"5507692"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25939055","url_text":"25939055"}]},{"reference":"Mortier, Geert R.; Cohn, Daniel H.; Cormier-Daire, Valerie; Hall, Christine; Krakow, Deborah; Mundlos, Stefan; Nishimura, Gen; Robertson, Stephen; Sangiorgi, Luca; Savarirayan, Ravi; Sillence, David; Superti-Furga, Andrea; Unger, Sheila; Warman, Matthew L. (2019-10-21). \"Nosology and classification of genetic skeletal disorders: 2019 revision\". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 179 (12): 2393–2419. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.61366. hdl:11343/286524. ISSN 1552-4825. PMID 31633310. S2CID 204813822.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.61366","url_text":"\"Nosology and classification of genetic skeletal disorders: 2019 revision\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.a.61366","url_text":"10.1002/ajmg.a.61366"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11343%2F286524","url_text":"11343/286524"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1552-4825","url_text":"1552-4825"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31633310","url_text":"31633310"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204813822","url_text":"204813822"}]},{"reference":"EL-Sobky, TA; Shawky, RM; Sakr, HM; Elsayed, SM; Elsayed, NS; Ragheb, SG; Gamal, R (15 November 2017). \"A systematized approach to radiographic assessment of commonly seen genetic bone diseases in children: A pictorial review\". J Musculoskelet Surg Res. 1 (2): 25. doi:10.4103/jmsr.jmsr_28_17. S2CID 79825711.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjmsr.jmsr_28_17","url_text":"\"A systematized approach to radiographic assessment of commonly seen genetic bone diseases in children: A pictorial review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjmsr.jmsr_28_17","url_text":"10.4103/jmsr.jmsr_28_17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:79825711","url_text":"79825711"}]},{"reference":"White, Klane; Bober, Michael B; Cho, Tae-Joon; Goldberg, Michael J; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Irving, Melita; Kamps, Shawn; Mackenzie, William G; Raggio, Cathleen (2020-02-18). \"Best practice guidelines for management of spinal disorders in skeletal dysplasia\". dx.doi.org. doi:10.21203/rs.2.23876/v1. hdl:11343/245301. PMID 32580780. Retrieved 2023-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.23876/v1","url_text":"\"Best practice guidelines for management of spinal disorders in skeletal dysplasia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.21203%2Frs.2.23876%2Fv1","url_text":"10.21203/rs.2.23876/v1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11343%2F245301","url_text":"11343/245301"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32580780","url_text":"32580780"}]},{"reference":"Wynn J, King TM, Gambello MJ, Waller DK, Hecht JT (2007). \"Mortality in achondroplasia study: A 42-year follow up\". Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 143 (21): 2502–11. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31919. PMID 17879967. S2CID 25933218.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.a.31919","url_text":"10.1002/ajmg.a.31919"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17879967","url_text":"17879967"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25933218","url_text":"25933218"}]},{"reference":"Briggs, MD; Wright, MJ (16 July 2015). \"COMP-Related Pseudoachondroplasia\". Pseudoachondroplasia. University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301660. Retrieved 16 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1487/","url_text":"\"COMP-Related Pseudoachondroplasia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20301660","url_text":"20301660"}]},{"reference":"Steiner, RD; Adsit, J; Basel, D (14 February 2013). \"COL1A1/2 Osteogenesis Imperfecta\". COL1A1/2-Related Osteogenesis Imperfecta. University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301472. Retrieved 16 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1295/","url_text":"\"COL1A1/2 Osteogenesis Imperfecta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20301472","url_text":"20301472"}]},{"reference":"\"Osteogenesis Imperfecta - Children's Health Issues\". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Retrieved 2022-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/connective-tissue-disorders-in-children/osteogenesis-imperfecta","url_text":"\"Osteogenesis Imperfecta - Children's Health Issues\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mucopolysaccharidoses\". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/mucopolysaccharidoses/","url_text":"\"Mucopolysaccharidoses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mucopolysaccharidoses - Children's Health Issues\". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Retrieved 2022-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/hereditary-metabolic-disorders/mucopolysaccharidoses?query=Mucopolysaccharidosis","url_text":"\"Mucopolysaccharidoses - Children's Health Issues\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cleidocranial Dysplasia\". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/cleidocranial-dysplasia/","url_text":"\"Cleidocranial Dysplasia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fibrous Dysplasia\". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/fibrous-dysplasia/","url_text":"\"Fibrous Dysplasia\""}]},{"reference":"Devidayal, null; Marwaha, Ram Kumar (2006-02-01). \"Langer-Giedion Syndrome\". Indian Pediatrics. 43 (2): 174–175. ISSN 0019-6061. PMID 16528117 – via PubMed.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16528117/","url_text":"\"Langer-Giedion Syndrome\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0019-6061","url_text":"0019-6061"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16528117","url_text":"16528117"}]},{"reference":"\"Maffucci Syndrome\". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/maffucci-syndrome/","url_text":"\"Maffucci Syndrome\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maffucci syndrome: MedlinePlus Genetics\". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/maffucci-syndrome/","url_text":"\"Maffucci syndrome: MedlinePlus Genetics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Medcyclopaedia - Osteosclerosis\". Retrieved 2007-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.medcyclopaedia.com/library/topics/volume_iii_1/o/osteosclerosis.aspx","url_text":"\"Medcyclopaedia - Osteosclerosis\""}]},{"reference":"Marks, Dawn B.; Swanson, Todd; Sandra I Kim; Marc Glucksman (2007). Biochemistry and molecular biology. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-8624-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/biochemistrymole0000swan_f9p0","url_text":"Biochemistry and molecular biology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-8624-9","url_text":"978-0-7817-8624-9"}]},{"reference":"Kaya Akca, U; Simsek Kiper, PO; Urel Demir, G; Sag, E; Atalay, E; Utine, GE; Alikasifoglu, M; Boduroglu, K; Bilginer, Y; Ozen, S (April 2021). \"Genetic disorders with symptoms mimicking rheumatologic diseases: A single-center retrospective study\" (PDF). European Journal of Medical Genetics. 64 (4): 104185. doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104185. PMID 33662637. 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PMID 30048634.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajog.2018.07.017","url_text":"\"Best practice guidelines regarding prenatal evaluation and delivery of patients with skeletal dysplasia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajog.2018.07.017","url_text":"10.1016/j.ajog.2018.07.017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9378","url_text":"0002-9378"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30048634","url_text":"30048634"}]},{"reference":"White, Klane K.; Bompadre, Viviana; Goldberg, Michael J.; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Hoover-Fong, Julie E.; Irving, Melita; Mackenzie, William G.; Kamps, Shawn E.; Raggio, Cathleen; Redding, Gregory J.; Spencer, Samantha S.; Savarirayan, Ravi; Theroux, Mary C. 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S2CID 22251966.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.38357","url_text":"\"Best practices in peri-operative management of patients with skeletal dysplasias\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.a.38357","url_text":"10.1002/ajmg.a.38357"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11343%2F293252","url_text":"11343/293252"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1552-4825","url_text":"1552-4825"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28763154","url_text":"28763154"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22251966","url_text":"22251966"}]},{"reference":"White, Klane K.; Savarirayan, Ravi; Goldberg, Michael J.; MacKenzie, William; Bompadre, Viviana; Bober, Michael B.; Cho, Tae-Joon; Hoover-Fong, Julie; Parnell, Shawn E.; Raggio, Cathleen; Spencer, Samantha A.; Campbell, Jeffery W.; Rapoport, David M.; Kifle, Yemiserach; Blackledge, Marcella (2016-01-11). \"Response: \"Best practices in the evaluation and treatment of foramen magnum stenosis in achondroplasia during infancy\" and \"is there a correlation between sleep disordered breathing and foramen magnum stenosis in children with achondroplasia?\"\". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 170 (4): 1101–1103. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.37546. hdl:11343/290811. ISSN 1552-4825. PMID 26754314. S2CID 35361558.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.37546","url_text":"\"Response: \"Best practices in the evaluation and treatment of foramen magnum stenosis in achondroplasia during infancy\" and \"is there a correlation between sleep disordered breathing and foramen magnum stenosis in children with achondroplasia?\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.a.37546","url_text":"10.1002/ajmg.a.37546"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11343%2F290811","url_text":"11343/290811"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1552-4825","url_text":"1552-4825"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26754314","url_text":"26754314"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35361558","url_text":"35361558"}]},{"reference":"\"Publications\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match_fishing | Coarse fishing | ["1 Bait","2 Licences and fees","3 Tackle and technique","4 Target species","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"] | Type of freshwater angling in the United Kingdom and Ireland
An angler's catch of coarse fish—painting by Dean Wolstenholme, circa 1850
Coarse fishing (Irish: garbhiascaireacht, Welsh: pysgota bras) is a phrase commonly used in Britain and Ireland. It refers to the angling for rough fish, which are fish species considered undesirable as food or game fish. Freshwater game fish are all salmonids, particularly salmon, trout and char. Generally, coarse fish are freshwater fish that are not salmonids, though there is often disagreement over whether grayling should be classified as a game fish or a coarse fish.
Fly fishing is the technique usually used for freshwater game fishing, while other angling techniques are usually used for coarse fishing. The sport of coarse fishing and its techniques are particularly popular in the United Kingdom and mainland Europe, as well as in some former British Commonwealth countries and among British expatriates.
The distinction between coarse fish and game fish, terms that developed in the United Kingdom in the early 19th century, has no taxonomic basis Before that time, recreational fishing was a sport of the gentry, who angled for salmon and trout and called them "game fish". There was a view that other fish did not make as good eating, and they were disdained as coarse fish. Coarse fish have scales that are generally larger than the scales of game fish, and tend to inhabit warmer and stiller waters.
Bait
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Coarse fish usually have coarser scales than game fish Common carp, a typical coarse fishFerox trout, a typical game fish
When fishing on rivers for game fish (i.e., brown, rainbow, brook and sea trout, salmon and in some cases grayling), artificial flies, small spinners and lures are a popular choice for many game anglers due their ability to mimic prey items, (such as small invertebrates), on the surface and top layers of the water, enticing the fish into feeding.
Both floating and sinking flies and lures can be used to fish either on the surface or in the upper layers of the water. Usually, in the summer months, a spinner or fly manoeuvre across the surface will bring about a take from a fish due to the tendency of fish to move into the warmest part of the water, the surface and first layer—about 18 inches (46 centimetres)—of water below. When fishing a river for coarse fish species, such as chub, barbel, roach, dace and bream, the favourite hook baits tend to be maggot (white, red, and bronze), caster (maggot chrysalis), worm, cheese, pellets (halibut, trout, and carp), boilies (round boiled baits typically made with fish meal, milk, and soya) and luncheon meat.
Loose feed can be any of the above baits with a particle bait, sometimes in the form of hemp seed or a manufactured fishmeal ground bait.
For most species, hook baits will work. When targeting more specific species, such as specimen carps, baits such as boilies, large pellets, large bunches of maggots, floating baits, large lungworm, tiger nuts, and meat chunks from cat food can work well. Micro pellets softened along with ground bait can be fed alongside all hook baits.
Predatory fish such as pike, zander, perch, and eels can be caught using either dead or live bait, typically in the form of a small fish such as a live roach. However, it is worth noting that some fishing venues prohibit the use of live bait.
Spinning, the use of an artificial lure, is also used for predators.
Licences and fees
Coarse fishing lake
For all anglers in England and Wales, anyone aged 17 and over must purchase a valid rod licence before fishing. Children under 13 do not need a licence, and children aged 13–16 must get a free junior licence. This will enable anglers to legally fish in England and Wales for non migratory trout and coarse fish.
A single rod licence will enable an angler to fish with up to three rods at any one time.
Most commercial fisheries and some rivers are operated on a day ticket basis. In the UK, these can range in price. They are usually paid on the bank with a representative of the venue collecting the fees from anglers from the peg (fishing spot) at some time during the day, or prior to commencing fishing. In some cases, season tickets can be purchased.
Some lakes and river stretches are operated by angling clubs which charge annual membership fees. Application forms can be available from local tackle shops or angling club websites. Fishing venues can be operated by syndicates, usually by invitation. They can sometimes be joined by contacting a senior member of the syndicate.
Tackle and technique
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The most common types of tackle is the rod and reel, the rod being typically between 8 and 13 feet (2.4–4.0 m) long, and manufactured of tubular carbon fibres or splits of Tonkin bamboo. A reel is then attached near the base of the rod to hold a long length of line, which is run to the tip of the rod through eyelets. Once cast out, the line can be retrieved by winding a handle on the reel.
However, the use of "poles" is also widespread. Here, the line is fixed to the very tip of the rod, with no reel used: in order to retrieve the line, the pole itself is taken apart until the line can be swung to hand. Poles are often very long in order to increase the angler's range—up to 52 feet (16 m).
The main techniques used are float fishing, bottom fishing (legering) and lure fishing.
In float fishing, the bait is suspended beneath a float made of hollow plastic, wood or quill. The top of the float is usually painted a bright colour and bites are indicated by the top of the float dipping under the surface of the water, or moving up in the water.
Legering does not use floats. Instead the bait is held on the bottom of the lake or river by a sinker or large weight. Bites are detected by watching the quiver tip of the rod for movement, or with the use of electronic bite alarms, and more advanced tackle such as PVA bags or mesh.
With lure fishing, either a brightly coloured fishing lure or a small baitfish attached to the hook is towed through the water to attract predatory fish such as pike, zander and perch.
Fly fishing techniques may also be used for certain species, such as grayling or chub.
For float and leger fishing, groundbait is usually thrown into the water to attract fish to the area. Typical baits include nightcrawlers, maggots, bread and sweet corn. Lately, advancements in technology and market competitiveness have led to many types of other ingredients being introduced, including chemicals, such as betaine, that stimulate the feeding response in fish. Boilies are popular baits for carp fishing.
Target species
The main target species for this type of angling include:
Name
Scientific name
Image
Variants
Barbel
Barbus barbus
Bream
Abramis brama
Common carp
Cyprinus carpio
Grass, Common, Crucian, Leather , Mirror
Chub
Squalius cephalus
Dace
Leuciscus leuciscus
Ide
Leuciscus idus
Perch
Perca fluviatilis
Pike
Esox lucius
Roach
Rutilus rutilus
Rudd
Scardinius erythrophthalmus
Tench
Tinca tinca
Wels catfish
Silurus glanis
Zander
Sander lucioperca
Less targeted species include:
Bullhead (Cottus gobio)
Eel (Anguilla anguilla)
Gobio gobio (gudgeon)
Common minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus)
Powan (Coregonus clupeoides)
Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernua)
Three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
See also
Rough fish
Bycatch
Notes
^ "Pysgotfa - Eisteddfa Fisheries - Criccieth -". www.eisteddfa-fisheries.com. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
^ Component Specification NFQ Level 6 Coarse Angling 6N0640 www.qqi.ie, accessed 10 September 2021
^ Beattie, Rob (2012-03-22). Fishing, A Very Peculiar History. Andrews UK Limited. ISBN 978-1-908759-85-6.
^ Larry (2015-08-13). "What is Fly Fishing?". Blue Ridge Mountain Life. Retrieved 2022-08-24.
^ a b c Bob McDowall. Coarse fish - Cyprinids – goldfish, carp and others, Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Updated 14 November 2012.
^ Lowerson
^ "The Fishing Museum Online - Game or Coarse?". www.fishingmuseum.org.uk. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
^ "Best Freshwater Fishing Lures". takemefishing.org. November 22, 2023. Retrieved November 22, 2023.
^ a b "Buy a rod fishing licence - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
References
Cholmondeley-Pennell, Henry (1893) Fishing: Pike and other coarse fish 5th edition, revised. Longmans, Green.
Cooper, Dave (2004). "First Class Fishing". Fishing Magic.
Lowerson, John (1993). Sport and the English middle classes, 1870–1914. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-3777-8.
Tranter, Neil (1998). Sport, Economy and Society in Britain 1750–1914. Page 101. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-57217-7.
Further reading
Bailey, John (2008). Where to Coarse Fish in Britain and Ireland. New Holland Publishers Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84537-934-6.
Marston, Robert Bright (1883) Coarse Fish Culture Clowes and Sons, Limited.
Partner, Steve (2007). Coarse Fishing Basics. ISBN 978-0-7537-1586-4.
External links
Coarse fishing at Curlie
Carp and Coarse Fishing Baits
UK Coarse Fisheries
Fishing for fun
Henfold Lakes: Coarse Fishery Pictures from Surrey, England
Anglers net: Coarse fishing articles
Coarse fishing venues on google maps. Angling Social Networking Archived 2008-10-11 at the Wayback Machine
Some basic information on choosing coarse fishing tackle a.k.a. carp fishing tackle
Have questions about coarse fishing Coarse fishing questions
Beginners guide to coarse fishing Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
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Freshwater game fish are all salmonids, particularly salmon, trout and char. Generally, coarse fish are freshwater fish that are not salmonids, though there is often disagreement over whether grayling should be classified as a game fish or a coarse fish.[3]Fly fishing is the technique usually used for freshwater game fishing, while other angling techniques are usually used for coarse fishing.[4] The sport of coarse fishing and its techniques are particularly popular in the United Kingdom and mainland Europe, as well as in some former British Commonwealth countries and among British expatriates.The distinction between coarse fish and game fish, terms that developed in the United Kingdom in the early 19th century, has no taxonomic basis [5] Before that time, recreational fishing was a sport of the gentry, who angled for salmon and trout and called them \"game fish\". There was a view that other fish did not make as good eating, and they were disdained as coarse fish.[6][7] Coarse fish have scales that are generally larger than the scales of game fish,[5] and tend to inhabit warmer and stiller waters.","title":"Coarse fishing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDowallTeAro-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyprinus_carpio.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Common carp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_carp"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salmo_ferox.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ferox trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferox_trout"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"boilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilie"},{"link_name":"soya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean"},{"link_name":"luncheon meat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luncheon_meat"},{"link_name":"maggots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggot"},{"link_name":"lungworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungworm"}],"text":"Coarse fish usually have coarser scales than game fish [5]Common carp, a typical coarse fishFerox trout, a typical game fishWhen fishing on rivers for game fish (i.e., brown, rainbow, brook and sea trout, salmon and in some cases grayling), artificial flies, small spinners and lures are a popular choice for many game anglers due their ability to mimic prey items, (such as small invertebrates), on the surface and top layers of the water, enticing the fish into feeding.[8]Both floating and sinking flies and lures can be used to fish either on the surface or in the upper layers of the water. Usually, in the summer months, a spinner or fly manoeuvre across the surface will bring about a take from a fish due to the tendency of fish to move into the warmest part of the water, the surface and first layer—about 18 inches (46 centimetres)—of water below. When fishing a river for coarse fish species, such as chub, barbel, roach, dace and bream, the favourite hook baits tend to be maggot (white, red, and bronze), caster (maggot chrysalis), worm, cheese, pellets (halibut, trout, and carp), boilies (round boiled baits typically made with fish meal, milk, and soya) and luncheon meat.Loose feed can be any of the above baits with a particle bait, sometimes in the form of hemp seed or a manufactured fishmeal ground bait.For most species, hook baits will work. When targeting more specific species, such as specimen carps, baits such as boilies, large pellets, large bunches of maggots, floating baits, large lungworm, tiger nuts, and meat chunks from cat food can work well. Micro pellets softened along with ground bait can be fed alongside all hook baits.Predatory fish such as pike, zander, perch, and eels can be caught using either dead or live bait, typically in the form of a small fish such as a live roach. However, it is worth noting that some fishing venues prohibit the use of live bait.Spinning, the use of an artificial lure, is also used for predators.","title":"Bait"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coarse_fishing_water_at_Burton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_481208.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"}],"text":"Coarse fishing lakeFor all anglers in England and Wales, anyone aged 17 and over must purchase a valid rod licence before fishing. Children under 13 do not need a licence, and children aged 13–16 must get a free junior licence.[9] This will enable anglers to legally fish in England and Wales for non migratory trout and coarse fish.A single rod licence will enable an angler to fish with up to three[9] rods at any one time.Most commercial fisheries and some rivers are operated on a day ticket basis. In the UK, these can range in price. They are usually paid on the bank with a representative of the venue collecting the fees from anglers from the peg (fishing spot) at some time during the day, or prior to commencing fishing. In some cases, season tickets can be purchased.Some lakes and river stretches are operated by angling clubs which charge annual membership fees. Application forms can be available from local tackle shops or angling club websites. Fishing venues can be operated by syndicates, usually by invitation. They can sometimes be joined by contacting a senior member of the syndicate.","title":"Licences and fees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tubular carbon fibres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fibers"},{"link_name":"float fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Float_fishing"},{"link_name":"bottom fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_fishing"},{"link_name":"lure fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_lure"},{"link_name":"sinker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinker_(fishing)"},{"link_name":"quiver tip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiver_tip"},{"link_name":"PVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_alcohol"},{"link_name":"fishing lure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_lure"},{"link_name":"baitfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baitfish"},{"link_name":"predatory fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_fish"},{"link_name":"pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esox"},{"link_name":"zander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zander"},{"link_name":"perch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perch"},{"link_name":"Fly fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_fishing"},{"link_name":"chub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_chub"},{"link_name":"groundbait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundbait"},{"link_name":"nightcrawlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm"},{"link_name":"maggots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggot"},{"link_name":"bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread"},{"link_name":"sweet corn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"betaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betaine"},{"link_name":"Boilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilie"}],"text":"The most common types of tackle is the rod and reel, the rod being typically between 8 and 13 feet (2.4–4.0 m) long, and manufactured of tubular carbon fibres or splits of Tonkin bamboo. A reel is then attached near the base of the rod to hold a long length of line, which is run to the tip of the rod through eyelets. Once cast out, the line can be retrieved by winding a handle on the reel.However, the use of \"poles\" is also widespread. Here, the line is fixed to the very tip of the rod, with no reel used: in order to retrieve the line, the pole itself is taken apart until the line can be swung to hand. Poles are often very long in order to increase the angler's range—up to 52 feet (16 m).The main techniques used are float fishing, bottom fishing (legering) and lure fishing.In float fishing, the bait is suspended beneath a float made of hollow plastic, wood or quill. The top of the float is usually painted a bright colour and bites are indicated by the top of the float dipping under the surface of the water, or moving up in the water.\nLegering does not use floats. Instead the bait is held on the bottom of the lake or river by a sinker or large weight. Bites are detected by watching the quiver tip of the rod for movement, or with the use of electronic bite alarms, and more advanced tackle such as PVA bags or mesh.\nWith lure fishing, either a brightly coloured fishing lure or a small baitfish attached to the hook is towed through the water to attract predatory fish such as pike, zander and perch.Fly fishing techniques may also be used for certain species, such as grayling or chub.For float and leger fishing, groundbait is usually thrown into the water to attract fish to the area. Typical baits include nightcrawlers, maggots, bread and sweet corn. Lately, advancements in technology and market competitiveness have led to many types of other ingredients being introduced, including chemicals, such as betaine, that stimulate the feeding response in fish. Boilies are popular baits for carp fishing.","title":"Tackle and technique"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bullhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_bullhead"},{"link_name":"Eel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_eel"},{"link_name":"Gobio gobio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobio_gobio"},{"link_name":"Common minnow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_minnow"},{"link_name":"Powan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powan"},{"link_name":"Ruffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruffe"},{"link_name":"Three-spined stickleback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-spined_stickleback"}],"text":"The main target species for this type of angling include:Less targeted species include:Bullhead (Cottus gobio)\nEel (Anguilla anguilla)\nGobio gobio (gudgeon)\nCommon minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus)\nPowan (Coregonus clupeoides)\nRuffe (Gymnocephalus cernua)\nThree-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)","title":"Target species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Pysgotfa - Eisteddfa Fisheries - Criccieth -\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eisteddfa-fisheries.com/cymraeg/pysgota/bras/index.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Component Specification NFQ Level 6 Coarse Angling 6N0640","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.qqi.ie/sites/docs/AwardsLibraryPdf/6N0640_AwardSpecifications_English.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Fishing, A Very Peculiar History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Qe67BAAAQBAJ&dq=origin+of+the+term+%22coarse+fish%22&pg=PT20"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-908759-85-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908759-85-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"What is Fly Fishing?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//blueridgemountainlife.com/what-is-fly-fishing/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McDowallTeAro_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McDowallTeAro_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McDowallTeAro_5-2"},{"link_name":"Coarse fish - Cyprinids – goldfish, carp and others","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/photograph/15668/coarse-and-fine-scales"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"The Fishing Museum Online - Game or Coarse?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fishingmuseum.org.uk/game_and_coarse.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Best Freshwater Fishing Lures\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.takemefishing.org/freshwater-fishing/freshwater-bait-and-lures/freshwater-lures/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_9-1"},{"link_name":"\"Buy a rod fishing licence - GOV.UK\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gov.uk/fishing-licences"}],"text":"^ \"Pysgotfa - Eisteddfa Fisheries - Criccieth -\". www.eisteddfa-fisheries.com. Retrieved 10 September 2021.\n\n^ Component Specification NFQ Level 6 Coarse Angling 6N0640 www.qqi.ie, accessed 10 September 2021\n\n^ Beattie, Rob (2012-03-22). Fishing, A Very Peculiar History. Andrews UK Limited. ISBN 978-1-908759-85-6.\n\n^ Larry (2015-08-13). \"What is Fly Fishing?\". Blue Ridge Mountain Life. Retrieved 2022-08-24.\n\n^ a b c Bob McDowall. Coarse fish - Cyprinids – goldfish, carp and others, Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Updated 14 November 2012.\n\n^ Lowerson[page needed]\n\n^ \"The Fishing Museum Online - Game or Coarse?\". www.fishingmuseum.org.uk. Retrieved 2023-11-14.\n\n^ \"Best Freshwater Fishing Lures\". takemefishing.org. November 22, 2023. Retrieved November 22, 2023.\n\n^ a b \"Buy a rod fishing licence - GOV.UK\". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 2018-04-17.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84537-934-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84537-934-6"},{"link_name":"Coarse Fish Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=NN81AAAAMAAJ&q=%22Coarse+Fish+Culture%22"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7537-1586-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7537-1586-4"}],"text":"Bailey, John (2008). Where to Coarse Fish in Britain and Ireland. New Holland Publishers Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84537-934-6.\nMarston, Robert Bright (1883) Coarse Fish Culture Clowes and Sons, Limited.\nPartner, Steve (2007). Coarse Fishing Basics. ISBN 978-0-7537-1586-4.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"An angler's catch of coarse fish—painting by Dean Wolstenholme, circa 1850","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Dean_Wolstenholme_-_An_Angler%27s_Catch_of_Coarse_Fish_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Dean_Wolstenholme_-_An_Angler%27s_Catch_of_Coarse_Fish_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coarse fishing lake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Coarse_fishing_water_at_Burton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_481208.jpg/220px-Coarse_fishing_water_at_Burton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_481208.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Rough fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_fish"},{"title":"Bycatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bycatch"}] | [{"reference":"\"Pysgotfa - Eisteddfa Fisheries - Criccieth -\". www.eisteddfa-fisheries.com. Retrieved 10 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eisteddfa-fisheries.com/cymraeg/pysgota/bras/index.php","url_text":"\"Pysgotfa - Eisteddfa Fisheries - Criccieth -\""}]},{"reference":"Beattie, Rob (2012-03-22). Fishing, A Very Peculiar History. Andrews UK Limited. ISBN 978-1-908759-85-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Qe67BAAAQBAJ&dq=origin+of+the+term+%22coarse+fish%22&pg=PT20","url_text":"Fishing, A Very Peculiar History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908759-85-6","url_text":"978-1-908759-85-6"}]},{"reference":"Larry (2015-08-13). \"What is Fly Fishing?\". Blue Ridge Mountain Life. Retrieved 2022-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://blueridgemountainlife.com/what-is-fly-fishing/","url_text":"\"What is Fly Fishing?\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Fishing Museum Online - Game or Coarse?\". www.fishingmuseum.org.uk. Retrieved 2023-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fishingmuseum.org.uk/game_and_coarse.html","url_text":"\"The Fishing Museum Online - Game or Coarse?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best Freshwater Fishing Lures\". takemefishing.org. November 22, 2023. Retrieved November 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.takemefishing.org/freshwater-fishing/freshwater-bait-and-lures/freshwater-lures/","url_text":"\"Best Freshwater Fishing Lures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buy a rod fishing licence - GOV.UK\". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 2018-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/fishing-licences","url_text":"\"Buy a rod fishing licence - GOV.UK\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.eisteddfa-fisheries.com/cymraeg/pysgota/bras/index.php","external_links_name":"\"Pysgotfa - Eisteddfa Fisheries - Criccieth -\""},{"Link":"https://www.qqi.ie/sites/docs/AwardsLibraryPdf/6N0640_AwardSpecifications_English.pdf","external_links_name":"Component Specification NFQ Level 6 Coarse Angling 6N0640"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Qe67BAAAQBAJ&dq=origin+of+the+term+%22coarse+fish%22&pg=PT20","external_links_name":"Fishing, A Very Peculiar History"},{"Link":"https://blueridgemountainlife.com/what-is-fly-fishing/","external_links_name":"\"What is Fly Fishing?\""},{"Link":"http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/15668/coarse-and-fine-scales","external_links_name":"Coarse fish - Cyprinids – goldfish, carp and others"},{"Link":"http://www.fishingmuseum.org.uk/game_and_coarse.html","external_links_name":"\"The Fishing Museum Online - Game or Coarse?\""},{"Link":"https://www.takemefishing.org/freshwater-fishing/freshwater-bait-and-lures/freshwater-lures/","external_links_name":"\"Best Freshwater Fishing Lures\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/fishing-licences","external_links_name":"\"Buy a rod fishing licence - GOV.UK\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vMcaAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Fishing%3A+Pike+and+other+coarse+fish.%22","external_links_name":"Fishing: Pike and other coarse fish"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080509122007/http://www.fishingmagic.com/news/article/mps/UAN/2914/V/3","external_links_name":"\"First Class Fishing\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NN81AAAAMAAJ&q=%22Coarse+Fish+Culture%22","external_links_name":"Coarse Fish Culture"},{"Link":"https://curlie.org/Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/Recreation_and_Sports/Sports/Country_Sports/Fishing/Coarse_Fishing/","external_links_name":"Coarse fishing"},{"Link":"https://premiumcarpfishing.com/collections","external_links_name":"Carp and Coarse Fishing Baits"},{"Link":"https://uk-fisheries.co.uk/","external_links_name":"UK Coarse Fisheries"},{"Link":"http://www.fishing4fun.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Fishing for fun"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100601004056/http://www.henfoldlakesleisure.co.uk/hengal/albums.php","external_links_name":"Coarse Fishery Pictures from Surrey, England"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080705132907/http://www.anglersnet.co.uk/Coarse-Fishing-Articles/index.1.html","external_links_name":"Coarse fishing articles"},{"Link":"http://www.prebait.com/","external_links_name":"Coarse fishing venues on google maps. Angling Social Networking"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081011150617/http://www.prebait.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110201154443/http://carp-fishing-tackle-and-enthusiast.com/","external_links_name":"coarse fishing tackle a.k.a. carp fishing tackle"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155708/http://www.fishingquestions.co.uk/coarse-fishing","external_links_name":"Coarse fishing questions"},{"Link":"http://hcfishing.com/documents/beginners_fishing_guide.html","external_links_name":"Beginners guide to coarse fishing"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402105256/http://hcfishing.com/documents/beginners_fishing_guide.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_Jews | History of the Jews in Belarus | ["1 Early history","2 Increasing prosperity and the great charter (1320–1432)","2.1 The Charter of 1388","3 Jagiellon rule","3.1 Expulsion of the Jews in 1495 and return in 1503","3.2 The Act of 1566","4 Effect of the Cossacks' Uprising in Belarus","5 Jewish culture in Belarus","5.1 Items from the Responsa","6 Belarusian Jews under the Russian Empire","7 After the October Revolution","8 World War II","9 Late 20th century to modern days","10 See also","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links"] | Aspect of Jewish history
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Ethnic group
Belarusian Jewsיהודי בלארוסБеларускія габрэіThe location of Belarus (green) in EuropeRegions with significant populations Belarus13,705 (2019) - 70,000 (2014) Israel78,859 Belarusian immigrants to Israel (in the years 1989-2013)LanguagesHebrew, Russian, Yiddish, Polish and BelarusianReligionJudaism, AtheismRelated ethnic groupsJews, Ashkenazi Jews, Sephardi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, Russian Jews, Ukrainian Jews, Lithuanian Jews, Polish Jews, Belarusians
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The history of the Jews in Belarus begins as early as the 8th century. Jews lived in all parts of the lands of modern Belarus. In 1897, the Jewish population of Belarus reached 910,900, or 14.2% of the total population. Following the Polish-Soviet War (1919-1920), under the terms of the Treaty of Riga, Belarus was split into Eastern Belorussia (under Soviet occupation) and Western Belorussia (under Polish occupation), and causing 350,000-450,000 of the Jews to be governed by Poland. Prior to World War II, Jews were the third largest ethnic group in Belarus and comprised more than 40% of the urban population. The population of cities such as Minsk, Pinsk, Mogilev, Babruysk, Vitebsk, and Gomel was more than 50% Jewish. In 1926 and 1939 there were between 375,000 and 407,000 Jews in Belarus (Eastern Belorussia) or 6.7-8.2% of the total population. Following the Soviet annexation of Eastern Poland in 1939, including Western Belorussia, Belarus would again have 1,175,000 Jews within its borders, including 275,000 Jews from Poland, Ukraine, and elsewhere. It is estimated 800,000 of 900,000 — 90% of the Jews of Belarus —were killed during the Holocaust. According to the 2019 Belarusian census, there were 13,705 self-identifying Jews in Belarus, of which most are of Ashkenazi origin. However, the Israeli embassy in Belarus claims to know about 30-50 thousand Belarusians with Jewish descent (as of 2017).
Early history
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Throughout several centuries the lands of modern Belarus and the Republic of Lithuania were both parts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Therefore, the history of Belarusian Jews is closely related to the history of Jews in Lithuania and historically they could be seen as a subset of Lithuanian Jews.
As early as the 8th century Jews lived in parts of the lands of modern Belarus. Beginning with that period they conducted the trade between Ruthenia, Lithuania, and the Baltic, especially with Danzig, Julin (Vineta or Wollin, in Pomerania), and other cities on the Vistula, Oder, and Elbe.
The origin of Belarusian Jews has been the subject of much speculation. It is believed that they were made up of two distinct streams of Jewish immigration. The older and significantly smaller of the two entered the territory that would later become the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the east. These early immigrants spoke Judeo-Slavic dialects which distinguished them from the later Jewish immigrants who entered the region from the Germanic lands.
While the origin of these eastern Jews is not certain, historical evidence places Jewish refugees from Babylonia, Palestine, the Byzantine Empire and other Jewish refugees and settlers in the lands between the Baltic and Black Seas that would become part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The later and much larger stream of immigration originated in the 12th century and received an impetus from the persecution of the German Jews by the Crusaders. The traditional language of the vast majority of Lithuanian Jews, Yiddish, is based largely upon the Medieval German and Hebrew spoken by the western Germanic Jewish immigrants.
The peculiar conditions that prevailed in Belarus compelled the first Jewish settlers to adopt a different mode of life from that followed by their western ethnic brethren. At that time there were no cities in the western sense of the word in Belarus, no Magdeburg Rights or close guilds at that time.
Increasing prosperity and the great charter (1320–1432)
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With the campaign of Gediminas and his subjection of Kiev and Volhynia (1320–1321) the Jewish inhabitants of these territories were induced to spread throughout the northern provinces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The probable importance of the southern Jews in the development of Belarus and Lithuania is indicated by their numerical prominence in Volhynia in the 13th century. According to an annalist who describes the funeral of the grand duke Vladimir Vasilkovich in the city of Vladimir (Volhynia), "the Jews wept at his funeral as at the fall of Jerusalem, or when being led into the Babylonian captivity." This sympathy and the record thereof would seem to indicate that long before the event in question the Jews had enjoyed considerable prosperity and influence, and this gave them a certain standing under the new régime. They took an active part in the development of the new cities under the tolerant rule of duke Gediminas.
Little is known of the fortunes of the Belarusian Jews during the troublous times that followed the death of Gediminas and the accession of his grandson Vitaut (1341). To the latter, the Jews owed a charter of privileges which was momentous in the subsequent history of the Jews of Belarus and Lithuania. The documents granting privileges first to the Jews of Brest (July 1, 1388) and later to those of Hrodna, Troki (1389), Lutsk, Vladimir, and other large towns are the earliest documents to recognize the Jews of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as possessing a distinct organization.
The gathering together of the scattered Jewish settlers in sufficient numbers and with enough power to form such an organization and to obtain privileges from their Lithuanian rulers implies the lapse of considerable time. The Jews who dwelt in smaller towns and villages were not in need of such privileges at this time, and the mode of life, as Abraham Harkavy suggests, "the comparative poverty, and the ignorance of Jewish learning among the Lithuanian Jews retarded their intercommunal organization." But powerful forces hastened this organization toward the close of the 14th century. The chief of these was probably the cooperation of the Jews of Poland with their brethren in the GDL. After the death of Casimir III (1370), the condition of the Polish Jews changed for the worse. The influence of the Roman Catholic clergy at the Polish court grew; Louis of Anjou was indifferent to the welfare of his subjects, and his eagerness to convert the Jews to Christianity, together with the increased Jewish immigration from Germany, caused the Polish Jews to become apprehensive for their future.
The Charter of 1388
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On this account it seems more than likely that influential Polish Jews cooperated with the leading Belarusian and Lithuanian communities in securing a special charter from Vitaut (Witold). The preamble of the charter reads as follows:
In the name of God, Amen. All deeds of men, when they are not made known by the testimony of witnesses or in writing, pass away and vanish and are forgotten. Therefore, we, Alexander, also called Vitovt, by the grace of God Grand Duke of Lithuania and ruler of Brest, Dorogicz, Lutsk, Vladimir, and other places, make known by this charter to the present and future generations, or to whomever it may concern to know or hear of it, that, after due deliberation with our nobles we have decided to grant to all the Jews living in our domains the rights and liberties mentioned in the following charter.
The charter itself was modeled upon similar documents granted by Casimir the Great, and earlier by Boleslaw of Kalisz, to the Jews in Poland in 1084. Under the charter, the Jews of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania formed a class of freemen subject in all criminal cases directly to the jurisdiction of the grand duke and his official representatives, and in petty suits to the jurisdiction of local officials on an equal footing with the lesser nobles (szlachta), boyars, and other free citizens. The official representatives of the grand duke were the elder (starosta), known as the "Jewish judge" (judex Judæorum), and his deputy. The Jewish judge decided all cases between Christians and Jews and all criminal suits in which Jews were concerned; in civil suits, however, he acted only on the application of the interested parties. Either party who failed to obey the judge's summons had to pay him a fine. To him also belonged all fines collected from Jews for minor offenses. His duties included the guardianship of the persons, property, and freedom of worship of the Jews. He had no right to summon any one to his court except upon the complaint of an interested party. In matters of religion the Jews were given extensive autonomy.
Under these equitable laws the Jews of Belarus and Lithuania reached a degree of prosperity unknown to their Polish and German co-religionists at that time. The communities of Brest, Hrodna, Minsk, Troki and Lutsk rapidly grew in wealth and influence. Every community had at its head a Jewish elder. These elders represented the communities in all external relations, in securing new privileges, and in the regulation of taxes. Such officials are not, however, referred to by the title "elder" before the end of the 16th century. Up to that time the documents merely state, for instance, that the "Jews of Brest humbly apply," etc. On assuming office the elders declared under oath that they would discharge the duties of the position faithfully, and would relinquish the office at the expiration of the appointed term. The elder acted in conjunction with the rabbi, whose jurisdiction included all Jewish affairs with the exception of judicial cases assigned to the court of the deputy, and by the latter to the king. In religious affairs, however, an appeal from the decision of the rabbi and the elder was permitted only to a council consisting of the chief rabbis of the king's cities. The cantor, sexton, and shochet were subject to the orders of the rabbi and elder.
The goodwill and tolerance of Vitaut endeared him to his Jewish subjects, and for a long time traditions concerning his generosity and nobility of character were current among them. His cousin, the king of Poland Jagiello, did not interfere with his administration during Vitaut's lifetime.
Jagiellon rule
In 1569 Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were united. It was generally a time of prosperity and relative safety for the Jews of both countries (with the exception of the Chmielnicki Uprising in the 17th century). However, a few events, such as the expulsion of the Jews from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania between 1495 and 1503 occurred just within the Grand Duchy.
Expulsion of the Jews in 1495 and return in 1503
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Casimir was succeeded as king of Poland by his son John Albert, and on the Lithuanian throne by his younger son, Alexander Jagellon. The latter confirmed the charter of privileges granted to the Jews by his predecessors, and even gave them additional rights. His father's Jewish creditors received part of the sums due to them, the rest being withheld under various pretexts. The attitude toward the Jews which had characterized the Lithuanian rulers for generations was unexpectedly and radically changed by a decree promulgated by Alexander in April, 1495. By this decree all Jews living in Lithuania proper and the adjacent territories were summarily ordered to leave the country.
The expulsion was evidently not accompanied by the usual cruelties; for there was no popular animosity toward the Jews, and the decree was regarded as an act of mere willfulness on the part of an absolute ruler. Some of the nobility, however, approved Alexander's decree, expecting to profit by the departure of their Jewish creditors, as is indicated by numerous lawsuits on the return of the exiles to Lithuania in 1503. It is known from the Hebrew sources that some of the exiles migrated to the Crimea, and that by far the greater number settled in Poland, where, by permission of King John Albert, they established themselves in the towns situated near the boundary of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This permission, given at first for a period of two years, was extended "because of the extreme poverty of the Jews on account of the great losses sustained by them." The extension, which applied to all the towns of the kingdom, accorded the enjoyment of all the liberties that had been granted to their Polish brethren (Kraków, June 29, 1498). The expelled Karaites settled in the Polish town of Ratno.
The causes of the unexpected expulsion were probably many, including religious reasons, the need to fill a depleted treasury by confiscating the Jews' money, personal animosity, and other causes.
Soon after Alexander's accession to the throne of Poland he permitted the Jewish exiles to return to Lithuania. Beginning in March, 1503, as is shown by documents still extant, their houses, lands, synagogues, and cemeteries were returned to them, and permission was granted them to collect their old debts. The new charter of privileges permitted them to live throughout Lithuania as before. The return of the Jews and their attempt to regain their old possessions led to many difficulties and lawsuits. Alexander found it necessary to issue an additional decree (April, 1503), directing his vice-regent to enforce the law. In spite of this some of the property was not recovered by the Jews for years.
The Act of 1566
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The middle of the 16th century witnessed a growing antagonism between the lesser nobility and the Jews. Their relations became strained, and the enmity of the Christians began to disturb the life of the Litvak Jews. The anti-Jewish feeling, due at first to economic causes engendered by competition, was fostered by the clergy, who were then engaged in a crusade against "heretics," notably the Lutherans, Calvinists, and Jews. The Reformation, which had spread from Germany, tended to weaken the allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church. Frequent instances occurred of the marriage of Catholic women to Jews, Turks, or Tatars. The Bishop of Wilno (Vilnius) complained to Sigismund August (Dec., 1548) of the frequency of such mixed marriages and of the education of the offspring in their fathers' faiths. The szlachta also saw in the Jews dangerous competitors in commercial and financial undertakings. In their dealings with the agricultural classes the lords preferred the Jews as middlemen, thus creating a feeling of injury on the part of the szlachta. The exemption of the Jews from military service and the power and wealth of the Jewish tax-farmers intensified the resentment of the szlachta. Members of the nobility attempted to compete with the Jews as leaseholders of customs revenues, but were never successful. Since the Jews lived in the towns and on the lands of the king, the nobility could not wield any authority over them nor derive profit from them. They had not even the right to settle Jews on their estates without the permission of the king; but, on the other hand, they were often annoyed by the erection on their estates of the tollhouses of the Jewish tax-collectors.
Hence when the strategic moment arrived, the Lithuanian nobility endeavored to secure greater power over the Jews. At the Diet of Vilna in 1551 the nobility urged the imposition of a special polltax of one ducat per head, and the Volhynian nobles demanded that the Jewish tax-collectors be forbidden to erect tollhouses or place guards at the taverns on their estates.
The opposition to the Jews was finally crystallized and found definite expression in the repressive Lithuanian statute of 1566, when the nobles of Belarus and Lithuania were first allowed to take part in the national legislation. Paragraph Twelve of this statute contains the following articles:
"The Jews shall not wear costly clothing, nor gold chains, nor shall their wives wear gold or silver ornaments. The Jews shall not have silver mountings on their sabers and daggers; they shall be distinguished by characteristic clothes; they shall wear yellow caps, and their wives kerchiefs of yellow linen, in order that all may be enabled to distinguish Jews from Christians."
Other restrictions of a similar nature are contained in the same paragraph. However, the king checked the desire of the nobility to modify essentially the old charters of the Jews.
Effect of the Cossacks' Uprising in Belarus
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Further information: Khmelnytsky Uprising § Jews
The fury of the 1648–1657 Cossack rebellion in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth destroyed the organization of the Jewish communities in Belarus. The survivors who returned to their old homes in the latter half of the 17th century were practically destitute. John Casimir (1648–1668) sought to ameliorate their condition by granting various concessions to the Jewish communities of Lithuania. Attempts to return to the old order in the communal organization were not wanting, as is evident from contemporary documents. Thus in 1672, Jewish elders from various towns and villages in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania secured a charter from King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki (1669–1673), decreeing "that on account of the increasing number of Jews guilty of offenses against the Szlachta and other Christians, which result in the enmity of the Christians toward the Jews, and because of the inability of the Jewish elders to punish such offenders, who are protected by the lords, the king permits the kahals to summon the criminals before the Jewish courts for punishment and exclusion from the community when necessary." The efforts to resurrect the old power of the kahals were not successful.
Jewish culture in Belarus
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The founding of the yeshivas in Belarus was due to the Lithuanian-Polish Jews who studied in the west, and to the German Jews who migrated about that time to Belarus, Lithuania and Poland. Very little is known of these early yeshivas. No mention is made of them or of prominent Lithuanian rabbis in Jewish writings until the 16th century. The first known rabbinical authority and head of a yeshiva was Isaac Bezaleel of Vladimir, Volhynia, who was already an old man when Solomon Luria went to Ostrog in the fourth decade of the 16th century. Another rabbinical authority, Kalman Haberkaster, rabbi of Ostrog and predecessor of Luria, died in 1559. Occasional references to the yeshiva of Brest are found in the writings of the contemporary rabbis Solomon Luria (d. 1585), Moses Isserles (d. 1572), and David Gans (d. 1589), who speak of its activity. Of the yeshiva of Ostrog and Vladimir in Volhynia it is known that they were in a flourishing condition at the middle of the 16th century, and that their heads vied with one another in Talmudic scholarship. Mention is also made by Gans of the head of the Kremenetz yeshiva, Isaac Cohen (d. 1573), of whom but little is known otherwise.
Volozhin yeshivaAt the time of the Lublin Union, Solomon Luria was rabbi of Ostrog, and was regarded as one of the greatest Talmudic authorities in Poland and the GDL. In 1568 King Sigismund ordered that the suits between Isaac Borodavka and Mendel Isakovich, who were partners in the farming of certain customs taxes in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, be carried for decision to Rabbi Solomon Luria and two auxiliary rabbis from Pinsk and Tiktin.
The far-reaching authority of the leading rabbis of Poland and Lithuania, and their wide knowledge of practical life, are apparent from numerous decisions cited in the responsa. They were always the champions of justice and morality. In the Eitan ha-Ezrachi (Ostrog, 1796) of Abraham Rapoport (known also as Abraham Schrenzel; d. 1650), Rabbi Meïr Sack is cited as follows: "I emphatically protest against the custom of our communal leaders of purchasing the freedom of Jewish criminals. Such a policy encourages crime among our people. I am especially troubled by the fact that, thanks to the clergy, such criminals may escape punishment by adopting Christianity. Mistaken piety impels our leaders to bribe the officials, in order to prevent such conversions. We should endeavor to deprive criminals of opportunities to escape justice." The same sentiment was expressed in the 16th century by Maharam Lublin (Responsa, § 138). Another instance, cited by Katz from the same responsa, likewise shows that Jewish criminals invoked the aid of priests against the authority of Jewish courts by promising to become converts to Christianity.
Building of a synagogue in Slonim, origin of the Slonim Hasidic dynastyThe decisions of the Polish-Lithuanian rabbis are frequently marked by breadth of view also, as is instanced by a decision of Joel Sirkes (Bayis Hadash, § 127) to the effect that Jews may employ in their religious services the melodies used in Christian churches, "since music is neither Jewish nor Christian, and is governed by universal laws."
Decisions by Luria, Meïr Katz, and Mordecai Jaffe show that the rabbis were acquainted with the Russian language and its philology. Jaffe, for instance, in a divorce case where the spelling of the woman's name as Lupka or Lubka was in question, decided that the word is correctly spelled with a "b," and not with a "p," since the origin of the name was the Russian verb lubit = "to love," and not lupit = "to beat" (Levush ha-Butz we-Argaman, § 129). Meïr Katz (Geburat Anashim, § 1) explains that the name of Brest-Litovsk is written in divorce cases "Brest" and not "Brisk," "because the majority of the Lithuanian Jews use the Russian language." It is not so with Brisk, in the district of Kujawa, the name of that town being always spelled "Brisk." Katz (a German) at the conclusion of his responsum expresses the hope that when Lithuania shall have become more enlightened, the people will speak one language only—German—and that also Brest-Litovsk will be written "Brisk."
Items from the Responsa
The responsa shed an interesting light also on the life of the Lithuanian Jews and on their relations to their Christian neighbors. Benjamin Slonik states in his Mas'at Binyamin (end of sixteenth and beginning of 17th century) that "the Christians borrow clothes and jewelry from the Jews when they go to church." Joel Sirkis (l.c. § 79) relates that a Christian woman came to the rabbi and expressed her regret at having been unable to save the Jew Shlioma from drowning. A number of Christians had looked on indifferently while the drowning Jew was struggling in the water. They were upbraided and beaten severely by the priest, who appeared a few minutes later, for having failed to rescue the Jew.
Solomon Luria gives an account (Responsa, § 20) of a quarrel that occurred in a Lithuanian community concerning a cantor whom some of the members wished to dismiss. The synagogue was closed in order to prevent him from exercising his functions, and religious services were thus discontinued for several days. The matter was thereupon carried to the local lord, who ordered the reopening of the building, saying that the house of God might not be closed, and that the cantor's claims should be decided by the learned rabbis of Lithuania. Joseph Katz mentions (She'erit Yosef, § 70) a Jewish community which was forbidden by the local authorities to kill cattle and to sell meat—an occupation which provided a livelihood for a large portion of the Lithuanian Jews. For the period of a year following this prohibition the Jewish community was on several occasions assessed at the rate of three gulden per head of cattle in order to furnish funds with which to induce the officials to grant a hearing of the case. The Jews finally reached an agreement with the town magistrates under which they were to pay forty gulden annually for the right to slaughter cattle. According to Hillel ben Naphtali Herz (Bet Hillel, Yoreh De'ah, § 157), Naphtali says the Jews of Vilna had been compelled to uncover when taking an oath in court, but later purchased from the tribunal the privilege to swear with covered head, a practise subsequently made unnecessary by a decision of one of their rabbis to the effect that an oath might be taken with uncovered head.
The responsa of Meir Lublin show (§ 40) that the Lithuanian communities frequently aided the German and the Austrian Jews. On the expulsion of the Jews from Silesia, when the Jewish inhabitants of Silz had the privilege of remaining on condition that they would pay the sum of 2,000 gulden, the Lithuanian communities contributed one-fifth of the amount.
Belarusian Jews under the Russian Empire
See also: Jewish Polish history during the 19th century and History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet Union
Historical Belarusian Jewish populationYearPop.±%1926407,069— 1939375,092−7.9%1959150,090−60.0%1970148,027−1.4%1979135,539−8.4%1989112,031−17.3%199927,798−75.2%200912,926−53.5%201913,705+6.0%Source:
Yivoencyclopedia.org
Demoscope.ru
Jewishdatabank.org
AJCarchives.org
Pop-stat.mashke.org
The Jewish population data includes Mountain Jews, Georgian Jews, Bukharan Jews (or Central Asian Jews), Krymchaks (all per the 1959 Soviet census), and Tats.
2019 Belarus Census
The Pale of Settlement, c. 1905.
Upon annexation of Belarusian lands, Russian czars included the territory into the so-called Pale of Settlement, a western border region of Imperial Russia in which the permanent residence of Jews was allowed. Though comprising only 20% of the territory of European Russia, the Pale corresponded to the historical borders of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and included much of present-day Belarus, Republic of Lithuania, Poland, Moldova, Ukraine, and parts of western Russia.
By the end of the 19th century, many Belarusian Jews were part of the general flight of Jews from Eastern Europe to the New World due to conflicts and pogroms engulfing the Russian Empire and the anti-Semitism of the Russian czars. Millions of Jews, including tens of thousands of Jews from Belarus, emigrated to the United States of America and South Africa. A small number also emigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine.
After the October Revolution
Jewish political organizations, including the General Jewish Labour Bund, participated in the creation of the Belarusian People's Republic in 1918.
During the first years of Soviet power in Belarus, in the 1920s, Yiddish was an official language in East Belarus along with Belarusian, Polish and Russian. Yakov Gamarnik, a Ukrainian Jew, was First Secretary of the Communist Party of Belorussia (i.e. the de facto head of state) from December 1928 to October 1929. However, the Soviet policy later turned against the Jews (see Stalin's antisemitism).
World War II
Main article: Holocaust in Belarus
Atrocities against the Jewish population in the German-conquered areas began almost immediately, with the dispatch of Einsatzgruppen (task groups) to round up Jews and shoot them. Local anti-semites were encouraged to carry out their own pogroms. By the end of 1941, there were more than 5,000 troops devoted to rounding up and killing Jews. The gradual industrialization of killing led to adoption of the Final Solution and the establishment of the Operation Reinhard extermination camps: the machinery of the Holocaust. Of the Soviet Jews who were killed in the Holocaust, 246,000 Jews were Belarusian: some 66% of the total number of Belarusian Jews.
Late 20th century to modern days
See also: Belarus-Israel relations
Jewish population in Belarus (official census data)
Silver coin of Belarus, 10 rubles, 2010, 925, diam. 33 mm, revers, Volozhin yeshiva
Silver coin of Belarus, 10 rubles, 2010, 925, diam. 33 mm, avers, "Judaism"
In 1968, several thousand Jewish youths were arrested for Zionist activity. In the second half of the 20th century, there was a large wave of Belarusian Jews immigrating to Israel (see Aliyah from the Soviet Union in the 1970s), as well as to the United States. In 1979, there were 135,400 Jews in Belarus; a decade later, 112,000 were left. The collapse of the Soviet Union and Belarusian independence saw most of the community, along with the majority of the former Soviet Union's Jewish population, leave for Israel (see Russian immigration to Israel in the 1990s).
The 1999 census estimated that there were only 27,798 Jews left in the country, which further declined to 12,926 in 2009 and marginally rose to 13,705 in 2019, although oddly in that year, 10,269 men but only 3,436 women identified as Jewish. However, local Jewish organizations put the number at 50,000 in 2006. About half of the country's Jews live in Minsk. National Jewish organizations, local cultural groups, religious schools, charitable organizations, and organizations for war veterans and Holocaust survivors have been formed.
Since the mass immigration of the 1990s, there has been some continuous immigration to Israel. In 2002, 974 Belarusians moved to Israel, and between 2003 and 2005, 4,854 followed suit.
In October 2007, Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko, known for his authoritarian rule, was accused of making antisemitic comments; addressing the "miserable state of the city of Babruysk" on a live broadcast on state radio, he stated: "This is a Jewish city, and the Jews are not concerned for the place they live in. They have turned Babruysk into a pigsty. Look at Israel — I was there and saw it myself... I call on Jews who have money to come back to Babruysk." Members of the US House of Representatives sent a letter to the Belarusian ambassador to the US, Mikhail Khvostov, addressing Lukashenko's comments with a strong request to retract them, and the comments also caused a negative reaction from Israel. From having made up about half of the city's population in 1939, in 1999 there were only about 1,000 Jews left in Babruysk.
Following the Belarusian protests in 2020 and 2021, Jewish immigration from Belarus increased by 69 percent.
After Belarus joined the Russo-Ukrainian war in 2022, Jewish immigration from Belarus increased by 229 percent.
See also
Judaism portalBelarus portal
List of Belarusian Jews
Timeline of Jewish history in Lithuania and Belarus
History of the Jews in Poland
Lithuanian Jews
History of the Jews during World War II
Gavriil of Belostok, case of blood libel in Belarusian lands
Hasidic Judaism
Belarus–Israel relations
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^ "Year book" (PDF). www.ajcarchives.org. 2002. Retrieved 2019-07-29.
^ "Ethnic composition of Belarus 2009". Pop-stat.mashke.org. Retrieved 2012-12-22.
^ YIVO | Population and Migration: Population since World War I. Yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved on 2013-04-14.
^ 2019 Belarus Census
^ a b c d "Belarus: Virtual Jewish History Tour". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 1991-04-25. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
^ "The Jewish Community of Minsk". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
^ Census data cited in: Zeltser, Arkadi (July 15, 2010). "Belarus." YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Retrieved 2016-06-07.
^ Friedman, Alexander (2009). "Jews in Belarus." In: Mark Avrum Ehrlich (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture. Volume 1: Themes and Phenomena of the Jewish Diaspora. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 946-953; here: p. 952.
^ "Belarus president attacks Jews - Israel News, Ynetnews". 2007-10-20. Archived from the original on 2007-10-20. Retrieved 2023-08-02.
^ "Jewish Heritage Research Group in Belarus". 2018-10-02. Archived from the original on 2018-10-02. Retrieved 2023-08-02.
^ "Aliyah to Israel Increased by 31% in 2021 | The Jewish Agency". www.jewishagency.org. Retrieved 2023-08-02.
^ "2023 sees 434% increase in aliyah from the former Soviet Union". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 2023-08-02.
Further reading
Adamushko, Vladimir I.; Committee for Archives and Records Management (July 2002). Committee for Archives and Records Management, Republic of Belarus = Комитет по архивам и делопроизводству (PDF) (in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–4.
Batrakova, Karina P.; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno (November 2001). National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno (PDF). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2.
Batrakova, Karina Petrovna; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno (2002). National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Гродно (PDF) (in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2.
Golubovich, Alla; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk (November 2001). National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Mинск (PDF) (in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2.
Golubovich, Alla K.; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk (2002). Sources for the Genealogy of Belorussian Jews (PDF). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–3.
Yunina, Larisa Ivanova; Grodno Oblast State Archives (2002). Grodno Oblast State Archives (PDF). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2.
Rybchonok, Sergey A. (2002). Jewish Census in the Russian Empire and General Compulsory Military Service. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation.
Wexler, Paul (1973). "Jewish, Tatar and Karaite communal dialects and their Importance for Byelorussian Historical Linguistics". The Journal of Byelorussian Studies. III (1): 41–54. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
External links
(in Belarusian) Андрэй Шуман. Ашкеназскія габрэі як адзін з карэнных народаў Беларусі (Andrew Schumann. Ashkenazi Jews as one of the indigenous people of Belarus)
(in Russian) Иудейская Беларусь: из прошлого в настоящее, Interview with Jakau Hutman (Yakov Gutman) chairman of the World Association of Belarusian Jewry; English Translation
Union of Belarusian expatriates to Israel
Antisemitism in Twenty-First Century Europe
Belarusian Cemetery Index
Holocaust of the Soviet Jewry
A Demographic Profile of the Jews in Belorussia, 1939–1959
Shtetlinks
Brit Hadasha - Messianic Jewish Congregation in Minsk.
Jewish Outreach in Belarus. Travel Services and Record Searches
Chabad-Lubavitch Centers in Belarus
Recollections of Those Rescued by the Bielski Partisans and Survived the Holocaust from Lida, Belarus Lida Memorial Society Homepage Stories and Pictures
Jewish Belarus
Belarus SIG at JewishGen
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Svalbard | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Polish-Soviet War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Riga"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk"},{"link_name":"Pinsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinsk"},{"link_name":"Mogilev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogilev"},{"link_name":"Babruysk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babruysk"},{"link_name":"Vitebsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitebsk"},{"link_name":"Gomel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomel"},{"link_name":"Soviet annexation of Eastern Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2019 Belarusian census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Belarusian_census"},{"link_name":"Ashkenazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Ethnic groupThe history of the Jews in Belarus begins as early as the 8th century. Jews lived in all parts of the lands of modern Belarus. In 1897, the Jewish population of Belarus reached 910,900, or 14.2% of the total population.[3] Following the Polish-Soviet War (1919-1920), under the terms of the Treaty of Riga, Belarus was split into Eastern Belorussia (under Soviet occupation) and Western Belorussia (under Polish occupation), [4] and causing 350,000-450,000 of the Jews to be governed by Poland.[5] Prior to World War II, Jews were the third largest ethnic group in Belarus and comprised more than 40% of the urban population. The population of cities such as Minsk, Pinsk, Mogilev, Babruysk, Vitebsk, and Gomel was more than 50% Jewish. In 1926 and 1939 there were between 375,000 and 407,000 Jews in Belarus (Eastern Belorussia) or 6.7-8.2% of the total population. Following the Soviet annexation of Eastern Poland in 1939, including Western Belorussia, Belarus would again have 1,175,000 Jews within its borders, including 275,000 Jews from Poland, Ukraine, and elsewhere. It is estimated 800,000 of 900,000 — 90% of the Jews of Belarus —were killed during the Holocaust.[6][7][8] According to the 2019 Belarusian census, there were 13,705 self-identifying Jews in Belarus, of which most are of Ashkenazi origin.[9][10] However, the Israeli embassy in Belarus claims to know about 30-50 thousand Belarusians with Jewish descent (as of 2017).[11]","title":"History of the Jews in Belarus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"history of Jews in Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews"},{"link_name":"Ruthenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenia"},{"link_name":"Baltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_region"},{"link_name":"Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig"},{"link_name":"Julin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolin_(town)"},{"link_name":"Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Vistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula"},{"link_name":"Oder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder"},{"link_name":"Elbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"German Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Jews"},{"link_name":"Crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Crusades"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg_Rights"},{"link_name":"guilds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Throughout several centuries the lands of modern Belarus and the Republic of Lithuania were both parts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Therefore, the history of Belarusian Jews is closely related to the history of Jews in Lithuania and historically they could be seen as a subset of Lithuanian Jews.As early as the 8th century Jews lived in parts of the lands of modern Belarus. Beginning with that period they conducted the trade between Ruthenia, Lithuania, and the Baltic, especially with Danzig, Julin (Vineta or Wollin, in Pomerania), and other cities on the Vistula, Oder, and Elbe.[citation needed]The origin of Belarusian Jews has been the subject of much speculation. It is believed that they were made up of two distinct streams of Jewish immigration. The older and significantly smaller of the two entered the territory that would later become the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the east. These early immigrants spoke Judeo-Slavic dialects which distinguished them from the later Jewish immigrants who entered the region from the Germanic lands.[citation needed]While the origin of these eastern Jews is not certain, historical evidence places Jewish refugees from Babylonia, Palestine, the Byzantine Empire and other Jewish refugees and settlers in the lands between the Baltic and Black Seas that would become part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The later and much larger stream of immigration originated in the 12th century and received an impetus from the persecution of the German Jews by the Crusaders. The traditional language of the vast majority of Lithuanian Jews, Yiddish, is based largely upon the Medieval German and Hebrew spoken by the western Germanic Jewish immigrants.[12]The peculiar conditions that prevailed in Belarus compelled the first Jewish settlers to adopt a different mode of life from that followed by their western ethnic brethren. At that time there were no cities in the western sense of the word in Belarus, no Magdeburg Rights or close guilds at that time. [citation needed]","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gediminas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gediminas"},{"link_name":"Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev"},{"link_name":"Volhynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volhynia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Vasilkovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Vasilkovich"},{"link_name":"Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr-Volynskyi"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Babylonian captivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivity"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Vitaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaut"},{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_Belarus"},{"link_name":"Hrodna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna"},{"link_name":"Troki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troki"},{"link_name":"Lutsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutsk"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Abraham Harkavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Harkavy"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Casimir III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_III_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Louis of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"With the campaign of Gediminas and his subjection of Kiev and Volhynia (1320–1321) the Jewish inhabitants of these territories were induced to spread throughout the northern provinces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The probable importance of the southern Jews in the development of Belarus and Lithuania is indicated by their numerical prominence in Volhynia in the 13th century. According to an annalist who describes the funeral of the grand duke Vladimir Vasilkovich in the city of Vladimir (Volhynia), \"the Jews wept at his funeral as at the fall of Jerusalem, or when being led into the Babylonian captivity.\"[13] This sympathy and the record thereof would seem to indicate that long before the event in question the Jews had enjoyed considerable prosperity and influence, and this gave them a certain standing under the new régime. They took an active part in the development of the new cities under the tolerant rule of duke Gediminas.Little is known of the fortunes of the Belarusian Jews during the troublous times that followed the death of Gediminas and the accession of his grandson Vitaut (1341). To the latter, the Jews owed a charter of privileges which was momentous in the subsequent history of the Jews of Belarus and Lithuania. The documents granting privileges first to the Jews of Brest (July 1, 1388) and later to those of Hrodna, Troki (1389), Lutsk, Vladimir, and other large towns are the earliest documents to recognize the Jews of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as possessing a distinct organization.[citation needed]The gathering together of the scattered Jewish settlers in sufficient numbers and with enough power to form such an organization and to obtain privileges from their Lithuanian rulers implies the lapse of considerable time. The Jews who dwelt in smaller towns and villages were not in need of such privileges at this time, and the mode of life, as Abraham Harkavy suggests, \"the comparative poverty, and the ignorance of Jewish learning among the Lithuanian Jews retarded their intercommunal organization.\" But powerful forces hastened this organization toward the close of the 14th century. The chief of these was probably the cooperation of the Jews of Poland with their brethren in the GDL. After the death of Casimir III (1370), the condition of the Polish Jews changed for the worse. The influence of the Roman Catholic clergy at the Polish court grew; Louis of Anjou was indifferent to the welfare of his subjects, and his eagerness to convert the Jews to Christianity, together with the increased Jewish immigration from Germany, caused the Polish Jews to become apprehensive for their future.[citation needed]","title":"Increasing prosperity and the great charter (1320–1432)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vitaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaut"},{"link_name":"Boleslaw of Kalisz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boleslaw_of_Kalisz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jews in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"szlachta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlachta"},{"link_name":"boyars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyar"},{"link_name":"Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk"},{"link_name":"shochet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shochet"},{"link_name":"Jagiello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiello"}],"sub_title":"The Charter of 1388","text":"On this account it seems more than likely that influential Polish Jews cooperated with the leading Belarusian and Lithuanian communities in securing a special charter from Vitaut (Witold). The preamble of the charter reads as follows:In the name of God, Amen. All deeds of men, when they are not made known by the testimony of witnesses or in writing, pass away and vanish and are forgotten. Therefore, we, Alexander, also called Vitovt, by the grace of God Grand Duke of Lithuania and ruler of Brest, Dorogicz, Lutsk, Vladimir, and other places, make known by this charter to the present and future generations, or to whomever it may concern to know or hear of it, that, after due deliberation with our nobles we have decided to grant to all the Jews living in our domains the rights and liberties mentioned in the following charter.The charter itself was modeled upon similar documents granted by Casimir the Great, and earlier by Boleslaw of Kalisz, to the Jews in Poland in 1084. Under the charter, the Jews of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania formed a class of freemen subject in all criminal cases directly to the jurisdiction of the grand duke and his official representatives, and in petty suits to the jurisdiction of local officials on an equal footing with the lesser nobles (szlachta), boyars, and other free citizens. The official representatives of the grand duke were the elder (starosta), known as the \"Jewish judge\" (judex Judæorum), and his deputy. The Jewish judge decided all cases between Christians and Jews and all criminal suits in which Jews were concerned; in civil suits, however, he acted only on the application of the interested parties. Either party who failed to obey the judge's summons had to pay him a fine. To him also belonged all fines collected from Jews for minor offenses. His duties included the guardianship of the persons, property, and freedom of worship of the Jews. He had no right to summon any one to his court except upon the complaint of an interested party. In matters of religion the Jews were given extensive autonomy.Under these equitable laws the Jews of Belarus and Lithuania reached a degree of prosperity unknown to their Polish and German co-religionists at that time. The communities of Brest, Hrodna, Minsk, Troki and Lutsk rapidly grew in wealth and influence. Every community had at its head a Jewish elder. These elders represented the communities in all external relations, in securing new privileges, and in the regulation of taxes. Such officials are not, however, referred to by the title \"elder\" before the end of the 16th century. Up to that time the documents merely state, for instance, that the \"Jews of Brest humbly apply,\" etc. On assuming office the elders declared under oath that they would discharge the duties of the position faithfully, and would relinquish the office at the expiration of the appointed term. The elder acted in conjunction with the rabbi, whose jurisdiction included all Jewish affairs with the exception of judicial cases assigned to the court of the deputy, and by the latter to the king. In religious affairs, however, an appeal from the decision of the rabbi and the elder was permitted only to a council consisting of the chief rabbis of the king's cities. The cantor, sexton, and shochet were subject to the orders of the rabbi and elder.The goodwill and tolerance of Vitaut endeared him to his Jewish subjects, and for a long time traditions concerning his generosity and nobility of character were current among them. His cousin, the king of Poland Jagiello, did not interfere with his administration during Vitaut's lifetime.","title":"Increasing prosperity and the great charter (1320–1432)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chmielnicki Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chmielnicki_Uprising"}],"text":"In 1569 Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were united. It was generally a time of prosperity and relative safety for the Jews of both countries (with the exception of the Chmielnicki Uprising in the 17th century). However, a few events, such as the expulsion of the Jews from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania between 1495 and 1503 occurred just within the Grand Duchy.","title":"Jagiellon rule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lithuania proper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania_proper"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Karaites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaite_(Jewish_sect)"},{"link_name":"Ratno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratno"},{"link_name":"synagogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"}],"sub_title":"Expulsion of the Jews in 1495 and return in 1503","text":"Casimir was succeeded as king of Poland by his son John Albert, and on the Lithuanian throne by his younger son, Alexander Jagellon. The latter confirmed the charter of privileges granted to the Jews by his predecessors, and even gave them additional rights. His father's Jewish creditors received part of the sums due to them, the rest being withheld under various pretexts. The attitude toward the Jews which had characterized the Lithuanian rulers for generations was unexpectedly and radically changed by a decree promulgated by Alexander in April, 1495. By this decree all Jews living in Lithuania proper and the adjacent territories were summarily ordered to leave the country.The expulsion was evidently not accompanied by the usual cruelties; for there was no popular animosity toward the Jews, and the decree was regarded as an act of mere willfulness on the part of an absolute ruler. Some of the nobility, however, approved Alexander's decree, expecting to profit by the departure of their Jewish creditors, as is indicated by numerous lawsuits on the return of the exiles to Lithuania in 1503. It is known from the Hebrew sources that some of the exiles migrated to the Crimea, and that by far the greater number settled in Poland, where, by permission of King John Albert, they established themselves in the towns situated near the boundary of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This permission, given at first for a period of two years, was extended \"because of the extreme poverty of the Jews on account of the great losses sustained by them.\" The extension, which applied to all the towns of the kingdom, accorded the enjoyment of all the liberties that had been granted to their Polish brethren (Kraków, June 29, 1498). The expelled Karaites settled in the Polish town of Ratno.The causes of the unexpected expulsion were probably many, including religious reasons, the need to fill a depleted treasury by confiscating the Jews' money, personal animosity, and other causes.Soon after Alexander's accession to the throne of Poland he permitted the Jewish exiles to return to Lithuania. Beginning in March, 1503, as is shown by documents still extant, their houses, lands, synagogues, and cemeteries were returned to them, and permission was granted them to collect their old debts. The new charter of privileges permitted them to live throughout Lithuania as before. The return of the Jews and their attempt to regain their old possessions led to many difficulties and lawsuits. Alexander found it necessary to issue an additional decree (April, 1503), directing his vice-regent to enforce the law. In spite of this some of the property was not recovered by the Jews for years.","title":"Jagiellon rule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heretics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heretics"},{"link_name":"Lutherans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutherans"},{"link_name":"Calvinists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinists"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Wilno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Wilno"},{"link_name":"Sigismund August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_II_August"},{"link_name":"szlachta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlachta"},{"link_name":"Diet of Vilna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diet_of_Vilna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ducat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducat"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian statute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_statute"}],"sub_title":"The Act of 1566","text":"The middle of the 16th century witnessed a growing antagonism between the lesser nobility and the Jews. Their relations became strained, and the enmity of the Christians began to disturb the life of the Litvak Jews. The anti-Jewish feeling, due at first to economic causes engendered by competition, was fostered by the clergy, who were then engaged in a crusade against \"heretics,\" notably the Lutherans, Calvinists, and Jews. The Reformation, which had spread from Germany, tended to weaken the allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church. Frequent instances occurred of the marriage of Catholic women to Jews, Turks, or Tatars. The Bishop of Wilno (Vilnius) complained to Sigismund August (Dec., 1548) of the frequency of such mixed marriages and of the education of the offspring in their fathers' faiths. The szlachta also saw in the Jews dangerous competitors in commercial and financial undertakings. In their dealings with the agricultural classes the lords preferred the Jews as middlemen, thus creating a feeling of injury on the part of the szlachta. The exemption of the Jews from military service and the power and wealth of the Jewish tax-farmers intensified the resentment of the szlachta. Members of the nobility attempted to compete with the Jews as leaseholders of customs revenues, but were never successful. Since the Jews lived in the towns and on the lands of the king, the nobility could not wield any authority over them nor derive profit from them. They had not even the right to settle Jews on their estates without the permission of the king; but, on the other hand, they were often annoyed by the erection on their estates of the tollhouses of the Jewish tax-collectors.Hence when the strategic moment arrived, the Lithuanian nobility endeavored to secure greater power over the Jews. At the Diet of Vilna in 1551 the nobility urged the imposition of a special polltax of one ducat per head, and the Volhynian nobles demanded that the Jewish tax-collectors be forbidden to erect tollhouses or place guards at the taverns on their estates.The opposition to the Jews was finally crystallized and found definite expression in the repressive Lithuanian statute of 1566, when the nobles of Belarus and Lithuania were first allowed to take part in the national legislation. Paragraph Twelve of this statute contains the following articles:\"The Jews shall not wear costly clothing, nor gold chains, nor shall their wives wear gold or silver ornaments. The Jews shall not have silver mountings on their sabers and daggers; they shall be distinguished by characteristic clothes; they shall wear yellow caps, and their wives kerchiefs of yellow linen, in order that all may be enabled to distinguish Jews from Christians.\"Other restrictions of a similar nature are contained in the same paragraph. However, the king checked the desire of the nobility to modify essentially the old charters of the Jews.","title":"Jagiellon rule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khmelnytsky Uprising § Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising#Jews"},{"link_name":"1648–1657 Cossack rebellion in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising"},{"link_name":"John Casimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_Casimir_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Korybut_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki"},{"link_name":"kahals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahal"}],"text":"Further information: Khmelnytsky Uprising § JewsThe fury of the 1648–1657 Cossack rebellion in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth destroyed the organization of the Jewish communities in Belarus. The survivors who returned to their old homes in the latter half of the 17th century were practically destitute. John Casimir (1648–1668) sought to ameliorate their condition by granting various concessions to the Jewish communities of Lithuania. Attempts to return to the old order in the communal organization were not wanting, as is evident from contemporary documents. Thus in 1672, Jewish elders from various towns and villages in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania secured a charter from King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki (1669–1673), decreeing \"that on account of the increasing number of Jews guilty of offenses against the Szlachta and other Christians, which result in the enmity of the Christians toward the Jews, and because of the inability of the Jewish elders to punish such offenders, who are protected by the lords, the king permits the kahals to summon the criminals before the Jewish courts for punishment and exclusion from the community when necessary.\" The efforts to resurrect the old power of the kahals were not successful.","title":"Effect of the Cossacks' Uprising in Belarus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"yeshivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva"},{"link_name":"Isaac Bezaleel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Bezaleel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Solomon Luria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Luria"},{"link_name":"Ostrog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostroh"},{"link_name":"Kalman Haberkaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalman_Haberkaster&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_Belarus"},{"link_name":"Moses Isserles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Isserles"},{"link_name":"David Gans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gans"},{"link_name":"Talmudic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud"},{"link_name":"Kremenetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremenetz"},{"link_name":"Isaac Cohen (d. 1573)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Cohen_(d._1573)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volozhin_yeshiva.jpg"},{"link_name":"Volozhin yeshiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volozhin_yeshiva"},{"link_name":"Lublin Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin_Union"},{"link_name":"Pinsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinsk"},{"link_name":"Tiktin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tykotzin"},{"link_name":"responsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_responsa_in_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Abraham Rapoport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Rapoport"},{"link_name":"Meïr Sack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Me%C3%AFr_Sack&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maharam Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Lublin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Synagogue,_Slonim.jpg"},{"link_name":"Slonim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slonim"},{"link_name":"Slonim Hasidic dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slonim_(Hasidic_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Joel Sirkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Sirkes"},{"link_name":"Meïr Katz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Me%C3%AFr_Katz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mordecai Jaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordecai_Jaffe"},{"link_name":"Russian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Brest-Litovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest-Litovsk"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Brest-Litovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest-Litovsk"}],"text":"The founding of the yeshivas in Belarus was due to the Lithuanian-Polish Jews who studied in the west, and to the German Jews who migrated about that time to Belarus, Lithuania and Poland. Very little is known of these early yeshivas. No mention is made of them or of prominent Lithuanian rabbis in Jewish writings until the 16th century. The first known rabbinical authority and head of a yeshiva was Isaac Bezaleel of Vladimir, Volhynia, who was already an old man when Solomon Luria went to Ostrog in the fourth decade of the 16th century. Another rabbinical authority, Kalman Haberkaster, rabbi of Ostrog and predecessor of Luria, died in 1559. Occasional references to the yeshiva of Brest are found in the writings of the contemporary rabbis Solomon Luria (d. 1585), Moses Isserles (d. 1572), and David Gans (d. 1589), who speak of its activity. Of the yeshiva of Ostrog and Vladimir in Volhynia it is known that they were in a flourishing condition at the middle of the 16th century, and that their heads vied with one another in Talmudic scholarship. Mention is also made by Gans of the head of the Kremenetz yeshiva, Isaac Cohen (d. 1573), of whom but little is known otherwise.Volozhin yeshivaAt the time of the Lublin Union, Solomon Luria was rabbi of Ostrog, and was regarded as one of the greatest Talmudic authorities in Poland and the GDL. In 1568 King Sigismund ordered that the suits between Isaac Borodavka and Mendel Isakovich, who were partners in the farming of certain customs taxes in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, be carried for decision to Rabbi Solomon Luria and two auxiliary rabbis from Pinsk and Tiktin.The far-reaching authority of the leading rabbis of Poland and Lithuania, and their wide knowledge of practical life, are apparent from numerous decisions cited in the responsa. They were always the champions of justice and morality. In the Eitan ha-Ezrachi (Ostrog, 1796) of Abraham Rapoport (known also as Abraham Schrenzel; d. 1650), Rabbi Meïr Sack is cited as follows: \"I emphatically protest against the custom of our communal leaders of purchasing the freedom of Jewish criminals. Such a policy encourages crime among our people. I am especially troubled by the fact that, thanks to the clergy, such criminals may escape punishment by adopting Christianity. Mistaken piety impels our leaders to bribe the officials, in order to prevent such conversions. We should endeavor to deprive criminals of opportunities to escape justice.\" The same sentiment was expressed in the 16th century by Maharam Lublin (Responsa, § 138). Another instance, cited by Katz from the same responsa, likewise shows that Jewish criminals invoked the aid of priests against the authority of Jewish courts by promising to become converts to Christianity.Building of a synagogue in Slonim, origin of the Slonim Hasidic dynastyThe decisions of the Polish-Lithuanian rabbis are frequently marked by breadth of view also, as is instanced by a decision of Joel Sirkes (Bayis Hadash, § 127) to the effect that Jews may employ in their religious services the melodies used in Christian churches, \"since music is neither Jewish nor Christian, and is governed by universal laws.\"Decisions by Luria, Meïr Katz, and Mordecai Jaffe show that the rabbis were acquainted with the Russian language and its philology. Jaffe, for instance, in a divorce case where the spelling of the woman's name as Lupka or Lubka was in question, decided that the word is correctly spelled with a \"b,\" and not with a \"p,\" since the origin of the name was the Russian verb lubit = \"to love,\" and not lupit = \"to beat\" (Levush ha-Butz we-Argaman, § 129). Meïr Katz (Geburat Anashim, § 1) explains that the name of Brest-Litovsk is written in divorce cases \"Brest\" and not \"Brisk,\" \"because the majority of the Lithuanian Jews use the Russian language.\" It is not so with Brisk, in the district of Kujawa, the name of that town being always spelled \"Brisk.\" Katz (a German) at the conclusion of his responsum expresses the hope that when Lithuania shall have become more enlightened, the people will speak one language only—German—and that also Brest-Litovsk will be written \"Brisk.\"","title":"Jewish culture in Belarus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"responsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_responsa_in_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Slonik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Slonik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Slonik"},{"link_name":"Joel Sirkis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Sirkis"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-li_je-14"},{"link_name":"Solomon Luria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Luria"},{"link_name":"Joseph Katz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Katz_(Jewish_writer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"gulden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_gulden"},{"link_name":"Hillel ben Naphtali Herz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillel_ben_Naphtali_Herz"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-li_je-14"},{"link_name":"Meir Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Lublin"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Jews"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria"},{"link_name":"Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-li_je-14"}],"sub_title":"Items from the Responsa","text":"The responsa shed an interesting light also on the life of the Lithuanian Jews and on their relations to their Christian neighbors. Benjamin Slonik [pl] states in his Mas'at Binyamin (end of sixteenth and beginning of 17th century) that \"the Christians borrow clothes and jewelry from the Jews when they go to church.\" Joel Sirkis (l.c. § 79) relates that a Christian woman came to the rabbi and expressed her regret at having been unable to save the Jew Shlioma from drowning. A number of Christians had looked on indifferently while the drowning Jew was struggling in the water. They were upbraided and beaten severely by the priest, who appeared a few minutes later, for having failed to rescue the Jew.[14]Solomon Luria gives an account (Responsa, § 20) of a quarrel that occurred in a Lithuanian community concerning a cantor whom some of the members wished to dismiss. The synagogue was closed in order to prevent him from exercising his functions, and religious services were thus discontinued for several days. The matter was thereupon carried to the local lord, who ordered the reopening of the building, saying that the house of God might not be closed, and that the cantor's claims should be decided by the learned rabbis of Lithuania. Joseph Katz mentions (She'erit Yosef, § 70) a Jewish community which was forbidden by the local authorities to kill cattle and to sell meat—an occupation which provided a livelihood for a large portion of the Lithuanian Jews. For the period of a year following this prohibition the Jewish community was on several occasions assessed at the rate of three gulden per head of cattle in order to furnish funds with which to induce the officials to grant a hearing of the case. The Jews finally reached an agreement with the town magistrates under which they were to pay forty gulden annually for the right to slaughter cattle. According to Hillel ben Naphtali Herz (Bet Hillel, Yoreh De'ah, § 157), Naphtali says the Jews of Vilna had been compelled to uncover when taking an oath in court, but later purchased from the tribunal the privilege to swear with covered head, a practise subsequently made unnecessary by a decision of one of their rabbis to the effect that an oath might be taken with uncovered head.[14]The responsa of Meir Lublin show (§ 40) that the Lithuanian communities frequently aided the German and the Austrian Jews. On the expulsion of the Jews from Silesia, when the Jewish inhabitants of Silz had the privilege of remaining on condition that they would pay the sum of 2,000 gulden, the Lithuanian communities contributed one-fifth of the amount.[14]","title":"Jewish culture in Belarus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish Polish history during the 19th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Polish_history_during_the_19th_century"},{"link_name":"History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia_and_Soviet_Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_showing_percentage_of_Jews_in_the_Pale_of_Settlement_and_Congress_Poland,_c._1905.png"},{"link_name":"Pale of Settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement"},{"link_name":"Pale of Settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement"},{"link_name":"Imperial Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russia"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Republic of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World"},{"link_name":"pogroms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"anti-Semitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Semitism"},{"link_name":"czars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czars"},{"link_name":"United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"British Mandate of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"}],"text":"See also: Jewish Polish history during the 19th century and History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet UnionThe Pale of Settlement, c. 1905.Upon annexation of Belarusian lands, Russian czars included the territory into the so-called Pale of Settlement, a western border region of Imperial Russia in which the permanent residence of Jews was allowed. Though comprising only 20% of the territory of European Russia, the Pale corresponded to the historical borders of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and included much of present-day Belarus, Republic of Lithuania, Poland, Moldova, Ukraine, and parts of western Russia.By the end of the 19th century, many Belarusian Jews were part of the general flight of Jews from Eastern Europe to the New World due to conflicts and pogroms engulfing the Russian Empire and the anti-Semitism of the Russian czars. Millions of Jews, including tens of thousands of Jews from Belarus, emigrated to the United States of America and South Africa. A small number also emigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine.","title":"Belarusian Jews under the Russian Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Jewish Labour Bund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund"},{"link_name":"Belarusian People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"Soviet power in Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Belarus#Belarusian_Soviet_Republic_and_West_Belarus"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"},{"link_name":"East Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Belarus"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Yakov Gamarnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakov_Gamarnik"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Belorussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Belorussia"},{"link_name":"Stalin's antisemitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalin%27s_antisemitism"}],"text":"Jewish political organizations, including the General Jewish Labour Bund, participated in the creation of the Belarusian People's Republic in 1918.During the first years of Soviet power in Belarus, in the 1920s, Yiddish was an official language in East Belarus along with Belarusian, Polish and Russian. Yakov Gamarnik, a Ukrainian Jew, was First Secretary of the Communist Party of Belorussia (i.e. the de facto head of state) from December 1928 to October 1929. However, the Soviet policy later turned against the Jews (see Stalin's antisemitism).","title":"After the October Revolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Einsatzgruppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsatzgruppen"},{"link_name":"anti-semites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-semite"},{"link_name":"pogroms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom"},{"link_name":"Final Solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Solution"},{"link_name":"Operation Reinhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Reinhard"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsource-22"}],"text":"Atrocities against the Jewish population in the German-conquered areas began almost immediately, with the dispatch of Einsatzgruppen (task groups) to round up Jews and shoot them. Local anti-semites were encouraged to carry out their own pogroms. By the end of 1941, there were more than 5,000 troops devoted to rounding up and killing Jews. The gradual industrialization of killing led to adoption of the Final Solution and the establishment of the Operation Reinhard extermination camps: the machinery of the Holocaust. Of the Soviet Jews who were killed in the Holocaust, 246,000 Jews were Belarusian: some 66% of the total number of Belarusian Jews.[22]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belarus-Israel relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus-Israel_relations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jews_in_Belarus,_censuses_1959-2009.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volojin_Yeshibot_10_rub_2010_Revers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Volozhin yeshiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volozhin_yeshiva"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volojin_Yeshibot_10_rub_2010_Avers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Aliyah from the Soviet Union in the 1970s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah_from_the_Soviet_Union_in_the_1970s"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Russian immigration to Israel in the 1990s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_immigration_to_Israel_in_the_1990s"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsource-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsource-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsource-22"},{"link_name":"Alexander Lukashenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko"},{"link_name":"authoritarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism"},{"link_name":"antisemitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"Babruysk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babruysk"},{"link_name":"pigsty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigsty"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"US House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Khvostov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Khvostov"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Belarusian protests in 2020 and 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Russo-Ukrainian war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"See also: Belarus-Israel relationsJewish population in Belarus (official census data)Silver coin of Belarus, 10 rubles, 2010, 925, diam. 33 mm, revers, Volozhin yeshivaSilver coin of Belarus, 10 rubles, 2010, 925, diam. 33 mm, avers, \"Judaism\"In 1968, several thousand Jewish youths were arrested for Zionist activity.[23] In the second half of the 20th century, there was a large wave of Belarusian Jews immigrating to Israel (see Aliyah from the Soviet Union in the 1970s), as well as to the United States. In 1979, there were 135,400 Jews in Belarus; a decade later, 112,000 were left. The collapse of the Soviet Union and Belarusian independence saw most of the community, along with the majority of the former Soviet Union's Jewish population, leave for Israel (see Russian immigration to Israel in the 1990s).[22]The 1999 census estimated that there were only 27,798 Jews left in the country, which further declined to 12,926 in 2009 and marginally rose to 13,705 in 2019, although oddly in that year, 10,269 men but only 3,436 women identified as Jewish.[24] However, local Jewish organizations put the number at 50,000 in 2006.[25] About half of the country's Jews live in Minsk. National Jewish organizations, local cultural groups, religious schools, charitable organizations, and organizations for war veterans and Holocaust survivors have been formed.[22]Since the mass immigration of the 1990s, there has been some continuous immigration to Israel. In 2002, 974 Belarusians moved to Israel, and between 2003 and 2005, 4,854 followed suit.[22]In October 2007, Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko, known for his authoritarian rule, was accused of making antisemitic comments; addressing the \"miserable state of the city of Babruysk\" on a live broadcast on state radio, he stated: \"This is a Jewish city, and the Jews are not concerned for the place they live in. They have turned Babruysk into a pigsty. Look at Israel — I was there and saw it myself... I call on Jews who have money to come back to Babruysk.\"[26] Members of the US House of Representatives sent a letter to the Belarusian ambassador to the US, Mikhail Khvostov, addressing Lukashenko's comments with a strong request to retract them, and the comments also caused a negative reaction from Israel. From having made up about half of the city's population in 1939, in 1999 there were only about 1,000 Jews left in Babruysk.[27]Following the Belarusian protests in 2020 and 2021, Jewish immigration from Belarus increased by 69 percent.[28]After Belarus joined the Russo-Ukrainian war in 2022, Jewish immigration from Belarus increased by 229 percent.[29]","title":"Late 20th century to modern days"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Committee for Archives and Records Management, Republic of Belarus = Комитет по архивам и делопроизводству","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/B&L-Acknowl-Adamushko.pdf"},{"link_name":"National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/ArchBelB.pdf"},{"link_name":"National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Гродно","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/Acknowl-Bel-B.pdf"},{"link_name":"National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Mинск","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/Acknow-Bel-A.pdf"},{"link_name":"Sources for the Genealogy of Belorussian Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/ArchBelA.pdf"},{"link_name":"Grodno Oblast State Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/ArchBelC.pdf"},{"link_name":"Jewish Census in the Russian Empire and General Compulsory Military Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rtrfoundation.org/rybchonok-1.shtml"},{"link_name":"Wexler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wexler_(linguist)"},{"link_name":"\"Jewish, Tatar and Karaite communal dialects and their Importance for Byelorussian Historical Linguistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//brill.com/view/journals/bela/3/1/article-p41_2.xml"},{"link_name":"The Journal of Byelorussian Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Belarusian_Studies"}],"text":"Adamushko, Vladimir I.; Committee for Archives and Records Management (July 2002). Committee for Archives and Records Management, Republic of Belarus = Комитет по архивам и делопроизводству (PDF) (in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–4.\nBatrakova, Karina P.; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno (November 2001). National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno (PDF). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2.\nBatrakova, Karina Petrovna; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno (2002). National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Гродно (PDF) (in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2.\nGolubovich, Alla; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk (November 2001). National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Mинск (PDF) (in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2.\nGolubovich, Alla K.; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk (2002). Sources for the Genealogy of Belorussian Jews (PDF). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–3.\nYunina, Larisa Ivanova; Grodno Oblast State Archives (2002). Grodno Oblast State Archives (PDF). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2.\nRybchonok, Sergey A. (2002). Jewish Census in the Russian Empire and General Compulsory Military Service. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation.\nWexler, Paul (1973). \"Jewish, Tatar and Karaite communal dialects and their Importance for Byelorussian Historical Linguistics\". The Journal of Byelorussian Studies. III (1): 41–54. Retrieved 2 June 2024.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Volozhin yeshiva","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Volozhin_yeshiva.jpg/200px-Volozhin_yeshiva.jpg"},{"image_text":"Building of a synagogue in Slonim, origin of the Slonim Hasidic dynasty","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Synagogue%2C_Slonim.jpg/200px-Synagogue%2C_Slonim.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Pale of Settlement, c. 1905.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Map_showing_percentage_of_Jews_in_the_Pale_of_Settlement_and_Congress_Poland%2C_c._1905.png/220px-Map_showing_percentage_of_Jews_in_the_Pale_of_Settlement_and_Congress_Poland%2C_c._1905.png"},{"image_text":"Jewish population in Belarus (official census data)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Jews_in_Belarus%2C_censuses_1959-2009.png/300px-Jews_in_Belarus%2C_censuses_1959-2009.png"},{"image_text":"Silver coin of Belarus, 10 rubles, 2010, 925, diam. 33 mm, revers, Volozhin yeshiva","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Volojin_Yeshibot_10_rub_2010_Revers.jpg/220px-Volojin_Yeshibot_10_rub_2010_Revers.jpg"},{"image_text":"Silver coin of Belarus, 10 rubles, 2010, 925, diam. 33 mm, avers, \"Judaism\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Volojin_Yeshibot_10_rub_2010_Avers.jpg/220px-Volojin_Yeshibot_10_rub_2010_Avers.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Judaism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Judaism"},{"title":"Belarus portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Belarus"},{"title":"List of Belarusian Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Belarusian_Jews"},{"title":"Timeline of Jewish history in Lithuania and Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history_in_Lithuania_and_Belarus"},{"title":"History of the Jews in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland"},{"title":"Lithuanian Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews"},{"title":"History of the Jews during World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II"},{"title":"Gavriil of Belostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavriil_of_Belostok"},{"title":"blood libel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel"},{"title":"Hasidic Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism"},{"title":"Belarus–Israel relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Israel_relations"}] | [{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2013-12-19. Retrieved 2014-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131219164718/http://www.jafi.org.il/NR/rdonlyres/19B50BA8-1B87-4E80-AEAD-3343EF57203F/0/FSU_8907.xls","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.jafi.org.il/NR/rdonlyres/19B50BA8-1B87-4E80-AEAD-3343EF57203F/0/FSU_8907.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"YIVO | Belarus\". yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 2020-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Belarus","url_text":"\"YIVO | Belarus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belarus\" (PDF). Yad Vashem Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies. Retrieved August 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/documents/GenBack/Belarus.pdf","url_text":"\"Belarus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Newsletters - Tools - Belarus SIG - JewishGen.org\". www.jewishgen.org. Retrieved 2020-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/newsletters/misc/DemographicProfile/index.html","url_text":"\"Newsletters - Tools - Belarus SIG - JewishGen.org\""}]},{"reference":"Rudling, Per Anders (2013). Himka, John-Paul; Michlic, Joanna Beata (eds.). Invisible Genocide. The Holocaust in Belarus. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 60–62. ISBN 978-0803246478.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ya7RMPN9-ZsC&q=800%2C000","url_text":"Invisible Genocide. The Holocaust in Belarus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803246478","url_text":"978-0803246478"}]},{"reference":"\"Belarus marks ghetto's destruction 65 years on\". USA Today. Associated Press. 2008-10-21. Retrieved 2016-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-10-21-2660663676_x.htm","url_text":"\"Belarus marks ghetto's destruction 65 years on\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belarus Virtual Jewish History Tour\". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2020-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/belarus-virtual-jewish-history-tour","url_text":"\"Belarus Virtual Jewish History Tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belarus\". European Jewish Congress. 2021-05-03. Retrieved 2023-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://eurojewcong.org/communities/belarus/","url_text":"\"Belarus\""}]},{"reference":"\"YIVO | Belarus\". Yivoencyclopedia.org. 1943-10-23. Retrieved 2013-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Belarus","url_text":"\"YIVO | Belarus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Приложение Демоскопа Weekly\". Demoscope.ru. 2013-01-15. Archived from the original on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2013-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131012173257/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/census_types.php?ct=6","url_text":"\"Приложение Демоскопа Weekly\""},{"url":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/census_types.php?ct=6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Powered by Google Docs\". Retrieved 2013-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Rv2hLhme008J:www.jewishdatabank.org/Reports/World_Jewish_Population_2010.pdf+world+jewish+population+2010&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShFmlEo2XYeBjYVUGgz_STm8ZXvaFqIMHdpfxUC8uWpDuLqb9l7GvJbF2piXHqxgDaGkOY3jfCA_RkpUlKLSByoSQC3cLV-5LcpxgXggqUIYwzK9hdfmwVv4Sz0BdeFMxJ_-2To&sig=AHIEtbT5tVUek4PSi_N_5f0Dwe-11sBzMg","url_text":"\"Powered by Google Docs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Year book\" (PDF). www.ajcarchives.org. 2002. Retrieved 2019-07-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/2002_13_WJP.pdf","url_text":"\"Year book\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ethnic composition of Belarus 2009\". Pop-stat.mashke.org. Retrieved 2012-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://pop-stat.mashke.org/belarus-ethnic2009.htm","url_text":"\"Ethnic composition of Belarus 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belarus: Virtual Jewish History Tour\". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 1991-04-25. Retrieved 2013-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Belarus.html","url_text":"\"Belarus: Virtual Jewish History Tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Jewish Community of Minsk\". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Retrieved 1 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/minsk","url_text":"\"The Jewish Community of Minsk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belarus president attacks Jews - Israel News, Ynetnews\". 2007-10-20. Archived from the original on 2007-10-20. Retrieved 2023-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071020040806/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3461548,00.html","url_text":"\"Belarus president attacks Jews - Israel News, Ynetnews\""},{"url":"http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3461548,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jewish Heritage Research Group in Belarus\". 2018-10-02. Archived from the original on 2018-10-02. Retrieved 2023-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181002103123/http://www.jhrgbelarus.org/AboutBelarus_articles.php","url_text":"\"Jewish Heritage Research Group in Belarus\""},{"url":"http://www.jhrgbelarus.org/AboutBelarus_articles.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Aliyah to Israel Increased by 31% in 2021 | The Jewish Agency\". www.jewishagency.org. Retrieved 2023-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishagency.org/aliyah-to-israel-increased-by-31-in-2021/","url_text":"\"Aliyah to Israel Increased by 31% in 2021 | The Jewish Agency\""}]},{"reference":"\"2023 sees 434% increase in aliyah from the former Soviet Union\". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 2023-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpost.com/aliyah/article-734334","url_text":"\"2023 sees 434% increase in aliyah from the former Soviet Union\""}]},{"reference":"Adamushko, Vladimir I.; Committee for Archives and Records Management (July 2002). Committee for Archives and Records Management, Republic of Belarus = Комитет по архивам и делопроизводству (PDF) (in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–4.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/B&L-Acknowl-Adamushko.pdf","url_text":"Committee for Archives and Records Management, Republic of Belarus = Комитет по архивам и делопроизводству"}]},{"reference":"Batrakova, Karina P.; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno (November 2001). National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno (PDF). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/ArchBelB.pdf","url_text":"National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno"}]},{"reference":"Batrakova, Karina Petrovna; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno (2002). National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Гродно (PDF) (in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/Acknowl-Bel-B.pdf","url_text":"National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Гродно"}]},{"reference":"Golubovich, Alla; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk (November 2001). National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Mинск (PDF) (in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/Acknow-Bel-A.pdf","url_text":"National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Mинск"}]},{"reference":"Golubovich, Alla K.; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk (2002). Sources for the Genealogy of Belorussian Jews (PDF). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–3.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/ArchBelA.pdf","url_text":"Sources for the Genealogy of Belorussian Jews"}]},{"reference":"Yunina, Larisa Ivanova; Grodno Oblast State Archives (2002). Grodno Oblast State Archives (PDF). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/ArchBelC.pdf","url_text":"Grodno Oblast State Archives"}]},{"reference":"Rybchonok, Sergey A. (2002). Jewish Census in the Russian Empire and General Compulsory Military Service. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rtrfoundation.org/rybchonok-1.shtml","url_text":"Jewish Census in the Russian Empire and General Compulsory Military Service"}]},{"reference":"Wexler, Paul (1973). \"Jewish, Tatar and Karaite communal dialects and their Importance for Byelorussian Historical Linguistics\". The Journal of Byelorussian Studies. III (1): 41–54. Retrieved 2 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wexler_(linguist)","url_text":"Wexler"},{"url":"https://brill.com/view/journals/bela/3/1/article-p41_2.xml","url_text":"\"Jewish, Tatar and Karaite communal dialects and their Importance for Byelorussian Historical Linguistics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Belarusian_Studies","url_text":"The Journal of Byelorussian Studies"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22History+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus%22","external_links_name":"\"History of the Jews in Belarus\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22History+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22History+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22History+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22History+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22History+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.615538","external_links_name":"Israel to sign a visa-waiver program with internationally ostracized Belarus"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131219164718/http://www.jafi.org.il/NR/rdonlyres/19B50BA8-1B87-4E80-AEAD-3343EF57203F/0/FSU_8907.xls","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.jafi.org.il/NR/rdonlyres/19B50BA8-1B87-4E80-AEAD-3343EF57203F/0/FSU_8907.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Belarus","external_links_name":"\"YIVO | Belarus\""},{"Link":"https://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/documents/GenBack/Belarus.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Belarus\""},{"Link":"https://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/newsletters/misc/DemographicProfile/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Newsletters - Tools - Belarus SIG - JewishGen.org\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ya7RMPN9-ZsC&q=800%2C000","external_links_name":"Invisible Genocide. 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Travel Services and Record Searches"},{"Link":"http://www.chabad.org/centers/default_cdo/country/Belarus","external_links_name":"Chabad-Lubavitch Centers in Belarus"},{"Link":"http://www.lidamemorialsociety.org/","external_links_name":"Recollections of Those Rescued by the Bielski Partisans and Survived the Holocaust from Lida, Belarus"},{"Link":"http://belarusdigest.com/story/jewish-belarus-24955/","external_links_name":"Jewish Belarus"},{"Link":"http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/","external_links_name":"Belarus SIG"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddler_(comics) | Fiddler (comics) | ["1 Publication history","2 Fictional character biography","2.1 Pre-Crisis","2.2 Post-Crisis","2.3 DC Rebirth","3 Powers and abilities","4 Other characters named Fiddler","5 In other media","5.1 Television","5.2 Miscellaneous","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Comics character
FiddlerThe Fiddler as depicted in Who's Who: The Definitive Directory of the DC Universe #8 (October 1985). Art by Sandy Plunkett (penciller) and Joe Rubinstein (inker).Publication informationPublisherDC ComicsFirst appearanceAll-Flash #32 (December 1947 / January 1948)Created byRobert KanigherLee EliasIn-story informationAlter egoIsaac BowinSpeciesHumanTeam affiliationsInjustice SocietySecret SixUnderground SocietyCrime ChampionsBlack Lantern CorpsLegion of ZoomAbilities
Musically hypnotize people with irresistible violin music
Erect unusually strong hypersonic waves with his magical violin
Musical mind-control
Beacon Emission
The Fiddler is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, primarily as an enemy of the first Flash.
Two female incarnations of the Fiddler appear in The Flash, portrayed by Miranda MacDougall and Magda Apanowicz. Additionally, three different incarnations of Fiddler appeared in the first two seasons of Stargirl, portrayed by Timmy Sherrill, Hina Khan, and Max Frantz.
Publication history
Fiddler first appeared in All-Flash #32 (December 1947/January 1948) and was created by Robert Kanigher and Lee Elias.
Earlier, a character with the same name, though only superficially similar, appeared in multiple Action Comics episodes of the Vigilante (starting with Action Comics #59, April 1943 cover date).
Fictional character biography
The Fiddler's history was changed somewhat during the Crisis on Infinite Earths.
Pre-Crisis
The Fiddler started out as a thief who was arrested in India and sent to jail. While in prison, he met a fakir, charming a snake in his cell, who taught him the "mystic art" of Indian music. For the next five years, he learned the fakir's secret and made a crude violin made of material he could scrounge in the prison. He developed the ability to use his violin to play sounds that could either hypnotize others, shatter objects, or create barriers. After the fakir declared his student had surpassed him, he used the instrument to hypnotize the guards to open their cells and he and the fakir escaped. He then murdered the fakir and the merchant who had him arrested in the first place.
Returning to America, the Fiddler, as he called himself, made his first stop at Keystone City. While the Fiddler managed to humiliate the Flash (Jay Garrick) the first time they met, Flash was able to foil his plan, which involved replacing Maestro Bowin, a violin virtuoso, who was actually the Fiddler's twin brother. The physical similarity between the brothers (who had been separated at birth) also led to Bowin briefly being suspected of the Fiddler's crimes. The Fiddler captured his brother and Flash, but they escaped and the Fiddler apparently committed suicide by diving into a river. As is the case more often than not, the Fiddler survived his plunge into the river and returned to battle the Flash again a few months later. The villain refined his appearance, shaving his dark locks and donning the powdered white wig that became his trademark for the remainder of his life. After the Flash thwarts a petty theft and arrests most of his gang, the Fiddler followed the hero at a distance but was in time to piece together a quarrel between Flash and Joan Williams. The exchange, with Joan annoyed at the time Flash's life took him away from home, inspired the Fiddler to undermine the hero. Using local criminals, the Fiddler arranged for "common citizens" (really members of his gang) to demonstrate that the Flash was not needed. As the Flash arrived always just in time to see the "citizens" route the criminals, he was advised to rest, relax or take a vacation. Eventually, the tricks took their toll and the Flash announced his retirement. As soon as he had supposedly departed, the Fiddler instigated a reign of terror across Keystone, staging almost daily robberies. One evening, Joan was particularly regretful of her admonition of the Flash and took it upon herself to resolve the situation. Using mirrors to blur her form and give her the illusion of speed, she donned a spare uniform and took up pursuit of the Fiddler. While the athletic Joan was quite capable of dealing with ordinary thugs, she was no match for a master criminal such as the Fiddler. To the criminal's astonishment, The Flash appeared to be a woman. Nonetheless, the Fiddler resolved to dispose of her and tied her to the trellis of a nearby train track. As the train bore down on her bound form, the genuine Flash quickly rescued her and bore down on the Fiddler. Not to be easily taken, the Fiddler dove between the ties, falling to his presumed death.
Since then, he continued to plague the Flash again and again. He was a member of the second Injustice Society, who captured the JSA and briefly put them under their control before the Harlequin and the Black Canary restored their memories. At Liberty Hall in Independence City, the citizens of that town have gathered en masse to protect the Freedom Bell from the Injustice Society, when strange music suddenly makes everyone want to dance. The music, played by the Fiddler, works like a charm until Dr. Mid-Nite and Wonder Woman show up and seemingly put an end to the fiendish fiddle. But the Fiddler suddenly recovers, plays a few notes (which causes the Freedom Bell to fall on top the duo, trapping them), and he pumps gas inside to overcome them. Unfortunately for the Fiddler, the bell is cracked and the JSA pair survive the effects of the gas by breathing fresh air through that crack. Still, the Fiddler has been warned that, as a last resort, to snap his fingers to put the JSA members back under their hypnotic trance, which he does—and all three then drive away in the Fiddler's Fiddlemobile with the bell in tow. The other JSA members are captured in this way, but again Black Canary and the Harlequin restore the JSAer's minds.
Later, the Fiddler was part of a trio of criminals that caused the original Flash to come out of retirement. The Fiddler, along with the Shade and the Thinker, were stopped by the first of many team-ups of Earth-One and Earth-Two heroes in the classic "Flash of Two Worlds" story from The Flash #123 (September 1961). Barry Allen, the Earth-1 Flash, visited Earth-2 accidentally and looked up his comic book hero, the original Flash. Together, the two Flashes stopped the villains, despite the Fiddler briefly placing them both under his control. This issue led to many other team-ups between Earth-1 and Earth-2 heroes and villains. The Fiddler, with the Wizard and Icicle formed the "Crime Champions" who, with the Crime Champions of Earth-1 (Doctor Alchemy, Chronos, and Felix Faust), tried to commit robberies after the Fiddler accidentally discovered a way to travel across the vibratory barriers between the Earths during a jailbreak. This led to the first JLA/JSA team-up. The Fiddler, while committing a million-dollar robbery on Earth-2 escaped Hawkman, the Earth-2 Flash, and the Atom, though the Flashes from both Earths were captured and placed in vibratory spheres, as they might recognize the criminals due to their ability to travel between Earths. Eventually, the villains starting committing crimes on each other's worlds. Using the Wizard's Tibetan magic, the Earth-2 crooks impersonated the Earth-1 crooks, the Fiddler impersonating Felix Faust, and battling Aquaman, the Martian Manhunter, and the Atom. When the Fiddler tried to rob a Museum on Earth-1 in his true form, Hourman and the Earth-2 Atom stopped him. However, the heroes were imprisoned by the Crime Champions in cages in space, but the Green Lanterns helped them to escape and return to Earth, after which the crooks were defeated and jailed on their respective Earths.
Post-Crisis
The son of British aristocrats, Isaac Bowin had a talent for music, and an impulse to travel. Running out of money, he resorted to theft and robbery to make ends meet until he was arrested in India and sent to jail. He then met a fakir, much as in the Pre-Crisis version.
Returning to America and taking on a new identity, that of the Fiddler, Bowin made his first stop at Keystone City. The main difference between this new origin and the original story is that he was aware Maestro Bowin was his twin and wanted to ruin his brother's good name. He continued to plague Jay Garrick for many years, eventually joining with the Thinker and the Shade to remove Keystone City from the world's vision and memory. Barry Allen inadvertently crossed the vibrational barrier the Fiddler created in Grant Morrison's Post-Crisis version of the first Jay/Barry team-up, "Flash of Two Cities." As in the original story, the two Flashes defeated the villains together.
For the Fiddler, this period proved an opportune time to join with his old comrade the Wizard in his new Injustice Society, now called "Injustice Unlimited". They overcame the security at the International Trade Conference in Calgary, Canada, namely Infinity, Inc. and a contingent of the Global Guardians. They forced the heroes to help in some mayhem. The Fiddler took Obsidian and the Green Flame to London and, with their help, stole a very prized Stradivarius violin. They then returned to Calgary to share in the stolen wealth being gathered by the Wizard but the plan went haywire when Hourman (Rick Tyler) revived and freed himself, as well as when Solomon Grundy was brought in from the Arctic Circle. It was Hourman who incapacitated the Fiddler by destroying the Stradivarius, and after the confusion he was taken into custody by Canadian law enforcement.
In John Ostrander's Hawkworld series, it was revealed that the fakir who taught Bowin his hypnotic skills was actually a demon. The Fiddler apparently dies in that story, but has resurfaced since (possibly through the machinations of the demon Neron, since the Fiddler first reappeared alive in Neron's assembly of supervillains in Underworld Unleashed #1). The same demon would turn a heavy-metal guitarist into a 1990s version of the Fiddler called the Thrasher. The Thrasher was defeated by Hawkman, and has not reappeared. It is not clear if this version of the Fiddler's origin is still in continuity.
An Iowa Bowin, claiming to be the Fiddler's great-grandson, appeared in a story set in the future. Although his guitar-based version of his great-grandfather's powers initially caused chaos, he wished to be a hero, working alongside Kid Flash.
In the first issue of the Infinite Crisis miniseries Villains United, the Fiddler has joined the Secret Six. Disappointed by the Fiddler's performance against H.I.V.E. agents during their first mission, Mockingbird deems him "incompetent" and orders him killed. Deadshot carries out the execution; following the Fiddler's death, he is replaced on the team by Catman. The Fiddler's violin is later found to be in the possession of the Virtuoso, a woman allied with the Society. Most recently though, a man resembling the Fiddler makes a cameo in Green Arrow/Black Canary, shown upset in a room filled with violins destroyed by a recent fight between the Green Arrow, the Black Canary, and a mugger outside.
The Fiddler has been identified as one of the deceased entombed below the Hall of Justice. He is one of many dead super-villains reanimated as members of the Black Lantern Corps. He features prominently as a Black Lantern during a short story-arc running through the one-shot revival issue of Suicide Squad, and the following two issues of Secret Six. The Fiddler is apparently destroyed.
DC Rebirth
In 2016, DC Comics implemented another relaunch of its books called "DC Rebirth" which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to "The New 52". Fiddler was seen in Zambia partaking in a card game with Psych, Shrike, and Vortex. When Psych detected that Fiddler cheated, Fiddler is held at gun point only for Fiddler, Shrike, and Vortex to be killed by Psych's projections of the people they killed.
Eobard Thawne plucked Fiddler from an unspecified point in time and recruited him to join the Legion of Zoom.
Powers and abilities
The Fiddler possesses magical abilities that he channels through his violins. The musical vibrations he creates can shatter solid objects, create force-fields and hypnotize others due to the sheer amount of sub-level bass.
He uses violins gimmicked with weapons such as blades and guns. He travels around in his Fiddle Car, which Jay Garrick recognizes by sight.
Other characters named Fiddler
There are other characters who went by the name Fiddler:
There is an unnamed man who operated as Fiddler and was an enemy of Bulletman and Bulletgirl. His fiddle enabled him to hypnotize anyone.
Prior to Isaac Bowin's debut, a man named Benjamin Bowe operated as Fiddler and was an enemy of Vigilante and Stuff the Chinatown Kid.
In other media
Television
A character based on the Fiddler called the Music Master appears in the Justice League two-part episode "Legends", voiced by Udo Kier. He is a supervillain from an alternate universe and member of the Injustice Guild.
The Fiddler makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Justice League Unlimited episode "Flash and Substance".
Two female incarnations of the Fiddler appear in The Flash.
The first, a genderbent version of Isaac Bowin named Izzy Bowin (portrayed by Miranda MacDougall), appears in the episode "Subject 9" as a country singer and violinist who was exposed to dark matter released from the Flash's emergence from the Speed Force as part of the Thinker's plans, which granted her the ability to fire concussive sonic waves. The Flash and the Elongated Man try to protect her from the Thinker, giving her a fiddle with which she can channel her powers through, but the villain succeeds in stealing Izzy's body and powers, killing her in the process. The ninth season reveals that the deaths of Izzy and several other victims of the Thinker were undone by changes in the space-time continuum, but she never encounters Team Flash again.
The second incarnation, Andrea Wozzeck (portrayed by Magda Apanowicz), appears in the ninth season (debuting in the same episode that mentions Izzy's resurrection) as a member of the Red Death's Rogues who can manipulate soundwaves through objects that produce sound, such as her fiddle built from Wayne Enterprises technology.
The Fiddler and his legacy appears in Stargirl.
The original Fiddler appears in a photograph depicted in the episode "S.T.R.I.P.E." that identified him as a member of the Injustice Society of America (ISA), was referenced in the episode "Hourman and Dr. Mid-Nite" as having been an Irishman and enemy of the Justice Society of America (JSA), and shown in a flashback in the episode "Shiv" Pt. 1, portrayed by an uncredited Timmy Sherrill.
In the present, his wife Principal Anaya Bowin (portrayed by Hina Khan) took over his legacy and role within the ISA until she is killed by fellow ISA members Sportsmaster and Tigress for insulting them, with Anaya's death being covered up as a hunting accident.
Fiddler and Anaya's son Isaac Bowin (portrayed by Max Frantz) is depicted as a young musical prodigy and classmate of Courtney Whitmore who is often picked on by bullies. In the second season, Cindy Burman reveals Isaac's family's legacy to him before recruiting him into Injustice Unlimited. However, he is later consumed by Eclipso while fighting Whitmore's JSA.
The Fiddler is not to be confused with the spoof name for the Batman villain, the Riddler, coined by the r/batmanarkham subreddit as an ongoing meme.
Miscellaneous
The Fiddler appears in issue #8 of the Justice League Unlimited tie-in comic book series.
The Fiddler makes a cameo appearance in Batman: The Brave and the Bold #15.
See also
List of Flash enemies
References
^ Cowsill, Alan; Irvine, Alex; Manning, Matthew K.; McAvennie, Michael; Wallace, Daniel (2019). DC Comics Year By Year: A Visual Chronicle. DK Publishing. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-4654-8578-6.
^ Wallace, Dan (2008). "Crazy Creations". In Dougall, Alastair (ed.). The DC Comics Encyclopedia. New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-7566-4119-1. OCLC 213309017.
^ Rovin, Jeff (1987). The Encyclopedia of Supervillains. New York: Facts on File. pp. 128–129. ISBN 0-8160-1356-X.
^ Flash Comics #93. DC Comics.
^ Cowsill, Alan; Irvine, Alex; Manning, Matthew K.; McAvennie, Michael; Wallace, Daniel (2010). DC Comics Year By Year: A Visual Chronicle. DK Publishing. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9.
^ Secret Origins #50 (August 1990). DC Comics.
^ Infinity Inc. #35-37 (February–April 1987). DC Comics.
^ The Flash 80-Page Giant #2. DC Comics.
^ Villains United #1 (July 2005). DC Comics.
^ Blackest Night #1 (July 2009). DC Comics.
^ Blackest Night #4 (October 2009). DC Comics.
^ Suicide Squad #67 (January 2010). DC Comics.
^ Secret Six vol. 3 #17-18 (January–February 2010). DC Comics.
^ The Flash vol. 5 #61. DC Comics.
^ The Flash #760. Marvel Comics.
^ Bulletman #11. Fawcett Comics.
^ Action Comics #59. DC Comics.
External links
The Fiddler at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)
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Ultra-Humanite | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"supervillain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervillain"},{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"first Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(Jay_Garrick)"},{"link_name":"The Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(2014_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Magda Apanowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magda_Apanowicz"},{"link_name":"Stargirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargirl_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hina Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hina_X._Khan"}],"text":"The Fiddler is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, primarily as an enemy of the first Flash.Two female incarnations of the Fiddler appear in The Flash, portrayed by Miranda MacDougall and Magda Apanowicz. Additionally, three different incarnations of Fiddler appeared in the first two seasons of Stargirl, portrayed by Timmy Sherrill, Hina Khan, and Max Frantz.","title":"Fiddler (comics)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Kanigher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kanigher"},{"link_name":"Lee Elias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Elias"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Action Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Comics"},{"link_name":"Vigilante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Saunders"}],"text":"Fiddler first appeared in All-Flash #32 (December 1947/January 1948) and was created by Robert Kanigher and Lee Elias.[1]Earlier, a character with the same name, though only superficially similar, appeared in multiple Action Comics episodes of the Vigilante (starting with Action Comics #59, April 1943 cover date).","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crisis on Infinite Earths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_on_Infinite_Earths"}],"text":"The Fiddler's history was changed somewhat during the Crisis on Infinite Earths.","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"fakir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakir"},{"link_name":"charming a snake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_charming"},{"link_name":"violin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dc-ency-aw-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Keystone City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_City"},{"link_name":"Jay Garrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(Jay_Garrick)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Injustice Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injustice_Society"},{"link_name":"Harlequin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlequin_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Black Canary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Canary_(Dinah_Drake)"},{"link_name":"Shade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shade_(character)"},{"link_name":"Thinker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinker_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Earth-One and Earth-Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Barry Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(Barry_Allen)"},{"link_name":"Wizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Icicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icicle_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Doctor Alchemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Alchemy"},{"link_name":"Chronos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronos_(character)"},{"link_name":"Felix Faust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Faust"},{"link_name":"Hawkman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkman"},{"link_name":"Atom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_(Ray_Palmer)"},{"link_name":"Aquaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaman"},{"link_name":"Martian Manhunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_Manhunter"},{"link_name":"Hourman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourman"},{"link_name":"Green Lanterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lantern"}],"sub_title":"Pre-Crisis","text":"The Fiddler started out as a thief who was arrested in India and sent to jail. While in prison, he met a fakir, charming a snake in his cell, who taught him the \"mystic art\" of Indian music. For the next five years, he learned the fakir's secret and made a crude violin made of material he could scrounge in the prison. He developed the ability to use his violin to play sounds that could either hypnotize others, shatter objects, or create barriers.[2] After the fakir declared his student had surpassed him, he used the instrument to hypnotize the guards to open their cells and he and the fakir escaped. He then murdered the fakir and the merchant who had him arrested in the first place.[3]Returning to America, the Fiddler, as he called himself, made his first stop at Keystone City. While the Fiddler managed to humiliate the Flash (Jay Garrick) the first time they met, Flash was able to foil his plan, which involved replacing Maestro Bowin, a violin virtuoso, who was actually the Fiddler's twin brother. The physical similarity between the brothers (who had been separated at birth) also led to Bowin briefly being suspected of the Fiddler's crimes. The Fiddler captured his brother and Flash, but they escaped and the Fiddler apparently committed suicide by diving into a river. As is the case more often than not, the Fiddler survived his plunge into the river and returned to battle the Flash again a few months later. The villain refined his appearance, shaving his dark locks and donning the powdered white wig that became his trademark for the remainder of his life. After the Flash thwarts a petty theft and arrests most of his gang, the Fiddler followed the hero at a distance but was in time to piece together a quarrel between Flash and Joan Williams. The exchange, with Joan annoyed at the time Flash's life took him away from home, inspired the Fiddler to undermine the hero. Using local criminals, the Fiddler arranged for \"common citizens\" (really members of his gang) to demonstrate that the Flash was not needed. As the Flash arrived always just in time to see the \"citizens\" route the criminals, he was advised to rest, relax or take a vacation. Eventually, the tricks took their toll and the Flash announced his retirement. As soon as he had supposedly departed, the Fiddler instigated a reign of terror across Keystone, staging almost daily robberies. One evening, Joan was particularly regretful of her admonition of the Flash and took it upon herself to resolve the situation. Using mirrors to blur her form and give her the illusion of speed, she donned a spare uniform and took up pursuit of the Fiddler. While the athletic Joan was quite capable of dealing with ordinary thugs, she was no match for a master criminal such as the Fiddler. To the criminal's astonishment, The Flash appeared to be a woman. Nonetheless, the Fiddler resolved to dispose of her and tied her to the trellis of a nearby train track. As the train bore down on her bound form, the genuine Flash quickly rescued her and bore down on the Fiddler. Not to be easily taken, the Fiddler dove between the ties, falling to his presumed death.[4]Since then, he continued to plague the Flash again and again. He was a member of the second Injustice Society, who captured the JSA and briefly put them under their control before the Harlequin and the Black Canary restored their memories. At Liberty Hall in Independence City, the citizens of that town have gathered en masse to protect the Freedom Bell from the Injustice Society, when strange music suddenly makes everyone want to dance. The music, played by the Fiddler, works like a charm until Dr. Mid-Nite and Wonder Woman show up and seemingly put an end to the fiendish fiddle. But the Fiddler suddenly recovers, plays a few notes (which causes the Freedom Bell to fall on top the duo, trapping them), and he pumps gas inside to overcome them. Unfortunately for the Fiddler, the bell is cracked and the JSA pair survive the effects of the gas by breathing fresh air through that crack. Still, the Fiddler has been warned that, as a last resort, to snap his fingers to put the JSA members back under their hypnotic trance, which he does—and all three then drive away in the Fiddler's Fiddlemobile with the bell in tow. The other JSA members are captured in this way, but again Black Canary and the Harlequin restore the JSAer's minds.Later, the Fiddler was part of a trio of criminals that caused the original Flash to come out of retirement. The Fiddler, along with the Shade and the Thinker, were stopped by the first of many team-ups of Earth-One and Earth-Two heroes in the classic \"Flash of Two Worlds\" story from The Flash #123 (September 1961).[5] Barry Allen, the Earth-1 Flash, visited Earth-2 accidentally and looked up his comic book hero, the original Flash. Together, the two Flashes stopped the villains, despite the Fiddler briefly placing them both under his control. This issue led to many other team-ups between Earth-1 and Earth-2 heroes and villains. The Fiddler, with the Wizard and Icicle formed the \"Crime Champions\" who, with the Crime Champions of Earth-1 (Doctor Alchemy, Chronos, and Felix Faust), tried to commit robberies after the Fiddler accidentally discovered a way to travel across the vibratory barriers between the Earths during a jailbreak. This led to the first JLA/JSA team-up. The Fiddler, while committing a million-dollar robbery on Earth-2 escaped Hawkman, the Earth-2 Flash, and the Atom, though the Flashes from both Earths were captured and placed in vibratory spheres, as they might recognize the criminals due to their ability to travel between Earths. Eventually, the villains starting committing crimes on each other's worlds. Using the Wizard's Tibetan magic, the Earth-2 crooks impersonated the Earth-1 crooks, the Fiddler impersonating Felix Faust, and battling Aquaman, the Martian Manhunter, and the Atom. When the Fiddler tried to rob a Museum on Earth-1 in his true form, Hourman and the Earth-2 Atom stopped him. However, the heroes were imprisoned by the Crime Champions in cages in space, but the Green Lanterns helped them to escape and return to Earth, after which the crooks were defeated and jailed on their respective Earths.","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Keystone City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_City"},{"link_name":"Grant Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Morrison"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Wizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Injustice Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injustice_Society"},{"link_name":"Infinity, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Global Guardians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Guardians"},{"link_name":"Obsidian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Green Flame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Flame"},{"link_name":"Hourman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourman"},{"link_name":"Solomon Grundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Grundy_(character)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"John Ostrander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ostrander"},{"link_name":"Hawkworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkworld"},{"link_name":"demon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon"},{"link_name":"Neron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neron_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Underworld Unleashed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underworld_Unleashed"},{"link_name":"Hawkman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkman"},{"link_name":"Kid Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Flash_(Iris_West)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Infinite Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Villains United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villains_United"},{"link_name":"Secret Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Six_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Mockingbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockingbird_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Deadshot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadshot"},{"link_name":"Catman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catman_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Virtuoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuoso_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Society_of_Super_Villains"},{"link_name":"Green Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Arrow"},{"link_name":"Black Canary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Canary"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Hall of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_of_Justice_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Black Lantern Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lantern_Corps"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Suicide Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_Squad"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Post-Crisis","text":"The son of British aristocrats, Isaac Bowin had a talent for music, and an impulse to travel. Running out of money, he resorted to theft and robbery to make ends meet until he was arrested in India and sent to jail. He then met a fakir, much as in the Pre-Crisis version.Returning to America and taking on a new identity, that of the Fiddler, Bowin made his first stop at Keystone City. The main difference between this new origin and the original story is that he was aware Maestro Bowin was his twin and wanted to ruin his brother's good name. He continued to plague Jay Garrick for many years, eventually joining with the Thinker and the Shade to remove Keystone City from the world's vision and memory. Barry Allen inadvertently crossed the vibrational barrier the Fiddler created in Grant Morrison's Post-Crisis version of the first Jay/Barry team-up, \"Flash of Two Cities.\" As in the original story, the two Flashes defeated the villains together.[6]For the Fiddler, this period proved an opportune time to join with his old comrade the Wizard in his new Injustice Society, now called \"Injustice Unlimited\". They overcame the security at the International Trade Conference in Calgary, Canada, namely Infinity, Inc. and a contingent of the Global Guardians. They forced the heroes to help in some mayhem. The Fiddler took Obsidian and the Green Flame to London and, with their help, stole a very prized Stradivarius violin. They then returned to Calgary to share in the stolen wealth being gathered by the Wizard but the plan went haywire when Hourman (Rick Tyler) revived and freed himself, as well as when Solomon Grundy was brought in from the Arctic Circle. It was Hourman who incapacitated the Fiddler by destroying the Stradivarius, and after the confusion he was taken into custody by Canadian law enforcement.[7]In John Ostrander's Hawkworld series, it was revealed that the fakir who taught Bowin his hypnotic skills was actually a demon. The Fiddler apparently dies in that story, but has resurfaced since (possibly through the machinations of the demon Neron, since the Fiddler first reappeared alive in Neron's assembly of supervillains in Underworld Unleashed #1). The same demon would turn a heavy-metal guitarist into a 1990s version of the Fiddler called the Thrasher. The Thrasher was defeated by Hawkman, and has not reappeared. It is not clear if this version of the Fiddler's origin is still in continuity.An Iowa Bowin, claiming to be the Fiddler's great-grandson, appeared in a story set in the future. Although his guitar-based version of his great-grandfather's powers initially caused chaos, he wished to be a hero, working alongside Kid Flash.[8]In the first issue of the Infinite Crisis miniseries Villains United, the Fiddler has joined the Secret Six. Disappointed by the Fiddler's performance against H.I.V.E. agents during their first mission, Mockingbird deems him \"incompetent\" and orders him killed. Deadshot carries out the execution; following the Fiddler's death, he is replaced on the team by Catman.[9] The Fiddler's violin is later found to be in the possession of the Virtuoso, a woman allied with the Society. Most recently though, a man resembling the Fiddler makes a cameo in Green Arrow/Black Canary,[volume & issue needed] shown upset in a room filled with violins destroyed by a recent fight between the Green Arrow, the Black Canary, and a mugger outside.The Fiddler has been identified as one of the deceased entombed below the Hall of Justice.[10] He is one of many dead super-villains reanimated as members of the Black Lantern Corps.[11] He features prominently as a Black Lantern during a short story-arc running through the one-shot revival issue of Suicide Squad, and the following two issues of Secret Six.[12] The Fiddler is apparently destroyed.[13]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DC Rebirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Rebirth"},{"link_name":"The New 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_52"},{"link_name":"Psych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psych_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Shrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrike_(identity)"},{"link_name":"Vortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra-Man"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Eobard Thawne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eobard_Thawne"},{"link_name":"Legion of Zoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Zoom_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"DC Rebirth","text":"In 2016, DC Comics implemented another relaunch of its books called \"DC Rebirth\" which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to \"The New 52\". Fiddler was seen in Zambia partaking in a card game with Psych, Shrike, and Vortex. When Psych detected that Fiddler cheated, Fiddler is held at gun point only for Fiddler, Shrike, and Vortex to be killed by Psych's projections of the people they killed.[14]Eobard Thawne plucked Fiddler from an unspecified point in time and recruited him to join the Legion of Zoom.[15]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Fiddler possesses magical abilities that he channels through his violins. The musical vibrations he creates can shatter solid objects, create force-fields and hypnotize others due to the sheer amount of sub-level bass.He uses violins gimmicked with weapons such as blades and guns. He travels around in his Fiddle Car, which Jay Garrick recognizes by sight.","title":"Powers and abilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulletman and Bulletgirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletman_and_Bulletgirl"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Vigilante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Saunders"},{"link_name":"Stuff the Chinatown Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuff_the_Chinatown_Kid"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"There are other characters who went by the name Fiddler:There is an unnamed man who operated as Fiddler and was an enemy of Bulletman and Bulletgirl. His fiddle enabled him to hypnotize anyone.[16]Prior to Isaac Bowin's debut, a man named Benjamin Bowe operated as Fiddler and was an enemy of Vigilante and Stuff the Chinatown Kid.[17]","title":"Other characters named Fiddler"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justice League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Udo Kier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udo_Kier"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Injustice Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injustice_Society"},{"link_name":"Justice League Unlimited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_Unlimited"},{"link_name":"The Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(2014_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"dark matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter"},{"link_name":"Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Allen_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Thinker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinker_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Elongated Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Dibny_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"ninth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(season_9)"},{"link_name":"Magda Apanowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magda_Apanowicz"},{"link_name":"ninth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(season_9)"},{"link_name":"Red Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Death_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Rogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogues_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Wayne Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Stargirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargirl_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Injustice Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injustice_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"Justice Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"Hina Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hina_X._Khan"},{"link_name":"Sportsmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportsmaster"},{"link_name":"Tigress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Brooks"},{"link_name":"Courtney Whitmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Whitmore"},{"link_name":"Cindy Burman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Eclipso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipso"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"A character based on the Fiddler called the Music Master appears in the Justice League two-part episode \"Legends\", voiced by Udo Kier.[citation needed] He is a supervillain from an alternate universe and member of the Injustice Guild.\nThe Fiddler makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Justice League Unlimited episode \"Flash and Substance\".\nTwo female incarnations of the Fiddler appear in The Flash.\nThe first, a genderbent version of Isaac Bowin named Izzy Bowin (portrayed by Miranda MacDougall), appears in the episode \"Subject 9\" as a country singer and violinist who was exposed to dark matter released from the Flash's emergence from the Speed Force as part of the Thinker's plans, which granted her the ability to fire concussive sonic waves. The Flash and the Elongated Man try to protect her from the Thinker, giving her a fiddle with which she can channel her powers through, but the villain succeeds in stealing Izzy's body and powers, killing her in the process. The ninth season reveals that the deaths of Izzy and several other victims of the Thinker were undone by changes in the space-time continuum, but she never encounters Team Flash again.\nThe second incarnation, Andrea Wozzeck (portrayed by Magda Apanowicz), appears in the ninth season (debuting in the same episode that mentions Izzy's resurrection) as a member of the Red Death's Rogues who can manipulate soundwaves through objects that produce sound, such as her fiddle built from Wayne Enterprises technology.\nThe Fiddler and his legacy appears in Stargirl.\nThe original Fiddler appears in a photograph depicted in the episode \"S.T.R.I.P.E.\" that identified him as a member of the Injustice Society of America (ISA), was referenced in the episode \"Hourman and Dr. Mid-Nite\" as having been an Irishman and enemy of the Justice Society of America (JSA), and shown in a flashback in the episode \"Shiv\" Pt. 1, portrayed by an uncredited Timmy Sherrill.\nIn the present, his wife Principal Anaya Bowin (portrayed by Hina Khan) took over his legacy and role within the ISA until she is killed by fellow ISA members Sportsmaster and Tigress for insulting them, with Anaya's death being covered up as a hunting accident.\nFiddler and Anaya's son Isaac Bowin (portrayed by Max Frantz) is depicted as a young musical prodigy and classmate of Courtney Whitmore who is often picked on by bullies. In the second season, Cindy Burman reveals Isaac's family's legacy to him before recruiting him into Injustice Unlimited. However, he is later consumed by Eclipso while fighting Whitmore's JSA.\nThe Fiddler is not to be confused with the spoof name for the Batman villain, the Riddler, coined by the r/batmanarkham subreddit as an ongoing meme.","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batman: The Brave and the Bold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_The_Brave_and_the_Bold_(comics)"}],"sub_title":"Miscellaneous","text":"The Fiddler appears in issue #8 of the Justice League Unlimited tie-in comic book series.\nThe Fiddler makes a cameo appearance in Batman: The Brave and the Bold #15.","title":"In other media"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Flash enemies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Flash_enemies"}] | [{"reference":"Cowsill, Alan; Irvine, Alex; Manning, Matthew K.; McAvennie, Michael; Wallace, Daniel (2019). DC Comics Year By Year: A Visual Chronicle. DK Publishing. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-4654-8578-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-8578-6","url_text":"978-1-4654-8578-6"}]},{"reference":"Wallace, Dan (2008). \"Crazy Creations\". In Dougall, Alastair (ed.). The DC Comics Encyclopedia. New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-7566-4119-1. OCLC 213309017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley","url_text":"Dorling Kindersley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-4119-1","url_text":"978-0-7566-4119-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/213309017","url_text":"213309017"}]},{"reference":"Rovin, Jeff (1987). The Encyclopedia of Supervillains. New York: Facts on File. pp. 128–129. ISBN 0-8160-1356-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-1356-X","url_text":"0-8160-1356-X"}]},{"reference":"Cowsill, Alan; Irvine, Alex; Manning, Matthew K.; McAvennie, Michael; Wallace, Daniel (2010). DC Comics Year By Year: A Visual Chronicle. DK Publishing. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-6742-9","url_text":"978-0-7566-6742-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/213309017","external_links_name":"213309017"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2018010101/http://comicbookdb.com/character.php?ID=567","external_links_name":"The Fiddler"},{"Link":"http://comicbookdb.com/character.php?ID=567","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Riu_i_Cabanes | Ramon Riu i Cabanes | ["1 External links"] | Bishop of Urgell, ex-officio Co-Prince of Andorra
In this Catalan name, the first or paternal surname is Riu and the second or maternal family name is Cabanes; both are generally joined by the conjunction "i".
Ramon Riu i Cabanes (17 June 1852 – 27 December 1901) was Bishop of Urgell and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra in 1901. Born in 1852 in Solsona he was appointed Apostolic Administrator of the Diocese of Solsona and Titular Bishop of Tamasus in 1895. In April 1901 he succeeded Salvador Casañas y Pagés as Bishop of Urgell and ecclesiastical Co-Prince of Andorra, he died however just few months after taking office.
External links
Catholic-Hierarchy
Catholic Church titles
Preceded bySalvador Casañas i Pagés
Bishop of Urgell 1901
Succeeded byJoan Josep Laguarda i Fenollera
Regnal titles
Preceded bySalvador Casañas i Pagés
Co-Prince of Andorra 1901 Served alongside: Émile Loubet
Succeeded byJoan Josep Laguarda i Fenollera
Authority control databases: National
Spain
This article about a Spanish Catholic bishop or archbishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about an Andorran politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catalan name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ramon_Riu_i_Cabanes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Urgell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Urgell"},{"link_name":"Co-Prince of Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-Prince_of_Andorra"},{"link_name":"Solsona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solsona,_Lleida"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Administrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Administrator"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Solsona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Solsona"},{"link_name":"Titular Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Tamasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamasus"},{"link_name":"Salvador Casañas y Pagés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Casa%C3%B1as_y_Pag%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Urgell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Urgell"}],"text":"In this Catalan name, the first or paternal surname is Riu and the second or maternal family name is Cabanes; both are generally joined by the conjunction \"i\".Ramon Riu i Cabanes (17 June 1852 – 27 December 1901) was Bishop of Urgell and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra in 1901. Born in 1852 in Solsona he was appointed Apostolic Administrator of the Diocese of Solsona and Titular Bishop of Tamasus in 1895. In April 1901 he succeeded Salvador Casañas y Pagés as Bishop of Urgell and ecclesiastical Co-Prince of Andorra, he died however just few months after taking office.","title":"Ramon Riu i Cabanes"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ramon_Riu_i_Cabanes.jpg/220px-Ramon_Riu_i_Cabanes.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/briuy.html","external_links_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1418815","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramon_Riu_i_Cabanes&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramon_Riu_i_Cabanes&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Up_International_Sandwich_Garden | Food at the 1964 New York World's Fair | ["1 Background","2 American cuisine","3 Pavilions","4 Legacy","5 References"] | Food at the New York World's Fair of 1964–1965 included dishes from American cuisine and varied international cuisines. When some Western European nations refused to attend the fair, due to a dispute between fair organizer Robert Moses and the World's Fair governing body, it created an opportunity for other countries to introduce affordable, ethnic cuisine to American fairgoers.
American cuisine was represented at 50 different restaurants representing the culinary traditions of various states. Smorgasboard could be found at the Minnesota Pavilion and recreations of colonial era dishes from the cuisine of New England were served at the New England States Pavilion. Many international cuisines were also represented including Chinese, Polish, Israeli, Korean, Indian, French, Norwegian and Swedish.
The World's Fair was an economic flop, but its cultural influence is still felt in today's culinary culture. Belgian waffles and sangria were introduced to the United States at the World's Fair. Among the other foods served were falafel, kimchi, hummus, tandoori chicken, and Turkish coffee.
Background
Further information: 1964 New York World's Fair § Development
A dispute between the organizer of the World's Fair, Robert Moses, and the governing body for the official World's Fairs resulted in Western nations like Italy, Germany, and France refusing to attend the World's Fair, which created an opportunity for Latin American, Asian, and African countries to introduce their affordable, ethnic cuisines to American fairgoers. The World's Fair has been described as "a coming-out party for all these other countries".
At the time of the World's Fair, New York City's selection of foods was more limited than it is in the present day—mostly pizza, corned beef sandwiches, and French haute cuisine. Other foods like Belgian waffles and falafel, which have since become ubiquitous street foods in the dining culture of New York City, were still largely unknown in the 1960s. The World's Fair has been called "the real introduction of the Belgian waffle to America", served topped with strawberries, whipped cream and powdered sugar at the "Belgian village", a recreation of an 18th-century Belgian town. The American-Israel pavilion, which served falafel at the fair, provided the following detailed explanation to introduce the dish to fairgoers: "spicy vegetable patty eaten between slices of a soft, round bread".
The World's Fair is viewed by most historians as more of a culturally significant event than an economic success, and its far-reaching impact on culinary culture is still felt today.
American cuisine
The original plan was for a five-story "World of Food" pavilion, a tribute to American food culture, showcasing a model kitchen with exhibits from major American corporations, but some problems with the financing led to the unfinished pavilion being dismantled two weeks before its scheduled opening date. Some of the corporations that had originally planned to be at the pavilion, like Hershey's and Coca-Cola, found other spots throughout the fair, but American food was decentralized throughout the fair because of the dismantling of the pavilion, and some of the companies that had originally intended to participate at the "World of Food" pavilion did not attend at all.
There ended up being around 50 restaurants at various price points offering a selection of American dishes. The Missouri Snack Patio served barbecue ham and hot dogs. Smorgasboard was available at the Minnesota Pavilion, and recreations of colonial era dishes from the cuisine of New England at the New England States Pavilion. The Greyhound Post Houses offered a selection of classic dishes from American cuisine such as clam chowder, fried chicken, cornbread, and pecan pie.
Pavilions
See also: 1964 New York World's Fair pavilions
Bakers came from Europe to make Danish pastry for the fair's Denmark pavilion. Other Danish specialty foods included smorgasbord and fish that had been flown in from the Baltic and North Sea. The Japan pavilion served sukiyaki with shirataki noodles, with thinly sliced beef, vegetables, and bean curd, cooked at the table in a hot pot. Varieties of seafood and vegetable tempura were on the menu, and sushi with warm sake. The Indian pavilion, serving naan and tandoori chicken, was constructed to resemble an ancient temple. At the Korean teahouse costumed waitresses and entertainers performed folk dances for fairgoers who dined on kimchee and bulgogi. The Hong Kong Pavilion served hundreds of entrées, including "shark fin-stuffed dumplings". The venue recreated a Hong Kong dockside with reconstructions of ancient Chinese sailing boats and entertainment that included acrobats and Chinese opera singers. The restaurant at the Swiss pavilion served Swiss wines, cheese dishes like a hot cheese tart, cheese croquettes and cheese fondue and meat and sausage dishes. The desserts included chocolate mousse and chocolate cake, and a kirsch cake. Shish kebab were served at the Morocco pavilion, mezze platter and shwarama at the Lebanese pavilion, and nasi kuning at the Indonesian pavilion (the latter pavilion was seized and shut down during a political scuffle at the United Nations).
The Spanish Pavilion featured several restaurants offering traditional dishes from Spain. The Granada restaurant served Spanish ham, gazpacho, callos a la Madrileña and stuffed sweet peppers; paella was the most requested entrée. The Toledo restaurant had dishes like mushrooms with béchamel sauce, pâté with aspic, and sea bass en papillote. A New York Times article from 1964 wrote that they were "the most talked-about restaurants at the fair" and that getting a table could "at times seem a Herculean exercise". Sangria was introduced to the United States at the Spanish Pavilion.
The Seven-Up International Sandwich Garden offered fairgoers a buffet-style selection of 16 sandwiches influenced by international cuisines:
Sandwich Garden offerings
Region
Country
Bread
Filling
Northern Europe
England
Raisin bread
Cream cheese and currant jelly
Northern Europe
Germany
Pumpernickel
Wurst and spicy dressing
Northern Europe
Sweden
Limpa bread
Smoked salmon and chopped egg
Northern Europe
Scotland
Barley bread
Sliced lamb with mint dressing
The Pacific
The Philippines
Herb bread
Barbecued pork
The Pacific
Indonesia
Cinnamon swirl bread
Chicken-ginger-coconut
The Pacific
Hawaii
Coconut bread
Lomi-lomi salmon
The Pacific
Australia
Caraway rye bread
Sliced beef
Mediterranean
France
French bread
Liver pâté
Mediterranean
Morocco
Onion white bread
Sliced lamb with tart dressing
Mediterranean
Italy
Sesame bread
Provolone and prosciutto
Mediterranean
Spain
Poppyseed white bread
"Chicken Valencia"
Americas
Canada
Cheddar bread
Baked ham with pickle dressing
Americas
Argentina
Corn bread
Churrasco beef
Americas
United States
Whole wheat bread
Turkey and cranberry dressing
Americas
Alaska
Buttermilk bread
Salmon with lemon dressing
At $1.50 (around $12 in 2020) for a platter of four sandwiches, relish, cheese, and candy, and unlimited Seven Up, the sandwich garden was one of the more economical dining options at the fair. The pavilion had a red and white clock tower with a visible Seven Up logo, with covered open-air dining areas and live music. The menu advertised "the food specialties of 16 countries in elaborate sandwiches, plus all the Seven Up the customer can drink". Four sandwiches were offered from each of four regions: Northern Europe, the Pacific, the Mediterranean and the Americas. Each was served on a different oval-shaped bread described as "an innovation to the world of sandwich-making."
Legacy
In 2019, the "World's Fare" was organized at Citi Field as an "homage to the great Fair of 1964". Over 100 food vendors participated at the event, which featured an international beer garden with over 65 craft brewers. The range of foods included dumplings, empanadas, burgers, fried ice cream, Belgian waffles and tacos.
References
^ Kraig, Bruce (January 31, 2013). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, Volume 1. p. 634. ISBN 9780199734962. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved September 27, 2020.
^ a b c d e f g h i Levy, Nicole (April 26, 2018). "1964 World's Fair introduced New Yorkers to Belgian waffles and falafel". AM NY. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
^ Rombauer, Irma S. (1997). Joy of Cooking. p. 802. ISBN 9780684818702. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved May 21, 2024.
^ "Peace Through Sangria and Egg Rolls: A Look Back at the Culinary Impact of the 1964/65 New York World's Fair". The International Wine & Food Society. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
^ a b Smith, Andrew F., ed. (2015). Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City. Oxford University Press. p. 651. ISBN 9780199397020. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
^ "Food at the fair, , © Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno". Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved September 23, 2020.(subscription required)
^ "American Express credit card dining directory 1964..., , Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno". Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved September 23, 2020.(subscription required)
^ "New York World's Fair 1964–65: Japan pavilion, , Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno". Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
^ "Le Chalet: restaurant of the pavilion of Switzerla..., , Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno". Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved September 23, 2020.(subscription required)
^ "Food at the fair, , Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno". Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved September 23, 2020.(subscription required)
^ "The Indonesia Controversy at the New York World's Fair 1964–1965". 2005. Archived from the original on October 14, 2020. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
^ "Dining at the Fair; Restaurants at the Spanish Pavilion Offer Opulence, Style—and Waiting". The New York Times. June 9, 1964. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
^ Textbook Of Food & Bevrge Mgmt. McGraw-Hill Education. 2006. ISBN 9780070655737. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved May 21, 2024.
^ a b Menu, Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno, (subscription required) Archived May 21, 2024, at the Wayback Machine
^ "1964 World's Fair introduced New Yorkers to Belgian waffles and falafel". April 26, 2018. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
^ a b "World Fair photos". Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
^ Belasco, Warren (October 18, 2006). Meals to Come: A History of the Future of Food. University of California Press. p. 224. ISBN 9780520250352. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved May 21, 2024.
^ "The World's Fare Returns To Queens This Month With Over 100 Vendors". SecretNYC. May 11, 2019. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
^ "A New York Food Festival Aims to Re-Create the 1960s World's Fair". The Wall Street Journal. April 26, 2018. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smorgasboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smorgasboard"},{"link_name":"cuisine of New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Israeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_cuisine"},{"link_name":"economic flop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair#Controversial_ending"},{"link_name":"Belgian waffles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_waffles"},{"link_name":"sangria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangria"},{"link_name":"falafel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falafel"},{"link_name":"kimchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi"},{"link_name":"hummus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummus"},{"link_name":"tandoori chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandoori_chicken"},{"link_name":"Turkish coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_coffee"}],"text":"American cuisine was represented at 50 different restaurants representing the culinary traditions of various states. Smorgasboard could be found at the Minnesota Pavilion and recreations of colonial era dishes from the cuisine of New England were served at the New England States Pavilion. Many international cuisines were also represented including Chinese, Polish, Israeli, Korean, Indian, French, Norwegian and Swedish.The World's Fair was an economic flop, but its cultural influence is still felt in today's culinary culture. Belgian waffles and sangria were introduced to the United States at the World's Fair. Among the other foods served were falafel, kimchi, hummus, tandoori chicken, and Turkish coffee.","title":"Food at the 1964 New York World's Fair"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1964 New York World's Fair § Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair#Development"},{"link_name":"Robert Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moses"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amny-2"},{"link_name":"corned beef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corned_beef"},{"link_name":"haute cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Belgian waffles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_waffle"},{"link_name":"falafel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falafel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amny-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amny-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amny-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sangria-4"}],"text":"Further information: 1964 New York World's Fair § DevelopmentA dispute between the organizer of the World's Fair, Robert Moses, and the governing body for the official World's Fairs resulted in Western nations like Italy, Germany, and France refusing to attend the World's Fair, which created an opportunity for Latin American, Asian, and African countries to introduce their affordable, ethnic cuisines to American fairgoers. The World's Fair has been described as \"a coming-out party for all these other countries\".[2]At the time of the World's Fair, New York City's selection of foods was more limited than it is in the present day—mostly pizza, corned beef sandwiches, and French haute cuisine. Other foods like Belgian waffles and falafel, which have since become ubiquitous street foods in the dining culture of New York City, were still largely unknown in the 1960s.[2] The World's Fair has been called \"the real introduction of the Belgian waffle to America\", served topped with strawberries, whipped cream and powdered sugar at the \"Belgian village\", a recreation of an 18th-century Belgian town.[2][3] The American-Israel pavilion, which served falafel at the fair, provided the following detailed explanation to introduce the dish to fairgoers: \"spicy vegetable patty eaten between slices of a soft, round bread\".[2]The World's Fair is viewed by most historians as more of a culturally significant event than an economic success, and its far-reaching impact on culinary culture is still felt today.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savor-5"},{"link_name":"Hershey's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hershey_Company"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savor-5"},{"link_name":"hot dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_dog"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-food-6"},{"link_name":"Smorgasboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smorgasboard"},{"link_name":"cuisine of New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England"},{"link_name":"American cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_cuisine"},{"link_name":"clam chowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clam_chowder"},{"link_name":"pecan pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecan_pie"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The original plan was for a five-story \"World of Food\" pavilion, a tribute to American food culture, showcasing a model kitchen with exhibits from major American corporations, but some problems with the financing led to the unfinished pavilion being dismantled two weeks before its scheduled opening date.[5] Some of the corporations that had originally planned to be at the pavilion, like Hershey's and Coca-Cola, found other spots throughout the fair, but American food was decentralized throughout the fair because of the dismantling of the pavilion, and some of the companies that had originally intended to participate at the \"World of Food\" pavilion did not attend at all.[5]There ended up being around 50 restaurants at various price points offering a selection of American dishes. The Missouri Snack Patio served barbecue ham and hot dogs.[6] Smorgasboard was available at the Minnesota Pavilion, and recreations of colonial era dishes from the cuisine of New England at the New England States Pavilion. The Greyhound Post Houses offered a selection of classic dishes from American cuisine such as clam chowder, fried chicken, cornbread, and pecan pie.[7]","title":"American cuisine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1964 New York World's Fair pavilions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair_pavilions"},{"link_name":"Danish pastry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_pastry"},{"link_name":"smorgasbord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smorgasbord"},{"link_name":"Baltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amny-2"},{"link_name":"sukiyaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukiyaki"},{"link_name":"shirataki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirataki"},{"link_name":"hot pot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pot"},{"link_name":"tempura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempura"},{"link_name":"sushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushi"},{"link_name":"sake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sake"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"naan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naan"},{"link_name":"tandoori chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandoori_chicken"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amny-2"},{"link_name":"kimchee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchee"},{"link_name":"bulgogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgogi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amny-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amny-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amny-2"},{"link_name":"croquettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croquettes"},{"link_name":"fondue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondue"},{"link_name":"sausage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausage"},{"link_name":"kirsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsch"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Shish kebab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shish_kebab"},{"link_name":"mezze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezze"},{"link_name":"shwarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shwarama"},{"link_name":"nasi kuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_kuning"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foods-10"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"gazpacho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazpacho"},{"link_name":"callos a la Madrileña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callos_a_la_Madrile%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"paella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paella"},{"link_name":"béchamel sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9chamel_sauce"},{"link_name":"pâté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"aspic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspic"},{"link_name":"en papillote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_papillote"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sangria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangria"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-menu-14"},{"link_name":"Seven Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Up"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-photos-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-photos-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-menu-14"}],"text":"See also: 1964 New York World's Fair pavilionsBakers came from Europe to make Danish pastry for the fair's Denmark pavilion. Other Danish specialty foods included smorgasbord and fish that had been flown in from the Baltic and North Sea.[2] The Japan pavilion served sukiyaki with shirataki noodles, with thinly sliced beef, vegetables, and bean curd, cooked at the table in a hot pot. Varieties of seafood and vegetable tempura were on the menu, and sushi with warm sake.[8] The Indian pavilion, serving naan and tandoori chicken, was constructed to resemble an ancient temple.[2] At the Korean teahouse costumed waitresses and entertainers performed folk dances for fairgoers who dined on kimchee and bulgogi.[2] The Hong Kong Pavilion served hundreds of entrées, including \"shark fin-stuffed dumplings\".[2] The venue recreated a Hong Kong dockside with reconstructions of ancient Chinese sailing boats and entertainment that included acrobats and Chinese opera singers.[2] The restaurant at the Swiss pavilion served Swiss wines, cheese dishes like a hot cheese tart, cheese croquettes and cheese fondue and meat and sausage dishes. The desserts included chocolate mousse and chocolate cake, and a kirsch cake.[9] Shish kebab were served at the Morocco pavilion, mezze platter and shwarama at the Lebanese pavilion, and nasi kuning at the Indonesian pavilion[10] (the latter pavilion was seized and shut down during a political scuffle at the United Nations).[11]The Spanish Pavilion featured several restaurants offering traditional dishes from Spain. The Granada restaurant served Spanish ham, gazpacho, callos a la Madrileña and stuffed sweet peppers; paella was the most requested entrée. The Toledo restaurant had dishes like mushrooms with béchamel sauce, pâté with aspic, and sea bass en papillote. A New York Times article from 1964 wrote that they were \"the most talked-about restaurants at the fair\" and that getting a table could \"at times seem a Herculean exercise\".[12] Sangria was introduced to the United States at the Spanish Pavilion.[13]The Seven-Up International Sandwich Garden offered fairgoers a buffet-style selection of 16 sandwiches influenced by international cuisines:[14]At $1.50 (around $12 in 2020) for a platter of four sandwiches, relish, cheese, and candy, and unlimited Seven Up, the sandwich garden was one of the more economical dining options at the fair.[15][16] The pavilion had a red and white clock tower with a visible Seven Up logo, with covered open-air dining areas and live music.[16] The menu advertised \"the food specialties of 16 countries in elaborate sandwiches, plus all the Seven Up the customer can drink\".[17] Four sandwiches were offered from each of four regions: Northern Europe, the Pacific, the Mediterranean and the Americas. Each was served on a different oval-shaped bread described as \"an innovation to the world of sandwich-making.\"[14]","title":"Pavilions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Citi Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citi_Field"},{"link_name":"dumplings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumplings"},{"link_name":"empanadas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empanadas"},{"link_name":"burgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger"},{"link_name":"ice cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream"},{"link_name":"Belgian waffles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_waffle"},{"link_name":"tacos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacos"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"In 2019, the \"World's Fare\" was organized at Citi Field as an \"homage to the great Fair of 1964\". Over 100 food vendors participated at the event, which featured an international beer garden with over 65 craft brewers. The range of foods included dumplings, empanadas, burgers, fried ice cream, Belgian waffles and tacos.[18][19]","title":"Legacy"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Kraig, Bruce (January 31, 2013). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, Volume 1. p. 634. ISBN 9780199734962. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved September 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DOJMAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, Volume 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199734962","url_text":"9780199734962"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240521012537/https://books.google.com/books?id=DOJMAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Levy, Nicole (April 26, 2018). \"1964 World's Fair introduced New Yorkers to Belgian waffles and falafel\". AM NY. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amny.com/eat-and-drink/world-s-fair-food-1-18258740/","url_text":"\"1964 World's Fair introduced New Yorkers to Belgian waffles and falafel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_New_York_Metro","url_text":"AM NY"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201002024853/https://www.amny.com/eat-and-drink/world-s-fair-food-1-18258740/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rombauer, Irma S. (1997). Joy of Cooking. p. 802. ISBN 9780684818702. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved May 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tbyW2LeXIOkC&q=1964","url_text":"Joy of Cooking"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684818702","url_text":"9780684818702"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240521012141/https://books.google.com/books?id=tbyW2LeXIOkC&q=1964#v=snippet&q=1964&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Peace Through Sangria and Egg Rolls: A Look Back at the Culinary Impact of the 1964/65 New York World's Fair\". The International Wine & Food Society. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.iwfs.org/2014/03/peace-through-sangria-and-egg-rolls-a-look-back-at-the-culinary-impact-of-the-196465-new-york-worlds-fair/","url_text":"\"Peace Through Sangria and Egg Rolls: A Look Back at the Culinary Impact of the 1964/65 New York World's Fair\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201111015400/https://blog.iwfs.org/2014/03/peace-through-sangria-and-egg-rolls-a-look-back-at-the-culinary-impact-of-the-196465-new-york-worlds-fair/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Andrew F., ed. (2015). Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City. Oxford University Press. p. 651. ISBN 9780199397020. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved October 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NNieCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA651","url_text":"Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199397020","url_text":"9780199397020"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240521012206/https://books.google.com/books?id=NNieCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA651#v=onepage&q&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Food at the fair, [1964–1965], © Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno\". Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. 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Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/09/archives/dining-at-the-fair-restaurants-at-the-spanish-pavilion-offer.html","url_text":"\"Dining at the Fair; Restaurants at the Spanish Pavilion Offer Opulence, Style—and Waiting\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201001221707/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/09/archives/dining-at-the-fair-restaurants-at-the-spanish-pavilion-offer.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Textbook Of Food & Bevrge Mgmt. McGraw-Hill Education. 2006. ISBN 9780070655737. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved May 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HfHtaq1GWUcC&dq=sangria+world%27s+fair&pg=PA275","url_text":"Textbook Of Food & Bevrge Mgmt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780070655737","url_text":"9780070655737"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240521012645/https://books.google.com/books?id=HfHtaq1GWUcC&dq=sangria+world%27s+fair&pg=PA275","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1964 World's Fair introduced New Yorkers to Belgian waffles and falafel\". April 26, 2018. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amny.com/eat-and-drink/world-s-fair-food-1-18258740/","url_text":"\"1964 World's Fair introduced New Yorkers to Belgian waffles and falafel\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201002024853/https://www.amny.com/eat-and-drink/world-s-fair-food-1-18258740/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"World Fair photos\". Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldsfairphotos.com/nywf64/seven-up.htm","url_text":"\"World Fair photos\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201001203436/https://www.worldsfairphotos.com/nywf64/seven-up.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Belasco, Warren (October 18, 2006). Meals to Come: A History of the Future of Food. University of California Press. p. 224. ISBN 9780520250352. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved May 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gbIwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA224","url_text":"Meals to Come: A History of the Future of Food"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520250352","url_text":"9780520250352"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240521012646/https://books.google.com/books?id=gbIwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA224#v=onepage&q&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The World's Fare Returns To Queens This Month With Over 100 Vendors\". SecretNYC. May 11, 2019. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://secretnyc.co/celebrate-iconic-worlds-fair-epic-festival-queens/","url_text":"\"The World's Fare Returns To Queens This Month With Over 100 Vendors\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210917234959/https://secretnyc.co/celebrate-iconic-worlds-fair-epic-festival-queens/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A New York Food Festival Aims to Re-Create the 1960s World's Fair\". The Wall Street Journal. April 26, 2018. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-new-york-food-festival-aims-to-re-create-the-1960s-worlds-fair-1524783342","url_text":"\"A New York Food Festival Aims to Re-Create the 1960s World's Fair\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201002004107/https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-new-york-food-festival-aims-to-re-create-the-1960s-worlds-fair-1524783342","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DOJMAgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, Volume 1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240521012537/https://books.google.com/books?id=DOJMAgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.amny.com/eat-and-drink/world-s-fair-food-1-18258740/","external_links_name":"\"1964 World's Fair introduced New Yorkers to Belgian waffles and falafel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201002024853/https://www.amny.com/eat-and-drink/world-s-fair-food-1-18258740/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tbyW2LeXIOkC&q=1964","external_links_name":"Joy of Cooking"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240521012141/https://books.google.com/books?id=tbyW2LeXIOkC&q=1964#v=snippet&q=1964&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://blog.iwfs.org/2014/03/peace-through-sangria-and-egg-rolls-a-look-back-at-the-culinary-impact-of-the-196465-new-york-worlds-fair/","external_links_name":"\"Peace Through Sangria and Egg Rolls: A Look Back at the Culinary Impact of the 1964/65 New York World's Fair\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201111015400/https://blog.iwfs.org/2014/03/peace-through-sangria-and-egg-rolls-a-look-back-at-the-culinary-impact-of-the-196465-new-york-worlds-fair/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NNieCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA651","external_links_name":"Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240521012206/https://books.google.com/books?id=NNieCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA651#v=onepage&q&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldsfairs.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/HMLSC_upam_BX33_AMD271a/1","external_links_name":"\"Food at the fair, [1964–1965], © Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240521012540/https://www.worldsfairs.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/HMLSC_upam_BX33_AMD271a","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldsfairs.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/HMLSC_upam_BX34_EXP964-235c/1#VisualMaterials","external_links_name":"\"American Express credit card dining directory 1964..., [1964–1965], Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240521012541/https://www.worldsfairs.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/HMLSC_upam_BX34_EXP964-235c#VisualMaterials","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldsfairs.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/HMLSC_upam_BX32_AMD259/2","external_links_name":"\"New York World's Fair 1964–65: Japan pavilion, [1964–1965], Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240521012245/https://www.worldsfairs.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/HMLSC_upam_BX32_AMD259","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldsfairs.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/HMLSC_upam_BX33_EXP964-166c/2","external_links_name":"\"Le Chalet: restaurant of the pavilion of Switzerla..., [1964–1965], Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240521012215/https://www.worldsfairs.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/HMLSC_upam_BX33_EXP964-166c","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldsfairs.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/HMLSC_upam_BX33_AMD271a/2","external_links_name":"\"Food at the fair, [1964–1965], Special Collections Research Center, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240521012651/https://www.worldsfairs.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/HMLSC_upam_BX33_AMD271a","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nywf64.com/indones08.shtml","external_links_name":"\"The Indonesia Controversy at the New York World's Fair 1964–1965\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201014190558/http://www.nywf64.com/indones08.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/09/archives/dining-at-the-fair-restaurants-at-the-spanish-pavilion-offer.html","external_links_name":"\"Dining at the Fair; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estelle_Winwood | Estelle Winwood | ["1 Early life and early career","2 Broadway and West End career","3 Film and television","4 Personal life","5 Select filmography","6 References","7 External links"] | British actress (1883–1984)
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Estelle WinwoodWinwood in 1920BornEstelle Ruth Goodwin(1883-01-24)24 January 1883Lee, Kent, EnglandDied20 June 1984(1984-06-20) (aged 101)Woodland Hills, California, U.S.OccupationActressYears active1903–1983Spouse(s)Arthur Chesney(m. 1907; div. 1928)
Francis Barlow Bradley
(m. 1928; died 1929)
Robert Barton Henderson
(m. 1944)
Estelle Winwood (born Estelle Ruth Goodwin, 24 January 1883 – 20 June 1984) was an English actress who moved to the United States mid-career and became celebrated for her wit and longevity.
Early life and early career
Born Estelle Ruth Goodwin in 1883 in Lee, Hundred of Blackheath, Kent, she decided at the age of five that she wanted to be an actress. With her mother's support, but her father's disapproval, she trained with the Lyric Stage Academy in London, before making her professional debut in Johannesburg at the age of 20. During the First World War, she joined the Liverpool Repertory Company before moving on to a career in London's West End.
Broadway and West End career
She moved to the U.S. in 1916 and made her Broadway début in New York City. Until the beginning of the 1930s, she divided her time between New York City and London. Throughout her career, her first love was the theater; and, as the years passed, she appeared less frequently in London and became a frequent performer on Broadway, appearing in such plays as A Successful Calamity (1917), A Little Journey (1918), Spring Cleaning (1923), The Distaff Side (1934), The Importance of Being Earnest (which she also directed, 1939), When We Are Married (1939), Ladies in Retirement (1940), The Pirate (1942), Ten Little Indians (1944), Lady Windermere's Fan (1947), and The Madwoman of Chaillot (1948).
Film and television
Like many stage actors of her era, Winwood expressed a distaste for films and resisted the offers she received during the 1920s. She relented and made her film début in Night Angel (1931), but her scenes were cut before the film's release. Her official film début came in The House of Trent (1933), and Quality Street (1937) was her first role of note. She made no cinematic films during the 1940s, but expressed a willingness to participate in the new medium of television, starring in a television production of Blithe Spirit in 1946. During the 1950s, she appeared more frequently in television than she did in film in such series as Robert Montgomery Presents, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, and The Donna Reed Show. She played the character Hortense in the episode "Where's There's a Will" on the ABC sitcom The Real McCoys starring Walter Brennan. Her few films from that period include The Glass Slipper (1955), The Swan (1956), and 23 Paces to Baker Street (1956).
Her other film credits include Darby O'Gill and the Little People (1959), The Misfits (1961), The Magic Sword (1962), The Notorious Landlady (1962), Dead Ringer (1964), Camelot (1967) and The Producers (1967). She later denigrated the last film, saying she could not imagine why she had done it except for the money.
Her other work for television included guest roles in Dennis the Menace, The Twilight Zone as the elderly wife of the ageless title character in "Long Live Walter Jameson", Thriller, Dr. Kildare, The Man from U.N.C.L.E., The Name of the Game, Bewitched, Batman, Love, American Style, Cannon, Police Story, The F.B.I., and the last episode of Perry Mason, titled "The Case of the Final Fade-Out", in which she played an aging actress who ended up as a second defendant. Winwood also appeared in the Barnaby Jones episode "Murder in the Doll's House".
Winwood's final film appearance, at age 92 in Murder by Death (1976), was as an ancient nursemaid to Jessica Marbles (a spoof of Miss Marple, played by Elsa Lanchester). In this film, she joined other veteran actors spoofing some of the most popular detective characters in murder mysteries on film and television (including Nick and Nora Charles and Hercule Poirot). When she took on her final major television role in a 1979 episode of Quincy, she officially became, at age 96, the oldest actor working in the U.S., narrowly beating fellow British actress Ethel Griffies. She continued making appearances until she was 100 years old. When she died at age 101, she was the oldest member in the history of the Screen Actors Guild.
Personal life
Winwood married three times: to character actor Arthur Chesney in 1907, New Zealand rancher and marine solicitor Francis Barlow Bradley in 1928, and American actor Robert Henderson in 1944, a man many years her junior, whom Winwood lived apart from in her later life, though he would visit her several times a year. Winwood did not have children.
Winwood was good friends with Tallulah Bankhead, who died in 1968. Bankhead, actresses Eva Le Gallienne and Blyth Daly, and Winwood were dubbed "The Four Riders of the Algonquin" in the early silent film days, because of their appearances together at the Algonquin Round Table.
Winwood appeared as a character in Answered Prayers, Truman Capote's final, unfinished, thinly veiled roman à clef. In the novel, which uses her real name, she attends a drunken dinner party with Bankhead, Dorothy Parker, Montgomery Clift, and the novel's narrator, P.B. Jones.
In a 1979 interview, at age 95, Winwood remarked that she smoked three packs of cigarettes a day. On her 100th birthday, Winwood was asked how it felt to have lived so long; she replied "How rude of you to remind me!" Bette Davis, a co-star from Dead Ringer, was photographed at Winwood's side on the occasion in Hollywood, California.
Winwood died in her sleep in Woodland Hills, California, in 1984 at age 101. She was interred in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery.
Select filmography
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1931
The Night Angel
(scenes deleted)
1933
The House of Trent
Charlotte
1937
Quality Street
Mary Willoughby
1946
Blithe Spirit
Madame Arcati
TV movie
1955
The Glass Slipper
Mrs. Denise Toquet
1956
The Swan
Symphorosa
23 Paces to Baker Street
Barmaid at The Eagle
Alfred Hitchcock Presents
Monica Laughton
Season 1 Episode 25: "There Was an Old Woman"
1958
This Happy Feeling
Mrs. Julie Early
Alfred Hitchcock Presents
Miss Hildy-Lou
Season 3 Episode 26: "Bull in a China Shop"
1959
Darby O'Gill and the Little People
Sheelah Sugrue
Alive and Kicking
Mabel
1961
The Misfits
Church Lady Collecting Money in Bar
1962
The Magic Sword
Sybil
The Notorious Landlady
Mrs. Dawn Dunhill
The Cabinet of Caligari
Ruth
1964
Dead Ringer
Dona Anna
1967
Camelot
Lady Clarinda
Games
Miss Lou-Betty Beattie
The Producers
"Hold Me! Touch Me!"
1970
Jenny
1971
Decisions! Decisions!
TV movie
1976
Murder by Death
Nurse
References
^ a b "Entry Information". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
^ Samuel G. Freedman (22 June 1984) "ESTELLE WINWOOD, AN ACTRESS WHOSE CAREER BEGAN IN 1888". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ a b "Miss Estelle Winwood: A Talent to Amuse" ClassicImages.com.
^ "Box office/business for Murder By Death" IMDb.com.
^ Hal Erickson, Rovi, Estelle Winwood Biography, New York Times via All Media Guide
^ "Milestones: Apr. 16, 1928". Time. 16 April 1928. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
^ "ESTIELLE WINWOOD She's Still Spry at 85". Desert Sun 16 March 1968.
^ Bradley, Estelle W.; Henderson, Robert B. "New York, Marriage License Indexes, 1907-2018". Ancestry.com.
^ Harmetz, Aljean; Times, Special To the New York (24 January 1983). "ESTELLE WINWOOD TURNING 100 FEISTILY". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
^ Estelle Winwood-- 1979 TV Interview, William Demarest, Pat O'Brien, archived from the original on 13 December 2021, retrieved 12 May 2021
^ Liebman, Roy (6 February 2017). Broadway Actors in Films, 1894-2015. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-7685-5.
External links
Biography portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Estelle Winwood.
Estelle Winwood at the Internet Broadway Database
Estelle Winwood at IMDb
Eva Le Gallienne, Estelle Winwood
Estelle Winwood lithograph from magazine The Theater November, 1918
Authority control databases International
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She relented and made her film début in Night Angel (1931), but her scenes were cut before the film's release. Her official film début came in The House of Trent (1933), and Quality Street (1937) was her first role of note. She made no cinematic films during the 1940s, but expressed a willingness to participate in the new medium of television, starring in a television production of Blithe Spirit in 1946. During the 1950s, she appeared more frequently in television than she did in film in such series as Robert Montgomery Presents, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, and The Donna Reed Show. She played the character Hortense in the episode \"Where's There's a Will\" on the ABC sitcom The Real McCoys starring Walter Brennan. Her few films from that period include The Glass Slipper (1955), The Swan (1956), and 23 Paces to Baker Street (1956).Her other film credits include Darby O'Gill and the Little People (1959), The Misfits (1961), The Magic Sword (1962), The Notorious Landlady (1962), Dead Ringer (1964), Camelot (1967) and The Producers (1967). She later denigrated the last film, saying she could not imagine why she had done it except for the money.Her other work for television included guest roles in Dennis the Menace, The Twilight Zone as the elderly wife of the ageless title character in \"Long Live Walter Jameson\", Thriller, Dr. Kildare, The Man from U.N.C.L.E., The Name of the Game, Bewitched, Batman, Love, American Style, Cannon, Police Story, The F.B.I., and the last episode of Perry Mason, titled \"The Case of the Final Fade-Out\", in which she played an aging actress who ended up as a second defendant. Winwood also appeared in the Barnaby Jones episode \"Murder in the Doll's House\".Winwood's final film appearance, at age 92[4] in Murder by Death (1976), was as an ancient nursemaid to Jessica Marbles (a spoof of Miss Marple, played by Elsa Lanchester). In this film, she joined other veteran actors spoofing some of the most popular detective characters in murder mysteries on film and television (including Nick and Nora Charles and Hercule Poirot). When she took on her final major television role in a 1979 episode of Quincy, she officially became, at age 96, the oldest actor working in the U.S., narrowly beating fellow British actress Ethel Griffies. She continued making appearances until she was 100 years old.[5] When she died at age 101, she was the oldest member in the history of the Screen Actors Guild. [citation needed]","title":"Film and television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Chesney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Chesney"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Robert Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Henderson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Tallulah Bankhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallulah_Bankhead"},{"link_name":"Eva Le Gallienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Le_Gallienne"},{"link_name":"Blyth Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blyth_Daly"},{"link_name":"Algonquin Round Table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquin_Round_Table"},{"link_name":"Answered Prayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Answered_Prayers"},{"link_name":"Truman Capote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Capote"},{"link_name":"roman à clef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_%C3%A0_clef"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Parker"},{"link_name":"Montgomery Clift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Clift"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Bette Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Davis"},{"link_name":"Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_Village_Memorial_Park_Cemetery"}],"text":"Winwood married three times: to character actor Arthur Chesney in 1907, New Zealand rancher and marine solicitor Francis Barlow Bradley in 1928,[6][7] and American actor Robert Henderson in 1944,[8] a man many years her junior, whom Winwood lived apart from in her later life, though he would visit her several times a year.[9] Winwood did not have children.Winwood was good friends with Tallulah Bankhead, who died in 1968. Bankhead, actresses Eva Le Gallienne and Blyth Daly, and Winwood were dubbed \"The Four Riders of the Algonquin\" in the early silent film days, because of their appearances together at the Algonquin Round Table.\nWinwood appeared as a character in Answered Prayers, Truman Capote's final, unfinished, thinly veiled roman à clef. In the novel, which uses her real name, she attends a drunken dinner party with Bankhead, Dorothy Parker, Montgomery Clift, and the novel's narrator, P.B. Jones.In a 1979 interview, at age 95, Winwood remarked that she smoked three packs of cigarettes a day.[10] On her 100th birthday, Winwood was asked how it felt to have lived so long; she replied \"How rude of you to remind me!\"[11] Bette Davis, a co-star from Dead Ringer, was photographed at Winwood's side on the occasion in Hollywood, California.Winwood died in her sleep in Woodland Hills, California, in 1984 at age 101. She was interred in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Select filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Entry Information\". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 26 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=O50vwYYTmqpqvWY3X1gK4A&scan=1","url_text":"\"Entry Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Milestones: Apr. 16, 1928\". Time. 16 April 1928. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 29 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,786857,00.html","url_text":"\"Milestones: Apr. 16, 1928\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X","url_text":"0040-781X"}]},{"reference":"\"ESTIELLE WINWOOD She's Still Spry at 85\". Desert Sun 16 March 1968.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19680316.2.36&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1","url_text":"\"ESTIELLE WINWOOD She's Still Spry at 85\""}]},{"reference":"Bradley, Estelle W.; Henderson, Robert B. \"New York, Marriage License Indexes, 1907-2018\". Ancestry.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=61406&h=80578&tid=&pid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=kll1447&_phstart=successSource","url_text":"\"New York, Marriage License Indexes, 1907-2018\""}]},{"reference":"Harmetz, Aljean; Times, Special To the New York (24 January 1983). \"ESTELLE WINWOOD TURNING 100 FEISTILY\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 12 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/01/24/arts/estelle-winwood-turning-100-feistily.html","url_text":"\"ESTELLE WINWOOD TURNING 100 FEISTILY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Estelle Winwood-- 1979 TV Interview, William Demarest, Pat O'Brien, archived from the original on 13 December 2021, retrieved 12 May 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZoJ0s8ogK00","url_text":"Estelle Winwood-- 1979 TV Interview, William Demarest, Pat O'Brien"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/ZoJ0s8ogK00","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Liebman, Roy (6 February 2017). Broadway Actors in Films, 1894-2015. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-7685-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ICUSDgAAQBAJ&q=winwood+%22How+rude+of+you+to+remind+me%21%22&pg=PA242","url_text":"Broadway Actors in Films, 1894-2015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7685-5","url_text":"978-0-7864-7685-5"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Estelle+Winwood%22","external_links_name":"\"Estelle Winwood\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Estelle+Winwood%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Estelle+Winwood%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Estelle+Winwood%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Estelle+Winwood%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Estelle+Winwood%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=O50vwYYTmqpqvWY3X1gK4A&scan=1","external_links_name":"\"Entry Information\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/22/obituaries/estelle-winwood-an-actress-whose-career-began-in-1888.html","external_links_name":"\"ESTELLE WINWOOD, AN ACTRESS WHOSE CAREER BEGAN IN 1888\""},{"Link":"http://www.classicimages.com/articles/2010/02/15/past_articles/winwoodestelle.txt","external_links_name":"\"Miss Estelle Winwood: A Talent to Amuse\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0074937/business","external_links_name":"\"Box office/business for Murder By Death\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140309084722/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/77040/Estelle-Winwood/biography","external_links_name":"Estelle Winwood Biography"},{"Link":"https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,786857,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Milestones: Apr. 16, 1928\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X","external_links_name":"0040-781X"},{"Link":"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19680316.2.36&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1","external_links_name":"\"ESTIELLE WINWOOD She's Still Spry at 85\""},{"Link":"https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=61406&h=80578&tid=&pid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=kll1447&_phstart=successSource","external_links_name":"\"New York, Marriage License Indexes, 1907-2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/01/24/arts/estelle-winwood-turning-100-feistily.html","external_links_name":"\"ESTELLE WINWOOD TURNING 100 FEISTILY\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZoJ0s8ogK00","external_links_name":"Estelle Winwood-- 1979 TV Interview, William Demarest, Pat O'Brien"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/ZoJ0s8ogK00","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ICUSDgAAQBAJ&q=winwood+%22How+rude+of+you+to+remind+me%21%22&pg=PA242","external_links_name":"Broadway Actors in Films, 1894-2015"},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/16528","external_links_name":"Estelle Winwood"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0936115/","external_links_name":"Estelle Winwood"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131020090608/http://www.glbtq.com/arts/stage_actors_actresses,4.html","external_links_name":"Eva Le Gallienne, Estelle Winwood"},{"Link":"http://www.printsoldandrare.com/theater/001thea.jpg","external_links_name":"Estelle Winwood"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/501690/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000047630983","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/76516551","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/3802148997640259870001","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqk6pfxgCDGDyWPdFMQMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5673857","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14045643p","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14045643p","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1230828753","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007439678605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2003113737","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.synchronkartei.de/person/u9PKyNOBb","external_links_name":"Deutsche Synchronkartei"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6d53chp","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/260190950","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongori_concentration_camp | Chongori concentration camp | ["1 Location","2 Description","3 Purpose","4 Human rights situation","5 Prisoners (Witnesses)","6 See also","7 External links","8 References"] | Coordinates: 42°12′36″N 129°45′13″E / 42.209925°N 129.753658°E / 42.209925; 129.753658Reeducation camp in North Korea
Chongori concentration campChosŏn'gŭl전거리 제12호 교화소Hancha全巨里第十二號敎化所Revised RomanizationJeon'geori Je12ho GyohwasoMcCune–ReischauerChŏn'gŏri Che12ho KyohwasoChosŏn'gŭl전거리 정치범 수용소Hancha全巨里政治犯收容所Revised RomanizationJeon'geori Jeongchibeom SuyongsoMcCune–ReischauerChŏn'gŏri Chŏngch'ibŏm Suyongso
Part of a series onHuman rights in North Korea
Human rights abuses
Human rights in North Korea
CensorshipMedia
Corruption
Freedom of religion
Disability
PrisonsKwanliso (concentration camps)
ProstitutionKippumjo (Pleasure Squad)
Songbun (ascribed social status)
Slavery (Human trafficking)
Executions
Racism
Human experimentation
Persecution of Christians
Political prisons (Kwanliso)
Kaechon (No. 14)
Yodok (No. 15 - closed)
Hwasong (No. 16)
Pukchang (No. 18)
Hoeryong (No. 22 - closed)
Chongjin (No. 25)
Sunghori (No. 26 - closed)
Onsong (No. 12 - closed)
Re-education camps (Kyohwaso)
Kaechon (No. 1)
Tongrim (No. 2)
Sinuiju (No. 3)
Kangdong (No. 4)
Sariwon (No. 6)
Kanggye (No. 7)
Ryongdam (No. 8)
Hamhung (No. 9)
Chungsan (No. 11)
Chongori (No. 12)
Oro (No. 22 - closed)
Tanchon (No. 77 - closed)
Wonsan (No. 88)
Hoeryong
Abductions and POWs
Abductions of Japanese citizens
Abductions of South Korean citizens
Korean War POWs detained in North Korea
International reactions
U.S. Law of 2004
Japanese Law of 2006
South Korea Law of 2016
UNGA Resolution 62/167 United Nations COI Report
Balloon propaganda campaigns
List of human rights reports
vte
Chongori concentration camp (also spelled Jungeori, Jongori or Jeonger-ri) is a reeducation camp in North Korea. The official name of the camp is Kyo-hwa-so No. 12 (Reeducation camp no. 12).
Location
According to the United States government, Chongori is located near Chongori, a little village in Musan-ri (Korean: 무산리; RR: Musanri; MR: Musanri), Hoeryong county, at the road and railroad almost halfway between Hoeryong and Chongjin, North Hamgyong province in North Korea. Chongori camp is situated at the end of a small valley 2.5 km (1.6 mi) southeast from the main valley in Pungsan-ri (Korean: 풍산리; RR: Pungsanri; MR: P'ungsanri) and Chongori.
ChongoriPyongyangclass=notpageimage| Location of Chongori camp in North Korea
Description
Chongori concentration camp is a large prison compound, around 350 m (1,150 ft) long and 150 m (490 ft) wide. The main section is surrounded by a 8 m (26 ft) high wall, while the branch offices are surrounded by barbed wire and an electrified fence. In 2005 the camp contained around 2000 prisoners, mostly non-political criminals, but they were often forced to serve their sentences there as punishment for desperate offences such as stealing food. They are guarded by around 300 prison guards, all of whom are armed with machine guns. From 2006 onward, the number of prisoners significantly increased, because many defectors who were deported from China were arrested and imprisoned in Chongori camp. Theoretically, prisoners should be released after they have completed reeducation through labour and served their full sentences, but because their prison sentences are very long and the camp's living conditions are very harsh, many prisoners do not survive their prison sentences. A former prisoner estimates, that during his eight months of detention, around 800 prisoners died because they were forced to do hard labour and they were only given sub-subsistence level food rations.
Purpose
The main purpose of Chongori camp is to punish people for usual crimes or political crimes such as illegal border crossings. The prisoners are also used as slave laborers, and as a result, they are forced to do hard and dangerous work for 14 hours a day. There is a copper ore mine, a logging section, a furniture factory and a farming section in the camp.
Human rights situation
The prisoners in Chongori concentration camp live in crowded, dirty, insect-infested rooms without heating, while there is just one washing room for 1000 prisoners. Because of these bad hygienic conditions, in the summer of 2003, around 190 prisoners died of an infectious disease according to Lee Jun Ha. 70 prisoners sleep in a room which is only designed to hold 20 people, lying on the floor without pillows or blankets.
Prisoners only get 140 grams of rice three times a day, while they are being forced to do hard labour such as logging with iron chains. Often, prisoners are killed or they are crippled in work accidents, because they have to do dangerous work with primitive means. A former prisoner reported that accidental deaths occurred every few days in the furniture factory because its machines were antiquated and prisoners seldom slept more than five hours per night. Virtually every day after work and before they receive their dinner, prisoners are forced to engage in mutual criticism sessions and they receive less food as punishment for flaws or shortcomings. Because prisoners are so hungry, they even eat grass and corn which is mixed with cow feces. Lee Jun Ha estimates that around 30 to 40 people died as a result of malnutrition, work accidents or torture each month and their bodies were burnt on a nearby mountain.
Prisoners are regularly subjected to beatings, torture and inhuman treatment, all of which are arbitrarily administered at the guards' discretion. When a prisoner breaks a rule, he is tortured and confined in a solitary cell, only 1 square metre (11 sq ft) in area, where he can not stretch his legs for many days or weeks. As an additional punishment, they are only given 1⁄3 of their usual food rations. Several times a year, summary executions were carried out as punishment for failed escape attempts.
Kwon Hyo-jin has drawn a series of pictures which show the various forms of torture which he witnessed, such as the "pigeon torture", the "crane torture", the "aeroplane torture", and the "knee joint torture." Other human rights violations and forced labour in Chongori camp are featured in further drawings which he produced for an exhibition on political prison camps in North Korea.
The camp's staff has reportedly publicly executed inmates, without due process.
Prisoners (Witnesses)
Lee Jun Ha (2000–2005 in Chongori) was imprisoned because he accidentally killed his uncle.
Kwon Hyo-jin (~2001–2008 in Chongori) was imprisoned because he helped defectors to get to China. He is an artist in ceramics, painting and calligraphy and painted drawings of his experience in Chongori camp.
See also
Human rights in North Korea
Kaechon concentration camp
Kwalliso
Prisons in North Korea
External links
Committee for Human Rights in North Korea: The Hidden Gulag - Overview of North Korean prison camps with testimonies and satellite photographs
Database Center for North Korean Human Rights: Prisoners in North Korea Today - Comprehensive explanation of detention facilities in North Korea based on numerous defector testimonies
Daily NK: Prison Tales – Prison memoir series by Lee Jun Ha
One Free Korea: Camp 12 - Chongori camp with satellite photographs
Korea Institute for National Unification - White paper on human rights in North Korea 2009 (page 179 and 443)
Chosun Ilbo: N. Korea in brutal crackdown on defectors – Many defectors arrested and deported to Chongori camp
Chongori concentration camp(全巨里教化所) - North Korean Refugees.com
References
^ "The Hidden Gulag – Satellite imagery (p. 227)" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
^ One Free Korea: Camp 12 – Chongori camp with satellite photographs
^ a b The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 8 “What Does the No.12 Reeducation Camp Look Like?”
^ KINU White paper on human rights in North Korea 2009 (Chapter G. Human Rights Violations Inside Political Concentration Camps (Kwanliso), page 101)
^ a b Chosun Ilbo: “N. Korea in brutal crackdown on defectors”, Chosun Ilbo, September 1, 2009
^ "The Hidden Gulag – Exposing Crimes against Humanity in North Korea's Vast Prison System (p. 88)" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
^ "6.2.3 Working Facilities and Production", Prisoners in North Korea Today (PDF), Database Center for North Korean Human Rights, July 15, 2011, pp. 386–387, archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2014, retrieved May 30, 2012
^ The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 9 “No. 12 Prison, My Home for a While”
^ The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 31 “Infectious Disease Sweeps the Prison”
^ "6.3.3 Provision of Living Necessities", Prisoners in North Korea Today (PDF), Database Center for North Korean Human Rights, July 15, 2011, p. 402, archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2014, retrieved May 30, 2012
^ The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 19 “Logging on the Mountain”
^ The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 26 “Fighting Frozen Weather on the Mountain”
^ The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 18 “The Wagon of Spite”
^ a b "The Hidden Gulag – Exposing Crimes against Humanity in North Korea's Vast Prison System (p. 86)" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
^ "6.3.5 Life in Prison", Prisoners in North Korea Today (PDF), Database Center for North Korean Human Rights, July 15, 2011, p. 426, archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2014, retrieved May 30, 2012
^ The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 13 “A Cruel Realization about the Nature of Man”
^ The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 25 “Mount Bulmang's Tragic Harvest”
^ "6.5.3 Torture and Violence", Prisoners in North Korea Today (PDF), Database Center for North Korean Human Rights, July 15, 2011, pp. 443–444, archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2014, retrieved May 30, 2012
^ The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 6 “Beatings, Rape, Torture, Atrocities Every Day”
^ The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 21 “Twenty Days in Solitary”
^ "6.2.4 Solitary Confinement", Prisoners in North Korea Today (PDF), Database Center for North Korean Human Rights, July 15, 2011, p. 393, archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2014, retrieved May 30, 2012
^ The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 24 “Summary Execution of a Runaway from the Camp”
^ a b "Where love does not exist: Chongori prison changing into an exclusive camp for punishment of North Korean defectors". Sage Korea. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
^ The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 2 “Seven Years for Murdering my Alcoholic Uncle”
42°12′36″N 129°45′13″E / 42.209925°N 129.753658°E / 42.209925; 129.753658
vtePrison camps of North KoreaPolitical prison camps (Kwalliso)
Chongjin (25)
Hoeryong (22)
Hwasong (16)
Kaechon (14)
Onsong (12)
Pukchang (18)
Yodok (15)
Reeducation camps (Kyohwaso)
Chongori (12)
Chungsan (11)
Hamhung (15)
Hoeryong ()
Kangdong (4)
Kaechon (1)
Oro (22)
Ryongdam (8)
Sinuiju (3)
Sunghori
Tanchon (77)
Tongrim (2)
Sariwon (6)
Kanggye (7)
Wonsan (88) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reeducation camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Korea#Re-education_camps"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"}],"text":"Reeducation camp in North KoreaChongori concentration camp (also spelled Jungeori, Jongori or Jeonger-ri) is a reeducation camp in North Korea. The official name of the camp is Kyo-hwa-so No. 12 (Reeducation camp no. 12).","title":"Chongori concentration camp"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_North_Korea#Third-level_divisions"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"RR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer"},{"link_name":"Hoeryong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoeryong"},{"link_name":"Chongjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongjin"},{"link_name":"North Hamgyong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Hamgyong_Province"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrnk-1"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"RR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Korea_adm_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Korea_adm_location_map.svg"}],"text":"According to the United States government, Chongori is located near Chongori, a little village in Musan-ri (Korean: 무산리; RR: Musanri; MR: Musanri), Hoeryong county, at the road and railroad almost halfway between Hoeryong and Chongjin, North Hamgyong province in North Korea.[1] Chongori camp is situated at the end of a small valley 2.5 km (1.6 mi) southeast from the main valley in Pungsan-ri (Korean: 풍산리; RR: Pungsanri; MR: P'ungsanri) and Chongori.[2]ChongoriPyongyangclass=notpageimage| Location of Chongori camp in North Korea","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailynk.com-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-english.chosun.com-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Chongori concentration camp is a large prison compound, around 350 m (1,150 ft) long and 150 m (490 ft) wide. The main section is surrounded by a 8 m (26 ft) high wall, while the branch offices are surrounded by barbed wire and an electrified fence. In 2005 the camp contained around 2000 prisoners, mostly non-political criminals, but they were often forced to serve their sentences there as punishment for desperate offences such as stealing food. They are guarded by around 300 prison guards, all of whom are armed with machine guns.[3] From 2006 onward, the number of prisoners significantly increased,[4] because many defectors who were deported from China were arrested and imprisoned in Chongori camp.[5] Theoretically, prisoners should be released after they have completed reeducation through labour and served their full sentences, but because their prison sentences are very long and the camp's living conditions are very harsh, many prisoners do not survive their prison sentences. A former prisoner estimates, that during his eight months of detention, around 800 prisoners died because they were forced to do hard labour and they were only given sub-subsistence level food rations.[6]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-english.chosun.com-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailynk.com-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The main purpose of Chongori camp is to punish people for usual crimes or political crimes such as illegal border crossings. The prisoners are also used as slave laborers, and as a result, they are forced to do hard and dangerous work for 14 hours a day.[5] There is a copper ore mine, a logging section,[3] a furniture factory and a farming section in the camp.[7]","title":"Purpose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrnk86-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrnk86-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"malnutrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutrition"},{"link_name":"work accidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_accident"},{"link_name":"torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"summary executions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_execution"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sage-23"},{"link_name":"publicly executed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_execution"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The prisoners in Chongori concentration camp live in crowded, dirty, insect-infested rooms without heating, while there is just one washing room for 1000 prisoners.[8] Because of these bad hygienic conditions, in the summer of 2003, around 190 prisoners died of an infectious disease according to Lee Jun Ha.[9] 70 prisoners sleep in a room which is only designed to hold 20 people, lying on the floor without pillows or blankets.[10]Prisoners only get 140 grams of rice three times a day, while they are being forced to do hard labour such as logging with iron chains.[11] Often, prisoners are killed [12] or they are crippled in work accidents, because they have to do dangerous work with primitive means.[13] A former prisoner reported that accidental deaths occurred every few days in the furniture factory because its machines were antiquated and prisoners seldom slept more than five hours per night.[14] Virtually every day after work and before they receive their dinner, prisoners are forced to engage in mutual criticism sessions[14] and they receive less food as punishment for flaws or shortcomings.[15] Because prisoners are so hungry, they even eat grass and corn which is mixed with cow feces.[16] Lee Jun Ha estimates that around 30 to 40 people died as a result of malnutrition, work accidents or torture each month and their bodies were burnt on a nearby mountain.[17]Prisoners are regularly subjected to beatings,[18] torture and inhuman treatment, all of which are arbitrarily administered at the guards' discretion.[19] When a prisoner breaks a rule, he is tortured and confined in a solitary cell, only 1 square metre (11 sq ft) in area, where he can not stretch his legs for many days or weeks.[20] As an additional punishment, they are only given 1⁄3 of their usual food rations.[21] Several times a year, summary executions were carried out as punishment for failed escape attempts.[22]Kwon Hyo-jin has drawn a series of pictures which show the various forms of torture which he witnessed, such as the \"pigeon torture\", the \"crane torture\", the \"aeroplane torture\", and the \"knee joint torture.\"[23] Other human rights violations and forced labour in Chongori camp are featured in further drawings which he produced for an exhibition on political prison camps in North Korea.The camp's staff has reportedly publicly executed inmates, without due process.[citation needed]","title":"Human rights situation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sage-23"}],"text":"Lee Jun Ha (2000–2005 in Chongori) was imprisoned because he accidentally killed his uncle.[24]\nKwon Hyo-jin (~2001–2008 in Chongori) was imprisoned because he helped defectors to get to China. He is an artist in ceramics, painting and calligraphy and painted drawings of his experience in Chongori camp.[23]","title":"Prisoners (Witnesses)"}] | [] | [{"title":"Human rights in North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Korea"},{"title":"Kaechon concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaechon_concentration_camp"},{"title":"Kwalliso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwalliso"},{"title":"Prisons in North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisons_in_North_Korea"}] | [{"reference":"\"The Hidden Gulag – Satellite imagery (p. 227)\" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved September 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf","url_text":"\"The Hidden Gulag – Satellite imagery (p. 227)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Hidden Gulag – Exposing Crimes against Humanity in North Korea's Vast Prison System (p. 88)\" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved September 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf","url_text":"\"The Hidden Gulag – Exposing Crimes against Humanity in North Korea's Vast Prison System (p. 88)\""}]},{"reference":"\"6.2.3 Working Facilities and Production\", Prisoners in North Korea Today (PDF), Database Center for North Korean Human Rights, July 15, 2011, pp. 386–387, archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2014, retrieved May 30, 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305151841/http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","url_text":"Prisoners in North Korea Today"},{"url":"http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"6.3.3 Provision of Living Necessities\", Prisoners in North Korea Today (PDF), Database Center for North Korean Human Rights, July 15, 2011, p. 402, archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2014, retrieved May 30, 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305151841/http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","url_text":"Prisoners in North Korea Today"},{"url":"http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Hidden Gulag – Exposing Crimes against Humanity in North Korea's Vast Prison System (p. 86)\" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved September 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf","url_text":"\"The Hidden Gulag – Exposing Crimes against Humanity in North Korea's Vast Prison System (p. 86)\""}]},{"reference":"\"6.3.5 Life in Prison\", Prisoners in North Korea Today (PDF), Database Center for North Korean Human Rights, July 15, 2011, p. 426, archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2014, retrieved May 30, 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305151841/http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","url_text":"Prisoners in North Korea Today"},{"url":"http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"6.5.3 Torture and Violence\", Prisoners in North Korea Today (PDF), Database Center for North Korean Human Rights, July 15, 2011, pp. 443–444, archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2014, retrieved May 30, 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305151841/http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","url_text":"Prisoners in North Korea Today"},{"url":"http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"6.2.4 Solitary Confinement\", Prisoners in North Korea Today (PDF), Database Center for North Korean Human Rights, July 15, 2011, p. 393, archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2014, retrieved May 30, 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305151841/http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","url_text":"Prisoners in North Korea Today"},{"url":"http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Where love does not exist: Chongori prison changing into an exclusive camp for punishment of North Korean defectors\". Sage Korea. Retrieved May 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://sagekorea.org/room.php?lang=Eng&room=1#a=0&no=0&m=0","url_text":"\"Where love does not exist: Chongori prison changing into an exclusive camp for punishment of North Korean defectors\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chongori_concentration_camp¶ms=42.209925_N_129.753658_E_region:KP-HAB_type:landmark_scale:3000","external_links_name":"42°12′36″N 129°45′13″E / 42.209925°N 129.753658°E / 42.209925; 129.753658"},{"Link":"https://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf","external_links_name":"Committee for Human Rights in North Korea: The Hidden Gulag"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305151841/http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","external_links_name":"Database Center for North Korean Human Rights: Prisoners in North Korea Today"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynk.com/english/sub_list_prison.php?cataId=nk02800","external_links_name":"Daily NK: Prison Tales"},{"Link":"http://www.freekorea.us/2009/09/06/revealed-the-first-published-images-of-camp-12-chongo-ri-north-korea/","external_links_name":"One Free Korea: Camp 12"},{"Link":"http://www.kinu.or.kr/2009/0727/white2009_e.pdf","external_links_name":"Korea Institute for National Unification"},{"Link":"http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2009/09/01/2009090100232.html?FORM=ZZNR9","external_links_name":"Chosun Ilbo: N. Korea in brutal crackdown on defectors"},{"Link":"http://www.northkoreanrefugees.com/nk-defectors-tell-about-death-camp-12/#more-334","external_links_name":"Chongori concentration camp(全巨里教化所)"},{"Link":"https://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Hidden Gulag – Satellite imagery (p. 227)\""},{"Link":"http://www.freekorea.us/2009/09/06/revealed-the-first-published-images-of-camp-12-chongo-ri-north-korea/","external_links_name":"One Free Korea: Camp 12 – Chongori camp with satellite photographs"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk02800&num=5091","external_links_name":"The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 8 “What Does the No.12 Reeducation Camp Look Like?”"},{"Link":"http://www.kinu.or.kr/2009/0727/white2009_e.pdf","external_links_name":"KINU White paper on human rights in North Korea 2009 (Chapter G. Human Rights Violations Inside Political Concentration Camps (Kwanliso), page 101)"},{"Link":"http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2009/09/01/2009090100232.html?FORM=ZZNR9","external_links_name":"Chosun Ilbo: “N. Korea in brutal crackdown on defectors”, Chosun Ilbo, September 1, 2009"},{"Link":"https://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Hidden Gulag – Exposing Crimes against Humanity in North Korea's Vast Prison System (p. 88)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305151841/http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","external_links_name":"Prisoners in North Korea Today"},{"Link":"http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk02800&num=5063","external_links_name":"The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 9 “No. 12 Prison, My Home for a While”"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk02800&num=5537","external_links_name":"The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 31 “Infectious Disease Sweeps the Prison”"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305151841/http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","external_links_name":"Prisoners in North Korea Today"},{"Link":"http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk02800&num=5281","external_links_name":"The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 19 “Logging on the Mountain”"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk02800&num=5415","external_links_name":"The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 26 “Fighting Frozen Weather on the Mountain”"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk02800&num=5258","external_links_name":"The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 18 “The Wagon of Spite”"},{"Link":"https://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Hidden Gulag – Exposing Crimes against Humanity in North Korea's Vast Prison System (p. 86)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305151841/http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","external_links_name":"Prisoners in North Korea Today"},{"Link":"http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk02800&num=5122","external_links_name":"The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 13 “A Cruel Realization about the Nature of Man”"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk02800&num=5404","external_links_name":"The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 25 “Mount Bulmang's Tragic Harvest”"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305151841/http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","external_links_name":"Prisoners in North Korea Today"},{"Link":"http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk02800&num=4901","external_links_name":"The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 6 “Beatings, Rape, Torture, Atrocities Every Day”"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk02800&num=5306","external_links_name":"The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 21 “Twenty Days in Solitary”"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305151841/http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","external_links_name":"Prisoners in North Korea Today"},{"Link":"http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Prisoners_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk02800&num=5351","external_links_name":"The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 24 “Summary Execution of a Runaway from the Camp”"},{"Link":"http://sagekorea.org/room.php?lang=Eng&room=1#a=0&no=0&m=0","external_links_name":"\"Where love does not exist: Chongori prison changing into an exclusive camp for punishment of North Korean defectors\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk02800&num=4720","external_links_name":"The Daily NK: Lee Jun Ha's Prison Tales 2 “Seven Years for Murdering my Alcoholic Uncle”"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chongori_concentration_camp¶ms=42.209925_N_129.753658_E_region:KP-HAB_type:landmark_scale:3000","external_links_name":"42°12′36″N 129°45′13″E / 42.209925°N 129.753658°E / 42.209925; 129.753658"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_National_Band | The First National Band | ["1 Pre-First National Band","2 Forming The First National Band","3 Career","4 After The First National Band","5 First National Band Redux (2018)","6 Discography","7 References","8 External links"] | American country rock band led by Michael Nesmith
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The First National BandGenresCountry rockYears active1970 (1970)–1972, 2018 (1972, 2018)LabelsRCAPast membersMichael Nesmith, guitar & vocals O.J. "Red" Rhodes, pedal steel guitar John London, bass guitarJohn Ware, drumsWebsitevideoranch.com
The First National Band or Michael Nesmith and The First National Band was an American collaborative band, led by Michael Nesmith after his departure from The Monkees. During the two active years, The First National Band released three albums in the country rock genre in 1970 and 1971.
Pre-First National Band
During his time in The Monkees, Nesmith was unhappy with the bubblegum pop records that musical director Don Kirshner was providing for the group, and fought to get his own compositions to be recorded under the Monkees name. Before The Monkees, Nesmith had released a handful of singles under the name "Michael Blessing" which were folk rock strongly inspired by the work of Bob Dylan.
In 1968, Nesmith released The Wichita Train Whistle Sings as a side-project from the Monkees and, due to continued frustration, bought himself out of his Monkees contract altogether in 1970.
Forming The First National Band
In 1969, before Nesmith had left the Monkees, it was clear to both him and his friend John Ware that The Monkees were soon coming to an end. Ware suggested that Nesmith form another band with Ware and their mutual friend John London and put his studio connections to good use while he still had the chance. When he was free from his contract, Nesmith took Ware up on his offer, so long as Orville "Red" Rhodes would join. Also, Nesmith did not want to "just do that power trio thing". The First National Band was the start of a long collaboration between Nesmith and Rhodes, which lasted until Rhodes's death in 1995.
Career
The First National Band endured many problems in its short career. Nesmith's association with the Monkees had made him a joke to some people and as a result many fellow musicians would not take his music seriously. During one of the band's first gigs, they played alongside Gram Parsons and his new band The Flying Burrito Brothers. Nesmith recalls how others seeing a former Monkee decked out in a Nudie suit with a steel player in tow must have been laughable to seasoned Country devotees, such as Parsons. However, their unique sound was enough to win over the LA club scene and create a new image for Nesmith. Nesmith also requested of venues that they not promote or reference his being a Monkee/ex-Monkee in their advertising or the band's introduction. Unfortunately, many Emcees would ignore his request and Nesmith would become irritated with them as well as with folks who would shout out requests of "Last Train to Clarksville" and/or other Monkee hits.
During his stint with The Monkees, Nesmith had accumulated an extensive back-catalogue of songs which had not been heard by anyone. This meant that, in their short time as a band, The First National Band was able to release three albums in less than a 12-month span. July 1970 saw the release of Magnetic South, which was the first and "blue" in the trilogy of "red, white and blue" albums and reached No. 143 on the Billboard Albums Chart. This album contained the inclusion of five songs which hailed from Nesmith's Monkees days. It also contained the song "Joanne", which, due to a lot of radio play, surprised the band by reaching No. 21 on the Billboard Singles Chart. However, despite this chart success, the single did not gain the band commercial success because the band were in Britain, on a tour of working-man's clubs, which lasted until "Joanne" had dropped out of the American charts and sunk without a trace. Ware claimed that the band's management believed that, as the Monkees weren't as well known in Britain, it would be the perfect place to try to break in this new change in musical direction.
November 1970 saw the release of the band's second "red" album, Loose Salute, which reached No. 159 on the Billboard Album chart. This contained the minor hit "Silver Moon" (Billboard #42) and a re-working of the Monkees song, "Listen to the Band".
After the band had returned from Britain, and after "Joanne's" success had long since been forgotten, work was started on the band's final "white" album, Nevada Fighter. Recording for this album started in October 1970, but things within the group started falling apart, which led to both Ware and London leaving the group the following month. Released in May 1971, it failed to chart.
After The First National Band
Nesmith and Rhodes continued to work together, and recruited a new set of musicians, consisting of members of Elvis Presley's band to work on Nesmith's fifth album, Tantamount to Treason Vol. 1. This was released in May 1972 and credited to "Michael Nesmith & The Second National Band". Nesmith and Rhodes continued to collaborate on Nesmith's later solo albums up until Rhodes's death in 1995. Nesmith continued to release solo albums, the last being Rays in 2006.
During Nesmith's 2013 tour of the U.S., an isolated backing track of Rhodes playing the pedal steel from the song "Thanx for the Ride" from Loose Salute was played while Nesmith and his band accompanied the track.
First National Band Redux (2018)
Nesmith announced The first National Band would be returning with 5 concerts in early 2018 in southern and northern California under the banner "The First National Band Redux". This incarnation of the First National Band is largely in name only, since other than Nesmith, all of the other members are either dead or retired; Nesmith's sons, Christian and Jonathan, are among the members of the new First National Band lineup. The second First National Band includes, in addition to the Nesmiths, Jason Chesney on bass, Pete Finney on steel guitar, and Chistopher Allis on drums, along with backing vocalists Amy Spear and Circe Link. To coincide with the tour, the band's three studio albums will be re-released on colored vinyl in late March, from oldies label Sundazed. Christian and Jonathan also contributed to The Monkees' Christmas album Christmas Party. The band continued to tour throughout 2018 and released a live album from their show at the Troubadour.
Nesmith died December 10, 2021.
Discography
Main article: Michael Nesmith discography
References
^ Greene, Andy (January 31, 2018). "Inside the Stunning Resurrection of Michael Nesmith's First National Band". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
^ "Michael Nesmith & the First National Band Redux".
^ Greene, Andy (10 December 2021). "Michael Nesmith, Monkees singer-songwriter, dead at 78". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
External links
The First National Band discography at Discogs
vteMichael NesmithStudio albums
The Wichita Train Whistle Sings
Magnetic South
Loose Salute
Nevada Fighter
Tantamount to Treason Vol. 1
And the Hits Just Keep on Comin'
Pretty Much Your Standard Ranch Stash
From a Radio Engine to the Photon Wing
Infinite Rider on the Big Dogma
Tropical Campfires
Rays
Soundtracks
The Prison: A Book with a Soundtrack
The Garden
Timerider: The Adventure of Lyle Swann
Live albums
Live at the Palais
Live at the Britt Festival
The Amazing ZigZag Concert
Movies of the Mind
Promotional albums
The Michael Nesmith Radio Special
Compilations
The Newer Stuff
The Older Stuff
Complete First National Band Recordings
Singles
"Joanne"
"Silver Moon"
"Rio"
"Cruisin'"
Other songs
"Different Drum"
Associated acts
The Monkees
First National Band
Red Rhodes
Christian Nesmith
Related articles
Elephant Parts
Television Parts
Pacific Arts Corporation
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Michael Nesmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Nesmith"},{"link_name":"The Monkees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monkees"},{"link_name":"albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album"},{"link_name":"country rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_rock"}],"text":"The First National Band or Michael Nesmith and The First National Band was an American collaborative band, led by Michael Nesmith after his departure from The Monkees. During the two active years, The First National Band released three albums in the country rock genre in 1970 and 1971.","title":"The First National Band"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Monkees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monkees"},{"link_name":"bubblegum pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubblegum_pop"},{"link_name":"Don Kirshner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Kirshner"},{"link_name":"folk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_rock"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"The Wichita Train Whistle Sings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wichita_Train_Whistle_Sings"}],"text":"During his time in The Monkees, Nesmith was unhappy with the bubblegum pop records that musical director Don Kirshner was providing for the group, and fought to get his own compositions to be recorded under the Monkees name. Before The Monkees, Nesmith had released a handful of singles under the name \"Michael Blessing\" which were folk rock strongly inspired by the work of Bob Dylan.In 1968, Nesmith released The Wichita Train Whistle Sings as a side-project from the Monkees and, due to continued frustration, bought himself out of his Monkees contract altogether in 1970.","title":"Pre-First National Band"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ware_(musician)"},{"link_name":"John London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_London"},{"link_name":"Orville \"Red\" Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Rhodes"}],"text":"In 1969, before Nesmith had left the Monkees, it was clear to both him and his friend John Ware that The Monkees were soon coming to an end. Ware suggested that Nesmith form another band with Ware and their mutual friend John London and put his studio connections to good use while he still had the chance. When he was free from his contract, Nesmith took Ware up on his offer, so long as Orville \"Red\" Rhodes would join. Also, Nesmith did not want to \"just do that power trio thing\". The First National Band was the start of a long collaboration between Nesmith and Rhodes, which lasted until Rhodes's death in 1995.","title":"Forming The First National Band"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gram Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_Parsons"},{"link_name":"The Flying Burrito Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flying_Burrito_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Nudie suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudie_Cohn"},{"link_name":"steel player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_guitar"},{"link_name":"Last Train to Clarksville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Train_to_Clarksville"},{"link_name":"Magnetic South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_South_(album)"},{"link_name":"Joanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne_(Michael_Nesmith_song)"},{"link_name":"Loose Salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_Salute"},{"link_name":"Silver Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Moon_(Michael_Nesmith_song)"},{"link_name":"Listen to the Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listen_to_the_Band_(song)"},{"link_name":"Nevada Fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Fighter"}],"text":"The First National Band endured many problems in its short career. Nesmith's association with the Monkees had made him a joke to some people and as a result many fellow musicians would not take his music seriously. During one of the band's first gigs, they played alongside Gram Parsons and his new band The Flying Burrito Brothers. Nesmith recalls how others seeing a former Monkee decked out in a Nudie suit with a steel player in tow must have been laughable to seasoned Country devotees, such as Parsons. However, their unique sound was enough to win over the LA club scene and create a new image for Nesmith. Nesmith also requested of venues that they not promote or reference his being a Monkee/ex-Monkee in their advertising or the band's introduction. Unfortunately, many Emcees would ignore his request and Nesmith would become irritated with them as well as with folks who would shout out requests of \"Last Train to Clarksville\" and/or other Monkee hits.During his stint with The Monkees, Nesmith had accumulated an extensive back-catalogue of songs which had not been heard by anyone. This meant that, in their short time as a band, The First National Band was able to release three albums in less than a 12-month span. July 1970 saw the release of Magnetic South, which was the first and \"blue\" in the trilogy of \"red, white and blue\" albums and reached No. 143 on the Billboard Albums Chart. This album contained the inclusion of five songs which hailed from Nesmith's Monkees days. It also contained the song \"Joanne\", which, due to a lot of radio play, surprised the band by reaching No. 21 on the Billboard Singles Chart. However, despite this chart success, the single did not gain the band commercial success because the band were in Britain, on a tour of working-man's clubs, which lasted until \"Joanne\" had dropped out of the American charts and sunk without a trace. Ware claimed that the band's management believed that, as the Monkees weren't as well known in Britain, it would be the perfect place to try to break in this new change in musical direction.November 1970 saw the release of the band's second \"red\" album, Loose Salute, which reached No. 159 on the Billboard Album chart. This contained the minor hit \"Silver Moon\" (Billboard #42) and a re-working of the Monkees song, \"Listen to the Band\".After the band had returned from Britain, and after \"Joanne's\" success had long since been forgotten, work was started on the band's final \"white\" album, Nevada Fighter. Recording for this album started in October 1970, but things within the group started falling apart, which led to both Ware and London leaving the group the following month. Released in May 1971, it failed to chart.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"Tantamount to Treason Vol. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantamount_to_Treason_Vol._1"},{"link_name":"Rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rays_(Michael_Nesmith_album)"},{"link_name":"Loose Salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_Salute"}],"text":"Nesmith and Rhodes continued to work together, and recruited a new set of musicians, consisting of members of Elvis Presley's band to work on Nesmith's fifth album, Tantamount to Treason Vol. 1. This was released in May 1972 and credited to \"Michael Nesmith & The Second National Band\". Nesmith and Rhodes continued to collaborate on Nesmith's later solo albums up until Rhodes's death in 1995. Nesmith continued to release solo albums, the last being Rays in 2006.During Nesmith's 2013 tour of the U.S., an isolated backing track of Rhodes playing the pedal steel from the song \"Thanx for the Ride\" from Loose Salute was played while Nesmith and his band accompanied the track.","title":"After The First National Band"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Nesmith"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sundazed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundazed_Records"},{"link_name":"Christmas Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Party_(The_Monkees_album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsdeath-3"}],"text":"Nesmith announced The first National Band would be returning with 5 concerts in early 2018 in southern and northern California under the banner \"The First National Band Redux\". This incarnation of the First National Band is largely in name only, since other than Nesmith, all of the other members are either dead or retired; Nesmith's sons, Christian and Jonathan, are among the members of the new First National Band lineup. The second First National Band includes, in addition to the Nesmiths, Jason Chesney on bass, Pete Finney on steel guitar, and Chistopher Allis on drums, along with backing vocalists Amy Spear and Circe Link.[1] To coincide with the tour, the band's three studio albums will be re-released on colored vinyl in late March, from oldies label Sundazed. Christian and Jonathan also contributed to The Monkees' Christmas album Christmas Party. The band continued to tour throughout 2018 and released a live album from their show at the Troubadour.[2]Nesmith died December 10, 2021.[3]","title":"First National Band Redux (2018)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Greene, Andy (January 31, 2018). \"Inside the Stunning Resurrection of Michael Nesmith's First National Band\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/monkees-michael-nesmith-first-national-band-reunion-w515911","url_text":"\"Inside the Stunning Resurrection of Michael Nesmith's First National Band\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone_(magazine)","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Nesmith & the First National Band Redux\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.videoranch3d.com/category/first-national-band.html","url_text":"\"Michael Nesmith & the First National Band Redux\""}]},{"reference":"Greene, Andy (10 December 2021). \"Michael Nesmith, Monkees singer-songwriter, dead at 78\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 10 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/monkees-michael-nesmith-dead-1270079/","url_text":"\"Michael Nesmith, Monkees singer-songwriter, dead at 78\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+First+National+Band%22","external_links_name":"\"The First National Band\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+First+National+Band%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+First+National+Band%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+First+National+Band%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+First+National+Band%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+First+National+Band%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://videoranch.com/","external_links_name":"videoranch.com"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/monkees-michael-nesmith-first-national-band-reunion-w515911","external_links_name":"\"Inside the Stunning Resurrection of Michael Nesmith's First National Band\""},{"Link":"https://www.videoranch3d.com/category/first-national-band.html","external_links_name":"\"Michael Nesmith & the First National Band Redux\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/monkees-michael-nesmith-dead-1270079/","external_links_name":"\"Michael Nesmith, Monkees singer-songwriter, dead at 78\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/Michael+Nesmith+%26+The+First+National+Band","external_links_name":"The First National Band"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000087692441","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/149089154","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n96002971","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/ebbcd8e8-4c7d-467a-b761-d5fb391c8baf","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Bit | Devil's Bit | ["1 History","2 Topography","3 References"] | Mountain in County Tipperary, Ireland
For the plant called Devil's Bit, see Succisa pratensis.
Devil's BitBearnán ÉileDevil's Bit from the eastHighest pointElevation480 m (1,570 ft)Prominence344ListingMarilynNamingLanguage of nameIrishGeographyDevil's BitLocation in Ireland
LocationCounty Tipperary, IrelandOSI/OSNI gridS058744Topo mapOSi Discovery 59
The Devil's Bit or Devil's Bit Mountain (Irish: Bearnán Éile, meaning 'little gapped hill of Éile', historically anglicized as 'Barnane Ely') is a large hill in County Tipperary, Ireland, which rises to 480 metres (1,570 ft). It lies north-west of the town of Templemore. The mountain is usually climbed through the townland of Barnane. There is a car park at the base.
History
The mountain was historically called Sliabh Aildiúin and Bearnán Éile, after the territory of Éile. According to local legend, the mountain got its current name because the devil took a bite out of it. There is a small gap in the mountain between one outcrop of rock (known as the Rock) and another small plateau. The legend says that the devil broke his teeth taking this bite and spat the Rock of Cashel from his mouth to where it now stands.
Historically, Devil's Bit was one of the hills around Ireland that were climbed as part of the Lughnasa festival.
The Book of Dimma was supposedly discovered in a cave on the mountain in 1789. It is an illuminated manuscript copy of the four Gospels and was written in the monastery of St. Cronan in Roscrea some time during the 8th century. According to legend, Cronan ordered his scribe Dimma to produce the manuscript before sunset on that day. He then used miraculous powers to ensure that the sun did not set for forty days, and Dimma spent all of this period completing the manuscript without feeling the need to eat or sleep. The manuscript disappeared following the dissolution of the monasteries in the 16th century. There is some debate about whether or not the manuscript was actually found on the Devil's Bit amid claims that it could not have survived without damage in an outdoor environment for over two centuries. The Book of Dimma is currently housed in the library of Trinity College Dublin.
The mountain was the scene of a mass anti-tithe meeting on 25 July 1832. The meeting was part of a wider campaign of resistance to the payment of tithes (one-tenth of the value of arable produce) to the Church of Ireland by the majority Catholic population. According to press reports of the time, over 50,000 people attended, many coming from as far away as County Galway, although the attendance would have been larger had there not been confusion about whether or not the meeting was cancelled. Although local folklore states that Daniel O' Connell attended the meeting, it is almost certain that he was not present as he was attending parliamentary debates in Westminster at the time. A semi-fictional account of the meeting was given by Samuel Lover in Legends and Stories of Ireland (1834), where he refers to a mock 'burial' of the tithes by local peasantry.
The tower on the approach to the summit is known as Carden's Folly. The Cardens were an Anglo-Irish aristocratic family who arrived in Ireland during the seventeenth century. They purchased estates in Templemore and Barnane and became the principal landlords in the area in subsequent centuries. The most notable Carden was undoubtedly John Rutter Carden (1811–1866), better known as 'Woodcock', so-called by irate tenants because he was as difficult to shoot as the bird of that name. As well as constructing the folly, he built a magnificent family home on the lower slopes of the mountain. Although the house was demolished in the early 20th century, the ruins of the walled garden can still be seen. In 1854, 'Woodcock' made a notorious attempt to kidnap a lady, Eleanor Arbuthnot, with whom he had become obsessed. A detailed history of the Carden family has been published by a descendant, Arthur Eustace Carden.
A cross was erected on the Rock in 1953–1954 in celebration of the 'Marian Year dedicated by the Roman Catholic Church. A committee was formed and planning of the work began in early 1953 and construction began in September of that year, it was constructed by the Duggan Brothers. The project manager was Stephen (Steedie) Grey of Templemore. Work was completed at a cost of approximately IR£2,000. The cross was officially blessed by the Archbishop of Cashel and Emly, Most Rev. Dr. Jeremiah Kinane, on Sunday, 22 August 1954. It stands 45 feet high and has a span of 25 feet. The base of 340 tons is 5 feet squared and 10 feet deep. All tools and materials for this construction project were carried to the Rock by hand. The cross is presently illuminated at night. Holy Mass is celebrated at the base of the Rock each year on Rock Sunday, which is the closest Sunday to the feast of St James (25 July). A statue of the Virgin Mary was erected in 1988 on the eastern side of the Rock.
A 1980 article in the journal Nature described the finding on the mountain of the earliest record of a fossil flora containing Cooksonia-type sporangia.
The Devil's Bit Mountain
Statue of the Virgin Mary
Carden's Folly
Cross on the summit
Topography
The southwestern extremity of the Slieve Bloom range just touches Tipperary at Roscrea. The valley in which Roscrea stands separates this end of Slieve Bloom from the Devil's Bit range, which begins immediately south of the town and runs southwest. This mountain has a singular gap in its contour (very conspicuous from the railway), from which it was formerly called Barnane-Ely, i.e., the gapped mountain of Ely (the old territory in which it was situated), which is still the name of the parish. The other chief summits are Kilduff Mountain (1,462 feet; 445.6 m), Borrisnoe (1,471 feet; 448.4 m), and Benduff (1,399 feet; 426.4 m), all near Devil's Bit in a line to the northwest; and 4 miles (6.4 km) southwest of Devil's Bit, Knockanora (1,429 feet; 435.6 m) and Latteragh (1,257 feet; 383.1 m).
The Devil's Bit offers expansive views of the surrounding countryside. When the cross was erected, it was said that nine counties can be viewed from the summit – Tipperary itself, Clare, Cork, Galway, Kilkenny, Laois, Limerick, Offaly, and Waterford. There is doubt as to whether any part of County Cork is actually visible. One can see the Knockmealdown and Comeragh Mountains in Waterford, along with the Galtees, and, to the north-west, Lough Derg and the River Shannon.
The triangulation station which marks the highest point of the mountain is on the 'Long Rock' which lies to the east of the Gap. The Long Rock can be climbed if one passes through the Gap and follows the pathway to the right.
There is a military firing range on the western slopes of the mountain.
References
^ a b c d "Devilsbit Mountain". MountainViews. Ordnance Survey Ireland. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
^ "Devilsbit Mountain/Bearnán Éile". Placenames Database of Ireland.
^ Halpin, J. (1890), The Book of Dhimma, vol. 11, Irish Ecclesiastical Record, pp. 325–334
^ "Under the Oak: The Book of Dimma". Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
^ Betham, W. (1826) Irish Antiquarian Researches, Vol. 1, pp. 39–109 available online at Google Books
^ O'Mahony, Felicity (13 June 2007). "Trinity College Dublin Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts". hdl:2262/10540. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Higgins, N. (2002) Tipperary's Tithe War 1830–1838: Parish accounts of resistance against a Church tax, St. Helen's Press, Tipperary
^ The Tipperary Free Press, 25 July 1832
^ Lover, S. (1834) "The Burial of the Tithe" in Legends and Stories of Ireland, Baldwin & Cradock, London, pp. 67–106
^ Carden, A. E. (2004) Carden of Barnane: History of the Barnane Estate in County Tipperary
^ The Tipperary Star, 28 August 1954, p.5
^ Edwards, D.; Feehan, J. (1980). "Records of Cooksonia-type sporangia from late Wenlock strata in Ireland". Nature. 287 (5777): 41–42. Bibcode:1980Natur.287...41E. doi:10.1038/287041a0. S2CID 7958927.
^ "Tipperary". Libraryireland.com. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
^ The Tipperary Star, 28 August 1954, p. 1
^ Joyce, Patrick Weston (1883). The geography of the counties of Ireland p. 173. Oxford University
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Devil's Bit.
vteMountains and hills of MunsterLists of mountains in IrelandBallyhoura Mountains
Carron Mountain
Seefin
Boggeragh Mountains
Musheramore
Mount Hillary
Caha Mountains
Hungry Hill
Sugarloaf (Slieve Gowl)
Comeragh Mountains
Croughaun
Fauscoum
Knockanaffrin
Derrynasaggart Mountains
Caherbarnagh
Mullaghanish
Paps of Anu
Dingle PeninsulaBrandon Group
Mount Brandon
Central Dingle
Beenoskee
Slieve Mish Mountains
Baurtregaum
Caherconree
Western Dingle
Mount Eagle
Galty Mountains
Galtymore
Lyracappul
Temple Hill
Iveragh Peninsula
Bentee
Broaghnabinnia
Drung Hill
Knocknadobar
Stumpa Dúloigh
Mullaghanattin
Knockmealdown Mountains
Knockmealdown
Knocknafallia
Sugarloaf Hill (Knockmealdowns)
MacGillycuddy's Reeks
Beenkeragh
Brassel Mountain
Caher
Caher West Top
Carrauntoohil
Cnoc an Chuillinn
Cnoc na Péiste
Cnoc na Toinne
Cruach Mhór
Hag's Tooth
Maolán Buí
The Big Gun
The Bones
Mangerton Mountains
Mangerton
Torc Mountain
Shehy Mountains
Knockboy
Slieve Felim Mountains
Silvermine Mountains
Slievekimalta
Slieve Miskish Mountains
Knockoura
Sliabh Luachra
Mullaghareirk Mountains
Stack's Mountains
Others
An Triúr Deirfiúr
Arra Hills
Caher Mountain (Cork)
Carhoo Hill
Devil's Bit
Geokaun
Knockanore Mountain
Mount Gabriel
Moylussa
Mullaghmore
Nowen Hill
Purple Mountain
Slieve Aughty
Slievecallan
Slievenamon | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Succisa pratensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succisa_pratensis"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"Éile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ile"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-logainm-2"},{"link_name":"County Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"Templemore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templemore"},{"link_name":"Barnane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnane"}],"text":"For the plant called Devil's Bit, see Succisa pratensis.The Devil's Bit or Devil's Bit Mountain (Irish: Bearnán Éile, meaning 'little gapped hill of Éile', historically anglicized as 'Barnane Ely')[2] is a large hill in County Tipperary, Ireland, which rises to 480 metres (1,570 ft). It lies north-west of the town of Templemore. The mountain is usually climbed through the townland of Barnane. There is a car park at the base.","title":"Devil's Bit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mv-1"},{"link_name":"Éile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ile"},{"link_name":"devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil"},{"link_name":"Rock of Cashel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_of_Cashel"},{"link_name":"Lughnasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lughnasa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mv-1"},{"link_name":"Book of Dimma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Dimma"},{"link_name":"Roscrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscrea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Trinity College Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Folly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folly"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Cashel and Emly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cashel_and_Emly"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Cooksonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooksonia"},{"link_name":"sporangia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporangium"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Devilsbit.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Devil%27s_Bit_Statue_of_Virgin_Mary.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Devil%27s_Bit_Carden%27s_Folly.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Devil%27s_Bit_Cross.jpg"}],"text":"The mountain was historically called Sliabh Aildiúin[1] and Bearnán Éile, after the territory of Éile. According to local legend, the mountain got its current name because the devil took a bite out of it. There is a small gap in the mountain between one outcrop of rock (known as the Rock) and another small plateau. The legend says that the devil broke his teeth taking this bite and spat the Rock of Cashel from his mouth to where it now stands.Historically, Devil's Bit was one of the hills around Ireland that were climbed as part of the Lughnasa festival.[1]The Book of Dimma was supposedly discovered in a cave on the mountain in 1789. It is an illuminated manuscript copy of the four Gospels and was written in the monastery of St. Cronan in Roscrea some time during the 8th century. According to legend, Cronan ordered his scribe Dimma to produce the manuscript before sunset on that day. He then used miraculous powers to ensure that the sun did not set for forty days, and Dimma spent all of this period completing the manuscript without feeling the need to eat or sleep.[3][4] The manuscript disappeared following the dissolution of the monasteries in the 16th century. There is some debate about whether or not the manuscript was actually found on the Devil's Bit amid claims that it could not have survived without damage in an outdoor environment for over two centuries.[5] The Book of Dimma is currently housed in the library of Trinity College Dublin.[6]The mountain was the scene of a mass anti-tithe meeting on 25 July 1832. The meeting was part of a wider campaign of resistance to the payment of tithes (one-tenth of the value of arable produce) to the Church of Ireland by the majority Catholic population.[7] According to press reports of the time, over 50,000 people attended, many coming from as far away as County Galway, although the attendance would have been larger had there not been confusion about whether or not the meeting was cancelled.[8] Although local folklore states that Daniel O' Connell attended the meeting, it is almost certain that he was not present as he was attending parliamentary debates in Westminster at the time. A semi-fictional account of the meeting was given by Samuel Lover in Legends and Stories of Ireland (1834), where he refers to a mock 'burial' of the tithes by local peasantry.[9]The tower on the approach to the summit is known as Carden's Folly. The Cardens were an Anglo-Irish aristocratic family who arrived in Ireland during the seventeenth century. They purchased estates in Templemore and Barnane and became the principal landlords in the area in subsequent centuries. The most notable Carden was undoubtedly John Rutter Carden (1811–1866), better known as 'Woodcock', so-called by irate tenants because he was as difficult to shoot as the bird of that name. As well as constructing the folly, he built a magnificent family home on the lower slopes of the mountain. Although the house was demolished in the early 20th century, the ruins of the walled garden can still be seen. In 1854, 'Woodcock' made a notorious attempt to kidnap a lady, Eleanor Arbuthnot, with whom he had become obsessed. A detailed history of the Carden family has been published by a descendant, Arthur Eustace Carden.[10]A cross was erected on the Rock in 1953–1954 in celebration of the 'Marian Year dedicated by the Roman Catholic Church. A committee was formed and planning of the work began in early 1953 and construction began in September of that year, it was constructed by the Duggan Brothers. The project manager was Stephen (Steedie) Grey of Templemore. Work was completed at a cost of approximately IR£2,000.[11] The cross was officially blessed by the Archbishop of Cashel and Emly, Most Rev. Dr. Jeremiah Kinane, on Sunday, 22 August 1954. It stands 45 feet high and has a span of 25 feet. The base of 340 tons is 5 feet squared and 10 feet deep. All tools and materials for this construction project were carried to the Rock by hand. The cross is presently illuminated at night. Holy Mass is celebrated at the base of the Rock each year on Rock Sunday, which is the closest Sunday to the feast of St James (25 July). A statue of the Virgin Mary was erected in 1988 on the eastern side of the Rock.A 1980 article in the journal Nature described the finding on the mountain of the earliest record of a fossil flora containing Cooksonia-type sporangia.[12]The Devil's Bit MountainStatue of the Virgin MaryCarden's FollyCross on the summit","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slieve Bloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slieve_Bloom"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Clare"},{"link_name":"Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cork"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Galway"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"Laois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Laois"},{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Offaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Offaly"},{"link_name":"Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Waterford"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Knockmealdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockmealdown_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Comeragh Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comeragh_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Galtees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galtee_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Lough Derg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lough_Derg_(Shannon)"},{"link_name":"River Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Shannon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The southwestern extremity of the Slieve Bloom range just touches Tipperary at Roscrea. The valley in which Roscrea stands separates this end of Slieve Bloom from the Devil's Bit range, which begins immediately south of the town and runs southwest. This mountain has a singular gap in its contour (very conspicuous from the railway), from which it was formerly called Barnane-Ely, i.e., the gapped mountain of Ely (the old territory in which it was situated), which is still the name of the parish. The other chief summits are Kilduff Mountain (1,462 feet; 445.6 m), Borrisnoe (1,471 feet; 448.4 m), and Benduff (1,399 feet; 426.4 m), all near Devil's Bit in a line to the northwest; and 4 miles (6.4 km) southwest of Devil's Bit, Knockanora (1,429 feet; 435.6 m) and Latteragh (1,257 feet; 383.1 m).[13]The Devil's Bit offers expansive views of the surrounding countryside. When the cross was erected, it was said that nine counties can be viewed from the summit – Tipperary itself, Clare, Cork, Galway, Kilkenny, Laois, Limerick, Offaly, and Waterford.[14] There is doubt as to whether any part of County Cork is actually visible. One can see the Knockmealdown and Comeragh Mountains in Waterford, along with the Galtees, and, to the north-west, Lough Derg and the River Shannon.[15]The triangulation station which marks the highest point of the mountain is on the 'Long Rock' which lies to the east of the Gap. The Long Rock can be climbed if one passes through the Gap and follows the pathway to the right.There is a military firing range on the western slopes of the mountain.","title":"Topography"}] | [{"image_text":"The Devil's Bit Mountain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Devilsbit.jpg/320px-Devilsbit.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of the Virgin Mary","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Devil%27s_Bit_Statue_of_Virgin_Mary.jpg/320px-Devil%27s_Bit_Statue_of_Virgin_Mary.jpg"},{"image_text":"Carden's Folly","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Devil%27s_Bit_Carden%27s_Folly.jpg/320px-Devil%27s_Bit_Carden%27s_Folly.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cross on the summit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Devil%27s_Bit_Cross.jpg/200px-Devil%27s_Bit_Cross.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Devilsbit Mountain\". MountainViews. Ordnance Survey Ireland. Retrieved 12 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://mountainviews.ie/summit/513","url_text":"\"Devilsbit Mountain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_Ireland","url_text":"Ordnance Survey Ireland"}]},{"reference":"\"Devilsbit Mountain/Bearnán Éile\". Placenames Database of Ireland.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.logainm.ie/en/67194","url_text":"\"Devilsbit Mountain/Bearnán Éile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenames_Database_of_Ireland","url_text":"Placenames Database of Ireland"}]},{"reference":"Halpin, J. (1890), The Book of Dhimma, vol. 11, Irish Ecclesiastical Record, pp. 325–334","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Under the Oak: The Book of Dimma\". Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110812212534/http://brigid-undertheoak.blogspot.com/2009/09/book-of-dimma.html","url_text":"\"Under the Oak: The Book of Dimma\""},{"url":"http://brigid-undertheoak.blogspot.com/2009/09/book-of-dimma.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"O'Mahony, Felicity (13 June 2007). \"Trinity College Dublin Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts\". hdl:2262/10540.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tara.tcd.ie/jspui/handle/2262/10540","url_text":"\"Trinity College Dublin Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2262%2F10540","url_text":"2262/10540"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, D.; Feehan, J. (1980). \"Records of Cooksonia-type sporangia from late Wenlock strata in Ireland\". Nature. 287 (5777): 41–42. Bibcode:1980Natur.287...41E. doi:10.1038/287041a0. S2CID 7958927.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980Natur.287...41E","url_text":"1980Natur.287...41E"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F287041a0","url_text":"10.1038/287041a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7958927","url_text":"7958927"}]},{"reference":"\"Tipperary\". Libraryireland.com. Retrieved 31 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.libraryireland.com/Atlas/Tipperary.php","url_text":"\"Tipperary\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Devil%27s_Bit¶ms=52.820894_N_7.914701_W_region:IE_scale:25000&title=Devil%27s+Bit","external_links_name":"S058744"},{"Link":"http://mountainviews.ie/summit/513","external_links_name":"\"Devilsbit Mountain\""},{"Link":"https://www.logainm.ie/en/67194","external_links_name":"\"Devilsbit Mountain/Bearnán Éile\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110812212534/http://brigid-undertheoak.blogspot.com/2009/09/book-of-dimma.html","external_links_name":"\"Under the Oak: The Book of Dimma\""},{"Link":"http://brigid-undertheoak.blogspot.com/2009/09/book-of-dimma.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tara.tcd.ie/jspui/handle/2262/10540","external_links_name":"\"Trinity College Dublin Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts\""},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2262%2F10540","external_links_name":"2262/10540"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980Natur.287...41E","external_links_name":"1980Natur.287...41E"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F287041a0","external_links_name":"10.1038/287041a0"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7958927","external_links_name":"7958927"},{"Link":"https://www.libraryireland.com/Atlas/Tipperary.php","external_links_name":"\"Tipperary\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matan_Baltaxa | Matan Baltaxa | ["1 Early life","2 International career","3 Honours","4 References"] | Israeli footballer
Matan BaltaxaPersonal informationDate of birth
(1995-09-20) 20 September 1995 (age 28)Place of birth
Shoham, IsraelHeight
1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)Position(s)
Left back, Center backTeam informationCurrent team
Maccabi Tel AvivNumber
30Youth career2004–2006
Maccabi Tel Aviv2006–2009
Maccabi Shoham2009–2014
Hapoel Petah TikvaSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2013–2017
Hapoel Petah Tikva
66
(7)2017–2022
Maccabi Tel Aviv
30
(2)2018
→ Hapoel Acre (loan)
16
(0)2018–2020
→ Bnei Yehuda (loan)
66
(3)2022–2024
Austria Wien
14
(1)2024–
Maccabi Tel Aviv
8
(0)International career2021
Israel
1
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 16 April 2024
Matan Baltaxa (or Baltaksa, Hebrew: מתן בלטקסה; born 20 September 1995) is an Israeli footballer who plays for Maccabi Tel Aviv.
Early life
Baltaxa was born in Shoham, Israel, to a Jewish family. He served as a soldier in the Israel Defense Forces.
International career
He made his debut for Israel national football team on 9 June 2021 in a friendly against Portugal.
Honours
Bnei Yehuda
Israel State Cup: 2016–17
Maccabi Tel Aviv
Toto Cup: 2020-21
Israel Super Cup: 2019, 2020
References
^ "Israel - M. Baltaksa - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway".
^ "Instagram".
^ "Instagram".
^ "Portugal v Israel game report". ESPN. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
vteMaccabi Tel Aviv F.C. – current squad
1 Melika
2 A. Cohen
3 Revivo
5 Nachmias
7 Zahavi
9 Turgeman
10 D. Biton
11 Y. Cohen
13 Shlomo
14 van Overeem
15 Malede
16 Kanichowsky
17 Milson
27 Davidzada
30 Baltaxa
32 Balay
33 Itzhak
36 Shahar
38 Azo
42 Peretz
55 N. Bitton
70 Bondoso
72 Kartsev
77 Davida
90 Mishpati
Madmon
Manager: Keane
This biographical article relating to Israeli football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Maccabi Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabi_Tel_Aviv_F.C."}],"text":"Matan Baltaxa (or Baltaksa,[1] Hebrew: מתן בלטקסה; born 20 September 1995) is an Israeli footballer who plays for Maccabi Tel Aviv.","title":"Matan Baltaxa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shoham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoham"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Baltaxa was born in Shoham, Israel, to a Jewish family.[2] He served as a soldier in the Israel Defense Forces.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israel national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"He made his debut for Israel national football team on 9 June 2021 in a friendly against Portugal.[4]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israel State Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_State_Cup"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Israel_State_Cup"},{"link_name":"Toto Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toto_Cup"},{"link_name":"2020-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020-21_Toto_Cup_Al"},{"link_name":"Israel Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Israel_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Israel_Super_Cup"}],"text":"Bnei YehudaIsrael State Cup: 2016–17Maccabi Tel AvivToto Cup: 2020-21\nIsrael Super Cup: 2019, 2020","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Israel - M. Baltaksa - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway\".","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.soccerway.com/players/matan-baltaksa/322080/","url_text":"\"Israel - M. Baltaksa - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway\""}]},{"reference":"\"Instagram\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/mX5knox2qK/","url_text":"\"Instagram\""}]},{"reference":"\"Instagram\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/BOttY3ED7uM/","url_text":"\"Instagram\""}]},{"reference":"\"Portugal v Israel game report\". ESPN. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/soccer/lineups?gameId=593741","url_text":"\"Portugal v Israel game report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://uk.soccerway.com/players/matan-baltaksa/322080/","external_links_name":"\"Israel - M. Baltaksa - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/mX5knox2qK/","external_links_name":"\"Instagram\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/BOttY3ED7uM/","external_links_name":"\"Instagram\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/soccer/lineups?gameId=593741","external_links_name":"\"Portugal v Israel game report\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matan_Baltaxa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utsav_Gold | Utsav Gold | ["1 History","2 References"] | Television channel
Utsav GoldCountryIndiaBroadcast areaEuropeHeadquartersMumbai, IndiaProgrammingLanguage(s)Audio:HindiSubtitles:EnglishPicture format1080i HDTV(downscaled to 16:9 576i for the SDTV feed)OwnershipOwnerDisney Star Sister channelsUtsav BharatUtsav PlusHistoryLaunched22 January 2021; 3 years ago (2021-01-22)ReplacedStar Gold
Utsav Gold is a European Hindi pay television movie channel broadcasting across Europe and is owned by Disney Star which is part of Disney India. The channel telecasts mainstream Bollywood movies. Its programming is in Hindi and subtitled in English.
History
The channel launched as Star Gold in September 2000 as a Hindi movie channel. On 6 December 2017 it launched its HD channel in the UK.
On 30 December 2020, Disney announced that the Star branding will be replaced with Utsav across Europe from 22 January 2021.
References
^ Menka Shivdasani (25 September 2000). "The Gold Rush". The Hindu Business Line.
^ Raj Baddhan (6 December 2017). "Star Gold HD launches in UK on Sky". Biz Asia.
^ "Disney Renaming Star Channels in the Netherlands | What's on Disney Plus". 30 December 2020.
vteDisney StarThe Walt Disney Company IndiaDisney Star channels
Star Bharat
StarPlus
Star Gold
Star Gold Select
Star Gold 2
Star Kiran
Star Jalsha
Jalsha Movies
Star Movies
Star Movies Select
Star Pravah
Star Pravah Picture
Star Utsav
Star Utsav Movies
Star Sports (India)
Star Suvarna
Star Suvarna Plus
Asianet Digital Network
Asianet
Asianet Plus
Asianet Movies
Asianet Middle East
Star Vijay
Star Vijay Super
Star World
Star Maa
Star Maa Movies
Star Maa Gold
National Geographic
Nat Geo Wild
Disney Channel
Hungama TV
Super Hungama
Disney Junior
Disney International HD
Bindass
Utsav Bharat
Utsav Gold
Utsav Plus
Vijay International
Star Life (South Africa)
Former TV networks
BabyTV
Star Chinese Channel
Star Chinese Movies
Star Chinese Movies Legend
Xing Kong
Channel V
Phoenix Chinese Channel
Phoenix InfoNews Channel
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Phoenix Hong Kong Channel
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Phoenix North America Chinese Channel
antv
Star One
Star Movies Action
Star Sports 4
Star News
Channel V India
BBC World Service Television
BBC World News
BBC Prime
MTV Asia
Star Plus Japan
Star Sports (East Asia)
ESPN Star Sports
ESPNews Asia
FARSI1
Zemzemeh
Rotana
Viva Cinema
Movies OK
Life OK
National Geographic (Asia)
Star Cricket
Hong Kong/Singapore
Star Cricket Plus
Hong Kong/Singapore
Star Premium
Star World India
Star World Premiere HD
Other holdingsCurrent
Disney+ Hotstar
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Former
Star TV
Star China Media
Phoenix Television (17.6%)
Star DEN (50%)
ESPN Star Sports (equity stake, 1996–2012; incl. ESPN Asia 1995-2013, incl. Star Sports Asia 1991-2013)
Star Select
Disney International Content and Operations
The Walt Disney Company
vteThe Walt Disney Company
Timeline
Assets
Acquisitions
Criticism
Logo
Headquarters
CompanyofficialsKey
Founders
Walt Disney
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CEO
Bob Iger
Board ofdirectors
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EntertainmentStudios
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GeneralEntertainmentDisney BrandedTelevision
Disney Channel
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Disney Television Animation
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ABC
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Entertainment
Disney Television Studios
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FX Networks
FX
FXX
FXM
FX Entertainment
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Other units
BabyTV (US distribution)
A&E Networks (50%)
Streaming
Disney+
Star
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Distribution
Disney–ABC Domestic Television
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment
Other
ABC TV Stations
Localish
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EMEA
France
Italy
CIS
Portugal
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Latin America
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Patagonik Film Group (33.3%)
Brazil
Rede Telecine (12.5%)
ExperiencesParks andresorts
Disneyland Resort
Disneyland Paris
Hong Kong Disneyland Resort (43%)
Shanghai Disney Resort (43%)
Walt Disney Attractions Japan
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Experiences
Adventures by Disney
National Geographic Expeditions
Disney Cruise Line
Disney Vacation Club
ConsumerProducts
Disney Store (Outside US & Canada)
Disney Publishing Worldwide
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NG Media
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Games & Interactive Experiences
ESPN Inc. (80%)
ESPN
ESPN2
ESPN on ABC
ESPN Deportes
ESPNews
ESPNU
ESPN+
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ACC Network
Longhorn Network
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Other assets
Buena Vista
D23
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National Geographic Partners (73%)
National Geographic
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Former/defunctunits andpredecessors
ABC Kids
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Blue Network
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Related
Acquisition of 21st Century Fox
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Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pay television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_television"},{"link_name":"Disney Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Star"},{"link_name":"Disney India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_India"},{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language"},{"link_name":"subtitled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtitle_(captioning)"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"}],"text":"Television channelUtsav Gold is a European Hindi pay television movie channel broadcasting across Europe and is owned by Disney Star which is part of Disney India. The channel telecasts mainstream Bollywood movies. Its programming is in Hindi and subtitled in English.","title":"Utsav Gold"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The channel launched as Star Gold in September 2000 as a Hindi movie channel.[1] On 6 December 2017 it launched its HD channel in the UK.[2]On 30 December 2020, Disney announced that the Star branding will be replaced with Utsav across Europe from 22 January 2021.[3]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Menka Shivdasani (25 September 2000). \"The Gold Rush\". The Hindu Business Line.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/article29074950.ece","url_text":"\"The Gold Rush\""}]},{"reference":"Raj Baddhan (6 December 2017). \"Star Gold HD launches in UK on Sky\". Biz Asia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizasialive.com/star-gold-hd-launches-uk-sky/","url_text":"\"Star Gold HD launches in UK on Sky\""}]},{"reference":"\"Disney Renaming Star Channels in the Netherlands | What's on Disney Plus\". 30 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://whatsondisneyplus.com/disney-renaming-star-channels-in-the-netherlands/","url_text":"\"Disney Renaming Star Channels in the Netherlands | What's on Disney Plus\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/article29074950.ece","external_links_name":"\"The Gold Rush\""},{"Link":"https://www.bizasialive.com/star-gold-hd-launches-uk-sky/","external_links_name":"\"Star Gold HD launches in UK on Sky\""},{"Link":"https://whatsondisneyplus.com/disney-renaming-star-channels-in-the-netherlands/","external_links_name":"\"Disney Renaming Star Channels in the Netherlands | What's on Disney Plus\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_crusades | Popular crusades | ["1 List of popular crusades","2 References"] | Unsanctioned crusades
vteCrusadesIdeology and institutions
Crusading movement
In the Holy Land (1095–1291)
First
1101
Norwegian
Venetian
1129
Second
Third
1197
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Barons'
Seventh
1267
Catalan
Eighth
Lord Edward's
Fall of Outremer
Later Crusades (1291–1717)
Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399
Aragonese
Smyrniote
Alexandrian
Savoyard
Barbary
1390
1398
1399
Nicopolis
Varna
Holy Leagues
1332
1495
1511
1526
1535
1538
1571
1594
1684
1717
Northern (1147–1410)
Kalmar
Wendish
Swedish
1150
1249
1293
Livonian
Prussian
Lithuanian
Russian
Tatar
Against Christians (1209–1485)
Albigensian
Drenther
Stedinger
Bosnian
Bohemian
Despenser's
Hussite
Popular (1096–1320)
People's (1096)
Children's
Shepherds' (1251)
Crusade of the Poor
Shepherds' (1320)
Reconquista (722–1492)
The popular crusades were several movements "animated by crusading enthusiasm" but unsanctioned by the Church. They contrast with the "official crusades" authorised by the Papacy. While the latter consisted of professional armies led by apostolic legates, the popular crusades were generally disorganized and consisted of peasants, artisans and only the occasional knight. The term "popular crusade" is a modern scholarly convention. The distinction between the "hierarchical" (or official) and the popular impulse in crusading was first made by historian Leopold von Ranke in the nineteenth century.
Miniature of Peter the Hermit leading the People's Crusade. From the Abreujamen de las estorias (14th century).
These events demonstrate the power of crusading ideas and the engagement of non-noble believers with the great events of Latin Christendom. All crusades that were not preached officially were illicit and unaccompanied by papal representation. But it was not until the 1320s that the papacy criticised a popular crusade. The objectives were traditional, such as regaining Jerusalem or liberating the captive King Louis IX of France. Victories in the Smyrniote crusade of 1344 aroused mass enthusiasm in Tuscany and Lombardy. Those who took part in popular crusades perceived themselves as authentic crusaders, evident in the use of pilgrimage and crusade emblems, including the cross.
List of popular crusades
The movements typically regarded as popular crusades are listed below in chronological order:
People's Crusade (1096)
Children's Crusade (1212)
Shepherds' Crusade (1251)
Crusade of the Poor (1309)
Shepherds' Crusade (1320)
Hungarian Peasants' Crusade (1514)
References
^ a b c d e f Gary Dickson, "Popular Crusades and Children's Crusade", in André Vauchez (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (James Clarke & Co., 2002 ).
^ Giles Constable, "The Historiography of the Crusades", in Angeliki E. Laiou and Roy Parviz Mottahedeh (eds.), The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World (Dumbarton Oaks, 2001).
^ a b Gary Dickson, "Popular Crusades", in Alan V. Murray (ed.), The Crusades: An Encyclopedia (ABC-CLIO, 2006), vol. 3, pp. 975–979. ISBN 978-1-57607-862-4. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Crusades"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Crusades"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Crusades"},{"link_name":"Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"Crusading 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Edward's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Edward%27s_crusade"},{"link_name":"Fall of Outremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Outremer"},{"link_name":"Later Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Crusades_to_Europe_and_the_Holy_Land#Later_Crusades_(1291-1578)"},{"link_name":"Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades_after_Acre,_1291%E2%80%931399"},{"link_name":"Aragonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonese_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Smyrniote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrniote_crusades"},{"link_name":"Alexandrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrian_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Savoyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoyard_crusade"},{"link_name":"1390","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_Crusade"},{"link_name":"1398","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_of_Tedelis"},{"link_name":"1399","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bona_crusade"},{"link_name":"Nicopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis"},{"link_name":"Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna"},{"link_name":"Holy Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League"},{"link_name":"1332","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1332)"},{"link_name":"1495","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1495)"},{"link_name":"1511","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai#Holy_League"},{"link_name":"1526","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac"},{"link_name":"1535","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1535)"},{"link_name":"1538","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1538)"},{"link_name":"1571","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)"},{"link_name":"1594","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1594)"},{"link_name":"1684","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1684)"},{"link_name":"1717","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1717)"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Crusades"},{"link_name":"Kalmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmare_ledung"},{"link_name":"Wendish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendish_Crusade"},{"link_name":"1150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Swedish_Crusade"},{"link_name":"1249","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Swedish_Crusade"},{"link_name":"1293","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Swedish_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Livonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_campaign_against_Rus%27"},{"link_name":"Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Vorskla_River"},{"link_name":"Against Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades_against_Christians"},{"link_name":"Albigensian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Drenther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drenther_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Stedinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stedinger_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Bosnian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Bohemian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemian_Crusade_(1340)"},{"link_name":"Despenser's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despenser%27s_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Hussite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussite_Wars"},{"link_name":"Popular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"People's (1096)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Children's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Shepherds' (1251)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1251)"},{"link_name":"Crusade of the Poor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_of_the_Poor"},{"link_name":"Shepherds' (1320)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1320)"},{"link_name":"Reconquista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista"},{"link_name":"crusading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusading"},{"link_name":"the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Papacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papacy"},{"link_name":"apostolic legates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_legate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickson2002-1"},{"link_name":"Leopold von Ranke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Constable-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_the_Hermit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peter the Hermit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Hermit"},{"link_name":"People's Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Abreujamen de las estorias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abreujamen_de_las_estorias"},{"link_name":"Louis IX of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"Smyrniote crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrniote_crusade"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickson2006-3"}],"text":"vteCrusadesIdeology and institutions\nCrusading movement\nIn the Holy Land (1095–1291)\n\nFirst\n1101\nNorwegian\nVenetian\n1129\nSecond\nThird\n1197\nFourth\nFifth\nSixth\nBarons'\nSeventh\n1267\nCatalan\nEighth\nLord Edward's\nFall of Outremer\nLater Crusades (1291–1717)\n\nCrusades after Acre, 1291–1399\nAragonese\nSmyrniote\nAlexandrian\nSavoyard\nBarbary\n1390\n1398\n1399\nNicopolis\nVarna\nHoly Leagues\n1332\n1495\n1511\n1526\n1535\n1538\n1571\n1594\n1684\n1717\nNorthern (1147–1410)\n\nKalmar\nWendish\nSwedish\n1150\n1249\n1293\nLivonian\nPrussian\nLithuanian\nRussian\nTatar\nAgainst Christians (1209–1485)\n\nAlbigensian\nDrenther\nStedinger\nBosnian\nBohemian\nDespenser's\nHussite\nPopular (1096–1320)\n\nPeople's (1096)\nChildren's\nShepherds' (1251)\nCrusade of the Poor\nShepherds' (1320)\nReconquista (722–1492)The popular crusades were several movements \"animated by crusading enthusiasm\" but unsanctioned by the Church. They contrast with the \"official crusades\" authorised by the Papacy. While the latter consisted of professional armies led by apostolic legates, the popular crusades were generally disorganized and consisted of peasants, artisans and only the occasional knight.[1] The term \"popular crusade\" is a modern scholarly convention. The distinction between the \"hierarchical\" (or official) and the popular impulse in crusading was first made by historian Leopold von Ranke in the nineteenth century.[2]Miniature of Peter the Hermit leading the People's Crusade. From the Abreujamen de las estorias (14th century).These events demonstrate the power of crusading ideas and the engagement of non-noble believers with the great events of Latin Christendom. All crusades that were not preached officially were illicit and unaccompanied by papal representation. But it was not until the 1320s that the papacy criticised a popular crusade. The objectives were traditional, such as regaining Jerusalem or liberating the captive King Louis IX of France. Victories in the Smyrniote crusade of 1344 aroused mass enthusiasm in Tuscany and Lombardy. Those who took part in popular crusades perceived themselves as authentic crusaders, evident in the use of pilgrimage and crusade emblems, including the cross.[3]","title":"Popular crusades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"People's Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Crusade"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickson2002-1"},{"link_name":"Children's Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickson2002-1"},{"link_name":"Shepherds' Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1251)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickson2002-1"},{"link_name":"Crusade of the Poor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_of_the_Poor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickson2002-1"},{"link_name":"Shepherds' Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1320)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickson2002-1"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Peasants' Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Peasants%27_Crusade"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickson2006-3"}],"text":"The movements typically regarded as popular crusades are listed below in chronological order:People's Crusade (1096)[1]\nChildren's Crusade (1212)[1]\nShepherds' Crusade (1251)[1]\nCrusade of the Poor (1309)[1]\nShepherds' Crusade (1320)[1]\nHungarian Peasants' Crusade (1514)[3]","title":"List of popular crusades"}] | [{"image_text":"Miniature of Peter the Hermit leading the People's Crusade. From the Abreujamen de las estorias (14th century).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Peter_the_Hermit.jpg/220px-Peter_the_Hermit.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://templar900.smotj.org/images/historiography/Historiography_of_the_Crusades.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Historiography of the Crusades\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Pierre-en-Val | Saint-Pierre-en-Val | ["1 Geography","2 Heraldry","3 Population","4 Places of interest","5 See also","6 References"] | Coordinates: 50°01′20″N 1°26′52″E / 50.0222°N 1.4478°E / 50.0222; 1.4478Commune in Normandy, FranceSaint-Pierre-en-ValCommuneThe town hall in Saint-Pierre-en-Val
Coat of armsLocation of Saint-Pierre-en-Val
Saint-Pierre-en-ValShow map of FranceSaint-Pierre-en-ValShow map of NormandyCoordinates: 50°01′20″N 1°26′52″E / 50.0222°N 1.4478°E / 50.0222; 1.4478CountryFranceRegionNormandyDepartmentSeine-MaritimeArrondissementDieppeCantonEuIntercommunalityCC Villes SœursGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Daniel RocheArea17.73 km2 (2.98 sq mi)Population (2021)1,090 • Density140/km2 (370/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code76638 /76260Elevation40–142 m (131–466 ft) (avg. 50 m or 160 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Saint-Pierre-en-Val (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France.
Geography
A forestry and farming village situated in the valley of the river Bresle in the Pays de Bray, some 19 miles (31 km) northeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D120 and the D1314 roads.
Heraldry
Arms of Saint-Pierre-en-Val
The arms of Saint-Martin-Pierre-en-Val are blazoned :Azure, 2 keys addorsed Or, on a chief argent a pine cone vert between 2 crescents gules.
Population
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a. 1968671— 1975715+0.91% 1982856+2.60% 1990978+1.68% 19991,018+0.45% 20071,115+1.14% 20121,111−0.07% 20171,100−0.20%Source: INSEE
Places of interest
The church of St. Pierre, dating from the thirteenth century.
See also
Communes of the Seine-Maritime department
References
^ Liste des maires du département de la Seine-Maritime, 10 August 2020
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint-Pierre-en-Val.
vteCommunes of the Seine-Maritime department
Allouville-Bellefosse
Alvimare
Ambrumesnil
Amfreville-la-Mi-Voie
Amfreville-les-Champs
Anceaumeville
Ancourt
Ancourteville-sur-Héricourt
Ancretiéville-Saint-Victor
Ancretteville-sur-Mer
Angerville-Bailleul
Angerville-la-Martel
Angerville-l'Orcher
Angiens
Anglesqueville-l'Esneval
Anglesqueville-la-Bras-Long
Anneville-Ambourville
Anneville-sur-Scie
Annouville-Vilmesnil
Anquetierville
Anvéville
Ardouval
Arelaune-en-Seine
Argueil
Arques-la-Bataille
Aubéguimont
Aubermesnil-aux-Érables
Aubermesnil-Beaumais
Auberville-la-Manuel
Auberville-la-Renault
Aumale
Auppegard
Authieux-Ratiéville
Les Authieux-sur-le-Port-Saint-Ouen
Autigny
Auvilliers
Auzebosc
Auzouville-l'Esneval
Auzouville-sur-Ry
Auzouville-sur-Saâne
Avesnes-en-Bray
Avesnes-en-Val
Avremesnil
Bacqueville-en-Caux
Bailleul-Neuville
Baillolet
Bailly-en-Rivière
Baons-le-Comte
Bardouville
Barentin
Baromesnil
Bazinval
Beaubec-la-Rosière
Beaumont-le-Hareng
Beaurepaire
Beaussault
Beautot
Beauval-en-Caux
Beauvoir-en-Lyons
Bec-de-Mortagne
Belbeuf
Bellencombre
Bellengreville
Belleville-en-Caux
La Bellière
Belmesnil
Bénarville
Bénesville
Bénouville
Bernières
Bertheauville
Bertreville
Bertreville-Saint-Ouen
Bertrimont
Berville-en-Caux
Berville-sur-Seine
Beuzeville-la-Grenier
Beuzeville-la-Guérard
Beuzevillette
Bézancourt
Bierville
Bihorel
Biville-la-Baignarde
Biville-la-Rivière
Blacqueville
Blainville-Crevon
Blangy-sur-Bresle
Blosseville
Le Bocasse
Bois-d'Ennebourg
Bois-Guilbert
Bois-Guillaume
Bois-Héroult
Bois-Himont
Bois-l'Évêque
Le Bois-Robert
Boissay
Bolbec
Bolleville
Bonsecours
Boos
Bordeaux-Saint-Clair
Bornambusc
Bosc-Bérenger
Bosc-Bordel
Bosc-Édeline
Bosc-Guérard-Saint-Adrien
Bosc-Hyons
Bosc-le-Hard
Bosc-Mesnil
Bosville
Boudeville
Bouelles
La Bouille
Bourdainville
Le Bourg-Dun
Bourville
Bouville
Brachy
Bracquetuit
Bradiancourt
Brametot
Bréauté
Brémontier-Merval
Bretteville-du-Grand-Caux
Bretteville-Saint-Laurent
Buchy
Bully
Bures-en-Bray
Butot
Butot-Vénesville
Cailleville
Cailly
Callengeville
Calleville-les-Deux-Églises
Campneuseville
Canehan
Canouville
Canteleu
Canville-les-Deux-Églises
Cany-Barville
Carville-la-Folletière
Carville-Pot-de-Fer
Le Catelier
Catenay
Caudebec-lès-Elbeuf
Le Caule-Sainte-Beuve
Cauville-sur-Mer
Les Cent-Acres
La Cerlangue
La Chapelle-du-Bourgay
La Chapelle-Saint-Ouen
La Chapelle-sur-Dun
La Chaussée
Cideville
Clais
Clasville
Claville-Motteville
Cléon
Clères
Cleuville
Cléville
Cliponville
Colleville
Colmesnil-Manneville
Compainville
Conteville
Contremoulins
Cottévrard
Crasville-la-Mallet
Crasville-la-Rocquefort
Criel-sur-Mer
La Crique
Criquebeuf-en-Caux
Criquetot-l'Esneval
Criquetot-le-Mauconduit
Criquetot-sur-Longueville
Criquetot-sur-Ouville
Criquiers
Critot
Croisy-sur-Andelle
Croixdalle
Croix-Mare
Cropus
Crosville-sur-Scie
Cuverville
Cuverville-sur-Yères
Cuy-Saint-Fiacre
Dampierre-en-Bray
Dampierre-Saint-Nicolas
Dancourt
Darnétal
Daubeuf-Serville
Dénestanville
Déville-lès-Rouen
Dieppesubpr
Doudeauville
Doudeville
Douvrend
Drosay
Duclair
Écalles-Alix
Écrainville
Écretteville-lès-Baons
Écretteville-sur-Mer
Ectot-l'Auber
Ectot-lès-Baons
Elbeuf
Elbeuf-en-Bray
Elbeuf-sur-Andelle
Életot
Ellecourt
Émanville
Envermeu
Envronville
Épinay-sur-Duclair
Épouville
Épretot
Épreville
Ermenouville
Ernemont-la-Villette
Ernemont-sur-Buchy
Esclavelles
Eslettes
Esteville
Étaimpuis
Étainhus
Étalleville
Étalondes
Étoutteville
Étretat
Eu
Fallencourt
Fécamp
Ferrières-en-Bray
La Ferté-Saint-Samson
Fesques
La Feuillie
Flamanville
Flamets-Frétils
Flocques
Fongueusemare
Fontaine-en-Bray
Fontaine-la-Mallet
Fontaine-le-Bourg
Fontaine-le-Dun
Fontaine-sous-Préaux
La Fontelaye
Fontenay
Forges-les-Eaux
Foucarmont
Foucart
Franqueville-Saint-Pierre
Fréauville
La Frénaye
Freneuse
Fresles
Fresnay-le-Long
Fresne-le-Plan
Fresnoy-Folny
Fresquiennes
Freulleville
Frichemesnil
Froberville
Fry
Fultot
La Gaillarde
Gaillefontaine
Gainneville
Gancourt-Saint-Étienne
Ganzeville
Gerponville
Gerville
Goderville
Gommerville
Gonfreville-Caillot
Gonfreville-l'Orcher
Gonnetot
Gonneville-la-Mallet
Gonneville-sur-Scie
Gonzeville
Goupillières
Gournay-en-Bray
Gouy
Graimbouville
Grainville-la-Teinturière
Grainville-sur-Ry
Grainville-Ymauville
Grand-Camp
Grand-Couronne
Grandcourt
Les Grandes-Ventes
Le Grand-Quevilly
Graval
Grèges
Grémonville
Greuville
Grigneuseville
Gruchet-le-Valasse
Gruchet-Saint-Siméon
Grugny
Grumesnil
Guerville
Gueures
Gueutteville
Gueutteville-les-Grès
La Hallotière
Le Hanouard
Harcanville
Harfleur
Hattenville
Haucourt
Haudricourt
Haussez
Hautot-l'Auvray
Hautot-le-Vatois
Hautot-Saint-Sulpice
Hautot-sur-Mer
Hautot-sur-Seine
Les Hauts-de-Caux
Le Havresubpr
La Haye
Héberville
Hénouville
Héricourt-en-Caux
Hermanville
Hermeville
Le Héron
Héronchelles
Heugleville-sur-Scie
Heuqueville
Heurteauville
Hodeng-au-Bosc
Hodeng-Hodenger
Houdetot
Le Houlme
Houppeville
Houquetot
La Houssaye-Béranger
Hugleville-en-Caux
Les Ifs
Illois
Imbleville
Incheville
Ingouville
Isneauville
Jumièges
Lamberville
Lammerville
Landes-Vieilles-et-Neuves
Lanquetot
Lestanville
Lillebonne
Limésy
Limpiville
Lindebeuf
Lintot
Lintot-les-Bois
Les Loges
La Londe
Londinières
Longmesnil
Longroy
Longueil
Longuerue
Longueville-sur-Scie
Louvetot
Lucy
Luneray
Malaunay
Malleville-les-Grès
Manéglise
Manéhouville
Maniquerville
Manneville-ès-Plains
Manneville-la-Goupil
Mannevillette
Maromme
Marques
Martainville-Épreville
Martigny
Martin-Église
Massy
Mathonville
Maucomble
Maulévrier-Sainte-Gertrude
Mauny
Mauquenchy
Mélamare
Melleville
Ménerval
Ménonval
Mentheville
Mésangueville
Mesnières-en-Bray
Le Mesnil-Durdent
Le Mesnil-Esnard
Mesnil-Follemprise
Le Mesnil-Lieubray
Mesnil-Mauger
Mesnil-Panneville
Mesnil-Raoul
Le Mesnil-Réaume
Le Mesnil-sous-Jumièges
Meulers
Millebosc
Mirville
Molagnies
Monchaux-Soreng
Monchy-sur-Eu
Mont-Cauvaire
Mont-Saint-Aignan
Montérolier
Montigny
Montivilliers
Montmain
Montreuil-en-Caux
Montroty
Montville
Morgny-la-Pommeraye
Morienne
Mortemer
Morville-sur-Andelle
Motteville
Moulineaux
Muchedent
Nesle-Hodeng
Nesle-Normandeuse
Neufbosc
Neufchâtel-en-Bray
Neuf-Marché
La Neuville-Chant-d'Oisel
Neuville-Ferrières
Néville
Nointot
Nolléval
Normanville
Norville
Notre-Dame-d'Aliermont
Notre-Dame-de-Bliquetuit
Notre-Dame-de-Bondeville
Notre-Dame-du-Bec
Notre-Dame-du-Parc
Nullemont
Ocqueville
Octeville-sur-Mer
Offranville
Oherville
Oissel
Omonville
Orival
Osmoy-Saint-Valery
Ouainville
Oudalle
Ourville-en-Caux
Ouville-l'Abbaye
Ouville-la-Rivière
Paluel
Parc-d'Anxtot
Pavilly
Petit-Caux
Petit-Couronne
Le Petit-Quevilly
Petiville
Pierrecourt
Pierrefiques
Pierreval
Pissy-Pôville
Pleine-Sève
Pommereux
Pommeréval
Ponts-et-Marais
Port-Jérôme-sur-Seine
La Poterie-Cap-d'Antifer
Préaux
Prétot-Vicquemare
Preuseville
Puisenval
Quevillon
Quévreville-la-Poterie
Quiberville
Quièvrecourt
Quincampoix
Raffetot
Rainfreville
Réalcamp
Rebets
La Remuée
Rétonval
Reuville
Ricarville-du-Val
Richemont
Rieux
Rives-en-Seine
Riville
Robertot
Rocquefort
Rocquemont
Rogerville
Rolleville
Roncherolles-en-Bray
Roncherolles-sur-le-Vivier
Ronchois
Rosay
Rouenpref
Roumare
Routes
Rouville
Rouvray-Catillon
Rouxmesnil-Bouteilles
Royville
La Rue-Saint-Pierre
Ry
Saâne-Saint-Just
Sahurs
Sainneville
Saint-Aignan-sur-Ry
Saint-André-sur-Cailly
Saint-Antoine-la-Forêt
Saint-Arnoult
Saint-Aubin-Celloville
Saint-Aubin-de-Crétot
Saint-Aubin-Épinay
Saint-Aubin-le-Cauf
Saint-Aubin-lès-Elbeuf
Saint-Aubin-Routot
Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer
Saint-Aubin-sur-Scie
Saint-Clair-sur-les-Monts
Saint-Crespin
Saint-Denis-d'Aclon
Saint-Denis-le-Thiboult
Saint-Denis-sur-Scie
Sainte-Adresse
Sainte-Agathe-d'Aliermont
Sainte-Austreberthe
Sainte-Beuve-en-Rivière
Sainte-Colombe
Sainte-Croix-sur-Buchy
Sainte-Foy
Sainte-Geneviève
Sainte-Hélène-Bondeville
Sainte-Marguerite-sur-Duclair
Sainte-Marguerite-sur-Mer
Sainte-Marie-au-Bosc
Sainte-Marie-des-Champs
Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray
Saint-Eustache-la-Forêt
Saint-Georges-sur-Fontaine
Saint-Germain-des-Essourts
Saint-Germain-d'Étables
Saint-Germain-sous-Cailly
Saint-Germain-sur-Eaulne
Saint-Gilles-de-Crétot
Saint-Gilles-de-la-Neuville
Saint-Hellier
Saint-Honoré
Saint-Jacques-d'Aliermont
Saint-Jacques-sur-Darnétal
Saint-Jean-de-Folleville
Saint-Jean-de-la-Neuville
Saint-Jean-du-Cardonnay
Saint-Jouin-Bruneval
Saint-Laurent-de-Brèvedent
Saint-Laurent-en-Caux
Saint-Léger-aux-Bois
Saint-Léger-du-Bourg-Denis
Saint-Léonard
Saint-Lucien
Saint-Maclou-de-Folleville
Saint-Maclou-la-Brière
Saint-Mards
Saint-Martin-au-Bosc
Saint-Martin-aux-Arbres
Saint-Martin-aux-Buneaux
Saint-Martin-de-Boscherville
Saint-Martin-de-l'If
Saint-Martin-du-Bec
Saint-Martin-du-Manoir
Saint-Martin-du-Vivier
Saint-Martin-le-Gaillard
Saint-Martin-l'Hortier
Saint-Martin-Osmonville
Saint-Maurice-d'Ételan
Saint-Michel-d'Halescourt
Saint-Nicolas-d'Aliermont
Saint-Nicolas-de-la-Haie
Saint-Nicolas-de-la-Taille
Saint-Ouen-du-Breuil
Saint-Ouen-le-Mauger
Saint-Ouen-sous-Bailly
Saint-Paër
Saint-Pierre-Bénouville
Saint-Pierre-de-Manneville
Saint-Pierre-des-Jonquières
Saint-Pierre-de-Varengeville
Saint-Pierre-en-Port
Saint-Pierre-en-Val
Saint-Pierre-lès-Elbeuf
Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux
Saint-Pierre-le-Viger
Saint-Rémy-Boscrocourt
Saint-Riquier-en-Rivière
Saint-Riquier-ès-Plains
Saint-Romain-de-Colbosc
Saint-Saëns
Saint-Saire
Saint-Sauveur-d'Émalleville
Saint-Sylvain
Saint-Vaast-d'Équiqueville
Saint-Vaast-Dieppedalle
Saint-Vaast-du-Val
Saint-Valery-en-Caux
Saint-Victor-l'Abbaye
Saint-Vigor-d'Ymonville
Saint-Vincent-Cramesnil
Sandouville
Sassetot-le-Malgardé
Sassetot-le-Mauconduit
Sasseville
Sauchay
Saumont-la-Poterie
Sauqueville
Saussay
Sausseuzemare-en-Caux
Senneville-sur-Fécamp
Sept-Meules
Serqueux
Servaville-Salmonville
Sierville
Sigy-en-Bray
Smermesnil
Sommery
Sommesnil
Sorquainville
Sotteville-lès-Rouen
Sotteville-sous-le-Val
Sotteville-sur-Mer
Tancarville
Terres-de-Caux
Thérouldeville
Theuville-aux-Maillots
Thiergeville
Thiétreville
Thil-Manneville
Le Thil-Riberpré
Thiouville
Le Tilleul
Tocqueville-en-Caux
Tocqueville-les-Murs
Torcy-le-Grand
Torcy-le-Petit
Le Torp-Mesnil
Tôtes
Touffreville-la-Corbeline
Touffreville-sur-Eu
Tourville-la-Rivière
Tourville-les-Ifs
Tourville-sur-Arques
Toussaint
Le Trait
Trémauville
Le Tréport
La Trinité-du-Mont
Les Trois-Pierres
Trouville
Turretot
Val-de-la-Haye
Val-de-Saâne
Val-de-Scie
Valliquerville
Valmont
Varengeville-sur-Mer
Varneville-Bretteville
Vassonville
Vatierville
Vattetot-sous-Beaumont
Vattetot-sur-Mer
Vatteville-la-Rue
La Vaupalière
Veauville-lès-Quelles
Vénestanville
Ventes-Saint-Rémy
Vergetot
Veules-les-Roses
Veulettes-sur-Mer
Vibeuf
Vieux-Manoir
Vieux-Rouen-sur-Bresle
La Vieux-Rue
Villainville
Villers-Écalles
Villers-sous-Foucarmont
Villy-sur-Yères
Vinnemerville
Virville
Vittefleur
Wanchy-Capval
Yainville
Yébleron
Yerville
Ymare
Yport
Ypreville-Biville
Yquebeuf
Yvecrique
Yvetot
Yville-sur-Seine
pref: prefecture
subpr: subprefecture
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
This Dieppe geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[sɛ̃ pjɛʁ ɑ̃ val]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Seine-Maritime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Maritime"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Normandy, FranceSaint-Pierre-en-Val (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ pjɛʁ ɑ̃ val]) is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France.","title":"Saint-Pierre-en-Val"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"forestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry"},{"link_name":"farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farming"},{"link_name":"Bresle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bresle_(river)"},{"link_name":"Pays de Bray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_de_Bray"},{"link_name":"Dieppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieppe"}],"text":"A forestry and farming village situated in the valley of the river Bresle in the Pays de Bray, some 19 miles (31 km) northeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D120 and the D1314 roads.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Heraldry"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The church of St. Pierre, dating from the thirteenth century.","title":"Places of interest"}] | [{"image_text":"Arms of Saint-Pierre-en-Val","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Blason_Saint-Pierre-en-val.svg/120px-Blason_Saint-Pierre-en-val.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Communes of the Seine-Maritime department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Seine-Maritime_department"}] | [{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-76638","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint-Pierre-en-Val¶ms=50.0222_N_1.4478_E_type:city(1090)_region:FR-NOR","external_links_name":"50°01′20″N 1°26′52″E / 50.0222°N 1.4478°E / 50.0222; 1.4478"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint-Pierre-en-Val¶ms=50.0222_N_1.4478_E_type:city(1090)_region:FR-NOR","external_links_name":"50°01′20″N 1°26′52″E / 50.0222°N 1.4478°E / 50.0222; 1.4478"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-76638","external_links_name":"76638"},{"Link":"https://www.seine-maritime.gouv.fr/content/download/26198/186822/file/Liste%20d%C3%A9finitive%20des%20maires%20du%20d%C3%A9partement.pdf","external_links_name":"Liste des maires du département de la Seine-Maritime"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-76638","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-76638#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Population en historique depuis 1968"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152752232","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152752232","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Pierre-en-Val&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmonds_Aerocessories | Oliver Simmonds | ["1 Early life","2 Aviation career","3 Parliament","4 Simmonds Aerocessories","5 Bahamas","6 4CYTE (foresight)","7 References","7.1 Notes","8 External links"] | Sir Oliver SimmondsBornOliver Edwin Simmonds(1897-11-22)22 November 1897King's Lynn, Norfolk, EnglandDied26 July 1985(1985-07-26) (aged 87)Guernsey, Channel IslandsNationalityBritishOccupation(s)Aircraft engineer, Member of Parliament, IndustrialistKnown forAircraft designs including the Simmonds SpartanSpouseGladys E. HewittChildrenDoreen P. Kay, Geoffrey R. Simmonds, and Janette P. Gailey
Sir Oliver Edwin Simmonds, FRAeS (22 November 1897 – 26 July 1985) was a British aviation pioneer, aircraft engineer and Conservative Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Birmingham Duddeston from 1931 to 1945.
Early life
Simmonds was born on 22 November 1897 in King's Lynn, Norfolk, the elder son of the Rev Frederick Simmonds, a lawyer by training and a Congregational Minister by avocation. Simmonds was educated at Taunton in Somerset. In early 1916, he volunteered to join the Royal Flying Corps as a pilot. He was trained at Weybridge, Surrey. He received his wings and in March 1916 joined 25 Squadron in France. He piloted a Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2b, a light bomber and observation aircraft. Arthur Tedder, later Deputy Supreme Commander of all Allied Forces in Northern Europe in 1944/45, was also a member of 25 Squadron at that time. Simmonds went up to Cambridge in 1919. He switched from reading History to Engineering, earning his degree in 1922. While at Cambridge he joined the Cambridge University Aeronautical Society.
Aviation career
Simmonds joined the Royal Aircraft Factory in 1922. During his time at Farnborough, Simmonds wrote a joint paper on the results of a test in the Wind Tunnel. Simmonds was then transferred to the Air Worthiness Dept, which was responsible for approving and granting a British Certificate of Airworthiness to each newly designed aircraft. This position required him to visit the design offices of all the British Aircraft designers, where he saw first hand all the new design ideas that were evolving. After the US won the Schneider Trophy in 1924 at a speed of about 240 mph, the British Air Ministry called for a new monoplane challenger that could achieve 300 mph in level flight. In a search for new talent, R.J. Mitchell at Supermarine interviewed Simmonds and invited him to join the design team. In the 1960s, while talking to another former Schneider team member, he was reminded how the fuselage diameter of the Supermarine S.5 was determined. Simmonds had asked one of the team to put a piece of plywood vertically against the wall. He then sat on the floor with his back to the plywood, while a colleague drew a line around his body. This became the fuselage diameter. Simmonds was a small man physically, which is the reason that the RAF pilots chosen to fly the aircraft were of a similar stature. This Supermarine series of aircraft won the Schneider Trophy in 1927, 1929 and 1931, thereby winning it outright. The last of the Series, the Supermarine S6B was the first aircraft to exceed 400 mph in level flight, over the Solent, on 23 September 1931. During Simmonds time with Supermarine, he had begun, in his spare time, working on the design of a new light aircraft, which he later named the Spartan. It had interchangeable wings and interchangeable tail surfaces, a particular advantage in export markets. This resulted in a disagreement between Simmonds and Supermarine and the former announced in July 1928 that he was leaving Supermarine to form his own company to produce the Spartan.
In 1928 Simmonds formed two companies: Simmonds Aircraft, Ltd.— Capital £20,000, in £1 shares. With the purpose of acquiring interests in patents, licences, concessions and the like held by the Simmonds Interchangeable Wing Co., Ltd., and to acquire from O. E. Simmonds licences relating to the building, manufacture, design and sale of the Simmonds Spartan Light Aeroplane. The company produced a significant number of Spartans and also de Havilland Moths under license. In 1931, as the US depression began to be felt in Britain, Simmonds sold his interest in the company to Whitehall Securities Corporation. When the first Simmonds Spartan was rolled out in 1929, Simmonds was able to announce the company had orders for 54 Spartans and had a contract to produce the Blackburn ?
Parliament
In 1931 Simmonds entered politics as a Conservative. He was elected at the 1931 general election as the MP for Birmingham Duddeston. He held the seat until the 1945 general election. In the House Simmonds spoke on aviation, workers' conditions and Civil Defense. With other MP's he visited Spain during the Civil War there, to study the effects of aerial warfare on the civil population. On his return to Britain he formed the Air Raid Precautions Institute. This institute issued recommendations for the protection of the civilian population in the event of war.
Simmonds Aerocessories
In 1931, following the sale of Simmonds Aircraft, Simmonds attended the annual Air Show at Le Bourget, which included a large display of aircraft equipment suppliers. One of these was the Coursey Company which made push pull controls for use in operating aircraft control surfaces. Simmonds did an instant market survey and realized this product could end the use of bell cranks and levers to control aircraft flight surfaces. He negotiated an exclusive license to produce and sell these devices in all the world except France.
Returning to Britain he set about forming Simmonds Aerocessories Ltd, entering into a manufacturing arrangement with Accles and Shelvoke in Birmingham and establishing a sales and administrative office in London. He soon had many customers.
In about 1933, Simmonds travelled to the US and followed up with some of the US contacts he had made back in the Schneider Trophy days. One of these contacts showed him a new nut, which was unique in that it had a red fibre insert, which caused the nut to retain its position on a bolt, irrespective of vibration. Simmonds realized this nut had the potential to do away with cotter pins. The holder of the worldwide patents was a Swede named Renefelt. Simmonds obtained an exclusive license for the rest of the world, with the exception of the US and Sweden. The two licenses for the Push Pull Control and the Elastic Stop Nut became the basis of the company's early rapid growth. In the second half of the 1930s Simmonds established his own manufacturing facilities in the UK, France, Poland, the US and Australia. Offices were also established in Canada.
Following the outbreak of WW II, manufacturing facilities were rapidly expanded to meet growing demand. Large manufacturing facilities were then acquired at Treforest, near Cardiff in Glamorganshire. The company also later took over the space owned by the Coty Cosmetics Company, also on the Great West Rd and further space in Sunderland.
In the late 1930s Simmonds had become the exclusive British and European licensee for the aircraft fuel gauging systems produced by the Liquidometer Corporation of New York, USA. As part of the company's entry into this market segment, Simmonds had hired a refugee Polish engineer. Between the two of them they conceived how to measure fuel electrically thereby providing much greater accuracy, irrespective of an aircraft's flight attitude. They went on to patent and produce such a system, called Pacitor. The first British aircraft to use this system was the country's first jet fighter, the Gloster Meteor, which first saw combat in 1944, chasing and shooting down many German V-1 missiles.
These Pacitor fuel gauging systems were licensed to the US Simmonds company and became the basis of that company evolving after WW II from producing mainly mechanical products to moving first to electro-mechanical products and finally in the 1960s to mostly electronic products.
After the end of WW II new orders for all military aircraft came to an abrupt halt. Simmonds consolidated all its reduced operations at its Treforest factory, near Cardiff. In 1947 British Overseas Airways (B.O.A.C.) took over the former Simmonds works on the Great West Road, London.
In 1947 the Electric and General Industrial Trusts, Ltd., of which Mr. C. W. Hayward was chairman, bought the entire share capital of Simmonds Aerocessories, Ltd., and Simmonds Products, Ltd. Sir Oliver retained his interests in Simmonds Development Corp., Ltd, which held many of the Simmonds patents. Sir Oliver retained his interests in the US, Canadian and French businesses. This last was also sold in the late 1940s to a French Company.
Simmonds Aerocessories was the original manufacturer of surform tools.
On selling his Simmonds / Spartan companies Oliver Simmonds established Simmonds Aerocessories. As the company grew it expanded its interests to producing aircraft controls and a fuel measurement tool that became a standard in the industry. Under his auspices the company grew rapidly spreading across all of Europe as a multi-national and then worldwide into Canada, the US and Australia. In 1941 Simmonds Aerocessories built a one-off target drone the OQ-11 which was tested by the USAAF.
Bahamas
In 1948, Simmonds sold his British-based interests and moved to The Bahamas. He started a construction company and undertook the development of the Balmoral Beach Club, a luxurious hotel on Cable Beach. In its celebrity heyday, the hotel cultivated a relaxed, sophisticated atmosphere and hosted notable guests such as The Beatles who were here to film the movie Help!. Other luminary Balmoral guests included Richard Nixon and the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, the former King Edward VIII and Wallace Simpson.
Simmonds helped to stabilize the hotel industry by becoming the President of The Hotel Employer Association and then the President of The Friends of The Bahamas.
Sir Oliver built 'High Tor' with its 18-foot gracious high ceiling rooms it was designed with care and with an eye to detail still apparent to this day. Sir Oliver imported English oak panels for doors and an 18th-century carved wooden fireplace as well as many other decorative items. He was an inventor and engineer, there are still features existing today that were considered innovative when he designed them such as the floating spiral staircase and the enormous windows that slide down to disappear completely into the floor. He lived in High Tor until 1963 and he continued to live in Lyford Cay until 1977.
4CYTE (foresight)
Sir Oliver invented a game club called 4CYTE (pronounced "foresight").
Each player has an identical set of letters and a six-by-six grid. Players alternate calling letters and placing them on their respective grids. Each player may hold one letter as a stand by. When the grids are filled, the players score the six rows, six column, and two diagonals. When a player has spelled a word that is at least three letters long that player receives points for that scoring line. Longer words are worth more points. The player with the most points wins. In the solitaire version, a player selects thirty six letters and moves them around at will to score a personal best.
The President of the club was Sir Oliver Simmonds, and he was the first 4CYTE champion. The International 4 CYTE Champions' Club is an unincorporated association owned by the International Parlour Games Corporation Limited, Nassau, Bahamas.
References
Notes
^ Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "D" (part 2)
^ a b Craig, F. W. S. (1983) . British parliamentary election results 1918-1949 (3rd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. ISBN 0-900178-06-X.
^ Google Patents: oliver edwin simmonds
^ Flight magazine 1947
^ "Messrs. Simmonds Aerocessories, Limited". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 421. Commons. 16 April 1946. col. 2522–2523. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
^ Advertisement in Flight magazine, 16 July 1942
^ "Balmoral Bahamas - Its About Living". Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2009.
^ Sylvain, Rick (31 March 1985). "A Hot Spot To Cool Out Near Nassau". Chicago Tribune. Knight-Ridder Newspapers. Retrieved 8 January 2012. The Royal Bahamian, 10 minutes from Nassau, could pass for the tropical, baronial estate of some tycoon who hit it big in sugar or pineapples or something. Certainly, it is the most exclusive and fashionable resort in the Bahamas...
^ "bio". bahamasentertainers.com.
^ "4 CYTE (Foresight) - Image Gallery - BoardGameGeek". boardgamegeek.com.
^ "1stingames.com" (PDF). 1stingames.com.
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Oliver Simmonds
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded byGeorge Francis Sawyer
Member of Parliament for Birmingham Duddeston 1931 – 1945
Succeeded byEdith Wills
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Poland | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRAeS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aeronautical_Society"},{"link_name":"aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Duddeston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Duddeston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Sir Oliver Edwin Simmonds, FRAeS (22 November 1897 – 26 July 1985) was a British aviation pioneer, aircraft engineer and Conservative Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Birmingham Duddeston from 1931 to 1945.[1]","title":"Oliver Simmonds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King's Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Lynn"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Congregational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_church"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"25 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._25_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Factory_F.E.2"},{"link_name":"Arthur Tedder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Tedder"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Aeronautical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Aeronautical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Simmonds was born on 22 November 1897 in King's Lynn, Norfolk, the elder son of the Rev Frederick Simmonds, a lawyer by training and a Congregational Minister by avocation. Simmonds was educated at Taunton in Somerset. In early 1916, he volunteered to join the Royal Flying Corps as a pilot. He was trained at Weybridge, Surrey. He received his wings and in March 1916 joined 25 Squadron in France. He piloted a Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2b, a light bomber and observation aircraft. Arthur Tedder, later Deputy Supreme Commander of all Allied Forces in Northern Europe in 1944/45, was also a member of 25 Squadron at that time. Simmonds went up to Cambridge in 1919. He switched from reading History to Engineering, earning his degree in 1922. While at Cambridge he joined the Cambridge University Aeronautical Society.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Aircraft Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment"},{"link_name":"Certificate of Airworthiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Airworthiness"},{"link_name":"Schneider Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schneider_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Air Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Ministry"},{"link_name":"R.J. Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.J._Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Supermarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine"},{"link_name":"Supermarine S.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_S.5"},{"link_name":"plywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plywood"},{"link_name":"Supermarine S6B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_S6B"},{"link_name":"Solent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solent"},{"link_name":"Simmonds Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmonds_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Simmonds Spartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmonds_Spartan"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Moths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Moth"},{"link_name":"Whitehall Securities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall_Securities"}],"text":"Simmonds joined the Royal Aircraft Factory in 1922. During his time at Farnborough, Simmonds wrote a joint paper on the results of a test in the Wind Tunnel. Simmonds was then transferred to the Air Worthiness Dept, which was responsible for approving and granting a British Certificate of Airworthiness to each newly designed aircraft. This position required him to visit the design offices of all the British Aircraft designers, where he saw first hand all the new design ideas that were evolving. After the US won the Schneider Trophy in 1924 at a speed of about 240 mph, the British Air Ministry called for a new monoplane challenger that could achieve 300 mph in level flight. In a search for new talent, R.J. Mitchell at Supermarine interviewed Simmonds and invited him to join the design team. In the 1960s, while talking to another former Schneider team member, he was reminded how the fuselage diameter of the Supermarine S.5 was determined. Simmonds had asked one of the team to put a piece of plywood vertically against the wall. He then sat on the floor with his back to the plywood, while a colleague drew a line around his body. This became the fuselage diameter. Simmonds was a small man physically, which is the reason that the RAF pilots chosen to fly the aircraft were of a similar stature. This Supermarine series of aircraft won the Schneider Trophy in 1927, 1929 and 1931, thereby winning it outright. The last of the Series, the Supermarine S6B was the first aircraft to exceed 400 mph in level flight, over the Solent, on 23 September 1931. During Simmonds time with Supermarine, he had begun, in his spare time, working on the design of a new light aircraft, which he later named the Spartan. It had interchangeable wings and interchangeable tail surfaces, a particular advantage in export markets. This resulted in a disagreement between Simmonds and Supermarine and the former announced in July 1928 that he was leaving Supermarine to form his own company to produce the Spartan.In 1928 Simmonds formed two companies: Simmonds Aircraft, Ltd.— Capital £20,000, in £1 shares. With the purpose of acquiring interests in patents, licences, concessions and the like held by the Simmonds Interchangeable Wing Co., Ltd., and to acquire from O. E. Simmonds licences relating to the building, manufacture, design and sale of the Simmonds Spartan Light Aeroplane. The company produced a significant number of Spartans and also de Havilland Moths under license. In 1931, as the US depression began to be felt in Britain, Simmonds sold his interest in the company to Whitehall Securities Corporation. When the first Simmonds Spartan was rolled out in 1929, Simmonds was able to announce the company had orders for 54 Spartans and had a contract to produce the Blackburn ?","title":"Aviation career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"1931 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Duddeston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Duddeston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-craig-2"},{"link_name":"1945 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-craig-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 1931 Simmonds entered politics as a Conservative. He was elected at the 1931 general election as the MP for Birmingham Duddeston.[2] He held the seat until the 1945 general election.[2] In the House Simmonds spoke on aviation, workers' conditions and Civil Defense. With other MP's he visited Spain during the Civil War there, to study the effects of aerial warfare on the civil population. On his return to Britain he formed the Air Raid Precautions Institute. This institute issued recommendations for the protection of the civilian population in the event of war.[citation needed]","title":"Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le Bourget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Bourget"},{"link_name":"bell cranks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_crank"},{"link_name":"Accles and Shelvoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Accles_and_Shelvoke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cotter pins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_pin"},{"link_name":"Treforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treforest"},{"link_name":"Gloster Meteor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster_Meteor"},{"link_name":"V-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb"},{"link_name":"British Overseas Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_Airways"},{"link_name":"Great West Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A4_road_(England)"},{"link_name":"C. W. Hayward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Hayward"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"surform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surform"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"OQ-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OQ-11&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"USAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAAF"}],"text":"In 1931, following the sale of Simmonds Aircraft, Simmonds attended the annual Air Show at Le Bourget, which included a large display of aircraft equipment suppliers. One of these was the Coursey Company which made push pull controls for use in operating aircraft control surfaces. Simmonds did an instant market survey and realized this product could end the use of bell cranks and levers to control aircraft flight surfaces. He negotiated an exclusive license to produce and sell these devices in all the world except France.Returning to Britain he set about forming Simmonds Aerocessories Ltd, entering into a manufacturing arrangement with Accles and Shelvoke in Birmingham and establishing a sales and administrative office in London. He soon had many customers.In about 1933, Simmonds travelled to the US and followed up with some of the US contacts he had made back in the Schneider Trophy days. One of these contacts showed him a new nut, which was unique in that it had a red fibre insert, which caused the nut to retain its position on a bolt, irrespective of vibration. Simmonds realized this nut had the potential to do away with cotter pins. The holder of the worldwide patents was a Swede named Renefelt. Simmonds obtained an exclusive license for the rest of the world, with the exception of the US and Sweden. The two licenses for the Push Pull Control and the Elastic Stop Nut became the basis of the company's early rapid growth. In the second half of the 1930s Simmonds established his own manufacturing facilities in the UK, France, Poland, the US and Australia. Offices were also established in Canada.Following the outbreak of WW II, manufacturing facilities were rapidly expanded to meet growing demand. Large manufacturing facilities were then acquired at Treforest, near Cardiff in Glamorganshire. The company also later took over the space owned by the Coty Cosmetics Company, also on the Great West Rd and further space in Sunderland.In the late 1930s Simmonds had become the exclusive British and European licensee for the aircraft fuel gauging systems produced by the Liquidometer Corporation of New York, USA. As part of the company's entry into this market segment, Simmonds had hired a refugee Polish engineer. Between the two of them they conceived how to measure fuel electrically thereby providing much greater accuracy, irrespective of an aircraft's flight attitude. They went on to patent and produce such a system, called Pacitor. The first British aircraft to use this system was the country's first jet fighter, the Gloster Meteor, which first saw combat in 1944, chasing and shooting down many German V-1 missiles.These Pacitor fuel gauging systems were licensed to the US Simmonds company and became the basis of that company evolving after WW II from producing mainly mechanical products to moving first to electro-mechanical products and finally in the 1960s to mostly electronic products.After the end of WW II new orders for all military aircraft came to an abrupt halt. Simmonds consolidated all its reduced operations at its Treforest factory, near Cardiff. In 1947 British Overseas Airways (B.O.A.C.) took over the former Simmonds works on the Great West Road, London.In 1947 the Electric and General Industrial Trusts, Ltd., of which Mr. C. W. Hayward was chairman, bought the entire share capital of Simmonds Aerocessories, Ltd., and Simmonds Products, Ltd. Sir Oliver retained his interests in Simmonds Development Corp., Ltd, which held many of the Simmonds patents.[3] Sir Oliver retained his interests in the US, Canadian and French businesses. This last was also sold in the late 1940s to a French Company.[4]Simmonds Aerocessories was the original manufacturer of surform tools.On selling his Simmonds / Spartan companies Oliver Simmonds established Simmonds Aerocessories.[5] As the company grew it expanded its interests to producing aircraft controls and a fuel measurement tool that became a standard in the industry. Under his auspices the company grew rapidly spreading across all of Europe as a multi-national and then worldwide into Canada, the US and Australia.[6] In 1941 Simmonds Aerocessories built a one-off target drone the OQ-11 which was tested by the USAAF.","title":"Simmonds Aerocessories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Cable Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_Beach,_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Help!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help!_(film)"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Edward VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII"},{"link_name":"Wallace Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Simpson"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Lyford Cay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyford_Cay"}],"text":"In 1948, Simmonds sold his British-based interests and moved to The Bahamas. He started a construction company and undertook the development of the Balmoral Beach Club,[7] a luxurious hotel on Cable Beach. In its celebrity heyday, the hotel cultivated a relaxed, sophisticated atmosphere and hosted notable guests such as The Beatles who were here to film the movie Help!. Other luminary Balmoral guests included Richard Nixon and the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, the former King Edward VIII and Wallace Simpson.[8]Simmonds helped to stabilize the hotel industry by becoming the President of The Hotel Employer Association and then the President of The Friends of The Bahamas.[9]\nSir Oliver built 'High Tor' with its 18-foot gracious high ceiling rooms it was designed with care and with an eye to detail still apparent to this day. Sir Oliver imported English oak panels for doors and an 18th-century carved wooden fireplace as well as many other decorative items. He was an inventor and engineer, there are still features existing today that were considered innovative when he designed them such as the floating spiral staircase and the enormous windows that slide down to disappear completely into the floor. He lived in High Tor until 1963 and he continued to live in Lyford Cay until 1977.","title":"Bahamas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Sir Oliver invented a game club called 4CYTE (pronounced \"foresight\").[10] \nEach player has an identical set of letters and a six-by-six grid. Players alternate calling letters and placing them on their respective grids. Each player may hold one letter as a stand by. When the grids are filled, the players score the six rows, six column, and two diagonals. When a player has spelled a word that is at least three letters long that player receives points for that scoring line. Longer words are worth more points. The player with the most points wins. In the solitaire version, a player selects thirty six letters and moves them around at will to score a personal best.[11]The President of the club was Sir Oliver Simmonds, and he was the first 4CYTE champion. The International 4 CYTE Champions' Club is an unincorporated association owned by the International Parlour Games Corporation Limited, Nassau, Bahamas.","title":"4CYTE (foresight)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Craig, F. W. S. (1983) [1969]. British parliamentary election results 1918-1949 (3rd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. ISBN 0-900178-06-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._S._Craig","url_text":"Craig, F. W. S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900178-06-X","url_text":"0-900178-06-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Messrs. Simmonds Aerocessories, Limited\". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 421. Commons. 16 April 1946. col. 2522–2523. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1946/apr/16/messrs-simmonds-aerocessories-limited","url_text":"\"Messrs. Simmonds Aerocessories, Limited\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090719134747/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1946/apr/16/messrs-simmonds-aerocessories-limited","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Balmoral Bahamas - Its About Living\". Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090621071054/http://www.balmoralbahamas.com/index.htm","url_text":"\"Balmoral Bahamas - Its About Living\""},{"url":"http://www.balmoralbahamas.com/index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sylvain, Rick (31 March 1985). \"A Hot Spot To Cool Out Near Nassau\". Chicago Tribune. Knight-Ridder Newspapers. Retrieved 8 January 2012. The Royal Bahamian, 10 minutes from Nassau, could pass for the tropical, baronial estate of some tycoon who hit it big in sugar or pineapples or something. Certainly, it is the most exclusive and fashionable resort in the Bahamas...","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1985-03-31/travel/8501180452_1_exclusive-tropical-hideaway-restaurant-manager","url_text":"\"A Hot Spot To Cool Out Near Nassau\""}]},{"reference":"\"bio\". bahamasentertainers.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://bahamasentertainers.com/Artist/LouAOrch/la_bio.html","url_text":"\"bio\""}]},{"reference":"\"4 CYTE (Foresight) - Image Gallery - BoardGameGeek\". boardgamegeek.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://boardgamegeek.com/images/boardgame/8032/4-cyte-foresight","url_text":"\"4 CYTE (Foresight) - Image Gallery - BoardGameGeek\""}]},{"reference":"\"1stingames.com\" (PDF). 1stingames.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.1stingames.com/rules/4cyte/index.pdf","url_text":"\"1stingames.com\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150215181722/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Dcommons2.htm","external_links_name":"Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with \"D\" (part 2)"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/?oq=oliver+edwin+simmonds","external_links_name":"oliver edwin simmonds"},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1946/apr/16/messrs-simmonds-aerocessories-limited","external_links_name":"\"Messrs. Simmonds Aerocessories, Limited\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090719134747/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1946/apr/16/messrs-simmonds-aerocessories-limited","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1942/1942%20-%201482.html","external_links_name":"Flight magazine, 16 July 1942"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090621071054/http://www.balmoralbahamas.com/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Balmoral Bahamas - Its About Living\""},{"Link":"http://www.balmoralbahamas.com/index.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1985-03-31/travel/8501180452_1_exclusive-tropical-hideaway-restaurant-manager","external_links_name":"\"A Hot Spot To Cool Out Near Nassau\""},{"Link":"http://bahamasentertainers.com/Artist/LouAOrch/la_bio.html","external_links_name":"\"bio\""},{"Link":"https://boardgamegeek.com/images/boardgame/8032/4-cyte-foresight","external_links_name":"\"4 CYTE (Foresight) - Image Gallery - BoardGameGeek\""},{"Link":"http://www.1stingames.com/rules/4cyte/index.pdf","external_links_name":"\"1stingames.com\""},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-oliver-simmonds","external_links_name":"contributions in Parliament by Oliver Simmonds"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000444560157","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/313410120","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwdc4CdhV7fxQYhqDY773","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1022672126","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2014169223","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811523254505606","external_links_name":"Poland"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasons_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada_by_Justice_Karakatsanis | Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Karakatsanis | ["1 By year","1.1 2012","1.2 2013","1.3 2014","1.4 2015","1.5 2016","1.6 2017"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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This is a list of the reasons written by Justice Karakatsanis during her tenure as puisne justice of the Supreme Court of Canada.
By year
2012
Statistics
4
Majority or Plurality
0
Concurrence
0
Other
0
Dissent
0
Concurrence/dissent
Total =
4
Written opinions = 4
Oral opinions = 0
Unanimous decisions = 3
Case name
Issue
Co-authored by
Joined by
R v Tse 2012 SCC 16
Whether s. 184.4 of the Criminal Code infringes the right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure under s. 8 of the Charter
Moldaver J
Unanimous
R v Maybin 2012 SCC 24
Criminal law – Causation and intervening acts
–
Unanimous
Southcott Estates Inc v Toronto Catholic District School Board 2012 SCC 51
Contracts – Whether plaintiff seeking specific performance has obligation to mitigate losses
–
LeBel, Deschamps, Abella, Rothstein and Cromwell JJ
R v Davey 2012 SCC 75
Whether it was appropriate for the Crown to seek personal opinions of local police officers as to the "suitability" of prospective jurors for use in exercise of peremptory challenges; Whether there should have been disclosure of same to the defence; Whether there is a reasonable possibility that such conduct affected trial fairness or gave rise to an appearance of unfairness, such that a miscarriage of justice occurred
–
Unanimous
2013
Statistics
9
Majority or Plurality
1
Concurrence
0
Other
3
Dissent
0
Concurrence/dissent
Total =
13
Written opinions = 13
Oral opinions = 0
Unanimous decisions = 4
Case name
Issue
Co-authored by
Joined by
R v Sanichar 2013 SCC 4
Whether appellate court erred in setting aside convictions and ordering a new trial
–
McLachlin CJ and Abella, Rothstein, Moldaver and Wagner JJ
Manitoba Metis Federation Inc v Canada (AG) 2013 SCC 14
Aboriginal law and the honour of the Crown
McLachlin CJ
LeBel, Fish, Abella and Cromwell JJ
Penner v Niagara (Regional Police Services Board) 2013 SCC 19
Issue estoppel: administrative tribunal proceedings and civil proceedings
Cromwell J
McLachlin CJ and Fish J
R v Vuradin 2013 SCC 38
Whether trial judge's reasons for judgment were sufficient and whether trial judge properly applied the burden of proof in a criminal case
–
Unanimous
R v Youvarajah 2013 SCC 41
Admissibility of hearsay evidence: prior inconsistent statements
–
McLachlin CJ and Fish, Abella and Cromwell JJ
Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique v British Columbia 2013 SCC 42
Civil procedure – Admissibility of affidavits in languages other than English under 1731 English Act received into British Columbia law providing English as language of court "proceedings"
–
LeBel and Abella JJ
Ontario v Criminal Lawyers' Association of Ontario 2013 SCC 43
Jurisdiction of courts – Whether superior and statutory courts have inherent jurisdiction to determine the rate of remuneration of amici curiae
–
McLachlin CJ and Rothstein, Moldaver and Wagner JJ
Marine Services International Ltd v Ryan Estate 2013 SCC 44
Division of powers – Whether negligence action brought by dependents under federal maritime legislation is prohibited by provincial workers' compensation legislation
LeBel J
Unanimous
R v Chehil 2013 SCC 49
Unreasonable search and seizure under s. 8 of the Charter and whether police had reasonable grounds to suspect the accused was involved in a drug-related offence
–
Unanimous
Cuthbertson v Rasouli 2013 SCC 53
Health law – Consent to withdrawal of treatment; whether withdrawal constitutes "treatment" under Ontario Health Care Consent Act
–
Abella J
Sun-Rype Products Ltd v Archer Daniels Midland Co 2013 SCC 58
Civil procedure – Certification of class actions
–
Cromwell J
McLean v British Columbia (Securities Commission) 2013 SCC 67
Judicial review and standard of review of securities commission decision
–
–
R v McRae 2013 SCC 68
Offence of uttering threats
Cromwell J
Unanimous
2014
2014 statistics
9
Majority or Plurality
2
Concurrence
0
Other
2
Dissent
0
Concurrence/dissent
Total =
13
Written opinions = 11
Oral opinions = 2
Unanimous decisions = 8
Case name
Issue
Co-authored by
Joined by
Hryniak v Mauldin 2014 SCC 7
Summary judgments
–
Unanimous
Bruno Appliance and Furniture, Inc v Hryniak 2014 SCC 8
Summary judgments
–
Unanimous
Reference Re Supreme Court Act, ss 5 and 6 2014 SCC 21
Eligibility requirements to the Supreme Court of Canada
McLachlin CJ and LeBel, Abella, Cromwell and Wagner JJ
–
Martin v Alberta (Workers' Compensation Board) 2014 SCC 25
Judicial review of workers' compensation decision
–
Unanimous
R v Summers 2014 SCC 26
Sentencing and credit for pre-sentence detention under the Criminal Code
–
Unanimous
R v Carvery 2014 SCC 27
Sentencing and credit for pre-sentence detention under the Criminal Code
–
Unanimous
R v Quesnelle 2014 SCC 46
Whether police occurrence reports prepared in the investigation of unrelated incidents involving a complainant or witness are "records" within the meaning of s. 278.1 of the Criminal Code
–
Unanimous
R v Hart 2014 SCC 52
Admissibility of "Mr. Big" confessions
–
–
R v Conception 2014 SCC 60
Mental disorders and dispositions by a court or review board
–
McLachlin CJ and Moldaver and Wagner JJ
British Columbia Teachers' Federation v British Columbia School Employers' Association 2014 SCC 70
Judicial review of labour arbitration
–
Unanimous (oral)
Wakeling v United States of America 2014 SCC 72
Unreasonable search and seizure under s. 8 of the Charter and the disclosure of intercepted private communications without consent
–
Abella and Cromwell JJ
R v Wilcox 2014 SCC 75
Offence of aggravated sexual assault and credibility of complainant
–
Unanimous (oral)
R v Fearon 2014 SCC 77
Unreasonable search and seizure and search incident to arrest under s. 8 of the Charter
–
LeBel and Abella JJ
2015
Statistics
7
Majority or Plurality
1
Concurrence
0
Other
2
Dissent
1
Concurrence/dissent
Total
11
Written opinions = XXX
Oral opinions = XXX
Unanimous decisions = 3
Case name
Issue
Co-authored by
Joined by
Tervita Corp v Canada (Commissioner of Competition 2015 SCC 3
Legal test for when a merger gives rise to a substantial prevention of competition under the Competition Act; Defence of statutory efficiencies
–
–
R v Grant 2015 SCC 9
Appropriate framework for determining the admissibility of defence-led evidence concerning an unknown third-party suspect
–
Unanimous
Quebec (AG) v Canada (AG) 2015 SCC 14
Whether federal legislation abolishing the long-gun registry also containing provision requiring the destruction of long-gun registration data is ultra vires the criminal law power of Parliament under s. 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867
Cromwell J
McLachlin CJ and Rothstein and Moldaver JJ
Association des parents de l'école Rose-des-vents v British Columbia (Education) 2015 SCC 21
Minority language education rights and the manner in which courts should assess whether children of rights holders are provided with an educational experience equivalent to that provided in schools of the linguistic majority of the province or territory; Whether a finding of a lack of equivalence amounts to a breach of s. 23 of the Charter
–
Unanimous
Henry v British Columbia (AG) 2015 SCC 24
Wrongful conviction of claimant; Civil action alleging breach of Charter rights resulting from Crown counsel's wrongful non-disclose of relevant information; Whether s. 24(1) authorizes courts to award damages against Crown for wrongful non-disclosure, and the level of fault claimant must establish to meet liability threshold for awarding s. 24(1) damages
McLachlin CJ
–
R v Kokopenace 2015 SCC 28
Appropriate legal test for representativeness on jury roll; Jury representativeness under ss. 11(d) and (f) and 15 of the Charter
–
–
R v Barabash 2015 SCC 29
Offence of child pornography and whether the "private use" exception under s 163.1 of the Criminal Code requires a separate and additional inquiry into the minors' exploitation, or whether an exploitation inquiry is included under the lawfulness inquiry
–
Unanimous
Goodwin v British Columbia (Superintendent of Motor Vehicles) 2015 SCC 46
Whether an automatic roadside prohibition scheme enacted under s. 92(13) of the Constitution Act, 1867 is ultra vires provincial authority as being exclusively within federal government's criminal law power under s. 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867; Whether same automatic roadside prohibition regime creates an offence within the meaning of s. 11 of the Charter and infringes the presumption of innocence under s. 11(d) of same; Whether same automatic roadside prohibition scheme infringes the right to be secure against unreasonable search and seizure under s. 8 of the Charter
–
Cromwell, Moldaver, Wagner, Gascon and Côté JJ
Caron v Alberta 2015 SCC 56
Whether provincial Languages Act is ultra vires or inoperative insofar that by requiring provincial laws and regulates to be enacted, printed and published in English only, it abrogates the constitutional duty owed by Alberta to enact, print and publish its laws and regulations in both English and French in Rupert's Land and North-Western Territory Order (1870)
Cromwell J
McLachlin CJ and Rothstein, Moldaver and Gascon JJ
Canadian Broadcasting Corp v SODRAC 2003 Inc 2015 SCC 57
Intellectual property and copyright
–
–
Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce v Green 2015 SCC 60
Limitation period of class actions
–
Moldaver and Gascon JJ
Tervita Corp v Canada (Commissioner of Competition), 2015 SCC 3 (dissent)
R v Grant, 2015 SCC 9 (unanimous)
Quebec (AG) v Canada (AG), 2015 SCC 14 (majority)
Association des parents de l'école Rose-des-vents v British Columbia, 2015 SCC 21 (unanimous)
Henry v British Columbia (AG), 2015 SCC 24 (concurrence)
R v Kokopenace, 2015 SCC 28 (concurrence)
R v Barabash, 2015 SCC 29 (unanimous)
Goodwin v British Columbia (Superintendent of Motor Vehicles), 2015 SCC 46 (majority)
Caron v Alberta, 2015 SCC 56 (majority)
Canadian Broadcasting Corp v SODRAC 2003 Inc, 2015 SCC 57 (dissent)
Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce v Green, 2015 SCC 60 (majority in CIBC and IMAX; dissent in part in Celestica)
2016
2016 statistics
8
Majority or Plurality
1
Concurrence
0
Other
0
Dissent
1
Concurrence/dissent
Total =
10
Written opinions = 10
Oral opinions = 0
Unanimous decisions = 1
Case name
Issue
Co-authored by
Joined by
Carter v Canada (AG) 2016 SCC 4
Motion seeking an order extending the suspension of the declaration of constitutional invalidity issued in Carter v Canada (AG), 2015 SCC 5
Abella, Wagner, Gascon and Côté JJ
–
R v Saeed 2016 SCC 24
Unreasonable search and seizure under s. 8 of the Charter
–
–
R v Williamson 2016 SCC 28
Right to be tried within a reasonable time under s. 11 of the Charter
Moldaver and Brown JJ
Abella and Côté JJ
R v Jordan 2016 SCC 27
Right to be tried within a reasonable time under s. 11 of the Charter
Moldaver and Brown JJ
Abella and Côté JJ
Wilson v Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd 2016 SCC 29
Unjust dismissal of non-unionized employees under the Canada Labour Code
McLachlin CJ and Wagner and Gascon JJ
–
R v KRJ 2016 SCC 31
Sentencing and s. 11 of the Charter
–
McLachlin CJ and Cromwell, Moldaver, Wagner, Gascon and Côté JJ
Conférence des juges de paix magistrats du Québec v Quebec (AG) 2016 SCC 39
Provincial legislation amending status of justices of the peace; judicial independence
Wagner and Côté JJ
Unanimous
R v Diamond 2016 SCC 46
–
Wagner and Brown JJ
Edmonton (City of) v Edmonton East (Capilano) Shopping Centres Ltd 2016 SCC 47
Municipal property assessment for taxation purposes
–
Abella, Cromwell, Wagner and Gascon JJ
Windsor (City of) v Canadian Transit Co 2016 SCC 54
Jurisdiction of courts
–
McLachlin CJ and Cromwell, Wagner and Gascon JJ
2017
2017 statistics
9
Majority or Plurality
0
Concurrence
0
Other
1
Dissent
1
Concurrence/dissent
Total =
11
Written opinions = 9
Oral opinions = 2
Unanimous decisions = 6
Case name
Issue
Co-authored by
Joined by
Sabean v Portage La Prairie Mutual Insurance Co 2017 SCC 7
Automobile insurance
–
Unanimous
R v Olotu 2017 SCC 11
Criminal law – Misapprehension of evidence
–
Unanimous (oral)
R v Bingley 2017 SCC 12
Expert opinion evidence
–
Gascon J
Pintea v Johns 2017 SCC 23
Contempt of court
–
Unanimous (oral)
Douez v Facebook, Inc 2017 SCC 33
Private intentional law – Jurisdiction
Wagner and Gascon JJ
–
R v Bradshaw 2017 SCC 35
Admissibility of hearsay evidence
–
McLachlin CJ and Abella, Wagner and Brown JJ
Clyde River (Hamlet of) v Petroleum Geo-Services Inc 2017 SCC 40
Aboriginal treaty rights and the Crown's duty to consult
Brown J
Unanimous
Chippewas of the Thames First Nation v Enbridge Pipelines Inc 2017 SCC 41
Aboriginal treaty rights and the Crown's duty to consult
Brown J
Unanimous
Association of Justice Counsel v Canada (AG) 2017 SCC 55
Judicial review of a labour arbitrator's interpretation of a collective agreement and management rights clause
–
McLachlin CJ and Abella, Wagner, Gascon, Brown and Rowe JJ
First Nation of Nacho Nyak Dun v Yukon 2017 SCC 58
Aboriginal treaty rights and honour of the Crown
–
Unanimous
R v Boutilier 2017 SCC 64
Constitutional law – Fundamental justice and sentencing
–
–
vteCases and reasons of the Supreme Court of CanadaNotable cases by era
Richards through Fauteux Court (1875–1973)
Laskin Court (1973–1984)
Dickson Court (1984–1990)
Lamer Court (1990–2000)
McLachlin Court (2000 to 2017)
Wagner Court (2017 to date)
Reasons by year(1982 to date)
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Reasons byjusticeCurrent
Wagner
Karakatsanis
Côté
Rowe
Martin
Kasirer
Jamal
O'Bonsawin
Moreau
Former
Lamer
McLachlin
Wilson
L'Heureux-Dubé
Sopinka
Gonthier
Cory
Iacobucci
Major
Bastarache
Binnie
Arbour
LeBel
Deschamps
Fish
Abella
Charron
Rothstein
Cromwell
Moldaver
Gascon
Brown
Anonymous
"By the Court" reasons
Cases and reasonsby type of judgment
Oral reasons
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckenham_and_Penge_Grammar_School | Langley Park School for Boys | ["1 Location","2 Admissions","3 Sport","4 Music","5 History","6 Headteachers","7 Notable former pupils","7.1 Beckenham and Penge County Grammar School","8 Arms","9 See also","10 Notes","11 External links","12 References","13 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°23′19″N 0°01′16″W / 51.3887°N 0.0212°W / 51.3887; -0.0212
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Academy in Beckenham, Greater London, EnglandLangley Park School for BoysLocationBeckenham, Greater London, BR3 3BPEnglandCoordinates51°23′19″N 0°01′16″W / 51.3887°N 0.0212°W / 51.3887; -0.0212InformationTypeAcademyMotto"mores et studia"Established1901Department for Education URN136586 TablesOfstedReportsGenderCo-ed for 16+, boys-only from 11-16Age11 to 18Colour(s) MaroonFormer pupilsOld BeccehamiansWebsitehttp://www.lpsb.org.ukLangley Park School for Boys is a boys secondary academy school in Beckenham in the London Borough of Bromley, with a co-ed sixth form. On 31 March 2011, the school converted from a Foundation School to an academy and its current status is that of an "Academy Converter".
Location
It is situated near Eden Park and the Bethlem Royal Hospital on Hawksbrook Lane close to the boundary of the London Borough of Bromley with the London Borough of Croydon. Construction for the new school building was completed in December 2011, and the staff and pupils moved into the building in January 2012, following which the old buildings were demolished.
Admissions
At 11+, admission to the school is according to the London Borough of Bromley education admissions procedures.
At 16+, the school has changed its admissions policy and it is now also dependent on the proximity of the pupil's home to the school.
At 16+, the school is co-educational.
Sport
Langley Park School for Boys is one of the minority of state schools that play rugby and hockey, and is one of the top three hockey schools in the country, having competed in the last four national finals.
In 2004 the under-16 team were crowned national champions, the first comprehensive school to achieve this. More recently during the 2021/22 season the 1st XI finished 7th in the England Hockey Tier 1 Championship; of which 1 player (Dan Hamilton) carried on the success internationally, captaining England juniors in the 4 Nations Tournament and European Championships in Hanau, Germany.
In the 2021 Cricket season, the 1st XI won the Kent cup beating out Simon Langton Grammar School for Boys by 33 runs after 35 overs.
In 2021/22, the U15 rugby squad made it to the semi-finals of the Schools Vase, where they lost to Torquay Boys Grammar School. Despite the match ending in a 12-12 draw and taking place in a neutral venue, Torquay went through as they were drawn to be the away side in this tie, following standard tiebreaker practice in previous rounds.
The new buildings for the school provide private hockey facilities for the school, which are currently being shared with Langley Park School for Girls. Other sports include tennis, basketball, football and table tennis.
Music
Langley Park School for Boys' music department offers groups from the traditional concert band, chamber orchestra, brass band and choir, to world music styles, including a Cuban band and an African drumming group.
In 2013, the brass band was one of the finalists of the national Music for Youth competition who were selected to perform at Royal Albert Hall. The band played in the Primary Proms show, and performed Take That's "Shine", the theme from The Magnificent Seven and Concierto de Aranjuez.
History
The school was originally the Beckenham Technical Institute, opening in 1901 and situated in what is now Venue 28, Beckenham. The school went through a variety of name changes in its early days: the Technical Day School, Beckenham; Beckenham Secondary School; Beckenham County School for Boys; Beckenham and Penge County School for Boys; in 1944 it was the Beckenham and Penge County Grammar School under headmaster L.W. White, MA (Cantab). In 1950 the school was mentioned in the scientific journal Nature. The article in Nature explained that a periodical named "Beckenham and Penge Grammar School : Scientific Society Proceedings" existed in which scientific work done by the boys was reported. By 1954 it was called Beckenham and Penge Grammar School for Boys.
An increase in size meant the school moved to new buildings in High St, Penge, in 1931. It moved from Penge to its present location in Eden Park, Beckenham, in January 1969, at which point it adopted its current name. Around 1973 or 1974 Langley Park School for Boys converted from Grammar to a Comprehensive intake school, as many others did, in line with the policies of Labour Education Secretary Shirley Williams and the Comprehensive intake, including streaming, worked its way up the age-groups through subsequent years. In the late 1980s, schools could opt out of local government control by becoming a Grant-maintained school which were funded by a direct grant of money from the central government. This new arrangement enabled schools to have greater control of their finances than they would have had under local government control. Hansard indicates that a ballot of parents occurred on 8 March 1991 regarding the question of the school becoming a "grant maintained school". The school was given a grant of £60,000 as a transitional grant.
The school outgrew its present accommodation and a completely new building was constructed adjacent to the location of the former school, which was occupied from January 2012.
The school motto, Mores et Studia, means "good character and learning".
Headteachers
The school started in 1901, as the Beckenham Technical Institute at a site close to Beckenham's public baths the headmaster was Mr C.T.F. Watts, in 1931 he was replaced by Mr Sidney Gammon who had been at the Windsor County School. On 23 October 1940 Mr Gammon was killed by a bomb dropped during the war, he lived at 9 Foxgrove Avenue and his estate was valued at £4271 18 s and 5d.
Mr Gammon was replaced by Mr L.W. White who was appointed in September 1941. In December 1962, Mr white retired and was replaced with Mr D.A. Raeburn.
Five terms after the school relocated to its current site, off South Eden Park Road, headmaster David A. Raeburn retired, and was replaced by B.A. Phythian (a master from the Manchester Grammar School and a successful academic author), who led the school as it converted to comprehensive status. Brian Phythian had written and edited books on English language, and a book on the Manchester Grammar School. In 1993 on 23 March Brian Arthur Phythian of Brackenden Leafy Grove (Keston) died.
In December 1989, Brian Phythian was succeeded by R.V.P. Sheffield, who was in the post until 1999, leaving the school under allegations of financial irregularities. The deputy headteacher, K McGregor, took over as acting headteacher until the appointment of R Northcott in 2001, who retired in July 2013. It is stated in the 1990 year book that Mr Sheffield had a degree in Psychology from the University of Nottingham and a MEd from Birmingham University. The yearbook also states that Mr Sheffield was working in a school in Waddington before being senior master at a school in Worcester in 1978, in 1984 he became deputy head at Newent School. In July 2022, Steve Parsons resigned as Headmaster. He had an eight-year tenure, beginning in September 2013.
The current headteacher is Suzanne Munday, who took the role in April 2023.
Notable former pupils
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Rory Allen, former Tottenham Hotspur and Portsmouth footballer
Matt Hankin, English rugby union player
Robert Key, Managing Director of the England Men's Cricket Team, former England cricketer and Kent captain
Nick Land, English philosopher
Jack McManus, singer/songwriter
Henry Mee, artist
Tom Misch, singer, songwriter, producer
Ben Phillips, former Kent cricketer
Bradley Pritchard, former Charlton Athletic footballer
Dave Roberts, author of The Bromley Boys (in which Roberts recounts his time as a pupil at Langley Park)
Beckenham and Penge County Grammar School
See also: Category:People educated at Beckenham and Penge County Grammar School
Hugh Bean CBE, professor of violin at the Royal College of Music 1954–2003
Carey Blyton, composer of Bananas in Pyjamas
Harold Sydney Bride, wireless operator on the RMS Titanic
David Case, air commodore, highest ranking black officer in the British Forces
Air Vice-Marshal Ronald Dick CB, station commander of RAF Honington 1978–80, and head of British Defence Staff – US 1984–88
Michael Finnissy, composer and professor of composition since 1999 at the University of Southampton
Patrick Ground, Conservative MP for Feltham and Heston 1983–92
Norman Hunter, writer, creator of Professor Branestawm
Keith Lewin, professor of international education and director of the Centre for International Education at the University of Sussex
John Clifford Strong CBE, Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands 1978–82
John Tyndall, Neo-Nazi political activist
Derek Underwood, Kent and England bowler (known as "Deadly" by the Australians)
White Tricycle. Electric blues trio of Gordon Coxon, Andrew Kelsall and Martin Phillips
Bill Wyman, musician, ex-member of the Rolling Stones
Arms
Coat of arms of Langley Park School for Boys
Notes
Granted on 4 August 1926.
Crest
On a wreath Argent and Gules, an oak tree fructed Proper an escutcheon Or charged with a mitre Gules, mantled Gules doubled Argent.
Escutcheon
Tierced in pale Gules, Azure and lozengy Gules and Ermine the first charged with a horse forcene Argent the second with a cross moline Or.
Motto
'Mores et Studia'
The shield depicts the 'white horse of Kent' and the two families taking control of the Manor of Beckenham: Bruyns (1300-1465), and de la Rokele (1240-1300). An allusion to a neighbouring woodland owned by Westminster Abbey is made in the crest of an oak tree and a mitre. The motto was suggested by a master.
See also
Langley Park School for Girls
Notes
^ Also known as Langley Park Boys' School or LPBS
External links
It owns a converted church in Youlgreave, used for school trips involving visits to Alton Towers, sporting, and other leisure activities.
There is also a regularly-used location within Dover that the school uses for a Year 9 trip.
References
^ Edubase
^ Roll Of Honour, England Hockey
^
^
^ Schools Rugby: U18 & U15 Schools Cup and Vase semi final review – Excitement, joy, and no little controversy, March 7, 2022, NextGenXV
^ Nature (1950) 166: 768. doi:10.1038/166768b0
^ "Grant-maintained Schools (Hansard, 6 November 1992)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 6 November 1992.
^ https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/ Probate granted in 1941
^ Langley Park Boys School Yearbook 1990
^ A Concise Dictionary of Correct English, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1979, ISBN 978-1442233867
^ English grammar, B.A. Phythian, Teach Yourself, Sevenoaks, 1980
^ A concise dictionary of foreign expressions, B.A. Phythian, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1982, ISBN 034028174X
^ A concise dictionary of English idioms, B.A. Phythian, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1993
^ Considering poetry : an approach to criticism, W. Barton and others, edited by B.A. Phythian, English Universities Press, London, 1970
^ The Manchester Grammar School, 1515–1965, Edited by J.A Graham and Brian Arthur Phythian, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1965
^ probatesearch.service.gov.uk search probate granted 1993
^ Suspended Head Will Face Hearing, 1 January 2000, News Shopper
^ "Langley Park School for Boys - GOV.UK". get-information-schools.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
^ Godwin, Hugh (3 April 2009). "Young England star gearing up for Four Nations battle". Wandsworth Times. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
^ Marshall, Chris, ed. (2008). The Cricketers' Who's Who. Green Umbrella Publishing. p. 350. ISBN 978-1-906229-63-4.
^ a b "School 'Boys' Reunited". News Shopper. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
^ Havens, Lyndsey (30 March 2018). "Tom Misch On Avoiding Jazz Snobbery and Why New School Hip-Hop Is 'Missing The Musicality'". Billboard. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
^ The Cricketer' Who's Who 1996. Harpenden: Queen Anne Press. 1996. p. 442. ISBN 1852915684.
^ Dowlen, Jerry (7 October 2008). "Book review: The Bromley Boys". News Shopper. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
^ Roberts, Dave (2008). The Bromley Boys. London: Portico Books. p. 98.
^ Copsey, Nigel (2008). Contemporary British Fascism: The British National Party and the Quest for Legitimacy (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. p. 110. ISBN 978-0230574373.
^ Crofton, Philip (2004). Famous Cricketers No 85 - Derek Underwood. Kit Bartlett, Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians. Nottingham: Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians. p. 6. ISBN 1-902171-96-9. OCLC 70172815.
^ "Langley Park School for Boys". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
^ "Langley Park School for Boys". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
External links
Langley Park School for Boys website
vteSchools and colleges in BromleySecondary schools
Bishop Justus CE School
Bullers Wood School
Bullers Wood School for Boys
Charles Darwin School
Chislehurst School for Girls
Coopers School
Darrick Wood School
Harris Academy Beckenham
Harris Academy Bromley
Harris Academy Orpington
Hayes School
Kemnal Technology College
Langley Park School for Boys
Langley Park School for Girls
Ravens Wood School
Ravensbourne School
Grammar schools
Newstead Wood School
St Olave's Grammar School
Independent schools
Bishop Challoner School
Bromley High School
Darul Uloom London
Eltham College
Further education colleges
Bromley College of Further & Higher Education
Defunct schools
All Saints Catholic School
Holy Trinity College
Walsingham School
Authority control databases
ISNI | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"academy school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_(English_school)"},{"link_name":"Beckenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckenham"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Bromley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Bromley"},{"link_name":"sixth form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_form"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edubase-2"}],"text":"Academy in Beckenham, Greater London, EnglandLangley Park School for Boys[a] is a boys secondary academy school in Beckenham in the London Borough of Bromley, with a co-ed sixth form. On 31 March 2011, the school converted from a Foundation School to an academy and its current status is that of an \"Academy Converter\".[1]","title":"Langley Park School for Boys"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eden Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Park,_London"},{"link_name":"Bethlem Royal Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem_Royal_Hospital"}],"text":"It is situated near Eden Park and the Bethlem Royal Hospital on Hawksbrook Lane close to the boundary of the London Borough of Bromley with the London Borough of Croydon. Construction for the new school building was completed in December 2011, and the staff and pupils moved into the building in January 2012, following which the old buildings were demolished.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Borough of Bromley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Bromley"}],"text":"At 11+, admission to the school is according to the London Borough of Bromley education admissions procedures.\nAt 16+, the school has changed its admissions policy and it is now also dependent on the proximity of the pupil's home to the school.\nAt 16+, the school is co-educational.","title":"Admissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Simon Langton Grammar School for Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Langton_Grammar_School_for_Boys"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Schools Vase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFU_National_Schools_Cup"},{"link_name":"Torquay Boys Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquay_Boys_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Langley Park School for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley_Park_School_for_Girls"}],"text":"Langley Park School for Boys is one of the minority of state schools that play rugby and hockey, and is one of the top three hockey schools in the country, having competed in the last four national finals.[citation needed]In 2004 the under-16 team were crowned national champions, the first comprehensive school to achieve this.[2] More recently during the 2021/22 season the 1st XI finished 7th in the England Hockey Tier 1 Championship;[3] of which 1 player (Dan Hamilton) carried on the success internationally, captaining England juniors in the 4 Nations Tournament and European Championships in Hanau, Germany. [4]In the 2021 Cricket season, the 1st XI won the Kent cup beating out Simon Langton Grammar School for Boys by 33 runs after 35 overs.[citation needed]In 2021/22, the U15 rugby squad made it to the semi-finals of the Schools Vase, where they lost to Torquay Boys Grammar School. Despite the match ending in a 12-12 draw and taking place in a neutral venue, Torquay went through as they were drawn to be the away side in this tie, following standard tiebreaker practice in previous rounds.[5]The new buildings for the school provide private hockey facilities for the school, which are currently being shared with Langley Park School for Girls. Other sports include tennis, basketball, football and table tennis.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"concert band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_band"},{"link_name":"chamber orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_orchestra"},{"link_name":"brass band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_band"},{"link_name":"choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir"},{"link_name":"brass band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_band"},{"link_name":"Music for Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_for_Youth"},{"link_name":"Royal Albert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall"},{"link_name":"Take That","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_That"},{"link_name":"Shine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shine_(Take_That_song)"},{"link_name":"The Magnificent Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magnificent_Seven"},{"link_name":"Concierto de Aranjuez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concierto_de_Aranjuez"}],"text":"Langley Park School for Boys' music department offers groups from the traditional concert band, chamber orchestra, brass band and choir, to world music styles, including a Cuban band and an African drumming group.In 2013, the brass band was one of the finalists of the national Music for Youth competition who were selected to perform at Royal Albert Hall. The band played in the Primary Proms show, and performed Take That's \"Shine\", the theme from The Magnificent Seven and Concierto de Aranjuez.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge)"},{"link_name":"(Cantab)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Penge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penge"},{"link_name":"Eden Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Park,_London"},{"link_name":"Beckenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckenham"},{"link_name":"Grant-maintained school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant-maintained_school"},{"link_name":"Hansard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The school was originally the Beckenham Technical Institute, opening in 1901 and situated in what is now Venue 28, Beckenham. The school went through a variety of name changes in its early days: the Technical Day School, Beckenham; Beckenham Secondary School; Beckenham County School for Boys; Beckenham and Penge County School for Boys; in 1944 it was the Beckenham and Penge County Grammar School under headmaster L.W. White, MA (Cantab). In 1950 the school was mentioned in the scientific journal Nature.[6] The article in Nature explained that a periodical named \"Beckenham and Penge Grammar School : Scientific Society Proceedings\" existed in which scientific work done by the boys was reported. By 1954 it was called Beckenham and Penge Grammar School for Boys.An increase in size meant the school moved to new buildings in High St, Penge, in 1931. It moved from Penge to its present location in Eden Park, Beckenham, in January 1969, at which point it adopted its current name. Around 1973 or 1974 Langley Park School for Boys converted from Grammar to a Comprehensive intake school, as many others did, in line with the policies of Labour Education Secretary Shirley Williams and the Comprehensive intake, including streaming, worked its way up the age-groups through subsequent years. In the late 1980s, schools could opt out of local government control by becoming a Grant-maintained school which were funded by a direct grant of money from the central government. This new arrangement enabled schools to have greater control of their finances than they would have had under local government control. Hansard indicates that a ballot of parents occurred on 8 March 1991 regarding the question of the school becoming a \"grant maintained school\". The school was given a grant of £60,000 as a transitional grant.[7]The school outgrew its present accommodation and a completely new building was constructed adjacent to the location of the former school, which was occupied from January 2012.The school motto, Mores et Studia, means \"good character and learning\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Keston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keston"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"University of Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Birmingham University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_University"},{"link_name":"Waddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waddington,_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester,_England"},{"link_name":"Newent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newent"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The school started in 1901, as the Beckenham Technical Institute at a site close to Beckenham's public baths the headmaster was Mr C.T.F. Watts, in 1931 he was replaced by Mr Sidney Gammon who had been at the Windsor County School. On 23 October 1940 Mr Gammon was killed by a bomb dropped during the war, he lived at 9 Foxgrove Avenue and his estate was valued at £4271 18 s and 5d.[8]Mr Gammon was replaced by Mr L.W. White who was appointed in September 1941. In December 1962, Mr white retired and was replaced with Mr D.A. Raeburn.[9]Five terms after the school relocated to its current site, off South Eden Park Road, headmaster David A. Raeburn retired, and was replaced by B.A. Phythian (a master from the Manchester Grammar School and a successful academic author), who led the school as it converted to comprehensive status. Brian Phythian had written and edited books on English language, and a book on the Manchester Grammar School.[10][11][12][13][14][15] In 1993 on 23 March Brian Arthur Phythian of Brackenden Leafy Grove (Keston) died.[16]In December 1989, Brian Phythian was succeeded by R.V.P. Sheffield, who was in the post until 1999, leaving the school under allegations of financial irregularities.[17] The deputy headteacher, K McGregor, took over as acting headteacher until the appointment of R Northcott in 2001, who retired in July 2013. It is stated in the 1990 year book that Mr Sheffield had a degree in Psychology from the University of Nottingham and a MEd from Birmingham University. The yearbook also states that Mr Sheffield was working in a school in Waddington before being senior master at a school in Worcester in 1978, in 1984 he became deputy head at Newent School. In July 2022, Steve Parsons resigned as Headmaster. He had an eight-year tenure, beginning in September 2013.The current headteacher is Suzanne Munday,[18] who took the role in April 2023.","title":"Headteachers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rory Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Allen"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C."},{"link_name":"Matt Hankin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Hankin"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Robert Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Key_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"England Men's Cricket Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Nick Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Land"},{"link_name":"Jack McManus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_McManus_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Henry Mee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Mee"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-22"},{"link_name":"Tom Misch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Misch"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Ben Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Phillips_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Bradley Pritchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Pritchard"},{"link_name":"Charlton Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"The Bromley Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bromley_Boys"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Rory Allen, former Tottenham Hotspur and Portsmouth footballer\nMatt Hankin, English rugby union player[19]\nRobert Key, Managing Director of the England Men's Cricket Team, former England cricketer and Kent captain[20]\nNick Land, English philosopher\nJack McManus, singer/songwriter\nHenry Mee, artist[21]\nTom Misch, singer, songwriter, producer[22]\nBen Phillips, former Kent cricketer[23]\nBradley Pritchard, former Charlton Athletic footballer\nDave Roberts, author of The Bromley Boys (in which Roberts recounts his time as a pupil at Langley Park)[24][25]","title":"Notable former pupils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People educated at Beckenham and Penge County Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Beckenham_and_Penge_County_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Hugh Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Bean"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Carey Blyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carey_Blyton"},{"link_name":"Bananas in Pyjamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bananas_in_Pyjamas"},{"link_name":"Harold Sydney Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Sydney_Bride"},{"link_name":"RMS Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Titanic"},{"link_name":"David Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Case_(British_officer)"},{"link_name":"Air Vice-Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Vice-Marshal"},{"link_name":"Ronald Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Dick"},{"link_name":"RAF Honington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Honington"},{"link_name":"British Defence Staff – US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Defence_Staff_%E2%80%93_US"},{"link_name":"Michael Finnissy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Finnissy"},{"link_name":"University of Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southampton"},{"link_name":"Patrick Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Ground"},{"link_name":"Feltham and Heston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feltham_and_Heston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Norman Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Hunter_(author)"},{"link_name":"Professor Branestawm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Branestawm"},{"link_name":"Keith Lewin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Lewin"},{"link_name":"University of Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John Clifford Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clifford_Strong"},{"link_name":"Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands"},{"link_name":"John Tyndall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Derek Underwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Underwood"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Bill Wyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Wyman"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-22"}],"sub_title":"Beckenham and Penge County Grammar School","text":"See also: Category:People educated at Beckenham and Penge County Grammar SchoolHugh Bean CBE, professor of violin at the Royal College of Music 1954–2003\nCarey Blyton, composer of Bananas in Pyjamas\nHarold Sydney Bride, wireless operator on the RMS Titanic\nDavid Case, air commodore, highest ranking black officer in the British Forces\nAir Vice-Marshal Ronald Dick CB, station commander of RAF Honington 1978–80, and head of British Defence Staff – US 1984–88\nMichael Finnissy, composer and professor of composition since 1999 at the University of Southampton\nPatrick Ground, Conservative MP for Feltham and Heston 1983–92\nNorman Hunter, writer, creator of Professor Branestawm\nKeith Lewin, professor of international education and director of the Centre for International Education at the University of Sussex[citation needed]\nJohn Clifford Strong CBE, Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands 1978–82\nJohn Tyndall, Neo-Nazi political activist[26]\nDerek Underwood, Kent and England bowler (known as \"Deadly\" by the Australians)[27]White Tricycle. Electric blues trio of Gordon Coxon, Andrew Kelsall and Martin PhillipsBill Wyman, musician, ex-member of the Rolling Stones[21]","title":"Notable former pupils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"white horse of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_horse_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"mitre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitre"},{"link_name":"motto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motto"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"The shield depicts the 'white horse of Kent' and the two families taking control of the Manor of Beckenham: Bruyns (1300-1465), and de la Rokele (1240-1300). An allusion to a neighbouring woodland owned by Westminster Abbey is made in the crest of an oak tree and a mitre. The motto was suggested by a master.[29]","title":"Arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Also known as Langley Park Boys' School or LPBS","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Langley Park School for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley_Park_School_for_Girls"}] | [{"reference":"\"Grant-maintained Schools (Hansard, 6 November 1992)\". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 6 November 1992.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1992/nov/06/grant-maintained-schools-1","url_text":"\"Grant-maintained Schools (Hansard, 6 November 1992)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"}]},{"reference":"\"Langley Park School for Boys - GOV.UK\". get-information-schools.service.gov.uk. 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ISBN 1852915684.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpenden","url_text":"Harpenden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne_Press","url_text":"Queen Anne Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1852915684","url_text":"1852915684"}]},{"reference":"Dowlen, Jerry (7 October 2008). \"Book review: The Bromley Boys\". News Shopper. Retrieved 29 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsshopper.co.uk/sport/otherfootball/2458193.book-review-the-bromley-boys/","url_text":"\"Book review: The Bromley Boys\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Dave (2008). The Bromley Boys. London: Portico Books. p. 98.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Copsey, Nigel (2008). Contemporary British Fascism: The British National Party and the Quest for Legitimacy (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. p. 110. ISBN 978-0230574373.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230574373","url_text":"978-0230574373"}]},{"reference":"Crofton, Philip (2004). Famous Cricketers No 85 - Derek Underwood. Kit Bartlett, Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians. Nottingham: Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians. p. 6. ISBN 1-902171-96-9. OCLC 70172815.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70172815","url_text":"Famous Cricketers No 85 - Derek Underwood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902171-96-9","url_text":"1-902171-96-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70172815","url_text":"70172815"}]},{"reference":"\"Langley Park School for Boys\". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 7 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldry-wiki.com/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Langley_Park_School_for_Boys","url_text":"\"Langley Park School for Boys\""}]},{"reference":"\"Langley Park School for Boys\". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 7 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldry-wiki.com/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Langley_Park_School_for_Boys","url_text":"\"Langley Park School for Boys\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Langley_Park_School_for_Boys¶ms=51.3887_N_0.0212_W_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100","external_links_name":"51°23′19″N 0°01′16″W / 51.3887°N 0.0212°W / 51.3887; -0.0212"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Langley+Park+School+for+Boys%22","external_links_name":"\"Langley Park School for Boys\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Langley+Park+School+for+Boys%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Langley+Park+School+for+Boys%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Langley+Park+School+for+Boys%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Langley+Park+School+for+Boys%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Langley+Park+School+for+Boys%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Langley_Park_School_for_Boys¶ms=51.3887_N_0.0212_W_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100","external_links_name":"51°23′19″N 0°01′16″W / 51.3887°N 0.0212°W / 51.3887; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Relief_2014_Special | Beckham in Peckham | ["1 Synopsis","2 Episode cast","3 References","4 External links"] | Episode of Only Fools and Horses
"Beckham in Peckham"Only Fools and Horses episodeRodney and Del Boy, pictured with former professional footballer David Beckham.Directed byTony DowWritten byJim Sullivan, Dan Sullivan and John SullivanProduced byClyde HolcroftOriginal air date21 March 2014 (2014-03-21)Running time10 minutes and 30 secondsGuest appearance
David Beckham as himself
List of episodes
"Beckham in Peckham" is a 10 minute edition of the BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses, broadcast as part of the Sport Relief 2014 appeal on 21 March 2014. Actors David Jason and Nicholas Lyndhurst reprised their roles as Del Boy and Rodney in the sketch written by Jim Sullivan and Dan Sullivan; the script included previously unused material written by their father John Sullivan, who created and wrote every episode of the series. David Beckham guest starred, Beckham having got in touch with Jim Sullivan.
According to Shazam Productions there was a lot of interest in the sketch. The return of Only Fools and Horses was eagerly awaited by fans of the show, which ran from 1981 until 2003.
This special sketch was dedicated to the memory of John Sullivan and Roger Lloyd-Pack, who had both died prior to its broadcast.
Synopsis
An unspecified amount of time after the series' last regular episode "Sleepless in Peckham", Del Boy is in Peckham market, trying to sell "Golden Balls" underpants which are supposedly endorsed and signed by David Beckham (in return for Del Boy securing a bouncy castle for the birthday party of one of Beckham's son's, Brooklyn, who Del incorrectly calls Brookside), with Rodney serving as a less-than-enthusiastic model. After failing to sell anything, the Trotters retreat to a nearby cafe, where Rodney complains about Del's treatment of him. Del apologises, mentioning several incidents where he had mistreated Rodney (in previous regular Only Fools and Horses episodes). It is then revealed that sharing the table with the two is David Beckham, who really has endorsed the underpants. The three briefly chat, including Rodney and Beckham discussing their favourite artist (Rodney choosing Matisse, and Beckham choosing Tony Hart), before Beckham gives Rodney tips on how to model underwear effectively, advising him to "glide" and "oscillate."
Later on, Del is again trying to sell the underpants, with Rodney putting on a bizarre, vaguely feminine walk, and being even more angry at Del than he was before, telling him "Derek, I'm going to kill you". Beckham is discreetly watching this, when a young boy walks up to him, and asks him if he's David Beckham. He says that he is, and signs the boy's football, but says not to tell anyone he is there, as he does not want to draw anymore attention to himself. Beckham then attempts to lean back on a goods cart, but a trader has moved it away while he wasn't looking and he falls to the ground (referencing a famous moment in the episode "Yuppy Love"), getting the attention of everyone in the market. Del and Rodney comment, "What a plonker!"
Episode cast
Actor
Role
David Jason
Derek Trotter
Nicholas Lyndhurst
Rodney Trotter
David Beckham
himself
Joe Sullivan
Young Boy
References
^ a b "Football legend David Beckham to join Del and Rodney in Only Fools and Horses sketch for Sport Relief | Shazam Productions". shazamtv.com. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
^ "BBC - Beckham in Peckham".
^ The Independent
^ "Del Boy and Rodney to return for a one-off Only Fools and Horses sketch for Sport Relief | Shazam Productions". shazamtv.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
^ "I was such a nervous wreck about Only Fools part I couldn't sleep, says David Beckham". Irish Independent. 11 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
^ "Sport Relief sketch | Shazam Productions". shazamtv.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
^ "BBC News - David Beckham to appear in Only Fools and Horses". BBC News. 21 January 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
^ "Del Boy and Rodney to return in Only Fools and Horses sketch". The Independent. 4 January 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
^ Digital Spy
External links
"Beckham in Peckham" at IMDb
Sport Relief TV revealed
Only Fools and Horses sketch to appear on Sport Relief
Sport Relief 2014: David Beckham in Only Fools and Horses
Only Fools and Horses to return with new sketch for Sport Relief
vteOnly Fools and Horses episodesSeries 1 (1981)
"Big Brother"
"Go West Young Man"
"Cash and Curry"
"The Second Time Around"
"A Slow Bus to Chingford"
"The Russians Are Coming"
Series 2 (1982)
"The Long Legs of the Law"
"Ashes to Ashes"
"A Losing Streak"
"No Greater Love"
"The Yellow Peril"
"It Never Rains..."
"A Touch of Glass"
Series 3 (1983)
"Homesick"
"Healthy Competition"
"Friday the 14th"
"Yesterday Never Comes"
"May the Force Be with You"
"Wanted"
"Who's a Pretty Boy?"
Series 4 (1985)
"Happy Returns"
"Strained Relations"
"Hole in One"
"It's Only Rock and Roll"
"Sleeping Dogs Lie"
"Watching the Girls Go By"
"As One Door Closes"
Series 5 (1986)
"From Prussia with Love"
"The Miracle of Peckham"
"The Longest Night"
"Tea for Three"
"Video Nasty"
"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?"
Series 6 (1989)
"Yuppy Love"
"Danger UXD"
"Chain Gang"
"The Unlucky Winner Is..."
"Sickness and Wealth"
"Little Problems"
Series 7 (1990–91)
"The Sky's the Limit"
"The Chance of a Lunchtime"
"Stage Fright"
"The Class of '62"
"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Uncle"
"Three Men, a Woman and a Baby"
Specials
"Christmas Crackers" (1981)
"Diamonds Are for Heather" (1982)
"Thicker than Water" (1983)
"To Hull and Back" (1985)
"A Royal Flush" (1986)
"The Frog's Legacy" (1987)
"Dates" (1988)
"The Jolly Boys' Outing" (1989)
"Rodney Come Home" (1990)
"Miami Twice" (1991)
"Mother Nature's Son" (1992)
"Fatal Extraction" (1993)
"Heroes and Villains" (1996)
"Modern Men" (1996)
"Time on Our Hands" (1996)
"If They Could See Us Now" (2001)
"Strangers on the Shore" (2002)
"Sleepless in Peckham" (2003)
Other episodes
The Funny Side of Christmas: "Christmas Trees" (1982)
"Licensed to Drill" (1984)
"White Mice" (1985)
"Royal Variety Show" (1986)
"The Robin Flies at Dawn" (1990)
"Comic Relief special" (1997)
"Beckham in Peckham" (2014) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Only Fools and Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_Fools_and_Horses"},{"link_name":"Sport Relief 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Relief_2014"},{"link_name":"David Jason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jason"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Lyndhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Lyndhurst"},{"link_name":"Del Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Boy"},{"link_name":"Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Trotter"},{"link_name":"Jim Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Sullivan_(writer)"},{"link_name":"John Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sullivan_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shazamtv2-4"},{"link_name":"David Beckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beckham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shazamtv-1"},{"link_name":"Jim Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Sullivan_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shazamtv3-6"},{"link_name":"Only Fools and Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_Fools_and_Horses"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"John Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sullivan_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Roger Lloyd-Pack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Lloyd-Pack"}],"text":"Episode of Only Fools and Horses\"Beckham in Peckham\"[2][3] is a 10 minute edition of the BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses, broadcast as part of the Sport Relief 2014 appeal on 21 March 2014. Actors David Jason and Nicholas Lyndhurst reprised their roles as Del Boy and Rodney in the sketch written by Jim Sullivan and Dan Sullivan; the script included previously unused material written by their father John Sullivan, who created and wrote every episode of the series.[4] David Beckham guest starred,[1] Beckham having got in touch with Jim Sullivan.[5]According to Shazam Productions there was a lot of interest in the sketch.[6] The return of Only Fools and Horses was eagerly awaited by fans of the show, which ran from 1981 until 2003.[7][8]This special sketch was dedicated to the memory of John Sullivan and Roger Lloyd-Pack, who had both died prior to its broadcast.","title":"Beckham in Peckham"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sleepless in Peckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepless_in_Peckham"},{"link_name":"Tony Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hart"},{"link_name":"Yuppy Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuppy_Love"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"An unspecified amount of time after the series' last regular episode \"Sleepless in Peckham\", Del Boy is in Peckham market, trying to sell \"Golden Balls\" underpants which are supposedly endorsed and signed by David Beckham (in return for Del Boy securing a bouncy castle for the birthday party of one of Beckham's son's, Brooklyn, who Del incorrectly calls Brookside), with Rodney serving as a less-than-enthusiastic model. After failing to sell anything, the Trotters retreat to a nearby cafe, where Rodney complains about Del's treatment of him. Del apologises, mentioning several incidents where he had mistreated Rodney (in previous regular Only Fools and Horses episodes). It is then revealed that sharing the table with the two is David Beckham, who really has endorsed the underpants. The three briefly chat, including Rodney and Beckham discussing their favourite artist (Rodney choosing Matisse, and Beckham choosing Tony Hart), before Beckham gives Rodney tips on how to model underwear effectively, advising him to \"glide\" and \"oscillate.\"Later on, Del is again trying to sell the underpants, with Rodney putting on a bizarre, vaguely feminine walk, and being even more angry at Del than he was before, telling him \"Derek, I'm going to kill you\". Beckham is discreetly watching this, when a young boy walks up to him, and asks him if he's David Beckham. He says that he is, and signs the boy's football, but says not to tell anyone he is there, as he does not want to draw anymore attention to himself. Beckham then attempts to lean back on a goods cart, but a trader has moved it away while he wasn't looking and he falls to the ground (referencing a famous moment in the episode \"Yuppy Love\"), getting the attention of everyone in the market. Del and Rodney comment, \"What a plonker!\"[9]","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episode cast"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Football legend David Beckham to join Del and Rodney in Only Fools and Horses sketch for Sport Relief | Shazam Productions\". shazamtv.com. 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Retrieved 6 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/del-boy-and-rodney-to-return-in-only-fools-and-horses-sketch-9038677.html","url_text":"\"Del Boy and Rodney to return in Only Fools and Horses sketch\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://shazamtv.com/blog/football-legend-david-beckham-to-join-del-and-rodney-in-only-fools-and-horses-sketch-for-sport-relief/","external_links_name":"\"Football legend David Beckham to join Del and Rodney in Only Fools and Horses sketch for Sport Relief | Shazam Productions\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p085mmxb","external_links_name":"\"BBC - Beckham in Peckham\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/sport-relief-2014-david-beckham-makes-acting-debut-only-fools-and-horses-debut-beckham-in-peckham-9208768.html","external_links_name":"The Independent"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305145955/http://shazamtv.com/blog/del-boy-and-rodney-to-return-for-a-one-off-only-fools-and-horses-sketch-for-sport-relief/","external_links_name":"\"Del Boy and Rodney to return for a one-off Only Fools and Horses sketch for Sport Relief | Shazam Productions\""},{"Link":"http://shazamtv.com/blog/del-boy-and-rodney-to-return-for-a-one-off-only-fools-and-horses-sketch-for-sport-relief/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/tv-radio/i-was-such-a-nervous-wreck-about-only-fools-part-i-couldnt-sleep-says-david-beckham-30082076.html","external_links_name":"\"I was such a nervous wreck about Only Fools part I couldn't sleep, says David Beckham\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305160516/http://shazamtv.com/blog/sport-relief-sketch/","external_links_name":"\"Sport Relief sketch | Shazam Productions\""},{"Link":"http://shazamtv.com/blog/sport-relief-sketch/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-25810546","external_links_name":"\"BBC News - David Beckham to appear in Only Fools and Horses\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/del-boy-and-rodney-to-return-in-only-fools-and-horses-sketch-9038677.html","external_links_name":"\"Del Boy and Rodney to return in Only Fools and Horses sketch\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/news/a559439/david-beckham-makes-only-fools-and-horses-cameo-shut-up-you-tart.html","external_links_name":"Digital Spy"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3672826/","external_links_name":"\"Beckham in Peckham\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140301001545/https://www.sportrelief.com/latest/news/sport-relief-tv-revealed","external_links_name":"Sport Relief TV revealed"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-25599046","external_links_name":"Only Fools and Horses sketch to appear on Sport Relief"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/25820571","external_links_name":"Sport Relief 2014: David Beckham in Only Fools and Horses"},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/news/a541468/only-fools-and-horses-to-return-with-new-sketch-for-sport-relief.html","external_links_name":"Only Fools and Horses to return with new sketch for Sport Relief"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anusara_Yoga | Anusara School of Hatha Yoga | ["1 Style of yoga","2 Founder","2.1 2012 scandal and exit from Anusara","3 References","4 External links"] | School of modern yoga
ASHY
Anusara yogaFounderJohn FriendEstablished1997Practice emphasesAlignment, "heart opening" postures and the spiritual and meditative aspects of hatha yogaRelated schoolsIyengar Yoga
Anusara School of Hatha Yoga, also known as Anusara Yoga (In Hindi:अनुसार योग) is the successor of a modern school of hatha yoga founded by American-born yoga teacher John Friend in 1997. Friend derived his style from the Iyengar style of yoga and reintroduced elements of Hindu spirituality into a more health-oriented Western approach to Yoga.
Style of yoga
The Anusara style emphasizes a set of Universal Principles of Alignment which underlie all of the physical asanas and are connected to philosophical aspects of the practice. The school's ideology is "grounded in a Tantric philosophy of intrinsic goodness".
The term "Anusara (a-nu-sar-a), means 'flowing with Grace,' 'flowing with Nature' and 'following your heart,'" as interpreted from the Sanskrit anusāra (अनुसार), meaning "custom, usage, natural state or condition".
Instructors who are certified to teach Anusara are exclusively associated with the Anusara School of Hatha Yoga, formed in 2012, after John Friend and Anusara Inc. were embroiled in a scandal that resulted in Friend's stepping down from his role in Anusara. Friend transferred all rights to the name “Anusara” to the newly formed school and dissolved Anusara, Inc.
The Anusara School of Hatha Yoga (ASHY) became a non-profit corporation in 2017 and is recognized as a 501(c)(3) by the United States Internal Revenue Service. It has over 800 teachers worldwide.
Founder
John Friend starting a workshop in Copenhagen, June 2010, while he was still associated with Anusara
Main article: John Friend (yogi)
John Friend (born May 30, 1959) started practicing yoga postures as shown in the book Integral Yoga Hatha by Swami Satchidananda at age 13. He lived in Ohio until 19 years old, and then moved to Texas. Before becoming a yoga teacher, Friend worked as a financial analyst until he quit in 1986 to teach yoga full-time. In the years following he traveled to California to study with Judith Lasater, and began to focus on Iyengar yoga. Friend was a popular teacher in the Iyengar style and, during the 1990s, served on the board of the Iyengar Yoga Organization for four years before leaving to found Anusara, Inc. in 1997. Since 2012, Friend has had no role in Anusara nor the training and certifying of teachers in the Anusara School of Hatha Yoga.
2012 scandal and exit from Anusara
In February 2012 an anonymous author published online accusations against Friend. The allegations accused Friend of being associated with a Wiccan coven made up of Anusara teachers and employees, and that Friend engaged in sexual relations with women in the coven, several of whom were married. Friend was also accused of de-funding employees' benefits plans without notifying them, and for arranging delivery of marijuana shipped for his own use to Anusara's main office. Friend soon announced his resignation as officer and director of Anusara Inc. In September 2012, Friend returned to teaching a set hatha yoga sequence of 108 asanas called "The Roots" based on Anusara's Universal Principles of Alignment.
References
^ Principles of Anusara yoga philosophy
^ Mom, Chicago. "John Friend Steps Down as Anusara Yoga Leader". ChicagoMom. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
^ Anusara Yoga site
^ a b "About John Friend".
^ Swartz, Mimi (July 21, 2010). "The Yoga Mogul". The New York Times.
^ "John Friend, Head of Anusara: The Accusations". YogaDork. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
^ a b c Roig-Franzia, Manuel (29 March 2012). "Scandal contorts future of John Friend, Anusara yoga". Washington Post. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
^ "Anusara Exodus Continues: Amy Ippoliti Latest Teacher to Publicly Resign". Yogadork. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
^ "Update: More Anusara Teacher Reactions; Noah Maze, Bernadette Birney and Others Continue Wave of resignations". YogaDork. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
^ Friend, John. "The Roots Practice". John Friend Inc. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
External links
Anusara yoga site
vteYoga as exerciseTopicsAsanas
List of asanas
Standing asanas
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Films
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Schools(Gurus)
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1959 Sivananda Yoga
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Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga
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1966 Kripalu Yoga
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1975 Dharma Mittra
c. 1975 Yin Yoga
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Related
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vteAsanasAsana • Kriya • Mudra • Drishti • Pranayama • Sun Salutation • Vinyasa • Yoga as exercise • Yoga as therapy • Hatha yoga • YogaBackbends
Anjaneyasana (crescent moon)
Bidalasana (cat)/Bitilasana (cow)
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Chakrasana (wheel) or Urdhva Dhanurasana (upward bow)
Viparita Dandasana (inverted staff)
Kapotasana (pigeon)
Eka Pada Rajakapotasana (king pigeon)
Ushtrasana (camel)
Arm balances
Ashtavakrasana (8-angled)
Bakasana (crane) or Kakasana (crow)
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Kukkutasana (cockerel)
Mayurasana (peacock)
Tittibhasana (firefly)
Inverted
Adho Mukha Svanasana (downward dog)
Adho Mukha Vrkshasana (handstand)
Halasana (plough)
Sarvangasana (shoulderstand)
Setu Bandha Sarvangasana (bridge)
Shirshasana (headstand)
Viparita Karani (legs up the wall)
Vrischikasana (scorpion)
Reclining
Anantasana (Vishnu's couch)
Ashtanga Namaskara (eight-limbed)
Bhekasana (frog)
Chaturanga Dandasana (low plank)
Dhanurasana (bow)
Jathara Parivartanasana (belly twist)
Makarasana (crocodile)
Matsyasana (fish)
Shalabhasana (locust)
Shavasana (corpse)
Vasishtasana (side plank)
Yoganidrasana (yogic sleep)
SittingMeditation
Baddha Konasana (cobbler)
Gomukhasana (cow face)
Gorakshasana (cowherd)
Padmasana (lotus)
Siddhasana (accomplished)
Simhasana (lion)
Vajrasana (thunderbolt)
Twists
Bharadvajasana (the sage Bharadvaja)
Marichyasana (the sage Marichi)
Matsyendrasana (the sage Matsyendra, lord of the fishes)
Pashasana (noose)
Other
Akarna Dhanurasana (shooting bow)
Balasana (child)
Garbha Pindasana (embryo in womb)
Hanumanasana (monkey)
Kraunchasana (heron)
Kurmasana (tortoise)
Malasana (garland)
Mandukasana (frog)
Mulabandhasana (root lock)
Navasana (boat)
Paschimottanasana (seated forward bend)
Samakonasana (split)
Virasana (hero)
StandingBoth legs
Parighasana (gate)
Parshvottanasana (intense side stretch)
Prasarita Padottanasana (wide stance forward bend)
Tadasana (mountain)
Trikonasana (triangle)
Utkatasana (powerful)
Uttanasana (standing forward bend)
Utthita Parshvakonasana (sideways)
Virabhadrasana (warrior)
One leg
Ardha Chandrasana (half moon)
Durvasasana (the sage Durvasa)
Garudasana (eagle)
Natarajasana (lord of the dance)
Utthita Padangusthasana (standing big toe hold)
Vrikshasana (tree) | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_for_the_Anusara_School_of_Hatha_Yoga.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"hatha yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatha_yoga"},{"link_name":"John Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Friend_(yogi)"},{"link_name":"Iyengar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyengar_Yoga"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"health-oriented Western approach to Yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_for_therapeutic_purposes"}],"text":"ASHYAnusara School of Hatha Yoga, also known as Anusara Yoga (In Hindi:अनुसार योग) is the successor of a modern school of hatha yoga founded by American-born yoga teacher John Friend in 1997. 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Retrieved 15 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yogadork.com/news/john-friend-head-of-anusara-wiccan-leader-sexual-deviant-pension-withholding-homewrecker-the-accusations","url_text":"\"John Friend, Head of Anusara: The Accusations\""}]},{"reference":"Roig-Franzia, Manuel (29 March 2012). \"Scandal contorts future of John Friend, Anusara yoga\". Washington Post. Retrieved 29 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/scandal-contorts-future-of-john-friend-anusara-yoga/2012/03/28/gIQAeLVThS_story.html?hpid=z2","url_text":"\"Scandal contorts future of John Friend, Anusara yoga\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anusara Exodus Continues: Amy Ippoliti Latest Teacher to Publicly Resign\". Yogadork. Retrieved 13 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yogadork.com/news/anusara-exodus-continues-amy-ippoliti-latest-teacher-to-publicly-resign/","url_text":"\"Anusara Exodus Continues: Amy Ippoliti Latest Teacher to Publicly Resign\""}]},{"reference":"\"Update: More Anusara Teacher Reactions; Noah Maze, Bernadette Birney and Others Continue Wave of resignations\". YogaDork. Retrieved 13 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yogadork.com/news/update-more-anusara-teacher-reactions-noah-maze-bernadette-birney-and-others-continue-wave-of-resignations/","url_text":"\"Update: More Anusara Teacher Reactions; Noah Maze, Bernadette Birney and Others Continue Wave of resignations\""}]},{"reference":"Friend, John. \"The Roots Practice\". John Friend Inc. Retrieved 17 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.johnfriend.com/the-roots-practice/","url_text":"\"The Roots Practice\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.anusarayoga.com/philosophy/","external_links_name":"Principles of Anusara yoga philosophy"},{"Link":"http://www.chicagonow.com/ups-and-downs-of-a-yoga-mom/2012/02/john-friend-steps-down-as-anusara-yoga-leader/","external_links_name":"\"John Friend Steps Down as Anusara Yoga Leader\""},{"Link":"https://www.anusarayoga.com/anusara-school-of-hatha-yoga-2/","external_links_name":"Anusara Yoga site"},{"Link":"http://www.anusara.com/?pagerequested=about_john_friend","external_links_name":"\"About John Friend\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/25/magazine/25Yoga-t.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss&pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"\"The Yoga Mogul\""},{"Link":"http://www.yogadork.com/news/john-friend-head-of-anusara-wiccan-leader-sexual-deviant-pension-withholding-homewrecker-the-accusations","external_links_name":"\"John Friend, Head of Anusara: The Accusations\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/scandal-contorts-future-of-john-friend-anusara-yoga/2012/03/28/gIQAeLVThS_story.html?hpid=z2","external_links_name":"\"Scandal contorts future of John Friend, Anusara yoga\""},{"Link":"http://www.yogadork.com/news/anusara-exodus-continues-amy-ippoliti-latest-teacher-to-publicly-resign/","external_links_name":"\"Anusara Exodus Continues: Amy Ippoliti Latest Teacher to Publicly Resign\""},{"Link":"http://www.yogadork.com/news/update-more-anusara-teacher-reactions-noah-maze-bernadette-birney-and-others-continue-wave-of-resignations/","external_links_name":"\"Update: More Anusara Teacher Reactions; Noah Maze, Bernadette Birney and Others Continue Wave of resignations\""},{"Link":"http://www.johnfriend.com/the-roots-practice/","external_links_name":"\"The Roots Practice\""},{"Link":"http://www.anusarayoga.com/","external_links_name":"Anusara yoga site"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dariunq | Dariunq | ["1 See also","2 References"] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Dariunq" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Dariunq was a region of the old Armenia c. 300-800 ruled by the Bagratuni family.
See also
List of regions of old Armenia
References
This Armenia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Middle Eastern history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Bagratuni family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagratuni_Dynasty"}],"text":"Dariunq was a region of the old Armenia c. 300-800 ruled by the Bagratuni family.","title":"Dariunq"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of regions of old Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_old_Armenia"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dariunq%22","external_links_name":"\"Dariunq\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dariunq%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dariunq%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dariunq%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dariunq%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dariunq%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dariunq&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dariunq&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Rock_(song) | Brighton Rock (song) | ["1 History","2 Live performances","3 Personnel","4 References"] | 1974 song by Queen"Brighton Rock"Song by Queenfrom the album Sheer Heart Attack PublishedQueen Music Ltd.Released8 November 1974 (1974-11-08)RecordedJuly–September 1974Studio
AIR
Rockfield
Trident
Wessex Sound
GenreHard rockLength5:11Label
EMI (UK)
Parlophone (Europe)
Elektra (US)
Songwriter(s)Brian MayProducer(s)Roy Thomas BakerQueen
"Brighton Rock" is a song by British rock band Queen, written by lead guitarist Brian May. The song is the opening track on their third studio album Sheer Heart Attack. The song features one of Queen's longest guitar solos which is more than three minutes long. The solo has been performed live by Brian May at most concerts since its release. The song gained popularity after its prominent use in the 2017 Edgar Wright film Baby Driver.
History
May wrote the song shortly before the completion of Queen II in 1973, but because the band did not have enough time to record it, it was not included. Before the song was recorded in 1974, variations of the solo were part of "Son and Daughter".
The song, the first track on the album Sheer Heart Attack, tells the story of two young lovers named Jenny and Jimmy meeting in Brighton on a public holiday. Jenny cannot linger because she is afraid her mother will find out "how I spent my holiday", but afterwards "writes a letter every day"; Jimmy, who was eager on the day, responds that he is afraid of discovery by "my lady".
The song samples the track "Carnival Midway" from stock sound effect library series titled "Authentic Sound Effects" compiled by Jac Holzman who signed Queen to Elektra Records in the US.
The song was listed among Guitar World's Top 100 Greatest Guitar Solos of All Time, ranking at #41.
The song was prominently featured in two scenes in the 2017 Edgar Wright film Baby Driver: early in the film, when Baby (portrayed by Ansel Elgort) and Buddy (portrayed by Jon Hamm) discuss it and Baby describes it as "his killer track", and during the climactic face-off between Baby and Buddy, who plays the song on his car stereo because of the earlier conversation. The song's usage in the film led to a resurgence of popularity for the track.
Live performances
The song is probably best known for its lengthy guitar solo interlude. This featured May's technique of using multiple echoes used to build up guitar harmony and contrapuntal melodic lines. The studio version only contains one "main" guitar and one "echoed" guitar for a short section, but live, he would usually split his guitar signal into "main" and two "echoed", with each going to a separate bank of amplifiers.
The live piece is often between 9 and 13 minutes long. May performed part of the "Brighton Rock" solo at the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.
Personnel
Freddie Mercury - lead vocals, backing vocals
Brian May - electric guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals (bridge)
Roger Taylor - drums, backing vocals
John Deacon - bass guitar
References
^ Moriarty, Frank (2003). Seventies Rock: The Decade of Creative Chaos. Taylor Trade Pub. p. 320. ISBN 978-1-58979-024-7.
^ Deriso, Nick (29 June 2017). "The Long Journey Queen's 'Brighton Rock' Took to the 'Baby Driver' Soundtrack". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
^ Lemieux, Patrick (11 August 2014). "The Black, White and Grey of Queen II". QueenOnline.com. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
^ a b Guarisco, Donald A. "Brighton Rock - Queen | Song Info". AllMusic. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
^ "Brighton Rock". The Mod Generation. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
^ "Songs that Sampled Carnival Midway by Jac Holzman", WhoSampled, retrieved 10 January 2024
^ "Jac Holzman – Authentic Sound Effects Volume 1", Discogs, retrieved 10 January 2024
^ "100 Greatest Guitar Solos: No. 41 "Brighton Rock" (Brian May)". Guitar World. 28 October 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
^ Pardiwalla, Tanzim (16 April 2020). "Filmsplaining: How Edgar Wright's 'Baby Driver' Made Music the Ultimate Escape". Mashable India. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
^ Willman, Chris (29 June 2017). "The Soundtrack to 'Baby Driver' Is a Music Nerd's Dream — and Director Edgar Wright's". Variety. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
^ Wyse, Alex (14 April 2020). "Edgar Wright's 10 Most Impressive Action Sequences". Screen Rant. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
^ Tanatarova, Elmira (16 April 2020). "Car chases, heists and road trips: the best automotive films to watch during lockdown". The Telegraph. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
^ Minsker, Evan (5 July 2017). "Behind the Music of Baby Driver, With Director Edgar Wright". Pitchfork. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
^ Hart, Ron (6 July 2017). "Edgar Wright Explains How He Crafted the Perfect Soundtrack for Baby Driver". Esquire. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
^ "Olympics closing ceremony: playlist". The Telegraph. 12 August 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
vteQueen songsQueen
"Keep Yourself Alive"
"Liar"
Queen II
"Seven Seas of Rhye"
Sheer Heart Attack
"Killer Queen"
"Now I'm Here"
"Flick of the Wrist"
"Lily of the Valley"
"Stone Cold Crazy"
"Brighton Rock"
A Night at the Opera
"Bohemian Rhapsody"
"You're My Best Friend"
"Death on Two Legs (Dedicated to...)"
"I'm in Love with My Car"
"'39"
"Sweet Lady"
"The Prophet's Song"
"Love of My Life"
"Good Company"
"God Save the Queen"
A Day at the Races
"Somebody to Love"
"Tie Your Mother Down"
"Teo Torriatte (Let Us Cling Together)"
"Good Old-Fashioned Lover Boy"
"Long Away"
News of the World
"We Will Rock You"
"We Are the Champions"
"Spread Your Wings"
"It's Late"
"Sheer Heart Attack"
Jazz
"Bicycle Race"
"Fat Bottomed Girls"
"Don't Stop Me Now"
"Mustapha"
"Jealousy"
The Game
"Crazy Little Thing Called Love"
"Save Me"
"Play the Game"
"Another One Bites the Dust"
"Need Your Loving Tonight"
Flash Gordon
"Flash's Theme"
Hot Space
"Under Pressure"
"Body Language"
"Las Palabras de Amor (The Words of Love)"
"Calling All Girls"
"Staying Power"
"Back Chat"
The Works
"Radio Ga Ga"
"I Want to Break Free"
"It's a Hard Life"
"Hammer to Fall"
"Is This the World We Created...?"
A Kind of Magic
"One Vision"
"A Kind of Magic"
"Princes of the Universe"
"Friends Will Be Friends"
"Pain Is So Close to Pleasure"
"Who Wants to Live Forever"
"One Year of Love"
The Miracle
"I Want It All"
"Breakthru"
"The Invisible Man"
"Scandal"
"The Miracle"
Innuendo
"Innuendo"
"I'm Going Slightly Mad"
"Headlong"
"These Are the Days of Our Lives"
"The Show Must Go On"
"I Can't Live with You"
"Ride the Wild Wind"
Made in Heaven
"Heaven for Everyone"
"A Winter's Tale"
"Too Much Love Will Kill You"
"I Was Born to Love You"
"Let Me Live"
"You Don't Fool Me"
"Made in Heaven"
"Mother Love"
Queen Rocks
"No-One but You (Only the Good Die Young)"
Queen Forever
"Let Me in Your Heart Again"
"Love Kills"
"There Must Be More to Life Than This"
Other songs
"Thank God It's Christmas"
"Face It Alone"
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"Brian May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_May"},{"link_name":"Sheer Heart Attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheer_Heart_Attack"},{"link_name":"Brian May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_May"},{"link_name":"Edgar Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Wright"},{"link_name":"Baby Driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Driver"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"\"Brighton Rock\" is a song by British rock band Queen, written by lead guitarist Brian May. The song is the opening track on their third studio album Sheer Heart Attack. The song features one of Queen's longest guitar solos which is more than three minutes long. The solo has been performed live by Brian May at most concerts since its release. 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Before the song was recorded in 1974, variations of the solo were part of \"Son and Daughter\".[3]The song, the first track on the album Sheer Heart Attack, tells the story of two young lovers named Jenny and Jimmy meeting in Brighton on a public holiday.[4] Jenny cannot linger because she is afraid her mother will find out \"how I spent my holiday\", but afterwards \"writes a letter every day\"; Jimmy, who was eager on the day, responds that he is afraid of discovery by \"my lady\".[5]The song samples the track \"Carnival Midway\" from stock sound effect library series titled \"Authentic Sound Effects\" compiled by Jac Holzman who signed Queen to Elektra Records in the US.[6][7]The song was listed among Guitar World's Top 100 Greatest Guitar Solos of All Time, ranking at #41.[8]The song was prominently featured in two scenes in the 2017 Edgar Wright film Baby Driver: early in the film, when Baby (portrayed by Ansel Elgort) and Buddy (portrayed by Jon Hamm) discuss it and Baby describes it as \"his killer track\", and during the climactic face-off between Baby and Buddy, who plays the song on his car stereo because of the earlier conversation. The song's usage in the film led to a resurgence of popularity for the track.[9][10][11][12][13][14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brighton-4"},{"link_name":"contrapuntal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrapuntal"},{"link_name":"closing ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony"},{"link_name":"2012 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The song is probably best known for its lengthy guitar solo interlude.[4] This featured May's technique of using multiple echoes used to build up guitar harmony and contrapuntal melodic lines. The studio version only contains one \"main\" guitar and one \"echoed\" guitar for a short section, but live, he would usually split his guitar signal into \"main\" and two \"echoed\", with each going to a separate bank of amplifiers.The live piece is often between 9 and 13 minutes long. May performed part of the \"Brighton Rock\" solo at the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.[15]","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freddie Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Mercury"},{"link_name":"Brian May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_May"},{"link_name":"Roger Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Taylor_(Queen_drummer)"},{"link_name":"John Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deacon"}],"text":"Freddie Mercury - lead vocals, backing vocals\nBrian May - electric guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals (bridge)\nRoger Taylor - drums, backing vocals\nJohn Deacon - bass guitar","title":"Personnel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Moriarty, Frank (2003). Seventies Rock: The Decade of Creative Chaos. Taylor Trade Pub. p. 320. ISBN 978-1-58979-024-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/seventiesrockdec0000mori","url_text":"Seventies Rock: The Decade of Creative Chaos"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/seventiesrockdec0000mori/page/320/mode/2up","url_text":"320"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58979-024-7","url_text":"978-1-58979-024-7"}]},{"reference":"Deriso, Nick (29 June 2017). \"The Long Journey Queen's 'Brighton Rock' Took to the 'Baby Driver' Soundtrack\". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ultimateclassicrock.com/queen-brighton-rock-baby-driver/","url_text":"\"The Long Journey Queen's 'Brighton Rock' Took to the 'Baby Driver' Soundtrack\""}]},{"reference":"Lemieux, Patrick (11 August 2014). \"The Black, White and Grey of Queen II\". QueenOnline.com. Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.queenonline.com/features/the-black-white-and-grey-of-queen-ii-fan-feature-by-patrick-lemieux","url_text":"\"The Black, White and Grey of Queen II\""}]},{"reference":"Guarisco, Donald A. \"Brighton Rock - Queen | Song Info\". AllMusic. Retrieved 1 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/song/brighton-rock-mt0008534470","url_text":"\"Brighton Rock - Queen | Song Info\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Brighton Rock\". The Mod Generation. Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.themodgeneration.co.uk/2011/02/brighton-rock.html","url_text":"\"Brighton Rock\""}]},{"reference":"\"Songs that Sampled Carnival Midway by Jac Holzman\", WhoSampled, retrieved 10 January 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whosampled.com/Jac-Holzman/Carnival-Midway/sampled/","url_text":"\"Songs that Sampled Carnival Midway by Jac Holzman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhoSampled","url_text":"WhoSampled"}]},{"reference":"\"Jac Holzman – Authentic Sound Effects Volume 1\", Discogs, retrieved 10 January 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/master/604739-Jac-Holzman-Authentic-Sound-Effects-Volume-1","url_text":"\"Jac Holzman – Authentic Sound Effects Volume 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"}]},{"reference":"\"100 Greatest Guitar Solos: No. 41 \"Brighton Rock\" (Brian May)\". Guitar World. 28 October 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guitarworld.com/features/100-greatest-guitar-solos-no-41-brighton-rock-brian-may","url_text":"\"100 Greatest Guitar Solos: No. 41 \"Brighton Rock\" (Brian May)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_World","url_text":"Guitar World"}]},{"reference":"Pardiwalla, Tanzim (16 April 2020). \"Filmsplaining: How Edgar Wright's 'Baby Driver' Made Music the Ultimate Escape\". Mashable India. Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/13226/filmsplaining-how-edgar-wrights-baby-driver-made-music-the-ultimate-escape","url_text":"\"Filmsplaining: How Edgar Wright's 'Baby Driver' Made Music the Ultimate Escape\""}]},{"reference":"Willman, Chris (29 June 2017). \"The Soundtrack to 'Baby Driver' Is a Music Nerd's Dream — and Director Edgar Wright's\". Variety. Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2017/film/news/baby-driver-movie-music-1202482594/","url_text":"\"The Soundtrack to 'Baby Driver' Is a Music Nerd's Dream — and Director Edgar Wright's\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Wyse, Alex (14 April 2020). \"Edgar Wright's 10 Most Impressive Action Sequences\". Screen Rant. Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/edgar-wright-best-outstanding-action-scenes/","url_text":"\"Edgar Wright's 10 Most Impressive Action Sequences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant","url_text":"Screen Rant"}]},{"reference":"Tanatarova, Elmira (16 April 2020). \"Car chases, heists and road trips: the best automotive films to watch during lockdown\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cars/features/road-trips-car-chases-heists-best-automotive-movies-2010s/","url_text":"\"Car chases, heists and road trips: the best automotive films to watch during lockdown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Minsker, Evan (5 July 2017). \"Behind the Music of Baby Driver, With Director Edgar Wright\". Pitchfork. Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/behind-the-music-of-baby-driver-with-director-edgar-wright/","url_text":"\"Behind the Music of Baby Driver, With Director Edgar Wright\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"Hart, Ron (6 July 2017). \"Edgar Wright Explains How He Crafted the Perfect Soundtrack for Baby Driver\". Esquire. Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/a56151/edgar-wright-baby-driver-soundtrack/","url_text":"\"Edgar Wright Explains How He Crafted the Perfect Soundtrack for Baby Driver\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)","url_text":"Esquire"}]},{"reference":"\"Olympics closing ceremony: playlist\". The Telegraph. 12 August 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/london-2012/9470803/Olympics-closing-ceremony-playlist.html","url_text":"\"Olympics closing ceremony: playlist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Telegraph"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/seventiesrockdec0000mori","external_links_name":"Seventies Rock: The Decade of Creative Chaos"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/seventiesrockdec0000mori/page/320/mode/2up","external_links_name":"320"},{"Link":"https://ultimateclassicrock.com/queen-brighton-rock-baby-driver/","external_links_name":"\"The Long Journey Queen's 'Brighton Rock' Took to the 'Baby Driver' Soundtrack\""},{"Link":"http://www.queenonline.com/features/the-black-white-and-grey-of-queen-ii-fan-feature-by-patrick-lemieux","external_links_name":"\"The Black, White and Grey of Queen II\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/song/brighton-rock-mt0008534470","external_links_name":"\"Brighton Rock - Queen | Song Info\""},{"Link":"http://www.themodgeneration.co.uk/2011/02/brighton-rock.html","external_links_name":"\"Brighton Rock\""},{"Link":"https://www.whosampled.com/Jac-Holzman/Carnival-Midway/sampled/","external_links_name":"\"Songs that Sampled Carnival Midway by Jac Holzman\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/master/604739-Jac-Holzman-Authentic-Sound-Effects-Volume-1","external_links_name":"\"Jac Holzman – Authentic Sound Effects Volume 1\""},{"Link":"https://www.guitarworld.com/features/100-greatest-guitar-solos-no-41-brighton-rock-brian-may","external_links_name":"\"100 Greatest Guitar Solos: No. 41 \"Brighton Rock\" (Brian May)\""},{"Link":"https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/13226/filmsplaining-how-edgar-wrights-baby-driver-made-music-the-ultimate-escape","external_links_name":"\"Filmsplaining: How Edgar Wright's 'Baby Driver' Made Music the Ultimate Escape\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2017/film/news/baby-driver-movie-music-1202482594/","external_links_name":"\"The Soundtrack to 'Baby Driver' Is a Music Nerd's Dream — and Director Edgar Wright's\""},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/edgar-wright-best-outstanding-action-scenes/","external_links_name":"\"Edgar Wright's 10 Most Impressive Action Sequences\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cars/features/road-trips-car-chases-heists-best-automotive-movies-2010s/","external_links_name":"\"Car chases, heists and road trips: the best automotive films to watch during lockdown\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/behind-the-music-of-baby-driver-with-director-edgar-wright/","external_links_name":"\"Behind the Music of Baby Driver, With Director Edgar Wright\""},{"Link":"https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/a56151/edgar-wright-baby-driver-soundtrack/","external_links_name":"\"Edgar Wright Explains How He Crafted the Perfect Soundtrack for Baby Driver\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/london-2012/9470803/Olympics-closing-ceremony-playlist.html","external_links_name":"\"Olympics closing ceremony: playlist\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/bb356ec2-9032-43e9-b8de-b1b96307edb9","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Poniatowski_(1676-1762) | Stanisław Poniatowski (1676–1762) | ["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 The Great Northern War and subsequent Swedish service","1.3 Later years: Polish politician and magnate","2 Family","3 References"] | Castellan of Kraków (1676–1762)
Not to be confused with Stanisław August Poniatowski.
Stanisław PoniatowskiPortrait by Marcello Bacciarelli, 1758Born(1676-09-15)15 September 1676Chojnik, Poland, Polish–Lithuanian CommonwealthDied29 August 1762(1762-08-29) (aged 85)Ryki, Poland, Polish–Lithuanian CommonwealthNoble familyPoniatowskiSpouse(s)Teresa Woynianka-JasienieckaKonstancja CzartoryskaIssueKazimierz PoniatowskiJakub PoniatowskiFranciszek Poniatowski Aleksander Poniatowski Ludwika Maria PoniatowskaIzabella PoniatowskaStanisław August PoniatowskiAndrzej PoniatowskiMichał Jerzy PoniatowskiFatherFranciszek Poniatowski MotherHelena Niewiarowska
Stanisław Poniatowski (15 September 1676 – 29 August 1762) was a Polish military commander, diplomat, and noble. Throughout his career, Poniatowski served in various military offices, and was a general in both the Swedish and Polish–Lithuanian militaries. He also held numerous civil positions, including those of podstoli of Lithuania and Grand Treasurer of the Lithuanian army in 1722, voivode of the Masovian Voivodeship in 1731, regimentarz of the Crown Army in 1728, and castellan of Kraków in 1752. Throughout his lifetime, he served in many starost positions.
Poniatowski was involved in Commonwealth politics, and was a prominent member of the Familia, a faction led by the Czartoryski family. On a number of occasions he was in service of Stanisław I Leszczyński, the principal rival of Augustus II for the throne of Poland. Having served under Leszczyński as a military officer and envoy during the Great Northern War, Poniatowski later embraced the Russian-supported Augustus. Subsequently, during the War of the Polish Succession, he returned, with the majority of the Familia, to his earlier allegiance. He later effected a reconciliation with Augustus III, and eventually became one of the new king's chief advisors.
Poniatowski's fifth son, Stanisław August Poniatowski, reigned as the last king of Poland from 1764 until 1795, when he abdicated as a result of the Third Partition of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and Austria. His grandson, Prince Józef Antoni Poniatowski, was a Polish general and later a Marshal of the First French Empire, serving under Napoleon I.
Biography
Early life
Poniatowski was born on 15 September 1676 in the village of Chojnik, now part of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship. He was the son of Franciszek Poniatowski (1651–1691), "Master of the Hunt" in 1680 and cup-bearer at Wyszogród in 1690, and his wife Helena Niewiarowska, (died 1673/74). He was also the paternal grandson of one Jan Poniatowski, who died before 1676, although rumors regarding his parentage claimed that he was the son of Hetman Jan Kazimierz Sapieha by an unknown Polish Jewish woman, later adopted by Franciszek.
He received elementary education in Kraków, at either the Kraków Academy or at the Nowodworski School. At 13, he was sent to Vienna, capital of the Holy Roman Empire where he spent two years, and afterward traveled to Serbia, then a province of that empire. There, he volunteered to join Imperial forces campaigning against the Ottomans in the Great Turkish War. He served as an adjutant to Michał Franciszek Sapieha, and later commanded a company of cuirassiers. He participated in the Battle of Zenta in 1697.
After the Treaty of Karlowitz of 1699, which ended the war, he returned to Lithuania. Upon his return, he wed Teresa Woynianka-Jasieniecka, but their marriage ended abruptly with her death not long afterward. The union, however, raised his social status. In 1700, he participated in the Lithuanian Civil War as a supporter of the Sapieha family, fighting in the Battle of Valkininkai. Here, he was captured, but managed to escape, and he later served as Sapieha's emissary to Charles XII, king of Sweden.
The Great Northern War and subsequent Swedish service
In 1702, Swedish forces invaded the Commonwealth as part of the Great Northern War, which had begun in 1700 between the Swedish Empire and the Tsardom of Russia. Augustus II, king of Poland and Elector of Saxony, was an ally of the Russian tsar Peter I. Augustus's forces were defeated, and the king himself was forced back to Saxony. He was replaced by Charles with Stanisław Leszczyński, a Polish nobleman and count of the Holy Roman Empire. Poniatowski, serving as a negotiator between the Wielkopolska Confederation and Charles XII, took the side of Leszczyński and distanced himself from the Sapiehas, formerly his patrons. In 1705, he became the colonel over Leszczyński's newly raised Trabant guard, modeled after the reputable Swedish Drabant Corps.
In 1708, Leszczyński appointed Poniatowski his personal representative to Charles XII. He participated in the Battle of Holowczyn that year, and served as an aide to Charles XII during his exile in the Ottoman Empire after the Battle of Poltava in 1709. Here, he worked to establish an alliance between the Ottomans and the Swedes, aiming to bring the Ottomans into the war against Russia. Due to diplomatic efforts on the part of the French, aligned with Sweden, the Ottomans began to campaign against the Russians in 1710. With this change in Ottoman foreign policy came the dismissal of Çorlulu Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier of Ahmed III. His successor, Köprülü Numan Pasha, was an acquaintance of Poniatowski and had been a supporter of an anti-Russian shift in Ottoman politics.
Poniatowski accompanied the Ottomans during the Pruth River Campaign, but was dissatisfied with the Treaty of the Pruth, which saw the withdrawal of the Ottomans from the war. His attempts to prolong and inflame the conflict failed, resulting in a loss of his status in the Empire and his eventual departure from it in 1713.
Poniatowski did not return to Poland, as Lesczyński had been forced to retreat to Swedish Pomerania upon the return of Augustus in 1709. With the support of Russian forces, Augustus had forced Lesczyński from the throne and had retaken the crown in that year. Instead, Poniatowski entered the service of Sweden, serving as a diplomat for both Charles XII and Lesczyński. He was later involved in mediation attempts between Lesczyński and Augustus, and also joined the Swedish army in various campaigns, being wounded during one in 1716. During the course of his diplomatic activities, he traveled throughout Europe, including to such countries as Prussia, France, and Spain. For his service to Charles XII, he received the position of the governor of Palatine Zweibrücken, then in personal union with Sweden.
Later years: Polish politician and magnate
Portrait of Stanisław Poniatowski and Konstancja Czartoryska
Upon Charles's death in 1718, he continued to serve Leszczyński as a diplomat. In 1719 he was briefly imprisoned in Copenhagen, and requested official leave from the Swedish government, which he received that year, thus ending his service as a Swedish diplomat. He returned to the Commonwealth, where he used the title of a general of cavalry. On 14 September 1720 he married Princess Konstancja Czartoryska; this marriage brought him significant wealth. Over the next few years, he became increasingly involved in the creation of the Familia political faction, and most of his ensuing actions had the goal of increasing the Familia's political power.
On 5 December 1722 he received the office of Podstoli of Lithuania (podstoli litewski) in 1722, and 16 December, Grand Treasurer of Lithuanian Army (podskarbi wielki litewski), and became increasingly allied with August II On 20 December 1724 he received the military rank of General of the Lithuanian Army (generał lejtnant wojsk litewskich). In 1726 he became the Knight of the Order of the White Eagle. He was also promised the position of Grand Crown Hetman by August II, receiving in 1728 the rank of a Crown regimentarz. During a period in which no Crown hetmans were appointed, he acted as de facto commander of the Polish–Lithuanian army. He enjoyed support from the military, but his forays into politics gained him significant opposition among the szlachta, led by the Potocki family. He became the voivode of the Masovian Voivodeship in 1731.
After August II's death in 1733, he rekindled his old ties with Leszczyński, but made some attempts to secure his own election to the throne. Eventually, however, he decided to grant Leszczyński his full support, doing so during the convocation sejm of 1733. He again served as Leszczyński's diplomat during the following War of the Polish Succession.
In 1734, he switched sides and joined the supported Augustus III. After several years of distrust, August III started treating Poniatowski as one of his major advisers. Over the next few years, throughout the 1740s, he and familiar supported plans for reform and strengthening the Commonwealth, however most of them have failed due to liberum veto disrupting the Sejm proceedings. Those failures likely resulted in his apathy, and he became much less active on the political scene in the 1750s. On 6 June 1752 he received the office of castellan of Kraków.
Near the end of his life, Poniatowski was among the richest magnates in the Commonwealth, with the value of his estates estimated at about 4 million zlotys. He died in Ryki on 29 August 1762, shortly after suffering a serious fall while walking.
Family
He was the son of Franciszek Poniatowski (1640/1650 – 1691–1695), łowczy podlaski in 1680 and cześnik wyszogrodzki in 1690, and his wife Helena Niewiarowska, who he had married in 1673 or 1674. His older brother Józef Poniatowski (1674 – after 1731) was a generał wojsk koronnych and married Helena Otfinowska, without issue. His younger siblings were Michał Jacenty Poniatowski, a Dominican, and Zofia Agnieszka Poniatowska , a Carmelitan Abbess in Kraków. He married firstly shortly after 1701 and divorced Teresa Woynianka-Jasieniecka, who died after 1710, without issue, and secondly Princess Konstancja Czartoryska on 14 September 1720. They had eight children.
He was the father of:
Kazimierz Poniatowski (15 September 1721 – 13 April 1800), podkomorzy wielki koronny between 1742 and 1773 and generał wojsk koronnych, who was created a Prince on 4 December 1764 and married on 21 January 1751 Apolonia Ustrzycka (17 January 1736–1814) and had issue
Franciszek Poniatowski (1723 – 1749/1759), canon and provost in the Cathedral of Kraków (kanonik i proboszcz katedralny krakowski), chancellor of Gniezno in 1748
Aleksander Poniatowski (1725 – killed in action on 29 June 1744), adiutant of Karl von Lothringen
Ludwika Maria Poniatowska (30 November 1728 – 10 February 1781), who married in 1745 Jan Jakub Zamoyski (? - 10 February 1790), wojewoda podolski in 1770, IX ordynat till in 1780 and starosta lubelski, and had female issue (Urszula Zamoyska (c. 1750–1808), who married firstly and divorced before 1781 Wincenty Potocki (? - 1825), podkomorzy wielki koronny, and married secondly Michal Jerzy Mniszech, marszalek wielki koronny)
Izabella Poniatowska, (1 July 1730 – 14 February 1808) was a Polish noblewoman, countess and princess. She was a sister of Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski, who in 1764 became King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and reigned as Stanisław II Augustus. She married, firstly on 19 November 1748 as his third wife Hetman Jan Klemens Branicki in 1756, and secondly the Masovian voivode Andrzej Mokronowski, without issue.
Stanisław II August (Poniatowski), the last King of Poland and Grand-Duke of Lithuania, who was crowned in 1764.
Andrzej Poniatowski (16 July 1734/5 – Vienna, 3/5 March 1773), Austrian General-Lieutenant in 1760, Austrian Fieldmarshall in 1771 and starost prenski, who was created a Prince on 10 December 1765, and married on 3 May 1761 Maria Teresa, Countess Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau (14 February 1740 – 25 September 1806), and had issue
Michał Jerzy Poniatowski (12 October 1736 – 12 August 1794), opat tyniecki i czerwinski, Bishop of Plock and koadiutor krakowski in 1773 and Archbishop of Gniezno in 1784, who was created a Prince on 4 December 1764
References
^ a b c d e f g h i Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 471.
^ Jerzy Łojek, Dzieje zdrajcy, Katowice, 1988; ISBN 83-216-0759-4, p. 189.
^ Emil Hildebrand, Svensk historisk bibliografi, Volume 10. Svenska Historiska Föreningen, 1890. p. 196.
^ a b c d Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 472.
^ a b Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 473.
^ a b c d e f g h Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 474.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 479.
^ a b c d e Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 475.
^ a b c d e Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 476.
^ Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 477.
^ Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 478.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stanisław Poniatowski.
vteLithuanian Grand Treasurers16th century
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Dymitr Chalecki
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Mikołaj Tryzna
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Benedykt Sapieha
18th century
Marcjan Dominik Wołłowicz
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Kazimierz Czartoryski
Michał Kazimierz Kociełł
Stanisław Poniatowski
Jan Michał Sołłohub
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Stanisław Poniatowski
Ludwik Skumin Tyszkiewicz
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Throughout his career, Poniatowski served in various military offices, and was a general in both the Swedish and Polish–Lithuanian militaries. He also held numerous civil positions, including those of podstoli of Lithuania and Grand Treasurer of the Lithuanian army in 1722, voivode of the Masovian Voivodeship in 1731, regimentarz of the Crown Army in 1728, and castellan of Kraków in 1752. Throughout his lifetime, he served in many starost positions.Poniatowski was involved in Commonwealth politics, and was a prominent member of the Familia, a faction led by the Czartoryski family. On a number of occasions he was in service of Stanisław I Leszczyński, the principal rival of Augustus II for the throne of Poland. Having served under Leszczyński as a military officer and envoy during the Great Northern War, Poniatowski later embraced the Russian-supported Augustus. Subsequently, during the War of the Polish Succession, he returned, with the majority of the Familia, to his earlier allegiance. He later effected a reconciliation with Augustus III, and eventually became one of the new king's chief advisors.Poniatowski's fifth son, Stanisław August Poniatowski, reigned as the last king of Poland from 1764 until 1795, when he abdicated as a result of the Third Partition of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and Austria. His grandson, Prince Józef Antoni Poniatowski, was a Polish general and later a Marshal of the First French Empire, serving under Napoleon I.","title":"Stanisław Poniatowski (1676–1762)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chojnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chojnik,_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Lesser Poland Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb471-1"},{"link_name":"Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"Master of the Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81owczy"},{"link_name":"cup-bearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cup-bearer"},{"link_name":"Wyszogród","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyszogr%C3%B3d"},{"link_name":"Niewiarowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niewiarowscy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb471-1"},{"link_name":"Hetman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetmans_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Jan Kazimierz Sapieha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Kazimierz_Sapieha_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Polish Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Kraków Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Academy"},{"link_name":"Nowodworski School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart%C5%82omiej_Nowodworski_High_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb471-1"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Great Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Turkish_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb471-1"},{"link_name":"Michał Franciszek Sapieha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Franciszek_Sapieha"},{"link_name":"cuirassiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuirassier"},{"link_name":"Battle of Zenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zenta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb471-1"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Karlowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Karlowitz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb471-1"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Civil_War_(1697%E2%80%931702)"},{"link_name":"Sapieha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapieha"},{"link_name":"Battle of Valkininkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Valkininkai_(1700)"},{"link_name":"Charles XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XII"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb471-1"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Poniatowski was born on 15 September 1676 in the village of Chojnik, now part of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship.[1] He was the son of Franciszek Poniatowski (1651–1691), \"Master of the Hunt\" in 1680 and cup-bearer at Wyszogród in 1690, and his wife Helena Niewiarowska, (died 1673/74). He was also the paternal grandson of one Jan Poniatowski, who died before 1676,[1] although rumors regarding his parentage claimed that he was the son of Hetman Jan Kazimierz Sapieha by an unknown Polish Jewish woman, later adopted by Franciszek.[2]He received elementary education in Kraków, at either the Kraków Academy or at the Nowodworski School.[1] At 13, he was sent to Vienna, capital of the Holy Roman Empire where he spent two years, and afterward traveled to Serbia, then a province of that empire. There, he volunteered to join Imperial forces campaigning against the Ottomans in the Great Turkish War.[1] He served as an adjutant to Michał Franciszek Sapieha, and later commanded a company of cuirassiers. He participated in the Battle of Zenta in 1697.[1]After the Treaty of Karlowitz of 1699, which ended the war, he returned to Lithuania. Upon his return, he wed Teresa Woynianka-Jasieniecka, but their marriage ended abruptly with her death not long afterward. The union, however, raised his social status.[1] In 1700, he participated in the Lithuanian Civil War as a supporter of the Sapieha family, fighting in the Battle of Valkininkai. Here, he was captured, but managed to escape, and he later served as Sapieha's emissary to Charles XII, king of Sweden.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Northern War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_War"},{"link_name":"Swedish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Tsardom of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Augustus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_the_Strong"},{"link_name":"Elector of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elector_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Peter I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Leszczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Wielkopolska Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wielkopolska_Confederation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb471-1"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"Trabant guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabant_(military)"},{"link_name":"Drabant Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drabant_Corps_of_Charles_XII"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shb196-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb472-4"},{"link_name":"Battle of Holowczyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Holowczyn"},{"link_name":"Battle of Poltava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb472-4"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_de_France"},{"link_name":"Çorlulu Ali Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87orlulu_Ali_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Grand Vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Vizier"},{"link_name":"Ahmed III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_III"},{"link_name":"Köprülü Numan Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_Numan_Pasha"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb472-4"},{"link_name":"Pruth River Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruth_River_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Treaty of the Pruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pruth"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb472-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb473-5"},{"link_name":"Swedish Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb473-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb474-6"},{"link_name":"Palatine Zweibrücken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_Zweibr%C3%BCcken"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb474-6"}],"sub_title":"The Great Northern War and subsequent Swedish service","text":"In 1702, Swedish forces invaded the Commonwealth as part of the Great Northern War, which had begun in 1700 between the Swedish Empire and the Tsardom of Russia. Augustus II, king of Poland and Elector of Saxony, was an ally of the Russian tsar Peter I. Augustus's forces were defeated, and the king himself was forced back to Saxony. He was replaced by Charles with Stanisław Leszczyński, a Polish nobleman and count of the Holy Roman Empire. Poniatowski, serving as a negotiator between the Wielkopolska Confederation and Charles XII, took the side of Leszczyński and distanced himself from the Sapiehas, formerly his patrons.[1] In 1705, he became the colonel over Leszczyński's newly raised Trabant guard, modeled after the reputable Swedish Drabant Corps.[3]In 1708, Leszczyński appointed Poniatowski his personal representative to Charles XII.[4] He participated in the Battle of Holowczyn that year, and served as an aide to Charles XII during his exile in the Ottoman Empire after the Battle of Poltava in 1709. Here, he worked to establish an alliance between the Ottomans and the Swedes, aiming to bring the Ottomans into the war against Russia.[4] Due to diplomatic efforts on the part of the French, aligned with Sweden, the Ottomans began to campaign against the Russians in 1710. With this change in Ottoman foreign policy came the dismissal of Çorlulu Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier of Ahmed III. His successor, Köprülü Numan Pasha, was an acquaintance of Poniatowski and had been a supporter of an anti-Russian shift in Ottoman politics.[4]Poniatowski accompanied the Ottomans during the Pruth River Campaign, but was dissatisfied with the Treaty of the Pruth, which saw the withdrawal of the Ottomans from the war.[4] His attempts to prolong and inflame the conflict failed, resulting in a loss of his status in the Empire and his eventual departure from it in 1713.[5]Poniatowski did not return to Poland, as Lesczyński had been forced to retreat to Swedish Pomerania upon the return of Augustus in 1709. With the support of Russian forces, Augustus had forced Lesczyński from the throne and had retaken the crown in that year. Instead, Poniatowski entered the service of Sweden, serving as a diplomat for both Charles XII and Lesczyński. He was later involved in mediation attempts between Lesczyński and Augustus, and also joined the Swedish army in various campaigns, being wounded during one in 1716. During the course of his diplomatic activities, he traveled throughout Europe, including to such countries as Prussia, France, and Spain.[5][6] For his service to Charles XII, he received the position of the governor of Palatine Zweibrücken, then in personal union with Sweden.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Museum_in_Poznan_-_rodzice_kr%C3%B3la_Poniatowskiego.JPG"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb474-6"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb474-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb474-6"},{"link_name":"Princess Konstancja Czartoryska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstancja_Czartoryska_(1700%E2%80%931759)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb474-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb480-7"},{"link_name":"Familia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_(Polish_political_party)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb474-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb475-8"},{"link_name":"Podstoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podstoli"},{"link_name":"Grand Treasurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Treasurer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb474-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb475-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb475-8"},{"link_name":"Order of the White Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb476-9"},{"link_name":"Grand Crown Hetman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Crown_Hetman"},{"link_name":"regimentarz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimentarz"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb475-8"},{"link_name":"szlachta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlachta"},{"link_name":"Potocki family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potocki_family"},{"link_name":"voivode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode"},{"link_name":"Masovian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb475-8"},{"link_name":"his own election to the throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_election_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb476-9"},{"link_name":"convocation sejm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convocation_sejm"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb476-9"},{"link_name":"War of the Polish Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb476-9"},{"link_name":"Augustus III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb476-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb477-10"},{"link_name":"liberum veto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberum_veto"},{"link_name":"Sejm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb478-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb480-7"},{"link_name":"castellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb480-7"},{"link_name":"magnates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnate"},{"link_name":"zlotys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_zloty"},{"link_name":"Ryki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryki"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb480-7"}],"sub_title":"Later years: Polish politician and magnate","text":"Portrait of Stanisław Poniatowski and Konstancja CzartoryskaUpon Charles's death in 1718, he continued to serve Leszczyński as a diplomat.[6] In 1719 he was briefly imprisoned in Copenhagen, and requested official leave from the Swedish government, which he received that year, thus ending his service as a Swedish diplomat.[6] He returned to the Commonwealth, where he used the title of a general of cavalry.[6] On 14 September 1720 he married Princess Konstancja Czartoryska;[6] this marriage brought him significant wealth.[7] Over the next few years, he became increasingly involved in the creation of the Familia political faction, and most of his ensuing actions had the goal of increasing the Familia's political power.[6][8]On 5 December 1722 he received the office of Podstoli of Lithuania (podstoli litewski) in 1722, and 16 December, Grand Treasurer of Lithuanian Army (podskarbi wielki litewski), and became increasingly allied with August II[6][8] On 20 December 1724 he received the military rank of General of the Lithuanian Army (generał lejtnant wojsk litewskich).[8] In 1726 he became the Knight of the Order of the White Eagle.[9] He was also promised the position of Grand Crown Hetman by August II, receiving in 1728 the rank of a Crown regimentarz. During a period in which no Crown hetmans were appointed, he acted as de facto commander of the Polish–Lithuanian army.[8] He enjoyed support from the military, but his forays into politics gained him significant opposition among the szlachta, led by the Potocki family. He became the voivode of the Masovian Voivodeship in 1731.[8]After August II's death in 1733, he rekindled his old ties with Leszczyński, but made some attempts to secure his own election to the throne.[9] Eventually, however, he decided to grant Leszczyński his full support, doing so during the convocation sejm of 1733.[9] He again served as Leszczyński's diplomat during the following War of the Polish Succession.[9]In 1734, he switched sides and joined the supported Augustus III.[9] After several years of distrust, August III started treating Poniatowski as one of his major advisers.[10] Over the next few years, throughout the 1740s, he and familiar supported plans for reform and strengthening the Commonwealth, however most of them have failed due to liberum veto disrupting the Sejm proceedings.[11] Those failures likely resulted in his apathy, and he became much less active on the political scene in the 1750s.[7] On 6 June 1752 he received the office of castellan of Kraków.[7]Near the end of his life, Poniatowski was among the richest magnates in the Commonwealth, with the value of his estates estimated at about 4 million zlotys. He died in Ryki on 29 August 1762, shortly after suffering a serious fall while walking.[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franciszek Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franciszek_Poniatowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb471-1"},{"link_name":"Józef Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"Michał Jacenty Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micha%C5%82_Jacenty_Poniatowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dominican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"Zofia Agnieszka Poniatowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zofia_Agnieszka_Poniatowska&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zofia_Agnieszka_Poniatowska"},{"link_name":"Carmelitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelites"},{"link_name":"Abbess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbess"},{"link_name":"Princess Konstancja Czartoryska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstancja_Czartoryska_(1700%E2%80%931759)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb480-7"},{"link_name":"Kazimierz Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb480-7"},{"link_name":"Franciszek Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franciszek_Poniatowski_(1723%E2%80%931749)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_Poniatowski_(kanonik)"},{"link_name":"canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(priest)"},{"link_name":"provost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Gniezno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gniezno"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb480-7"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Poniatowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"killed in action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"Karl von Lothringen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_von_Lothringen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb480-7"},{"link_name":"Ludwika Maria Poniatowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwika_Maria_Poniatowska"},{"link_name":"Jan Jakub Zamoyski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Jakub_Zamoyski"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb480-7"},{"link_name":"Izabella Poniatowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izabella_Poniatowska"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb480-7"},{"link_name":"Stanisław II August (Poniatowski)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb480-7"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb480-7"},{"link_name":"Michał Jerzy Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Jerzy_Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Plock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Plock"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Gniezno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Gniezno"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb480-7"}],"text":"He was the son of Franciszek Poniatowski [pl] (1640/1650 – 1691–1695), łowczy podlaski in 1680 and cześnik wyszogrodzki in 1690, and his wife Helena Niewiarowska, who he had married in 1673 or 1674.[1] His older brother Józef Poniatowski (1674 – after 1731) was a generał wojsk koronnych and married Helena Otfinowska, without issue. His younger siblings were Michał Jacenty Poniatowski, a Dominican, and Zofia Agnieszka Poniatowska [pl], a Carmelitan Abbess in Kraków. He married firstly shortly after 1701 and divorced Teresa Woynianka-Jasieniecka, who died after 1710, without issue, and secondly Princess Konstancja Czartoryska on 14 September 1720. They had eight children.[7]He was the father of:Kazimierz Poniatowski (15 September 1721 – 13 April 1800), podkomorzy wielki koronny between 1742 and 1773 and generał wojsk koronnych, who was created a Prince on 4 December 1764 and married on 21 January 1751 Apolonia Ustrzycka (17 January 1736–1814) and had issue[7]\nFranciszek Poniatowski [pl] (1723 – 1749/1759), canon and provost in the Cathedral of Kraków (kanonik i proboszcz katedralny krakowski), chancellor of Gniezno in 1748[7]\nAleksander Poniatowski [pl] (1725 – killed in action on 29 June 1744), adiutant of Karl von Lothringen[7]\nLudwika Maria Poniatowska (30 November 1728 – 10 February 1781), who married in 1745 Jan Jakub Zamoyski (? - 10 February 1790), wojewoda podolski in 1770, IX ordynat till in 1780 and starosta lubelski, and had female issue (Urszula Zamoyska (c. 1750–1808), who married firstly and divorced before 1781 Wincenty Potocki (? - 1825), podkomorzy wielki koronny, and married secondly Michal Jerzy Mniszech, marszalek wielki koronny)[7]\nIzabella Poniatowska,[7] (1 July 1730 – 14 February 1808) was a Polish noblewoman, countess and princess. She was a sister of Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski, who in 1764 became King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and reigned as Stanisław II Augustus. She married, firstly on 19 November 1748 as his third wife Hetman Jan Klemens Branicki in 1756, and secondly the Masovian voivode Andrzej Mokronowski, without issue.\nStanisław II August (Poniatowski), the last King of Poland and Grand-Duke of Lithuania, who was crowned in 1764.[7]\nAndrzej Poniatowski (16 July 1734/5 – Vienna, 3/5 March 1773), Austrian General-Lieutenant in 1760, Austrian Fieldmarshall in 1771 and starost prenski, who was created a Prince on 10 December 1765, and married on 3 May 1761 Maria Teresa, Countess Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau (14 February 1740 – 25 September 1806), and had issue[7]\nMichał Jerzy Poniatowski (12 October 1736 – 12 August 1794), opat tyniecki i czerwinski, Bishop of Plock and koadiutor krakowski in 1773 and Archbishop of Gniezno in 1784, who was created a Prince on 4 December 1764[7]","title":"Family"}] | [{"image_text":"Portrait of Stanisław Poniatowski and Konstancja Czartoryska","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/National_Museum_in_Poznan_-_rodzice_kr%C3%B3la_Poniatowskiego.JPG/220px-National_Museum_in_Poznan_-_rodzice_kr%C3%B3la_Poniatowskiego.JPG"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000010923344X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/89648972","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwMD8Y9hw4Y3VQ3XjYVmd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb106768965","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb106768965","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/141224967","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p314872051","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810689863605606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/254279","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd141224967.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Johnson_(pilot_boat) | Josiah Johnson (pilot boat) | ["1 Construction and service","2 End of service","3 See also","4 References"] | New York Pilot boat
History
United States
NameJosiah Johnson
NamesakeJosiah Johnson Sr.
OwnerJosiah Johnson Sr.
OperatorJ. R. Allcock, Isaac Campbell, William Caroll, and William Qualey
In serviceEarly 1840s
Out of serviceMarch 6, 1869
HomeportNew York
FateSank
General characteristics
Propulsionschooner sail
Sail planSchooner-rigged
The Josiah Johnson was a 19th-century Sandy Hook pilot boat built in the early 1840s by Sandy Hook pilot Josiah Johnson Sr. She was named after the builder. The Josiah Johnson was struck down by the schooner Wanata off of Barnegat and sank in 1869. This resulted in a collision case to recover damages that went to the District Court. The court found that the Wanata was at fault for not keeping a lookout.
Construction and service
The New York pilot boat Josiah Johnson, No. 23, was built by Sandy Hook pilot Captain Josiah Johnson Sr. (1795–1871), who named the new pilot boat after himself. In 1843, Johnson came to Brooklyn with his nephew, Josiah Johnson Jr., (1832–1919) who became a successful Sandy Hook pilot.
In 1864, the pilot-boat Josiah Johnson, No. 23, while coming through The Narrows, was run into by the Hamburg steamship Germania. The Johnson received damages to her rigging.
On March 23, 1868, the pilot-boat Josiah Johnson, No. 23 returned from a north-east gale, along with other pilot boats, and anchored in the lower New York Bay.
End of service
Schooner Wanata, c. 1860-1875.
On March 6, 1869, the pilot-boat Josiah Johnson, No. 23 was struck by the schooner Wanata while anchored fifteen miles north of Barnegat Light, New Jersey. The accident happened at night when the wind was strong and the Wanata's lights had blown out. The Johnson sank in ten minutes. Captain Hawkins of the schooner was able to bring the crew of the pilot-boat on board and bring them back to the port of New York. There were thirteen persons on board including six pilots. The pilots on the boat were: J. R. Allcock, Isaac Campbell, William Caroll, and William Qualey.: p115
On March 10, 1869, the pilot boat Mary and Catherine took the place of the Josiah Johnson which was lost in the collision with the schooner Wanata. The crew of the Johnson were transferred to the Mary & Catherine.
On October 1870, the collision with the Wanata went to the New York District Court as Case No. 17,138, to recover $23,000 in damages caused by the schooner Wanata. The outcome was that the schooner was at fault in not keeping a lookout, which contributed to the collision.
See also
List of Northeastern U. S. Pilot Boats
References
^ a b
Russell, Charles Edward (1929). From Sandy Hook to 62°. New York: Century Co. p. 148. OCLC 3804485.
^ "Death Of Capt. Josiah Johnson. One of the Oldest of the New York Pilots". The Sun. New York, New York. 4 Dec 1871. p. 1.
^ "Collision". New York Sun. New York, New York. 1864.
^ "Miscellaneous". New York Daily Herald. New York, New York. 23 Mar 1868. p. 8.
^ "Collision Off The Coast". New York Daily Herald New York, New York. New York, New York. 8 Mar 1869. p. 10. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
^ Allen, Edward L. (1922). Pilot Lore From sail to Steam. New York: The United New York and New Jersey Sandy Hook Pilots Benevolent Associations. p. 29.
^ "Shipping Notes". New York Daily Herald. New York, New York. 10 Mar 1869. p. 10. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
^ "The WANATA". law.resource.org. 1870. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Wanata
vteList of Northeastern U.S. pilot boatsNew York pilot boats
America
Actaea
Ambrose Snow
Abraham Leggett
Alexander M. Lawrence
Ariel Patterson
Anthony B. Neilson
Blossom
Caldwell H. Colt
Caprice
Charlotte Webb
Charles H. Marshall
Christian Bergh
David T. Leahy
David Mitchell
David Carll
Elbridge T. Gerry
Edward Cooper
E. K. Collins
Elwood Walter
Edmund Driggs
Edward F. Williams
Enchantress
Edmund Blunt
Favorita
Fannie
Francis Perkins
George W. Blunt
Gratitude
Hope
Hermann Oelrichs
Isaac Webb
Independence
James Stafford
James Avery
James Funk
James M. Waterbury
Jacob A. Westervelt
Jacob Bell
Joseph F. Loubat
Joseph Pulitzer
Joseph N. Lord
Josiah Johnson
Jesse Carll
John D. Jones
Mary Taylor
Mary A. Williams
Mary Ann
Mary and Catherine
Moses H. Grinnell
New York
Nettle
Pet
Phantom
Richard K. Fox
Sandy Hook
Thomas H. Smith
Washington
William J. Romer
William Bell
William H. Bateman
William H. Starbuck
William H. Aspinwall
Widgeon
Yankee
Virginia
Boston pilot boats
Adams
America
Columbia
Coquette
Caleb Curtis
D. J. Lawlor
Eben D. Jordan
Edwin Forrest
Daniel Webster
Dancing Feather
Enchantress
Florence
Friend
Fleur de Lis
George H. Warren
George Peabody
Gracie
Hesper
Northern Light
Lillie
Louise
Liberty
Minerva
Pilot
Roseway
Sylph
William Starkey
Varuna
New Jersey pilot boats
A. T. Stewart
Centennial
Edward E. Barrett
Ezra Nye
George Steers
James Gordon Bennett
James W. Elwell
John McKeon
Mary E. Fish
New Jersey
Thomas S. Negus
Thomas D. Harrison
Trenton
W. W. Story
Philadelphia pilot boats
E. C. Knight
Enoch Turley
John G. Whilldin
J. Henry Edmunds
Philadelphia
William W. Ker
Delaware pilot boats
Thomas Howard
Thomas F. Bayard
Ebe W. Tunnell
Organizations
Sandy Hook Pilots Association
vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1869Shipwrecks
19 Jan: Unio
c. Jan: Glide
13 Feb: Providence
4 Mar: Alliance
6 Mar: Josiah Johnson
9 Mar: Blue Jacket
26 Mar: Mystery
11 May: Chōyō Maru
15 May: Cheduba
c. May: Banryū
c. May: Matoaka
c. Jul: Chameleon
11 Aug: Hamilla Mitchell
12 Sep: Carnatic
23 Sep: Ocean Wave
20 Oct: Diana
30 Oct: Lightning
30 Nov: A. T. Stewart
c. Dec: Atlanta
Other incidents
Jan: USS Kansas
2 Feb: General McPherson
30 Mar: HMS Charybdis
5 Apr: HMS Rapid
12 May: Mississippi
20 May: Alexandre Pétion
5 Jun: HMS Cadmus
Sep: SMS Vulcano
11 Oct: HMS Rapid
18 Oct: HMS Tamar
15 Nov: HMS Royal Oak
11 Dec: HMS Bristol
Unknown: Ironsides
← 1868
1870 → | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sandy Hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Pilots"},{"link_name":"pilot boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_boat"},{"link_name":"Josiah Johnson Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josiah_Johnson_Sr.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barnegat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnegat_Bay"},{"link_name":"District Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Court"},{"link_name":"lookout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookout"}],"text":"The Josiah Johnson was a 19th-century Sandy Hook pilot boat built in the early 1840s by Sandy Hook pilot Josiah Johnson Sr. She was named after the builder. The Josiah Johnson was struck down by the schooner Wanata off of Barnegat and sank in 1869. This resulted in a collision case to recover damages that went to the District Court. The court found that the Wanata was at fault for not keeping a lookout.","title":"Josiah Johnson (pilot boat)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Josiah Johnson Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josiah_Johnson_(pilot)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russell-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Narrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Narrows"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"lower New York Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_New_York_Bay"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The New York pilot boat Josiah Johnson, No. 23, was built by Sandy Hook pilot Captain Josiah Johnson Sr. (1795–1871), who named the new pilot boat after himself. In 1843, Johnson came to Brooklyn with his nephew, Josiah Johnson Jr., (1832–1919) who became a successful Sandy Hook pilot.[1][2]In 1864, the pilot-boat Josiah Johnson, No. 23, while coming through The Narrows, was run into by the Hamburg steamship Germania. The Johnson received damages to her rigging.[3]On March 23, 1868, the pilot-boat Josiah Johnson, No. 23 returned from a north-east gale, along with other pilot boats, and anchored in the lower New York Bay.[4]","title":"Construction and service"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wanata_schooner.png"},{"link_name":"Barnegat Light, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnegat_Light,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"port of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lore-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russell-1"},{"link_name":"Mary and Catherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_and_Catherine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"District Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Court"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Schooner Wanata, c. 1860-1875.On March 6, 1869, the pilot-boat Josiah Johnson, No. 23 was struck by the schooner Wanata while anchored fifteen miles north of Barnegat Light, New Jersey. The accident happened at night when the wind was strong and the Wanata's lights had blown out. The Johnson sank in ten minutes. Captain Hawkins of the schooner was able to bring the crew of the pilot-boat on board and bring them back to the port of New York. There were thirteen persons on board including six pilots. The pilots on the boat were: J. R. Allcock, Isaac Campbell, William Caroll, and William Qualey.[5][6][1]: p115On March 10, 1869, the pilot boat Mary and Catherine took the place of the Josiah Johnson which was lost in the collision with the schooner Wanata. The crew of the Johnson were transferred to the Mary & Catherine.[7]On October 1870, the collision with the Wanata went to the New York District Court as Case No. 17,138, to recover $23,000 in damages caused by the schooner Wanata. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_A._Johnson | Violet A. Johnson | ["1 Early life","2 Community work and suffrage","3 Personal life","4 References"] | American civic leader (b. 1870, d. 1939)
Violet A. JohnsonBorn1870Wilmington, North CarolinaDiedNovember 21, 1939Summit, New JerseyNationalityAmericanOccupation(s)Civic leader, suffragist
Violet A. Johnson (1870 – November 21, 1939) was an American civic leader and suffragist.
Early life
Johnson was born in Wilmington, North Carolina. She became a domestic servant for the John Eggers family in the early 1890s, first in New York, then in Summit, New Jersey in 1897 where the family relocated.
Community work and suffrage
Johnson served as a housekeeper to the Eggers family for 45 years. In the late 1890s, she also organized a Bible study group that became Summit's first African-American church, Fountain Baptist Church. At the church, Johnson was founder and president of the missionary society and president of the Deaconess Board, among other leadership roles. By joining the all-white New Jersey Women's Suffrage Association (NJWSA), Johnson's leadership helped transform New Jersey's women's suffrage movement into a multi-racial movement.
During World War I, she organized black women and girls for war relief work, and kept the clubs going after the war. After suffrage was won in 1920, she organized voter registration campaigns, and gave speeches on behalf of candidates she endorsed.
In the late 1920s Johnson established the Girls Industrial Home, a school for training African-American women and girls for domestic work. She was a founder and officer of the Summit chapter of the NAACP, and served as a trustee of the National Training School for Women and Girls in Washington, D.C. She was also active in the Federation of Colored Women's Clubs of New Jersey, as chair of its anti-lynching campaign.
Personal life
Johnson died in 1939, in Summit, New Jersey, aged 69 years. Florence Spearing Randolph officiated at her funeral service, at the church Johnson founded.
References
^ a b c d e Adams, Betty Livingston. "Biographical Sketch of Violet A. Johnson, 1870-1939" Alexander Street, Biographical Database of NAWSA Suffragists, 1890-1920.
^ a b Collier-Thomas, Bettye; Franklin, V.P. (2001). Sisters in the Struggle: African American Women in the Civil Rights-Black Power Movement. New York: New York University Press. pp. 24–25.
^ a b c "Miss Johnson, Church Founder, Dies in Summit". The Courier-News. 1939-11-24. p. 14. Retrieved 2020-06-23 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Kurlander, Karen (June 11, 2018). "Summit Council Approves Placement of Fountain Baptist Historical Marker". Tap Into Summit. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
^ Deweese, Charles W. (2005). Women Deacons and Deaconesses: 400 Years of Baptist Service. Mercer University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-86554-438-3.
^ Collier-Thomas, Bettye (2010-02-02). Jesus, Jobs, and Justice: African American Women and Religion. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 281–282. ISBN 978-0-307-59305-4.
^ a b Adams, Betty (2016). Black Women's Christian Activism: Seeking Social Justice in a Northern Suburb. New York: NYU Press. p. 59. ISBN 9780814745465.
^ "Four Things You Need to Know About Drew Alum's New Book". Drew. Retrieved March 9, 2020. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suffragist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Violet A. Johnson (1870 – November 21, 1939) was an American civic leader and suffragist.[1]","title":"Violet A. Johnson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilmington, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Summit, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"}],"text":"Johnson was born in Wilmington, North Carolina.[1] She became a domestic servant for the John Eggers family in the early 1890s, first in New York, then in Summit, New Jersey in 1897 where the family relocated.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"NAACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP"},{"link_name":"National Training School for Women and Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nannie_Helen_Burroughs_School"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"anti-lynching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-lynching_movement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"Johnson served as a housekeeper to the Eggers family for 45 years.[3] In the late 1890s, she also organized a Bible study group that became Summit's first African-American church, Fountain Baptist Church.[4] At the church, Johnson was founder and president of the missionary society and president of the Deaconess Board, among other leadership roles.[1][5][6] By joining the all-white New Jersey Women's Suffrage Association (NJWSA), Johnson's leadership helped transform New Jersey's women's suffrage movement into a multi-racial movement.[7][8]During World War I, she organized black women and girls for war relief work, and kept the clubs going after the war. After suffrage was won in 1920, she organized voter registration campaigns, and gave speeches on behalf of candidates she endorsed.[1]In the late 1920s Johnson established the Girls Industrial Home, a school for training African-American women and girls for domestic work.[2] She was a founder and officer of the Summit chapter of the NAACP, and served as a trustee of the National Training School for Women and Girls in Washington, D.C. She was also active in the Federation of Colored Women's Clubs of New Jersey, as chair of its anti-lynching campaign.[1][3]","title":"Community work and suffrage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Florence Spearing Randolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Spearing_Randolph"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"}],"text":"Johnson died in 1939, in Summit, New Jersey, aged 69 years.[3] Florence Spearing Randolph officiated at her funeral service, at the church Johnson founded.[7]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Collier-Thomas, Bettye; Franklin, V.P. (2001). Sisters in the Struggle: African American Women in the Civil Rights-Black Power Movement. New York: New York University Press. pp. 24–25.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Miss Johnson, Church Founder, Dies in Summit\". The Courier-News. 1939-11-24. p. 14. Retrieved 2020-06-23 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/53975174/miss-johnson-church-founder-dies-in/","url_text":"\"Miss Johnson, Church Founder, Dies in Summit\""}]},{"reference":"Kurlander, Karen (June 11, 2018). \"Summit Council Approves Placement of Fountain Baptist Historical Marker\". Tap Into Summit. Retrieved March 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tapinto.net/towns/summit/sections/government/articles/summit-council-approves-placement-of-fountain-bap","url_text":"\"Summit Council Approves Placement of Fountain Baptist Historical Marker\""}]},{"reference":"Deweese, Charles W. (2005). Women Deacons and Deaconesses: 400 Years of Baptist Service. Mercer University Press. p. 75. 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ISBN 978-0-307-59305-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FES5klacj0AC&q=%22Violet+A.+Johnson%22+%22New+Jersey%22&pg=PA281","url_text":"Jesus, Jobs, and Justice: African American Women and Religion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-59305-4","url_text":"978-0-307-59305-4"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Betty (2016). Black Women's Christian Activism: Seeking Social Justice in a Northern Suburb. New York: NYU Press. p. 59. ISBN 9780814745465.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vq84DwAAQBAJ&q=Violet&pg=PA150","url_text":"Black Women's Christian Activism: Seeking Social Justice in a Northern Suburb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814745465","url_text":"9780814745465"}]},{"reference":"\"Four Things You Need to Know About Drew Alum's New Book\". Drew. Retrieved March 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drew.edu/news/2016/07/11/four-things-you-need-to-know-about-drew-alums-new-book","url_text":"\"Four Things You Need to Know About Drew Alum's New Book\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1010113639","external_links_name":"\"Biographical Sketch of Violet A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyword_advertising | Keyword advertising | ["1 Trademark issues","2 See also","3 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Keyword advertising" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Keyword advertising is a form of online advertising in which an advertiser pays to have an advertisement appear in the results listing when a person uses a particular phrase to search the Web, typically by employing a search engine. The particular phrase is composed of one or more key terms that are linked to one or more advertisements. The most common form or keyword advertising, focused on payment methods, is pay per click (PPC), with other forms being cost per action (CPA) or cost per mille (CPM).
The first documented attempt at keyword advertising was 1996, by the search company OpenText, just a few years after the first attempt at banner advertisements. However, the project was soon abandoned.
In 1997 Yahoo!, through its partnership with Flycast Communications, successfully launched banner advertising based on keyword searches. Their concept originated from discussions in late 1996 with Chip Royce, head of online marketing for InterZine Productions of Boca Raton, Florida, who suggested that ads around keyword results would provide more effective results for advertisers. In 1996, Yahoo! obliged placing targeted ad banners when the keyword "Golf" was searched by Yahoo! users. Yahoo! later turned this opportunity into a formal marketing program for its entire customer base and promoted this in a July 1997 article in the now defunct 'Internet Week' magazine.
In 1998, GoTo.com launched the first commercially successful keyword auction model, with a patent on the concept issued in 1998.
Google Ads is the most well-known keyword advertising platform. Google displays search ads specifically targeted to the word(s) typed into a search box on the results page, and these keyword cause targeted ads also appear on content sites based on Google's system's interpretation of the subject matter on each page of the site. This is known as contextual advertising. Other search engines offering keyword advertising include Yahoo! Search Marketing, Bing Ads, and Looksmart, along with many others.
A less common type of keyword advertising hyper-links individual words within the text of a page to small pop-ups displayed by mouseover. Advertising of this type is offered by Kontera, Vibrant Media, and LinkWorth. Kontera's version is named ContentLink, Vibrant Media's version is called IntelliTXT and LinkWorth's version is called LinkWords. They refer to their product as in-text placement. Advertisers choosing to test this type will want to exercise moderation to increase Internet user acceptance.
Trademark issues
There have been a number of trademark infringement cases brought by brand owners and companies concerned with how other keyword advertisers used their trademarks or brands in pay-per-click or keyword advertising. Courts in the U.S. and around the world have been slow to issue clear guidance on the issue of whether the use of trademarks as keywords constitutes trademark infringement. This lack of guidance, however, may be partially due to the fact that the majority of keyword advertising cases are settled out of court and do not proceed to trial. This leaves courts unable to make legal decisions on issues brought in these cases. As a result, there are still many unanswered questions on the issue of whether the sale or purchase and use of a trademark as a keyword to trigger Internet advertisements is trademark infringement.
In 2013, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals held in Lens.com, Inc. v. 1-800 Contacts, Inc. that online contact lens seller Lens.com did not commit trademark infringement when it purchased search advertisements using competitor 1-800 Contacts' federally registered 1800 CONTACTS trademark as a keyword. In August 2016, the Federal Trade Commission filed an administrative complaint against 1-800 Contacts alleging, among other things, that its search advertising trademark enforcement practices have unreasonably restrained competition in violation of the FTC Act. 1-800 Contacts has denied all wrongdoing and is scheduled to appear before an FTC administrative law judge in April 2017.
See also
Bananabay II, 2011 decision of the Federal Court of Justice of Germany (BGH).
Rosetta Stone v. Google Inc, 676 F.3d 144 (4th Cir. 2012).
References
^ Fain, D.C. and Pedersen, J.O. (2006) ‘Sponsored search: a brief history’, Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 32, pp.12, 13.
^ Jansen, B. J. and Mullen, T. (2008) Sponsored search: An overview of the concept, history, and technology, International Journal of Electronic Business. 6(2), 114 – 131.
^ Jansen, B. J. (2011). Chapter 1. Understanding Sponsored Search: Coverage of the Core Elements of Keyword Advertising. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
^ Vibrant Media / IntelliTXT Contextual Advertising Gets $25 M in Funding (2005)
^ Rosso, Mark; Jansen, Bernard (Jim) (August 2010), "Brand Names as Keywords in Sponsored Search Advertising", Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 27 (1): 81–98, doi:10.17705/1CAIS.02706
^ David O. Klein & Joshua R. Wueller, Trademark Enforcement and Internet Search Advertising: A Regulatory Risk for Brand Owners, IP Litigator, Nov./Dec. 2016. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pay per click","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_per_click"},{"link_name":"cost per action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_per_action"},{"link_name":"banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_banner"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Google Ads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_AdWords"},{"link_name":"contextual advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextual_advertising"},{"link_name":"search engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engines"},{"link_name":"Yahoo! Search Marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Search_Marketing"},{"link_name":"Bing Ads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Ads"},{"link_name":"Looksmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looksmart"},{"link_name":"mouseover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouseover"},{"link_name":"Kontera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kontera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"IntelliTXT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IntelliTXT"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Keyword advertising is a form of online advertising in which an advertiser pays to have an advertisement appear in the results listing when a person uses a particular phrase to search the Web, typically by employing a search engine. The particular phrase is composed of one or more key terms that are linked to one or more advertisements. The most common form or keyword advertising, focused on payment methods, is pay per click (PPC), with other forms being cost per action (CPA) or cost per mille (CPM).The first documented attempt at keyword advertising was 1996, by the search company OpenText, just a few years after the first attempt at banner advertisements. However, the project was soon abandoned.In 1997 Yahoo!, through its partnership with Flycast Communications, successfully launched banner advertising based on keyword searches. Their concept originated from discussions in late 1996 with Chip Royce, head of online marketing for InterZine Productions of Boca Raton, Florida, who suggested that ads around keyword results would provide more effective results for advertisers. In 1996, [citation needed] Yahoo! obliged placing targeted ad banners when the keyword \"Golf\" was searched by Yahoo! users. Yahoo! later turned this opportunity into a formal marketing program for its entire customer base and promoted this in a July 1997 article in the now defunct 'Internet Week' magazine.In 1998, GoTo.com launched the first commercially successful keyword auction model, with a patent on the concept issued in 1998.[1][2][3]Google Ads is the most well-known keyword advertising platform. Google displays search ads specifically targeted to the word(s) typed into a search box on the results page, and these keyword cause targeted ads also appear on content sites based on Google's system's interpretation of the subject matter on each page of the site. This is known as contextual advertising. Other search engines offering keyword advertising include Yahoo! Search Marketing, Bing Ads, and Looksmart, along with many others.A less common type of keyword advertising hyper-links individual words within the text of a page to small pop-ups displayed by mouseover. Advertising of this type is offered by Kontera, Vibrant Media, and LinkWorth. Kontera's version is named ContentLink, Vibrant Media's version is called IntelliTXT[4] and LinkWorth's version is called LinkWords. They refer to their product as in-text placement. Advertisers choosing to test this type will want to exercise moderation to increase Internet user acceptance.","title":"Keyword advertising"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lens.com, Inc. v. 1-800 Contacts, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens.com,_Inc._v._1-800_Contacts,_Inc."},{"link_name":"trademark infringement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_infringement"},{"link_name":"1-800 Contacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-800_Contacts"},{"link_name":"Federal Trade Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission"},{"link_name":"administrative law judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law_judge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"There have been a number of trademark infringement cases brought by brand owners and companies concerned with how other keyword advertisers used their trademarks or brands in pay-per-click or keyword advertising. Courts in the U.S. and around the world have been slow to issue clear guidance on the issue of whether the use of trademarks as keywords constitutes trademark infringement. This lack of guidance, however, may be partially due to the fact that the majority of keyword advertising cases are settled out of court and do not proceed to trial. This leaves courts unable to make legal decisions on issues brought in these cases. As a result, there are still many unanswered questions on the issue of whether the sale or purchase and use of a trademark as a keyword to trigger Internet advertisements is trademark infringement.[5]In 2013, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals held in Lens.com, Inc. v. 1-800 Contacts, Inc. that online contact lens seller Lens.com did not commit trademark infringement when it purchased search advertisements using competitor 1-800 Contacts' federally registered 1800 CONTACTS trademark as a keyword. In August 2016, the Federal Trade Commission filed an administrative complaint against 1-800 Contacts alleging, among other things, that its search advertising trademark enforcement practices have unreasonably restrained competition in violation of the FTC Act. 1-800 Contacts has denied all wrongdoing and is scheduled to appear before an FTC administrative law judge in April 2017.[6]","title":"Trademark issues"}] | [] | [{"title":"Bananabay II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bananabay_II"},{"title":"Rosetta Stone v. Google Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Stone_v._Google_Inc"}] | [{"reference":"Vibrant Media / IntelliTXT Contextual Advertising Gets $25 M in Funding (2005)","urls":[{"url":"https://www.searchenginejournal.com/vibrant-media-intellitxt-contextual-advertising-gets-25-m-in-funding/2579/","url_text":"Vibrant Media / IntelliTXT Contextual Advertising Gets $25 M in Funding (2005)"}]},{"reference":"Rosso, Mark; Jansen, Bernard (Jim) (August 2010), \"Brand Names as Keywords in Sponsored Search Advertising\", Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 27 (1): 81–98, doi:10.17705/1CAIS.02706","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17705%2F1CAIS.02706","url_text":"10.17705/1CAIS.02706"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Keyword+advertising%22","external_links_name":"\"Keyword advertising\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Keyword+advertising%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Keyword+advertising%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Keyword+advertising%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Keyword+advertising%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Keyword+advertising%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.searchenginejournal.com/vibrant-media-intellitxt-contextual-advertising-gets-25-m-in-funding/2579/","external_links_name":"Vibrant Media / IntelliTXT Contextual Advertising Gets $25 M in Funding (2005)"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.17705%2F1CAIS.02706","external_links_name":"10.17705/1CAIS.02706"},{"Link":"https://ssrn.com/abstract=2897528","external_links_name":"Trademark Enforcement and Internet Search Advertising: A Regulatory Risk for Brand Owners"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIFA_Award_for_Best_Performance_in_a_Negative_Role | IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role | ["1 Multiple wins","2 Awards","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The IIFA Best Villain Award is chosen via a worldwide poll and the winner is announced at the ceremony.
Superlatives
Rishi Kapoor and Akshaye Khanna are the only actors to win the award twice.
Naseeruddin Shah and Boman Irani are the only actors nominated 3 times winning once.
Manoj Bajpayee is the only actor nominated 3 times without winning.
Bipasha Basu is the only actress nominated multiple times without winning.
John Abraham, Prakash Raj and Kay Kay Menon are actors nominated twice winning once.
Nana Patekar was also nominated for Best supporting actor the same year.
Multiple wins
Wins
Recipient
2
Akshaye Khanna, Rishi Kapoor
Awards
The winners are listed below:-
Year
Actor/Actress
Character Name
Film
2000
Naseeruddin Shah
Gulfam Hassan
Sarfarosh
2001
Sushant Singh
Durga Narayan Chaudhary
Jungle
2002
Akshay Kumar
Vikram Bajaj (Vicky)
Ajnabee
2003
Akshaye Khanna
Karan Malhotra
Humraaz
2004
Feroz Khan
Saba Karim Shah
Janasheen
2005
John Abraham
Kabir
Dhoom
2006
Nana Patekar
Tabrez Alam
Apaharan
2007
Saif Ali Khan
Ishwar 'Langda' Tyagi
Omkara
2008
Vivek Oberoi
Mahindra 'Maya' Dolas
Shootout at Lokhandwala
2009
Akshaye Khanna
Rajiv Singh
Race
2010
Boman Irani
Viru Sahastrabuddhe (Virus)
3 Idiots
2011
Sonu Sood
Chedi Singh
Dabangg
2012
Prakash Raj
Jaikant Shikre
Singham
2013
Rishi Kapoor
Rauf Lala
Agneepath
2014
DCP Ravikant Phogat
Aurangzeb
2015
Kay Kay Menon
Khurram Meer
Haider
2016
Darshan Kumar
Satbir
NH10
2017
Jim Sarbh
Khalil
Neerja
See also
IIFA Awards
Bollywood
Cinema of India
References
^ "IIFA Awards 2016: The Complete List of Winners". News18. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
External links
Official site
vteIIFA AwardsMain awards
Best Movie
Best Director
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Supporting Actor
Best Supporting Actress
Best Performance in a Negative Role
Best Performance in a Comic Role
Star Debut of the Year – Male
Star Debut of the Year – Female
Best Music Director
Best Lyricist
Best Playback Singer Male
Best Playback Singer Female
Technical awards
Best Art Direction
Best Action
Best Background Score
Best Cinematography
Best Choreography
Best Costume Design
Best Dialogue
Best Editing
Best Makeup
Best Screenplay
Best Sound Recording
Best Sound Re-Recording
Best Special Effects
Best Story
Special awards
Style Icon
Style Diva
Most Glamorous Star of the Year
Hottest Pair
Lifetime Achievement Award
Ceremonies
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2022
2023
IIFA Utsavam
2016
2017
vteIIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role
Naseeruddin Shah (2000)
Sushant Singh (2001)
Akshay Kumar (2002)
Akshaye Khanna (2003)
Feroz Khan (2004)
John Abraham (2005)
Nana Patekar (2006)
Saif Ali Khan (2007)
Vivek Oberoi (2008)
Akshaye Khanna (2009)
Boman Irani (2010)
Sonu Sood (2011)
Prakash Raj (2012)
Rishi Kapoor (2013)
Rishi Kapoor (2014)
Kay Kay Menon (2015)
Darshan Kumar (2016)
Jim Sarbh (2017) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rishi Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Akshaye Khanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akshaye_Khanna"},{"link_name":"Naseeruddin Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naseeruddin_Shah"},{"link_name":"Boman Irani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boman_Irani"},{"link_name":"Manoj Bajpayee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoj_Bajpayee"},{"link_name":"Bipasha Basu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipasha_Basu"},{"link_name":"John Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Abraham"},{"link_name":"Prakash Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakash_Raj"},{"link_name":"Kay Kay Menon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Kay_Menon"},{"link_name":"Nana Patekar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_Patekar"}],"text":"The IIFA Best Villain Award is chosen via a worldwide poll and the winner is announced at the ceremony.SuperlativesRishi Kapoor and Akshaye Khanna are the only actors to win the award twice.Naseeruddin Shah and Boman Irani are the only actors nominated 3 times winning once.Manoj Bajpayee is the only actor nominated 3 times without winning.Bipasha Basu is the only actress nominated multiple times without winning.John Abraham, Prakash Raj and Kay Kay Menon are actors nominated twice winning once.Nana Patekar was also nominated for Best supporting actor the same year.","title":"IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Multiple wins"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The winners are listed below:-","title":"Awards"}] | [] | [{"title":"IIFA Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Indian_Film_Academy_Awards"},{"title":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"title":"Cinema of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_India"}] | [{"reference":"\"IIFA Awards 2016: The Complete List of Winners\". News18. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news18.com/news/movies/iifa-awards-2016-the-complete-list-of-winners-1262131.html","url_text":"\"IIFA Awards 2016: The Complete List of Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News18","url_text":"News18"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22IIFA+Award+for+Best+Performance+in+a+Negative+Role%22","external_links_name":"\"IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22IIFA+Award+for+Best+Performance+in+a+Negative+Role%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22IIFA+Award+for+Best+Performance+in+a+Negative+Role%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22IIFA+Award+for+Best+Performance+in+a+Negative+Role%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22IIFA+Award+for+Best+Performance+in+a+Negative+Role%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22IIFA+Award+for+Best+Performance+in+a+Negative+Role%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.news18.com/news/movies/iifa-awards-2016-the-complete-list-of-winners-1262131.html","external_links_name":"\"IIFA Awards 2016: The Complete List of Winners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090822183347/http://www.iifa.com/web07/cntnt/iifa.htm","external_links_name":"Official site"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%27s_College_Finchley | Christ's College, Finchley | ["1 History","1.1 Alder School, Long Lane","1.2 Christ's College, Hendon Lane","1.3 Christ's College, East End Road","2 Motto and badge","3 Combined Cadet Force","4 Rugby union","5 Notable former pupils","6 Notes and references","7 Further reading"] | Coordinates: 51°35′28″N 0°11′13″W / 51.591°N 0.187°W / 51.591; -0.187
Academy in London, UKChrist's College FinchleyAddressEast End RoadLondon, N2 0SEUKCoordinates51°35′28″N 0°11′13″W / 51.591°N 0.187°W / 51.591; -0.187InformationTypeAcademyEstablished1857; 167 years ago (1857)Department for Education URN137388 TablesOfstedReportsHeadteacherSamson OlusanyaGenderBoys and girlsAge11 to 18Enrolment860Websitehttp://www.ccfplus.com/school/
Christ's College is a secondary school with academy status in East Finchley, London, United Kingdom. It falls under the London Borough of Barnet Local Education Authority for admissions. Since September 2018, Christ’s College Finchley has offered education to both girls and boys joining Year 7. The school presently has 860 pupils and specialises in Maths and Sciences.
History
The history of the contemporary Christ’s College has its roots in two different schools:
Chapel Street School, founded by Rev Watson in 1842, later named Alder School
Finchley Hall School, founded by Rev Thomas Reader White in 1857, later named Christ’s College.
Alder School Badge, the tree is an Alder Tree, but the hunting horns are taken from Borough of Finchley's coat of arms
Alder School, Long Lane
A British School in Chapel Street, East Finchley was opened by local Congregationalists in 1842, but in 1876 fire destroyed the original building, and the new building became Finchley’s first Board School in 1881. East Finchley grew rapidly in the 1880s, and the Finchley School Board decided to build a new building in Long Lane which was opened in 1884, with the staff and pupils moving to the new premises at the end of that year.
In 1931, the school opened a secondary wing and was renamed Alder School, after a chairman of Finchley’s Education committee. It was organised into three school houses, Rangers, Archers, and Foresters. In 1944 it became a mixed Secondary Modern School, and an all-boys school in 1958. It was organised into four school houses, Rangers (Yellow), Archers (Red), Foresters (Green) & Rovers (Blue).
The school was seen as providing a necessary education for skilled workers in the light engineering works of Finchley, such as Simms Motor Units, Hendon and Barnet, and was well thought of. It was also host to Bob Cobbing, the Concrete Sound poet and Jeff Nuttall author of the best seller, 'Bomb Culture' during the 1960s. It was merged with Christ's College in 1978, and the buildings at Long Lane were demolished.
Christ's College, Hendon Lane
The former Christ’s College building on Hendon Lane
In 1857 the Rev Thomas Reader White, Rector of St Mary’s Finchley, opened Finchley Hall School, in Hendon Lane (next to the church, on the site of what used to be Church End Library) in what had been a local inn, the Queen's Head. The following year he had the stable block and the village "cage" removed and a new school built, to designs by Anthony Salvin. The school was an Anglican School, intended to provide a public school education at a reasonable rate.
The school became popular, and a new building was constructed across the road in 1860, with money provided by White's brother who was a rich London merchant, and it was renamed Christ's College. The designs were by the architect Edward Roberts, and its main feature was a 120-foot tower, a local landmark. The school flourished as a private school during the 1860s and 1870s, when its Headmaster was the Rev T C Whitehead. It was under Whitehead that the school was first divided into four houses: North, South, East, and West.
With the loss of its founder, then the self-styled Warden, to a disorder of the brain in 1877, the school went into decline. In 1902, the school was taken over by Middlesex County Council, as the first Middlesex County grammar school, but under John Tindal Phillipson, headmaster since 1895, attempts that were made to rename the school and change its character were resisted, and on the whole the transition was a smooth one. A rifle club was formed in 1904, which soon became a cadet corps. Until 1906 the school playing fields were directly behind St Mary’s church, but in 1906 new fields were acquired further down the hill, near to Dollis Brook.
In 1927, the school increased in size with new buildings, and ceased to be an Anglican institution. In 1972, a new annexe for design and technology was built on land in East Finchley. As a county grammar the school had a strong academic reputation, particularly in the sciences, with many pupils continuing their education at Oxford and Cambridge universities. In 1990 the Hendon Lane (Upper School) site was closed and the school moved in its entirety to the East Finchley site. For some time the building was unused and it was proposed as a venue for an arts centre, but eventually it was sold to a Jewish school (Pardes House Grammar School).
Christ's College, East End Road
With the foundation of the present school in 1978, the school was split into Upper school, which used the Hendon Lane site, and the Lower. The whole school moved to the new site in 1991, under the Headmastership of Brian Fletcher. In 2002, the then Headmaster Paul O'Shea expanded the sixth form, with the first intake of girls.
Christ's College has become a specialist Mathematics and Computing College, which means the school receives additional funds for investment in its Mathematics and Computing departments. The school's current headmaster is Mr Samson Olusanya.
Motto and badge
The school badge since 1906 has been a combination of the three notched swords of the traditional county of Middlesex and a finch over an oak tree, the old unofficial arms of the Urban District of Finchley. The motto adopted in 1905 is Usque Proficiens meaning "Advance all the way".
Combined Cadet Force
The first instance of cadet activity at Christ's College was in 1864, when a Cadet Corps attached to the 14th (Highgate) Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps was formed at the school. This was disbanded in 1867, and few records remain.
The present Cadet Unit was founded in 1904 with the formation of a Rifle Club. Although mainly a rifle club, its members carried military ranks and took part in regular training days. The transformation to a true Cadet Unit took place in 1911 when No.2 Company, 1st Cadet Battalion, The Middlesex Regiment (as it was officially called) was started at the school. In 1938 the unit was temporarily badged Royal Artillery as 'C' (Cadet) Battery of the 61st (Finsbury) Anti-aircraft Brigade. By 1942 the Unit had rejoined the 1st Cadet Battalion wearing the badges of the Middlesex Regiment. When the 1st Cadet Battalion was disbanded in 1948, The Unit became Christ's College Contingent, Combined Cadet Force, a self-administering unit, which it remains today.
In 1952, the Unit was presented with its own Colours, in memory of those members of the Contingent who fell in battle during the Second World War. The school's Combined Cadet Force (CCF) is among the tiny handful in the country to carry colours. The last major change was in 1969 when the affiliation to the Middlesex Regiment ceased and permission was given for the Contingent to wear the badges of the Parachute Regiment. From 2020, The unit has become Coldstream Guards.
Rugby union
The school has made contributions to the sport of rugby union. The scrum cap was invented at the school and first worn by the school's 1st XV. Three alumni went on to make notable contributions to the sport:
C. J. Monro (at Christ’s College 1867–69), introduced rugby to New Zealand
R. W. Shepstone Giddy (at Christ’s College 1871–74) and later Solicitor General, Cape Colony, was one of the men who introduced rugby to South Africa
W. P. Carpmael, who was at the school from 1876 to 1883, founded the Barbarian Football Club, the team that by tradition plays the last match in a tour of the UK by Australia, New Zealand or South Africa.
Notable former pupils
David Bernstein, FA Chairman
Peter Bonnington, British Formula One engineer. He is currently the senior race engineer for Lewis Hamilton at Mercedes-Benz in Formula One from 1986-1994
Sir Arnold Burgen, President of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology 1972-5 and of Academia Europaea from 1988–94
Leslie Burgin, Liberal MP for Luton from 1929–31
Richard Desmond, Publisher and proprietor of the Daily Express
Frank "Lofty" England, Jaguar Cars' Le Mans-winning team manager and later company CEO
Nick Fudge, painter, sculptor, and digital artist
Harvey Goldsmith, Entertainment promoter
Sir Demis Hassabis Computer game designer, artificial intelligence programmer, neuroscientist and world-class games player
Izrael Hieger Biochemist who discovered the first known organic carcinogenic compound
Professor Anthony Hollander, Head of the Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool from 2014 to present
Stanley Kalms, Baron Kalms
Sir John Kingman, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Bristol from 1985–2001
Sir Peter Lachmann, Sheila Joan Smith Professor of Immunology at the University of Cambridge from 1977–99
Roger Lyons, General Secretary of Amicus from 2002-4, and of MSF from 1992–2002
Louis Marks, television screenwriter and producer
Parry Mitchell, Baron Mitchell
Stanley Mitchell, UK academic and Russian scholar
Edward Warner Moeran, Labour MP for South Bedfordshire from 1950-1
Charles John Monro, introduced Rugby Union to New Zealand
Ray Park, actor
David Pentecost, composer, writer, retired I.T. specialist
Steve Richards, political correspondent and GMTV presenter
Charles Saatchi, advertising executive and art collector
Daniel Sabbagh, Associate Editor at The Guardian newspaper
Sir Jonathan Henry Sacks, Baron Sacks, Chief Rabbi of Great Britain
Will Self, novelist, journalist, broadcaster
Jon Sopel, BBC journalist and former presenter of The Politics Show
Michael Stern, Conservative MP for Bristol North West
Sir Peter Strawson, philosopher
Alfred Wilkins, cricketer
Sir William Tritton, co-invented the tank
Eric Williams, writer
R. K. 'Bobby' Wilson, British tennis icon, four times Wimbledon quarter finalist
David Young, Baron Young of Graffham
Prof Graham Zellick, CBE, QC, Vice-Chancellor, University of London 1997-2003
Notes and references
^ "ABOUT US - SCHOOL'S HISTORY". www.christscollegefinchley.org.uk. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
^ Staff Christ's College, Finchley, nzrugby.co.nz, 21 December 2005. Cites New Zealand Rugby Museum
^ Hayward, Anthony (7 October 2010). "Louis Marks obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
Further reading
School Website
Ofsted data for this school, Ofsted website.
vteSchools and colleges in BarnetPrimary schools
Danegrove Primary School
London Academy
St Mary's and St John's CE School
Wren Academy
Secondary schools
Ashmole Academy
Bishop Douglass Catholic School
Christ's College
The Compton School
Copthall School
East Barnet School
Finchley Catholic High School
Friern Barnet School
Hasmonean High School
Hendon School
Jewish Community Secondary School
London Academy
Mill Hill County High School
Queen Elizabeth's School for Girls
St Andrew the Apostle Greek Orthodox School
St James' Catholic High School
St Mary's and St John's Church of England School
The Totteridge Academy
Whitefield School
Wren Academy
Grammar schools
Henrietta Barnett School
Queen Elizabeth's School
St Michael's Catholic Grammar School
Independent schools
Brampton College
Dwight School
Holland House School
King Alfred School
Mill Hill School
Mount House School
North London Grammar School
Pardes House Grammar School
Susi Earnshaw Theatre School
FE & sixth form colleges
Barnet and Southgate College
Woodhouse College
Defunct schools
Aida Foster Theatre School
Church Farm Industrial School for Boys
Friern Barnet Grammar School
The Mount School
Woodhouse Grammar School
Authority control databases
ISNI | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"academy status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_(English_school)"},{"link_name":"East Finchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Finchley"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Barnet"},{"link_name":"Local Education Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Education_Authority"},{"link_name":"Year 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_7"}],"text":"Academy in London, UKChrist's College is a secondary school with academy status in East Finchley, London, United Kingdom. It falls under the London Borough of Barnet Local Education Authority for admissions. Since September 2018, Christ’s College Finchley has offered education to both girls and boys joining Year 7. 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needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"David Pentecost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pentecost"},{"link_name":"Steve Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Richards"},{"link_name":"Charles Saatchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Saatchi"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Sir Jonathan Henry Sacks, Baron Sacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Sacks"},{"link_name":"Will Self","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Self"},{"link_name":"Jon Sopel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Sopel"},{"link_name":"Michael Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stern_(British_politician)"},{"link_name":"Bristol North West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_North_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Sir Peter Strawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._F._Strawson"},{"link_name":"Alfred Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wilkins"},{"link_name":"Sir William Tritton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Tritton"},{"link_name":"Eric Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Williams_(writer)"},{"link_name":"R. K. 'Bobby' Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Wilson_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"David Young, Baron Young of Graffham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Young,_Baron_Young_of_Graffham"},{"link_name":"Prof Graham Zellick, CBE, QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_J_Zellick"},{"link_name":"Vice-Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-Chancellor"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"}],"text":"David Bernstein, FA Chairman\nPeter Bonnington, British Formula One engineer. He is currently the senior race engineer for Lewis Hamilton at Mercedes-Benz in Formula One from 1986-1994\nSir Arnold Burgen, President of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology 1972-5 and of Academia Europaea from 1988–94\nLeslie Burgin, Liberal MP for Luton from 1929–31\nRichard Desmond, Publisher and proprietor of the Daily Express\nFrank \"Lofty\" England, Jaguar Cars' Le Mans-winning team manager and later company CEO\nNick Fudge, painter, sculptor, and digital artist\nHarvey Goldsmith, Entertainment promoter\nSir Demis Hassabis Computer game designer, artificial intelligence programmer, neuroscientist and world-class games player\nIzrael Hieger Biochemist who discovered the first known organic carcinogenic compound\nProfessor Anthony Hollander, Head of the Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool from 2014 to present\nStanley Kalms, Baron Kalms\nSir John Kingman, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Bristol from 1985–2001\nSir Peter Lachmann, Sheila Joan Smith Professor of Immunology at the University of Cambridge from 1977–99\nRoger Lyons, General Secretary of Amicus from 2002-4, and of MSF from 1992–2002\nLouis Marks, television screenwriter and producer[3]\nParry Mitchell, Baron Mitchell\nStanley Mitchell, UK academic and Russian scholar\nEdward Warner Moeran, Labour MP for South Bedfordshire from 1950-1\nCharles John Monro, introduced Rugby Union to New Zealand\nRay Park, actor[citation needed]\nDavid Pentecost, composer, writer, retired I.T. specialist\nSteve Richards, political correspondent and GMTV presenter\nCharles Saatchi, advertising executive and art collector\nDaniel Sabbagh, Associate Editor at The Guardian newspaper\nSir Jonathan Henry Sacks, Baron Sacks, Chief Rabbi of Great Britain\nWill Self, novelist, journalist, broadcaster\nJon Sopel, BBC journalist and former presenter of The Politics Show\nMichael Stern, Conservative MP for Bristol North West\nSir Peter Strawson, philosopher\nAlfred Wilkins, cricketer\nSir William Tritton, co-invented the tank\nEric Williams, writer\nR. K. 'Bobby' Wilson, British tennis icon, four times Wimbledon quarter finalist\nDavid Young, Baron Young of Graffham\nProf Graham Zellick, CBE, QC, Vice-Chancellor, University of London 1997-2003","title":"Notable former pupils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"ABOUT US - SCHOOL'S HISTORY\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.christscollegefinchley.org.uk/School-s-History/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Christ's College, Finchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nzrugby.co.nz/TheGame/History/ChristCollegeFinchley/tabid/1041/Default.aspx"},{"link_name":"nzrugby.co.nz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nzrugby.co.nz"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Rugby Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Rugby_Museum"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Louis Marks obituary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2010/oct/07/louis-marks-obituary"}],"text":"^ \"ABOUT US - SCHOOL'S HISTORY\". www.christscollegefinchley.org.uk. Retrieved 2 April 2023.\n\n^ Staff Christ's College, Finchley, nzrugby.co.nz, 21 December 2005. Cites New Zealand Rugby Museum\n\n^ Hayward, Anthony (7 October 2010). \"Louis Marks obituary\". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 April 2021.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"School Website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.christscollegefinchley.org.uk/"},{"link_name":"Ofsted data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050909231928/http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/reports/index.cfm?fuseaction=summary&id=101350"},{"link_name":"Ofsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofsted"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Schools_and_colleges_in_Barnet"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Schools_and_colleges_in_Barnet"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Schools_and_colleges_in_Barnet"},{"link_name":"Schools and colleges in Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_the_London_Borough_of_Barnet"},{"link_name":"Danegrove Primary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danegrove_Primary_School"},{"link_name":"London Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Academy"},{"link_name":"St Mary's and St John's CE School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_and_St_John%27s_Church_of_England_School"},{"link_name":"Wren Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wren_Academy"},{"link_name":"Ashmole Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmole_Academy"},{"link_name":"Bishop Douglass Catholic School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Douglass_Catholic_School"},{"link_name":"Christ's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"The Compton School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Compton_School"},{"link_name":"Copthall School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copthall_School"},{"link_name":"East Barnet School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Barnet_School"},{"link_name":"Finchley Catholic High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finchley_Catholic_High_School"},{"link_name":"Friern Barnet School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friern_Barnet_School"},{"link_name":"Hasmonean High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonean_High_School"},{"link_name":"Hendon School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendon_School"},{"link_name":"Jewish Community Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Community_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"London Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Academy"},{"link_name":"Mill Hill County High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Hill_County_High_School"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth's School for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth%27s_School_for_Girls"},{"link_name":"St Andrew the Apostle Greek Orthodox School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew_the_Apostle_Greek_Orthodox_School"},{"link_name":"St James' Catholic High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27_Catholic_High_School,_Colindale"},{"link_name":"St Mary's and St John's Church of England School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_and_St_John%27s_Church_of_England_School"},{"link_name":"The Totteridge Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Totteridge_Academy"},{"link_name":"Whitefield School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitefield_School"},{"link_name":"Wren Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wren_Academy"},{"link_name":"Henrietta Barnett School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Barnett_School"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth%27s_School,_Barnet"},{"link_name":"St Michael's Catholic Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Catholic_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Brampton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brampton_College"},{"link_name":"Dwight School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_School_London"},{"link_name":"Holland House School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_House_School"},{"link_name":"King Alfred School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Alfred_School,_London"},{"link_name":"Mill Hill School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Hill_School"},{"link_name":"Mount House School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_House_School"},{"link_name":"North London Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_London_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Pardes House Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardes_House_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Susi Earnshaw Theatre School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susi_Earnshaw_Theatre_School"},{"link_name":"Barnet and Southgate College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnet_and_Southgate_College"},{"link_name":"Woodhouse College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhouse_College"},{"link_name":"Aida Foster Theatre School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida_Foster_Theatre_School"},{"link_name":"Church Farm Industrial School for Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Farm_Industrial_School_for_Boys"},{"link_name":"Friern Barnet Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friern_Barnet_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"The Mount School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mount_School,_Mill_Hill"},{"link_name":"Woodhouse Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhouse_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5108635#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000404778186"}],"text":"School Website\nOfsted data for this school, Ofsted website.vteSchools and colleges in BarnetPrimary schools\nDanegrove Primary School\nLondon Academy\nSt Mary's and St John's CE School\nWren Academy\nSecondary schools\nAshmole Academy\nBishop Douglass Catholic School\nChrist's College\nThe Compton School\nCopthall School\nEast Barnet School\nFinchley Catholic High School\nFriern Barnet School\nHasmonean High School\nHendon School\nJewish Community Secondary School\nLondon Academy\nMill Hill County High School\nQueen Elizabeth's School for Girls\nSt Andrew the Apostle Greek Orthodox School\nSt James' Catholic High School\nSt Mary's and St John's Church of England School\nThe Totteridge Academy\nWhitefield School\nWren Academy\nGrammar schools\nHenrietta Barnett School\nQueen Elizabeth's School\nSt Michael's Catholic Grammar School\nIndependent schools\nBrampton College\nDwight School\nHolland House School\nKing Alfred School\nMill Hill School\nMount House School\nNorth London Grammar School\nPardes House Grammar School\nSusi Earnshaw Theatre School\nFE & sixth form colleges\nBarnet and Southgate College\nWoodhouse College\nDefunct schools\nAida Foster Theatre School\nChurch Farm Industrial School for Boys\nFriern Barnet Grammar School\nThe Mount School\nWoodhouse Grammar SchoolAuthority control databases \nISNI","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Alder School Badge, the tree is an Alder Tree, but the hunting horns are taken from Borough of Finchley's coat of arms","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/86/Alder_badge.jpg"},{"image_text":"The former Christ’s College building on Hendon Lane","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Christs_College_old_building_on_hendon_lane.JPG/220px-Christs_College_old_building_on_hendon_lane.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"ABOUT US - SCHOOL'S HISTORY\". www.christscollegefinchley.org.uk. Retrieved 2 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.christscollegefinchley.org.uk/School-s-History/","url_text":"\"ABOUT US - SCHOOL'S HISTORY\""}]},{"reference":"Hayward, Anthony (7 October 2010). \"Louis Marks obituary\". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2010/oct/07/louis-marks-obituary","url_text":"\"Louis Marks obituary\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Christ%27s_College,_Finchley¶ms=51.591_N_0.187_W_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100","external_links_name":"51°35′28″N 0°11′13″W / 51.591°N 0.187°W / 51.591; -0.187"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Christ%27s_College,_Finchley¶ms=51.591_N_0.187_W_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100","external_links_name":"51°35′28″N 0°11′13″W / 51.591°N 0.187°W / 51.591; -0.187"},{"Link":"https://get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/137388","external_links_name":"137388"},{"Link":"https://www.compare-school-performance.service.gov.uk/school/137388","external_links_name":"Tables"},{"Link":"https://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/inspection-reports/find-inspection-report/provider/ELS/137388","external_links_name":"Reports"},{"Link":"http://www.ccfplus.com/school/","external_links_name":"http://www.ccfplus.com/school/"},{"Link":"https://www.christscollegefinchley.org.uk/School-s-History/","external_links_name":"\"ABOUT US - SCHOOL'S HISTORY\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzrugby.co.nz/TheGame/History/ChristCollegeFinchley/tabid/1041/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"Christ's College, Finchley"},{"Link":"http://www.nzrugby.co.nz/","external_links_name":"nzrugby.co.nz"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2010/oct/07/louis-marks-obituary","external_links_name":"\"Louis Marks obituary\""},{"Link":"https://www.christscollegefinchley.org.uk/","external_links_name":"School Website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050909231928/http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/reports/index.cfm?fuseaction=summary&id=101350","external_links_name":"Ofsted data"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000404778186","external_links_name":"ISNI"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shri_Swaminarayan_Mandir_Dholera | Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Dholera | ["1 About the Mandir","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"] | Hindu temple in Gujarat, India
Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, DholeraThe temple at DholeraReligionAffiliationHinduismDeityRadha KrishnaFestivalsJanmashtami, Radhashtami, HoliLocationLocationDholeraStateGujaratCountryIndiaArchitectureCreatorSwaminarayanCompletedMay 19, 1826
Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Dholera is a Hindu temple in Dholera, Gujarat, India, and is one of nine Shri Swaminarayan Temples built by Swaminarayan.
About the Mandir
Central Altar of the temple Madan Mohan dev (Krishna at center), Radha ji (Right) and HariKrishna Maharaj (Left).
Dholera itself is an ancient port-city, 30 km from Dhandhuka of Ahmedabad district.
The making this temple with three spires was supervised and planned by Nishkulanand Swami, Atmanand Swami, Akshardanand Swami and Dharmprasad Swami.
The land on which the building is sited was donated by Darbar Punjabhai. Swaminarayan Bhagwan, when camping in Kamiala, was requested by the devotees Shri Punjabhai and others, to go to Dholera to install idols in the new temple in Dholera. Swaminarayan bhagwan asked Brahmin priests to find out an auspicious time for the installation ceremony.
Swaminarayan bhagwan graced Dholera on the request from Punjabhai and other devotees, and on May 19, 1826, and installed the idols of Madan Mohan dev and his own form, Harikrishna Maharaj, at the principal seat of the temple amidst Vedic hymns. Swaminarayan bhagwan then appointed Adbhutanand Swami as the temple's mahant.
The central altar is graced with the idols of deities Madan Mohan Dev (Krishna), Radha ji and HariKrishna Maharaj. Besides the deities in the inner temple and Garbhagriha, Hanuman and Ganapati grace Roop Chowki near the main stairway of the temple. On the west, near the steps, there are the idols of Sheshashayi, Suryanarayan, Dharm-Bhakti and Ghanshyam Maharaj. The idols of Shankar and Parvati are on the right hand side.
Notes
^ Williams 2001, p. 29
^ Dave, Ramesh (2009). Sahajanand Charitra. Ahmedabad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith. p. 149. ISBN 978-81-7526-152-5.
^ Dave, Ramesh (2009). Sahajanand Charitra. Ahmedabad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith. p. 150. ISBN 978-81-7526-152-5.
References
Williams, Raymond (2001), Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-65422-7
Shri Swaminarayan Mandirs - Dholera
External links
Official NarNarayan Dev Gadi Website
vteNar Narayan Dev Gadi and Lakshmi Narayan Dev GadiSwaminarayan Temples (Mandirs)
Ahmedabad
Vadtal
Bhuj
Dholera
Gadhada
Junagadh
Mumbai
London
Auckland
Karachi
New Jersey
Nairobi
Cardiff
Oldham
Sarangpur
Chicago
Brighton
Downey
Bhuj (New temple)
Bolton
List of Swaminarayan temples
Establishments
Swaminarayan Museum
Major Deities
Swaminarayan
Nar Narayan
Lakshmi Narayan
Radha Krishna
Radha Ramana
Rama
Revati-Baldevji
Gopinathji Maharaj
Madan Mohan Dev
Hanuman
Ganesha
Shiva
Parvati
Suryanarayan
Noted Saints
Muktanand Swami
Brahmanand Swami
Premanand Swami
Gopalanand Swami
Nishkulanand Swami
Gunatitanand Swami
Nityanand Swami
Scriptures and other books
Vachanamrut
Shikshapatri
Shrimad Satsangi Jivan
Swamini Vato
Desh Vibhag Lekh
Present Heads
Acharya Shree Koshalendraprasadji Maharaj (Ahmedabad)
Acharya Shree Ajendraprasadji Maharaj (Vadtal)
Acharya Shree Rakeshprasadji Maharaj (Vadtal)
Devotional Songs
Jay Sadguru Swami
Shri Radhika Krishnashtaka
Organisations
Nar Narayan Dev Gadi
ISSO
NNDYM
Lakshmi Narayan Dev Gadi
ISSM
SSAUSM
Swaminarayan Gurukul
vteHindu Temples in GujaratStructuraltemples
Ambika Temple, Girnar
Brahma Temple, Khedbrahma
Dwarkadhish Temple
Firangi Deval
Galteshwar Temple
Gop Temple
Jasmalnathji Mahadev Temple
Kaleshwari temples
Kalika Mata Temple, New Dhrewad
Magderu
Pindara temples
Rama Lakshamana Temple, Baradia
Ranakdevi's Temple
Roda temples
Rudra Mahalaya
Shamlaji
Shitala Mata Temple, Butapaldi
Shiva Temple, Kera
Shiva Temple, Bavka
Somnath Temple
Sun Temple, Modhera
Othertemples
Ahmedabad Kali Bari
Swaminarayan Akshardham (Gandhinagar)
Ambaji
Bhalka
Camp Hanuman Temple
Chotila
Khodaldham
Hanuman temple, Salangpur
Swaminarayan Temple, Ahmedabad
New Swaminarayan temple, Bhuj
Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj
Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Dholera
Swaminarayan Mandir, Gadhada
Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Junagadh
Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Tithal
Swaminarayan Mandir, Vadtal
Tadkeshwar Mahadev Temple
Gorthiya Mahadev Temple
Santram Mandir | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindu temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_temple"},{"link_name":"Dholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dholera"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Shri Swaminarayan Temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shri_Swaminarayan_Temples"},{"link_name":"Swaminarayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaminarayan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Dholera is a Hindu temple in Dholera, Gujarat, India, and is one of nine Shri Swaminarayan Temples built by Swaminarayan.[1]","title":"Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Dholera"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madan_Mohan_Dev_Dholera.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dholera"},{"link_name":"Ahmedabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad"},{"link_name":"spires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhara"},{"link_name":"Nishkulanand Swami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishkulanand_Swami"},{"link_name":"Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Vedic hymns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"mahant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahant"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Madan Mohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madan_Mohan"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"Radha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha"},{"link_name":"Garbhagriha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbhagriha"},{"link_name":"Hanuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman"},{"link_name":"Ganapati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganapati"},{"link_name":"Suryanarayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya"},{"link_name":"Ghanshyam Maharaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaminarayan#Childhood_as_Ghanshyam"},{"link_name":"Shankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Parvati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvati"}],"text":"Central Altar of the temple Madan Mohan dev (Krishna at center), Radha ji (Right) and HariKrishna Maharaj (Left).Dholera itself is an ancient port-city, 30 km from Dhandhuka of Ahmedabad district.The making this temple with three spires was supervised and planned by Nishkulanand Swami, Atmanand Swami, Akshardanand Swami and Dharmprasad Swami.The land on which the building is sited was donated by Darbar Punjabhai. Swaminarayan Bhagwan, when camping in Kamiala, was requested by the devotees Shri Punjabhai and others, to go to Dholera to install idols in the new temple in Dholera. Swaminarayan bhagwan asked Brahmin priests to find out an auspicious time for the installation ceremony.Swaminarayan bhagwan graced Dholera on the request from Punjabhai and other devotees, and on May 19, 1826, and installed the idols of Madan Mohan dev and his own form, Harikrishna Maharaj, at the principal seat of the temple amidst Vedic hymns.[2] Swaminarayan bhagwan then appointed Adbhutanand Swami as the temple's mahant.[3]The central altar is graced with the idols of deities Madan Mohan Dev (Krishna), Radha ji and HariKrishna Maharaj. Besides the deities in the inner temple and Garbhagriha, Hanuman and Ganapati grace Roop Chowki near the main stairway of the temple. On the west, near the steps, there are the idols of Sheshashayi, Suryanarayan, Dharm-Bhakti and Ghanshyam Maharaj. The idols of Shankar and Parvati are on the right hand side.","title":"About the Mandir"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Williams 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWilliams2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-7526-152-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7526-152-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-7526-152-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7526-152-5"}],"text":"^ Williams 2001, p. 29\n\n^ Dave, Ramesh (2009). Sahajanand Charitra. Ahmedabad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith. p. 149. ISBN 978-81-7526-152-5.\n\n^ Dave, Ramesh (2009). Sahajanand Charitra. Ahmedabad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith. p. 150. ISBN 978-81-7526-152-5.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Central Altar of the temple Madan Mohan dev (Krishna at center), Radha ji (Right) and HariKrishna Maharaj (Left).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Madan_Mohan_Dev_Dholera.jpg/200px-Madan_Mohan_Dev_Dholera.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Dave, Ramesh (2009). Sahajanand Charitra. Ahmedabad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith. p. 149. ISBN 978-81-7526-152-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7526-152-5","url_text":"978-81-7526-152-5"}]},{"reference":"Dave, Ramesh (2009). Sahajanand Charitra. Ahmedabad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith. p. 150. ISBN 978-81-7526-152-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7526-152-5","url_text":"978-81-7526-152-5"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Raymond (2001), Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-65422-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65422-7","url_text":"978-0-521-65422-7"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.swaminarayansatsang.com/temples/templesdetails.asp?Mandirid=148","external_links_name":"Shri Swaminarayan Mandirs - Dholera"},{"Link":"http://swaminarayan.info/","external_links_name":"Official NarNarayan Dev Gadi Website"},{"Link":"http://www.swaminarayanvadtalgadi.org/temples/temple-india/temple-dholera","external_links_name":"[1]"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCtfiye,_%C4%B0neg%C3%B6l | Lütfiye, İnegöl | ["1 References"] | Village in Turkey
Neighbourhood in İnegöl, Bursa, TurkeyLütfiyeNeighbourhoodCountryTurkeyProvinceBursaDistrictİnegölPopulation (2022)152Time zoneTRT (UTC+3)
Lütfiye is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of İnegöl, Bursa Province in Turkey. Its population is 152 (2022).
References
^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
vteNeighbourhoods of İnegöl District
Akbaşlar
Akhisar
Akıncılar
Alibey
Aşağıballık
Babaoğlu
Bahariye
Bahçekaya
Baykoca
Bayramşah
Bilalköy
Boğazköy
Burhaniye
Çavuşköy
Çaylıca
Çayyaka
Çeltikçi
Cemiyet
Cerrah
Çiftlikköy
Çitli
Cuma
Cumhuriyet
Deydinler
Dipsizgöl
Doğanyurdu
Dömez
Edebey
Elmaçayır
Ertuğrulgazi
Esenköy
Esentepe
Eski Bahçekaya
Eskikaracakaya
Eskiköy
Eymir
Fatih
Fevziye
Fındıklı
Gazelli
Gedikpınar
Gülbahçe
Gündüzlü
Güneykestane
Güzelyurt
Hacıkara
Halhalca
Hamamlı
Hamidiye
Hamitabat
Hamzabey
Hasanpaşa
Hayriye
Hilmiye
Hocaköy
Huzur
İclaliye
İhsaniye
İsaören
Karagölet
Karahasanlar
Karakadı
Karalar
Kayapınar
Kemalpaşa
Kestanealanı
Kınık
Kıran
Kocakonak
Konurlar
Kozluca
Küçükyenice
Kulaca
Kurşunlu
Lütfiye
Madenköy
Mahmudiye
Mesudiye
Mezit
Muratbey
Olukman
Orhaniye
Ortaköy
Osmaniye
Osmaniyeköy
Özlüce
Paşaören
Rüştiye
Saadet
Sarıpınar
Şehitler
Sinanbey
Şipali
Soğukdere
Süle
Süleymaniye
Sulhiye
Sultaniye
Sülüklügöl
Sungurpaşa
Süpürtü
Tahtaköprü
Tekkeköy
Tokuş
Tüfekçikonak
Turgutalp
Turgutalpköy
Tuzla
Yeni
Yenice
Yeniceköy
Yeniköy
Yeniyörük
Yiğit
Yukarıballık
Yunusemre
This geographical article about a location in Bursa Province, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"İnegöl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0neg%C3%B6l"},{"link_name":"Bursa Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Neighbourhood in İnegöl, Bursa, TurkeyLütfiye is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of İnegöl, Bursa Province in Turkey.[1] Its population is 152 (2022).[2]","title":"Lütfiye, İnegöl"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","url_text":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx","external_links_name":"Mahalle"},{"Link":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","external_links_name":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%C3%BCtfiye,_%C4%B0neg%C3%B6l&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godley,_Greater_Manchester | Godley, Greater Manchester | ["1 Industry","2 Transport","3 References"] | Coordinates: 53°27′13″N 2°03′49″W / 53.4536°N 2.0635°W / 53.4536; -2.0635
Human settlement in EnglandGodleyGodleyLocation within Greater ManchesterMetropolitan boroughTamesideMetropolitan countyGreater ManchesterRegionNorth WestCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townHYDEPostcode districtSK14Dialling code0161PoliceGreater ManchesterFireGreater ManchesterAmbulanceNorth West
UK ParliamentStalybridge and Hyde
List of places
UK
England
Greater Manchester
53°27′13″N 2°03′49″W / 53.4536°N 2.0635°W / 53.4536; -2.0635
Godley is a suburb of Hyde, Greater Manchester, England.
Mottram Road in Godley, with a viaduct of the Glossop Line
The area formed part of the municipal borough of Hyde in Cheshire from 1881 to 1974, when it became part of the metropolitan borough of Tameside.
The earliest recorded agriculture in Tameside east of the River Tame was in Godley, from 1211–1249.
In 1851, Godley Reservoir was completed.
Industry
In the early 1880s, John Broomer developed an early form of margarine called Butterine. He established a factory in the Olive Tree works, a former hat factory on Mottram Road previously occupied by Henry Taylor Wrigley. In 1888, the Danish margarine manufacturer Otto Monsted acquired the Olive Tree works. The factory was sold to Maypole Dairies in 1902 and later used by Walls to manufacture ice cream and meat products.
Transport
Godley is served by Godley railway station, which replaced the nearby Godley East railway station.
References
Notes
^ Vision of Britain Archived 2007-10-01 at the Wayback Machine - Godley parish
^ Vision of Britain Archived 2007-10-01 at the Wayback Machine - Hyde MB
^ Nevell (1991), p. 52.
^ Hydonian
^ IST Journal, Summer 2012
Bibliography
Nevell, Mike (1991), Tameside 1066–1700, Tameside Metropolitan Borough and University of Manchester Archaeological Unit, ISBN 1-871324-02-5
This Greater Manchester location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Manchester"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mottram_Road,_Godley.jpg"},{"link_name":"Glossop Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossop_Line"},{"link_name":"municipal borough of Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Borough_of_Hyde"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Tameside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tameside"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref_-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref_a-2"},{"link_name":"River Tame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Tame,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref_b-3"},{"link_name":"Godley Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godley_Reservoir"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandGodley is a suburb of Hyde, Greater Manchester, England.Mottram Road in Godley, with a viaduct of the Glossop LineThe area formed part of the municipal borough of Hyde in Cheshire from 1881 to 1974, when it became part of the metropolitan borough of Tameside.[1][2]The earliest recorded agriculture in Tameside east of the River Tame was in Godley, from 1211–1249.[3]In 1851, Godley Reservoir was completed.","title":"Godley, Greater Manchester"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Otto Monsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Monsted"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall%27s_(meat)"}],"text":"In the early 1880s, John Broomer developed an early form of margarine called Butterine.[4] He established a factory in the Olive Tree works, a former hat factory on Mottram Road previously occupied by Henry Taylor Wrigley. In 1888, the Danish margarine manufacturer Otto Monsted acquired the Olive Tree works.[5] The factory was sold to Maypole Dairies in 1902 and later used by Walls to manufacture ice cream and meat products.","title":"Industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Godley railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Godley East railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godley_East_railway_station"}],"text":"Godley is served by Godley railway station, which replaced the nearby Godley East railway station.","title":"Transport"}] | [{"image_text":"Mottram Road in Godley, with a viaduct of the Glossop Line","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mottram_Road%2C_Godley.jpg/220px-Mottram_Road%2C_Godley.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Nevell, Mike (1991), Tameside 1066–1700, Tameside Metropolitan Borough and University of Manchester Archaeological Unit, ISBN 1-871324-02-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_University","url_text":"University of Manchester Archaeological Unit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-871324-02-5","url_text":"1-871324-02-5"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Godley,_Greater_Manchester¶ms=53.4536_N_2.0635_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"53°27′13″N 2°03′49″W / 53.4536°N 2.0635°W / 53.4536; -2.0635"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Godley,_Greater_Manchester¶ms=53.4536_N_2.0635_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"53°27′13″N 2°03′49″W / 53.4536°N 2.0635°W / 53.4536; -2.0635"},{"Link":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10113982","external_links_name":"Vision of Britain"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071001030217/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10113982","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10173802","external_links_name":"Vision of Britain"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071001021155/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10173802","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://hydonian.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/otto-monsted.html","external_links_name":"Hydonian"},{"Link":"http://relativecosmos.com/journal/IST%20Journal%20Summer%202012%20(final)%20dist.pdf","external_links_name":"IST Journal"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Godley,_Greater_Manchester&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faster,_Faster | Deprisa, deprisa | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Analysis","4 Reception","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"] | 1981 Spanish filmDeprisa, deprisaDirected byCarlos SauraWritten byBlanca AstiasuCarlos SauraProduced byElías QuerejetaCarlos SauraStarringBerta SocuéllamosJosé Antonio ValdelomarJesús AriasJosé María Hervás RoldánCinematographyTeo EscamillaEdited byJean HamonRelease dates
February 1981 (1981-02) (BIFF)
2 April 1981 (1981-04-02) (Spain)
Running time107 minutesCountrySpainLanguageSpanish
Deprisa, deprisa (English: Hurry, Hurry!) is a 1981 Spanish film directed by Carlos Saura. It tells the story of a gang of juvenile delinquents and is considered one of the classics of the quinqui film genre.
In the English-speaking world, it has been released under the titles Faster, Faster and Fast, Fast.
Plot
Pablo and Meca, two young urban delinquents, live from day to day by a series of robberies, mostly car thefts. During one such robbery, the car's owner catches the two in the act. They roll up the windows and lock the doors to prevent intrusion. Helplessly trapped inside the troublesome vehicle by a mob that has now closed in around them, the pair forces a clear path through the crowd by brandishing a gun, before making their escape into the street. However, the stolen car only proves to be the first step in a more elaborate scheme. Spotting an attractive waitress named Ángela at a local cafeteria, Pablo is immediately captivated by the receptive (and equally restless) young woman, who soon becomes his lover, promising to stay together always. Pablo teaches Ángela to shoot a gun and, subsequently, inducts her into their gang after an afternoon of makeshift target shooting.
The gang now consists of four members: Pablo, Meca, Ángela, and Sebastian or "Sebas". Sebas has joined the group to help in a series of more ambitious thefts, but he is initially unhappy with the presence of a girl in the band. Pablo, with Meca's support, assures him that Ángela can hold her own.
In the first robbery, that of a factory office on the outskirts of Madrid, Ángela, disguised as a boy with a mustache, serves as a lookout. In the second holdup, she shoots one of the guards who has fired at the gang's car. At the conclusion of each of these robberies, Meca brings the getaway car, usually a stolen one, to a deserted area and set it ablaze. He stands by the side of the fire and enjoys viewing the flames.
Alternately spending their idle time at discothèques and video arcades, acting on their impulsive whims, and succumbing to the intoxication of drug use, the emboldened quartet begins to stage an ever-escalating series of hold-ups throughout the city.
Their share of the money from the two successful robberies enables Ángela and Pablo to buy a new apartment on the outskirts of the city. It is from this location that the gang plans a third robbery, the assault on a branch bank in one of the more congested middle-class neighborhoods of Madrid. During this robbery, Sebas kills one of the guards and is, in turn, gunned down outside the bank by a squad of police who have surrounded the area. Pablo, Meca, and Ángela manage to make a getaway, but Pablo has been seriously wounded and is bleeding profusely.
Ángela brings him back to the apartment to nurse him while Meca disposes of the getaway car in the usual manner. However, the black cloud of smoke attracts a police helicopter and Meca is killed as he resists arrest. Understanding the seriousness of Pablo's wound, Ángela calls a doctor who, upon arriving at the apartment, confirms the gravity of Pablo's condition. He has been shot in the liver and must be brought to a hospital if he is to survive. Refusing, she offers him a large bundle of cash if he will treat Pablo right there. Taking the money in his black satchel, the physician promises to return shortly with instruments for surgery. Hours pass, but the doctor does not come back. Pablo, who remains unconscious, lies immobile on the bed. He stops breathing while Ángela sits in the darkened room staring at him. When she realizes he is dead, she fills her own duffel bag with the remaining money from the robbery and walks out of the apartment. She disappears into the shadows of the approaching night walking towards the city.
Cast
The film was shot using a nonprofessional cast of actors from the Villaverde area just south of Madrid. Two members of the principal cast were arrested for separate criminal incidents during the filming, causing a stir in their Spanish homeland.
Berta Socuéllamos Zarco - Ángela
José Antonio Valdelomar - Pablo
Jesús Arias Aranzueque - Meca
José María Hervás Roldán - Sebas
María del Mar Serrano - María
Consuelo Pascual - Abuela
André Falcon - Cajero
Yves Arcanel - Interventor
Yves Barsacq - Luis
Analysis
Deprisa, deprisa is a raw and sobering portrait of a generation at an existential crossroads, struggling to find mooring and direction in an uncertain climate of transformative, social revolution, as Spain emerged from the repression of fascism towards the liberalization of democracy.
It is this dichotomy that is reflected in the recurring image of passing trains that bisect the horizon - a perennial view from the public housing suburb outside the city where Pablo and Ángela live - a visual bifurcation that illustrates, not only their socioeconomic marginality, but also exposes their irreparable moral fissure.
The film captures the rootlessness of a morally stunted, lost generation that has come of age at a time of profound political and cultural transformation. The reckless, thrill-seeking, young anti-heroes of Carlos Saura's Deprisa, deprisa also indirectly bear the scars of a life lived in the periphery - paradoxically insulated from the tyranny of institutional rule, but also divorced from the inured resilience engendered by its imposed sense of order.
Carlos Saura described Deprisa, deprisa as a "romantic" film, in the historical sense of the word, as it expresses the outlook of the twentieth century rebel who stood outside society and who rejected social norms. The film's four young protagonists, rebelling against the constraints of social organization, are in fact, products of the very system that they reject and that has rejected them.
Reception
Deprisa, deprisa was a critical and financial success, winning the Golden Bear at the 31st Berlin International Film Festival in 1981. The film opened to excellent reviews in Madrid and was producer Elías Querejeta’s largest grossing production of the fifteen years of his collaboration with director Carlos Saura. The film was also ensnared in controversy. In France and West Germany there was talk of its being banned due to the view that the film glorified violence and drug culture. Eventually, however, it was released with restrictive classifications in both countries.
In Spain, the conservative newspaper ABC criticized the film's social realism and accused Saura of paying his cast in hard drugs. Saura denied the accusation, saying that his cast of real life delinquents, including Jesús Arias who was on day release from prison, had a much better idea than he of where to get drugs.
Notes
^ Alonso, Guillermo (11 February 2019). "Historia negra del cine quinqui: la reivindicación de un género que no dejó supervivientes". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 February 2020.
^ D'Lugo, The Films of Carlos Saura, p. 163
^ "Strictly Film School". Archived from the original on 2008-02-19. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
^ a b "Strictly Film School". Archived from the original on 2008-02-19. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
^ D'Lugo, The Films of Carlos Saura, p. 164
^ D'Lugo, The Films of Carlos Saura, p. 165
^ "Berlinale 1981: Prize Winners". berlinale.de. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
^ a b D'Lugo, The Films of Carlos Saura, p. 173
^ Stone, Spanish Cinema, p. 74
^ Stone, Spanish Cinema, p. 84
References
D'Lugo, Marvin, The Films of Carlos Saura, Princeton University Press, 1991, ISBN 0-691-03142-8
Stone, Robe, Spanish Cinema, Pearson Education, 2002, ISBN 0-582-43715-6
Strictly Film School Archived 2008-02-19 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Deprisa Deprisa at IMDb
Strictly Film School
vteFilms directed by Carlos Saura
Cuenca (1958)
The Delinquents (1959)
Weeping for a Bandit (1963)
The Hunt (1966)
Peppermint Frappé (1967)
Stress Is Three (1968)
Honeycomb (1969)
The Garden of Delights (1970)
Ana and the Wolves (1972)
Cousin Angelica (1973)
Cría Cuervos (1975)
Elisa, vida mía (1977)
Blindfolded Eyes (1978)
Mama Turns 100 (1979)
Faster, Faster (1980)
Blood Wedding (1981)
Sweet Hours (1981)
Antonieta (1982)
Carmen (1983)
Los Zancos (1984)
El amor brujo (1986)
El Dorado (1988)
The Dark Night (1989)
¡Ay Carmela! (1990)
The South (1990)
Marathon (1992)
Sevillanas (1992)
Outrage (1993)
Flamenco (1995)
Taxi (1996)
Little Bird (1997)
Tango (1998)
Goya in Bordeaux (1999)
Bunuel and King Solomon's Table (2001)
Salomé (2002)
The 7th Day (2004)
Iberia (2005)
Fados (2007)
I, Don Giovanni (2009)
Flamenco, Flamenco (2010)
Zonda, folclore argentino (2015)
J: Beyond Flamenco (2016)
Renzo Piano, an Architect for Santander (2018)
The King of All the World (2021)
Las paredes hablan (2022)
vteBerlin International Film Festival Golden Bear1951–1975
Cinderella (1951)
Four in a Jeep (1951)
In Beaver Valley (1951)
Justice Is Done (1951)
Without Leaving an Address (1951)
One Summer of Happiness (1952)
The Wages of Fear (1953)
Hobson's Choice (1954)
Die Ratten (1955)
Invitation to the Dance (1956)
12 Angry Men (1957)
Wild Strawberries (1958)
Les Cousins (1959)
El Lazarillo de Tormes (1960)
La Notte (1961)
A Kind of Loving (1962)
Bushido, Samurai Saga (1963)
To Bed or Not to Bed (1963)
Dry Summer (1964)
Alphaville (1965)
Cul-de-sac (1966)
The Departure (1967)
Who Saw Him Die? (1968)
Early Works (1969)
The Garden of the Finzi-Continis (1971)
The Canterbury Tales (1972)
Distant Thunder (1973)
The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz (1974)
Adoption (1975)
1976–2000
Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson (1976)
The Ascent (1977)
Ascensor (1978)
Las truchas (1978)
What Max Said (1978)
David (1979)
Heartland (1980)
Palermo or Wolfsburg (1980)
Deprisa, Deprisa (1981)
Veronika Voss (1982)
Ascendancy (1983)
La colmena (1983)
Love Streams (1984)
Wetherby (1985)
The Woman and the Stranger (1985)
Stammheim (1986)
The Theme (1987)
Red Sorghum (1988)
Rain Man (1989)
Larks on a String (1990)
Music Box (1990)
The House of Smiles (1991)
Grand Canyon (1992)
The Wedding Banquet (1993)
Woman Sesame Oil Maker (1993)
In the Name of the Father (1994)
The Bait (1995)
Sense and Sensibility (1996)
The People vs. Larry Flynt (1997)
Central Station (1998)
The Thin Red Line (1999)
Magnolia (2000)
2001–present
Intimacy (2001)
Bloody Sunday (2002)
Spirited Away (2002)
In This World (2003)
Head-On (2004)
U-Carmen eKhayelitsha (2005)
Grbavica (2006)
Tuya's Marriage (2007)
Elite Squad (2008)
The Milk of Sorrow (2009)
Honey (2010)
A Separation (2011)
Caesar Must Die (2012)
Child's Pose (2013)
Black Coal, Thin Ice (2014)
Taxi (2015)
Fire at Sea (2016)
On Body and Soul (2017)
Touch Me Not (2018)
Synonyms (2019)
There Is No Evil (2020)
Bad Luck Banging or Loony Porn (2021)
Alcarràs (2022)
On the Adamant (2023) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_in_film"},{"link_name":"Spanish film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Carlos Saura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Saura"},{"link_name":"juvenile delinquents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_delinquent"},{"link_name":"quinqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinqui_(film_genre)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-1"},{"link_name":"English-speaking world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-speaking_world"}],"text":"Deprisa, deprisa (English: Hurry, Hurry!) is a 1981 Spanish film directed by Carlos Saura. It tells the story of a gang of juvenile delinquents and is considered one of the classics of the quinqui film genre.[1]In the English-speaking world, it has been released under the titles Faster, Faster and Fast, Fast.","title":"Deprisa, deprisa"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Pablo and Meca, two young urban delinquents, live from day to day by a series of robberies, mostly car thefts. During one such robbery, the car's owner catches the two in the act. They roll up the windows and lock the doors to prevent intrusion. Helplessly trapped inside the troublesome vehicle by a mob that has now closed in around them, the pair forces a clear path through the crowd by brandishing a gun, before making their escape into the street. However, the stolen car only proves to be the first step in a more elaborate scheme. Spotting an attractive waitress named Ángela at a local cafeteria, Pablo is immediately captivated by the receptive (and equally restless) young woman, who soon becomes his lover, promising to stay together always. Pablo teaches Ángela to shoot a gun and, subsequently, inducts her into their gang after an afternoon of makeshift target shooting.The gang now consists of four members: Pablo, Meca, Ángela, and Sebastian or \"Sebas\". Sebas has joined the group to help in a series of more ambitious thefts, but he is initially unhappy with the presence of a girl in the band. Pablo, with Meca's support, assures him that Ángela can hold her own.In the first robbery, that of a factory office on the outskirts of Madrid, Ángela, disguised as a boy with a mustache, serves as a lookout. In the second holdup, she shoots one of the guards who has fired at the gang's car. At the conclusion of each of these robberies, Meca brings the getaway car, usually a stolen one, to a deserted area and set it ablaze. He stands by the side of the fire and enjoys viewing the flames.Alternately spending their idle time at discothèques and video arcades, acting on their impulsive whims, and succumbing to the intoxication of drug use, the emboldened quartet begins to stage an ever-escalating series of hold-ups throughout the city.Their share of the money from the two successful robberies enables Ángela and Pablo to buy a new apartment on the outskirts of the city. It is from this location that the gang plans a third robbery, the assault on a branch bank in one of the more congested middle-class neighborhoods of Madrid. During this robbery, Sebas kills one of the guards and is, in turn, gunned down outside the bank by a squad of police who have surrounded the area. Pablo, Meca, and Ángela manage to make a getaway, but Pablo has been seriously wounded and is bleeding profusely.Ángela brings him back to the apartment to nurse him while Meca disposes of the getaway car in the usual manner. However, the black cloud of smoke attracts a police helicopter and Meca is killed as he resists arrest. Understanding the seriousness of Pablo's wound, Ángela calls a doctor who, upon arriving at the apartment, confirms the gravity of Pablo's condition. He has been shot in the liver and must be brought to a hospital if he is to survive. Refusing, she offers him a large bundle of cash if he will treat Pablo right there. Taking the money in his black satchel, the physician promises to return shortly with instruments for surgery. Hours pass, but the doctor does not come back. Pablo, who remains unconscious, lies immobile on the bed. He stops breathing while Ángela sits in the darkened room staring at him. When she realizes he is dead, she fills her own duffel bag with the remaining money from the robbery and walks out of the apartment. She disappears into the shadows of the approaching night walking towards the city.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D'Lugo_163-2"},{"link_name":"Berta Socuéllamos Zarco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berta_Socu%C3%A9llamos_Zarco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berta_Socu%C3%A9llamos_Zarco"},{"link_name":"José Antonio Valdelomar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Valdelomar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Valdelomar"},{"link_name":"Jesús Arias Aranzueque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jes%C3%BAs_Arias_Aranzueque&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Arias_Aranzueque"},{"link_name":"María del Mar Serrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mar%C3%ADa_del_Mar_Serrano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_del_Mar_Serrano"},{"link_name":"André Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Falcon"},{"link_name":"Yves Barsacq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Barsacq"}],"text":"The film was shot using a nonprofessional cast of actors from the Villaverde area just south of Madrid.[2] Two members of the principal cast were arrested for separate criminal incidents during the filming, causing a stir in their Spanish homeland.Berta Socuéllamos Zarco [es] - Ángela\nJosé Antonio Valdelomar [es] - Pablo\nJesús Arias Aranzueque [es] - Meca\nJosé María Hervás Roldán - Sebas\nMaría del Mar Serrano [es] - María\nConsuelo Pascual - Abuela\nAndré Falcon - Cajero\nYves Arcanel - Interventor\nYves Barsacq - Luis","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-[https://web.archive.org/web/20080219122206/http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html_Strictly_Film_School]-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-[http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html_Strictly_Film_School]-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-[http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html_Strictly_Film_School]-4"},{"link_name":"Carlos Saura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Saura"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D'Lugo_164-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D'Lugo_165-6"}],"text":"Deprisa, deprisa is a raw and sobering portrait of a generation at an existential crossroads, struggling to find mooring and direction in an uncertain climate of transformative, social revolution, as Spain emerged from the repression of fascism towards the liberalization of democracy.[3]\nIt is this dichotomy that is reflected in the recurring image of passing trains that bisect the horizon - a perennial view from the public housing suburb outside the city where Pablo and Ángela live - a visual bifurcation that illustrates, not only their socioeconomic marginality, but also exposes their irreparable moral fissure.[4]The film captures the rootlessness of a morally stunted, lost generation that has come of age at a time of profound political and cultural transformation. The reckless, thrill-seeking, young anti-heroes of Carlos Saura's Deprisa, deprisa also indirectly bear the scars of a life lived in the periphery - paradoxically insulated from the tyranny of institutional rule, but also divorced from the inured resilience engendered by its imposed sense of order.[4]Carlos Saura described Deprisa, deprisa as a \"romantic\" film, in the historical sense of the word, as it expresses the outlook of the twentieth century rebel who stood outside society and who rejected social norms.[5] The film's four young protagonists, rebelling against the constraints of social organization, are in fact, products of the very system that they reject and that has rejected them.[6]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golden Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Bear"},{"link_name":"31st Berlin International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_Berlin_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-berlinale-7"},{"link_name":"Elías Querejeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%ADas_Querejeta"},{"link_name":"Carlos Saura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Saura"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D'Lugo_173-8"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D'Lugo_173-8"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stone_74-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stone_84-10"}],"text":"Deprisa, deprisa was a critical and financial success, winning the Golden Bear at the 31st Berlin International Film Festival in 1981.[7] The film opened to excellent reviews in Madrid and was producer Elías Querejeta’s largest grossing production of the fifteen years of his collaboration with director Carlos Saura.[8] The film was also ensnared in controversy. In France and West Germany there was talk of its being banned due to the view that the film glorified violence and drug culture. Eventually, however, it was released with restrictive classifications in both countries.[8]In Spain, the conservative newspaper ABC criticized the film's social realism and accused Saura of paying his cast in hard drugs.[9] Saura denied the accusation, saying that his cast of real life delinquents, including Jesús Arias who was on day release from prison, had a much better idea than he of where to get drugs.[10]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:02_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Historia negra del cine quinqui: la reivindicación de un género que no dejó supervivientes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//elpais.com/elpais/2019/02/06/icon/1549449208_098050.html"},{"link_name":"El País","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-D'Lugo_163_2-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-[https://web.archive.org/web/20080219122206/http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html_Strictly_Film_School]_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"Strictly Film School\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080219122206/http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-[http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html_Strictly_Film_School]_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-[http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html_Strictly_Film_School]_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"Strictly Film School\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080219122206/http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-D'Lugo_164_5-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-D'Lugo_165_6-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-berlinale_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"Berlinale 1981: Prize Winners\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1981/03_preistr_ger_1981/03_Preistraeger_1981.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-D'Lugo_173_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-D'Lugo_173_8-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stone_74_9-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stone_84_10-0"}],"text":"^ Alonso, Guillermo (11 February 2019). \"Historia negra del cine quinqui: la reivindicación de un género que no dejó supervivientes\". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 February 2020.\n\n^ D'Lugo, The Films of Carlos Saura, p. 163\n\n^ \"Strictly Film School\". Archived from the original on 2008-02-19. Retrieved 2008-01-20.\n\n^ a b \"Strictly Film School\". Archived from the original on 2008-02-19. Retrieved 2008-01-20.\n\n^ D'Lugo, The Films of Carlos Saura, p. 164\n\n^ D'Lugo, The Films of Carlos Saura, p. 165\n\n^ \"Berlinale 1981: Prize Winners\". berlinale.de. Retrieved 2010-08-29.\n\n^ a b D'Lugo, The Films of Carlos Saura, p. 173\n\n^ Stone, Spanish Cinema, p. 74\n\n^ Stone, Spanish Cinema, p. 84","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Alonso, Guillermo (11 February 2019). \"Historia negra del cine quinqui: la reivindicación de un género que no dejó supervivientes\". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/02/06/icon/1549449208_098050.html","url_text":"\"Historia negra del cine quinqui: la reivindicación de un género que no dejó supervivientes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs","url_text":"El País"}]},{"reference":"\"Strictly Film School\". Archived from the original on 2008-02-19. Retrieved 2008-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080219122206/http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html","url_text":"\"Strictly Film School\""},{"url":"http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Strictly Film School\". Archived from the original on 2008-02-19. Retrieved 2008-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080219122206/http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html","url_text":"\"Strictly Film School\""},{"url":"http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Berlinale 1981: Prize Winners\". berlinale.de. Retrieved 2010-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1981/03_preistr_ger_1981/03_Preistraeger_1981.html","url_text":"\"Berlinale 1981: Prize Winners\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/02/06/icon/1549449208_098050.html","external_links_name":"\"Historia negra del cine quinqui: la reivindicación de un género que no dejó supervivientes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080219122206/http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html","external_links_name":"\"Strictly Film School\""},{"Link":"http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080219122206/http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html","external_links_name":"\"Strictly Film School\""},{"Link":"http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1981/03_preistr_ger_1981/03_Preistraeger_1981.html","external_links_name":"\"Berlinale 1981: Prize Winners\""},{"Link":"http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html","external_links_name":"Strictly Film School"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080219122206/http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0082259/","external_links_name":"Deprisa Deprisa"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080219122206/http://filmref.com/journal/archives/2007/04/deprisa_deprisa_1981.html","external_links_name":"Strictly Film School"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Nicolas_Church,_H%C3%A9r%C3%A9mence | Saint-Nicolas Church, Hérémence | ["1 References","2 Further reading"] | Coordinates: 46°10′50″N 7°24′16″E / 46.1805°N 7.4045°E / 46.1805; 7.4045
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Saint-Nicolas Church is a Catholic church in Hérémence, Switzerland, known for its brutalist modern architecture. It was designed by Walter Maria Förderer (March 21, 1928–June 29, 2006).
References
^ Walter Maria Förderer’s 1960s European churches remain avant-garde today Wallpaper, JONATHAN BELL, OCTOBER 07, 2022
^ Walter Maria Förderer is the masterful modern architect you've never heard of Archinect, Shane Reiner-Roth, May 7, 2019
Further reading
Pierre Imhasly, Oswald Ruppen, Jacques Dominique Rouiller, Hérémence Béton, Lausanne : Ed. du Grand-Pont, 1974, 105 p.
Guide artistique de la Suisse: Fribourg, Freiburg, Valais, Wallis (in French), vol. 4b, Bern: Société d'histoire de l'art en Suisse, 2012, p. 440, ISBN 978-3-906131-99-3
Authority control databases
VIAF
46°10′50″N 7°24′16″E / 46.1805°N 7.4045°E / 46.1805; 7.4045 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heremence_Kirche-5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hérémence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9r%C3%A9mence"},{"link_name":"brutalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutalist"},{"link_name":"Walter Maria Förderer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Maria_F%C3%B6rderer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Saint-Nicolas Church is a Catholic church in Hérémence, Switzerland, known for its brutalist modern architecture. It was designed by Walter Maria Förderer (March 21, 1928–June 29, 2006).[1][2]","title":"Saint-Nicolas Church, Hérémence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-906131-99-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-906131-99-3"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16028671#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/150501437"},{"link_name":"46°10′50″N 7°24′16″E / 46.1805°N 7.4045°E / 46.1805; 7.4045","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint-Nicolas_Church,_H%C3%A9r%C3%A9mence¶ms=46.1805_N_7.4045_E_type:landmark_region:CH"}],"text":"Pierre Imhasly, Oswald Ruppen, Jacques Dominique Rouiller, Hérémence Béton, Lausanne : Ed. du Grand-Pont, 1974, 105 p.\nGuide artistique de la Suisse: Fribourg, Freiburg, Valais, Wallis (in French), vol. 4b, Bern: Société d'histoire de l'art en Suisse, 2012, p. 440, ISBN 978-3-906131-99-3Authority control databases \nVIAF46°10′50″N 7°24′16″E / 46.1805°N 7.4045°E / 46.1805; 7.4045","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Heremence_Kirche-5.jpg/220px-Heremence_Kirche-5.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Guide artistique de la Suisse: Fribourg, Freiburg, Valais, Wallis (in French), vol. 4b, Bern: Société d'histoire de l'art en Suisse, 2012, p. 440, ISBN 978-3-906131-99-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-906131-99-3","url_text":"978-3-906131-99-3"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint-Nicolas_Church,_H%C3%A9r%C3%A9mence¶ms=46.1805_N_7.4045_E_type:landmark_region:CH","external_links_name":"46°10′50″N 7°24′16″E / 46.1805°N 7.4045°E / 46.1805; 7.4045"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://www.wallpaper.com/architecture/walter-maria-forderer-1960s-churches","external_links_name":"Walter Maria Förderer’s 1960s European churches remain avant-garde today"},{"Link":"https://archinect.com/news/article/150135420/walter-maria-f-rderer-is-the-masterful-modern-architect-you-ve-never-heard-of","external_links_name":"Walter Maria Förderer is the masterful modern architect you've never heard of"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/150501437","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint-Nicolas_Church,_H%C3%A9r%C3%A9mence¶ms=46.1805_N_7.4045_E_type:landmark_region:CH","external_links_name":"46°10′50″N 7°24′16″E / 46.1805°N 7.4045°E / 46.1805; 7.4045"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popovka,_Yukchinskoye_Rural_Settlement,_Vozhegodsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast | Popovka, Yukchinskoye Rural Settlement, Vozhegodsky District, Vologda Oblast | ["1 Geography","2 References"] | Village in Vologda Oblast, RussiaPopovka
ПоповкаVillagePopovkaShow map of Vologda OblastPopovkaShow map of RussiaCoordinates: 60°21′N 40°51′E / 60.350°N 40.850°E / 60.350; 40.850CountryRussiaRegionVologda OblastDistrictVozhegodsky DistrictTime zoneUTC+3:00
Popovka (Russian: Поповка) is a rural locality (a village) in Vozhegodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 14 as of 2002.
Geography
The distance to Vozhega is 69 km, to Sosnovitsa is 1 km. Grishinskaya, Sosnovitsa, Vasilyevskaya are the nearest rural localities.
References
^ Поповка
^ Данные переписи 2002 года: таблица 2С. М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 2004.
vteRural localities in Vozhegodsky DistrictA-M
Abaturikha
Agafonovskaya
Alferyevskaya
Andreyevskaya
Anisimovskaya
Ankudinovskaya
Antsiferovskaya
Antsiferovskaya (Yavengskoye Rural Settlement)
Anufriyevskaya
Baranikha
Baranovskaya
Barkanovskaya
Baza
Beketovo
Beketovskaya
Belavinskaya
Blinovskaya
Bolshaya Klimovskaya
Bolshaya Nazarovskaya
Bolshoye Ramenye
Bor
Borisovo
Boyarskaya
Bucherovskaya
Bukhara
Bykovo
Bykovskaya (Yavengskoye Rural Settlement)
Bykovskaya (Yuchkinskoye Rural Settlement)
Checheninskaya
Chernovskaya
Chichirino
Danilovskaya
Derevenka
Dorkovskaya
Dorovikha
Drovdil
Dubrovinskaya
Fatyanovo
Fedyayevskaya
Fedyuninskaya
Filatovskaya
Fominskaya
Fomishchevo
Funikovo
Galuninskaya
Gashkovo
Glazunovskaya
Gora (Tiginskoye Rural Settlement)
Gora (Yavengskoye Rural Settlement)
Gorka (Beketovskoye Rural Settlement)
Gorka (Mishutinskoye Rural Settlement)
Gridinskaya
Grishinskaya
Grishkovskaya
Gubinskaya
Ignatovskaya
Isakovo
Isakovskaya
Ivankovo
Ivanovskaya (Mishutinsky Selsoviet)
Ivanovskaya (Vozhegodsky Selsoviet)
Ivoninskaya
Kadnikovsky
Karpovskaya
Karpovskaya
Khmelevskaya
Khmylitsa
Khodinskaya
Kholdynka
Kholuy
Khvostovo (Beketovskoye Rural Settlement)
Khvostovo (Yuchkinskoye Rural Settlement)
Kladovka
Klimovskaya (Mishutinsky Selsoviet)
Klimovskaya (Nizhneslobodsky Selsoviet)
Konechnaya (Lipino-Kalikinsky Selsoviet)
Konechnaya (Punemsky Selsoviet)
Konevka
Korgozero
Korotkovskaya
Korotyginskaya
Korovinskaya
Koryakinskaya
Kostyuninskaya
Kozlovo (Beketovskoye Rural Settlement)
Kozlovo (Yavengskoye Rural Settlement)
Krapivino
Kropufinskaya
Kubinskaya
Kuklinskaya
Kuritsino
Kurshiyevskaya
Kutilovo
Kuznetsovskaya
Leshchevka
Levinskaya (Nizhneslobodskoye Rural Settlement)
Levinskaya (Tiginskoye Rural Settlement)
Levkovskaya
Lobanikha
Loshchinskaya
Lukyanovskaya
Lupachikha
Malaya Nazarovskaya
Malaya
Maleyevskaya
Maloye Ramenye
Manuilovskaya
Maryinskaya
Matveyevskaya
Miguyevskaya
Mikhaylovskaya
Mikheyevskaya
Mishutinskaya
Mitinskaya (Nizhneslobodskoye Rural Settlement)
Mitinskaya (Yavengskoye Rural Settlement)
Mitrofanovo
Molodyozhny
Munskaya
Mushchininskaya
Myshino
Mytnik
N-Z
Nadporozhye
Navolok
Nazarovskaya
Nefedovskaya
Nefedovskaya
Nekrasovskaya
Nikitino
Nikitinskaya
Nikolskaya
Nikulskaya
Nizhnyaya
Novaya
Novozhilikha
Ogarkovskaya
Ogibalovo
Okulovskaya (Nizhneslobodsky Selsoviet)
Okulovskaya (Ramensky Selsoviet)
Okulovskaya-1
Olekhovskaya
Olshukovskaya
Olyushino
Olyushinskaya
Osiyevskaya
Ospodarevskaya
Otradnoye
Ozhiginskaya
Padinskaya
Pankovo
Panteleyevskaya
Patrakeyevskaya
Pavlovskaya (Nizhneslobodsky Selsoviet)
Pavlovskaya (Vozhegodsky Selsoviet)
Pavlovskaya (Yavengsky Selsoviet)
Pekhtach
Pelevikha
Perepechikha
Peshkovo
Pesok (Tavengsky Selsoviet)
Pesok (Tiginsky Selsoviet)
Pestinskaya
Petrovka
Petrovo
Petrovskaya
Pilyevo
Podolnaya
Podsosenye
Pogorelka
Pogorelovo
Pokrovskaya
Pokrovskoye
Popovka Kalikinskaya
Popovka (Mishutinskoye Rural Settlement)
Popovka (Vozhegodskoye Urban Settlement)
Popovka (Yukchinskoye Rural Settlement)
Porokhino
Pozdeyevskaya
Pozhar
Pozharishche
Proletarsky
Rakishevo
Repnyakovskaya
Rubtsovo
Ruchyevskaya
Safonovskaya
Salnik
Samoylovskaya
Savinskaya (Tiginsky Selsoviet)
Savinskaya (Vozhegodsky Selsoviet)
Semyonovskaya (Beketovsky Selsoviet)
Semyonovskaya (Yavengskoye Rural Settlement)
Senkinskaya
Shchegolikha
Shchekotovskaya
Sigovskaya
Soroginskaya
Sorozhinskaya
Sosnovitsa
Stepanikha (Tiginskoye Rural Settlement)
Stepanikha (Vozhegodskoye Urban Settlement)
Stepanovskaya
Stolbikha
Strokavino
Surkovskaya
Syamba
Syrnevo
Tarasovskaya (Beketovsky Selsoviet)
Tarasovskaya (Yavengskoye Rural Settlement)
Tigino
Timoninskaya
Timoshinskaya
Tingotomo
Todelovskaya
Tupitsyno
Turabovskaya
Turovo
Tyurikovskaya
Uglenskaya
Ugol
Ulitinskaya
Vafunenskaya
Vasilyevskaya (Yavengskoye Rural Settlement)
Vasilyevskaya (Yuchkinskoye Rural Settlement)
Vershina
Voskresenskoye
Vysokaya
Yagrysh
Yakhrenga
Yakovlevo
Yakuninskaya
Yakushevskaya
Yakutinskaya
Yefimovskaya
Yekimovskaya
Yelenskaya
Yemelyanovskaya
Yereminskaya
Yesinskaya
Yeskinskaya
Yurkovskaya
Zabereznik
Zaozerye
Zarechnaya
Zasukhonskaya
Zavrag
Zinenskaya
Zuyevo
This Vozhegodsky District location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Vozhegodsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vozhegodsky_District"},{"link_name":"Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Popovka (Russian: Поповка) is a rural locality (a village) in Vozhegodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 14 as of 2002.[2]","title":"Popovka, Yukchinskoye Rural Settlement, Vozhegodsky District, Vologda Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vozhega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vozhega"}],"text":"The distance to Vozhega is 69 km, to Sosnovitsa is 1 km. Grishinskaya, Sosnovitsa, Vasilyevskaya are the nearest rural localities.","title":"Geography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Popovka,_Yukchinskoye_Rural_Settlement,_Vozhegodsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast¶ms=60_21_N_40_51_E_type:city_region:RU-VLG","external_links_name":"60°21′N 40°51′E / 60.350°N 40.850°E / 60.350; 40.850"},{"Link":"https://wikimapia.org/19060487/ru/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0","external_links_name":"Поповка"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Popovka,_Yukchinskoye_Rural_Settlement,_Vozhegodsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandnes_Township,_Yellow_Medicine_County,_Minnesota | Sandnes Township, Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota | ["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 References"] | Coordinates: 44°40′26″N 95°38′55″W / 44.67389°N 95.64861°W / 44.67389; -95.64861
Township in Minnesota, United StatesSandnes Township, MinnesotaTownshipSandnes Township, MinnesotaLocation within the state of MinnesotaShow map of MinnesotaSandnes Township, MinnesotaSandnes Township, Minnesota (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 44°40′26″N 95°38′55″W / 44.67389°N 95.64861°W / 44.67389; -95.64861CountryUnited StatesStateMinnesotaCountyYellow MedicineArea • Total36.1 sq mi (93.4 km2) • Land36.1 sq mi (93.4 km2) • Water0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2)Elevation1,050 ft (320 m)Population (2000) • Total197 • Density5.5/sq mi (2.1/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)FIPS code27-58378GNIS feature ID0665545
Sandnes Township is a township in Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 197 at the 2000 census.
Sandnes Township was organized in 1872, and named after Sandnes, in Norway.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.1 square miles (93.4 km2), of which 36.1 square miles (93.4 km2) is land and 0.03% is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 197 people, 69 households, and 54 families residing in the township. The population density was 5.5 people per square mile (2.1/km2). There were 75 housing units at an average density of 2.1/sq mi (0.8/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 97.97% White, 0.51% Pacific Islander, 0.51% from other races, and 1.02% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.55% of the population.
There were 69 households, out of which 37.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.4% were married couples living together, 1.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.7% were non-families. 21.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.33.
In the township the population was spread out, with 31.5% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.5 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $45,000, and the median income for a family was $46,875. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,280. None of the families and 2.0% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 7.7% of those over 64.
References
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 596.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota, United StatesCounty seat: Granite FallsCities
Canby
Clarkfield
Echo
Granite Falls‡
Hanley Falls
Hazel Run
Porter
St. Leo
Wood Lake
Map of Minnesota highlighting Yellow Medicine CountyTownships
Burton
Echo
Florida
Fortier
Friendship
Hammer
Hazel Run
Lisbon
Minnesota Falls
Norman
Normania
Omro
Oshkosh
Posen
Sandnes
Sioux Agency
Stony Run
Swede Prairie
Tyro
Wergeland
Wood Lake
Indianreservation
Upper Sioux Indian Reservation
Unincorporated communities
Burr
Lorne
Normania
Spring Creek
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Minnesota portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yellow Medicine County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Medicine_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Sandnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandnes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Township in Minnesota, United StatesSandnes Township is a township in Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 197 at the 2000 census.Sandnes Township was organized in 1872, and named after Sandnes, in Norway.[3]","title":"Sandnes Township, Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.1 square miles (93.4 km2), of which 36.1 square miles (93.4 km2) is land and 0.03% is water.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-1"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[1] of 2000, there were 197 people, 69 households, and 54 families residing in the township. The population density was 5.5 people per square mile (2.1/km2). There were 75 housing units at an average density of 2.1/sq mi (0.8/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 97.97% White, 0.51% Pacific Islander, 0.51% from other races, and 1.02% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.55% of the population.There were 69 households, out of which 37.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.4% were married couples living together, 1.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.7% were non-families. 21.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.33.In the township the population was spread out, with 31.5% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.5 males.The median income for a household in the township was $45,000, and the median income for a family was $46,875. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,280. None of the families and 2.0% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 7.7% of those over 64.","title":"Demographics"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Minnesota highlighting Yellow Medicine County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Yellow_Medicine_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Yellow_Medicine_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendricks,_Kentucky | Hendricks, Kentucky | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 37°41′59″N 83°7′22″W / 37.69972°N 83.12278°W / 37.69972; -83.12278Unincorporated community in Kentucky, United States
Unincorporated community in Kentucky, United StatesHendricks, KentuckyUnincorporated communityHendricksShow map of KentuckyHendricksShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 37°41′59″N 83°7′22″W / 37.69972°N 83.12278°W / 37.69972; -83.12278CountryUnited StatesStateKentuckyCountyMagoffinElevation876 ft (267 m)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)GNIS feature ID508222
Hendricks is an unincorporated community in Magoffin County, Kentucky, United States. It lies along Route 30 south of the city of Salyersville, the county seat of Magoffin County. Its elevation is 876 feet (267 m).
References
^ Rand McNally. The Road Atlas '06. Chicago: Rand McNally, 2006, p. 43.
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Hendricks, Kentucky, Geographic Names Information System, 1979-09-20. Accessed 2008-01-03.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Magoffin County, Kentucky, United StatesCounty seat: SalyersvilleCity
Salyersville
Location of Magoffin County, KentuckyUnincorporatedcommunities
Bethanna
Burning Fork
Cisco
Cutuno
Duco
Edna
Elsie
Ever
Falcon
Flat Fork
Foraker
Fredville
Fritz
Gapville
Gunlock
Gypsy
Harper
Hendricks
Ivyton
Lickburg
Logville
Maggard
Marshallville
Mashfork
Mason
Ova
Plutarch
Royalton
Sublett
Swampton
Tiptop
Waldo
Wheelersburg
Wonnie
Kentucky portal
United States portal
This Magoffin County, Kentucky state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Magoffin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magoffin_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Route 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Route_30"},{"link_name":"Salyersville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyersville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Kentucky, United StatesUnincorporated community in Kentucky, United StatesHendricks is an unincorporated community in Magoffin County, Kentucky, United States. It lies along Route 30 south of the city of Salyersville, the county seat of Magoffin County.[1] Its elevation is 876 feet (267 m).[2]","title":"Hendricks, Kentucky"}] | [{"image_text":"Location of Magoffin County, Kentucky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Magoffin_County.svg/200px-Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Magoffin_County.svg.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hendricks,_Kentucky¶ms=37_41_59_N_83_7_22_W_type:city_region:US-KY","external_links_name":"37°41′59″N 83°7′22″W / 37.69972°N 83.12278°W / 37.69972; -83.12278"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hendricks,_Kentucky¶ms=37_41_59_N_83_7_22_W_type:city_region:US-KY","external_links_name":"37°41′59″N 83°7′22″W / 37.69972°N 83.12278°W / 37.69972; -83.12278"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/508222","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Hendricks, Kentucky"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hendricks,_Kentucky&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_Church,_Pendlebury | St Augustine's Church, Pendlebury | ["1 History","2 Architecture","2.1 Exterior","2.2 Interior","3 Clergy","4 Churchyard","5 Reception","6 Current condition","7 See also","8 External links","9 References"] | Coordinates: 53°30′39″N 2°19′21″W / 53.5107°N 2.3224°W / 53.5107; -2.3224
Church in Greater Manchester, EnglandSt Augustine's ChurchSt Augustine's Church53°30′39″N 2°19′21″W / 53.5107°N 2.3224°W / 53.5107; -2.3224LocationPendlebury,Greater ManchesterCountryEnglandDenominationAnglicanChurchmanshipAnglo-CatholicHistoryDedicationSt AugustineConsecratedMay 1874ArchitectureFunctional statusActiveHeritage designationGrade IArchitect(s)George Frederick BodleyArchitectural typeChurchStyleGothic RevivalGroundbreaking1871Completed1874SpecificationsMaterialsRed brickAdministrationProvinceYorkDioceseManchesterArchdeaconrySalfordDeaneryEcclesParishSwinton and Pendlebury
St. Augustine's Church is an active Anglican church in Pendlebury, Greater Manchester, England. Dedicated to St Augustine, it is part of the benefice of Swinton and Pendlebury along with St Peter's Church in Swinton and All Saints' Church in Wardley. The church is in the Eccles deanery, the archdeaconry of Salford and the diocese of Manchester. The church was granted Grade II* listed status in 1966 but has since been upgraded to Grade I.
Called the "Miners' Cathedral", due to its almost cathedralesque stature, in the heart of a one time coal-mining community, it was also sometimes locally called "Gussie's".
The church is situated on Bolton Road and has a connected primary school.
History
Manchester banker, Edward Stanley Heywood of Heywood's Bank commissioned G. F. Bodley to design the church in March 1870. Its foundation stone was laid in the following September and it was consecrated in May 1874. Heywood paid for its construction, decoration and furnishings. The church was constructed to the design of Bodley and Thomas Garner between 1871 and 1874. The cost, £3,300 (£330,000 in 2021) was largely borne by Heywood.
Bodley designed a bell tower for the south-east side, higher than the main roof, but it was not built.
Architecture
Exterior
The church is built of red brick and has clay tile roof and stone dressings. It was inspired by the Gothic cathedrals in Albi and Toulouse in France. Its nave and chancel occupy ten bays under a continuous roof. The church has a door at the west end, a porch on the south side and vestry on the north. The bays are separated by shallow weathered buttresses that terminate in triangular gablets above the coped parapet which has pierced quatrefoils above the chancel. The nave and chancel are differentiated by their windows. The nave has three-light windows below blank arches while the chancel has four-light windows with reticulated tracery. The east window between angled buttresses topped by crocketted pinnacles has seven lights decorated with flowing reticulated tracery. The west window has five lights.
Clifton Hall Colliery disaster memorial.
Interior
High altar, church interior
The church has large internal buttresses that are pierced by passage aisles and which support high-level arches. The barrel roof is richly painted above chancel. An elaborately carved rood screen separates the nave from the chancel and the sanctuary is raised. The reredos is decorated with painted figures. The organ case, rood screen and sedilia were designed by Bodley. The ornate font on a carved stone is raised from the ground by several steps, and above it is a carved wooden hood suspended from the walls.
Clergy
The first vicar, Doctor Alfred Dewes (b. Coventry 1825; d. Pendlebury 1911), was vicar from the consecration of the church in 1874 until his death in 1911. He worked unceasingly throughout the smallpox and cholera outbreaks, helping the poor and afflicted. Both vicar and church were the focal point for the mourning following the Clifton Hall Colliery explosion on 18 June 1885, in which 178 men and boys were killed.
Churchyard
War memorial on the south side of the churchyard
Below the east window is a memorial to 64 victims of the Clifton Hall Colliery disaster who were buried in the churchyard. The churchyard also contains war graves of twelve service personnel of the Great War and four of the Second World War.
Reception
Nicholas Pevsner writing in the Buildings of England described the church as one of the greatest and most moving of all Victorian churches, with an interior of "breathtaking majesty and purity".
The church was the subject of drawings and paintings by artist L.S. Lowry who lived at 117 Station Road, Pendlebury, between 1909 and 1948.
Current condition
In recent years, several church restoration projects have been completed, including re-pointing southeast side and the addition of toilets and kitchen.
The church is in need of at least £1 million for refurbishments to the interior roof and to repair the pointing on the exterior of the church, and is a priority project for English Heritage, who quote it as being "exceptionally important".
See also
Greater Manchester portal
Grade I listed churches in Greater Manchester
Listed buildings in Swinton and Pendlebury
External links
Image of the church.
St. Augustine's C of E Primary School Website.
References
^ Church list, anglican.org, retrieved 30 November 2014
^ a b c d Historic England, "Church of St Augustine (1067508)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 30 November 2014
^ a b c Hartwell, Clare; Hyde, Matthew; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2004). Manchester and the South-East (Rev. and expanded. ed.). New Haven, Conn. : Yale University Press. pp. 558–561. ISBN 0300105835.
^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
^ "English Heritage inspires Greater Manchester to help historic places of worship", Government News Network, retrieved 4 July 2006.
^ CWGC Cemetery Report. Breakdown obtained from casualty record.
^ Destiny at the dark end of the street, The Tate, retrieved 12 April 2016
^ "The Diocese of Manchester: Handling problems in partnership", English Heritage, retrieved 4 July 2006.
vteBuildings and structures in the City of Salford, EnglandItalics denote building under constructionHighrises (over 100 metres)
Anaconda Cut (131m)
Highrises (over 50 metres)
City Central (80m)
Salford Cathedral (73m)
Peel House (55m)
Notable lowrises
Boothstown Mines Rescue Station
Centenary Building
Forest Bank
Islington Mill
Kersal Cell
Lowry Hotel
Ordsall Hall
Peel Building
Port Salford
Salford Civic Centre
Salford Lads' Club
Salford Museum and Art Gallery
Salford Royal Hospital
Salford Town Hall
Threlfalls Brewery
Wardley Hall
Working Class Movement Library
Worsley Court House
Worsley Old Hall
Places of worship
Salford Cathedral
Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation
St Augustine's
St Clement's
St James'
St Luke's
St Mark's
St Mary the Virgin, Eccles
St Mary the Virgin, Ellenbrook
St Paul's
St Philip's
St Thomas'
Transportation
Anchorage
Broadway
Clifton
City Airport
Eccles Interchange
Eccles
Exchange Quay
Harbour City
Irlam
Ladywell
Langworthy
Moorside
MediaCity UK
Patricroft
Salford Central
Salford Crescent
Salford Quays
Swinton
Walkden
Weaste
Shopping centres
Salford Shopping Centre
Swinton Square
The Lowry
Sports and entertainment
AJ Bell Stadium
British Wrestling Academy
Broughton Cricket Club Ground
Cleavley Athletics Track
The Cliff
Manchester Tennis and Racquet Club
Moor Lane
Victoria Theatre
Memorials
Mark Addy
Joseph Brotherton
Charles Hallé
Clifton Hall Colliery Disaster
Oliver Heywood
Bridges
Albert Bridge
Barton Road Swing Bridge
Barton Swing Aqueduct
Blackfriars Bridge
Cadishead Viaduct
Clifton Aqueduct
Clifton Viaduct
Irwell Railway bridge
Media City Footbridge
Palatine Bridge
Salford Quays Bridge
Trinity Bridge
Victoria Bridge
Lists
Castles
Churches
Grade I listed
Grade II* listed
Mills
Monuments
Schools
Tallest
Listed buildings in
Eccles
Irlam
Salford
Swinton and Pendlebury
Worsley | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"Pendlebury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendlebury"},{"link_name":"Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"St Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"benefice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefice"},{"link_name":"Swinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinton,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Wardley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardley,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Eccles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccles,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"deanery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deanery"},{"link_name":"archdeaconry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeaconry"},{"link_name":"diocese of Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"listed status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-2"},{"link_name":"coal-mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-mining"},{"link_name":"Bolton Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A666_road"}],"text":"Church in Greater Manchester, EnglandSt. Augustine's Church is an active Anglican church in Pendlebury, Greater Manchester, England. Dedicated to St Augustine, it is part of the benefice of Swinton and Pendlebury along with St Peter's Church in Swinton and All Saints' Church in Wardley. The church is in the Eccles deanery, the archdeaconry of Salford and the diocese of Manchester.[1] The church was granted Grade II* listed status in 1966 but has since been upgraded to Grade I.[2]Called the \"Miners' Cathedral\", due to its almost cathedralesque stature, in the heart of a one time coal-mining community, it was also sometimes locally called \"Gussie's\".The church is situated on Bolton Road and has a connected primary school.","title":"St Augustine's Church, Pendlebury"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heywood's Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heywood%27s_Bank"},{"link_name":"G. F. Bodley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frederick_Bodley"},{"link_name":"Thomas Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Garner"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pevsner-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-UK-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pevsner-3"},{"link_name":"bell tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_tower"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-2"}],"text":"Manchester banker, Edward Stanley Heywood of Heywood's Bank commissioned G. F. Bodley to design the church in March 1870. Its foundation stone was laid in the following September and it was consecrated in May 1874. Heywood paid for its construction, decoration and furnishings. The church was constructed to the design of Bodley and Thomas Garner between 1871 and 1874.[3] The cost, £3,300 (£330,000 in 2021)[4][3] was largely borne by Heywood.Bodley designed a bell tower for the south-east side, higher than the main roof, but it was not built.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albi_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"chancel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancel"},{"link_name":"bays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"vestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestry"},{"link_name":"buttresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttress"},{"link_name":"coped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coping_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"parapet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapet"},{"link_name":"quatrefoils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatrefoil"},{"link_name":"tracery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracery"},{"link_name":"crocketted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocket"},{"link_name":"pinnacles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnacle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clifton_Hall_Colliery_disaster_memorial.JPG"},{"link_name":"Clifton Hall Colliery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Hall_Colliery"}],"sub_title":"Exterior","text":"The church is built of red brick and has clay tile roof and stone dressings. It was inspired by the Gothic cathedrals in Albi and Toulouse in France. Its nave and chancel occupy ten bays under a continuous roof. The church has a door at the west end, a porch on the south side and vestry on the north. The bays are separated by shallow weathered buttresses that terminate in triangular gablets above the coped parapet which has pierced quatrefoils above the chancel. The nave and chancel are differentiated by their windows. The nave has three-light windows below blank arches while the chancel has four-light windows with reticulated tracery. The east window between angled buttresses topped by crocketted pinnacles has seven lights decorated with flowing reticulated tracery. The west window has five lights.[2]Clifton Hall Colliery disaster memorial.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Augustine%27s_Church_high_altar,_Pendlebury,_Greater_Manchester.jpg"},{"link_name":"aisles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisle"},{"link_name":"barrel roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_roof"},{"link_name":"rood screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rood_screen"},{"link_name":"sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"reredos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reredos"},{"link_name":"sedilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedilia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-2"},{"link_name":"font","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismal_font"}],"sub_title":"Interior","text":"High altar, church interiorThe church has large internal buttresses that are pierced by passage aisles and which support high-level arches. The barrel roof is richly painted above chancel. An elaborately carved rood screen separates the nave from the chancel and the sanctuary is raised. The reredos is decorated with painted figures. The organ case, rood screen and sedilia were designed by Bodley.[2] The ornate font on a carved stone is raised from the ground by several steps, and above it is a carved wooden hood suspended from the walls.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry"},{"link_name":"Pendlebury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendlebury"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"cholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera"},{"link_name":"Clifton Hall Colliery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Hall_Colliery"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The first vicar, Doctor Alfred Dewes (b. Coventry 1825; d. Pendlebury 1911), was vicar from the consecration of the church in 1874 until his death in 1911. He worked unceasingly throughout the smallpox and cholera outbreaks, helping the poor and afflicted. Both vicar and church were the focal point for the mourning following the Clifton Hall Colliery explosion on 18 June 1885, in which 178 men and boys were killed.[5]","title":"Clergy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:War_Memorial,_St_Augustine%27s_churchyard.JPG"},{"link_name":"war graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission"},{"link_name":"Great War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwgc-6"}],"text":"War memorial on the south side of the churchyardBelow the east window is a memorial to 64 victims of the Clifton Hall Colliery disaster who were buried in the churchyard. The churchyard also contains war graves of twelve service personnel of the Great War and four of the Second World War.[6]","title":"Churchyard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicholas Pevsner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Pevsner"},{"link_name":"Buildings of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildings_of_England"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pevsner-3"},{"link_name":"L.S. Lowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.S._Lowry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pendlebury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendlebury"}],"text":"Nicholas Pevsner writing in the Buildings of England described the church as one of the greatest and most moving of all Victorian churches, with an interior of \"breathtaking majesty and purity\".[3]The church was the subject of drawings and paintings by artist L.S. Lowry[7] who lived at 117 Station Road, Pendlebury, between 1909 and 1948.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In recent years, several church restoration projects have been completed, including re-pointing southeast side and the addition of toilets and kitchen. \nThe church is in need of at least £1 million for refurbishments to the interior roof and to repair the pointing on the exterior of the church, and is a priority project for English Heritage, who quote it as being \"exceptionally important\".[8]","title":"Current condition"}] | [{"image_text":"Clifton Hall Colliery disaster memorial.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Clifton_Hall_Colliery_disaster_memorial.JPG/220px-Clifton_Hall_Colliery_disaster_memorial.JPG"},{"image_text":"High altar, church interior","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/St_Augustine%27s_Church_high_altar%2C_Pendlebury%2C_Greater_Manchester.jpg/170px-St_Augustine%27s_Church_high_altar%2C_Pendlebury%2C_Greater_Manchester.jpg"},{"image_text":"War memorial on the south side of the churchyard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/War_Memorial%2C_St_Augustine%27s_churchyard.JPG/220px-War_Memorial%2C_St_Augustine%27s_churchyard.JPG"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:England_Greater_Manchester_numbered.svg"},{"title":"Greater Manchester portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Greater_Manchester"},{"title":"Grade I listed churches in Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_I_listed_churches_in_Greater_Manchester"},{"title":"Listed buildings in Swinton and Pendlebury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Swinton_and_Pendlebury"}] | [{"reference":"Church list, anglican.org, retrieved 30 November 2014","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manchester.anglican.org/churches/parish-list?search=pendlebury","url_text":"Church list"}]},{"reference":"Historic England, \"Church of St Augustine (1067508)\", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 30 November 2014","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1067508","url_text":"\"Church of St Augustine (1067508)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Hartwell, Clare; Hyde, Matthew; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2004). Manchester and the South-East (Rev. and expanded. ed.). New Haven, Conn. [u.a.]: Yale University Press. pp. 558–561. ISBN 0300105835.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300105835","url_text":"0300105835"}]},{"reference":"Clark, Gregory (2017). \"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 11 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/","url_text":"\"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\""}]},{"reference":"Destiny at the dark end of the street, The Tate, retrieved 12 April 2016","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/destiny-dark-end-street","url_text":"Destiny at the dark end of the street"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate","url_text":"Tate"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Augustine%27s_Church,_Pendlebury¶ms=53.5107_N_2.3224_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"53°30′39″N 2°19′21″W / 53.5107°N 2.3224°W / 53.5107; -2.3224"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Augustine%27s_Church,_Pendlebury¶ms=53.5107_N_2.3224_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"53°30′39″N 2°19′21″W / 53.5107°N 2.3224°W / 53.5107; -2.3224"},{"Link":"http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/LAN/Pendlebury/StAugustine.shtml","external_links_name":"Image of the church"},{"Link":"https://staugustines.salford.sch.uk/","external_links_name":"St. Augustine's C of E Primary School Website"},{"Link":"http://www.manchester.anglican.org/churches/parish-list?search=pendlebury","external_links_name":"Church list"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1067508","external_links_name":"\"Church of St Augustine (1067508)\""},{"Link":"https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/","external_links_name":"\"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\""},{"Link":"http://www.gnn.gov.uk/content/detail.asp?NewsAreaID=2&ReleaseID=200671","external_links_name":"\"English Heritage inspires Greater Manchester to help historic places of worship\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/41160/PENDLEBURY%20(ST.%20AUGUSTINE%20OF%20CANTERBURY)%20CHURCHYARD","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/destiny-dark-end-street","external_links_name":"Destiny at the dark end of the street"},{"Link":"http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/upload/pdf/30_The_Diocese_of_Manchester.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Diocese of Manchester: Handling problems in partnership\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside,_Worcestershire | Districts of Redditch | ["1 Abbeydale","2 Astwood Bank","3 Batchley","4 Brockhill","5 Callow Hill","6 Church Green","7 Church Hill","8 Crabbs Cross","9 Enfield","10 Feckenham","11 Greenlands","12 Headless Cross","13 Hunt End","14 Ipsley","15 Lakeside","16 Lodge Park","17 Matchborough","18 Moons Moat","19 Oakenshaw","19.1 Oakenshaw South","20 Park Farm","21 Riverside","22 Smallwood","23 Southcrest","24 St Georges","25 Town Centre","26 Walkwood","27 Washford","28 Webheath","29 Winyates","30 Wirehill","31 Woodrow","32 References","33 Sources"] | Coordinates: 52°17′N 1°56′W / 52.28°N 1.93°W / 52.28; -1.93
Human settlement in EnglandRedditchRedditchLocation within WorcestershirePopulation85,261 DistrictRedditchShire countyWorcestershireRegionWest MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPostcode districtB96, B97, B98Dialling code01527PoliceWest MerciaFireHereford and WorcesterAmbulanceWest Midlands
UK ParliamentRedditch
List of places
UK
England
Worcestershire
52°17′N 1°56′W / 52.28°N 1.93°W / 52.28; -1.93
Redditch is a town and local government district in north-east Worcestershire, England.
The town is divided into separate districts.
All street-name signs in Redditch have the street name in white lettering on a blue background and the district name in black lettering on a white background at the bottom of the sign. In the New Town areas the roads are usually named in alphabetical order and house numbering in the cul-de-sac closes is consecutive, starting with number 1 as the first house on the left as you enter, and the highest house number will be on the opposite side of the road as you leave.
Abbeydale
Abbeydale, along with Batchley and Mayfields, were post-WWII 1950s housing estates built to cope with a population boom and the local councils enforcement of the Conservative government's 'Homes for Heroes' pledge after the 1951 United Kingdom general election.
Astwood Bank
Main article: Astwood Bank
Batchley
Redditch United F.C.'s Valley Stadium is located off the Bromsgrove Road, in Batchley.
Batchley was originally a pre-WWII housing estate which has continued to expand to meet need for affordable accommodation until the present day. The original estate included many Orlit prefabricated houses though none remain today they were still present into the 1980s. Generally with an equal mixture of privately owned, private rental and social housing it hosts a number of diverse cultural and socio-economic groups. It has three local schools and a park and fishing lake. There are a number of small privately owned local shops and a Tesco Express with external ATM. It is within a short walking distance of Redditch town centre.
Brockhill
Situated in the north west of the town. Almost entirely a modern residential area and home to many housing estates that to this day are still being constructed since 1996
The district lends its name to Brockhill (HM Prison), a Young Offenders Institution at the Hewell Grange complex.
Callow Hill
Main article: Callow Hill, Worcestershire
Church Green
Church Green and St. Stephen's Church in central Redditch
A commercial district and public space in the centre of Redditch, Church Green forms part of the town centre, however it is treated as a district and typically appears in addresses for buildings located there. Church Green forms a traditional centre for the town, like a village green or town square, and features a bandstand and fountain (see picture, right). Dominated by St Stephen's church, it is home to several banks, estate agents, charity shops, a Chinese restaurant and other businesses.
Church Green West historically formed part of the major trunk road, A441 from Birmingham to Evesham.
Church Hill
The largest estate in Redditch, occupying the north-east corner of the town, Church Hill Ward has yearly elections of Councillors due to its size and the number of councillors.
Church Hill is one of the more recent Redditch developments, beginning in 1975. Church Hill has a distinctive layout similar to the Radburn model, with access roads Paper Mill Drive, Ravensbank Drive and Moons Moat Drive largely encircling the estate. Residences are almost exclusively built around cul-de-sacs. The estate comprises Moon's Moat, Marlfield Barn, and Bomford Hill which boasts a Peace Memorial. Unlike the many monotenure housing estates in the UK and globally, but in common with many newer estates in Redditch Church Hill is divided into districts correlated with tenure:
Bomford Hill Peace Memorial
Church Hill North - primarily private residential
Church Hill Centre - a small commercial centre with a community centre and flats run by the YMCA, a medical centre, dentist, shops and a take-away, and first and middle schools.
Church Hill South - primarily social housing
The North and South parts are separated by Church Hill Way (a buses only road), with Church Hill Centre in the middle. Church Hill's geometric layout, a characteristic of planned new town developments, largely separates private (North) residents from social (South) residents in their day-to-day lives, whilst bringing together the children of both sides of the community at common schools (in particular, at Church Hill Middle School). Church Hill North previously had two first schools, Ravensbank First School (then changed to the present Abbeywood First school) and Marfield Farm First School; however, this has since been closed and demolished. It has been characterised by some as something of a social planning experiment..
The estate is named after St Leonards church and the hill it stands on slightly north of Church Hill at Beoley.
Crabbs Cross
Main article: Crabbs Cross
Enfield
Named after the Enfield Motorbike factory the area is mainly an industrial estate. The area was greatly improved during the industrial revolution as a main area in the town for the production of needles and fishing hooks. It is also the location of Mettis Aerospace which during World War Two was a producer of parts for Spitfire aircraft. Opposite Mettis on Windsor Road was the old Redditch Gas works which have now been demolished and replaced with a series of apartment blocks and houses. It is also the home to the local Fire Station which is part of the Hereford and Worcester Fire and Rescue Service, the station has 3 main fire engines. There is also a small retail park which includes a Sainsburys Supermarket & Petrol station and the royal mail delivery office. Also situated is the DVLA test centre for North Worcestershire
Feckenham
Main article: Feckenham
Feckenham is in practical terms a separate village, but is governed by Redditch Borough Council and counts administratively as a district.
Feckenham village arose because it straddled the ancient saltway track between Alcester and Droitwich (later a Roman road, now the modern B4090 road), and the early stretches of the Bow Brook.
Feckenham Forest once covered a substantial area of Worcestershire. It was used as a Norman royal hunting forest, and there was a royal hunting lodge near the village.
Greenlands
Greenlands is situated in between Woodrow & Lodge Park. Its mainly known for its 3 large football fields and having a walkway through to Tesco Extra and Oakenshaw which is a popular place for dog walks. It's also home to the South Redditch social club and The Greenlands (Formerly Mayfly Public House) which has been there since 1958. The rest of Greenlands consist of 1950, 60s and 70s built housing estates. Also situated is; an off license, Chinese take away and a basketball court with mini Skatepark.
Headless Cross
Birchfield Road, Headless Cross
Water Tower, Headless Cross
Like Crabbs Cross, Headless Cross was once a village in its own right, it is thought to be named after Headless Cross farm, which was situated roughly where Vaynor Drive is today. Headless Cross may be derived from Smeethehedley, itself an indication of a role in Feckenham Forest.
Keeping with the Redditch tradition of needle manufacture, Headless Cross once accommodated 3 needle works: the Needle Factory, located where Stonehouse Close is today; Phoenix Works on Birchfield Road and Mount Pleasant Mill on Evesham Road. A large brickworks was situated on Marlpit Lane, as well as a smaller one along Birchfield Road.
There are 2 schools in Headless Cross: The Vaynor First School and Walkwood CE Middle School, both located on Feckenham Road.
Due to its slight altitude advantage, both of Redditch's water towers were built in Headless Cross. The old one still stands having been converted into a private residence. The distinctive shape of the new water tower has become something of a local icon and can be seen dominating the skyline from as far as the Hollybush Inn on Gorcott Hill, approximately 6 km to the east in Warwickshire.
The village also inspired the 1989 Black Sabbath song 'Headless Cross' which features on the album of the same name.
Headless Cross is also the site of an Iron Age hill fort.
Hunt End
Main article: Hunt End
Ipsley
Ipsley is home to the corporate headquarters of engineering firm GKN and the former headquarters of Solicitors Regulation Authority, which has since been transformed into apartments. Ipsley is one of the few estates in the town to not have any Council owned housing. In common with Winyates Green, all homes in the Ipsley estate are privately owned.
Lakeside
Lakeside is a largely industrial area of the town. Its location is in close proximity to the Arrow Valley Park. There is also a small housing estate.
Lodge Park
The first houses of the estate built on the Studley Road began construction in the end of the 1950s and finished in the mid-60s to be added to in the 1980s at the top of Barlich Way. There is also a social club with the view of Lodge Park and an outlet of shops one of which Tesco Express which has had its current position since 2003. There are ten different designs of housing in Lodge Park many with their own garages, not including the architects house, which stands on a corner of Barlich Way and Red Hill which features a double garage and a utility room. It is a lovely place to live and features both a middle and a first school.
Matchborough
Matchborough is a large district of Redditch. Its location lies between Winyates, Ipsley and Washford. Matchborough is the location of Arrow Vale High School and Matchborough First School. Matchborough consists of 2 areas, Matchborough East and Matchborough West, it also has a small shopping centre called Matchborough Centre, similar to Church Hill and Winyates Centres. Matchborough contains the area's most iconic feature, Matchborough Pond located near Arrow Vale High School.
Moons Moat
The district of Moon's Moat is an industrial and business estate in the north east of Redditch between Church Hill and Winyates. Moon's Moat itself is located in Church Hill.
The district takes its name from an ancient moated homestead which was founded by Monks and dates back to the 12th century. It is now a listed heritage site. The medieval homestead was inhabited by the Mohun family which is where the name "Moon's" Moat comes from (Mohun being an early name for Moon). The homestead was last in use in the 18th century, but by the end that century the Mohuns had died out. The homestead fell into disuse and became a ruin. What was left of the homestead was removed so that nothing visible now remains on the site.
The Moon's Moat site is believed by some to be haunted by the ghost of Lady Mohun who is said to appear on or near to the site on the eve of St Agnes (21 January). There is some folklore and history associated with the site concerning a suicide and a murder which may explain the ghost story.
Oakenshaw
Oakenshaw is a largely residential area with a mix of privately owned and social housing. There is a prominent McDonald's in the centre of Oakenshaw on the A441 traffic island and nearby is the largest retail outlet in Redditch, Tesco Extra.
This area gets its name from Oakenshaw Farm, sometimes known as Pheasant Farm. The farm was located, where the underpass from Tesco to Greenlands is today, and a small lane ran from opposite Yvonne Road in Crabbs Cross to Oakenshaw Road in Greenlands, in which modern Oakenshaw lies upon.
Oakenshaw South
Oakenshaw South was built in the 1980s and consists of ten residential closes, all leading off Grangers Lane.
Built on land once belonging to Woodrow Farm, the particularly long pathway dividing Oakenshaw South is in fact the old lane linking the Slough to Woodrow Farm and then onto Studley Road. The Bridleway adjacent to Yarr Mill Close was the first stretch of the lane off the Slough, the pathway opposite carries on until the bend, where the lane was lifted to build Stoneleigh Close. The lane continues south towards Woodrow Drive, then rises to a pathed platform which was once the Redditch to Evesham Railway line. Woodrow Farm was located just before the rise and bend of the path, on the left looking towards the Rough Hill drive Round-a-bout. The old lane continued through what is now Bushley Close, Woodrow North to the Studley Road junction at Woodrow Centre.
Park Farm
Park Farm is an area in south-east Redditch largely comprising industrial and commercial properties
Politically, Park Farm is within the Greenlands ward represented by Councillors Joanna Kane and Juma Begum from the Labour Party, and Councillor Emma Marshall from the Conservative Party.
Riverside
The Redditch area of Riverside runs alongside the River Arrow. Located between the areas of Enfield and Abbeydale is the location of Forge Mill Needle Museum and the ruins of Bordesley Abbey. Also located in Riverside is the Abbey Stadium Sports Complex and Redditch Crematorium. The Abbey Stadium has a swimming pool built in 2011. It gained some notoriety at that time as it is partially heated using waste heat from the nearby Crematorium.
Smallwood
Named for the Smallwood Brothers, this area of Redditch contains the Smallwood Alms Houses and the old Victorian factories of Millsborough House. It is also the location of a B&Q outlet, ASDA Superstore and Matalan. It also is the location of the Redditch Central Mosque.
Southcrest
Southcrest is a residential area of Redditch located on and to the south of Mount Pleasant, between the Town Centre and Headless Cross. It houses the Southcrest Hotel and Plymouth Road Cemetery, and is one of the oldest areas of Redditch. Most of the older buildings date from the late Victorian era and include Southcrest Works, which have now been renovated into privately owned apartments.
St Georges
St Georges is a residential area of Redditch to the south east of the Town Centre. It is home to St George the Martyr Church, Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church, and St Georges Church of England First School. It is largely based around the roads of Beoley Road West and St Georges Road.
Town Centre
Worcester Square layout
The primary commercial core of Redditch is the indoor Kingfisher Shopping Centre. Designed like an out of town mall facility, with fully covered walkways and integrated multi-storey car parks, the Kingfisher Centre was built in place of several established Redditch town centre streets. The walkways are named after these streets.
The centre, along with Church Green and municipal buildings such as the Town Hall, Redditch Central Library and Heart of Worcestershire College are enclosed on three sides by the raised one-way, three-lane Redditch Ringway. Designed for access to the car parks, it illustrates the early roads for prosperity approach in new town design philosophy applied in the UK in the 1960s and 1980s.
Walkwood
Walkwood is a small suburb of Redditch and is home to the Bramley Cottage Inn and Walkwood Coppice, a nature reserve. Nearby is Morton Stanley Park, a large open area of parkland, which hosts the annual Morton Stanley Festival. On Mason Road there is a small shopping arcade including a post office.
Washford
Washford is primarily a modern industrial estate in south-east Redditch. It is home to the corporate headquarters of automotive and bicycle accessories retailer Halfords, along with large compressor manufacturer Gardner Denver who have their UK headquarters situated on the old Hydrovane site on Claybrook Drive. The estate also comprises many smaller businesses along the Hemming Road industrial estate. It is named after the Washford Mill, which is now a popular public house and restaurant, though a Mill has stood on this site since 1066 and is mentioned in the Domesday Book. Many areas of Redditch have similar very early origins: Ipsley, Batchley, Feckenham, Bordesley and Beoley were all Saxon settlements.
Webheath
Webheath is a district of Redditch, in Worcestershire, England. The district neighbours Batchley and the village of Callow Hill. It is also near Feckenham and Astwood Bank. Webheath used to be a village in its own right but is now part of the town of Redditch.
Webheath is home to two first schools, both located on Downsell Road:
Webheath Academy Primary School
Mount Carmel Catholic First School
Webheath comes under the West Ward on Redditch Borough Council. It is represented by two councillors, Matthew Dormer (Conservative) and David Thain (Green).
Webheath is the westernmost district of the Redditch constituency.
Winyates
Arriving at Arrow Valley Lake from the East
Winyates is a new town estate in eastern Redditch. It comprises:
Winyates West
Winyates East
Winyates Green, to the east of Winyates East
The West and East areas are separated by Winyates Way, a continuation of Church Hill Way and Matchborough Way, which is largely a bus lane though access is available to Winyates Shopping Centre. Winyates West adjoins Arrow Valley Park, accessible by a footpath under Battens Drive.
Winyates is home to the Ipsley Alders Marsh Nature Reserve which is an SSSI.
Politically, Winyates elects three councillors to Redditch Borough Council.
Tenacres first school is located in Winyates East. Ipsley Middle School and Roman Way First School are located in Winyates West.
Wirehill
Wire Hill is a small estate which only contains houses. It is located opposite what was once The Jolly Farmer pub in Woodrow, and lies on the same road as the Alexandra Hospital. It is only accessible by Nine Days Lane. The entrance to Wire Hill Woods, which is an area of special scientific interest (SSSI) can also be found here.
Woodrow
This area gets its name from Woodrow Farm which in fact, was located where Oakenshaw South is today. Some roads in Woodrow North's closes, such as Bushley and Cropthorne, are remains of the old Woodrow Farm lane, which started at the Studley Road junction, where Woodrow Centre is today, ending at the Slough in Crabbs Cross. Woodrow North is council housing, whereas Woodrow South is a mix of private and council dwellings.
The Alexandra Hospital is located in Woodrow.
References
^ 2001 UK Census reports the Church Hill ward has a population of 8493
^ "D-block GB-404000-267000". Domesday Reloaded. BBC. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018.
^ Moon's Moat itself is in Church Hill; the Moons Moat estate is named after the moat.
^ Humphreys FSA, John. "Forest of Feckenham". Transactions and Proceedings. Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeology Society. 44–45: 115–132.
^ Bowen 1952, pp. 33–34
^ The Solicitors Regulation Authority contact us page giving address in Ipsley
^ "Redditch Council - Morton Stanley Festival". Archived from the original on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
Sources
Bowen, AR (1952). "The Hill-Forts of Worcestershire and its Borders". Transactions of the Worcestershire Archaeological Society. New Series. XXIX: 33–37.
vteDistricts of Redditch
Abbeydale
Astwood Bank
Batchley
Brockhill
Callow Hill
Church Green
Church Hill
Crabbs Cross
Cruise Hill
Elcocks Brook
Enfield
Feckenham
Greenlands
Ham Green
Headless Cross
Hunt End
Ipsley
Lakeside
Lodge Park
Matchborough
Moons Moat
Oakenshaw
Park Farm
Riverside
Smallwood
Southcrest
Town Centre
Walkwood
Washford
Webheath
Winyates
Wire Hill
Woodrow | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Redditch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redditch"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town"},{"link_name":"local government district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"house numbering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_numbering"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandRedditch is a town and local government district in north-east Worcestershire, England.\nThe town is divided into separate districts.\nAll street-name signs in Redditch have the street name in white lettering on a blue background and the district name in black lettering on a white background at the bottom of the sign. In the New Town areas the roads are usually named in alphabetical order and house numbering in the cul-de-sac closes is consecutive, starting with number 1 as the first house on the left as you enter, and the highest house number will be on the opposite side of the road as you leave.","title":"Districts of Redditch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1951 United Kingdom general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election"}],"text":"Abbeydale, along with Batchley and Mayfields, were post-WWII 1950s housing estates built to cope with a population boom and the local councils enforcement of the Conservative government's 'Homes for Heroes' pledge after the 1951 United Kingdom general election.","title":"Abbeydale"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Astwood Bank"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Redditch United F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redditch_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Valley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valley_Stadium&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Redditch United F.C.'s Valley Stadium is located off the Bromsgrove Road, in Batchley.Batchley was originally a pre-WWII housing estate which has continued to expand to meet need for affordable accommodation until the present day. The original estate included many Orlit prefabricated houses though none remain today they were still present into the 1980s. Generally with an equal mixture of privately owned, private rental and social housing it hosts a number of diverse cultural and socio-economic groups. It has three local schools and a park and fishing lake. There are a number of small privately owned local shops and a Tesco Express with external ATM. It is within a short walking distance of Redditch town centre.","title":"Batchley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brockhill (HM Prison)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockhill_(HM_Prison)"}],"text":"Situated in the north west of the town. Almost entirely a modern residential area and home to many housing estates that to this day are still being constructed since 1996\nThe district lends its name to Brockhill (HM Prison), a Young Offenders Institution at the Hewell Grange complex.","title":"Brockhill"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Callow Hill"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Redditch_015.jpg"},{"link_name":"A441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evesham_Road_(A441)"}],"text":"Church Green and St. Stephen's Church in central RedditchA commercial district and public space in the centre of Redditch, Church Green forms part of the town centre, however it is treated as a district and typically appears in addresses for buildings located there. Church Green forms a traditional centre for the town, like a village green or town square, and features a bandstand and fountain (see picture, right). Dominated by St Stephen's church, it is home to several banks, estate agents, charity shops, a Chinese restaurant and other businesses.\nChurch Green West historically formed part of the major trunk road, A441 from Birmingham to Evesham.","title":"Church Green"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Radburn model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radburn_model"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"monotenure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotenure"},{"link_name":"housing estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_estates"},{"link_name":"tenure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_tenure"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bomford_Hill-160.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Beoley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beoley"}],"text":"The largest estate in Redditch,[1] occupying the north-east corner of the town, Church Hill Ward has yearly elections of Councillors due to its size and the number of councillors.Church Hill is one of the more recent Redditch developments, beginning in 1975.[2] Church Hill has a distinctive layout similar to the Radburn model, with access roads Paper Mill Drive, Ravensbank Drive and Moons Moat Drive largely encircling the estate. Residences are almost exclusively built around cul-de-sacs. The estate comprises Moon's Moat,[3] Marlfield Barn, and Bomford Hill which boasts a Peace Memorial. Unlike the many monotenure housing estates in the UK and globally, but in common with many newer estates in Redditch Church Hill is divided into districts correlated with tenure:Bomford Hill Peace MemorialChurch Hill North - primarily private residential\nChurch Hill Centre - a small commercial centre with a community centre and flats run by the YMCA, a medical centre, dentist, shops and a take-away, and first and middle schools.\nChurch Hill South - primarily social housingThe North and South parts are separated by Church Hill Way (a buses only road), with Church Hill Centre in the middle. Church Hill's geometric layout, a characteristic of planned new town developments, largely separates private (North) residents from social (South) residents in their day-to-day lives, whilst bringing together the children of both sides of the community at common schools (in particular, at Church Hill Middle School). Church Hill North previously had two first schools, Ravensbank First School (then changed to the present Abbeywood First school) and Marfield Farm First School; however, this has since been closed and demolished. It has been characterised by some as something of a social planning experiment.[citation needed].The estate is named after St Leonards church and the hill it stands on slightly north of Church Hill at Beoley.","title":"Church Hill"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Crabbs Cross"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hereford and Worcester Fire and Rescue Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford_and_Worcester_Fire_and_Rescue_Service"},{"link_name":"DVLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVLA"}],"text":"Named after the Enfield Motorbike factory the area is mainly an industrial estate. The area was greatly improved during the industrial revolution as a main area in the town for the production of needles and fishing hooks. It is also the location of Mettis Aerospace which during World War Two was a producer of parts for Spitfire aircraft. Opposite Mettis on Windsor Road was the old Redditch Gas works which have now been demolished and replaced with a series of apartment blocks and houses. It is also the home to the local Fire Station which is part of the Hereford and Worcester Fire and Rescue Service, the station has 3 main fire engines. There is also a small retail park which includes a Sainsburys Supermarket & Petrol station and the royal mail delivery office. Also situated is the DVLA test centre for North Worcestershire","title":"Enfield"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Feckenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feckenham"},{"link_name":"Feckenham Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feckenham_Forest"}],"text":"Feckenham is in practical terms a separate village, but is governed by Redditch Borough Council and counts administratively as a district.Feckenham village arose because it straddled the ancient saltway track between Alcester and Droitwich (later a Roman road, now the modern B4090 road), and the early stretches of the Bow Brook.Feckenham Forest once covered a substantial area of Worcestershire. It was used as a Norman royal hunting forest, and there was a royal hunting lodge near the village.","title":"Feckenham"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Greenlands is situated in between Woodrow & Lodge Park. Its mainly known for its 3 large football fields and having a walkway through to Tesco Extra and Oakenshaw which is a popular place for dog walks. It's also home to the South Redditch social club and The Greenlands (Formerly Mayfly Public House) which has been there since 1958. The rest of Greenlands consist of 1950, 60s and 70s built housing estates. Also situated is; an off license, Chinese take away and a basketball court with mini Skatepark.","title":"Greenlands"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchfield_Road,_Redditch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1089482.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Headless_Cross_Water_Tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_7379.jpg"},{"link_name":"Feckenham Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feckenham_Forest"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-humpheys-4"},{"link_name":"brickworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickworks"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Birchfield Road, Headless CrossWater Tower, Headless CrossLike Crabbs Cross, Headless Cross was once a village in its own right, it is thought to be named after Headless Cross farm, which was situated roughly where Vaynor Drive is today. Headless Cross may be derived from Smeethehedley, itself an indication of a role in Feckenham Forest.[4]Keeping with the Redditch tradition of needle manufacture, Headless Cross once accommodated 3 needle works: the Needle Factory, located where Stonehouse Close is today; Phoenix Works on Birchfield Road and Mount Pleasant Mill on Evesham Road. A large brickworks was situated on Marlpit Lane, as well as a smaller one along Birchfield Road.There are 2 schools in Headless Cross: The Vaynor First School and Walkwood CE Middle School, both located on Feckenham Road.Due to its slight altitude advantage, both of Redditch's water towers were built in Headless Cross. The old one still stands having been converted into a private residence. The distinctive shape of the new water tower has become something of a local icon and can be seen dominating the skyline from as far as the Hollybush Inn on Gorcott Hill, approximately 6 km to the east in Warwickshire.The village also inspired the 1989 Black Sabbath song 'Headless Cross' which features on the album of the same name.Headless Cross is also the site of an Iron Age hill fort.[5]","title":"Headless Cross"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hunt End"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GKN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKN"},{"link_name":"Solicitors Regulation Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitors_Regulation_Authority"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Ipsley is home to the corporate headquarters of engineering firm GKN and the former headquarters of Solicitors Regulation Authority, which has since been transformed into apartments.[6] Ipsley is one of the few estates in the town to not have any Council owned housing. In common with Winyates Green, all homes in the Ipsley estate are privately owned.","title":"Ipsley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arrow Valley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_Valley_Park"}],"text":"Lakeside is a largely industrial area of the town. Its location is in close proximity to the Arrow Valley Park. There is also a small housing estate.","title":"Lakeside"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The first houses of the estate built on the Studley Road began construction in the end of the 1950s and finished in the mid-60s to be added to in the 1980s at the top of Barlich Way. There is also a social club with the view of Lodge Park and an outlet of shops one of which Tesco Express which has had its current position since 2003. There are ten different designs of housing in Lodge Park many with their own garages, not including the architects house, which stands on a corner of Barlich Way and Red Hill which features a double garage and a utility room. It is a lovely place to live and features both a middle and a first school.","title":"Lodge Park"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Matchborough is a large district of Redditch. Its location lies between Winyates, Ipsley and Washford. Matchborough is the location of Arrow Vale High School and Matchborough First School. Matchborough consists of 2 areas, Matchborough East and Matchborough West, it also has a small shopping centre called Matchborough Centre, similar to Church Hill and Winyates Centres. Matchborough contains the area's most iconic feature, Matchborough Pond located near Arrow Vale High School.","title":"Matchborough"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The district of Moon's Moat is an industrial and business estate in the north east of Redditch between Church Hill and Winyates. Moon's Moat itself is located in Church Hill.The district takes its name from an ancient moated homestead which was founded by Monks and dates back to the 12th century. It is now a listed heritage site. The medieval homestead was inhabited by the Mohun family which is where the name \"Moon's\" Moat comes from (Mohun being an early name for Moon). The homestead was last in use in the 18th century, but by the end that century the Mohuns had died out. The homestead fell into disuse and became a ruin. What was left of the homestead was removed so that nothing visible now remains on the site.The Moon's Moat site is believed by some to be haunted by the ghost of Lady Mohun who is said to appear on or near to the site on the eve of St Agnes (21 January). There is some folklore and history associated with the site concerning a suicide and a murder which may explain the ghost story.","title":"Moons Moat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"},{"link_name":"Tesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesco"}],"text":"Oakenshaw is a largely residential area with a mix of privately owned and social housing. There is a prominent McDonald's in the centre of Oakenshaw on the A441 traffic island and nearby is the largest retail outlet in Redditch, Tesco Extra.This area gets its name from Oakenshaw Farm, sometimes known as Pheasant Farm. The farm was located, where the underpass from Tesco to Greenlands is today, and a small lane ran from opposite Yvonne Road in Crabbs Cross to Oakenshaw Road in Greenlands, in which modern Oakenshaw lies upon.","title":"Oakenshaw"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Oakenshaw South","text":"Oakenshaw South was built in the 1980s and consists of ten residential closes, all leading off Grangers Lane.Built on land once belonging to Woodrow Farm, the particularly long pathway dividing Oakenshaw South is in fact the old lane linking the Slough to Woodrow Farm and then onto Studley Road. The Bridleway adjacent to Yarr Mill Close was the first stretch of the lane off the Slough, the pathway opposite carries on until the bend, where the lane was lifted to build Stoneleigh Close. The lane continues south towards Woodrow Drive, then rises to a pathed platform which was once the Redditch to Evesham Railway line. Woodrow Farm was located just before the rise and bend of the path, on the left looking towards the Rough Hill drive Round-a-bout. The old lane continued through what is now Bushley Close, Woodrow North to the Studley Road junction at Woodrow Centre.","title":"Oakenshaw"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"}],"text":"Park Farm is an area in south-east Redditch largely comprising industrial and commercial propertiesPolitically, Park Farm is within the Greenlands ward represented by Councillors Joanna Kane and Juma Begum from the Labour Party, and Councillor Emma Marshall from the Conservative Party.","title":"Park Farm"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Redditch area of Riverside runs alongside the River Arrow. Located between the areas of Enfield and Abbeydale is the location of Forge Mill Needle Museum and the ruins of Bordesley Abbey. Also located in Riverside is the Abbey Stadium Sports Complex and Redditch Crematorium. The Abbey Stadium has a swimming pool built in 2011. It gained some notoriety at that time as it is partially heated using waste heat from the nearby Crematorium.","title":"Riverside"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B&Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%26Q"},{"link_name":"ASDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASDA"},{"link_name":"Matalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matalan"},{"link_name":"Redditch Central Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redditch_Central_Mosque"}],"text":"Named for the Smallwood Brothers, this area of Redditch contains the Smallwood Alms Houses and the old Victorian factories of Millsborough House. It is also the location of a B&Q outlet, ASDA Superstore and Matalan. It also is the location of the Redditch Central Mosque.","title":"Smallwood"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Southcrest is a residential area of Redditch located on and to the south of Mount Pleasant, between the Town Centre and Headless Cross. It houses the Southcrest Hotel and Plymouth Road Cemetery, and is one of the oldest areas of Redditch. Most of the older buildings date from the late Victorian era and include Southcrest Works, which have now been renovated into privately owned apartments.","title":"Southcrest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel_Church,_Redditch"}],"text":"St Georges is a residential area of Redditch to the south east of the Town Centre. It is home to St George the Martyr Church, Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church, and St Georges Church of England First School. It is largely based around the roads of Beoley Road West and St Georges Road.","title":"St Georges"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Redditch001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kingfisher Shopping Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingfisher_Shopping_Centre"},{"link_name":"multi-storey car parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multistorey_car_park"},{"link_name":"Heart of Worcestershire College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Worcestershire_College"}],"text":"Worcester Square layoutThe primary commercial core of Redditch is the indoor Kingfisher Shopping Centre. Designed like an out of town mall facility, with fully covered walkways and integrated multi-storey car parks, the Kingfisher Centre was built in place of several established Redditch town centre streets. The walkways are named after these streets.\nThe centre, along with Church Green and municipal buildings such as the Town Hall, Redditch Central Library and Heart of Worcestershire College are enclosed on three sides by the raised one-way, three-lane Redditch Ringway. Designed for access to the car parks, it illustrates the early roads for prosperity approach in new town design philosophy applied in the UK in the 1960s and 1980s.","title":"Town Centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Walkwood is a small suburb of Redditch and is home to the Bramley Cottage Inn and Walkwood Coppice, a nature reserve. Nearby is Morton Stanley Park, a large open area of parkland, which hosts the annual Morton Stanley Festival.[7] On Mason Road there is a small shopping arcade including a post office.","title":"Walkwood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Halfords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfords"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"}],"text":"Washford is primarily a modern industrial estate in south-east Redditch. It is home to the corporate headquarters of automotive and bicycle accessories retailer Halfords, along with large compressor manufacturer Gardner Denver who have their UK headquarters situated on the old Hydrovane site on Claybrook Drive. The estate also comprises many smaller businesses along the Hemming Road industrial estate. It is named after the Washford Mill, which is now a popular public house and restaurant, though a Mill has stood on this site since 1066 and is mentioned in the Domesday Book. Many areas of Redditch have similar very early origins: Ipsley, Batchley, Feckenham, Bordesley and Beoley were all Saxon settlements.","title":"Washford"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Redditch Borough Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redditch_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales"}],"text":"Webheath is a district of Redditch, in Worcestershire, England. The district neighbours Batchley and the village of Callow Hill. It is also near Feckenham and Astwood Bank. Webheath used to be a village in its own right but is now part of the town of Redditch.Webheath is home to two first schools, both located on Downsell Road:Webheath Academy Primary School\nMount Carmel Catholic First SchoolWebheath comes under the West Ward on Redditch Borough Council. It is represented by two councillors, Matthew Dormer (Conservative) and David Thain (Green).Webheath is the westernmost district of the Redditch constituency.","title":"Webheath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ArrowValleyLake_WaterTower.JPG"},{"link_name":"Arrow Valley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_Valley_Country_Park"},{"link_name":"SSSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSSI"},{"link_name":"Redditch Borough Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redditch_Borough_Council"}],"text":"Arriving at Arrow Valley Lake from the EastWinyates is a new town estate in eastern Redditch. It comprises:Winyates West\nWinyates East\nWinyates Green, to the east of Winyates EastThe West and East areas are separated by Winyates Way, a continuation of Church Hill Way and Matchborough Way, which is largely a bus lane though access is available to Winyates Shopping Centre. Winyates West adjoins Arrow Valley Park, accessible by a footpath under Battens Drive.Winyates is home to the Ipsley Alders Marsh Nature Reserve which is an SSSI.Politically, Winyates elects three councillors to Redditch Borough Council.Tenacres first school is located in Winyates East. Ipsley Middle School and Roman Way First School are located in Winyates West.","title":"Winyates"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Wire Hill is a small estate which only contains houses. It is located opposite what was once The Jolly Farmer pub in Woodrow, and lies on the same road as the Alexandra Hospital. It is only accessible by Nine Days Lane. The entrance to Wire Hill Woods, which is an area of special scientific interest (SSSI) can also be found here.","title":"Wirehill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexandra Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Hospital_(Redditch)"}],"text":"This area gets its name from Woodrow Farm which in fact, was located where Oakenshaw South is today. Some roads in Woodrow North's closes, such as Bushley and Cropthorne, are remains of the old Woodrow Farm lane, which started at the Studley Road junction, where Woodrow Centre is today, ending at the Slough in Crabbs Cross. Woodrow North is council housing, whereas Woodrow South is a mix of private and council dwellings.The Alexandra Hospital is located in Woodrow.","title":"Woodrow"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Redditch"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Redditch"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Redditch"},{"link_name":"Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Redditch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redditch"},{"link_name":"Abbeydale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Abbeydale"},{"link_name":"Astwood Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astwood_Bank"},{"link_name":"Batchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batchley"},{"link_name":"Brockhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Brockhill"},{"link_name":"Callow Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callow_Hill,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Church Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Green,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Church Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Hill,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Crabbs Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crabbs_Cross"},{"link_name":"Cruise Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_Hill"},{"link_name":"Elcocks Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elcocks_Brook"},{"link_name":"Enfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfield,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Feckenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feckenham"},{"link_name":"Greenlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlands,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Ham Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham_Green,_Redditch"},{"link_name":"Headless Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headless_Cross,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Hunt End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_End"},{"link_name":"Ipsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipsley"},{"link_name":"Lakeside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeside,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Lodge Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodge_Park,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Matchborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matchborough"},{"link_name":"Moons Moat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_Moat"},{"link_name":"Oakenshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakenshaw,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Park Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Farm,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Riverside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Smallwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallwood,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Southcrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southcrest"},{"link_name":"Town Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redditch_Town_Centre"},{"link_name":"Walkwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkwood"},{"link_name":"Washford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washford,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Webheath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webheath"},{"link_name":"Winyates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winyates"},{"link_name":"Wire Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_Hill"},{"link_name":"Woodrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow,_Worcestershire"}],"text":"Bowen, AR (1952). \"The Hill-Forts of Worcestershire and its Borders\". Transactions of the Worcestershire Archaeological Society. New Series. XXIX: 33–37.vteDistricts of Redditch\nAbbeydale\nAstwood Bank\nBatchley\nBrockhill\nCallow Hill\nChurch Green\nChurch Hill\nCrabbs Cross\nCruise Hill\nElcocks Brook\nEnfield\nFeckenham\nGreenlands\nHam Green\nHeadless Cross\nHunt End\nIpsley\nLakeside\nLodge Park\nMatchborough\nMoons Moat\nOakenshaw\nPark Farm\nRiverside\nSmallwood\nSouthcrest\nTown Centre\nWalkwood\nWashford\nWebheath\nWinyates\nWire Hill\nWoodrow","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Church Green and St. Stephen's Church in central Redditch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Redditch_015.jpg/220px-Redditch_015.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bomford Hill Peace Memorial","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bomford_Hill-160.jpg/220px-Bomford_Hill-160.jpg"},{"image_text":"Birchfield Road, Headless Cross","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Birchfield_Road%2C_Redditch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1089482.jpg/220px-Birchfield_Road%2C_Redditch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1089482.jpg"},{"image_text":"Water Tower, Headless Cross","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Headless_Cross_Water_Tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_7379.jpg/220px-Headless_Cross_Water_Tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_7379.jpg"},{"image_text":"Worcester Square layout","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Redditch001.jpg/220px-Redditch001.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arriving at Arrow Valley Lake from the East","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/ArrowValleyLake_WaterTower.JPG/220px-ArrowValleyLake_WaterTower.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"D-block GB-404000-267000\". Domesday Reloaded. BBC. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180102140038/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/domesday/dblock/GB-404000-267000/page/2","url_text":"\"D-block GB-404000-267000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"},{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/domesday/dblock/GB-404000-267000/page/2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Humphreys FSA, John. \"Forest of Feckenham\". Transactions and Proceedings. Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeology Society. 44–45: 115–132.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Redditch Council - Morton Stanley Festival\". Archived from the original on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150420232835/http://www.redditchbc.gov.uk/things-to-do/things-to-visit/morton-stanley-festival.aspx","url_text":"\"Redditch Council - Morton Stanley Festival\""},{"url":"http://www.redditchbc.gov.uk/things-to-do/things-to-visit/morton-stanley-festival.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bowen, AR (1952). \"The Hill-Forts of Worcestershire and its Borders\". Transactions of the Worcestershire Archaeological Society. New Series. XXIX: 33–37.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Districts_of_Redditch¶ms=52.28_N_1.93_W_region:GB_type:city(85261)","external_links_name":"52°17′N 1°56′W / 52.28°N 1.93°W / 52.28; -1.93"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Districts_of_Redditch¶ms=52.28_N_1.93_W_region:GB_type:city(85261)","external_links_name":"52°17′N 1°56′W / 52.28°N 1.93°W / 52.28; -1.93"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180102140038/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/domesday/dblock/GB-404000-267000/page/2","external_links_name":"\"D-block GB-404000-267000\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/domesday/dblock/GB-404000-267000/page/2","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sra.org.uk/contact-us/","external_links_name":"The Solicitors Regulation Authority"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150420232835/http://www.redditchbc.gov.uk/things-to-do/things-to-visit/morton-stanley-festival.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Redditch Council - Morton Stanley Festival\""},{"Link":"http://www.redditchbc.gov.uk/things-to-do/things-to-visit/morton-stanley-festival.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner,_Colorado | Gardner, Colorado | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 37°47′20″N 105°09′52″W / 37.7888656°N 105.1644577°W / 37.7888656; -105.1644577 (Gardner CDP, Colorado)Census-designated place in Huerfano County, Colorado, United States
Census-designated place in Colorado, United StatesGardner, ColoradoCensus-designated placeGardner on a snowy day in late 2014.GardnerLocation of the Gardner CDP in the State of Colorado.Coordinates: 37°47′20″N 105°09′52″W / 37.7888656°N 105.1644577°W / 37.7888656; -105.1644577 (Gardner CDP, Colorado)Country United StatesState ColoradoCountyHuerfano CountyGovernment • Typeunincorporated townArea • Total2.472 sq mi (6.403 km2) • Land2.472 sq mi (6.403 km2) • Water0.000 sq mi (0.000 km2)Elevation7,024 ft (2,141 m)Population (2020) • Total106 • Density43/sq mi (17/km2)Time zoneUTC-7 (MST) • Summer (DST)UTC-6 (MDT)ZIP Code81040Area code719GNIS featureGardner CDP
Gardner is a census-designated place (CDP) and post office in and governed by Huerfano County, Colorado, United States. The Gardner post office has the ZIP Code 81040. At the United States Census 2020, the population of the Gardner CDP was 106.
History
The Gardner Post Office has been in operation since 1871. The community has the name of Herbert Gardner, a local pioneer. Herbert was the son of Henry Gardner.
Geography
The Gardner CDP has an area of 1,582 acres (6.403 km2), all land.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
2020106—United States Census Bureau
The United States Census Bureau defined the Gardner CDP for the United States Census 2020.
See also
Colorado portal
List of census-designated places in Colorado
References
^ a b c "State of Colorado Census Designated Places - BAS20 - Data as of January 1, 2020". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
^ a b c "U.S. Board on Geographic Names: Domestic Names". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
^ a b "Gardner CDP, Colorado". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
^ a b "Look Up a ZIP Code". United States Postal Service. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
^ "Post offices". Jim Forte Postal History. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
^ Dawson, John Frank. Place names in Colorado: why 700 communities were so named, 150 of Spanish or Indian origin. Denver, CO: The J. Frank Dawson Publishing Co. p. 23.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gardner, Colorado.
Gardner @ Sangres.com
Gardner, Colorado Mining Claims And Mines
Huerfano County website
vteMunicipalities and communities of Huerfano County, Colorado, United StatesCounty seat: WalsenburgCity
Walsenburg
Map of Colorado highlighting Huerfano CountyTown
La Veta
CDP
Gardner
Unincorporatedcommunities
Cuchara
Farisita
Farista
Pictou
Pryor
Red Wing
Ghost towns
Badito
Calumet
Delcarbon
Malachite
Tioga
Colorado portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"post office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_office"},{"link_name":"Huerfano County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huerfano_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"ZIP Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP_Code"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZIPcode-4"},{"link_name":"United States Census 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_2020"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2020-3"}],"text":"Census-designated place in Huerfano County, Colorado, United StatesCensus-designated place in Colorado, United StatesGardner is a census-designated place (CDP) and post office in and governed by Huerfano County, Colorado, United States. The Gardner post office has the ZIP Code 81040.[4] At the United States Census 2020, the population of the Gardner CDP was 106.[3]","title":"Gardner, Colorado"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Henry Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Gardner"}],"text":"The Gardner Post Office has been in operation since 1871.[5] The community has the name of Herbert Gardner, a local pioneer.[6] Herbert was the son of Henry Gardner.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CO_CDP_2020-1"}],"text":"The Gardner CDP has an area of 1,582 acres (6.403 km2), all land.[1]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"United States Census 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_2020"}],"text":"The United States Census Bureau defined the Gardner CDP for the United States Census 2020.","title":"Demographics"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Colorado highlighting Huerfano County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Map_of_Colorado_highlighting_Huerfano_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Colorado_highlighting_Huerfano_County.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Colorado portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Colorado"},{"title":"List of census-designated places in Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_census-designated_places_in_Colorado"}] | [{"reference":"\"State of Colorado Census Designated Places - BAS20 - Data as of January 1, 2020\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/bvp20/tigerweb_bvp20_cdp_2020_co.html","url_text":"\"State of Colorado Census Designated Places - BAS20 - Data as of January 1, 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Board on Geographic Names: Domestic Names\". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved December 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/board-on-geographic-names/domestic-names","url_text":"\"U.S. Board on Geographic Names: Domestic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Gardner CDP, Colorado\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/all?q=Gardner%20CDP,%20Colorado","url_text":"\"Gardner CDP, Colorado\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Look Up a ZIP Code\". United States Postal Service. Retrieved December 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookup","url_text":"\"Look Up a ZIP Code\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service","url_text":"United States Postal Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Post offices\". Jim Forte Postal History. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306120236/http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?state=CO","url_text":"\"Post offices\""},{"url":"http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?state=CO","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dawson, John Frank. Place names in Colorado: why 700 communities were so named, 150 of Spanish or Indian origin. Denver, CO: The J. Frank Dawson Publishing Co. p. 23.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015051116740;view=1up;seq=29","url_text":"Place names in Colorado: why 700 communities were so named, 150 of Spanish or Indian origin"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gardner,_Colorado¶ms=37.7888656_N_105.1644577_W_region:US-CO_type:city&title=Gardner+CDP%2C+Colorado","external_links_name":"37°47′20″N 105°09′52″W / 37.7888656°N 105.1644577°W / 37.7888656; -105.1644577 (Gardner CDP, Colorado)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gardner,_Colorado¶ms=37.7888656_N_105.1644577_W_region:US-CO_type:city&title=Gardner+CDP%2C+Colorado","external_links_name":"37°47′20″N 105°09′52″W / 37.7888656°N 105.1644577°W / 37.7888656; -105.1644577 (Gardner CDP, Colorado)"},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:2805922,Gardner%20Census%20Designated%20Place","external_links_name":"Gardner CDP"},{"Link":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/bvp20/tigerweb_bvp20_cdp_2020_co.html","external_links_name":"\"State of Colorado Census Designated Places - BAS20 - Data as of January 1, 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/board-on-geographic-names/domestic-names","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Board on Geographic Names: Domestic Names\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/all?q=Gardner%20CDP,%20Colorado","external_links_name":"\"Gardner CDP, Colorado\""},{"Link":"https://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookup","external_links_name":"\"Look Up a ZIP Code\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306120236/http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?state=CO","external_links_name":"\"Post offices\""},{"Link":"http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?state=CO","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015051116740;view=1up;seq=29","external_links_name":"Place names in Colorado: why 700 communities were so named, 150 of Spanish or Indian origin"},{"Link":"http://www.sangres.com/colorado/huerfano/gardner.htm","external_links_name":"Gardner @ Sangres.com"},{"Link":"https://thediggings.com/places/co055-99927562","external_links_name":"Gardner, Colorado Mining Claims And Mines"},{"Link":"https://www.huerfano.us/","external_links_name":"Huerfano County website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islesford,_Maine | Islesford, Maine | ["1 Access","2 Culture","3 Education","4 Notable people","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 44°15′43″N 68°14′02″W / 44.26194°N 68.23389°W / 44.26194; -68.23389Hamlet in Cranberry Isles, Maine, US
A church in Islesford
Islesford Market
Islesford Historical Museum
Islesford is a hamlet located on Little Cranberry Island in Hancock County, Maine, United States. It is one of the five islands of the town of Cranberry Isles. It lies in the Atlantic Ocean southeast of Mount Desert Island, which is the site of Acadia National Park. As of 2013, the year-round population was approximately sixty-five.
Access
Travelers can reach the island village via the Beal and Bunker mail boat and ferry service that runs from the village of Northeast Harbor in the town of Mount Desert; the Cranberry Cove Boating ferry service from Southwest Harbor and Manset; and during the summer on various water taxis including 'Cadillac Water Taxi", and "Delight," both leaving from various harbors.
Culture
Little Cranberry Island hosts several seasonal cultural venues including the Islesford Dock Gallery and Restaurant, Islesford Pottery, Islesford Artists Fine Art Gallery, The Islesford Congregational Church, (housing the famed Sea Glass Windows by Ashley Bryan), and the Islesford Historical Museum, which is part of Acadia National Park. In 1980, the museum was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
Education
Islesford is home to the town's two-room public school, the Ashley Bryan School. The school was named in 2011 and is the first Maine public school to be named for a visual artist or for an African-American. As of 2017, the school had 14 students in grades kindergarten through eighth grade, with two full-time teachers. The Ashley Bryan School is one of six one and two-room island schools that make up the inter-island Outer Island Teaching and Learning Collaborative. This collaboration allows for remote live teaching and learning among schools and students on Matinicus Island, Monhegan Island, Isle au Haut, Cliff Island, Frenchboro, and The Ashley Bryan School in the Cranberry Islands.
Notable people
Following his retirement from his professorship of art at Dartmouth College, illustrator and artist Ashley Bryan retired to Islesford. The Ashley Bryan Center is located there.
Folklorist Mary Winslow Smyth summered in Islesford, and used the town as her base for the fieldwork, which produced Minstrelsy of Maine: Folk-songs and Ballads of the Woods and the Coast and British Ballads from Maine.
References
^ "Getting to Islesford". Town of Islesford. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
^ "National Register of Historical Places - MAINE (ME), Hancock County". nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
^ "The ASHLEY BRYAN SCHOOL!". The Outer Islands Teaching and Learning Cooperative website. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
^ "Welcome to The Outer Islands TLC!". The Outer Islands Teaching and Learning Cooperative website. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
^ "Ashley Bryan". Simon and Schuster. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
^ Bob Keyes (August 6, 2014). "Author and illustrator Ashley Bryan comes of age". Portland Press-Herald. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
^ MacDougall, Pauleena (2001). McEntire, Nancy C. (ed.). ""Understanding the Hearts of the People": Fanny Hardy Eckstorm and Phillips Barry". The Folklore Historian (Journal of the Folklore and History Section, American Folklore Society). Indiana State University. 18: 17–28. ISSN 1041-8644. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Islesford, Maine.
Islesford town website
Little Cranberry Island website
Ashley Bryan Center website
Ashley Bryan School website
Life on an Island: Early Settlers Off the Rock-Bound Coast of Maine, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
vteMunicipalities and communities of Hancock County, Maine, United StatesCounty seat: EllsworthCity
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44°15′43″N 68°14′02″W / 44.26194°N 68.23389°W / 44.26194; -68.23389
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_%2B_Fog_%2B_Church_in_Islesford,_Maine.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Islesford_Market_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Islesford_Historical_Museum_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"Little Cranberry Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Cranberry_Island"},{"link_name":"Hancock County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hancock_County,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Cranberry Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry_Isles,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Mount Desert Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Desert_Island"},{"link_name":"Acadia National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadia_National_Park"}],"text":"Hamlet in Cranberry Isles, Maine, USA church in IslesfordIslesford MarketIslesford Historical MuseumIslesford is a hamlet located on Little Cranberry Island in Hancock County, Maine, United States. It is one of the five islands of the town of Cranberry Isles. It lies in the Atlantic Ocean southeast of Mount Desert Island, which is the site of Acadia National Park. As of 2013, the year-round population was approximately sixty-five.","title":"Islesford, Maine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mail boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_boat"},{"link_name":"Northeast Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Harbor,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Mount Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Desert,_Maine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GettingTo-1"}],"text":"Travelers can reach the island village via the Beal and Bunker mail boat and ferry service that runs from the village of Northeast Harbor in the town of Mount Desert; the Cranberry Cove Boating ferry service from Southwest Harbor and Manset; and during the summer on various water taxis including 'Cadillac Water Taxi\", and \"Delight,\" both leaving from various harbors.[1]","title":"Access"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashley Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Bryan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Little Cranberry Island hosts several seasonal cultural venues including the Islesford Dock Gallery and Restaurant, Islesford Pottery, Islesford Artists Fine Art Gallery, The Islesford Congregational Church, (housing the famed Sea Glass Windows by Ashley Bryan), and the Islesford Historical Museum, which is part of Acadia National Park. In 1980, the museum was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.[2]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Matinicus Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matinicus_Island"},{"link_name":"Monhegan Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monhegan_Island"},{"link_name":"Isle au Haut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_au_Haut"},{"link_name":"Cliff Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Island"},{"link_name":"Frenchboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenchboro"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OuterIslands-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OuterIslands2-4"}],"text":"Islesford is home to the town's two-room public school, the Ashley Bryan School. The school was named in 2011 and is the first Maine public school to be named for a visual artist or for an African-American.[citation needed] As of 2017, the school had 14 students in grades kindergarten through eighth grade, with two full-time teachers. The Ashley Bryan School is one of six one and two-room island schools that make up the inter-island Outer Island Teaching and Learning Collaborative. This collaboration allows for remote live teaching and learning among schools and students on Matinicus Island, Monhegan Island, Isle au Haut, Cliff Island, Frenchboro, and The Ashley Bryan School in the Cranberry Islands.[3][4]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dartmouth College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College"},{"link_name":"Ashley Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Bryan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SimonSchuster-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PressHerald-6"},{"link_name":"Mary Winslow Smyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Winslow_Smyth"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FolkloreHistorian-7"}],"text":"Following his retirement from his professorship of art at Dartmouth College, illustrator and artist Ashley Bryan retired to Islesford.[5] The Ashley Bryan Center is located there.\n[6]Folklorist Mary Winslow Smyth summered in Islesford, and used the town as her base for the fieldwork, which produced Minstrelsy of Maine: Folk-songs and Ballads of the Woods and the Coast and British Ballads from Maine.[7]","title":"Notable people"}] | [{"image_text":"A church in Islesford","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sun_%2B_Fog_%2B_Church_in_Islesford%2C_Maine.jpg/250px-Sun_%2B_Fog_%2B_Church_in_Islesford%2C_Maine.jpg"},{"image_text":"Islesford Market","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Islesford_Market_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-Islesford_Market_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Islesford Historical Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Islesford_Historical_Museum_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-Islesford_Historical_Museum_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hancock County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_Maine_highlighting_Hancock_County.svg/80px-Map_of_Maine_highlighting_Hancock_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Getting to Islesford\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blairsville,_Georgia | Blairsville, Georgia | ["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Demographics","3.1 2020 census","3.2 2010 census","4 Arts and culture","4.1 Annual cultural events","4.2 Points of interest","5 Education","6 Notable people","7 Infrastructure","7.1 Transportation","8 Media","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"] | Coordinates: 34°52′32″N 83°57′24″W / 34.87556°N 83.95667°W / 34.87556; -83.95667
City in Georgia, United StatesBlairsville, GeorgiaCityHistoric Union County Courthouse
SealNickname: City of MountainsMotto: A Place for All SeasonsLocation in Union County and the state of GeorgiaCoordinates: 34°52′32″N 83°57′24″W / 34.87556°N 83.95667°W / 34.87556; -83.95667CountryUnited StatesStateGeorgiaCountyUnionArea • Total1.11 sq mi (2.88 km2) • Land1.11 sq mi (2.86 km2) • Water0.01 sq mi (0.02 km2)Elevation1,893 ft (577 m)Population (2020) • Total616 • Density556.96/sq mi (215.08/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP codes30512, 30514Area code706FIPS code13-08480GNIS feature ID2403875Websitewww.blairsville-ga.gov
Blairsville is a city and the county seat of Union County, on the northern border of Georgia, United States. It was founded near the Nottely River, which was dammed in 1942 as part of the Tennessee Valley Authority project, forming Lake Nottely. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 616.
History
Blairsville City Hall, located in the historic Old Union County Jail building
During the 1830s, the United States conducted Indian Removal of the Cherokee Nation and other Southeast tribes, to what was designated as Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. This area along the Nottely River was part of the large Cherokee territory and the leader Goingsnake was born here in 1758.
After American settlers moved into this area, in 1835 the Georgia General Assembly designated Blairsville as the Union County seat. The town is named after American Revolutionary War veteran James Blair.
The neighboring city of Dahlonega was known as the first site of gold in the United States, but the Blairsville area was known to have the purest gold in the mountains of northern Georgia. Assayers in Washington, D.C. could tell by looking that gold ore was from the Coosa Mines because it was “the yellowest gold” submitted and its brilliant color set it apart.
This area of northern Georgia was still rural and isolated before World War II. During the Great Depression, under the President Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, the Nottely River was selected as part of the Tennessee Valley Authority projects. The river was dammed in order to form a reservoir to generate hydroelectric power. It also created a lake with recreational opportunities. This was one of the projects that produced electrification in a rural area.
Geography
U.S. Routes 19 and 76, as well as Georgia State Route 515 (Zell Miller Mountain Parkway), are the main highways through the city. U.S. 19 leads north 21 mi (34 km) to Murphy, North Carolina and south 34 mi (55 km) to Dahlonega. U.S. 76 and GA-515 run through the city together, leading northeast 8 mi (13 km) to Young Harris and west 23 mi (37 km) to Blue Ridge. Atlanta is 99 mi (159 km) to the south via U.S. 19.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.1 square miles (2.8 km2), all land.
Climate
Blairsville has a humid subtropical climate, yet due to its elevation of 1,883 feet (574 m), typically records far lower temperatures at night than what is encountered in much of the Southeastern U.S., and has slightly higher precipitation totals (56 inches or 1,420 millimetres annually) than most locations in the state; the average diurnal temperature variation exceeds 25 °F (14 °C) in each of the spring and autumn months. Snow usually occurs several times every year. The average annual snowfall is 4 inches. The monthly daily mean temperature ranges from 36.8 °F (2.7 °C) in January to 73.3 °F (22.9 °C) in July. There are 7.6 days of 90 °F (32 °C) highs and 4.6 days where the high fails to rise above freezing annually.
Climate data for Blairsville, Georgia (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1931–present)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
76(24)
76(24)
89(32)
89(32)
94(34)
100(38)
100(38)
98(37)
95(35)
91(33)
83(28)
74(23)
100(38)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
49.4(9.7)
53.2(11.8)
60.3(15.7)
69.2(20.7)
76.1(24.5)
81.9(27.7)
84.8(29.3)
84.1(28.9)
79.5(26.4)
70.4(21.3)
60.7(15.9)
52.5(11.4)
68.5(20.3)
Daily mean °F (°C)
37.4(3.0)
40.5(4.7)
47.1(8.4)
55.0(12.8)
63.0(17.2)
70.2(21.2)
73.5(23.1)
72.6(22.6)
67.2(19.6)
56.7(13.7)
47.0(8.3)
40.6(4.8)
55.9(13.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
25.4(−3.7)
27.7(−2.4)
33.9(1.1)
40.9(4.9)
50.0(10.0)
58.5(14.7)
62.1(16.7)
61.1(16.2)
54.9(12.7)
42.9(6.1)
33.3(0.7)
28.7(−1.8)
43.3(6.3)
Record low °F (°C)
−16(−27)
−8(−22)
−5(−21)
16(−9)
23(−5)
34(1)
40(4)
42(6)
26(−3)
14(−10)
0(−18)
−9(−23)
−16(−27)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
5.85(149)
4.76(121)
5.56(141)
5.15(131)
4.49(114)
5.57(141)
4.88(124)
5.27(134)
4.42(112)
4.21(107)
4.68(119)
5.46(139)
60.30(1,532)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
0.5(1.3)
0.4(1.0)
1.0(2.5)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
1.2(3.0)
3.1(7.9)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
12.3
12.1
12.6
11.3
11.8
13.7
12.9
12.1
9.8
9.0
9.8
12.2
139.6
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.0
Source: NOAA
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1880101—189011412.9%190014123.7%191020344.0%192023013.3%193029829.6%194045853.7%1950430−6.1%19604371.6%197049112.4%19805307.9%19905646.4%200065916.8%2010652−1.1%2020616−5.5%U.S. Decennial Census
2020 census
Blairsville racial composition
Race
Num.
Perc.
White (non-Hispanic)
486
78.9%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic)
54
8.77%
Native American
3
0.49%
Asian
2
0.32%
Other/Mixed
17
2.76%
Hispanic or Latino
54
8.77%
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 616 people, 230 households, and 110 families residing in the city.
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 652 people living in the city. The population density was 529 inhabitants per square mile (204/km2). The racial makeup of the city was: White alone - 577 (88.5%), African American - 30 (4.6%), Hispanic - 30 (4.6%), two or more other races - 10 (1.5%), American Indian alone - 4 (0.6%), Asian - 1 (0.2%).
There were 226 households, out of which 23.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 27.4% were married couples living together, 15.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54.9% were non-families. 50.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.95 and the average family size was 2.92.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 14.3% under the age of 18, 15.2% from 18 to 24, 39.0% from 25 to 44, 17.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 151.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 167.8 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $14,120, and the median income for a family was $24,712. Males had a median income of $21,953 versus $28,125 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,865. About 16.8% of families and 26.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.2% of those under age 18 and 23.7% of those age 65 or over.
Arts and culture
Annual cultural events
The Sorghum Festival is held every year on the second and third weekends in October, celebrating the sorghum harvest and showcasing rural mountain culture, including bluegrass music and clogging.
The Spring Arts and Crafts Festival is held every year during the last weekend in May. Assorted artists from all over North Georgia participate, as well as local artists, restaurants and businesses. Held on the historic town square, there are activities for children and musical acts that will appeal to everyone.
The Green Bean Festival is held annually on the last weekend in July. It features beauty pageants, green bean pizza eating contests, a canning contest, a green bean recipe contest, a tractor parade, fresh produce, crafts, and many activities for children.
Points of interest
Nearby Lake Nottely is a Tennessee Valley Authority reservoir. In addition to helping generate hydroelectric power, the lake serves as a local recreational resource. It was created by damming the Nottely River as part of a regional, large-scale project for rural electrification and development.
The Appalachian Trail in Georgia has elevations that vary from about 2500 to 4,500 feet (1,400 m), with many steep climbs. It extends some 75 miles (121 km) through the Chattahoochee National Forest.
Butternut Creek Golf Course is an 18-hole mountainside public golf course located within the city limits.
Encompassing nearly two-thirds of the county, the Chattahoochee National Forest has a series of winding trails. Visitors may hike through scenic mountains, and by rushing rivers, and cascading waterfalls.
Main article: Brasstown Bald
View of Lake Trahlyta in Vogel State Park
Brasstown Bald is the highest mountain peak in Georgia. It has a park with a picnic area and a small observation tower near the peak. This features a movie chronicling the change of seasons and the effects of pollution on the mountain. The peak may be reached by bus or by walking from a point halfway to the top, beyond which private vehicles are not allowed.
Vogel State Park is a park located on Highway 19/129 approximately eleven miles (18 km) south of Blairsville. It is centered around Lake Trahlyta.
Amenities:
Approximately five miles (8.0 km) of hiking trails
Access to the Appalachian Trail
Paddleboat rentals and fishing
Miniature golf course
35 rental cabins
103 campsites
The park has seasonal programs:
Fall Festival
Pioneer Christmas
Kids Fishing Rodeo
Summer Saturday music events
September All-Day Mountain Music Festival
Education
Blairsville is in proximity to several colleges. North Georgia Technical College has a campus in town. Young Harris College in Young Harris, and the University of North Georgia in Dahlonega are nearby.
The public education system for Blairsville is supervised by the Union County School District, a relatively small school district, which manages the five schools in the system.
The Union County School District conducts classes for pre-school to grade twelve. Its facilities consist of two elementary schools, a middle school, and two high schools. The district has 172 full-time teachers and over 2,598 students.
Union County Middle School in Blairsville
Union County Elementary School
Union County Primary School
Union County Middle School
Union County High School
Woody Gap High/Elementary School
Blairsville is home to one alternative school, the Mountain Education Center High School, which is an evening school.
Union County schools are acclaimed for their excellence and influencing the local community through their excellence and dedication.
The Union County Public Library is part of the Mountain Regional Library System, which manages four libraries in the region. It is a member of Georgia Library PINES (the Public Information Network for Electronic Services) along with Mountain Regional Library in Young Harris, Towns County Public Library in Hiawassee, and Fannin County Public Library in Blue Ridge.
There are some private schools nearby as well:
The Mountain Area Christian Academy, in Morganton, Georgia
Eastgate Life Academy, in Hiawassee, Georgia
Murphy Adventist Christian School, in Murphy, North Carolina
Notable people
Jonathan Davenport - Dirt Super Late Model and NASCAR Cup Series driver
Infrastructure
Transportation
U.S. Route 76 and Zell Miller Mountain Parkway (GA 515) are the main highways that run through Blairsville. U.S. 76 and GA-515 lead northeast from the city 8 miles (13 km) to Young Harris and west 23 miles (37 km) to Blue Ridge. U.S. Routes 19 and 129 also run through the city together, leading north 21 miles (34 km) to Murphy, North Carolina and south 35 miles (56 km) to Dahlonega. Atlanta is 99 miles (159 km) south via U.S. 19/129.
Blairsville Airport (ICAO: KDZJ, FAA LID: DZJ formerly 46A) is located in the city.
Media
The Blairsville area is served by a few local television stations, one newspaper, magazines, and numerous local radio stations. They broadcast several genres of music, and sports, news, and talk radio.
The North Georgia News is the primary newspaper and legal organ for the area. A member of the Georgia Press Association, the NGN is Blairsville's only accredited media outlet. Montefino Magazine is an aspirational publication based in Blairsville; it covers lifestyle and social news for Blairsville, Union County, and surrounding areas.
Blairsville has 12 local radio stations. WUCG-FM 93.1 is based in Blairsville, 1210-AM (WDGR), 89.5-FM (WNGU), and 104.3-FM (WZTR) are based in Dahlonega. WCVP-AM (600), WCNG-FM (102.7), and WKRK-AM (1320) are based in Murphy, North Carolina. 95.1-FM (WJRB) is based in Young Harris, Georgia, while 105.1-FM (WNGA) and 89.9-FM (WTFH) are based in Helen. 1230-AM/97.7-FM (WJUL) is based in Hiawassee. 103.9-FM (WPPL) is based in Blue Ridge.
The local television station is W50AB (channel 50), based in Hiawassee.
See also
Georgia (U.S. state) portal
United Community Bank
References
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Blairsville, Georgia
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
^ Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. p. 20. ISBN 0-915430-00-2.
^ Candler, A.D.; Evans, C.A. (1906). Georgia: Comprising Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons Arranged in Cyclopedic Form ... State historical association. p. 192. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ Georgia. Dept. of Agriculture; Nesbitt, R.T. (1895). Georgia: Her Resources and Possibilities. Franklin Printing and Publishing Company. p. 338. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ McCall, H.H. (2010). Roster of Revolutionary Soldiers in Georgia. Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 13. ISBN 9780806302201. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ Dyer Jones, Ethelene. "Gold in Union County". unioncountyhistory.org. Archived from the original on February 10, 2015. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
^ "Climate Blairsville".
^
"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
^
"Station: Blairsville EXP STN, GA". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
^ "www.blairsvillesorghumfestival.com". www.blairsvillesorghumfestival.com. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
^ "greenbeanfestival.com". greenbeanfestival.com. Archived from the original on July 27, 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
^ "North Georgia Technical College". Northgatech.edu. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
^ "Young Harris College". Yhc.edu. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
^ "University of North Georgia". ung.edu. Retrieved October 5, 2013.
^ "Union County Schools Website". Ucschools.org. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
^ Georgia Board of Education, Retrieved 2010-06-29.
^ School Stats, Retrieved 2010-06-29.
^ "Mountain Education Center High School". Mountaineducationcenter.net. Archived from the original on June 10, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
^ "Union County High School". Montefino Magazine. Archived from the original on August 25, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
^ "Union County Public Library Website". Georgia.educationbug.org. June 1, 2007. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
^ "Mountain Regional Library System". Mountainregionallibrary.org. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
^ "Mountain Area Christian Academy". Macalions.org. September 23, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
^ "Murphy Adventist Christian School". Murphy Adventist Christian School. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
^ Airport information for KDZJ at AirNav
^ "KDZJ - Blairsville Airport". AirNav. Retrieved July 13, 2012.
^ "North Georgia News". Nganews.com. Archived from the original on May 1, 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
^ "Montefino Magazine". CPXMarketing. Archived from the original on April 30, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blairsville, Georgia.
Blairsville, GA City Website
Blairsville, GA Website
Blairsville Chamber of Commerce
Blairsville Downtown Development Authority
Vogel State Park Georgia State Parks and Historic Sites
Stories and Events from the North Georgia News
Montefino Magazine
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Geographic
MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Union County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-4"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Valley Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"}],"text":"City in Georgia, United StatesBlairsville is a city and the county seat of Union County, on the northern border of Georgia, United States.[4] It was founded near the Nottely River, which was dammed in 1942 as part of the Tennessee Valley Authority project, forming Lake Nottely. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 616.","title":"Blairsville, Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Union_County_Jail,_Blairsville_(Union_County,_Georgia).JPG"},{"link_name":"Indian Removal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Removal"},{"link_name":"Cherokee Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_(19th_century)"},{"link_name":"Indian Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Territory"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Nottely River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottely_River"},{"link_name":"Goingsnake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goingsnake"},{"link_name":"Georgia General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"James Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Blair_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google3-8"},{"link_name":"Dahlonega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlonega,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Valley Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority"}],"text":"Blairsville City Hall, located in the historic Old Union County Jail buildingDuring the 1830s, the United States conducted Indian Removal of the Cherokee Nation and other Southeast tribes, to what was designated as Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. This area along the Nottely River was part of the large Cherokee territory and the leader Goingsnake was born here in 1758.After American settlers moved into this area, in 1835 the Georgia General Assembly designated Blairsville as the Union County seat.[5] The town is named after American Revolutionary War veteran James Blair.[6][7][8]The neighboring city of Dahlonega was known as the first site of gold in the United States, but the Blairsville area was known to have the purest gold in the mountains of northern Georgia. Assayers in Washington, D.C. could tell by looking that gold ore was from the Coosa Mines because it was “the yellowest gold” submitted and its brilliant color set it apart.[9]This area of northern Georgia was still rural and isolated before World War II. During the Great Depression, under the President Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, the Nottely River was selected as part of the Tennessee Valley Authority projects. The river was dammed in order to form a reservoir to generate hydroelectric power. It also created a lake with recreational opportunities. This was one of the projects that produced electrification in a rural area.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_76_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgia State Route 515","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_515"},{"link_name":"Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Dahlonega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlonega,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Young Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Harris,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Blue Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"U.S. Routes 19 and 76, as well as Georgia State Route 515 (Zell Miller Mountain Parkway), are the main highways through the city. U.S. 19 leads north 21 mi (34 km) to Murphy, North Carolina and south 34 mi (55 km) to Dahlonega. U.S. 76 and GA-515 run through the city together, leading northeast 8 mi (13 km) to Young Harris and west 23 mi (37 km) to Blue Ridge. Atlanta is 99 mi (159 km) to the south via U.S. 19.According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.1 square miles (2.8 km2), all land.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"diurnal temperature variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nws-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI-12"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Blairsville has a humid subtropical climate, yet due to its elevation of 1,883 feet (574 m), typically records far lower temperatures at night than what is encountered in much of the Southeastern U.S., and has slightly higher precipitation totals (56 inches or 1,420 millimetres annually) than most locations in the state; the average diurnal temperature variation exceeds 25 °F (14 °C) in each of the spring and autumn months. Snow usually occurs several times every year. The average annual snowfall is 4 inches.[10] The monthly daily mean temperature ranges from 36.8 °F (2.7 °C) in January to 73.3 °F (22.9 °C) in July. There are 7.6 days of 90 °F (32 °C) highs and 4.6 days where the high fails to rise above freezing annually.Climate data for Blairsville, Georgia (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1931–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n76(24)\n\n76(24)\n\n89(32)\n\n89(32)\n\n94(34)\n\n100(38)\n\n100(38)\n\n98(37)\n\n95(35)\n\n91(33)\n\n83(28)\n\n74(23)\n\n100(38)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n49.4(9.7)\n\n53.2(11.8)\n\n60.3(15.7)\n\n69.2(20.7)\n\n76.1(24.5)\n\n81.9(27.7)\n\n84.8(29.3)\n\n84.1(28.9)\n\n79.5(26.4)\n\n70.4(21.3)\n\n60.7(15.9)\n\n52.5(11.4)\n\n68.5(20.3)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n37.4(3.0)\n\n40.5(4.7)\n\n47.1(8.4)\n\n55.0(12.8)\n\n63.0(17.2)\n\n70.2(21.2)\n\n73.5(23.1)\n\n72.6(22.6)\n\n67.2(19.6)\n\n56.7(13.7)\n\n47.0(8.3)\n\n40.6(4.8)\n\n55.9(13.3)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n25.4(−3.7)\n\n27.7(−2.4)\n\n33.9(1.1)\n\n40.9(4.9)\n\n50.0(10.0)\n\n58.5(14.7)\n\n62.1(16.7)\n\n61.1(16.2)\n\n54.9(12.7)\n\n42.9(6.1)\n\n33.3(0.7)\n\n28.7(−1.8)\n\n43.3(6.3)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−16(−27)\n\n−8(−22)\n\n−5(−21)\n\n16(−9)\n\n23(−5)\n\n34(1)\n\n40(4)\n\n42(6)\n\n26(−3)\n\n14(−10)\n\n0(−18)\n\n−9(−23)\n\n−16(−27)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n5.85(149)\n\n4.76(121)\n\n5.56(141)\n\n5.15(131)\n\n4.49(114)\n\n5.57(141)\n\n4.88(124)\n\n5.27(134)\n\n4.42(112)\n\n4.21(107)\n\n4.68(119)\n\n5.46(139)\n\n60.30(1,532)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n0.5(1.3)\n\n0.4(1.0)\n\n1.0(2.5)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n1.2(3.0)\n\n3.1(7.9)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n12.3\n\n12.1\n\n12.6\n\n11.3\n\n11.8\n\n13.7\n\n12.9\n\n12.1\n\n9.8\n\n9.0\n\n9.8\n\n12.2\n\n139.6\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n0.2\n\n0.2\n\n0.2\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.4\n\n1.0\n\n\nSource: NOAA[11][12]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"}],"sub_title":"2020 census","text":"As of the 2020 United States census, there were 616 people, 230 households, and 110 families residing in the city.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-3"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[3] of 2010, there were 652 people living in the city. The population density was 529 inhabitants per square mile (204/km2). The racial makeup of the city was: White alone - 577 (88.5%), African American - 30 (4.6%), Hispanic - 30 (4.6%), two or more other races - 10 (1.5%), American Indian alone - 4 (0.6%), Asian - 1 (0.2%).There were 226 households, out of which 23.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 27.4% were married couples living together, 15.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54.9% were non-families. 50.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.95 and the average family size was 2.92.In the city, the population was spread out, with 14.3% under the age of 18, 15.2% from 18 to 24, 39.0% from 25 to 44, 17.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 151.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 167.8 males.The median income for a household in the city was $14,120, and the median income for a family was $24,712. Males had a median income of $21,953 versus $28,125 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,865. About 16.8% of families and 26.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.2% of those under age 18 and 23.7% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"sorghum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_sorghum"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Annual cultural events","text":"The Sorghum Festival[15] is held every year on the second and third weekends in October, celebrating the sorghum harvest and showcasing rural mountain culture, including bluegrass music and clogging.\nThe Spring Arts and Crafts Festival is held every year during the last weekend in May. Assorted artists from all over North Georgia participate, as well as local artists, restaurants and businesses. Held on the historic town square, there are activities for children and musical acts that will appeal to everyone.\nThe Green Bean Festival[16] is held annually on the last weekend in July. It features beauty pageants, green bean pizza eating contests, a canning contest, a green bean recipe contest, a tractor parade, fresh produce, crafts, and many activities for children.","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Nottely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Nottely"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Valley Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Trail"},{"link_name":"Chattahoochee National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattahoochee_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Chattahoochee National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattahoochee_National_Forest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vogel_state_park.JPG"},{"link_name":"Lake Trahlyta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Trahlyta"},{"link_name":"Vogel State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogel_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Brasstown Bald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasstown_Bald"},{"link_name":"Vogel State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogel_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Lake Trahlyta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Trahlyta"}],"sub_title":"Points of interest","text":"Nearby Lake Nottely is a Tennessee Valley Authority reservoir. In addition to helping generate hydroelectric power, the lake serves as a local recreational resource. It was created by damming the Nottely River as part of a regional, large-scale project for rural electrification and development.The Appalachian Trail in Georgia has elevations that vary from about 2500 to 4,500 feet (1,400 m), with many steep climbs. It extends some 75 miles (121 km) through the Chattahoochee National Forest.Butternut Creek Golf Course is an 18-hole mountainside public golf course located within the city limits.Encompassing nearly two-thirds of the county, the Chattahoochee National Forest has a series of winding trails. Visitors may hike through scenic mountains, and by rushing rivers, and cascading waterfalls.View of Lake Trahlyta in Vogel State ParkBrasstown Bald is the highest mountain peak in Georgia. It has a park with a picnic area and a small observation tower near the peak. This features a movie chronicling the change of seasons and the effects of pollution on the mountain. The peak may be reached by bus or by walking from a point halfway to the top, beyond which private vehicles are not allowed.Vogel State Park is a park located on Highway 19/129 approximately eleven miles (18 km) south of Blairsville. It is centered around Lake Trahlyta.Amenities:Approximately five miles (8.0 km) of hiking trails\nAccess to the Appalachian Trail\nPaddleboat rentals and fishing\nMiniature golf course\n35 rental cabins\n103 campsitesThe park has seasonal programs:Fall Festival\nPioneer Christmas\nKids Fishing Rodeo\nSummer Saturday music events\nSeptember All-Day Mountain Music Festival","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Georgia Technical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Georgia_Technical_College"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Young Harris College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Harris_College"},{"link_name":"Young Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Harris,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"University of North Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Dahlonega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlonega,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Union County School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County_School_District_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Union_County_Middle_School_in_Blairsville,_Ga.jpg"},{"link_name":"Union County High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County_High_School_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Woody Gap High/Elementary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woody_Gap_High/Elementary_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Public Information Network for Electronic Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Information_Network_for_Electronic_Services"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Blairsville is in proximity to several colleges. North Georgia Technical College has a campus in town.[17] Young Harris College in Young Harris,[18] and the University of North Georgia in Dahlonega are nearby.[19]The public education system for Blairsville is supervised by the Union County School District, a relatively small school district, which manages the five schools in the system.[20]The Union County School District conducts classes for pre-school to grade twelve. Its facilities consist of two elementary schools, a middle school, and two high schools.[21] The district has 172 full-time teachers and over 2,598 students.[22]Union County Middle School in BlairsvilleUnion County Elementary School\nUnion County Primary School\nUnion County Middle School\nUnion County High School\nWoody Gap High/Elementary SchoolBlairsville is home to one alternative school, the Mountain Education Center High School, which is an evening school.[23]Union County schools are acclaimed for their excellence and influencing the local community through their excellence and dedication.[24]The Union County Public Library is part of the Mountain Regional Library System, which manages four libraries in the region. It is a member of Georgia Library PINES (the Public Information Network for Electronic Services) along with Mountain Regional Library in Young Harris, Towns County Public Library in Hiawassee, and Fannin County Public Library in Blue Ridge.[25][26]There are some private schools nearby as well:The Mountain Area Christian Academy, in Morganton, Georgia[27]\nEastgate Life Academy, in Hiawassee, Georgia\nMurphy Adventist Christian School, in Murphy, North Carolina[28]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jonathan Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Davenport"},{"link_name":"Dirt Super Late Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_model"},{"link_name":"NASCAR Cup Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR_Cup_Series"}],"text":"Jonathan Davenport - Dirt Super Late Model and NASCAR Cup Series driver","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Route 76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_76_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Zell Miller Mountain Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_515"},{"link_name":"Young Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Harris,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Blue Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_129_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Dahlonega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlonega,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Blairsville Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blairsville_Airport"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"LID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Transportation","text":"U.S. Route 76 and Zell Miller Mountain Parkway (GA 515) are the main highways that run through Blairsville. U.S. 76 and GA-515 lead northeast from the city 8 miles (13 km) to Young Harris and west 23 miles (37 km) to Blue Ridge. U.S. Routes 19 and 129 also run through the city together, leading north 21 miles (34 km) to Murphy, North Carolina and south 35 miles (56 km) to Dahlonega. Atlanta is 99 miles (159 km) south via U.S. 19/129.Blairsville Airport (ICAO: KDZJ[29], FAA LID: DZJ formerly 46A) is located in the city.[30]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Dahlonega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlonega,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"WJRB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJRB"},{"link_name":"Young Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Harris,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Helen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"WJUL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJUL"},{"link_name":"Hiawassee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiawassee,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Blue Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge,_Georgia"}],"text":"The Blairsville area is served by a few local television stations, one newspaper, magazines, and numerous local radio stations. They broadcast several genres of music, and sports, news, and talk radio.The North Georgia News is the primary newspaper and legal organ for the area.[31] A member of the Georgia Press Association, the NGN is Blairsville's only accredited media outlet. Montefino Magazine is an aspirational publication based in Blairsville; it covers lifestyle and social news for Blairsville, Union County, and surrounding areas.[32]Blairsville has 12 local radio stations. WUCG-FM 93.1 is based in Blairsville, 1210-AM (WDGR), 89.5-FM (WNGU), and 104.3-FM (WZTR) are based in Dahlonega. WCVP-AM (600), WCNG-FM (102.7), and WKRK-AM (1320) are based in Murphy, North Carolina. 95.1-FM (WJRB) is based in Young Harris, Georgia, while 105.1-FM (WNGA) and 89.9-FM (WTFH) are based in Helen. 1230-AM/97.7-FM (WJUL) is based in Hiawassee. 103.9-FM (WPPL) is based in Blue Ridge.The local television station is W50AB (channel 50), based in Hiawassee.","title":"Media"}] | [{"image_text":"Blairsville City Hall, located in the historic Old Union County Jail building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Old_Union_County_Jail%2C_Blairsville_%28Union_County%2C_Georgia%29.JPG/200px-Old_Union_County_Jail%2C_Blairsville_%28Union_County%2C_Georgia%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"View of Lake Trahlyta in Vogel State Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Vogel_state_park.JPG/220px-Vogel_state_park.JPG"},{"image_text":"Union County Middle School in Blairsville","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Union_County_Middle_School_in_Blairsville%2C_Ga.jpg/220px-Union_County_Middle_School_in_Blairsville%2C_Ga.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Georgia highlighting Union County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Map_of_Georgia_highlighting_Union_County.svg/86px-Map_of_Georgia_highlighting_Union_County.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Georgia (U.S. state) portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"title":"United Community Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Community_Bank"}] | [{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_13.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""},{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. p. 20. ISBN 0-915430-00-2.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kenkrakow.com/gpn/b.pdf","url_text":"Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915430-00-2","url_text":"0-915430-00-2"}]},{"reference":"Candler, A.D.; Evans, C.A. (1906). Georgia: Comprising Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons Arranged in Cyclopedic Form ... State historical association. p. 192. Retrieved January 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EMEBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA192","url_text":"Georgia: Comprising Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons Arranged in Cyclopedic Form ..."}]},{"reference":"Georgia. Dept. of Agriculture; Nesbitt, R.T. (1895). Georgia: Her Resources and Possibilities. Franklin Printing and Publishing Company. p. 338. Retrieved January 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/georgiaherresou00nesbgoog","url_text":"Georgia: Her Resources and Possibilities"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/georgiaherresou00nesbgoog/page/n388","url_text":"338"}]},{"reference":"McCall, H.H. (2010). Roster of Revolutionary Soldiers in Georgia. Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 13. ISBN 9780806302201. Retrieved January 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c6PBnS_rh1wC&pg=PA13","url_text":"Roster of Revolutionary Soldiers in Georgia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806302201","url_text":"9780806302201"}]},{"reference":"Dyer Jones, Ethelene. \"Gold in Union County\". unioncountyhistory.org. Archived from the original on February 10, 2015. Retrieved February 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150210065735/http://www.unioncountyhistory.org/Home/styled-33/","url_text":"\"Gold in Union County\""},{"url":"http://www.unioncountyhistory.org/Home/styled-33/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Climate Blairsville\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usclimatedata.com/climate/blairsville/georgia/united-states/usga0052","url_text":"\"Climate Blairsville\""}]},{"reference":"\"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=ffc","url_text":"\"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Station: Blairsville EXP STN, GA\". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00090969&format=pdf","url_text":"\"Station: Blairsville EXP STN, GA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US1308480&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"www.blairsvillesorghumfestival.com\". www.blairsvillesorghumfestival.com. Retrieved October 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blairsvillesorghumfestival.com/","url_text":"\"www.blairsvillesorghumfestival.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"greenbeanfestival.com\". greenbeanfestival.com. Archived from the original on July 27, 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120727032245/http://www.greenbeanfestival.com/","url_text":"\"greenbeanfestival.com\""},{"url":"http://www.greenbeanfestival.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"North Georgia Technical College\". Northgatech.edu. Retrieved September 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northgatech.edu/about/campus_blairsville.cfm","url_text":"\"North Georgia Technical College\""}]},{"reference":"\"Young Harris College\". Yhc.edu. Retrieved September 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yhc.edu/","url_text":"\"Young Harris College\""}]},{"reference":"\"University of North Georgia\". ung.edu. Retrieved October 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ung.edu/","url_text":"\"University of North Georgia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Union County Schools Website\". Ucschools.org. Retrieved April 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ucschools.org/","url_text":"\"Union County Schools Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mountain Education Center High School\". Mountaineducationcenter.net. Archived from the original on June 10, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080610141017/http://www.mountaineducationcenter.net/","url_text":"\"Mountain Education Center High School\""},{"url":"http://www.mountaineducationcenter.net/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Union County High School\". Montefino Magazine. Archived from the original on August 25, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160825174234/http://www.montefinomagazine.com/current-issue/union-county-high-school","url_text":"\"Union County High School\""},{"url":"http://www.montefinomagazine.com/current-issue/union-county-high-school","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Union County Public Library Website\". Georgia.educationbug.org. June 1, 2007. Retrieved September 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://georgia.educationbug.org/public-library/3359-union-county-public-library.html","url_text":"\"Union County Public Library Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mountain Regional Library System\". Mountainregionallibrary.org. Retrieved September 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mountainregionallibrary.org/","url_text":"\"Mountain Regional Library System\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mountain Area Christian Academy\". Macalions.org. September 23, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.macalions.org/","url_text":"\"Mountain Area Christian Academy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Murphy Adventist Christian School\". Murphy Adventist Christian School. Retrieved September 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.murphyadventistchristianschool.com/","url_text":"\"Murphy Adventist Christian School\""}]},{"reference":"\"KDZJ - Blairsville Airport\". AirNav. Retrieved July 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airnav.com/airport/KDZJ","url_text":"\"KDZJ - Blairsville Airport\""}]},{"reference":"\"North Georgia News\". Nganews.com. Archived from the original on May 1, 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120501131932/http://nganews.com/content.aspx?IsHome=1&MemberID=1281&ID=2354&Module=Quickpage","url_text":"\"North Georgia News\""},{"url":"http://www.nganews.com/content.aspx?IsHome=1&MemberID=1281&ID=2354&Module=Quickpage","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Montefino Magazine\". CPXMarketing. Archived from the original on April 30, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160430163540/http://www.montefinomagazine.com/","url_text":"\"Montefino Magazine\""},{"url":"http://www.montefinomagazine.com/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Blairsville,_Georgia¶ms=34_52_32_N_83_57_24_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"34°52′32″N 83°57′24″W / 34.87556°N 83.95667°W / 34.87556; -83.95667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Blairsville,_Georgia¶ms=34_52_32_N_83_57_24_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"34°52′32″N 83°57′24″W / 34.87556°N 83.95667°W / 34.87556; -83.95667"},{"Link":"http://www.blairsville-ga.gov/","external_links_name":"www.blairsville-ga.gov"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_13.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Harpers_Ferry | Battle of Harpers Ferry | ["1 Background","2 Battle","2.1 September 12","2.2 September 13","2.3 September 14","2.4 September 15","3 Aftermath","4 Inquiry","5 Battlefield preservation","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 39°19′22″N 77°43′49″W / 39.3228°N 77.7302°W / 39.3228; -77.7302Battle of the American Civil War
Not to be confused with John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry.
39°19′22″N 77°43′49″W / 39.3228°N 77.7302°W / 39.3228; -77.7302
Battle of Harpers FerryPart of the American Civil WarHarpers Ferry in West Virginia in 1865DateSeptember 12, 1862 (1862-09-12)–September 15, 1862 (1862-09-15)LocationJefferson County, West Virginia, Loudoun County, Virginia, and Washington County, MarylandResult
Confederate victoryBelligerents
United States (Union)
Confederate StatesCommanders and leaders
Dixon S. Miles † Julius White
Stonewall Jackson A.P. HillStrength
14,000
21,000–26,000Casualties and losses
12,636 total 44 killed 173 wounded 12,419 captured
286 total 39 killed 247 woundedvteMaryland campaign
Mile Hill
Harpers Ferry
Crampton's Gap
South Mountain
Antietam
Shepherdstown
Chambersburg Raid
Unison
The Battle of Harpers Ferry was fought September 12–15, 1862, as part of the Maryland Campaign of the American Civil War. As Confederate Army General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army invaded Maryland, a portion of his army under Major General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson surrounded, bombarded, and captured the Union garrison at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia).
As Lee's Army of Northern Virginia advanced down the Shenandoah Valley into Maryland, he planned to capture the garrison at Harpers Ferry to secure his line of supply back to Virginia. Although he was being pursued at a leisurely pace by Major General George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac, outnumbering him more than two to one, Lee chose the risky strategy of dividing his army and sent one portion to converge and attack Harpers Ferry from three directions. Colonel Dixon S. Miles, Union commander at Harpers Ferry, insisted on keeping most of the troops near the town instead of taking up commanding positions on the surrounding heights. The slim defenses of the most important position, Maryland Heights, first encountered the approaching Confederates on September 12, but only brief skirmishing ensued. Strong attacks by two Confederate brigades on September 13 drove the Union troops from the heights.
During the fighting on Maryland Heights, the other Confederate columns arrived and were astonished to see that critical positions to the west and south of town were not defended. Jackson methodically positioned his artillery around Harpers Ferry and ordered Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill to move down the west bank of the Shenandoah River in preparation for a flank attack on the Federal left the next morning. By the morning of September 15, Jackson had positioned nearly 50 guns on Maryland Heights and at the base of Loudoun Heights. He began a fierce artillery barrage from all sides and ordered an infantry assault. Miles realized that the situation was hopeless and agreed with his subordinates to raise the white flag of surrender. Before he could surrender personally, he was mortally wounded by an artillery shell and died the next day. After processing more than 12,000 Union prisoners, Jackson's men then rushed to Sharpsburg, Maryland, to rejoin Lee for the Battle of Antietam.
Background
Maryland Campaign, actions September 3–15, 1862 Confederate Union
Harpers Ferry is a small town at the confluence of the Potomac River and the Shenandoah River, the site of a historic Federal arsenal founded by President George Washington in 1799 and a bridge for the critical Baltimore and Ohio Railroad across the Potomac. In 1859 it was the site of the abolitionist John Brown's attack on the Federal arsenal.
At the time the garrison at Harpers Ferry – officially the Railroad Brigade of the Middle Department, Eighth Army Corps, the purpose of which was to protect the strategically vital Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, where they passed through the area, and the lower Shenandoah Valley – was the last remaining sizable Union force south of the Potomac River, consisting of about 10,400 men, later joined by 2,500 from the Union garrison at Martinsburg – plus a large cache of small arms as well as artillery pieces, wagons, and Union uniforms. The town was virtually indefensible, as it was dominated on all sides by higher ground. To the west, the ground rose gradually for about a mile and a half to Bolivar Heights, a plateau 669 feet (204 m) high, that stretches from the Potomac to the Shenandoah; further west and parallel was Schoolhouse Ridge. To the south, across the Shenandoah, Loudoun Heights overlooks from 1,180 feet (360 m). And to the northeast, across the Potomac, the southernmost extremity of Elk Ridge forms the 1,476-foot-high crest of Maryland Heights. A Federal soldier wrote that if these three heights could not be held, Harpers Ferry would be "no more defensible than a well bottom."
As Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia (ANV) advanced into Maryland, Lee expected that the Union garrisons that potentially blocked his supply line in the Shenandoah Valley, at Winchester, Martinsburg, and Harpers Ferry, would be cut off and abandoned without firing a shot, but the garrisons, Harpers Ferry specifically, were still manned. Lee planned to capture the garrison to secure his logistical support and potential retreat back to Virginia.
Although he was being pursued at a measured pace by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan and the Union Army of the Potomac, which outnumbered him by more than two to one, Lee chose the risky strategy of dividing his army in order to seize Harpers Ferry. While the rest of the ANV remained at Boonsboro — later minus the corps of Maj. Gen. James Longstreet which Lee sent north to Hagerstown to protect against the reported movement of Pennsylvania militia there, which proved illusory – Lee sent three columns of troops to converge and attack Harpers Ferry from separate directions. The largest column, 11,500 men under Jackson, was to recross the Potomac and circle around to the west of Harpers Ferry and attack it from Bolivar Heights, while the other two columns, under Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws (8,000 men) and Brig. Gen. John George Walker (3,400), were to capture Maryland Heights and Loudoun Heights respectively, commanding the town from the east and south.
McClellan had wanted to add the Harpers Ferry garrison to his field army, but general-in-chief Henry Halleck had refused, saying that the movement would be too difficult and that the garrison had to defend itself "until the latest moment," or until McClellan could relieve it. Halleck had probably expected its commander, Col. Dixon Stansbury Miles, to show some military knowledge and courage. Miles was a 38-year veteran of the U.S. Army and the Mexican–American War, but who had been disgraced after the First Battle of Bull Run when a court of inquiry held that he had been drunk during the battle. Miles swore off liquor and was sent to the supposedly quiet post at Harpers Ferry. His garrison comprised 14,000 men, many inexperienced, including 2,500 who had been forced out of Martinsburg by the approach of Jackson's men on September 11.
On the night of September 11, McLaws arrived at Brownsville, 6 miles northeast of Harpers Ferry. He left 3,000 men near Brownsville Gap to protect his rear and moved 3,000 others toward the Potomac River to seal off any eastern escape route from Harpers Ferry. He dispatched the veteran brigades of Brig. Gens. Joseph B. Kershaw and William Barksdale to seize Maryland Heights on September 12. The other Confederate columns were making slow progress and were behind schedule. Jackson's men were delayed at Martinsburg. Walker's men were ordered to destroy the aqueduct carrying the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal across the Monocacy River where it empties into the Potomac, but his engineers had difficulty demolishing the stone structure and the attempt was eventually abandoned.
Walker reentered Virginia, in Loudoun County on September 9, across from Point of Rocks. Walker was escorted by Col. E.V. White, Loudoun native, and his 35th Virginia Cavalry Battalion. White was unhappy with the assignment and preferred to be with the rest of the army. Unfortunately White had gotten into an altercation with Maj. Gen. J. E. B. Stuart in Frederick and was subsequently ordered back to Virginia by Lee. White led Walker on a meandering route around the Short Hill Mountain to reach the base of Loudoun Heights four days later on September 13. So the attack on Harpers Ferry that had been planned for September 11 was delayed, increasing the risk that McClellan might engage and destroy a portion of Lee's army while it was divided.
Battle
September 12
William MacLeod, Maryland Heights - Siege of Harpers Ferry, 1863
Battle of Harpers Ferry
Miles divided his 10,400 garrison troops into four brigades, making sure that the raw, inexperienced men he had recently received were balanced by more experienced soldiers. He positioned two brigades, about 7,000 men, on Bolivar Heights, in a line that stretched from the Potomac River to the Shenandoah. On nearby Camp Hill, he placed a 1,000-man brigade of heavy artillery and supporting infantry to cover the position on Bolivar Heights. Miles did not position men on Loudoun Heights, considering it the least important of the heights as he deemed it too difficult for Confederate artillery to be placed there; in any event, any Rebel force there could be attacked by the artillery on Maryland Heights. Miles did not believe that the Rebels would come by that route, and would instead approach via Bolivar Heights.
The defenses of the most important position, Maryland Heights, were designed to fight off raiders, but not to hold the heights themselves. There was a powerful artillery battery halfway up the heights: two 9-inch (230 mm) naval Dahlgren rifles, one 50-pounder Parrott rifle, and four 12-pounder smoothbores, which could protect the Camp Hill and Bolivar Heights positions. On the crest, Miles assigned Col. Thomas H. Ford of the 32nd Ohio Infantry to command parts of four regiments, 1,600 men. Some of these men, including those of the 126th New York, had been in the Army only 21 days and lacked basic combat skills; they had only just arrived at Harpers Ferry. They erected primitive breastworks and sent skirmishers a quarter-mile in the direction of the Confederates. On September 12 they encountered the approaching men from Kershaw's South Carolina brigade, who had been moving slowly through the very difficult terrain on Elk Ridge. Rifle volleys from behind abatis caused the Confederates to stop for the night.
September 13
Kershaw began his attack at about 6:30 a.m., September 13. He planned to push his own brigade directly against the Union breastworks while Barksdale's Mississippians flanked the Federal right. Kershaw's men charged into the abatis twice and were driven back with heavy losses. The inexperienced New York troops were holding their own. Their commander, Col. Ford, felt ill that morning and stayed back two miles (3 km) behind the lines, leaving the fighting to Col. Eliakim Sherrill, the second-ranking officer. Sherrill was wounded by a minié ball through the cheek and tongue while rallying his men and had to be carried from the field, making the green troops grow panicky. As Barksdale's Mississippians approached on the flank, the New Yorkers broke and fled rearward. Although Maj. Sylvester Hewitt ordered the remaining units to reform farther along the ridge, orders came at 3:30 p.m. from Col. Ford to retreat. (In doing so, he apparently neglected to send for the 900 men of the 115th New York, waiting in reserve midway up the slope.) His men destroyed their artillery pieces and crossed a pontoon bridge back to Harpers Ferry. Ford later insisted he had the authority from Miles to order the withdrawal, but a court of inquiry concluded that he had "abandoned his position without sufficient cause," and recommended his dismissal from the Army.
During the fighting on Maryland Heights, the other Confederate columns arrived—Walker to the base of Loudoun Heights at 10 a.m. and Jackson's three divisions (Brig. Gen. John R. Jones to the north, Brig. Gen. Alexander R. Lawton in the center, and Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill to the south) to the west of Bolivar Heights at 11 a.m.—and were astonished to see that these positions were not defended. Inside the town, the Union officers realized they were surrounded and pleaded with Miles to attempt to recapture Maryland Heights, but he refused, insisting that the force on Bolivar Heights would protect the town. He exclaimed, "I am ordered to hold this place and God damn my soul to hell if I don't." In fact, Jackson's and Miles's forces to the west of town were roughly equal, but Miles was ignoring the threat from the artillery massing to his northeast and south.
Late that night, Miles sent Capt. Charles Russell of the 1st Maryland Cavalry with nine troopers to slip through the enemy lines and take a message to McClellan, or any other general he could find, informing them that the besieged town could hold out only for 48 hours. Otherwise, he would be forced to surrender. Russell's men slipped across South Mountain and reached McClellan's headquarters at Frederick. The general was surprised and dismayed to receive the news. He wrote a message to Miles that a relief force was on the way and told him, "Hold out to the last extremity. If it is possible, re-occupy the Maryland Heights with your whole force." McClellan ordered Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin and his VI Corps to march from Crampton's Gap to relieve Miles. Although three couriers were sent with this information on different routes, none of them reached Harpers Ferry in time.
September 14
Union military positions near Harpers Ferry in both 1862 and 1864. Restored Civil War period map.
While battles raged at the passes on South Mountain, Jackson had methodically positioned his artillery around Harpers Ferry. This included four Parrott rifles to the summit of Maryland Heights, a task that required 200 men wrestling the ropes of each gun. Although Jackson wanted all of his guns to open fire simultaneously, Walker on Loudoun Heights grew impatient and began an ineffectual bombardment with five guns shortly after 1 p.m. Jackson ordered A.P. Hill to move down the west bank of the Shenandoah in preparation for a flank attack on the Federal left the next morning.
That night, the Union officers realized they had less than 24 hours left, but they made no attempt to recapture Maryland Heights. Unbeknownst to Miles, only a single Confederate regiment now occupied the crest, after McLaws had withdrawn the remainder to meet the Union assault at Crampton's Gap.
Col. Benjamin F. "Grimes" Davis proposed to Miles that his troopers of the 8th New York Cavalry, the Loudoun Rangers, the 12th Illinois Cavalry and some smaller units from Maryland and Rhode Island, attempt to break out. Cavalry forces were essentially useless in the defense of the town. Miles dismissed the idea as "wild and impractical," but Davis was adamant and Miles relented when he saw that the fiery Mississippian intended to break out, with or without permission. Davis and Col. Arno Voss led their 1,400 cavalrymen out of Harpers Ferry on a pontoon bridge across the Potomac, turning left onto a narrow road that wound to the west around the base of Maryland Heights in the north toward Sharpsburg. Despite a number of close calls with returning Confederates from South Mountain, the cavalry column encountered a wagon train approaching from Hagerstown with James Longstreet's reserve supply of ammunition. They were able to trick the wagoneers into following them in another direction and they repulsed the Confederate cavalry escort in the rear of the column, and the southern teamsters found themselves surrounded by Federals in the morning. Capturing more than 40 enemy ordnance wagons, Davis had lost not a single man in combat, the first great cavalry exploit of the war for the Army of the Potomac.
September 15
At dawn, McLaws' repositioning of his Confederate troops – 8,000 men in two lines across the floor of Pleasant Valley – was revealed to Franklin, who had been tasked by McClellan to "cut off, destroy or capture McLaws' command and relieve Colonel Miles." It was a bluff by McLaws, and it worked because Franklin was convinced that he was outnumbered two-to-one and that it would be "suicidal to attack" the Confederate formation. The deceived Franklin thus halted only six miles from Harpers Ferry; there would be no relief for Miles' garrison.
By the morning of September 15, Jackson had positioned nearly 50 guns on Maryland Heights and at the base of Loudoun Heights, prepared to enfilade the rear of the Federal line on Bolivar Heights. Jackson began a fierce artillery barrage from all sides and ordered an infantry assault for 8 a.m. Miles realized that the situation was hopeless. He had no expectation that relief would arrive from McClellan in time and his artillery ammunition was in short supply. At a council of war with his brigade commanders, he agreed to raise the white flag of surrender. But he would not be personally present at any ceremony. He was confronted by a captain of the 126th New York Infantry, who said, "For ——'s sake, Colonel, don't surrender us. Don't you hear the signal guns? Our forces are near us. Let us cut our way out and join them." But Miles replied, "Impossible. They will blow us out of this place in half an hour." As the captain turned away in disdain, a shell exploded, shattering Miles's left leg. So disgusted were the men of the garrison with Miles's behavior, which some claimed involved being drunk again, it was difficult to find a man who would take him to the hospital. He was mortally wounded and died the next day. Some historians have speculated that Miles was struck deliberately by fire from his own men. With Miles incapacitated, the formal surrender of the garrison to Jackson was undertaken by Brigadier General Julius White – a political general who had commanded the Union forces from the Martinsburg garrison, and who had come to Harper's Ferry with his troops, but, although senior to Miles, had not taken command of the garrison there, deferring instead to the commander on the scene.
Aftermath
Jackson had achieved victory at minor expense. The Confederate Army sustained 286 casualties (39 killed, 247 wounded), mostly from the fighting on Maryland Heights, while the Union Army sustained 12,636 (44 killed, 173 wounded, 12,419 captured). It was the largest surrender of Federal forces during the Civil War, and the largest number of United States troops to surrender until the fall of Bataan in the Philippines during World War II. The Union garrison also surrendered 13,000 small arms, 200 wagons, and 73 artillery pieces. The list of captured artillery pieces included one 50-pounder Parrott rifle (spiked), six M1841 24-pounder howitzers, four 20-pounder Parrott rifles, eight M1841 12-pounder field guns (2 spiked), four 12-pounder Napoleons (2 spiked), six M1841 6-pounder field guns, two 10-pounder Dahlgren guns (spiked), 10 3-inch Ordnance rifles, and six 3-inch James rifles.
Confederate soldiers feasted on Union food supplies and helped themselves to fresh blue Federal uniforms, which would cause some confusion in the coming days. About the only unhappy men in Jackson's force were the cavalrymen, who had hoped to replenish their exhausted mounts, but were not able to because of Col. Grimes Davis' breakout.
Map of Harpers Ferry Battlefield core and study areas by the American Battlefield Protection Program
Jackson sent off a courier to Lee with the news. "Through God's blessing, Harper's Ferry and its garrison are to be surrendered." As he rode into town to supervise his men, Union prisoners lined the roadside, eager for a look at the famous Stonewall. One of them observed Jackson's dirty, seedy uniform and remarked, "Boys, he isn't much for looks, but if we'd had him we wouldn't have been caught in this trap." By early afternoon, Jackson received an urgent message from General Lee, telling him to get his troops to Sharpsburg as quickly as possible. Jackson left A.P. Hill at Harpers Ferry to manage the parole of Federal prisoners and began marching to join the Battle of Antietam.
Inquiry
The War Department appointed a special commission under Major General David Hunter to determine the reasons for the loss at Harpers Ferry. During 15 days of testimony, resulting in over 900 pages of evidence, the commission focused on Miles' competence and loyalty, his defense of the garrison, the action of his subordinate officers, and missed opportunities for escape and rescue.
The commission found that a primary cause of the defeat lay in the actions of Colonel Thomas H. Ford in his defense of Maryland Heights, which it found to be "without ability". Ford's abandonment of his post was seen to be without sufficient cause, and his general military capacity was determined to be of nature as to disqualify him from further military command. General John E. Wool, who as commander of the Middle Department in Baltimore was Miles' superior until he was placed under McClellan's orders, and who had ordered Miles to defend "at all hazards" the indefensible position, received censure for putting Miles in command at Harpers Ferry. General McClellan also came in for criticism for failing to relieve and protect the garrison.
Finally, although Colonel Miles was dead, and the commission expressed some reluctance to criticize an officer who could not speak on his own behalf, he was nevertheless described as having "incapacity, amounting to almost imbecility the shameful surrender of this important post." The commission opined that if McClellan's forces had been faster to reach Harpers Ferry, or if Miles had managed to hold on without surrendering so quickly, "the enemy would have been forced to raise the siege, or have been taken in detail."
General Henry Halleck — who, as General-in-Chief had refused McClellan's request to attach the Harpers Ferry garrison to the Army of the Potomac, thus denying him an additional 11,000 troops, and leaving Miles in an untenable situation — was not mentioned in the commission's criticism.
Battlefield preservation
The Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved 542 acres (2.19 km2) of the battlefield in nine acquisitions since 2002, much of which has been incorporated into the Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, which also preserves portions of the battlefield. Additional areas are preserved within the Harpers Ferry Historic District and the National Register of Historic Places listed B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing.
See also
American Civil War portal
Origins of the American Civil War
List of American Civil War battles
Maryland Campaign
Battle of Antietam
Harpers Ferry National Historical Park
References
Citations
^ Bailey (1984), p. 38; Bodart (1908), p. 527; Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001), p. 345; Kennedy (1998), p. 113; Rafuse (2008), p. 219; Robertson (1997), p. 602; Sears (1983), p. 88; Murfin (2004), p. 86; McPherson (2002), p. 106The strength of the Union forces is estimated at 12,737 by Eicher, p. 345; 13,000 (110,500 initially plus 2,500 from Martinsburg) by McPherson, p. 106 and Sears, p. 88; 12,000 by Murfin, p. 86 and 14,000 by Bailey, p. 38, Kennedy, p. 113, Rafuse, p. 219, Robertson, p. 602, and Bodart, p. 527.
^ Bailey (1984), pp. 38–39; Bodart (1908), p. 527; Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001), p. 345; Kennedy (1998), p. 113; Rafuse (2008), p. 219; Robertson (1997), p. 602The Confederate strength is estimated as 26,000 by Rafuse, p. 216, (Jackson 14,000, McLaws 8,000, Walker 4,000). Bailey, p. 38, estimates 21,000 ("7,000 more" than his Union estimate of 14,000). Robertson, p. 602, estimates 23,000.
^ a b c eHistory: Harpers Ferry @ Ohio State University.
^ a b c NPS CWSAC Report.
^ Carman (2010), pp. 283–355; Gottfried (2013), p. 18-104; Hartwig (2012), p. 553–581; Teetor (1982), p. 11-240.
^ Wolff (2000), p. 928.
^ a b Murfin (2004), p. 86.
^ Sears (2017), p. 353.
^ Sears (1983), p. 88.
^ a b Bailey (1984), p. 39.
^ Sears (1983), p. 83.
^ Frye (1989), p. 19.
^ Bailey (1984), p. 38-39.
^ Sears (1983), p. 89.
^ Bailey (1984), p. 38-39; Bodart (1908), p. 257; Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001), p. 345; Kennedy (1998), p. 113; Rafuse (2008), p. 219; Robertson (1997), p. 602.
^ Sears (1983), p. 95.
^ Divine (1985).
^ a b Murfin (2004), p. 139.
^ Frye (1989), p. 17.
^ Frye (1989), pp. 17–18.
^ Murfin (2004), p. 144.
^ Sears (1983), p. 122.
^ Frye (1989), p. 18.
^ Sears (1983), pp. 122–123.
^ Frye (1989), p. 21.
^ a b Bailey (1984), p. 43.
^ Sears (1983), p. 133; Wolff (2000), p. 930.
^ Bailey (1984), p. 56.
^ Bailey (1984), p. 56; Silkenat (2019), pp. 55–71.
^ Bailey (1984), pp. 57–58; Sears (1983), pp. 151–152.
^ Hartwig (2012), pp. 553–581.
^ Frye (1989), p. 32.
^ Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001), p. 347.
^ Sears (1983), pp. 123, 153.
^ Frye (1989), p. 22.
^ Sears (1983), p. 153; Murfin (2004), p. 203Sears gives the number captured as just over 11,500, while Murfin reports 11,000.
^ Robertson (1997), p. 606.
^ NPS Bolivar HeightsHistorical sign on site
^ Bailey (1984), p. 59.
^ Johnson & Anderson (1995), p. 108.
^ Sears (1983), pp. 153–154.
^ Sears (1983), p. 154.
^ Hartwig (2012), p. 124; Robertson (1997), p. 606.
^ a b c Frye (1989), p. 34.
^ Sears (2017), pp. 359–360.
^ Sears (2017), p. 360.
^ American Battlefield Trust - Saved Land.
^ American Battlefield Trust - What Might Have Been: Harpers Ferry.
^ NPS Battlefield Protection.
^ Esposito (1959), p. 75.
Bibliography
Books
Bailey, Ronald H. (1984). Grunewald, Henry Anatole (ed.). The Bloodiest Day: The Battle of Antietam (PDF). Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. p. 176. ISBN 0809447401. OCLC 10925005. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
Bodart, Gaston (1908). Militär-historisches kreigs-lexikon, (1618–1905) (PDF) (in German). Stern.
Carman, Ezra Ayers (2010). Clemens, Thomas G. (ed.). The Maryland campaign of September 1862. Vol. 1, South Mountain (eBook). New York: Savas Beatie. p. 491. ISBN 978-1611210552.
Divine, John E. (1985). 35th Battalion Virginia Cavalry (eBook). Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard. p. 112. ISBN 093091919X. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
Eicher, David J.; McPherson, James M.; McPherson, James Alan (2001). The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-1846-9. OCLC 892938160.
Esposito, Vincent J. (1959). West Point Atlas of American Wars. New York: Frederick A. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8050-3391-5. OCLC 60298522.
Frye, Dennis E. (1989). "Drama Between the Rivers: Harpers Ferry in the 1862 Maryland Campaign". In Gallagher, Gary W. (ed.). Antietam : essays on the 1862 Maryland Campaign. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. pp. 14–34. ISBN 0-87338-400-8.
Gottfried, Bradley M. (2013). The Maps of Antietam, eBook Short #2: The Siege and Capture of Harpers Ferry, September 12–15, 1862 (eBook) (1st ed.). Havertown, PA: Savas Beatie. p. 188. ISBN 978-1611214987.
Hartwig, D. Scott (2012). To Antietam Creek: The Maryland Campaign of 1862 (eBook). Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 794. ISBN 978-1421408767. OCLC 830023821.
Johnson, Curt; Anderson, Richard C. Jr. (1995). Artillery Hell: The Employment of Artillery at Antietam. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-623-0.
Kennedy, Frances H., ed. (1998). The Civil War Battlefield Guide (Kindle) (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. ISBN 0-395-74012-6. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
McPherson, James M. (2002). Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-965-46118-1.
Murfin, James V. (2004) . The Gleam of Bayonets : the Battle of Antietam and Robert E. Lee's Maryland Campaign, September 1862. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. ISBN 978-0-8071-3020-9.
Rafuse, Ethan Sepp (2008). Antietam, South Mountain, and Harpers Ferry : a Battlefield Guide (eBook). This Hallowed Ground. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 283. ISBN 978-0803219434. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
Robertson, James I. Jr. (1997). Stonewall Jackson: The Man, The Soldier, The Legend (PDF). London: Prentice Hall International. p. 950. ISBN 978-0-02-864685-5. OCLC 1151321680. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
Sears, Stephen W. (1983). Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam (PDF). New York: Ticknor & Fields (Popular Library). ISBN 978-0395656686. OCLC 12308045. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
Sears, Stephen W. (2017). Lincoln's Lieutenants: The High Command of the Army of the Potomac. Boston: Mariner Books. ISBN 978-1-328-91579-5.
Silkenat, David (2019). Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War (PDF). Civil War America. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 368. ISBN 978-1469649740. OCLC 1088722636.
Teetor, Paul R. (1982). A Matter of Hours: Treason at Harper's Ferry (PDF). Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 309. ISBN 083863012X. OCLC 563196790.
Wolff, Robert S. (2000). Heidler, David S.; Heidler, Jeanne T. (eds.). Harper's Ferry, (West) Virginia. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-04758-X.
Other
"Saved Land". battlefields.org. American Battlefield Trust. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
"What Might Have Been: Harpers Ferry, West Virginia". battlefields.org. American Battlefield Trust. 6 December 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
"Bolivar Heights". NPS.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
"American Battlefield Protection Program". NPS.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
"Harpers Ferry". OSU eHistory. Ohio State University. Retrieved September 21, 2022.
CWSAC Report Update and Resurvey: Individual Battlefield Profiles
"Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation's Civil War Battlefields, Technical Volume II: Battle Summaries" (PDF). National Park Service. p. 187. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Harper's Ferry.
Animated history of the Battle of Antietam
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Raid_on_Harper%27s_Ferry"},{"link_name":"39°19′22″N 77°43′49″W / 39.3228°N 77.7302°W / 39.3228; -77.7302","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Harpers_Ferry¶ms=39.3228_N_77.7302_W_type:event_region:US_scale:30000"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NWDNS-165-SB-26_Harpers_Ferry_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Jefferson County, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Loudoun County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Washington County, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Confederate States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Dixon S. 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Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.P._Hill"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey198438Bodart1908527EicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001345Kennedy1998113Rafuse2008219Robertson1997602Sears198388Murfin200486McPherson2002106-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey198438%E2%80%9339Bodart1908527EicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001345Kennedy1998113Rafuse2008219Robertson1997602-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''eHistory:_Harpers_Ferry_@_Ohio_State_University''-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NPS_CWSAC_Report''-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''eHistory:_Harpers_Ferry_@_Ohio_State_University''-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NPS_CWSAC_Report''-4"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Maryland_Campaign"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Maryland_Campaign"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Maryland_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Maryland campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_campaign"},{"link_name":"Mile Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mile_Hill"},{"link_name":"Harpers Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Crampton's Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Crampton%27s_Gap"},{"link_name":"South Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_South_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Antietam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam"},{"link_name":"Shepherdstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shepherdstown"},{"link_name":"Chambersburg Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambersburg_Raid"},{"link_name":"Unison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Unison"},{"link_name":"Maryland Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Campaign"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Confederate Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Army"},{"link_name":"Robert E. 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McClellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan"},{"link_name":"Army of the Potomac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Dixon S. Miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixon_S._Miles"},{"link_name":"A.P. Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.P._Hill"},{"link_name":"Shenandoah River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_River"},{"link_name":"Sharpsburg, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpsburg,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Battle of Antietam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarman2010283%E2%80%93355Gottfried201318-104Hartwig2012553%E2%80%93581Teetor198211-240-5"}],"text":"Battle of the American Civil WarNot to be confused with John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry.39°19′22″N 77°43′49″W / 39.3228°N 77.7302°W / 39.3228; -77.7302Battle of Harpers FerryPart of the American Civil WarHarpers Ferry in West Virginia in 1865DateSeptember 12, 1862 (1862-09-12)–September 15, 1862 (1862-09-15)LocationJefferson County, West Virginia, Loudoun County, Virginia, and Washington County, MarylandResult\nConfederate victoryBelligerents\n United States (Union)\n Confederate StatesCommanders and leaders\n Dixon S. Miles † Julius White\n Stonewall Jackson A.P. HillStrength\n14,000[1]\n21,000–26,000[2]Casualties and losses\n12,636 total 44 killed 173 wounded 12,419 captured[3][4]\n286 total 39 killed 247 wounded[3][4]vteMaryland campaign\nMile Hill\nHarpers Ferry\nCrampton's Gap\nSouth Mountain\nAntietam\nShepherdstown\nChambersburg Raid\nUnisonThe Battle of Harpers Ferry was fought September 12–15, 1862, as part of the Maryland Campaign of the American Civil War. As Confederate Army General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army invaded Maryland, a portion of his army under Major General Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson surrounded, bombarded, and captured the Union garrison at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia).As Lee's Army of Northern Virginia advanced down the Shenandoah Valley into Maryland, he planned to capture the garrison at Harpers Ferry to secure his line of supply back to Virginia. Although he was being pursued at a leisurely pace by Major General George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac, outnumbering him more than two to one, Lee chose the risky strategy of dividing his army and sent one portion to converge and attack Harpers Ferry from three directions. Colonel Dixon S. Miles, Union commander at Harpers Ferry, insisted on keeping most of the troops near the town instead of taking up commanding positions on the surrounding heights. The slim defenses of the most important position, Maryland Heights, first encountered the approaching Confederates on September 12, but only brief skirmishing ensued. Strong attacks by two Confederate brigades on September 13 drove the Union troops from the heights.During the fighting on Maryland Heights, the other Confederate columns arrived and were astonished to see that critical positions to the west and south of town were not defended. Jackson methodically positioned his artillery around Harpers Ferry and ordered Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill to move down the west bank of the Shenandoah River in preparation for a flank attack on the Federal left the next morning. By the morning of September 15, Jackson had positioned nearly 50 guns on Maryland Heights and at the base of Loudoun Heights. He began a fierce artillery barrage from all sides and ordered an infantry assault. Miles realized that the situation was hopeless and agreed with his subordinates to raise the white flag of surrender. Before he could surrender personally, he was mortally wounded by an artillery shell and died the next day. After processing more than 12,000 Union prisoners, Jackson's men then rushed to Sharpsburg, Maryland, to rejoin Lee for the Battle of Antietam.[5]","title":"Battle of Harpers Ferry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maryland_Campaign_1862.pdf"},{"link_name":"confluence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence"},{"link_name":"Potomac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_River"},{"link_name":"Shenandoah River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_River"},{"link_name":"historic Federal arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_Armory"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2000928-6"},{"link_name":"Baltimore and Ohio Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad"},{"link_name":"John Brown's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)"},{"link_name":"attack on the Federal arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurfin200486-7"},{"link_name":"Baltimore and Ohio Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake and Ohio Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Canal"},{"link_name":"Shenandoah Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2017353-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurfin200486-7"},{"link_name":"Martinsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinsburg,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears198388-9"},{"link_name":"Bolivar Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivar_Heights_Battlefield"},{"link_name":"Loudoun Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_Heights_(mountain)"},{"link_name":"Elk Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk_Ridge_(Maryland)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey198439-10"},{"link_name":"Gen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_officers_in_the_Confederate_States_Army#General"},{"link_name":"Robert E. 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McClellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan"},{"link_name":"Army of the Potomac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac"},{"link_name":"Boonsboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boonsboro,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"James Longstreet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet"},{"link_name":"Hagerstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagerstown,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye198919-12"},{"link_name":"Lafayette McLaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_McLaws"},{"link_name":"John George Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_George_Walker"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey198438-39-13"},{"link_name":"Henry Halleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Halleck"},{"link_name":"Dixon Stansbury Miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixon_Stansbury_Miles"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Bull Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears198389-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey198438-39Bodart1908257EicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001345Kennedy1998113Rafuse2008219Robertson1997602-15"},{"link_name":"Brownsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Joseph B. Kershaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_B._Kershaw"},{"link_name":"William Barksdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barksdale"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey198439-10"},{"link_name":"aqueduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocacy_Aqueduct"},{"link_name":"Monocacy River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocacy_River"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears198395-16"},{"link_name":"Loudoun County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Point of Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_Rocks,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"E.V. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_V._White"},{"link_name":"35th Virginia Cavalry Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_Virginia_Cavalry_Battalion"},{"link_name":"J. E. B. Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart"},{"link_name":"Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Short Hill Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Hill_Mountain"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDivine1985-17"}],"text":"Maryland Campaign, actions September 3–15, 1862 Confederate UnionHarpers Ferry is a small town at the confluence of the Potomac River and the Shenandoah River, the site of a historic Federal arsenal founded by President George Washington in 1799 [6] and a bridge for the critical Baltimore and Ohio Railroad across the Potomac. In 1859 it was the site of the abolitionist John Brown's attack on the Federal arsenal.At the time the garrison at Harpers Ferry – officially the Railroad Brigade of the Middle Department, Eighth Army Corps,[7] the purpose of which was to protect the strategically vital Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, where they passed through the area, and the lower Shenandoah Valley[8] – was the last remaining sizable Union force south of the Potomac River,[7] consisting of about 10,400 men, later joined by 2,500 from the Union garrison at Martinsburg[9] – plus a large cache of small arms as well as artillery pieces, wagons, and Union uniforms. The town was virtually indefensible, as it was dominated on all sides by higher ground. To the west, the ground rose gradually for about a mile and a half to Bolivar Heights, a plateau 669 feet (204 m) high, that stretches from the Potomac to the Shenandoah; further west and parallel was Schoolhouse Ridge. To the south, across the Shenandoah, Loudoun Heights overlooks from 1,180 feet (360 m). And to the northeast, across the Potomac, the southernmost extremity of Elk Ridge forms the 1,476-foot-high crest of Maryland Heights. A Federal soldier wrote that if these three heights could not be held, Harpers Ferry would be \"no more defensible than a well bottom.\"[10]As Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia (ANV) advanced into Maryland, Lee expected that the Union garrisons that potentially blocked his supply line in the Shenandoah Valley, at Winchester, Martinsburg, and Harpers Ferry, would be cut off and abandoned without firing a shot,[11] but the garrisons, Harpers Ferry specifically, were still manned. Lee planned to capture the garrison to secure his logistical support and potential retreat back to Virginia.Although he was being pursued at a measured pace by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan and the Union Army of the Potomac, which outnumbered him by more than two to one, Lee chose the risky strategy of dividing his army in order to seize Harpers Ferry. While the rest of the ANV remained at Boonsboro — later minus the corps of Maj. Gen. James Longstreet which Lee sent north to Hagerstown to protect against the reported movement of Pennsylvania militia there,[12] which proved illusory – Lee sent three columns of troops to converge and attack Harpers Ferry from separate directions. The largest column, 11,500 men under Jackson, was to recross the Potomac and circle around to the west of Harpers Ferry and attack it from Bolivar Heights, while the other two columns, under Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws (8,000 men) and Brig. Gen. John George Walker (3,400), were to capture Maryland Heights and Loudoun Heights respectively, commanding the town from the east and south.[13]McClellan had wanted to add the Harpers Ferry garrison to his field army, but general-in-chief Henry Halleck had refused, saying that the movement would be too difficult and that the garrison had to defend itself \"until the latest moment,\" or until McClellan could relieve it. Halleck had probably expected its commander, Col. Dixon Stansbury Miles, to show some military knowledge and courage. Miles was a 38-year veteran of the U.S. Army and the Mexican–American War, but who had been disgraced after the First Battle of Bull Run when a court of inquiry held that he had been drunk during the battle. Miles swore off liquor and was sent to the supposedly quiet post at Harpers Ferry.[14] His garrison comprised 14,000 men, many inexperienced, including 2,500 who had been forced out of Martinsburg by the approach of Jackson's men on September 11.[15]On the night of September 11, McLaws arrived at Brownsville, 6 miles northeast of Harpers Ferry. He left 3,000 men near Brownsville Gap to protect his rear and moved 3,000 others toward the Potomac River to seal off any eastern escape route from Harpers Ferry. He dispatched the veteran brigades of Brig. Gens. Joseph B. Kershaw and William Barksdale to seize Maryland Heights on September 12.[10] The other Confederate columns were making slow progress and were behind schedule. Jackson's men were delayed at Martinsburg. Walker's men were ordered to destroy the aqueduct carrying the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal across the Monocacy River where it empties into the Potomac, but his engineers had difficulty demolishing the stone structure and the attempt was eventually abandoned.[16]Walker reentered Virginia, in Loudoun County on September 9, across from Point of Rocks. Walker was escorted by Col. E.V. White, Loudoun native, and his 35th Virginia Cavalry Battalion. White was unhappy with the assignment and preferred to be with the rest of the army. Unfortunately White had gotten into an altercation with Maj. Gen. J. E. B. Stuart in Frederick and was subsequently ordered back to Virginia by Lee. White led Walker on a meandering route around the Short Hill Mountain to reach the base of Loudoun Heights four days later on September 13.[17] So the attack on Harpers Ferry that had been planned for September 11 was delayed, increasing the risk that McClellan might engage and destroy a portion of Lee's army while it was divided.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_MacLeod,_Maryland_Heights_-_Siege_of_Harpers_Ferry,_1863,_NGA_176395.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harpers_Ferry.png"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurfin2004139-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye198917-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye198917%E2%80%9318-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurfin2004139-18"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurfin2004144-21"},{"link_name":"artillery battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_battery"},{"link_name":"Parrott rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrott_rifle"},{"link_name":"smoothbores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoothbore"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears1983122-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye198918-23"},{"link_name":"Thomas H. Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H._Ford"},{"link_name":"32nd Ohio Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_Ohio_Infantry"},{"link_name":"126th New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/126th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears1983122%E2%80%93123-24"},{"link_name":"Rifle volleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volley_fire_(infantry_tactic)"},{"link_name":"abatis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abatis"}],"sub_title":"September 12","text":"William MacLeod, Maryland Heights - Siege of Harpers Ferry, 1863Battle of Harpers FerryMiles divided his 10,400 garrison troops into four brigades, making sure that the raw, inexperienced men he had recently received were balanced by more experienced soldiers. He positioned two brigades, about 7,000 men, on Bolivar Heights, in a line that stretched from the Potomac River to the Shenandoah.[18][19] On nearby Camp Hill, he placed a 1,000-man brigade of heavy artillery and supporting infantry to cover the position on Bolivar Heights. Miles did not position men on Loudoun Heights, considering it the least important of the heights as he deemed it too difficult for Confederate artillery to be placed there; in any event, any Rebel force there could be attacked by the artillery on Maryland Heights.[20][18] Miles did not believe that the Rebels would come by that route, and would instead approach via Bolivar Heights.[21]The defenses of the most important position, Maryland Heights, were designed to fight off raiders, but not to hold the heights themselves. There was a powerful artillery battery halfway up the heights: two 9-inch (230 mm) naval Dahlgren rifles, one 50-pounder Parrott rifle, and four 12-pounder smoothbores,[22] which could protect the Camp Hill and Bolivar Heights positions.[23] On the crest, Miles assigned Col. Thomas H. Ford of the 32nd Ohio Infantry to command parts of four regiments, 1,600 men. Some of these men, including those of the 126th New York, had been in the Army only 21 days and lacked basic combat skills; they had only just arrived at Harpers Ferry. They erected primitive breastworks and sent skirmishers a quarter-mile in the direction of the Confederates.[24] On September 12 they encountered the approaching men from Kershaw's South Carolina brigade, who had been moving slowly through the very difficult terrain on Elk Ridge. Rifle volleys from behind abatis caused the Confederates to stop for the night.","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eliakim Sherrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliakim_Sherrill"},{"link_name":"minié ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_ball"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye198921-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey198443-26"},{"link_name":"John R. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Jones"},{"link_name":"Alexander R. Lawton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_R._Lawton"},{"link_name":"A.P. Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.P._Hill"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey198443-26"},{"link_name":"1st Maryland Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Regiment_Maryland_Volunteer_Cavalry"},{"link_name":"South Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Mountain_(Maryland_and_Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"William B. Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Franklin"},{"link_name":"VI Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VI_Corps_(Union_Army)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears1983133Wolff2000930-27"}],"sub_title":"September 13","text":"Kershaw began his attack at about 6:30 a.m., September 13. He planned to push his own brigade directly against the Union breastworks while Barksdale's Mississippians flanked the Federal right. Kershaw's men charged into the abatis twice and were driven back with heavy losses. The inexperienced New York troops were holding their own. Their commander, Col. Ford, felt ill that morning and stayed back two miles (3 km) behind the lines, leaving the fighting to Col. Eliakim Sherrill, the second-ranking officer. Sherrill was wounded by a minié ball through the cheek and tongue while rallying his men and had to be carried from the field, making the green troops grow panicky.[25] As Barksdale's Mississippians approached on the flank, the New Yorkers broke and fled rearward. Although Maj. Sylvester Hewitt ordered the remaining units to reform farther along the ridge, orders came at 3:30 p.m. from Col. Ford to retreat. (In doing so, he apparently neglected to send for the 900 men of the 115th New York, waiting in reserve midway up the slope.) His men destroyed their artillery pieces and crossed a pontoon bridge back to Harpers Ferry. Ford later insisted he had the authority from Miles to order the withdrawal, but a court of inquiry concluded that he had \"abandoned his position without sufficient cause,\" and recommended his dismissal from the Army.[26]During the fighting on Maryland Heights, the other Confederate columns arrived—Walker to the base of Loudoun Heights at 10 a.m. and Jackson's three divisions (Brig. Gen. John R. Jones to the north, Brig. Gen. Alexander R. Lawton in the center, and Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill to the south) to the west of Bolivar Heights at 11 a.m.—and were astonished to see that these positions were not defended. Inside the town, the Union officers realized they were surrounded and pleaded with Miles to attempt to recapture Maryland Heights, but he refused, insisting that the force on Bolivar Heights would protect the town. He exclaimed, \"I am ordered to hold this place and God damn my soul to hell if I don't.\"[26] In fact, Jackson's and Miles's forces to the west of town were roughly equal, but Miles was ignoring the threat from the artillery massing to his northeast and south.Late that night, Miles sent Capt. Charles Russell of the 1st Maryland Cavalry with nine troopers to slip through the enemy lines and take a message to McClellan, or any other general he could find, informing them that the besieged town could hold out only for 48 hours. Otherwise, he would be forced to surrender. Russell's men slipped across South Mountain and reached McClellan's headquarters at Frederick. The general was surprised and dismayed to receive the news. He wrote a message to Miles that a relief force was on the way and told him, \"Hold out to the last extremity. If it is possible, re-occupy the Maryland Heights with your whole force.\" McClellan ordered Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin and his VI Corps to march from Crampton's Gap to relieve Miles. Although three couriers were sent with this information on different routes, none of them reached Harpers Ferry in time.[27]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Attack_on_Harper%27s_Ferrypass5.jpg"},{"link_name":"South Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_South_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Parrott rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrott_rifles"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey198456-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey198456Silkenat201955%E2%80%9371-29"},{"link_name":"Benjamin F. \"Grimes\" Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Davis"},{"link_name":"8th New York Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_New_York_Cavalry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Loudoun Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Arno Voss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno_Voss"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey198457%E2%80%9358Sears1983151%E2%80%93152-30"}],"sub_title":"September 14","text":"Union military positions near Harpers Ferry in both 1862 and 1864. Restored Civil War period map.While battles raged at the passes on South Mountain, Jackson had methodically positioned his artillery around Harpers Ferry. This included four Parrott rifles to the summit of Maryland Heights, a task that required 200 men wrestling the ropes of each gun. Although Jackson wanted all of his guns to open fire simultaneously, Walker on Loudoun Heights grew impatient and began an ineffectual bombardment with five guns shortly after 1 p.m. Jackson ordered A.P. Hill to move down the west bank of the Shenandoah in preparation for a flank attack on the Federal left the next morning.[28]That night, the Union officers realized they had less than 24 hours left, but they made no attempt to recapture Maryland Heights. Unbeknownst to Miles, only a single Confederate regiment now occupied the crest, after McLaws had withdrawn the remainder to meet the Union assault at Crampton's Gap.[29]Col. Benjamin F. \"Grimes\" Davis proposed to Miles that his troopers of the 8th New York Cavalry, the Loudoun Rangers, the 12th Illinois Cavalry and some smaller units from Maryland and Rhode Island, attempt to break out. Cavalry forces were essentially useless in the defense of the town. Miles dismissed the idea as \"wild and impractical,\" but Davis was adamant and Miles relented when he saw that the fiery Mississippian intended to break out, with or without permission. Davis and Col. Arno Voss led their 1,400 cavalrymen out of Harpers Ferry on a pontoon bridge across the Potomac, turning left onto a narrow road that wound to the west around the base of Maryland Heights in the north toward Sharpsburg. Despite a number of close calls with returning Confederates from South Mountain, the cavalry column encountered a wagon train approaching from Hagerstown with James Longstreet's reserve supply of ammunition. They were able to trick the wagoneers into following them in another direction and they repulsed the Confederate cavalry escort in the rear of the column, and the southern teamsters found themselves surrounded by Federals in the morning. Capturing more than 40 enemy ordnance wagons, Davis had lost not a single man in combat, the first great cavalry exploit of the war for the Army of the Potomac.[30]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartwig2012553%E2%80%93581-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye198932-32"},{"link_name":"enfilade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfilade_and_defilade"},{"link_name":"council of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_war"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001347-33"},{"link_name":"Julius White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_White"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears1983123,_153-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye198922-35"}],"sub_title":"September 15","text":"At dawn, McLaws' repositioning of his Confederate troops – 8,000 men in two lines across the floor of Pleasant Valley – was revealed to Franklin, who had been tasked by McClellan to \"cut off, destroy or capture McLaws' command and relieve Colonel Miles.\" It was a bluff by McLaws, and it worked because Franklin was convinced that he was outnumbered two-to-one and that it would be \"suicidal to attack\" the Confederate formation.[31] The deceived Franklin thus halted only six miles from Harpers Ferry; there would be no relief for Miles' garrison.[32]By the morning of September 15, Jackson had positioned nearly 50 guns on Maryland Heights and at the base of Loudoun Heights, prepared to enfilade the rear of the Federal line on Bolivar Heights. Jackson began a fierce artillery barrage from all sides and ordered an infantry assault for 8 a.m. Miles realized that the situation was hopeless. He had no expectation that relief would arrive from McClellan in time and his artillery ammunition was in short supply. At a council of war with his brigade commanders, he agreed to raise the white flag of surrender. But he would not be personally present at any ceremony. He was confronted by a captain of the 126th New York Infantry, who said, \"For ——'s sake, Colonel, don't surrender us. Don't you hear the signal guns? Our forces are near us. Let us cut our way out and join them.\" But Miles replied, \"Impossible. They will blow us out of this place in half an hour.\" As the captain turned away in disdain, a shell exploded, shattering Miles's left leg. So disgusted were the men of the garrison with Miles's behavior, which some claimed involved being drunk again, it was difficult to find a man who would take him to the hospital. He was mortally wounded and died the next day. Some historians have speculated that Miles was struck deliberately by fire from his own men.[33] With Miles incapacitated, the formal surrender of the garrison to Jackson was undertaken by Brigadier General Julius White – a political general who had commanded the Union forces from the Martinsburg garrison, and who had come to Harper's Ferry with his troops, but, although senior to Miles, had not taken command of the garrison there, deferring instead to the commander on the scene.[34][35]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''eHistory:_Harpers_Ferry_@_Ohio_State_University''-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NPS_CWSAC_Report''-4"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears1983153Murfin2004203-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1997606-37"},{"link_name":"fall of Bataan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Bataan"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NPS_Bolivar_Heights''-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey198459-39"},{"link_name":"Parrott rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrott_rifle"},{"link_name":"M1841 24-pounder howitzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1841_24-pounder_howitzer"},{"link_name":"20-pounder Parrott rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-pounder_Parrott_rifle"},{"link_name":"12-pounder Napoleons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-pounder_Napoleon"},{"link_name":"M1841 6-pounder field guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1841_6-pounder_field_gun"},{"link_name":"Dahlgren guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlgren_gun"},{"link_name":"3-inch Ordnance rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-inch_Ordnance_rifle"},{"link_name":"James rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_rifle"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonAnderson1995108-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears1983153%E2%80%93154-41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harpers_Ferry_Battlefield_West_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"American Battlefield Protection Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Battlefield_Protection_Program"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears1983154-42"},{"link_name":"Battle of Antietam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartwig2012124Robertson1997606-43"}],"text":"Jackson had achieved victory at minor expense. The Confederate Army sustained 286 casualties (39 killed, 247 wounded), mostly from the fighting on Maryland Heights, while the Union Army sustained 12,636 (44 killed, 173 wounded, 12,419 captured).[3][4][36] It was the largest surrender of Federal forces during the Civil War,[37] and the largest number of United States troops to surrender until the fall of Bataan in the Philippines during World War II.[38] The Union garrison also surrendered 13,000 small arms, 200 wagons, and 73 artillery pieces.[39] The list of captured artillery pieces included one 50-pounder Parrott rifle (spiked), six M1841 24-pounder howitzers, four 20-pounder Parrott rifles, eight M1841 12-pounder field guns (2 spiked), four 12-pounder Napoleons (2 spiked), six M1841 6-pounder field guns, two 10-pounder Dahlgren guns (spiked), 10 3-inch Ordnance rifles, and six 3-inch James rifles.[40]Confederate soldiers feasted on Union food supplies and helped themselves to fresh blue Federal uniforms, which would cause some confusion in the coming days. About the only unhappy men in Jackson's force were the cavalrymen, who had hoped to replenish their exhausted mounts, but were not able to because of Col. Grimes Davis' breakout.[41]Map of Harpers Ferry Battlefield core and study areas by the American Battlefield Protection ProgramJackson sent off a courier to Lee with the news. \"Through God's blessing, Harper's Ferry and its garrison are to be surrendered.\" As he rode into town to supervise his men, Union prisoners lined the roadside, eager for a look at the famous Stonewall. One of them observed Jackson's dirty, seedy uniform and remarked, \"Boys, he isn't much for looks, but if we'd had him we wouldn't have been caught in this trap.\"[42] By early afternoon, Jackson received an urgent message from General Lee, telling him to get his troops to Sharpsburg as quickly as possible. Jackson left A.P. Hill at Harpers Ferry to manage the parole of Federal prisoners and began marching to join the Battle of Antietam.[43]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hunter"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye198934-44"},{"link_name":"John E. Wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Wool"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye198934-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2017359%E2%80%93360-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye198934-44"},{"link_name":"Henry Halleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Halleck"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2017360-46"}],"text":"The War Department appointed a special commission under Major General David Hunter to determine the reasons for the loss at Harpers Ferry. During 15 days of testimony, resulting in over 900 pages of evidence, the commission focused on Miles' competence and loyalty, his defense of the garrison, the action of his subordinate officers, and missed opportunities for escape and rescue.[44]The commission found that a primary cause of the defeat lay in the actions of Colonel Thomas H. Ford in his defense of Maryland Heights, which it found to be \"without ability\". Ford's abandonment of his post was seen to be without sufficient cause, and his general military capacity was determined to be of nature as to disqualify him from further military command. General John E. Wool, who as commander of the Middle Department in Baltimore was Miles' superior until he was placed under McClellan's orders, and who had ordered Miles to defend \"at all hazards\" the indefensible position, received censure for putting Miles in command at Harpers Ferry. General McClellan also came in for criticism for failing to relieve and protect the garrison.[44][45]Finally, although Colonel Miles was dead, and the commission expressed some reluctance to criticize an officer who could not speak on his own behalf, he was nevertheless described as having \"incapacity, amounting to almost imbecility [for] the shameful surrender of this important post.\" The commission opined that if McClellan's forces had been faster to reach Harpers Ferry, or if Miles had managed to hold on without surrendering so quickly, \"the enemy would have been forced to raise the siege, or have been taken in detail.\"[44]General Henry Halleck — who, as General-in-Chief had refused McClellan's request to attach the Harpers Ferry garrison to the Army of the Potomac, thus denying him an additional 11,000 troops, and leaving Miles in an untenable situation — was not mentioned in the commission's criticism.[46]","title":"Inquiry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil War Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_War_Trust"},{"link_name":"American Battlefield Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Battlefield_Trust"},{"link_name":"Harpers Ferry National Historical Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_National_Historical_Park"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Battlefield_Trust_-_Saved_Land-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Battlefield_Trust_-_What_Might_Have_Been:_Harpers_Ferry-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NPS_Battlefield_Protection''-49"},{"link_name":"Harpers Ferry Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_%26_O_Railroad_Potomac_River_Crossing"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito195975-50"}],"text":"The Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved 542 acres (2.19 km2) of the battlefield in nine acquisitions since 2002, much of which has been incorporated into the Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, which also preserves portions of the battlefield.[47][48][49] Additional areas are preserved within the Harpers Ferry Historic District and the National Register of Historic Places listed B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing.[50]","title":"Battlefield preservation"}] | [{"image_text":"Maryland Campaign, actions September 3–15, 1862 Confederate Union","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Maryland_Campaign_1862.pdf/page1-330px-Maryland_Campaign_1862.pdf.jpg"},{"image_text":"William MacLeod, Maryland Heights - Siege of Harpers Ferry, 1863","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/William_MacLeod%2C_Maryland_Heights_-_Siege_of_Harpers_Ferry%2C_1863%2C_NGA_176395.jpg/330px-William_MacLeod%2C_Maryland_Heights_-_Siege_of_Harpers_Ferry%2C_1863%2C_NGA_176395.jpg"},{"image_text":"Battle of Harpers Ferry","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Harpers_Ferry.png/330px-Harpers_Ferry.png"},{"image_text":"Union military positions near Harpers Ferry in both 1862 and 1864. Restored Civil War period map.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Attack_on_Harper%27s_Ferrypass5.jpg/330px-Attack_on_Harper%27s_Ferrypass5.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Harpers Ferry Battlefield core and study areas by the American Battlefield Protection Program","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Harpers_Ferry_Battlefield_West_Virginia.jpg/330px-Harpers_Ferry_Battlefield_West_Virginia.jpg"}] | [{"title":"American Civil War portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War"},{"title":"Origins of the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"title":"List of American Civil War battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles"},{"title":"Maryland Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Campaign"},{"title":"Battle of Antietam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam"},{"title":"Harpers Ferry National Historical Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_National_Historical_Park"}] | [{"reference":"Bailey, Ronald H. (1984). Grunewald, Henry Anatole (ed.). The Bloodiest Day: The Battle of Antietam (PDF). Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. p. 176. ISBN 0809447401. OCLC 10925005. Retrieved April 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bloodiestdayb00bail/page/n7/mode/2up","url_text":"The Bloodiest Day: The Battle of Antietam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0809447401","url_text":"0809447401"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10925005","url_text":"10925005"}]},{"reference":"Bodart, Gaston (1908). Militär-historisches kreigs-lexikon, (1618–1905) (PDF) (in German). Stern.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Eo4DAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Militär-historisches kreigs-lexikon, (1618–1905)"}]},{"reference":"Carman, Ezra Ayers (2010). Clemens, Thomas G. (ed.). The Maryland campaign of September 1862. Vol. 1, South Mountain (eBook). New York: Savas Beatie. p. 491. ISBN 978-1611210552.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_A._Carman","url_text":"Carman, Ezra Ayers"},{"url":"https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=3007431","url_text":"The Maryland campaign of September 1862. Vol. 1, South Mountain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1611210552","url_text":"978-1611210552"}]},{"reference":"Divine, John E. (1985). 35th Battalion Virginia Cavalry (eBook). Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard. p. 112. ISBN 093091919X. Retrieved May 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990003981220203941/catalog","url_text":"35th Battalion Virginia Cavalry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/093091919X","url_text":"093091919X"}]},{"reference":"Eicher, David J.; McPherson, James M.; McPherson, James Alan (2001). The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-1846-9. OCLC 892938160.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_J._Eicher","url_text":"Eicher, David J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._McPherson","url_text":"McPherson, James M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Alan_McPherson","url_text":"McPherson, James Alan"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Longest-Night-Military-History-Civil-ebook/dp/B000FC0RBA/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=The+Longest+Night%3A+A+Military+History+of+the+Civil+War&qid=1606412979&s=books&sr=1-1","url_text":"The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster","url_text":"Simon & Schuster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-1846-9","url_text":"0-7432-1846-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/892938160","url_text":"892938160"}]},{"reference":"Esposito, Vincent J. (1959). West Point Atlas of American Wars. New York: Frederick A. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8050-3391-5. OCLC 60298522.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60298522","url_text":"West Point Atlas of American Wars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_A._Praeger_Publishers","url_text":"Frederick A. Praeger Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-3391-5","url_text":"978-0-8050-3391-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60298522","url_text":"60298522"}]},{"reference":"Frye, Dennis E. (1989). \"Drama Between the Rivers: Harpers Ferry in the 1862 Maryland Campaign\". In Gallagher, Gary W. (ed.). Antietam : essays on the 1862 Maryland Campaign. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. pp. 14–34. ISBN 0-87338-400-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_W._Gallagher","url_text":"Gallagher, Gary W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87338-400-8","url_text":"0-87338-400-8"}]},{"reference":"Gottfried, Bradley M. (2013). The Maps of Antietam, eBook Short #2: The Siege and Capture of Harpers Ferry, September 12–15, 1862 (eBook) (1st ed.). Havertown, PA: Savas Beatie. p. 188. ISBN 978-1611214987.","urls":[{"url":"https://umasslowell.idm.oclc.org/","url_text":"The Maps of Antietam, eBook Short #2: The Siege and Capture of Harpers Ferry, September 12–15, 1862"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1611214987","url_text":"978-1611214987"}]},{"reference":"Hartwig, D. Scott (2012). To Antietam Creek: The Maryland Campaign of 1862 (eBook). Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 794. ISBN 978-1421408767. OCLC 830023821.","urls":[{"url":"https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=3318601","url_text":"To Antietam Creek: The Maryland Campaign of 1862"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1421408767","url_text":"978-1421408767"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/830023821","url_text":"830023821"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Curt; Anderson, Richard C. Jr. (1995). Artillery Hell: The Employment of Artillery at Antietam. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-623-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89096-623-0","url_text":"0-89096-623-0"}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Frances H., ed. (1998). The Civil War Battlefield Guide (Kindle) (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. ISBN 0-395-74012-6. Retrieved June 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Civil-War-Battlefield-Guide-ebook/dp/B006WQL38Y/ref=sr_1_3?dchild=1&keywords=The+Civil+War+Battlefield+Guide&qid=1606345040&s=digital-text&sr=1-3","url_text":"The Civil War Battlefield Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-74012-6","url_text":"0-395-74012-6"}]},{"reference":"McPherson, James M. (2002). Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-965-46118-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._McPherson","url_text":"McPherson, James M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-965-46118-1","url_text":"0-965-46118-1"}]},{"reference":"Murfin, James V. (2004) [1965]. The Gleam of Bayonets : the Battle of Antietam and Robert E. Lee's Maryland Campaign, September 1862. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. ISBN 978-0-8071-3020-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3020-9","url_text":"978-0-8071-3020-9"}]},{"reference":"Rafuse, Ethan Sepp (2008). Antietam, South Mountain, and Harpers Ferry : a Battlefield Guide (eBook). This Hallowed Ground. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 283. ISBN 978-0803219434. Retrieved May 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=452178","url_text":"Antietam, South Mountain, and Harpers Ferry : a Battlefield Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803219434","url_text":"978-0803219434"}]},{"reference":"Robertson, James I. Jr. (1997). Stonewall Jackson: The Man, The Soldier, The Legend (PDF). London: Prentice Hall International. p. 950. ISBN 978-0-02-864685-5. OCLC 1151321680. Retrieved 6 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I._Robertson_Jr.","url_text":"Robertson, James I. Jr."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/stonewalljackson0000robe/page/n5/mode/2up","url_text":"Stonewall Jackson: The Man, The Soldier, The Legend"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864685-5","url_text":"978-0-02-864685-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1151321680","url_text":"1151321680"}]},{"reference":"Sears, Stephen W. (1983). Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam (PDF). New York: Ticknor & Fields (Popular Library). ISBN 978-0395656686. OCLC 12308045. Retrieved 25 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_W._Sears","url_text":"Sears, Stephen W."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/landscapeturnedr00step","url_text":"Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0395656686","url_text":"978-0395656686"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12308045","url_text":"12308045"}]},{"reference":"Sears, Stephen W. (2017). Lincoln's Lieutenants: The High Command of the Army of the Potomac. Boston: Mariner Books. 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OCLC 1088722636.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/book/63995","url_text":"Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1469649740","url_text":"978-1469649740"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1088722636","url_text":"1088722636"}]},{"reference":"Teetor, Paul R. (1982). A Matter of Hours: Treason at Harper's Ferry (PDF). Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 309. ISBN 083863012X. OCLC 563196790.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/matterofhourstre0000teet","url_text":"A Matter of Hours: Treason at Harper's Ferry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/083863012X","url_text":"083863012X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/563196790","url_text":"563196790"}]},{"reference":"Wolff, Robert S. (2000). Heidler, David S.; Heidler, Jeanne T. (eds.). Harper's Ferry, (West) Virginia. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-04758-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04758-X","url_text":"0-393-04758-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Saved Land\". battlefields.org. American Battlefield Trust. Retrieved May 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.battlefields.org/preserve/saved-land","url_text":"\"Saved Land\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Battlefield_Trust","url_text":"American Battlefield Trust"}]},{"reference":"\"What Might Have Been: Harpers Ferry, West Virginia\". battlefields.org. American Battlefield Trust. 6 December 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/what-might-have-been-harpers-ferry-west-virginia","url_text":"\"What Might Have Been: Harpers Ferry, West Virginia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Battlefield_Trust","url_text":"American Battlefield Trust"}]},{"reference":"\"Bolivar Heights\". NPS.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/places/000/bolivar-heights.htm","url_text":"\"Bolivar Heights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"American Battlefield Protection Program\". NPS.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/orgs/2287/index.htm","url_text":"\"American Battlefield Protection Program\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Harpers Ferry\". OSU eHistory. Ohio State University. Retrieved September 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ehistory.osu.edu/battles/harpers-ferry","url_text":"\"Harpers Ferry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University","url_text":"Ohio State University"}]},{"reference":"\"Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation's Civil War Battlefields, Technical Volume II: Battle Summaries\" (PDF). National Park Service. p. 187. Retrieved 5 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://npshistory.com/publications/battlefield/cwsac/technical-v2.pdf","url_text":"\"Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation's Civil War Battlefields, Technical Volume II: Battle Summaries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Harpers_Ferry¶ms=39.3228_N_77.7302_W_type:event_region:US_scale:30000","external_links_name":"39°19′22″N 77°43′49″W / 39.3228°N 77.7302°W / 39.3228; -77.7302"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Harpers_Ferry¶ms=39.3228_N_77.7302_W_type:event_region:US_scale:30000","external_links_name":"39°19′22″N 77°43′49″W / 39.3228°N 77.7302°W / 39.3228; -77.7302"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bloodiestdayb00bail/page/n7/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Bloodiest Day: The Battle of Antietam"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10925005","external_links_name":"10925005"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Eo4DAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Militär-historisches kreigs-lexikon, (1618–1905)"},{"Link":"https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=3007431","external_links_name":"The Maryland campaign of September 1862. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Khoa_Nam | Nguyễn Khoa Nam | ["1 Military service","2 References","3 External links"] | In this Vietnamese name, the surname is Nguyễn, but is often simplified to Nguyen in English-language text. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the given name, Nam.
Nguyễn Khoa NamBorn23 September 1927Đà Nẵng, Vietnam, French IndochinaDied30 April 1975(1975-04-30) (aged 47)Cần Thơ, VietnamAllegiance South VietnamService/branch Army of the Republic of VietnamRank Major General
Vietnamese name
VietnameseNguyễn Khoa NamHán-Nôm阮科南
Major General Nguyễn Khoa Nam (23 September 1927 – 30 April 1975) was a native of Đà Nẵng and served in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). He received his primary education at the École des Garçons in Đà Nẵng and graduated in 1939. After joining the French-sponsored Vietnam National Army (VNA), he attended the Thủ Đức Military Academy and graduated in 1953.
Military service
As a sub-lieutenant, his (chuan uy's) first assignment was to an airborne unit. He served in various positions within the VNA during the First Indochina War (1953–1955) and joined the ARVN in 1955. He served as a lieutenant in the airborne, a company commander in the 7th Airborne Battalion, a major in command of 5th Airborne Battalion, as lieutenant colonel (and later colonel) of the 3rd Airborne Brigade.
In January 1970 he was appointed as commander of the 7th Division where he was credited with making remarkable progress and later promoted to Brigadier General.: 365–6 He then served as a major general commanding IV Corps Tactical Zone.
His numerous decorations include the National Order of Vietnam Fourth Class medal and National Order of Vietnam Third Class medal. As a major general, General Nam liked to carried out a military operations across Mekong Delta to prevent VC taking over any regional districts.
On 30 April 1975, with the Fall of Saigon, rather than fleeing the country or surrendering, General Nam and his deputy commander, General Lê Văn Hưng shot themselves dead. General Nam was buried at Cần Thơ Military Cemetery the following day.
References
^ Clarke, Jeffrey (1998). The U.S. Army in Vietnam Advice and Support: The Final Years, 1965-1973 (PDF). U.S. Army Center of Military History. ISBN 978-1518612619. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
External links
Nguyễn Khoa Nam's Official site
VNAF The Republic of Vietnam Air Force - Không Quân Việt Nam Cộng Hòa Archived 2018-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces Reunion 2003
Vietnam War Bibliography: The ARVN and the RVN
History of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam
Hue Massacre Tet Offensive Photos
Liberation of Giai Phong Dan Toi from Communist Viet Cong by Army of the Republic of Vietnam: Photos
The Battle for Hue, 1968 by James H. Willbanks
The Final Day of My Husband's Life
http://www.nguyenkhoanam.com
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This biographical article about the military of Vietnam is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnamese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"Đà Nẵng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0_N%E1%BA%B5ng"},{"link_name":"Army of the Republic of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Vietnam National Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_National_Army"},{"link_name":"Thủ Đức Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Military_Academy"}],"text":"In this Vietnamese name, the surname is Nguyễn, but is often simplified to Nguyen in English-language text. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the given name, Nam.Major General Nguyễn Khoa Nam (23 September 1927 – 30 April 1975) was a native of Đà Nẵng and served in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). He received his primary education at the École des Garçons in Đà Nẵng and graduated in 1939. 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He served in various positions within the VNA during the First Indochina War (1953–1955) and joined the ARVN in 1955. He served as a lieutenant in the airborne, a company commander in the 7th Airborne Battalion, a major in command of 5th Airborne Battalion, as lieutenant colonel (and later colonel) of the 3rd Airborne Brigade.In January 1970 he was appointed as commander of the 7th Division where he was credited with making remarkable progress and later promoted to Brigadier General.[1]: 365–6 He then served as a major general commanding IV Corps Tactical Zone.His numerous decorations include the National Order of Vietnam Fourth Class medal and National Order of Vietnam Third Class medal. As a major general, General Nam liked to carried out a military operations across Mekong Delta to prevent VC taking over any regional districts.On 30 April 1975, with the Fall of Saigon, rather than fleeing the country or surrendering, General Nam and his deputy commander, General Lê Văn Hưng shot themselves dead. General Nam was buried at Cần Thơ Military Cemetery the following day. [citation needed]","title":"Military service"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Clarke, Jeffrey (1998). The U.S. Army in Vietnam Advice and Support: The Final Years, 1965-1973 (PDF). U.S. Army Center of Military History. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_of_Engineer_Services | Engineer Services Regiment | ["1 History","2 Units","2.1 Regular Army","2.2 Volunteers","2.3 Training Centers","3 Order of precedence","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Corps of Engineer ServicesActiveJanuary 1950 - PresentCountry Sri LankaBranch Sri Lanka ArmyRoleCivil EngineeringSize7 Regular Units & 9 Volunteer UnitsRegimental CentrePanagodaColors Engagements1971 InsurrectionInsurrection 1987-89Sri Lankan Civil WarCommandersColonel of the RegimentMaj Gen A H L G Amarapala RWP RSP ndc pscCentre CommandantBrig K L Munasinghe USPRegimental Sergeant MajorWO1 W W M I B AberathnaMilitary unit
The Corps of Engineer Services (CES) a regiment of the Sri Lanka Army. The role of the Corps of Engineer Services is to design, construct and maintain all buildings, roads and associated facilities such as electricity, water supply and drainage systems used by the Sri Lanka Army, Apart from this, the Regiment is also responsible for the installation, maintenance and repair of all types of generators, water pumps, sewer pumps, desalination plants and other electrical appliances. It is made up of 6 regular units and 9 volunteer (reserve) units and is headquartered at its Regiment Center at the Panagoda Cantonment, Panagoda.
History
The role of the early Works Section was to maintain Army buildings and the Panagoda Cantonment when it was completed. The beginning was made in January 1950 when the first regular officer Capt M.L.D.A Perera was commissioned to fill the vacancy of the Garrison Engineer who was shortly due for additional training at the Royal School of Military Engineering. The Panagoda Cantonment was at this stage being planned by the Public Works Department and it became the first task of this officer to follow this work, and at the same time liaise with the civil government departments in all matters pertaining to the land and buildings required by the Army. Soon the Works Squadron undertook all maintenance services and minor additions to the building of the three services.
The Works Services of the Ceylon Engineers was formed as a unit in 1958 and Lt. Col M.L.D.A Perera was appointed the first Commanding Officer of the unit.
In 1991 the Works Services of the Ceylon Engineers separated from the Sri Lanka Engineers and was redesigned as the Engineer Services Regiment.
Units
Regular Army
1st Engineer Service Regiment
2nd Engineer Service Regiment
3rd Engineer Service Regiment
5th Engineer Service Regiment
11th Engineer Service Regiment
16th Engineer Service Regiment
17th Engineer Service Regiment
Volunteers
4th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 21 August 1996)
6th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 6 June 2006)
7th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 17 July 2006)
8th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 24 April 2006)
9th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 1 November 2008)
10th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 2 April 2009)
12th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 10 October 2010)
14th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 10 February 2010)
15th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 19 August 2009)
Training Centers
Engineer Service Trade School
Engineer Service Central Workshop
Order of precedence
Preceded byMilitary Intelligence Corps
Order of Precedence
Succeeded bySri Lanka Army Service Corps
See also
Sri Lanka Army
References
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Engineer Services Regiment" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
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Engineer Services Regiment
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President's Guard | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_reserve"},{"link_name":"Panagoda Cantonment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagoda_Cantonment"}],"text":"Military unitThe Corps of Engineer Services (CES) a regiment of the Sri Lanka Army. The role of the Corps of Engineer Services is to design, construct and maintain all buildings, roads and associated facilities such as electricity, water supply and drainage systems used by the Sri Lanka Army, Apart from this, the Regiment is also responsible for the installation, maintenance and repair of all types of generators, water pumps, sewer pumps, desalination plants and other electrical appliances. It is made up of 6 regular units and 9 volunteer (reserve) units and is headquartered at its Regiment Center at the Panagoda Cantonment, Panagoda.","title":"Engineer Services Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panagoda Cantonment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagoda_Cantonment"},{"link_name":"Royal School of Military Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_School_of_Military_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Ceylon Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Engineers"}],"text":"The role of the early Works Section was to maintain Army buildings and the Panagoda Cantonment when it was completed. The beginning was made in January 1950 when the first regular officer Capt M.L.D.A Perera was commissioned to fill the vacancy of the Garrison Engineer who was shortly due for additional training at the Royal School of Military Engineering. The Panagoda Cantonment was at this stage being planned by the Public Works Department and it became the first task of this officer to follow this work, and at the same time liaise with the civil government departments in all matters pertaining to the land and buildings required by the Army. Soon the Works Squadron undertook all maintenance services and minor additions to the building of the three services.The Works Services of the Ceylon Engineers was formed as a unit in 1958 and Lt. Col M.L.D.A Perera was appointed the first Commanding Officer of the unit.In 1991 the Works Services of the Ceylon Engineers separated from the Sri Lanka Engineers and was redesigned as the Engineer Services Regiment.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Units"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular Army","text":"1st Engineer Service Regiment\n2nd Engineer Service Regiment\n3rd Engineer Service Regiment\n5th Engineer Service Regiment\n11th Engineer Service Regiment\n16th Engineer Service Regiment\n17th Engineer Service Regiment","title":"Units"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Volunteers","text":"4th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 21 August 1996)\n6th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 6 June 2006)\n7th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 17 July 2006)\n8th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 24 April 2006)\n9th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 1 November 2008)\n10th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 2 April 2009)\n12th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 10 October 2010)\n14th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 10 February 2010)\n15th(v) Engineer Service Regiment (Formed on 19 August 2009)","title":"Units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Engineer Service Trade School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071021002628/http://army.lk/esr.php"}],"sub_title":"Training Centers","text":"Engineer Service Trade SchoolEngineer Service Central Workshop","title":"Units"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Order of precedence"}] | [] | [{"title":"Sri Lanka Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071021002628/http://army.lk/esr.php","external_links_name":"Engineer Service Trade School"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Engineer+Services+Regiment%22","external_links_name":"\"Engineer Services Regiment\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Engineer+Services+Regiment%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Engineer+Services+Regiment%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Engineer+Services+Regiment%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Engineer+Services+Regiment%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Engineer+Services+Regiment%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.army.lk/","external_links_name":"Sri Lanka Army"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928003832/http://www.army.lk/regiment_regular_12.php","external_links_name":"Engineer Services Regiment"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan) | Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan) | ["1 Classification","2 Phonology","3 List of Pyu inscriptions","4 Vocabulary","5 Sound changes","6 Usage","7 Notes","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"] | Language of ancient Myanmar
PyuTirculBurmese: ပျူ ဘာသာ Pyu alphabetRegionPyu city-states, Pagan KingdomExtinct13th centuryLanguage familySino-Tibetan
PyuWriting systemPyu scriptLanguage codesISO 639-3pyxLinguist ListpyxGlottologburm1262
The Pyu language (Pyu: ; Burmese: ပျူ ဘာသာ, IPA: ; also Tircul language) is an extinct Sino-Tibetan language that was mainly spoken in what is now Myanmar in the first millennium CE. It was the vernacular of the Pyu city-states, which thrived between the second century BCE and the ninth century CE. Its usage declined starting in the late ninth century when the Bamar people of Nanzhao began to overtake the Pyu city-states. The language was still in use, at least in royal inscriptions of the Pagan Kingdom if not in popular vernacular, until the late twelfth century. It became extinct in the thirteenth century, completing the rise of the Burmese language, the language of the Pagan Kingdom, in Upper Burma, the former Pyu realm.
The language is principally known from inscriptions on four stone urns (7th and 8th centuries) found near the Payagyi pagoda (in the modern Bago Township) and the multi-lingual Myazedi inscription (early 12th century). These were first deciphered by Charles Otto Blagden in the early 1910s.
The Pyu script was a Brahmic script. The most recent scholarship suggests the Pyu script may have been the source of the Burmese script.
Classification
Pyu Inscription from Hanlin
Pyu city-states, c. 8th century
Blagden (1911: 382) was the first scholar to recognize Pyu as an independent branch of Sino-Tibetan. Miyake (2021, 2022) argues that Pyu forms a branch of its own within the Sino-Tibetan language phylum due to its divergent phonological and lexical characteristics. Pyu is not a particularly conservative Sino-Tibetan language, as it displays many phonological and lexical innovations as has lost much of the original Proto-Sino-Tibetan morphology. Miyake (2022) suggests that this may be due to a possible creoloid origin of Pyu.
Pyu was tentatively classified within the Lolo-Burmese languages by Matisoff and thought to most likely be Luish by Bradley, although Miyake later showed that neither of these hypotheses are plausible. Van Driem also tentatively classified Pyu as an independent branch of Sino-Tibetan.
Phonology
Marc Miyake reconstructs the syllable structure of Pyu as:
(C.)CV(C)(H)
(preinitial) + syllable
7 vowels are reconstructed.
front
mid
back
high
i
u
mid
e
ə
o
low
æ
a
Miyake reconstructs 43-44 onsets, depending on whether or not the initial glottal stop is included. Innovative onsets are:
fricatives: /h ɣ ç ʝ ð v/
liquids: /R̥ R L̥ L/
implosive: /ɓ/
10 codas are reconstructed, which are -k, -t, -p, -m, -n, -ŋ, -j, -r, -l, -w. Pyu is apparently isolating, with no inflection morphology observed.
List of Pyu inscriptions
Location
Inventory number
Halin
01
Śrī Kṣetra
04
Pagan
07
Pagan
08
Śrī Kṣetra
10
Pagan
11
Śrī Kṣetra
12
Śrī Kṣetra
22
Śrī Kṣetra
25
Śrī Kṣetra
28
Śrī Kṣetra
29
Myittha
32
Myittha
39
Śrī Kṣetra
42
Śrī Kṣetra
55
Śrī Kṣetra
56
Śrī Kṣetra
57
Halin
60
Halin
61
???
63
Śrī Kṣetra
105
Śrī Kṣetra
160
???
163
Śrī Kṣetra
164
Śrī Kṣetra
167
Vocabulary
Below are selected Pyu basic vocabulary items from Gordon Luce and Marc Miyake.
Myazedi inscription
Myazedi inscription translation
Prosperity! One thousand six hundred and twenty-eight years after Lord Buddha had attained Nibbana, this city was named Arimaddanapur. The King was named Sri Tribhuvanditya Dhammaraja. The King's queen consort was called Trilokavatamsakadevi. Her son was named Rajakumer. The King gave her three villages of salves. When the Queen had died the King gave the Queen's goods and the three villages of salves, to the noble Queen's song Rajakumar. After the noble King had enjoyed royal splendour for twenty-eight years, he was sick nigh unto death. That noble Queen's son was called Rajakumar. The Queen's son being mindful of the King's beneficence in bringing him up, caused a golden statue to be made in the likeness of the lord Buddha and, giving the golden Buddha, to the King, said thus: "On behalf on my lord (father) I consecrate this golden Buddha. I now give the three villages of salves to my lord. May my lord give them to the noble golden Buddha. "There upon the King smiled and said, "Well done! Well done!" Then, in the presence of the noble disciples Maha-thera, Moggliputatissa-thera, Sumedha the Leamed, Brahma-pala, Brahmadiv, Sona, Sanghadena the very Learned, the noble King poured water (onto the ground in dedication). Thereafter, Rajakumar the Queen's son, had the golden Buddha enshrined in a cave for which a golden spire was made. In consecrating the cave-pagoda, the villages from the three villages namely Sakmunalun, one village; Rabai, one village, were assembled and assigned to the pagoda. The Queen's son Rajakumar, in pouring the (libation) water said thus: "May this my deed, help me to attain Ommiscience and wisdom (like Buddha). If any harm be done to any of these slaves, or to anything that I now dedicate to this pagoda, or if any violence done against them be not deterred, be it, my own son, be it my grandson, be it my own kinsman be it any stranger, let him never see the noble Arimettaya Buddha."
Gloss
Luce (1985)
Miyake (2016)
Miyake (2021)
one
tå
ta(k·)ṁ
/tæk/
two
hni°
kni
three
ho:, hau:
hoḥ
/n.homH/ < *n.sumH < *məsumH
four
pḷå
plaṁ
five
pi°ŋa
(piṁ/miṁ) ṅa
/pəŋa/
six
tru
tru(k·?)
seven
kni
hni(t·?)ṁ
eight
hrå
hra(t·)ṁ
nine
tko
tko
/t.ko/
ten
sū, sau
su
twenty
tpū
bone, relic
ru
water
tdu̱-
/t.du/
gold
tha
day
phru̱
month
de
year
sni:
village
o
good; well
ha
to be in pain, ill
hni°:
nearness
mtu
name
mi
/r.miŋ/
I
ga°:
my
gi
wife
maya:
consort, wife
vo̱:
child, son
sa:
/saH/
grandchild
pli, pli°
give
/pæH/
Sound changes
Pyu displays the following sound changes from Proto-Tibeto-Burman.
sibilant chain shift: *c > *s > /h/
denasalization: *m > /ɓ/ and possibly *ŋ > /g/
*e-lowering: *e > /ä/
*sC-cluster compression: *sk, *st, *sp > /kʰ, tʰ, pʰ/
Usage
The language was the vernacular of the Pyu states. But Sanskrit and Pali appeared to have co-existed alongside Pyu as the court language. The Chinese records state that the 35 musicians that accompanied the Pyu embassy to the Tang court in 800–802 played music and sang in the Fàn (梵 "Sanskrit") language.
Pyu Pali
Burmese Pali
Thai Pali
Translation
(Pyu alphabet AD 500 to 600 Writings)
ဣတိပိ သော ဘဂဝါ အရဟံ သမ္မာသမ္ဗုဒ္ဓော ဝိဇ္ဇာစရဏသမ္ပန္နော
อิติปิ โส ภควา อรหํ สมฺมาสมฺพุทฺโธ วิชฺชาจรณสมฺปนฺโน
Thus, indeed is that Gracious One: The Worthy One, fully enlightened, endowed with clear vision and virtuous conduct,
သုဂတော လောကဝိဒူ အနုတ္တရော ပုရိသဒမ္မ သာရထိ သတ္ထာ ဒေဝမနုသာနံ ဗုဒ္ဓေါ ဘဂဝါ(တိ)
สุคโต โลกวิทู อนุตฺตโร ปุริสทมฺมสารถิ สตฺถาเทวมนุสฺสานํ พุทฺโธ ภควา(ติ)
sublime, the Knower of the worlds, the unsurpassed guide of those who need taming, the Teacher of gods and men, the Buddha and the Gracious One.
Notes
^ Htin Aung (1967), pp. 51–52.
^ Blagden, C. Otto (1913–1914). "The 'Pyu' inscriptions". Epigraphia Indica. 12: 127–132.
^ a b Beckwith, Christopher I. (2002). "A glossary of Pyu". In Beckwith, Christopher I. (ed.). Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages. Brill. pp. 159–161. ISBN 978-90-04-12424-0.
^ Aung-Thwin (2005), pp. 167–177.
^ Blagden (1911).
^ a b c d e f g Miyake, Marc (June 1, 2021a). "The Prehistory of Pyu". doi:10.5281/zenodo.5778089. • "The Prehistory of Pyu - Marc Miyake - SEALS 2021 KEYNOTE TALK". Retrieved 2022-12-25 – via YouTube.
^ Miyake (2021), p. .
^ Miyake, Marc (2022-01-28). Alves, Mark; Sidwell, Paul (eds.). "The Prehistory of Pyu". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society: Papers from the 30th Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (2021). 15 (3): 1–40. hdl:10524/52498. ISSN 1836-6821.
^ van Driem, George. "Trans-Himalayan Database". Retrieved 7 November 2012.
^
Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU001) held at the Archaeological Museum at Halin . Zenodo.
doi:10.5281/zenodo.579711
^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU004) around a funerary urn held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581381
^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of the quadrilingual Pyu inscription (PYU007) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of the Myazedi pagoda in Pagan . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579873
^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of the quadrilingual Pyu inscription (PYU008) held at the Pagan museum, originally found in the grounds of the Myazedi pagoda . Zenodo.
doi:10.5281/10.5281/zenodo.580158
^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU010) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580597
^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a bilingual Pyu inscription (PYU011) held at the Pagan museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580282
^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Sanskrit-Pyu bilingual inscription (PYU012) around the base of a Buddha statue held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581383
^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU022) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581468
^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU025) on the base of a funerary urn held at the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580777
^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU028) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580791
^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU029) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581217
^ Miles, James, & Hill, Nathan W. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU032) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of a pagoda in Myittha . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579848
^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU039) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of a monastery in Myittha . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579725
^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU042) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum .
. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581251
^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU055) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806133
^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU056) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806148
^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU057) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806163
^
Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU060) kept in the inscription shed outside the Archaeological Museum at Halin . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579695
^
Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU061) held at the Archaeological Museum at Halin . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579710
^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU063) held at the National Museum (Burmese: အမျိုးသား ပြတိုက်) in Rangoon . Zenodo. http://doi.org/
doi:10.5281/zenodo.806174
^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription on a gold ring (PYU105) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806168
^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU160) discovered in Śrī Kṣetra . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.823725
^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU163) . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.825673
^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU164) . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.825685
^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU167) . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.823753
^ Luce, George. 1985. Phases of Pre-Pagan Burma: languages and history (volume 2). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-713595-1. pp. 66–69.
^ Miyake, Marc. 2016. Pyu numerals in comparative perspective. Presentation given at SEALS 26.
^ Aung-Thwin (2005), pp. 35–36.
^ "Pali chant with English translation" (PDF). Tufts University Chaplaincy. Retrieved Feb 8, 2022.
References
Aung-Thwin, Michael (2005). The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma (illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2886-8.
Blagden, C. Otto (1911). "A preliminary study of the fourth text of the Myazedi inscriptions". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 43 (2): 365–388. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00041526. S2CID 163623038.
Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.
Miyake, Marc (2021). The Pyu Language of Ancient Burma. Beyond Boundaries. Vol. 6. De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110656442.
Further reading
Griffiths, Arlo; Hudson, Bob; Miyake, Marc; Wheatley, Julian K. (2017). "Studies in Pyu Epigraphy, I: State of the Field, Edition and Analysis of the Kan Wet Khaung Mound Inscription, and Inventory of the Corpus". Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 103: 43–205. doi:10.3406/befeo.2017.6247.
Griffiths, Arlo, Marc Miyake & Julian K. Wheatley. 2021. Corpus of Pyu inscriptions.
Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
Miyake, Marc (2018). "Studies in Pyu Phonology, ii: Rhymes". Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics. 11 (1–2): 37–76. doi:10.1163/2405478X-01101008.
Miyake, Marc (2019). "A first look at Pyu grammar". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 42 (2): 150–221. doi:10.1075/ltba.18013.miy. S2CID 213553247.
Shafer, Robert (1943). "Further analysis of the Pyu inscriptions". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 7 (4): 313–366. doi:10.2307/2717831. JSTOR 2717831.
External links
The Pre-History of Pyu, Marc Miyake
Searchable corpus of Pyu inscriptions
Datasets for Pyu inscriptions, photographed by James Miles
vteSino-Tibetan branchesWestern Himalayas(Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim)
West Himalayish
Tamangic
Newaric
Newar
Baram–Thangmi
Kiranti
Dhimalish
Dhimal
Toto
Lhokpu
Lepcha
Greater Magaric
Magaric
Magar
Kham
Chepangic
Chepang
Bhujel
Raji–Raute
Dura–Tandrange
Eastern Himalayas(Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal)
Bodish
Tibetic
East Bodish
Tshangla
Basum
Nam?
Gongduk
ʼOle
Tani
Chamdo
Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border
Karbi
Kuki-Chin
Mruic
Mru
Hkongso
Pyu
Taman
"Naga"
Ao
Angami–Pochuri
Meitei
Tangkhulic
Zeme
Sal
Boro–Garo
Konyak
Jingpho–Luish
East and Southeast Asia
Sinitic
Bai
Tujia
Nungish
Karenic
Gong
Kathu
Cai–Long
Caijia
Longjia
Luren
Burmo-Qiangic
Qiangic
Gyalrongic
Ersuic
Naic
Lolo-Burmese
Mondzish
Burmish
Loloish
Dubious (possible isolates)(Arunachal)
Hrusish
Hruso
Mijiic
Kho-Bwa
Puroik
Miju–Meyor
Songlin
Greater Siangic
Siangic
Koro
Milang
Idu–Taraon
Proposed groupings
Central Tibeto-Burman
Kuki-Chin–Naga
Macro-Bai
Mahakiranti
Rung
Tibeto-Burman
Tibeto-Kanauri
Proto-languages
Proto-Sino-Tibetan
Proto-Tibeto-Burman
Proto-Loloish
Proto-Karenic
Proto-Min
Proto-Hakka
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyu_pyx.png"},{"link_name":"Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language"},{"link_name":"[pjù bàðà]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese"},{"link_name":"Sino-Tibetan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"CE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_era"},{"link_name":"vernacular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular"},{"link_name":"Pyu city-states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyu_city-states"},{"link_name":"BCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_era"},{"link_name":"Bamar people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamar_people"},{"link_name":"Nanzhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanzhao"},{"link_name":"Pagan Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Burmese language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHtin_Aung196751%E2%80%9352-1"},{"link_name":"Bago Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bago_Township"},{"link_name":"Myazedi inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myazedi_inscription"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beckwith-3"},{"link_name":"Charles Otto Blagden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Otto_Blagden"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beckwith-3"},{"link_name":"Pyu script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyu_script"},{"link_name":"Brahmic script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmic_scripts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAung-Thwin2005167%E2%80%93177-4"}],"text":"The Pyu language (Pyu: ; Burmese: ပျူ ဘာသာ, IPA: [pjù bàðà]; also Tircul language) is an extinct Sino-Tibetan language that was mainly spoken in what is now Myanmar in the first millennium CE. It was the vernacular of the Pyu city-states, which thrived between the second century BCE and the ninth century CE. Its usage declined starting in the late ninth century when the Bamar people of Nanzhao began to overtake the Pyu city-states. The language was still in use, at least in royal inscriptions of the Pagan Kingdom if not in popular vernacular, until the late twelfth century. It became extinct in the thirteenth century, completing the rise of the Burmese language, the language of the Pagan Kingdom, in Upper Burma, the former Pyu realm.[1]The language is principally known from inscriptions on four stone urns (7th and 8th centuries) found near the Payagyi pagoda (in the modern Bago Township) and the multi-lingual Myazedi inscription (early 12th century).[2][3] These were first deciphered by Charles Otto Blagden in the early 1910s.[3]The Pyu script was a Brahmic script. The most recent scholarship suggests the Pyu script may have been the source of the Burmese script.[4]","title":"Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyu_Inscription.JPG"},{"link_name":"Hanlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanlin,_Burma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyu_city-states_map.svg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlagden1911-5"},{"link_name":"Miyake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Miyake"},{"link_name":"lexical innovations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_Innovation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miyake2021-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake2021[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]%3Csup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22%3E[%3Ci%3E[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|%3Cspan_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. (December_2022)%22%3Epage needed%3C/span%3E]]%3C/i%3E]%3C/sup%3E-7"},{"link_name":"creoloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miyake_JSEALS_Special_8-8"},{"link_name":"Lolo-Burmese languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages"},{"link_name":"Matisoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Matisoff"},{"link_name":"Luish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luish_languages"},{"link_name":"Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bradley_(linguist)"},{"link_name":"Van Driem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_van_Driem"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-van_Driem_THD-9"}],"text":"Pyu Inscription from HanlinPyu city-states, c. 8th centuryBlagden (1911: 382) was the first scholar to recognize Pyu as an independent branch of Sino-Tibetan.[5] Miyake (2021, 2022) argues that Pyu forms a branch of its own within the Sino-Tibetan language phylum due to its divergent phonological and lexical characteristics. Pyu is not a particularly conservative Sino-Tibetan language, as it displays many phonological and lexical innovations as has lost much of the original Proto-Sino-Tibetan morphology.[6][7] Miyake (2022) suggests that this may be due to a possible creoloid origin of Pyu.[8]Pyu was tentatively classified within the Lolo-Burmese languages by Matisoff and thought to most likely be Luish by Bradley, although Miyake later showed that neither of these hypotheses are plausible. Van Driem also tentatively classified Pyu as an independent branch of Sino-Tibetan.[9]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marc Miyake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Miyake"},{"link_name":"syllable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miyake2021-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miyake2021-6"},{"link_name":"glottal stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stop"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miyake2021-6"},{"link_name":"isolating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolating_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miyake2021-6"}],"text":"Marc Miyake reconstructs the syllable structure of Pyu as:[6](C.)CV(C)(H)\n(preinitial) + syllable7 vowels are reconstructed.[6]Miyake reconstructs 43-44 onsets, depending on whether or not the initial glottal stop is included. Innovative onsets are:[6]fricatives: /h ɣ ç ʝ ð v/\nliquids: /R̥ R L̥ L/\nimplosive: /ɓ/10 codas are reconstructed, which are -k, -t, -p, -m, -n, -ŋ, -j, -r, -l, -w. Pyu is apparently isolating, with no inflection morphology observed.[6]","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of Pyu inscriptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gordon Luce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Luce"},{"link_name":"Marc Miyake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Miyake"}],"text":"Below are selected Pyu basic vocabulary items from Gordon Luce and Marc Miyake.","title":"Vocabulary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Proto-Tibeto-Burman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Tibeto-Burman"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miyake2021-6"},{"link_name":"sibilant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilant"},{"link_name":"chain shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_shift"},{"link_name":"denasalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denasalization"}],"text":"Pyu displays the following sound changes from Proto-Tibeto-Burman.[6]sibilant chain shift: *c > *s > /h/\ndenasalization: *m > /ɓ/ and possibly *ŋ > /g/\n*e-lowering: *e > /ä/\n*sC-cluster compression: *sk, *st, *sp > /kʰ, tʰ, pʰ/","title":"Sound changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Pali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali"},{"link_name":"梵","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A2%B5"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAung-Thwin200535%E2%80%9336-37"}],"text":"The language was the vernacular of the Pyu states. But Sanskrit and Pali appeared to have co-existed alongside Pyu as the court language. The Chinese records state that the 35 musicians that accompanied the Pyu embassy to the Tang court in 800–802 played music and sang in the Fàn (梵 \"Sanskrit\") language.[37]","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHtin_Aung196751%E2%80%9352_1-0"},{"link_name":"Htin Aung (1967)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHtin_Aung1967"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"The 'Pyu' inscriptions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/epigraphia-indica/epigraphia-indica-vol-12#page/n167"},{"link_name":"Epigraphia Indica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraphia_Indica"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Beckwith_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Beckwith_3-1"},{"link_name":"Beckwith, Christopher I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-12424-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12424-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAung-Thwin2005167%E2%80%93177_4-0"},{"link_name":"Aung-Thwin (2005)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAung-Thwin2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlagden1911_5-0"},{"link_name":"Blagden (1911)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBlagden1911"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miyake2021_6-6"},{"link_name":"\"The Prehistory of Pyu\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//drive.google.com/file/d/1LX_D-Gx8rOIbjKiV9YPyXUA5mDAL2TJL/view?usp=sharing"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/zenodo.5778089","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.5778089"},{"link_name":"\"The Prehistory of Pyu - Marc Miyake - SEALS 2021 KEYNOTE TALK\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRclWho8Lis"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake2021[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]%3Csup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22%3E[%3Ci%3E[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|%3Cspan_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. 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numerals in comparative perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/25667919/Pyu_Numerals_in_Comparative_Perspective"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAung-Thwin200535%E2%80%9336_37-0"},{"link_name":"Aung-Thwin (2005)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAung-Thwin2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"\"Pali chant with English translation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//chaplaincy.tufts.edu/buddhist/files/Pali-chant-with-English-translation.pdf"}],"text":"^ Htin Aung (1967), pp. 51–52.\n\n^ Blagden, C. Otto (1913–1914). \"The 'Pyu' inscriptions\". Epigraphia Indica. 12: 127–132.\n\n^ a b Beckwith, Christopher I. (2002). \"A glossary of Pyu\". In Beckwith, Christopher I. (ed.). Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages. Brill. pp. 159–161. ISBN 978-90-04-12424-0.\n\n^ Aung-Thwin (2005), pp. 167–177.\n\n^ Blagden (1911).\n\n^ a b c d e f g Miyake, Marc (June 1, 2021a). \"The Prehistory of Pyu\". doi:10.5281/zenodo.5778089. • \"The Prehistory of Pyu - Marc Miyake - SEALS 2021 KEYNOTE TALK\". Retrieved 2022-12-25 – via YouTube.\n\n^ Miyake (2021), p. [page needed].\n\n^ Miyake, Marc (2022-01-28). Alves, Mark; Sidwell, Paul (eds.). \"The Prehistory of Pyu\". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society: Papers from the 30th Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (2021). 15 (3): 1–40. hdl:10524/52498. ISSN 1836-6821.[verification needed]\n\n^ van Driem, George. \"Trans-Himalayan Database\". Retrieved 7 November 2012.\n\n^ \nMiles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU001) held at the Archaeological Museum at Halin [Data set]. Zenodo.\ndoi:10.5281/zenodo.579711\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU004) around a funerary urn held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581381\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of the quadrilingual Pyu inscription (PYU007) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of the Myazedi pagoda in Pagan [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579873\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of the quadrilingual Pyu inscription (PYU008) held at the Pagan museum, originally found in the grounds of the Myazedi pagoda [Data set]. Zenodo.\ndoi:10.5281/10.5281/zenodo.580158\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU010) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580597\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a bilingual Pyu inscription (PYU011) held at the Pagan museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580282\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Sanskrit-Pyu bilingual inscription (PYU012) around the base of a Buddha statue held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581383\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU022) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581468\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU025) on the base of a funerary urn held at the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580777\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU028) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580791\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU029) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581217\n\n^ Miles, James, & Hill, Nathan W. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU032) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of a pagoda in Myittha [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579848\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU039) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of a monastery in Myittha [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579725\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU042) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set].\n. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581251\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU055) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806133\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU056) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806148\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU057) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806163\n\n^ \nMiles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU060) kept in the inscription shed outside the Archaeological Museum at Halin [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579695\n\n^ \nMiles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU061) held at the Archaeological Museum at Halin [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579710\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU063) held at the National Museum (Burmese: အမျိုးသား ပြတိုက်) in Rangoon [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/\ndoi:10.5281/zenodo.806174\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription on a gold ring (PYU105) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806168\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU160) discovered in Śrī Kṣetra [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.823725\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU163) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.825673\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU164) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.825685\n\n^ Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU167) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.823753\n\n^ Luce, George. 1985. Phases of Pre-Pagan Burma: languages and history (volume 2). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-713595-1. pp. 66–69.\n\n^ Miyake, Marc. 2016. Pyu numerals in comparative perspective. Presentation given at SEALS 26.\n\n^ Aung-Thwin (2005), pp. 35–36.\n\n^ \"Pali chant with English translation\" (PDF). Tufts University Chaplaincy. Retrieved Feb 8, 2022.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miyake, Marc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Miyake"},{"link_name":"\"Studies in Pyu Epigraphy, I: State of the Field, Edition and Analysis of the Kan Wet Khaung Mound Inscription, and Inventory of the Corpus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.2017.6247"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3406/befeo.2017.6247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.2017.6247"},{"link_name":"Corpus of Pyu inscriptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hisoma.huma-num.fr/exist/apps/pyu/index2.html"},{"link_name":"\"Studies in Pyu Phonology, ii: Rhymes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F2405478X-01101008"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/2405478X-01101008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F2405478X-01101008"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1075/ltba.18013.miy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1075%2Fltba.18013.miy"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"213553247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213553247"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2717831","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2717831"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2717831","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2717831"}],"text":"Griffiths, Arlo; Hudson, Bob; Miyake, Marc; Wheatley, Julian K. (2017). \"Studies in Pyu Epigraphy, I: State of the Field, Edition and Analysis of the Kan Wet Khaung Mound Inscription, and Inventory of the Corpus\". Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 103: 43–205. doi:10.3406/befeo.2017.6247.\nGriffiths, Arlo, Marc Miyake & Julian K. Wheatley. 2021. Corpus of Pyu inscriptions.\nHarvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.\nMiyake, Marc (2018). \"Studies in Pyu Phonology, ii: Rhymes\". Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics. 11 (1–2): 37–76. doi:10.1163/2405478X-01101008.\nMiyake, Marc (2019). \"A first look at Pyu grammar\". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 42 (2): 150–221. doi:10.1075/ltba.18013.miy. S2CID 213553247.\nShafer, Robert (1943). \"Further analysis of the Pyu inscriptions\". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 7 (4): 313–366. doi:10.2307/2717831. JSTOR 2717831.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Pyu Inscription from Hanlin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pyu_Inscription.JPG/220px-Pyu_Inscription.JPG"},{"image_text":"Pyu city-states, c. 8th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Pyu_city-states_map.svg/220px-Pyu_city-states_map.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Blagden, C. Otto (1913–1914). \"The 'Pyu' inscriptions\". Epigraphia Indica. 12: 127–132.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/epigraphia-indica/epigraphia-indica-vol-12#page/n167","url_text":"\"The 'Pyu' inscriptions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraphia_Indica","url_text":"Epigraphia Indica"}]},{"reference":"Beckwith, Christopher I. (2002). \"A glossary of Pyu\". In Beckwith, Christopher I. (ed.). Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages. Brill. pp. 159–161. 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Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 43 (2): 365–388. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00041526. S2CID 163623038.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Otto_Blagden","url_text":"Blagden, C. Otto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00041526","url_text":"10.1017/S0035869X00041526"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163623038","url_text":"163623038"}]},{"reference":"Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofburma00htin","url_text":"A History of Burma"}]},{"reference":"Miyake, Marc (2021). The Pyu Language of Ancient Burma. Beyond Boundaries. Vol. 6. De Gruyter. 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Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics. 11 (1–2): 37–76. doi:10.1163/2405478X-01101008.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2405478X-01101008","url_text":"\"Studies in Pyu Phonology, ii: Rhymes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2405478X-01101008","url_text":"10.1163/2405478X-01101008"}]},{"reference":"Miyake, Marc (2019). \"A first look at Pyu grammar\". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 42 (2): 150–221. doi:10.1075/ltba.18013.miy. S2CID 213553247.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fltba.18013.miy","url_text":"10.1075/ltba.18013.miy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213553247","url_text":"213553247"}]},{"reference":"Shafer, Robert (1943). \"Further analysis of the Pyu inscriptions\". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 7 (4): 313–366. doi:10.2307/2717831. JSTOR 2717831.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2717831","url_text":"10.2307/2717831"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2717831","url_text":"2717831"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/pyx","external_links_name":"pyx"},{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/burm1262","external_links_name":"burm1262"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/epigraphia-indica/epigraphia-indica-vol-12#page/n167","external_links_name":"\"The 'Pyu' inscriptions\""},{"Link":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LX_D-Gx8rOIbjKiV9YPyXUA5mDAL2TJL/view?usp=sharing","external_links_name":"\"The Prehistory of Pyu\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.5778089","external_links_name":"10.5281/zenodo.5778089"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRclWho8Lis","external_links_name":"\"The 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluzew | Służew | ["1 Landmarks and transport","2 Amenities","2.1 Służew New Cemetery","2.2 Służew Old Cemetery","3 Notes","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°10′09″N 21°01′53″E / 52.16917°N 21.03139°E / 52.16917; 21.03139Residential neighborhood in Warsaw, Poland
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Neighbourhood and City Information System area in Warsaw, Masovian Voivodeship, PolandSłużewNeighbourhood and City Information System areaSłużew House of Culture in 2013Location of Służew within the district of Mokotów, in accordance to the City Information System.Country PolandVoivodeshipMasovian VoivodeshipCity countyWarsawDistrictMokotówMunicipal neighbourhoodSłużewiec PołudniowyTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Służew, historically until 16th century known as Służewo, is a residential neighbourhood, and an area of the City Information System, in the city of Warsaw, Poland, located within the district of Mokotów.
Landmarks and transport
Służew housing estate in 1977
Służew has one, central, metro station of the same name on the M1 metro line.
The E30 highway is immediately beyond its southern and south-eastern border. The country's 40% of traffic-handling and main regional airport, Warsaw Chopin Airport (Lotnisko Chopina w Warszawie) with its runways running to the south and south-east rather than east-west is 2 km west of its centre.
Amenities
Służew has one main park, Park Dolinka Służewiecka, marking its long southern crescent border with a line of ornamental lakes in its centre along a stream.
Two schools take up spacious sites with many buildings and sports facilities on the straight thoroughfare across the north of the district, Wałbrzyska, a further school (nr. 49) is on this street but without playing fields with many neat buildings arranged around a courtyard by the district's own long streets named after J.S. Bach and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart:
Szkoła Podstawowa nr. 46
Szkoła Podstawowa nr. 107
Szkoła Podstawowa Niepubliczna nr. 49
Służew New Cemetery
The important cemetery to Warsaw Służew New Cemetery (Służew Cemetery or Wałbrzyska Street Cemetery) is a partly tree-covered, well-tended site that occupies land approximately of the size of the schools combined and contains the elaborate tombs and ordinary graves of people of the region (Masovian Voivodeship). Notable people include:
Waldemar Baszanowski, Olympic gold medallist (1964, 1968) and winner of five World Championships and five silver medals, a total of 10, more than any other weightlifter to date.
Służew Old Cemetery
The Służew Old Cemetery is located next to the presbytery of the St Catherine's Church at the Fosa Street.
Notes
^ Polish pronunciation: ⓘ
^ Polish pronunciation:
External links
Media related to Służew at Wikimedia Commons
vteNeighbourhoods of Mokotów, WarsawCity Information System areasLower Mokotów
Augustówka
Czerniaków
Sadyba
Siekierki
Sielce
Stegny
Upper Mokotów
Ksawerów
Służew
Służewiec
Wierzbno
Wyględów
Old Mokotów
National Registry of Geographical Names areas
Augustówka
Batorego
Czerniaków
Henryków
Ksawerów
Lower Mokotów
Marcelin
Mokotów
Old Mokotów
Potok
Sadyba
Siekierki
Sielce
Służew
Służew Dolny
Służew Górny
Służew nad Dolinką
Służewiec
Stegny
Szopy Polskie
Upper Mokotów
Wierzbno
Wyględów
Zagościniec
Municipal neighbourhoods
Sadyba
Siekierki
Służewiec Południowy
Wierzbno
Others
Ażurowych Okiennic
Bernardyńska
Czerniakowska Wschodnia
Dolna-Belwederska
Dolna-Piaseczyńska
Dolna-Sobieskiego
Domaniewska
Marina Mokotów
Mordor
Skarpa Puławska
Skocznia
Służew Fort
Służewiec-Prototypy
Służewiec Przemysłowy
Szopy
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Notable people include:Waldemar Baszanowski, Olympic gold medallist (1964, 1968) and winner of five World Championships and five silver medals, a total of 10, more than any other weightlifter to date.","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Służew Old Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCew_Old_Cemetery"}],"sub_title":"Służew Old Cemetery","text":"The Służew Old Cemetery is located next to the presbytery of the St Catherine's Church at the Fosa Street.","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈswuʐɛf]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-S%C5%82u%C5%BCew.wav/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-S%C5%82u%C5%BCew.wav.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q809_(pol)-Olaf-S%C5%82u%C5%BCew.wav"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"[swuˈʐɛvɔ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"}],"text":"^ Polish pronunciation: [ˈswuʐɛf] ⓘ\n\n^ Polish pronunciation: [swuˈʐɛvɔ]","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Służew housing estate in 1977","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/S%C5%82u%C5%BCew_nad_Dolink%C4%85_1977_%282%29.jpg/250px-S%C5%82u%C5%BCew_nad_Dolink%C4%85_1977_%282%29.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=S%C5%82u%C5%BCew¶ms=52_10_09_N_21_01_53_E_type:city_source:kolossus-plwiki","external_links_name":"52°10′09″N 21°01′53″E / 52.16917°N 21.03139°E / 52.16917; 21.03139"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22S%C5%82u%C5%BCew%22","external_links_name":"\"Służew\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22S%C5%82u%C5%BCew%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22S%C5%82u%C5%BCew%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22S%C5%82u%C5%BCew%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22S%C5%82u%C5%BCew%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22S%C5%82u%C5%BCew%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=S%C5%82u%C5%BCew¶ms=52_10_09_N_21_01_53_E_type:city_source:kolossus-plwiki","external_links_name":"52°10′09″N 21°01′53″E / 52.16917°N 21.03139°E / 52.16917; 21.03139"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRT_Astoria_Line | BMT Astoria Line | ["1 Description and service","2 History","2.1 Opening","2.2 Modifications","3 Extension proposals","4 Station listing","5 References","6 External links"] | Route map:
New York City Subway line
BMT Astoria Line The N and W train services use the entire BMT Astoria Line.OverviewOwnerCity of New YorkTerminiDitmars BoulevardQueensboro PlazaStations7ServiceTypeRapid transitSystemNew York City SubwayOperator(s)New York City Transit AuthorityDaily ridership47,522HistoryOpened1917TechnicalNumber of tracks2-3CharacterElevatedTrack gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)Electrification600V DC third rail
Route map
Legend
Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard
NYCR (Northeast Corridor)
Astoria Boulevard
30th Avenue
Broadway
36th Avenue
39th Avenue
Queens Boulevard Line
63rd Street Line
Flushing Lineto Flushing–Main Street
Queens Plaza
Queensboro Plaza
Queens Boulevard Line
Flushing Lineto 34th Street–Hudson Yards
60th Street Tunnel Connection
60th Street Tunnel (Broadway Line)
Legend
Express station
Local station
This diagram: viewtalkedit
The BMT Astoria Line (formerly the IRT Astoria Line) is a rapid transit line in the B Division of the New York City Subway, serving the Queens neighborhood of Astoria. It runs south from Ditmars Boulevard in Astoria to 39th Avenue in Long Island City above 31st Street. It then turns west and serves Queensboro Plaza over Queens Plaza.
The entire line is served by the N train at all times, joined by the W train only on weekdays during the day. It was built as part of the Dual Contracts and jointly operated by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT) using IRT-sized cars until 1949, when the platforms were shaved to accept the wider BMT cars and joint service was discontinued.
Description and service
All services make all stops on the BMT Astoria Line.
Time period
Weekdays
Late nights and weekends
full line
full line
no service
Overview of the BMT Astoria Line
The north end of the Astoria Line is a two-track terminal at Ditmars Boulevard, with one island platform. South of the station, the center express track, currently not used in revenue service, begins (with crossovers to allow terminating trains to reach the correct track). The next station, Astoria Boulevard, is the only express station on the three-track section. The next four stations are local ones with two side platforms.
South of 39th Avenue, the express track merges with the two outer tracks. The line then curves west and enters Queensboro Plaza, a dual-level station with northbound trains on the upper level, southbound trains on the lower level, and cross-platform transfers to the IRT Flushing Line. Crossover tracks exist between the upper-level tracks just north of the station, one of a few connections between the BMT / IND and IRT. After Queensboro Plaza, the line ramps underground, and merges with the 60th Street Tunnel Connection to become the BMT Broadway Line via the 60th Street Tunnel to Manhattan.
History
Opening
The BMT Astoria Line was originally served by the IRT "8" train.
A poster describing the changes at Queensborough Plaza in 1949
Entrance to the 60th Street Tunnel
Passing under New York Connecting Railroad
Northbound curve on the Astoria line east of Queensboro Plaza station
Queensboro Plaza station as seen from a southbound Astoria line train
The Astoria Line was originally part of the Second Avenue Elevated
Line, eventually purchased by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT). Manhattan-bound trains went over the 59th Street (Queensboro) Bridge, then turned south on Second Avenue, joining up with the main line of the Second Avenue Elevated to City Hall and South Ferry. Later the Astoria line was made a spur off the IRT Queensboro Line, now the IRT Flushing Line. The whole line north of Queensboro Plaza opened on February 1, 1917 and was used by trains between Grand Central and Astoria. Through IRT service to the Corona Line (now the Flushing Line) began two months later on April 21.
On July 23, 1917, the Queensboro Bridge spur of the elevated IRT Second Avenue Line opened. At that time, all elevated trains to Queensboro Plaza used the Astoria Line while all subway trains used the Corona Line, though this was later changed with trains alternating between branches.
The 60th Street Tunnel opened on August 1, 1920, allowing BMT trains to reach Queensboro Plaza. However, the stations on the Astoria and Corona Lines were built to IRT specifications, whose platforms were too wide for BMT rolling stock. As a result, those trains terminated at Queensboro Plaza using a relay track east of the station to reverse direction for the return trip to Manhattan.
On April 8, 1923, the BMT, using elevated cars, started running shuttles along the Astoria (numbered BMT 8 in 1924) and Corona Lines (BMT 9) in addition to the existing IRT service. On June 23, 1942, the IRT Second Avenue Line spur to Queensboro Plaza closed.
The IRT services were numbered in 1948, with 7 being assigned to the Flushing Line and 8 to the Astoria Line.
Modifications
On July 24, 1949, through service between the Astoria Line and the IRT Times Square station was discontinued. On October 17, 1949, the Flushing Line became IRT-only. The platforms on the Astoria Line were shaved back to allow through BMT trains to operate on it, the first ones being the Brighton Local (BMT 1) weekdays & Broadway - Fourth Avenue Local (BMT 2) at all times. Since then, the Astoria Line has hosted the northern end of various services running from Brooklyn through Manhattan; see B, N, Q, R, T and W for details.
The platforms at the seven stations on the Astoria Line were lengthened to 610 feet (190 m) to accommodate ten-car (60') trains in 1950.: 23 The project cost $863,000. Signals on the line had to be modified to take into account the platform extensions.: 633, 729
As part of an 18-month capital budget that took effect on January 1, 1963, the wooden platforms at the stations on the Astoria Line were replaced with concrete platforms.
The 2015–2019 MTA Capital Plan called for the Astoria Line's 30th Avenue, Broadway, 36th Avenue, and 39th Avenue stations, along with 29 others, to undergo a complete overhaul as part of the Enhanced Station Initiative. Updates included cellular service, Wi-Fi, USB charging stations, interactive service advisories and maps, improved signage, and improved station lighting. The 30th and 36th Avenues stations were renovated first, from October 2017 to June 2018. After these two stations were reopened, the Broadway and 39th Avenue stations were renovated from July 2018 to January 2019. The remaining stations on the line, Astoria Boulevard and Astoria-Ditmars Boulevard, are also simultaneously undergoing renovations. Astoria-Ditmars Boulevard was renovated from April 2018 to June 2019 and would remain open during this time. However, the Astoria Boulevard station was closed from March 2019 until late 2019. Astoria Boulevard's mezzanine was torn down and replaced, and elevators were added at the station.
Extension proposals
A 1920s Transit Commission study proposed extending the line northwest across or under Randalls and Wards Islands back into Manhattan as a crosstown line at 125th Street, roughly following the route of what is now the Triborough Bridge. As part of the IND Second System plan from 1929, the BMT/IRT Astoria Line would be extended east via Ditmars Boulevard, Astoria Boulevard, 112th Street, and Nassau Boulevard (today's Long Island Expressway) terminating at Cross Island Boulevard. The new line that would have been an extension of the Astoria Line would be called the Long Island City-Horace Harding Boulevard Line. The line would have been 2 tracks to Astoria Boulevard, and afterward, it would become a 4 track line before going back to 2 tracks at Parsons Boulevard. The entire line would be elevated except for a short section which would have been depressed under Nassau Boulevard. The line would have been extended 8.1 miles at a cost of $17.7 million.
In 1998, an extension of the BMT Astoria Line to LaGuardia Airport was planned as part of a $1.2 billion package to provide access to the New York City airports with funding from the MTA, the Port Authority and the city. The preferred route would have extended the Astoria Line along 31st Street north onto Con Edison's property at the edge of Astoria and then east along 19th Avenue to the Marine Air Terminal. The MTA also considered an eastward extension along Ditmars Boulevard, and a plan to reroute LaGuardia-bound trains from Queensboro Plaza through the Sunnyside rail yard and along the eastern edge of St. Michael’s Cemetery to elevated tracks parallel to the Grand Central Parkway. A fourth route was to have trains turn east via Astoria Boulevard. All of the options would have new elevated sections built. $645 million for the LaGuardia extension was included in the MTA's 2000–2004 Five-Year Capital Plan, and in late 2002, Mayor Bloomberg supported the extension. These options were studied in the LaGuardia Airport Subway Access Study. Community opposition was strong and therefore the plan was canceled in July 2003; however, as of 2021, it is being reconsidered after New York governor Kathy Hochul requested the Port Authority find alternatives to the AirTrain LaGuardia project.
The Regional Plan Association, in its Fourth Plan in 2017, anticipated that the population of Astoria would quickly grow over the next three decades, and so called for the Astoria Line to be extended to a new storage yard at Ditmars Boulevard and 20th Street, which would provide added capacity. In addition, a new station at 21st Avenue and 20th Street would improve access for the currently underserved but dense northwest parts of Astoria.
Station listing
Station service legend
Stops all times
Stops all times except late nights
Stops weekdays during the day
Stops rush hours in the peak direction only
Time period details
Station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act
↑
Station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Actin the indicated direction only
↓
Elevator access to mezzanine only
Neighborhood(approximate)
Station
Tracks
Services
Opened
Transfers and notes
Astoria
Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard
N W
February 1, 1917
originally Ditmars Avenue
Center Express track begins (No Regular Service)
Astoria Boulevard
all
N W
February 1, 1917
originally Hoyt AvenueM60 Select Bus Service to LaGuardia Airport
30th Avenue
local
N W
February 1, 1917
originally Grand Avenue
Broadway
local
N W
February 1, 1917
36th Avenue
local
N W
February 1, 1917
originally Washington Avenue
Long Island City
39th Avenue
local
N W
February 1, 1917
originally Beebe AvenueAlso known as Dutch Kills
Center Express track ends
connecting tracks to IRT Flushing Line (No regular service)
Queensboro Plaza
all
N W
February 1, 1917
7 <7> (IRT Flushing Line)
merges with the 60th Street Tunnel Connection (R ) and becomes theBMT Broadway Line via the 60th Street Tunnel (N R W )
References
^ "Annual Subway Ridership (2018–2023)". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
^ a b "N Subway Timetable, Effective August 28, 2023". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
^ a b "W Subway Timetable, Effective June 26, 2022". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
^ "Subway Service Guide" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2019. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
^ a b Dougherty, Peter (2006) . Tracks of the New York City Subway 2006 (3rd ed.). Dougherty. OCLC 49777633 – via Google Books.
^ a b c d e f g h "First Train Runs On Elevated Line to Astoria Section". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 1, 1917. Retrieved June 29, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b 1916-1917 Annual Report of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company For The Year June 30, 1917. Interborough Rapid Transit Company. 1917. p. 21.
^ "New Astoria Line Opened". The New York Times. February 2, 1917. p. 14. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
^ "Subway Link Over Queensboro Bridge". The New York Times. July 22, 1917. p. 31. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
^ "New Subway Link Opens". The New York Times. August 1, 1920. p. 12. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
^ "Additional Subway Service to Borough of Queens". The New York Times. April 8, 1923. p. RE1. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
^ "Astoria Line Change". New York Daily News. July 15, 1949. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
^ "Direct Subway Runs to Flushing, Astoria". The New York Times. October 15, 1949. p. 17. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
^ Bulletin. General Contractors Association. 1950. p. 23.
^ Proceedings of the Board of Transportation of The City of New York. New York City Board of Transportation. 1950. pp. 432, 729.
^ "For Release Sunday, July 12, 1964" (PDF). New York City Office of the Mayor. July 12, 1964. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
^ Whitford, Emma (January 8, 2016). "MTA Will Completely Close 30 Subway Stations For Months-Long "Revamp"". Gothamist. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
^ "MTAStations" (PDF). governor.ny.gov. Government of the State of New York. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
^ a b "Broadway & 39 Av NW Stations to Undergo Extensive Repairs & Renovations". mta.info. June 8, 2018. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 17, 2018.
^ "Proposed Additions to Rapid Transit System to Cost $218,000,000". New York State Transit Commission. 1922. Retrieved August 1, 2019 – via nycsubway.org.
^ 100 Miles of Subway in New City Project; 52 of them in Queens, The New York Times September 16, 1929, p. 1. Retrieved June 11, 2014
^ nycsubway.org—IND Second System – 1929 Plan
^ Roess, Roger P.; Sansone, Gene (August 23, 2012). The Wheels That Drove New York: A History of the New York City Transit System. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783642304842.
^ "Dreams of taking the N to LaGuardia". Second Ave. Sagas. January 19, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
^ "Second Avenue Subway Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS), April 2003 Appendix A Planning Context" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. April 2003. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
^ Toscano, John (July 16, 2003). "N Train Extension To LaG Scrapped". Queens Gazette. Archived from the original on May 25, 2009. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
^ "Flashback To 1999". www.qgazette.com. June 27, 2007. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
^ Guse, Clayton (November 16, 2021). "Port Authority brings in MTA, transit experts to reexamine subway extension to LaGuardia Airport". New York Daily News.
^ "Fourth Regional Plan - Regional Plan Association". Regional Plan Association. November 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
External links
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/BMT Astoria LineKML is from Wikidata
Media related to BMT Astoria Line at Wikimedia Commons
nycsubway.org - BMT Astoria Line
vteNew York City Subway linesADivisionIRTManhattan/Queens
42nd Street
Broadway–Seventh Avenue
Flushing
Lenox Avenue
Lexington Avenue
Bronx
Dyre Avenue
Jerome Avenue
Pelham
White Plains Road
Brooklyn
Eastern Parkway
New Lots
Nostrand Avenue
Bridges and tunnels
Broadway Bridge
Joralemon Street Tunnel
Steinway Tunnel
Former
Second Avenue
Third Avenue
Sixth Avenue
Ninth Avenue
Original subway
Queensboro Bridge
BDivisionBMTManhattan/Queens
Astoria
Broadway
Nassau Street
Eastern division
Canarsie
Jamaica
Myrtle Avenue
Williamsburg Bridge
Southern division
Brighton
Fourth Avenue
Franklin Avenue
Sea Beach
West End
Bridges and tunnels
60th Street Tunnel
Montague Street Tunnel
Williamsburg Bridge
Former
Brooklyn Bridge
Culver
East New York Loop
Fifth Avenue
Fulton Street
Lexington Avenue
INDManhattan/Bronx
Concourse
Eighth Avenue
Second Avenue
Sixth Avenue
Brooklyn/Queens
Crosstown
Culver
Fulton Street
Queens Boulevard
Rockaway
Bridges and tunnels
63rd Street Tunnel
Former
World's Fair
BMT/IND
63rd Street
Archer Avenue
Manhattan Bridge
InterdivisionconnectionsPurpose-built
Chrystie Street (BMT/IND)
60th Street (BMT/IND)
63rd Street (BMT/IND)
Astoria / Flushing lines (BMT/IRT)
Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue station (BMT/IND)
Yards
207th Street Yard (IND/IRT)
Coney Island Complex (BMT/IND)
Concourse Yard (IND/IRT)
Linden Shops (BMT/IRT/LIRR)
Other
Construction of the Second Avenue Subway
Proposed and never-built lines
Second Avenue Subway proposals
IND Second System lines
Program for Action lines
LaGuardia Airport subway extension
Staten Island Tunnel
South Brooklyn Railway
Staten Island Railway
Note that this is a list of New York City Subway lines, which are the physical infrastructure over which services operate.Lines with colors next to them are trunk lines; trunk lines determine the color of New York City Subway service bullets, except for shuttles, which are dark gray.
vteNew York City SubwayCurrentservices
Shuttles
42nd Street
Franklin Avenue
Rockaway Park
Planned
Defunctservices1985–present
Pre-1985
8
9 (Dyre Avenue)
AA
BB
CC
EE (Eighth Avenue)
EE (Broadway)
GG
HH (Court Street)
JJ
K (Jamaica)
KK
LL
MJ
NX
QB
QJ
QT
RJ
RR
T
TT
Shuttles
Bowling Green
Broadway/63rd Street
Culver
Grand Street
Nassau Street
Polo Grounds
Sixth Avenue/63rd Street
BMT numbers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Brooklyn Loops
East New York Loop
Unused labelsUnused New York City Subway service labelsStations (List)By borough
The Bronx
Brooklyn
Manhattan
Queens
By type
Closed
Terminals
Transfer
Accessible
Divisions
A Division
IRT
B Division
BMT
IND
Other lists
Lines
Yards
Rolling stock
R-type contracts
HistoryEarly history
IRT
BMT
BRT
Dual Contracts
Expansions
MTA Capital Construction and Development Company
Chrystie Street Connection
Interborough Express
Program for Action
7 Subway Extension
Second Avenue Subway
Historic proposals
Construction
Other proposals
LaGuardia Airport extension
Notable crashes
Ninth Avenue, 1905
Malbone Street, 1918
Times Square, 1928
Union Square, 1991
Williamsburg Bridge, 1995
96th Street, 2024
Strikes
1966
1980
2005
Servicedisruptions
2017–2021 New York City transit crisis
2019–2020 L train shutdown
Other majorincidents
1984 shooting
2000 lawsuit
2017 bombing
2020 fire
2022 attack
2023 killing
Infrastructure
Accessibility
58 Joralemon Street
Fulton Center
Corbin Building
Dey Street Passageway
Substations
7
18
219
401
IRT
Dyckman-Hillside
Arts andculture
In popular culture
Mass Transit Super Bowl
Miss Subways
MTA Arts & Design
Music Under New York
"Showtime"
Subway Challenge
Subway Series
Tiles
Miscellaneous
Automation and signals
Chaining
Fares
MetroCard
OMNY
Pizza Principle
Map
Nomenclature
Technology
Other rapidtransit in NYC
AirTrain JFK
PATH
Staten Island Railway
Stations
Historical
Beach Pneumatic Transit
Manhattan Railway Company
vteStations of the New York City Subway, by line (physical trackage)Astoria Line
Queensboro Plaza
39th Avenue
36th Avenue
Broadway
30th Avenue
Astoria Boulevard
Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard
See also
Lists by borough (The Bronx
Brooklyn
Manhattan
Queens)
Accessible
Closed
Terminals
Transfer
Commons category
Stations and line segments in italics are closed, demolished, or planned (temporary closures are marked with asterisks). Track connections to other lines' terminals are displayed in brackets. Struck through passenger track connections are closed or unused in regular service. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IRT Astoria Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRT_Astoria_Line"},{"link_name":"rapid transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"B Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_Division_(New_York_City_Subway)"},{"link_name":"New York City Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Subway"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"Astoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoria,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Ditmars Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoria%E2%80%93Ditmars_Boulevard_(BMT_Astoria_Line)"},{"link_name":"39th Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/39th_Avenue_(BMT_Astoria_Line)"},{"link_name":"Long Island City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_City"},{"link_name":"Queensboro Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensboro_Plaza_(New_York_City_Subway)"},{"link_name":"Queens Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Plaza_(IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line)"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Dual Contracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_Contracts"},{"link_name":"Interborough Rapid Transit Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interborough_Rapid_Transit_Company"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Manhattan_Transit_Corporation"}],"text":"New York City Subway lineThe BMT Astoria Line (formerly the IRT Astoria Line) is a rapid transit line in the B Division of the New York City Subway, serving the Queens neighborhood of Astoria. It runs south from Ditmars Boulevard in Astoria to 39th Avenue in Long Island City above 31st Street. It then turns west and serves Queensboro Plaza over Queens Plaza.The entire line is served by the N train at all times, joined by the W train only on weekdays during the day.[2][3] It was built as part of the Dual Contracts and jointly operated by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT) using IRT-sized cars until 1949, when the platforms were shaved to accept the wider BMT cars and joint service was discontinued.","title":"BMT Astoria Line"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linea_BMT_Astoria.png"},{"link_name":"Ditmars Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoria%E2%80%93Ditmars_Boulevard_(BMT_Astoria_Line)"},{"link_name":"Astoria Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoria_Boulevard_(BMT_Astoria_Line)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tracks-5"},{"link_name":"39th Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/39th_Avenue_(BMT_Astoria_Line)"},{"link_name":"Queensboro Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensboro_Plaza_(New_York_City_Subway)"},{"link_name":"IRT Flushing Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRT_Flushing_Line"},{"link_name":"one of a few connections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Subway_inter-division_connections"},{"link_name":"BMT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Manhattan_Transit_Corporation"},{"link_name":"IND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Subway_System"},{"link_name":"IRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interborough_Rapid_Transit_Company"},{"link_name":"60th Street Tunnel Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Street_Tunnel_Connection"},{"link_name":"BMT Broadway Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_Broadway_Line"},{"link_name":"60th Street Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Street_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tracks-5"}],"text":"All services make all stops on the BMT Astoria Line.[2][3][4]Overview of the BMT Astoria LineThe north end of the Astoria Line is a two-track terminal at Ditmars Boulevard, with one island platform. South of the station, the center express track, currently not used in revenue service, begins (with crossovers to allow terminating trains to reach the correct track). The next station, Astoria Boulevard, is the only express station on the three-track section. The next four stations are local ones with two side platforms.[5]South of 39th Avenue, the express track merges with the two outer tracks. The line then curves west and enters Queensboro Plaza, a dual-level station with northbound trains on the upper level, southbound trains on the lower level, and cross-platform transfers to the IRT Flushing Line. Crossover tracks exist between the upper-level tracks just north of the station, one of a few connections between the BMT / IND and IRT. After Queensboro Plaza, the line ramps underground, and merges with the 60th Street Tunnel Connection to become the BMT Broadway Line via the 60th Street Tunnel to Manhattan.[5]","title":"Description and service"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R12_IRT_8.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:October_17,_1949_New_York_Board_of_Transportation_Subway_Service_Change_Poster_.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYCS_BMT_60thStTunnel.jpg"},{"link_name":"60th Street Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Street_Tunnel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N_BMT_under_NYCR_jeh.JPG"},{"link_name":"New York Connecting Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Connecting_Railroad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turning_on_Astoria_Line.JPG"},{"link_name":"Queensboro Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensboro_Plaza_(BMT_Astoria_Line)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queensboro_Plaza_Station.jpg"},{"link_name":"Queensboro Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensboro_Plaza_(BMT_Astoria_Line)"},{"link_name":"Interborough Rapid Transit Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interborough_Rapid_Transit_Company"},{"link_name":"City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Hall_(IRT_Second_Avenue_Line)"},{"link_name":"South Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ferry_(IRT_Second_Avenue_Line)"},{"link_name":"IRT Queensboro Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRT_Queensboro_Line"},{"link_name":"IRT Flushing Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRT_Flushing_Line"},{"link_name":"Grand Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Central_(IRT_Flushing_Line)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AstoriaExtension-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Queensboro Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensboro_Bridge"},{"link_name":"elevated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevated_railway"},{"link_name":"IRT Second Avenue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRT_Second_Avenue_Line"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"60th Street Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Street_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"BMT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Manhattan_Transit_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"BMT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Manhattan_Transit_Corporation"},{"link_name":"BMT 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_8"},{"link_name":"BMT 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_9"},{"link_name":"IRT Second Avenue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRT_Second_Avenue_Line"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"}],"sub_title":"Opening","text":"The BMT Astoria Line was originally served by the IRT \"8\" train.A poster describing the changes at Queensborough Plaza in 1949Entrance to the 60th Street TunnelPassing under New York Connecting RailroadNorthbound curve on the Astoria line east of Queensboro Plaza stationQueensboro Plaza station as seen from a southbound Astoria line trainThe Astoria Line was originally part of the Second Avenue Elevated \nLine, eventually purchased by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT). Manhattan-bound trains went over the 59th Street (Queensboro) Bridge, then turned south on Second Avenue, joining up with the main line of the Second Avenue Elevated to City Hall and South Ferry. Later the Astoria line was made a spur off the IRT Queensboro Line, now the IRT Flushing Line. The whole line north of Queensboro Plaza opened on February 1, 1917 and was used by trains between Grand Central and Astoria.[6][7] Through IRT service to the Corona Line (now the Flushing Line) began two months later on April 21.[8]On July 23, 1917, the Queensboro Bridge spur of the elevated IRT Second Avenue Line opened. At that time, all elevated trains to Queensboro Plaza used the Astoria Line while all subway trains used the Corona Line, though this was later changed with trains alternating between branches.[7][9]The 60th Street Tunnel opened on August 1, 1920, allowing BMT trains to reach Queensboro Plaza. However, the stations on the Astoria and Corona Lines were built to IRT specifications, whose platforms were too wide for BMT rolling stock. As a result, those trains terminated at Queensboro Plaza using a relay track east of the station to reverse direction for the return trip to Manhattan.[10]On April 8, 1923, the BMT, using elevated cars, started running shuttles along the Astoria (numbered BMT 8 in 1924) and Corona Lines (BMT 9) in addition to the existing IRT service. On June 23, 1942, the IRT Second Avenue Line spur to Queensboro Plaza closed.[11]The IRT services were numbered in 1948, with 7 being assigned to the Flushing Line and 8 to the Astoria Line.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"BMT 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_1"},{"link_name":"BMT 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-16"},{"link_name":"MTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority"},{"link_name":"30th Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_Avenue_(BMT_Astoria_Line)"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(BMT_Astoria_Line)"},{"link_name":"36th Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36th_Avenue_(BMT_Astoria_Line)"},{"link_name":"39th Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/39th_Avenue_(BMT_Astoria_Line)"},{"link_name":"Enhanced Station Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Station_Initiative"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-19"}],"sub_title":"Modifications","text":"On July 24, 1949, through service between the Astoria Line and the IRT Times Square station was discontinued.[12] On October 17, 1949, the Flushing Line became IRT-only. The platforms on the Astoria Line were shaved back to allow through BMT trains to operate on it, the first ones being the Brighton Local (BMT 1) weekdays & Broadway - Fourth Avenue Local (BMT 2) at all times.[13] Since then, the Astoria Line has hosted the northern end of various services running from Brooklyn through Manhattan; see B, N, Q, R, T and W for details.The platforms at the seven stations on the Astoria Line were lengthened to 610 feet (190 m) to accommodate ten-car (60') trains in 1950.[14]: 23 The project cost $863,000. Signals on the line had to be modified to take into account the platform extensions.[15]: 633, 729As part of an 18-month capital budget that took effect on January 1, 1963, the wooden platforms at the stations on the Astoria Line were replaced with concrete platforms.[16]The 2015–2019 MTA Capital Plan called for the Astoria Line's 30th Avenue, Broadway, 36th Avenue, and 39th Avenue stations, along with 29 others, to undergo a complete overhaul as part of the Enhanced Station Initiative. Updates included cellular service, Wi-Fi, USB charging stations, interactive service advisories and maps, improved signage, and improved station lighting.[17][18] The 30th and 36th Avenues stations were renovated first, from October 2017 to June 2018. After these two stations were reopened, the Broadway and 39th Avenue stations were renovated from July 2018 to January 2019.[19] The remaining stations on the line, Astoria Boulevard and Astoria-Ditmars Boulevard, are also simultaneously undergoing renovations. Astoria-Ditmars Boulevard was renovated from April 2018 to June 2019 and would remain open during this time. However, the Astoria Boulevard station was closed from March 2019 until late 2019. Astoria Boulevard's mezzanine was torn down and replaced, and elevators were added at the station.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Randalls and Wards Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randalls_and_Wards_Islands"},{"link_name":"Triborough Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triborough_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nycsubway_1929_plan-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"extension of the BMT Astoria Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport_subway_extension"},{"link_name":"LaGuardia Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport"},{"link_name":"Port Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Grand Central Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Central_Parkway"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Bloomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BMT_Astoria_Line&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Kathy Hochul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Hochul"},{"link_name":"AirTrain LaGuardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirTrain_LaGuardia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Regional Plan Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Plan_Association"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fourth_Regional_Plan_-_Regional_Plan_Association-29"}],"text":"A 1920s Transit Commission study proposed extending the line northwest across or under Randalls and Wards Islands back into Manhattan as a crosstown line at 125th Street, roughly following the route of what is now the Triborough Bridge.[20] As part of the IND Second System plan from 1929, the BMT/IRT Astoria Line would be extended east via Ditmars Boulevard, Astoria Boulevard, 112th Street, and Nassau Boulevard (today's Long Island Expressway) terminating at Cross Island Boulevard. The new line that would have been an extension of the Astoria Line would be called the Long Island City-Horace Harding Boulevard Line. The line would have been 2 tracks to Astoria Boulevard, and afterward, it would become a 4 track line before going back to 2 tracks at Parsons Boulevard. The entire line would be elevated except for a short section which would have been depressed under Nassau Boulevard. The line would have been extended 8.1 miles at a cost of $17.7 million.[21][22][23]In 1998, an extension of the BMT Astoria Line to LaGuardia Airport was planned as part of a $1.2 billion package to provide access to the New York City airports with funding from the MTA, the Port Authority and the city. The preferred route would have extended the Astoria Line along 31st Street north onto Con Edison's property at the edge of Astoria and then east along 19th Avenue to the Marine Air Terminal. The MTA also considered an eastward extension along Ditmars Boulevard, and a plan to reroute LaGuardia-bound trains from Queensboro Plaza through the Sunnyside rail yard and along the eastern edge of St. Michael’s Cemetery to elevated tracks parallel to the Grand Central Parkway. A fourth route was to have trains turn east via Astoria Boulevard.[24] All of the options would have new elevated sections built. $645 million for the LaGuardia extension was included in the MTA's 2000–2004 Five-Year Capital Plan, and in late 2002, Mayor Bloomberg supported the extension. These options were studied in the LaGuardia Airport Subway Access Study.[25] Community opposition was strong and therefore the plan was canceled in July 2003;[26][27] however, as of 2021[update], it is being reconsidered after New York governor Kathy Hochul requested the Port Authority find alternatives to the AirTrain LaGuardia project.[28]The Regional Plan Association, in its Fourth Plan in 2017, anticipated that the population of Astoria would quickly grow over the next three decades, and so called for the Astoria Line to be extended to a new storage yard at Ditmars Boulevard and 20th Street, which would provide added capacity. In addition, a new station at 21st Avenue and 20th Street would improve access for the currently underserved but dense northwest parts of Astoria.[29]","title":"Extension proposals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Station listing"}] | [{"image_text":"Overview of the BMT Astoria Line","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Linea_BMT_Astoria.png/220px-Linea_BMT_Astoria.png"},{"image_text":"The BMT Astoria Line was originally served by the IRT \"8\" train.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/R12_IRT_8.gif/100px-R12_IRT_8.gif"},{"image_text":"A poster describing the changes at Queensborough Plaza in 1949","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/October_17%2C_1949_New_York_Board_of_Transportation_Subway_Service_Change_Poster_.jpg/220px-October_17%2C_1949_New_York_Board_of_Transportation_Subway_Service_Change_Poster_.jpg"},{"image_text":"Entrance to the 60th Street Tunnel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/NYCS_BMT_60thStTunnel.jpg/225px-NYCS_BMT_60thStTunnel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Passing under New York Connecting Railroad","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/N_BMT_under_NYCR_jeh.JPG/225px-N_BMT_under_NYCR_jeh.JPG"},{"image_text":"Northbound curve on the Astoria line east of Queensboro Plaza station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Turning_on_Astoria_Line.JPG/225px-Turning_on_Astoria_Line.JPG"},{"image_text":"Queensboro Plaza station as seen from a southbound Astoria line train","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Queensboro_Plaza_Station.jpg/225px-Queensboro_Plaza_Station.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Annual Subway Ridership (2018–2023)\". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/document/137106","url_text":"\"Annual Subway Ridership (2018–2023)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"N Subway Timetable, Effective August 28, 2023\". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/document/9511","url_text":"\"N Subway Timetable, Effective August 28, 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"W Subway Timetable, Effective June 26, 2022\". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/document/9526","url_text":"\"W Subway Timetable, Effective June 26, 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"Subway Service Guide\" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2019. Retrieved September 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/document/12331","url_text":"\"Subway Service Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF","url_text":"PDF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"Dougherty, Peter (2006) [2002]. Tracks of the New York City Subway 2006 (3rd ed.). Dougherty. OCLC 49777633 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VovXXwAACAAJ","url_text":"Tracks of the New York City Subway 2006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49777633","url_text":"49777633"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"\"First Train Runs On Elevated Line to Astoria Section\". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 1, 1917. Retrieved June 29, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/54438288/?terms=ditmars+boulevard+subway+station","url_text":"\"First Train Runs On Elevated Line to Astoria Section\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle","url_text":"Brooklyn Daily Eagle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"1916-1917 Annual Report of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company For The Year June 30, 1917. Interborough Rapid Transit Company. 1917. p. 21.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015016416920;view=1up;seq=23","url_text":"1916-1917 Annual Report of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company For The Year June 30, 1917"}]},{"reference":"\"New Astoria Line Opened\". The New York Times. February 2, 1917. p. 14. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1917/02/02/archives/new-astoria-line-opened-mayor-and-other-officials-ride-on-first.html","url_text":"\"New Astoria Line Opened\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Subway Link Over Queensboro Bridge\". The New York Times. July 22, 1917. p. 31. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1917/07/22/archives/subway-link-over-queensboro-bridge.html","url_text":"\"Subway Link Over Queensboro Bridge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"New Subway Link Opens\". The New York Times. August 1, 1920. p. 12. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1920/08/01/archives/new-subway-link-opens-service-started-through-queens-and-montague.html","url_text":"\"New Subway Link Opens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Additional Subway Service to Borough of Queens\". The New York Times. April 8, 1923. p. RE1. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1923/04/08/archives/hylan-tells-how-he-would-relieve-subways-in-60-days-start-and-quit.html","url_text":"\"Additional Subway Service to Borough of Queens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Astoria Line Change\". New York Daily News. July 15, 1949. Retrieved November 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25053125/daily_news/","url_text":"\"Astoria Line Change\""}]},{"reference":"\"Direct Subway Runs to Flushing, Astoria\". The New York Times. October 15, 1949. p. 17. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1949/10/15/archives/direct-subway-runs-to-flushing-astoria.html","url_text":"\"Direct Subway Runs to Flushing, Astoria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Bulletin. General Contractors Association. 1950. p. 23.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=98j0AAAAMAAJ&q=%22astoria+line%22+platform+extensions","url_text":"Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"Proceedings of the Board of Transportation of The City of New York. New York City Board of Transportation. 1950. pp. 432, 729.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TrocAQAAMAAJ&q=%22astoria+line%22+platform+extensions","url_text":"Proceedings of the Board of Transportation of The City of New York"}]},{"reference":"\"For Release Sunday, July 12, 1964\" (PDF). New York City Office of the Mayor. July 12, 1964. Retrieved August 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/pages/FileBrowser.aspx?LinkToFile=FILES_DOC/WAGNER_FILES/06.023.0000.141.1637.PDF#undefined","url_text":"\"For Release Sunday, July 12, 1964\""}]},{"reference":"Whitford, Emma (January 8, 2016). \"MTA Will Completely Close 30 Subway Stations For Months-Long \"Revamp\"\". Gothamist. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160801200338/http://gothamist.com/2016/01/08/subway_facelift_shutdown.php","url_text":"\"MTA Will Completely Close 30 Subway Stations For Months-Long \"Revamp\"\""},{"url":"http://gothamist.com/2016/01/08/subway_facelift_shutdown.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MTAStations\" (PDF). governor.ny.gov. Government of the State of New York. 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Retrieved May 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://secondavenuesagas.com/2010/01/19/dreams-of-taking-the-n-to-laguardia/","url_text":"\"Dreams of taking the N to LaGuardia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Second Avenue Subway Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS), April 2003 Appendix A Planning Context\" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. April 2003. Retrieved August 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/sdeis/appendixa.pdf","url_text":"\"Second Avenue Subway Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS), April 2003 Appendix A Planning Context\""}]},{"reference":"Toscano, John (July 16, 2003). \"N Train Extension To LaG Scrapped\". Queens Gazette. Archived from the original on May 25, 2009. Retrieved July 26, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090525091226/http://www.qgazette.com/news/2003/0716/Front_Page/002.html","url_text":"\"N Train Extension To LaG Scrapped\""},{"url":"http://www.qgazette.com/news/2003/0716/Front_Page/002.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Flashback To 1999\". www.qgazette.com. June 27, 2007. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160322134801/http://www.qgazette.com/news/2007-06-27/features/flashback_to_1999_001.html","url_text":"\"Flashback To 1999\""},{"url":"http://www.qgazette.com/news/2007-06-27/Features/Flashback_To_1999_001.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Guse, Clayton (November 16, 2021). \"Port Authority brings in MTA, transit experts to reexamine subway extension to LaGuardia Airport\". New York Daily News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-lga-subway-extension-hochul-mta-20211116-hxmy7hhmffhqrg6vfwuocna6lu-story.html","url_text":"\"Port Authority brings in MTA, transit experts to reexamine subway extension to LaGuardia Airport\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"New York Daily News"}]},{"reference":"\"Fourth Regional Plan - Regional Plan Association\". Regional Plan Association. November 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://fourthplan.org/","url_text":"\"Fourth Regional Plan - Regional Plan Association\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BMT_Astoria_Line&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://new.mta.info/document/137106","external_links_name":"\"Annual Subway Ridership (2018–2023)\""},{"Link":"https://new.mta.info/document/9511","external_links_name":"\"N Subway Timetable, Effective August 28, 2023\""},{"Link":"https://new.mta.info/document/9526","external_links_name":"\"W Subway Timetable, Effective June 26, 2022\""},{"Link":"https://new.mta.info/document/12331","external_links_name":"\"Subway Service Guide\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VovXXwAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Tracks of the New York City Subway 2006"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49777633","external_links_name":"49777633"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/54438288/?terms=ditmars+boulevard+subway+station","external_links_name":"\"First Train Runs On Elevated Line to Astoria Section\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015016416920;view=1up;seq=23","external_links_name":"1916-1917 Annual Report of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company For The Year June 30, 1917"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1917/02/02/archives/new-astoria-line-opened-mayor-and-other-officials-ride-on-first.html","external_links_name":"\"New Astoria Line Opened\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1917/07/22/archives/subway-link-over-queensboro-bridge.html","external_links_name":"\"Subway Link Over Queensboro Bridge\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1920/08/01/archives/new-subway-link-opens-service-started-through-queens-and-montague.html","external_links_name":"\"New Subway Link Opens\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1923/04/08/archives/hylan-tells-how-he-would-relieve-subways-in-60-days-start-and-quit.html","external_links_name":"\"Additional Subway Service to Borough of Queens\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25053125/daily_news/","external_links_name":"\"Astoria Line Change\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1949/10/15/archives/direct-subway-runs-to-flushing-astoria.html","external_links_name":"\"Direct Subway Runs to Flushing, Astoria\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=98j0AAAAMAAJ&q=%22astoria+line%22+platform+extensions","external_links_name":"Bulletin"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TrocAQAAMAAJ&q=%22astoria+line%22+platform+extensions","external_links_name":"Proceedings of the Board of Transportation of The City of New York"},{"Link":"http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/pages/FileBrowser.aspx?LinkToFile=FILES_DOC/WAGNER_FILES/06.023.0000.141.1637.PDF#undefined","external_links_name":"\"For Release Sunday, July 12, 1964\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160801200338/http://gothamist.com/2016/01/08/subway_facelift_shutdown.php","external_links_name":"\"MTA Will Completely Close 30 Subway Stations For Months-Long \"Revamp\"\""},{"Link":"http://gothamist.com/2016/01/08/subway_facelift_shutdown.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.governor.ny.gov/sites/governor.ny.gov/files/atoms/files/MTAStations.pdf","external_links_name":"\"MTAStations\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141944/http://www.mta.info/press-release/nyc-transit/broadway-39-av-nw-stations-undergo-extensive-repairs-renovations","external_links_name":"\"Broadway & 39 Av NW Stations to Undergo Extensive Repairs & Renovations\""},{"Link":"http://www.mta.info/press-release/nyc-transit/broadway-39-av-nw-stations-undergo-extensive-repairs-renovations","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/New_Subways:_Proposed_Additions_to_Rapid_Transit_System..._(1922)","external_links_name":"\"Proposed Additions to Rapid Transit System to Cost $218,000,000\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/nyregion/20070408_SUBWAY_DOCS/19290916_subway_doc.pdf","external_links_name":"100 Miles of Subway in New City Project; 52 of them in Queens"},{"Link":"http://nycsubway.org/wiki/IND_Second_System_-_1929_Plan","external_links_name":"IND Second System – 1929 Plan"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qfZ0VxuLoc0C","external_links_name":"The Wheels That Drove New York: A History of the New York City Transit System"},{"Link":"http://secondavenuesagas.com/2010/01/19/dreams-of-taking-the-n-to-laguardia/","external_links_name":"\"Dreams of taking the N to LaGuardia\""},{"Link":"http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/sdeis/appendixa.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Second Avenue Subway Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS), April 2003 Appendix A Planning Context\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090525091226/http://www.qgazette.com/news/2003/0716/Front_Page/002.html","external_links_name":"\"N Train Extension To LaG Scrapped\""},{"Link":"http://www.qgazette.com/news/2003/0716/Front_Page/002.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160322134801/http://www.qgazette.com/news/2007-06-27/features/flashback_to_1999_001.html","external_links_name":"\"Flashback To 1999\""},{"Link":"http://www.qgazette.com/news/2007-06-27/Features/Flashback_To_1999_001.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-lga-subway-extension-hochul-mta-20211116-hxmy7hhmffhqrg6vfwuocna6lu-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Port Authority brings in MTA, transit experts to reexamine subway extension to LaGuardia Airport\""},{"Link":"http://fourthplan.org/","external_links_name":"\"Fourth Regional Plan - Regional Plan Association\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/BMT_Astoria_Line&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/BMT_Astoria_Line&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"http://nycsubway.org/bmt/astoria/","external_links_name":"nycsubway.org - BMT Astoria Line"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Naiken | Marc Naiken | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Marc Naiken" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Marc NaikenOccupationPoliticianYears active2007
Marc Naiken is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles. He is a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and was first elected to the Assembly in 2007.
See also
Index of Seychelles-related articles
Outline of Seychelles
Politics of Seychelles
References
External links
Member page on Assembly website
Portals: Biography Africa Politics
This article about a Seychellois politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Assembly of Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Seychelles"},{"link_name":"Seychelles People's Progressive Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles_People%27s_Progressive_Front"}],"text":"Marc Naiken is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles. He is a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and was first elected to the Assembly in 2007.","title":"Marc Naiken"}] | [] | [{"title":"Index of Seychelles-related articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Seychelles-related_articles"},{"title":"Outline of Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Seychelles"},{"title":"Politics of Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Seychelles"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Marc+Naiken%22","external_links_name":"\"Marc Naiken\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Marc+Naiken%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Marc+Naiken%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Marc+Naiken%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Marc+Naiken%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Marc+Naiken%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081004013806/http://www.nationalassembly.gov.sc/pages/memprof/ac.aspx","external_links_name":"Member page on Assembly website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marc_Naiken&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erling_Norvik | Erling Norvik | ["1 References"] | Norwegian politician
Erling NorvikNorvik in 1970.County Governor of ØstfoldIn office1 October 1986 – 31 December 1998MonarchsOlav V Harald VPrime MinisterGro Harlem Brundtland Jan P. Syse Thorbjørn Jagland Kjell Magne BondevikPreceded byLars KorvaldSucceeded byEdvard GrimstadLeader of the Conservative PartyIn office25 August 1984 – 20 April 1986First DeputyKaci Kullmann FiveSecond DeputyArne SkaugePreceded byJo BenkowSucceeded byRolf PresthusIn office12 May 1974 – 4 May 1980First DeputyLars T. Platou Jo BenkowSecond DeputyJo Benkow Astrid GjertsenPreceded byKåre WillochSucceeded byJo BenkowGeneral Secretary of the Conservative PartyIn office26 April 1970 – 12 May 1974LeaderKåre WillochPreceded byGudvin Låder VeSucceeded byFridtjov ClemetFirst Deputy Leader of the Conservative PartyIn office26 April 1970 – 19 March 1972LeaderKåre WillochSucceeded byLars T. PlatouMember of the Norwegian ParliamentIn office1 October 1961 – 30 September 1973ConstituencyFinnmark
Personal detailsBorn(1928-04-09)9 April 1928Vadsø, Finnmark, NorwayDied31 December 1998(1998-12-31) (aged 70)Oslo, NorwayPolitical partyConservativeSpouse(s)Kate Norvik Marion Oline Sætermo (formerly)
Erling Norvik (9 April 1928 – 31 December 1998) was a Norwegian politician from the Conservative Party.
Norvik was born in Vadsø, the son of Erling Johannes Norvik, who served in the Norwegian parliament (Stortinget) from 1949 to 1961. The younger Norvik started his professional career as a journalist for the regional paper Finnmarken when he was 12 years old and was elected to Stortinget in 1961 from his native county, Finnmark, succeeding his father.
Norvik was seated in the legislature for three successive periods, from 1961 to 1973 and then resigned to become the leader of the Conservative Party, a post he held from 1974–1980 and 1984–1986. He turned down a ministerial post in 1981, choosing instead to work in the prime minister office's of his party colleague Kåre Willoch.
In 1986 he was appointed Governor ("Fylkesmann") of Østfold county, as which he served for 12 years.
References
"Erling Norvik" (in Norwegian). Storting.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
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National
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vteConservative PartyLeaders
Stang (1884–89, 91–93, 96–99)
Schweigaard (1889–91, 93–96)
Hagerup (1899–1902)
Skattebøl (1902–05)
Harbitz (1905–07)
Stang (1907–11)
Bratlie (1911–19)
Halvorsen (1919–23)
Lykke (1923–26)
Hambro (1926–34, 50–54)
Andresen (1934–37)
Bærøe (1937–40)
Nordlie (1945–50)
Kjøs (1954–62)
Lindbrække (1962–70)
Willoch (1970–74)
Norvik (1974–80, 84–86)
Benkow (1980–84)
Presthus (1986–88)
Five (1988, 91–94)
Syse (1988–91)
Petersen (1994–2004)
Solberg (2004-)
Cabinets
Stang I
Stang II
Hagerup I
Hagerup II
Michelsen
Konow
Lykke
Bratlie
Bahr Halvorsen I
Bahr Halvorsen II
Berge
Lykke
Gerhardsen I
Lyng
Borten
Willoch I
Willoch II
Syse
Bondevik II
Solberg
Related
Conservative Press Association
Conservative Students' Association
Young Conservatives
This article about a Norwegian politician born in the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Vadsø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vads%C3%B8_(town)"},{"link_name":"Erling Johannes Norvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erling_Johannes_Norvik"},{"link_name":"Norwegian parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stortinget"},{"link_name":"journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism"},{"link_name":"Finnmarken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnmarken"},{"link_name":"Finnmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnmark"},{"link_name":"Kåre Willoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A5re_Willoch"},{"link_name":"Østfold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stfold"}],"text":"Erling Norvik (9 April 1928 – 31 December 1998) was a Norwegian politician from the Conservative Party.Norvik was born in Vadsø, the son of Erling Johannes Norvik, who served in the Norwegian parliament (Stortinget) from 1949 to 1961. The younger Norvik started his professional career as a journalist for the regional paper Finnmarken when he was 12 years old and was elected to Stortinget in 1961 from his native county, Finnmark, succeeding his father.Norvik was seated in the legislature for three successive periods, from 1961 to 1973 and then resigned to become the leader of the Conservative Party, a post he held from 1974–1980 and 1984–1986. He turned down a ministerial post in 1981, choosing instead to work in the prime minister office's of his party colleague Kåre Willoch.In 1986 he was appointed Governor (\"Fylkesmann\") of Østfold county, as which he served for 12 years.","title":"Erling Norvik"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Erling Norvik\" (in Norwegian). Storting.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stortinget.no/no/Representanter-og-komiteer/Representantene/Representantfordeling/Representant/?perid=ERNR&tab=Biography","url_text":"\"Erling Norvik\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storting","url_text":"Storting"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.stortinget.no/no/Representanter-og-komiteer/Representantene/Representantfordeling/Representant/?perid=ERNR&tab=Biography","external_links_name":"\"Erling Norvik\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/282767/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000039716584","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1644662","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjdcPMH8CwD9PBCKCbmVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91023712","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erling_Norvik&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_South_Wairarapa | Mayor of South Wairarapa | ["1 List of mayors of South Wairarapa","1.1 List of deputy mayors of South Wairarapa","2 References"] | Head of New Zealand district government
Mayor of South WairarapaIncumbentMartin Connellysince 2022StyleHis/Her WorshipTerm lengthThree yearsInaugural holderJohn GarrityFormation1989WebsiteOfficial website
The Mayor of South Wairarapa is the head of municipal government for South Wairarapa District of New Zealand, which is administered by a district council. The office has existed since the 1989 local government reforms, when the Featherston County, Greytown Borough, Featherston Borough and Martinborough Borough were amalgamated.
The current mayor is Martin Connelly.
List of mayors of South Wairarapa
#
Name
Image
Term
1
John Garrity
1989–1995
2
John Read
1995–2004
3
Adrienne Staples
2004–2016
4
Viv Napier
2016–2019
5
Alex Beijen
2019–2022
6
Martin Connelly
2022–present
List of deputy mayors of South Wairarapa
Name
Term
Mayor
Max Stevens
1992–1995
Garrity
Mike Gray
1995–2004
Read
Viv Napier
2004–2016
Staples
Brian Jephson
2016–2019
Napier
Garrick Emms
2019–2022
Beijen
Melissa Sadler-Futter
2022–present
Connelly
References
^ "The people have spoken: Three new mayors". Wairarapa Times-Age. 11 October 2022.
^ a b "Mayoral humour brightens meetings – Wairarapa Times Age – NZ Herald News". nzherald.co.nz. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
^ "Contact a Councillor | South Wairarapa District Council". swdc.govt.nz. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
vteMayors in New ZealandCities
Auckland
Hamilton
Tauranga
Napier
Palmerston North
Porirua
Upper Hutt
Lower Hutt
Wellington
Nelson
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Districts / regionsNorth Island
Far North
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Stratford
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Ruapehu
Whanganui
Rangitikei
Manawatu
Tararua
Horowhenua
Kāpiti Coast
Masterton
Carterton
South Wairarapa
South Island
Tasman
Marlborough
Buller
Grey
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Kaikōura
Hurunui
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HistoricNorth Island
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Woodville
South Island
Alexandra
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Blenheim
Hokitika
Lyttelton
Picton
Queenstown
Richmond
Westport | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Wairarapa District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wairarapa_District"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"district council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"1989 local government reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_local_government_reforms"},{"link_name":"amalgamated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamated"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Mayor of South Wairarapa is the head of municipal government for South Wairarapa District of New Zealand, which is administered by a district council. The office has existed since the 1989 local government reforms, when the Featherston County, Greytown Borough, Featherston Borough and Martinborough Borough were amalgamated.The current mayor is Martin Connelly.[1]","title":"Mayor of South Wairarapa"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of mayors of South Wairarapa"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of deputy mayors of South Wairarapa","title":"List of mayors of South Wairarapa"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The people have spoken: Three new mayors\". Wairarapa Times-Age. 11 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://times-age.co.nz/the-people-have-spoken-three-new-mayors/","url_text":"\"The people have spoken: Three new mayors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mayoral humour brightens meetings – Wairarapa Times Age – NZ Herald News\". nzherald.co.nz. Retrieved 20 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/wairarapa-times-age/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503414&objectid=11595343","url_text":"\"Mayoral humour brightens meetings – Wairarapa Times Age – NZ Herald News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contact a Councillor | South Wairarapa District Council\". swdc.govt.nz. Retrieved 20 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swdc.govt.nz/node/13","url_text":"\"Contact a Councillor | South Wairarapa District Council\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://swdc.govt.nz/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://times-age.co.nz/the-people-have-spoken-three-new-mayors/","external_links_name":"\"The people have spoken: Three new mayors\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/wairarapa-times-age/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503414&objectid=11595343","external_links_name":"\"Mayoral humour brightens meetings – Wairarapa Times Age – NZ Herald News\""},{"Link":"http://www.swdc.govt.nz/node/13","external_links_name":"\"Contact a Councillor | South Wairarapa District Council\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man_in_a_Hurry | A Man in a Hurry | ["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"] | 2018 French filmA Man in a HurryDirected byHervé MimranStarringFabrice Luchini Leïla BekhtiRelease date
28 September 2018 (2018-09-28)
Running time1h 40minCountryFranceLanguageFrenchBudget$8.5 million Box office$6 million This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
A Man in a Hurry (French: Un homme pressé) is a 2018 French comedy-drama film directed by Hervé Mimran.
Cast
Fabrice Luchini - Alain Wapler
Leïla Bekhti - Jeanne
Rebecca Marder - Julia
Igor Gotesman - Vincent
References
^ https://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=18534
^ https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt6948326/?ref_=bo_se_r_1
^ Mintzer, Jordan (2018-11-16). "'A Man in a Hurry' ('Un homme presse'): Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2022-09-01.
^ Simon, Nathalie (2018-11-07). "Un homme pressé : Fabrice Luchini à court". Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 2022-09-01.
^ Heraldo, El. "Un hombre en apuros". El Heraldo (Colombia) (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-09-26.
^ "Un hombre en apuros: heroísmo de manual de autoayuda". La Nación (in Spanish). 2019-08-22. Retrieved 2022-09-26.
^ Ocaña, Javier (2019-03-11). "Comedia afásica de un ictus". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2022-09-26.
External links
A Man in a Hurry at IMDb
This article related to a French film of the 2010s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Hervé Mimran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herv%C3%A9_Mimran&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hol-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fig-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"A Man in a Hurry (French: Un homme pressé) is a 2018 French comedy-drama film directed by Hervé Mimran.[3][4][5][6][7]","title":"A Man in a Hurry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fabrice Luchini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrice_Luchini"},{"link_name":"Leïla Bekhti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%AFla_Bekhti"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Marder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Marder"},{"link_name":"Igor Gotesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Igor_Gotesman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Gotesman"}],"text":"Fabrice Luchini - Alain Wapler\nLeïla Bekhti - Jeanne\nRebecca Marder - Julia\nIgor Gotesman [fr] - Vincent","title":"Cast"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Mintzer, Jordan (2018-11-16). \"'A Man in a Hurry' ('Un homme presse'): Film Review\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2022-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/a-man-a-hurry-homme-presse-review-1161933/","url_text":"\"'A Man in a Hurry' ('Un homme presse'): Film Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Simon, Nathalie (2018-11-07). \"Un homme pressé : Fabrice Luchini à court\". Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 2022-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lefigaro.fr/cinema/2018/11/07/03002-20181107ARTFIG00019--un-homme-presse-fabrice-luchini-a-court-de-mots.php","url_text":"\"Un homme pressé : Fabrice Luchini à court\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Figaro","url_text":"Le Figaro"}]},{"reference":"Heraldo, El. \"Un hombre en apuros\". El Heraldo (Colombia) (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elheraldo.co/columnas-de-opinion/gisela-savdie/un-hombre-en-apuros-654622","url_text":"\"Un hombre en apuros\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Heraldo_(Colombia)","url_text":"El Heraldo (Colombia)"}]},{"reference":"\"Un hombre en apuros: heroísmo de manual de autoayuda\". La Nación (in Spanish). 2019-08-22. Retrieved 2022-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lanacion.com.ar/espectaculos/cine/un-hombre-en-apuros-heroismo-de-manual-de-autoayuda-nid2279789/","url_text":"\"Un hombre en apuros: heroísmo de manual de autoayuda\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n","url_text":"La Nación"}]},{"reference":"Ocaña, Javier (2019-03-11). \"Comedia afásica de un ictus\". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2022-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Oca%C3%B1a","url_text":"Ocaña, Javier"},{"url":"https://elpais.com/cultura/2019/03/07/actualidad/1551913254_887749.html","url_text":"\"Comedia afásica de un ictus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs","url_text":"El País"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582","url_text":"1134-6582"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Man_in_a_Hurry&action=edit","external_links_name":"add one"},{"Link":"https://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=18534","external_links_name":"https://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=18534"},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt6948326/?ref_=bo_se_r_1","external_links_name":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt6948326/?ref_=bo_se_r_1"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/a-man-a-hurry-homme-presse-review-1161933/","external_links_name":"\"'A Man in a Hurry' ('Un homme presse'): Film Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.lefigaro.fr/cinema/2018/11/07/03002-20181107ARTFIG00019--un-homme-presse-fabrice-luchini-a-court-de-mots.php","external_links_name":"\"Un homme pressé : Fabrice Luchini à court\""},{"Link":"https://www.elheraldo.co/columnas-de-opinion/gisela-savdie/un-hombre-en-apuros-654622","external_links_name":"\"Un hombre en apuros\""},{"Link":"https://www.lanacion.com.ar/espectaculos/cine/un-hombre-en-apuros-heroismo-de-manual-de-autoayuda-nid2279789/","external_links_name":"\"Un hombre en apuros: heroísmo de manual de autoayuda\""},{"Link":"https://elpais.com/cultura/2019/03/07/actualidad/1551913254_887749.html","external_links_name":"\"Comedia afásica de un ictus\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582","external_links_name":"1134-6582"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6948326/","external_links_name":"A Man in a Hurry"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Man_in_a_Hurry&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Leer | Leer (district) | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Coat-of-arms","4 Cities and municipalities","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 53°15′N 7°30′E / 53.25°N 7.5°E / 53.25; 7.5District in Lower Saxony, Germany
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Leer" district – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
District in Lower Saxony, GermanyLeerDistrict
FlagCoat of armsCountryGermanyStateLower SaxonyCapitalLeerGovernment • District admin.Matthias Groote (SPD)Area • Total1,086 km2 (419 sq mi)Population (31 December 2022) • Total174,348 • Density160/km2 (420/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Vehicle registrationLERWebsitelandkreis-leer.de
Leer is a district (Landkreis) in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the northwest and clockwise) the city of Emden, the districts of Aurich, Wittmund, Friesland, Ammerland, Cloppenburg and Emsland, and by the Netherlands (Province of Groningen).
History
In 1744, East Frisia was annexed by Prussia. In 1867, the region was subdivided into districts, and the districts of Leer and Weener were established. In 1932, these two districts were merged.
Geography
The District is located in the southern part of East Frisia. The Ems River runs through the District, coming out of the Emsland in the south and flowing into the Dollart, a bay of the North Sea. The island of Borkum, belonging to the East Frisian Islands, is also a part of the District. Some of the area of the District is in the Lower Saxony Wadden Sea National Park.
Coat-of-arms
The coat-of-arms is identical to the arms of the East Frisian chieftain dynasty Ukena, rulers of the area during the 15th century. Its blazon is: "Arms: Azure, a lion rampant dexter-facing Argent armed and langued Gules, collared by a wreath of leaves proper. Crown: two plumes of wheat Vert divided by a four-leaf clover proper at center."
Cities and municipalities
Clickable map of towns and municipalities in the district
Cities
Samtgemeinden
Borkum
Leer
Weener
Free municipalities
Bunde
Jemgum
Moormerland
Ostrhauderfehn
Rhauderfehn
Uplengen
Westoverledingen
1. Hesel
Brinkum
Firrel
Hesel1
Holtland
Neukamperfehn
Schwerinsdorf
2. Jümme
Detern
Filsum1
Nortmoor
1seat of the Samtgemeinde
Unincorporated Area
The uninhabited island Lütje Hörn is also part of Leer district, but not part of any municipality (unincorporated area).
References
^ "LSN-Online Regionaldatenbank, Tabelle A100001G: Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes, Stand 31. Dezember 2022" (in German). Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen.
External links
Media related to Landkreis Leer at Wikimedia Commons
Official website (in German)
Borkum island (in German, Dutch, and English)
vte Urban and rural districts in the state of Lower Saxony in GermanyRegion
Hanover
Urban districts
Braunschweig
Delmenhorst
Emden
Oldenburg
Osnabrück
Salzgitter
Wilhelmshaven
Wolfsburg
Rural districts
Ammerland
Aurich
Bentheim
Celle
Cloppenburg
Cuxhaven
Diepholz
Emsland
Friesland
Gifhorn
Goslar
Göttingen
Hameln-Pyrmont
Harburg
Heidekreis
Helmstedt
Hildesheim
Holzminden
Leer
Lüchow-Dannenberg
Lüneburg
Nienburg
Northeim
Oldenburg
Osnabrück
Osterholz
Peine
Rotenburg
Schaumburg
Stade
Uelzen
Vechta
Verden
Wesermarsch
Wittmund
Wolfenbüttel
Districts of German states (Full list)
Baden-Württemberg
Bavaria
Brandenburg
Bremen
Hesse
Lower Saxony
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
North Rhine-Westphalia
Rhineland-Palatinate
Saarland
Saxony
Saxony-Anhalt
Schleswig-Holstein
Thuringia
53°15′N 7°30′E / 53.25°N 7.5°E / 53.25; 7.5
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Emden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emden"},{"link_name":"Aurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurich_(district)"},{"link_name":"Wittmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittmund_(district)"},{"link_name":"Friesland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friesland_(district)"},{"link_name":"Ammerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammerland"},{"link_name":"Cloppenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloppenburg_(district)"},{"link_name":"Emsland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emsland"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Province of Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(province)"}],"text":"District in Lower Saxony, GermanyDistrict in Lower Saxony, GermanyLeer is a district (Landkreis) in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the northwest and clockwise) the city of Emden, the districts of Aurich, Wittmund, Friesland, Ammerland, Cloppenburg and Emsland, and by the Netherlands (Province of Groningen).","title":"Leer (district)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Frisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Frisia"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"}],"text":"In 1744, East Frisia was annexed by Prussia. In 1867, the region was subdivided into districts, and the districts of Leer and Weener were established. In 1932, these two districts were merged.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Frisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Frisia"},{"link_name":"Ems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ems_(river)"},{"link_name":"Emsland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emsland"},{"link_name":"Dollart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollart"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"Borkum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borkum"},{"link_name":"East Frisian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Frisian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxony Wadden Sea National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony_Wadden_Sea_National_Park"}],"text":"The District is located in the southern part of East Frisia. The Ems River runs through the District, coming out of the Emsland in the south and flowing into the Dollart, a bay of the North Sea. The island of Borkum, belonging to the East Frisian Islands, is also a part of the District. 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Its blazon is: \"Arms: Azure, a lion rampant dexter-facing Argent armed and langued Gules, collared by a wreath of leaves proper. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EE_(UK) | EE (telecommunications) | ["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 2010 to 2012: Everything Everywhere","1.3 2012 to 2014: Rebranding to EE","1.4 2014 to present: Acquisition by BT","2 Operations","2.1 Locations","2.1.1 Offices","2.1.2 Retail shops","2.2 Network","2.2.1 Smart number technology","2.2.2 Virtual network agreements","2.2.3 Mobile Broadband Network Limited","2.2.4 Radio frequency summary","2.3 Broadband","2.4 Television","3 Marketing","3.1 Sponsorships","4 Criticism and controversies","5 References","6 External links"] | British telecommunications company
"Everything Everywhere" redirects here. For the film, see Everything Everywhere All at Once.
EE LimitedEE's logo since 2022FormerlyEverything Everywhere Limited (2010–2012)Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryTelecommunicationsPredecessorOrange UKT-Mobile UKFounded1 April 2010; 14 years ago (2010-04-01)HeadquartersLondon, England, UKArea servedUnited KingdomKey peopleMarc Allera (CEO)ProductsFixed-line telephonyMobile telephonyBroadband internetDigital televisionBrandsOrange (2010–2015)T-Mobile (2010–2015)ParentBT Consumer(BT Group)Websitewww.ee.co.uk/myaccount
EE (formerly Everything Everywhere) is a British mobile network operator, internet service provider and a brand of BT Consumer, a division of BT Group. It was established in 2010 and is the second-largest mobile network operator in the United Kingdom, with 21.2 million customers as of September 2022.
It was originally known as Everything Everywhere in a 50:50 joint venture between Deutsche Telekom and France Télécom (now Orange S.A.) following the merger of their respective T-Mobile and Orange businesses in the UK, which became brands that was eventually phased out in 2015. It was rebranded to EE while concurrently launching the UK's first 4G mobile network in 2012. It was acquired by BT in 2016 and became a new consumer division within the wider group, alongside BT Consumer before its integration into the latter in 2018, operating across three brands – BT, EE, and Plusnet.
EE has its headquarters in London, England, as well as hubs in Bristol, Darlington, Sunderland, Greenock, Merthyr Tydfil, North Tyneside, Plymouth and Leeds. As of November 2016, EE's 5G, 4G and 2G networks' combined coverage reaches more than 99% of the UK population, with double speed 4G reaching 80%, while EE's 3G network reached 98% of the population prior to its closure in February 2024.
History
Origins
Deutsche Telekom and France Télécom (now Orange S.A.) announced plans to merge their respective UK ventures – T-Mobile UK and Orange UK – on 8 September 2009. T-Mobile's UK unit had its origins in Mercury Communications, formed in 1989, while Orange had launched its services in 1994.
The initial planning suggested a joint revenue of around £7.7 billion for 2008, with savings via synergies expected to total around "over £445 million annually from 2014 onwards". The two companies also announced an expected investment of "£600 to £800 million in integration costs". A press release outlined a vision for the two brands, stating that "the T-Mobile UK and Orange UK brands will be maintained separately for 18 months". The merger was cleared by the European Commission on 1 March 2010; no new company was formed, but instead T-Mobile (UK) Limited was renamed to Everything Everywhere Limited in July.
The 50:50 joint venture was announced as completed on 1 April 2010, and the name Everything Everywhere was announced on 11 May 2010. On the same day the company confirmed that "roaming across both networks due later in that year, at no additional cost to the customer" and further emphasised the separation of the brands, saying that each brand would maintain "its own shops, marketing campaigns, propositions and service centres".
2010 to 2012: Everything Everywhere
Logo of Everything Everywhere.
The companies' network sharing plans (allowing Orange customers to utilise T-Mobile's 2G signal and vice versa) were released to customers in October 2010. The "switch-on" was rolled out utilising an opt-in page on each brand's website. However, the rollout did not initially include automatic network roaming mid-call or the two brands' 3G services.
In January 2011, Everything Everywhere and Barclaycard announced that they would be jointly introducing the UK's first contactless mobile payments system for consumers by early summer 2011. Everything Everywhere expanded its contactless mobile payments arm by announcing a deal with Mastercard in August 2012 that would see the two companies work together on introducing near-field communication (NFC) technology and other mobile payment technologies into the UK. Soon after, Everything Everywhere sustained its involvement in the future of NFC technology in the UK by announcing a joint venture between itself, Vodafone and O2. The joint venture was designed to be a "single point of contact" for all those involved in increasing the adoption of NFC for mobile payments in the UK.
On 18 July 2011, Tom Alexander announced unexpectedly that he would step down as CEO. Alexander had joined Orange in 2008 and had led the company since its formation in July 2010. It was announced that he would leave his post on 31 August 2011 and would be replaced by Olaf Swantee, who had held the position of Executive VP of European Activities and Sourcing for France Télécom in addition to being a member of EE's board. Alexander said that he would remain with the company throughout the remainder of 2011 and continue to advise Swantee in his new role. Swantee is seen as having done an exceptional job in leading the group through the challenges of rebranding and the launch of a new technology, and was named the mobile industry's person of the year in 2013 as a result.
In November 2011, Everything Everywhere announced plans to cut a further 550 back office staff, with its sites in Bristol, Darlington, Hatfield, and Paddington affected.
In April 2012, the T-Mobile network in Northern Ireland was switched off, meaning that customers there roamed onto Orange. Later, most T-Mobile sites were turned back on as EE has a mast sharing agreement with 3.
2012 to 2014: Rebranding to EE
Alternative logo of EE.
Everything Everywhere announced on 22 August 2012 that it would introduce a third brand as part of a future 4G launch to sit alongside T-Mobile and Orange, and that Everything Everywhere would continue as the company's legal name. Further speculation commenced on 7 September 2012 when the company announced details of a press conference on the morning of 11 September 2012, the earliest date set by Ofcom to launch 4G services. It was also noted that this date was only 24 hours earlier than the expected launch of the latest generation of iPhone (the iPhone 5), thereby arousing suspicion that the new iPhone would support 4G and that Everything Everywhere would launch its service on this widely anticipated handset. Other commentators suggested that the HTC One XL would be the first handset to launch utilising Everything Everywhere's 4G network. The handsets that the company initially launched on EE are the iPhone 5 (iOS), HTC One XL (Android), Samsung Galaxy S III (Android), Samsung Galaxy Note II (Android), Huawei Ascend P1 (Android), Nokia Lumia 920 (Windows Phone), Nokia Lumia 820 (Windows Phone). The company also announced that they would be using two 4G mobile broadband devices manufactured by Huawei - the E589 Mobile Wi-Fi device and E392 mobile broadband dongle.
On 11 September 2012, it was announced that the EE brand would be used to identify its network on all of the company's devices (EE, T-Mobile and Orange), alongside its 4G service and the company's fibre optic broadband roll-out. The brand was described by EE as The Super Fast Brand. It was also confirmed that all ex-T-Mobile and ex-Orange shops would be re-branded EE overnight, but mobile products would continue to be sold under those brands inside the stores. The company's legal name changed to EE Limited on 2 September 2013.
On 30 October 2012, it was announced that its Orange broadband service would be rebranded as EE, and the company would be launching a new fibre-optic broadband service, using a Bright Box router and Openreach GEA. The change took effect on 5 November 2012 through a firmware upgrade that replaced the Orange branding with EE on customers' router web interface. On 6 November 2012, it was announced that EE had exclusively partnered with mobile payments company iZettle. The agreement allowed EE to sell the company's mini debit/credit card readers which allow small business customers to make payments using their mobile phones. The devices initially went on sale in 297 EE stores and via EE's telesales channel.
In March 2014, EE began to phase out the T-Mobile and Orange brands in the UK, removing these products from their website and retail stores. However, these brands were still available via telesales and through third-party retail channels. The phase out was completed in March 2015, with new connections and upgrades only available on EE branded services.
2014 to present: Acquisition by BT
During 2014, Deutsche Telekom and Orange S.A. were reported to be considering options to sell EE or divest it through an initial public offering. On 15 December 2014, BT confirmed it had entered into exclusive talks to buy EE for £12.5 billion. On 5 February 2015, BT confirmed it would be acquiring EE for £12.5 billion; subject to regulatory approval, and received final unconditional approval by the Competition and Markets Authority on 15 January 2016. The deal was completed on 29 January 2016 with Deutsche Telekom now owning 12% of BT, while Orange owns 4%.
On 1 February 2016, BT announced that EE will become a new consumer division within the wider group, alongside BT Consumer. It will serve customers with mobile services, broadband and TV, and also continue to deliver the Emergency Services Network contract which was awarded to EE in late 2015. EE's business division was brought together with BT Business and the UK-focused operations of BT Global Services to form a new BT Business and Public Sector division with around £5bn of revenues. Another new division, BT Wholesale and Ventures, comprised the BT Wholesale division along with EE's MVNO business as well as some specialist businesses such as Fleet, Payphones and Directories. Gerry McQuade, currently Chief Sales and Marketing Officer, Business at EE, will be its CEO.
On 28 July 2017, BT announced organisational changes to "simplify its operating model, strengthen accountabilities and accelerate its transformation" and involves bringing together its BT Consumer and EE divisions into a new unified BT Consumer division that will operate across three brands – BT, EE, and Plusnet. This took effect on 1 April 2018.
Operations
Locations
Offices
EE's former headquarters at Hatfield Business Park.
EE has main offices in London, Bristol, Darlington, Doxford, Greenock, Merthyr Tydfil, North Tyneside, Plymouth and Leeds. In June 2016, it was announced that EE was making preparations to move from its offices in Paddington to BT Centre at the end of year, as part of BT's plans to save £360 million a year following its acquisition of EE. The move began in November 2016.
Retail shops
An EE shop in Oxford Street, London, 2016.
In November 2010, EE announced the opening of six "dual-branded" shops: three were led by T-Mobile and three by Orange, and each promoted the other brand's products. The company expanded further in early 2011. Five new shops had an Everything Everywhere–branded fascia, although they represented and sold both T-Mobile and Orange. During the same quarter, the company also launched a number of Orange concessions in selected HMV shops. These were designed to operate as normal Orange retail shops, although with an expected lower footfall and designed to cater for HMV's younger consumers. The company removed these concessions from HMV shortly before the re-brand, with their approximately 100 staff transferred to local shops.
EE had 700 shops in the UK after the re-branding of existing Orange, T-Mobile, and Everything Everywhere shops in October 2012. In January 2013, it was announced that EE would close 78 shops, with no job losses, because in several locations there were two on the same street, often close together. In January 2014, it was announced that EE would close a further 76 duplicated shops and there would be 50 new ones, including 30 franchise outlets, estimated to create 350 jobs. The franchise outlets would grow to 100 by the end of the year, including the transfer of 45 directly managed shops to franchise partners. The move saw its number of shops reduce from 600 to 574 (including the 100 franchise outlets).
In September 2014, it was announced that following the collapse of Phones 4u in the UK, EE would acquire 58 of its shops for £2.5 million in a deal with its administrators, PricewaterhouseCoopers. The deal safeguarded 359 jobs and the shops would be rebranded to EE.
In July 2017, EE announced 100 store-within-a-store outlets by the end of 2019 via a partnership with Sainsbury's. This would create 400 jobs in Sainsbury's and Argos stores, and see the number of outlets reach close to 700, as part of its ambition to provide 95% of the population with access to an EE shop within 20 minutes' drive. In addition, pop-up shops and cabins would appear in shopping centres and other locations around the UK, and mobile EE shops in vans would serve customers in the most remote areas.
Network
EE owns and operates national 2G, 4G and 5G mobile phone networks in the UK.
On 22 June 2010, Everything Everywhere announced plans to roll out HD voice calling throughout its network by the end of summer. The technology was initially trialled on Orange's network in Bristol, Reading and Southampton, before it was expanded to the rest of the UK by the end of summer. Its request to use its surplus capacity to launch 4G services in the UK was approved by Ofcom on 21 August 2012. As part of Ofcom's approval of the company's roll-out of 4G, it was announced on 22 August 2012 that Hutchison 3G had acquired part of Everything Everywhere's 1800 MHz spectrum.
EE's 4G network, along with its nationwide marketing campaign and store re-branding, was launched on 30 October 2012; it was the UK's first 4G mobile network, while other networks rolled out their 4G networks well into 2013. 4G coverage was initially "switched on" in 11 UK cities; London, Bristol, Birmingham, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield, and Southampton. During the latter part of 2012 and 2013, the company added more cities and towns, and planned to boost speeds in some existing locations by Summer 2013. EE claims 2,000 square miles of 4G network would be added every month from launch and the goal was to cover 70 per cent of the population by the end of 2013, and 90 per cent by the end of 2014.
EE had early problems and issues of no signal across both its 3G and 4G networks with senior EE staff conceding they were facing 'teething problems'. On 20 February 2013, Ofcom announced that EE had been awarded more 4G spectrum in the 800 MHz and 2.6 GHz bands, bidding around £588 million for the spectrum. On 5 November 2013, EE began testing LTE Advanced (LTE-A) in East London Tech City. The LTE-A network offered speeds up to 300 Mbit/s when rolled out to the public in 2014. EE's LTE-Advanced was launched at the end of October 2014.
On 12 February 2016, EE announced that it had reached its 2015 targets to double the number of 4G users on its network to 14 million at the year's end and remains as Europe's largest 4G operator. Its 4G network now reaches more than 95% of the UK population, with double speed 4G reaching 80%. EE's 3G network reaches 98% of the population while its 2G network reaches 99%. On 24 April 2016, it was announced that as part of a new strategy, EE are aiming to extend the geographic reach of its 4G network in the UK from the current 60% to 95% by 2020, which will increase the proportion of the UK's population covered by the 4G network from 95% to 99.8%. In order to achieve this, EE will build more than 750 new sites. Its 4G network was switched on in Shetland and the Isles of Scilly, enabled by the fibre broadband links deployed by BT. Its 4G network at launch was only used for data connections, with customers moving to 3G while on a call, however EE have rolled out 4G Calling (VoLTE) across the UK to allow both voice and data over 4G as well as allowing customers to make calls in new areas of the network that are 4G-only. 4G Calling was first available in London, Birmingham, Bristol, Manchester, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Belfast, Leeds and Newcastle, and has been switched on across the rest of the network since July 2016.
On 13 September 2017, it was announced that EE are upgrading its 4G network by converting airwaves from 2G to 4G. It currently uses frequencies in the 1800 MHz band for both 2G and 4G (its other bands are reserved solely for 3G/4G) and is converting – or 'refarming' 10 MHz of the 2G airwaves and adding that to the existing 20 MHz slice that's already configured for 4G. More than 600 sites across cities including London, Birmingham, Manchester, Edinburgh and Cardiff, will be upgraded with the latest 4G spectrum over the next six months, equipped with 'Cat 12' and 'Cat 16' modems which will provide better speeds and coverage and support next generation 'CAT 12' and 'CAT 16' smartphones. The data upload speeds will also be doubled from the current maximum of 50 Mbit/s to up to 100 Mbit/s on more than 900 sites across the UK. It is also expanding its UK-wide 4G+ with more than 1,000 sites supporting 'Cat 9' speeds above 400 Mbit/s. The geographic reach of its 4G network is now 85%.
On 19 March 2018, it was announced that EE had filled 12,000 square kilometres (4600 sq. mi.) of mobile not-spots in the last 12 months as part of its 4G geographic reach strategy of 95% by 2020, currently 90%. This involved upgrading more than 4,000 existing sites to provide 4G, and the construction of 105 new sites which are spread across Northern England, North Wales and Scotland and is in the process of building a further 350 new sites to continue filling in mobile not-spots. Many of these new sites are in areas that have previously had no coverage from any operator and have already carried more than 200 emergency 999 calls where people would have previously been unable to call for help. The new sites are being built to provide coverage for EE's customers and for the Emergency Services Network. The geographic reach of its 4G network in Scotland surpassed 75% at the end of 2017.
On 11 September 2018, it was announced that EE are upgrading its 4G network by converting airwaves from 3G to 4G. It currently uses frequencies in the 2100 MHz band for 3G and is converting – or 'refarming' it for 4G. More than 500 sites will be upgraded in the next six months and are the busiest 'hotspots' in its network where there is the greatest demand for mobile data. These sites are spread across cities including London, Birmingham, Manchester, Bristol, Exeter, Hull, Nottingham, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Cardiff and Belfast. In addition to providing better speeds and reliability, these sites will provide five 'carriers' of 4G which is more than any other UK operator and accommodate the latest smartphones which can support connections to all five at the same time, with Five Carrier Aggregation (5 CA). It also lays the foundation for its 5G network that will be launched in 2019 where it will be built on top of the upgraded sites.
EE completed the switch-off of its 3G network in February 2024.
Smart number technology
On 11 June 2018, EE became the first UK network to launch smart number technology, allowing customers to use the same number across multiple devices in addition to their smartphones including tablets, smartwatches and laptops. It is available at no extra cost to new and existing customers and is part of its strategy to "keep customers connected by bringing together the best of mobile and broadband through first-of-their-kind converged services across the UK". It supports calls and texts across multiple devices and works even when they do not have their smartphone with them. It supports up to 5 other connected devices and will need to be internet connected via Wi-Fi or mobile, with the primary device being connected to the EE network for the service to work. Calls can be made on multiple devices at the same time, or handed off between devices.
It is available initially on Apple devices, with Android devices coming at a later date. Customers will need to be on an EE pay monthly plan on their smartphone with minimum iOS 11.3 on iPhone 6 or later. Paired iPads and Macs will need to be on minimum iOS 10 and OS X El Capitan respectively, iPod Touch with minimum iOS 10 and Apple Watch with minimum watchOS 2. EE is also the only UK network to support the full connected capability of the Apple Watch Series 3.
Virtual network agreements
The Co-operative Mobile operate on the EE network under a MVNO agreement, which was most recently renegotiated in December 2010 for Virgin, and November 2013 for Asda (which had previously operated on the Vodafone network, however the agreement ended in March 2021 where ASDA Mobile returned to using the Vodafone network).
BT Mobile and EE also have an MVNO agreement, which has allowed BT Mobile to offer packages since March 2014.
EE purchased LIFE Mobile in October 2014, a MVNO set up by Phones 4u in 2013 from PWC.
Mobile Broadband Network Limited
On 3 September 2010, Everything Everywhere announced that Orange would join Mobile Broadband Network Limited (MBNL), the 3G network sharing joint venture formed in December 2007 between T-Mobile UK and Hutchison 3G UK (H3G UK). MBNL would become a 50/50 joint venture between Everything Everywhere and Three UK, with Orange contributing several thousand of its base stations for network sharing purposes. MBNL was created after T-Mobile and Three UK agreed to pool their respective 3G infrastructures in a 50/50 joint venture. By September 2010 MBNL's HSPA-based infrastructure covered more than 90% of the British population, and was expected to rise to more than 98% by the end of 2010.
Radio frequency summary
Frequencies used on the EE network
Frequency
Band
Protocol
Class
1,800 MHz
GSM/GPRS/EDGE
2G
2,100 MHz
1
LTE/LTE Advanced
4G/4G+
800 MHz
20
LTE/LTE Advanced
4G/4G+
1,800 MHz
3
LTE/LTE Advanced
4G/4G+
2,100 MHz
1
LTE/LTE Advanced
4G/4G+
2,600 MHz
7
LTE/LTE Advanced
4G/4G+
700 MHz
n28
NR
5G
1,800 MHz
n3
NR
5G
2,100 MHz
n1
NR
5G
2,600 MHz
n7
NR
5G
3,500 MHz
n78
NR
5G
Broadband
EE inherited the Orange UK broadband service, and as of April 2015 EE had around 900,000 broadband customers.
Television
EE launched a TV service for broadband customers in November 2014. Using an EE-branded set-top box, it offered standard Freeview channels through an aerial connection along with PVR features and catch-up TV services, competing against YouView. In June 2019 the service was replaced with a new package using an Apple TV box, which also gives access to BT Sport.
Marketing
EE launched its first television advertisement on 3 November 2012, four days after the company launched its 4G services and new brand. The advertisements featured Kevin Bacon and his related Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon concept. The advert initially aired on ITV during The X Factor, on its Saturday evening slot on UK television. The adverts were filmed over two days during August 2012 in Lewes.
Sponsorships
EE began sponsoring the British Academy of Film and Television Arts awards in 2013, replacing its Orange brand.
A six-year agreement to sponsor Wembley Stadium was agreed with The Football Association in February 2014, although was not classed as a naming rights agreement.
EE Power Bar at Glastonbury Festival of Contemporary Performing Arts 2015.
EE had a presence at the Glastonbury Festival 2015, providing reusable chargers for mobile phone users. The "Power Bars" could be exchanged once a day, for a fully charged charger, at two locations around the festival.
Criticism and controversies
In early 2013, Ipsos MORI signed an agreement with EE, wherein Ipsos MORI would commercialise the data on the company's 23 million subscribers, for example "how many of the phone users checked their Facebook accounts, or the website of their favourite shop". Later that year, The Sunday Times revealed that Ipsos MORI had negotiated an agreement to sell this data to the police and other parties. The data included "gender, age, postcode, websites visited, time of day text is sent location of customer when call is made". When confronted by the paper, the police indicated that they would no longer go ahead with the deal. Ipsos MORI defended its actions, while EE refused to comment.
In April 2013, T-Mobile UK was embroiled in a mid-contract increase controversy when it applied an above Retail Price Index increase to many contract customers but refused to allow termination as allowed by the terms of the contract. A number of customers complained to CISAS about the conduct of T-Mobile UK, and its handling of the matter.
In August 2014, EE started a new service where customers could queue-jump when phoning EE customer services for a one-off cost of 50p to be fast tracked out of the queue to an available agent. This sparked outrage among consumers who viewed the option as at extortionate charge for being put through promptly to a member of staff; something which should be standard.
Later that month, EE was accused of trying to silence complaining customers on social media networks, such as Facebook and Twitter. Customers claimed that the company deleted their complaints on the company's Facebook page. The company discourages customers from posting their grievances in public, preferring private messages.
In May 2015, EE became the most complained-about consumer landline and broadband provider, according to regulator, Ofcom. Complaints against the UK's largest mobile operator related to topics ranging from line faults, service and provision issues to bill problems.
In January 2017, EE were fined £2.7 million by the regulator, Ofcom, for overcharging more than 32,145 customers. Despite calls to the EE telephone number from within the EU becoming free from 18 November 2015, EE continued to bill more than 7,600 customers until January 2016. The fine was also applied as punishment for users calling the 150 customer services number whilst roaming within the EU being charged as though they were calling from the United States.
In May 2018, a security researcher discovered the company had failed to update the default administrator password on a code quality testing platform containing application source code and Amazon Web Services and API keys. The company issued a statement saying, "No customer data is, or has been, at risk", while the researcher pointed out that "malicious hackers could analyze the code of their payment systems, and find major holes that could lead to theft of payment information".
Later that month, EE blocked and removed a website after text messages claiming to be from EE were sent to customers offering 40 per cent off their monthly bills in celebration of the Royal Wedding. Customers took to social media to complain of the texts. The scam messages contained a link to a fake EE website, encouraging them to enter their personal details and card number. EE advised any customers who receive any messages to not click on any of the links, and delete the messages after forwarding them to 7726, Ofcom's anti-spam service.
In June 2021, EE mobile was the first company to re-introduce roaming charges for its customers in the EU. A £2 daily fee will be charged to be able to use data/call/text allowances in EU destinations.
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^ "EE and Ipsos MORI face privacy backlash over mobile data analysis". Information Age. 13 May 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
^ "T-mobile price increase". MoneySavingExpert.com. 18 April 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
^ "Mobile firm EE introduces queue jumping charge". BBC News. 14 August 2014.
^ Fiveash, Kelly (27 August 2014). "EE accused of silencing customer gripes on social media pages". The Register. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
^ "EE tops consumer landline and broadband complaints". BBC News. 12 May 2015.
^ Johnston, Chris (18 January 2017). "EE mobile firm fined £2.7m for overcharging customers". BBC News. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
^ Whittaker, Zack (11 May 2018). "UK cell giant EE left a critical code system exposed with a default password". ZDNet. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
^ Withers, Paul (18 May 2018). "Royal Wedding SCAM: EE shuts down website offering 40% off customers' bills". Daily Express. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
^ "EE brings back EU roaming charges". Sky News. 24 June 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
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Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Everything Everywhere All at Once","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_Everywhere_All_at_Once"},{"link_name":"mobile network operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_network_operator"},{"link_name":"internet service provider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider"},{"link_name":"BT Consumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Consumer"},{"link_name":"BT Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Group"},{"link_name":"second-largest mobile network operator in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_Europe#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"joint venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom"},{"link_name":"Orange S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_S.A."},{"link_name":"T-Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_UK"},{"link_name":"Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_UK"},{"link_name":"4G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G"},{"link_name":"BT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Group"},{"link_name":"BT Consumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Consumer"},{"link_name":"Plusnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plusnet"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington"},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Sunderland"},{"link_name":"Greenock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenock"},{"link_name":"Merthyr Tydfil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil"},{"link_name":"North Tyneside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Tyneside"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"5G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G"},{"link_name":"4G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G"},{"link_name":"2G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G"},{"link_name":"3G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YrEnd2015-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Telegraph-5"}],"text":"\"Everything Everywhere\" redirects here. For the film, see Everything Everywhere All at Once.EE (formerly Everything Everywhere) is a British mobile network operator, internet service provider and a brand of BT Consumer, a division of BT Group. It was established in 2010 and is the second-largest mobile network operator in the United Kingdom, with 21.2 million customers as of September 2022.[2]It was originally known as Everything Everywhere in a 50:50 joint venture between Deutsche Telekom and France Télécom (now Orange S.A.) following the merger of their respective T-Mobile and Orange businesses in the UK, which became brands that was eventually phased out in 2015. It was rebranded to EE while concurrently launching the UK's first 4G mobile network in 2012. It was acquired by BT in 2016 and became a new consumer division within the wider group, alongside BT Consumer before its integration into the latter in 2018, operating across three brands – BT, EE, and Plusnet.EE has its headquarters in London, England, as well as hubs in Bristol, Darlington, Sunderland, Greenock, Merthyr Tydfil, North Tyneside, Plymouth and Leeds. As of November 2016, EE's 5G, 4G and 2G networks' combined coverage reaches more than 99% of the UK population, with double speed 4G reaching 80%, while EE's 3G network reached 98% of the population prior to its closure in February 2024.[3][4][5]","title":"EE (telecommunications)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deutsche Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom"},{"link_name":"Orange S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_S.A."},{"link_name":"T-Mobile UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_UK"},{"link_name":"Orange UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_UK"},{"link_name":"Mercury Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Communications"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plans_To_Form_Merger-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plans_To_Form_Merger-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plans_To_Form_Merger-6"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"joint venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Completion_of_Merger-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-merger-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unveiling_of_Name-12"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"Deutsche Telekom and France Télécom (now Orange S.A.) announced plans to merge their respective UK ventures – T-Mobile UK and Orange UK – on 8 September 2009. T-Mobile's UK unit had its origins in Mercury Communications, formed in 1989, while Orange had launched its services in 1994.The initial planning suggested a joint revenue of around £7.7 billion for 2008, with savings via synergies expected to total around \"over £445 million annually from 2014 onwards\".[6] The two companies also announced an expected investment of \"£600 to £800 million in integration costs\".[6] A press release outlined a vision for the two brands, stating that \"the T-Mobile UK and Orange UK brands will be maintained separately for 18 months\".[6] The merger was cleared by the European Commission on 1 March 2010;[7] no new company was formed, but instead T-Mobile (UK) Limited was renamed to Everything Everywhere Limited in July.[8]The 50:50 joint venture was announced as completed on 1 April 2010,[9] and the name Everything Everywhere was announced on 11 May 2010.[10][11] On the same day the company confirmed that \"roaming across both networks [would be] due later in that year, at no additional cost to the customer\" and further emphasised the separation of the brands, saying that each brand would maintain \"its own shops, marketing campaigns, propositions and service centres\".[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Everything_Everywhere_logo.png"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Big_Switch-On-13"},{"link_name":"Barclaycard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclaycard"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Mastercard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastercard"},{"link_name":"near-field communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field_communication"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Vodafone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone"},{"link_name":"O2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O2_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Regulators_approve_UK_mobile_payment_joint_venture_between_Everything_Everywhere,_Vodafone_and_O2-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olaf_Swantee_Appointed_CEO_of_Everything_Everywhere-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington"},{"link_name":"Hatfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatfield,_Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"Paddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddington"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"mast sharing agreement with 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Mobile_Broadband_Network_Limited"}],"sub_title":"2010 to 2012: Everything Everywhere","text":"Logo of Everything Everywhere.The companies' network sharing plans (allowing Orange customers to utilise T-Mobile's 2G signal and vice versa) were released to customers in October 2010. The \"switch-on\" was rolled out utilising an opt-in page on each brand's website. However, the rollout did not initially include automatic network roaming mid-call or the two brands' 3G services.[13]In January 2011, Everything Everywhere and Barclaycard announced that they would be jointly introducing the UK's first contactless mobile payments system for consumers by early summer 2011.[14] Everything Everywhere expanded its contactless mobile payments arm by announcing a deal with Mastercard in August 2012 that would see the two companies work together on introducing near-field communication (NFC) technology and other mobile payment technologies into the UK.[15] Soon after, Everything Everywhere sustained its involvement in the future of NFC technology in the UK by announcing a joint venture between itself, Vodafone and O2. The joint venture was designed to be a \"single point of contact\" for all those involved in increasing the adoption of NFC for mobile payments in the UK.[16]On 18 July 2011, Tom Alexander announced unexpectedly that he would step down as CEO. Alexander had joined Orange in 2008 and had led the company since its formation in July 2010. It was announced that he would leave his post on 31 August 2011 and would be replaced by Olaf Swantee, who had held the position of Executive VP of European Activities and Sourcing for France Télécom in addition to being a member of EE's board. Alexander said that he would remain with the company throughout the remainder of 2011 and continue to advise Swantee in his new role.[17] Swantee is seen as having done an exceptional job in leading the group through the challenges of rebranding and the launch of a new technology, and was named the mobile industry's person of the year in 2013[18] as a result.In November 2011, Everything Everywhere announced plans to cut a further 550 back office staff, with its sites in Bristol, Darlington, Hatfield, and Paddington affected.[19][20]In April 2012, the T-Mobile network in Northern Ireland was switched off, meaning that customers there roamed onto Orange. Later,[when?] most T-Mobile sites were turned back on as EE has a mast sharing agreement with 3.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EE_Logo_Yellow_2022.svg"},{"link_name":"4G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"iPhone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Everything_Everywhere_Launching_New_Network_on_Tuesday-23"},{"link_name":"HTC One XL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_One_X"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HTC_One_XL:_Everything_Everywhere-24"},{"link_name":"iPhone 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_5"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"Samsung Galaxy S III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S_III"},{"link_name":"Samsung Galaxy Note II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Note_II"},{"link_name":"Huawei Ascend P1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_P1"},{"link_name":"Nokia Lumia 920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_Lumia_920"},{"link_name":"Windows Phone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phone"},{"link_name":"Nokia Lumia 820","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_Lumia_820"},{"link_name":"Huawei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei"},{"link_name":"E589 Mobile Wi-Fi device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_E5#E589"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"fibre-optic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"iZettle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zettle"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"2012 to 2014: Rebranding to EE","text":"Alternative logo of EE.Everything Everywhere announced on 22 August 2012 that it would introduce a third brand as part of a future 4G launch to sit alongside T-Mobile and Orange, and that Everything Everywhere would continue as the company's legal name.[21] Further speculation commenced on 7 September 2012 when the company announced details of a press conference on the morning of 11 September 2012, the earliest date set by Ofcom to launch 4G services.[22] It was also noted that this date was only 24 hours earlier than the expected launch of the latest generation of iPhone (the iPhone 5), thereby arousing suspicion that the new iPhone would support 4G and that Everything Everywhere would launch its service on this widely anticipated handset.[23] Other commentators suggested that the HTC One XL would be the first handset to launch utilising Everything Everywhere's 4G network.[24] The handsets that the company initially launched on EE are the iPhone 5 (iOS), HTC One XL (Android), Samsung Galaxy S III (Android), Samsung Galaxy Note II (Android), Huawei Ascend P1 (Android), Nokia Lumia 920 (Windows Phone), Nokia Lumia 820 (Windows Phone). The company also announced that they would be using two 4G mobile broadband devices manufactured by Huawei - the E589 Mobile Wi-Fi device and E392 mobile broadband dongle.[25]On 11 September 2012, it was announced that the EE brand would be used to identify its network on all of the company's devices (EE, T-Mobile and Orange), alongside its 4G service and the company's fibre optic broadband roll-out. The brand was described by EE as The Super Fast Brand. It was also confirmed that all ex-T-Mobile and ex-Orange shops would be re-branded EE overnight, but mobile products would continue to be sold under those brands inside the stores.[26] The company's legal name changed to EE Limited on 2 September 2013.[8]On 30 October 2012, it was announced that its Orange broadband service would be rebranded as EE, and the company would be launching a new fibre-optic broadband service, using a Bright Box router and Openreach GEA.[27] The change took effect on 5 November 2012 through a firmware upgrade that replaced the Orange branding with EE on customers' router web interface.[28] On 6 November 2012, it was announced that EE had exclusively partnered with mobile payments company iZettle. The agreement allowed EE to sell the company's mini debit/credit card readers which allow small business customers to make payments using their mobile phones. The devices initially went on sale in 297 EE stores and via EE's telesales channel.[29]In March 2014, EE began to phase out the T-Mobile and Orange brands in the UK, removing these products from their website and retail stores. However, these brands were still available via telesales and through third-party retail channels. The phase out was completed in March 2015, with new connections and upgrades only available on EE branded services.[30]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deutsche Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom"},{"link_name":"Orange S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_S.A."},{"link_name":"initial public offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"BT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Group"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BT_acquisition-33"},{"link_name":"Competition and Markets Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_and_Markets_Authority"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMA-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"BT Consumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Consumer"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-x32-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-x33-37"},{"link_name":"BT Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Business"},{"link_name":"BT Global Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Global_Services"},{"link_name":"BT Wholesale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Wholesale"},{"link_name":"MVNO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_virtual_network_operator"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-x32-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-x33-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Plusnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plusnet"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"2014 to present: Acquisition by BT","text":"During 2014, Deutsche Telekom and Orange S.A. were reported to be considering options to sell EE or divest it through an initial public offering.[31] On 15 December 2014, BT confirmed it had entered into exclusive talks to buy EE for £12.5 billion.[32] On 5 February 2015, BT confirmed it would be acquiring EE for £12.5 billion; subject to regulatory approval,[33] and received final unconditional approval by the Competition and Markets Authority on 15 January 2016.[34] The deal was completed on 29 January 2016 with Deutsche Telekom now owning 12% of BT, while Orange owns 4%.[35]On 1 February 2016, BT announced that EE will become a new consumer division within the wider group, alongside BT Consumer.[36][37] It will serve customers with mobile services, broadband and TV, and also continue to deliver the Emergency Services Network contract which was awarded to EE in late 2015. EE's business division was brought together with BT Business and the UK-focused operations of BT Global Services to form a new BT Business and Public Sector division with around £5bn of revenues. Another new division, BT Wholesale and Ventures, comprised the BT Wholesale division along with EE's MVNO business as well as some specialist businesses such as Fleet, Payphones and Directories. Gerry McQuade, currently Chief Sales and Marketing Officer, Business at EE, will be its CEO.[36][37][38]On 28 July 2017, BT announced organisational changes to \"simplify its operating model, strengthen accountabilities and accelerate its transformation\" and involves bringing together its BT Consumer and EE divisions into a new unified BT Consumer division that will operate across three brands – BT, EE, and Plusnet.[39][40][41][42] This took effect on 1 April 2018.[43]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Locations","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hatfield_Business_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington"},{"link_name":"Doxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxford_Park"},{"link_name":"Greenock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenock"},{"link_name":"Merthyr Tydfil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil"},{"link_name":"North Tyneside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Tyneside"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"BT Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Centre"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Locations - Offices","text":"EE's former headquarters at Hatfield Business Park.EE has main offices in London, Bristol,[44] Darlington, Doxford, Greenock, Merthyr Tydfil, North Tyneside, Plymouth and Leeds.[45][46][47] In June 2016, it was announced that EE was making preparations to move from its offices in Paddington to BT Centre at the end of year, as part of BT's plans to save £360 million a year following its acquisition of EE.[48][49] The move began in November 2016.[50]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EE_mobile_phones,_Oxford_Street,_London,_March_2016_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oxford Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Street"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Concession_Stores_Announced-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Look_Stores-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Look_Stores-52"},{"link_name":"HMV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMV"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Look_Stores-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orange_removes_its_concessions_from_HMV-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Phones 4u","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phones_4u"},{"link_name":"PricewaterhouseCoopers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PricewaterhouseCoopers"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"store-within-a-store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store-within-a-store"},{"link_name":"Sainsbury's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainsbury%27s"},{"link_name":"Argos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argos_(retailer)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Locations - Retail shops","text":"An EE shop in Oxford Street, London, 2016.In November 2010, EE announced the opening of six \"dual-branded\" shops: three were led by T-Mobile and three by Orange, and each promoted the other brand's products.[51] The company expanded further in early 2011.[52] Five new shops had an Everything Everywhere–branded fascia, although they represented and sold both T-Mobile and Orange.[52] During the same quarter, the company also launched a number of Orange concessions in selected HMV shops. These were designed to operate as normal Orange retail shops, although with an expected lower footfall and designed to cater for HMV's younger consumers.[52] The company removed these concessions from HMV shortly before the re-brand, with their approximately 100 staff transferred to local shops.[53]EE had 700 shops in the UK after the re-branding of existing Orange, T-Mobile, and Everything Everywhere shops in October 2012.[54] In January 2013, it was announced that EE would close 78 shops, with no job losses, because in several locations there were two on the same street, often close together.[55] In January 2014, it was announced that EE would close a further 76 duplicated shops and there would be 50 new ones, including 30 franchise outlets, estimated to create 350 jobs. The franchise outlets would grow to 100 by the end of the year, including the transfer of 45 directly managed shops to franchise partners. The move saw its number of shops reduce from 600 to 574 (including the 100 franchise outlets).[56][57][58]In September 2014, it was announced that following the collapse of Phones 4u in the UK, EE would acquire 58 of its shops for £2.5 million in a deal with its administrators, PricewaterhouseCoopers. The deal safeguarded 359 jobs and the shops would be rebranded to EE.[59][60]In July 2017, EE announced 100 store-within-a-store outlets by the end of 2019 via a partnership with Sainsbury's. This would create 400 jobs in Sainsbury's and Argos stores, and see the number of outlets reach close to 700, as part of its ambition to provide 95% of the population with access to an EE shop within 20 minutes' drive. In addition, pop-up shops and cabins would appear in shopping centres and other locations around the UK, and mobile EE shops in vans would serve customers in the most remote areas.[61][62][63][64][65]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G"},{"link_name":"4G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G"},{"link_name":"5G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G"},{"link_name":"HD voice calling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wideband_audio"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Ofcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcom"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Everything_Everywhere_gets_up_to_a_year-68"},{"link_name":"Hutchison 3G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_(company)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Everything_Everywhere_sells_services_to_3_allowing_for_4G-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"LTE Advanced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advanced"},{"link_name":"East London Tech City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_Tech_City"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"4G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G"},{"link_name":"3G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G"},{"link_name":"2G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YrEnd2015-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Telegraph-5"},{"link_name":"Shetland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland"},{"link_name":"Isles of Scilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly"},{"link_name":"VoLTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_LTE"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"square kilometres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_kilometre"},{"link_name":"sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_site"},{"link_name":"Northern England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_England"},{"link_name":"North Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wales"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"emergency 999 calls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/999_(emergency_telephone_number)#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_site"},{"link_name":"mobile data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#Mobile_broadband"},{"link_name":"5G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"}],"sub_title":"Network","text":"EE owns and operates national 2G, 4G and 5G mobile phone networks in the UK.On 22 June 2010, Everything Everywhere announced plans to roll out HD voice calling throughout its network by the end of summer. The technology was initially trialled on Orange's network in Bristol, Reading and Southampton, before it was expanded to the rest of the UK by the end of summer.[66][67] Its request to use its surplus capacity to launch 4G services in the UK was approved by Ofcom on 21 August 2012.[68] As part of Ofcom's approval of the company's roll-out of 4G, it was announced on 22 August 2012 that Hutchison 3G had acquired part of Everything Everywhere's 1800 MHz spectrum.[69]EE's 4G network, along with its nationwide marketing campaign and store re-branding, was launched on 30 October 2012; it was the UK's first 4G mobile network,[70] while other networks rolled out their 4G networks well into 2013.[71] 4G coverage was initially \"switched on\" in 11 UK cities; London, Bristol, Birmingham, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield, and Southampton.[72] During the latter part of 2012 and 2013, the company added more cities and towns,[73][74][75][76][77] and planned to boost speeds in some existing locations by Summer 2013.[78] EE claims 2,000 square miles of 4G network would be added every month from launch and the goal was to cover 70 per cent of the population by the end of 2013, and 90 per cent by the end of 2014.[79]EE had early problems and issues of no signal across both its 3G and 4G networks with senior EE staff conceding they were facing 'teething problems'.[80] On 20 February 2013, Ofcom announced that EE had been awarded more 4G spectrum in the 800 MHz and 2.6 GHz bands, bidding around £588 million for the spectrum.[81] On 5 November 2013, EE began testing LTE Advanced (LTE-A) in East London Tech City.[82] The LTE-A network offered speeds up to 300 Mbit/s when rolled out to the public in 2014. EE's LTE-Advanced was launched at the end of October 2014.[83]On 12 February 2016, EE announced that it had reached its 2015 targets to double the number of 4G users on its network to 14 million at the year's end and remains as Europe's largest 4G operator. Its 4G network now reaches more than 95% of the UK population, with double speed 4G reaching 80%. EE's 3G network reaches 98% of the population while its 2G network reaches 99%.[4][5] On 24 April 2016, it was announced that as part of a new strategy, EE are aiming to extend the geographic reach of its 4G network in the UK from the current 60% to 95% by 2020, which will increase the proportion of the UK's population covered by the 4G network from 95% to 99.8%. In order to achieve this, EE will build more than 750 new sites. Its 4G network was switched on in Shetland and the Isles of Scilly, enabled by the fibre broadband links deployed by BT. Its 4G network at launch was only used for data connections, with customers moving to 3G while on a call, however EE have rolled out 4G Calling (VoLTE) across the UK to allow both voice and data over 4G as well as allowing customers to make calls in new areas of the network that are 4G-only. 4G Calling was first available in London, Birmingham, Bristol, Manchester, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Belfast, Leeds and Newcastle, and has been switched on across the rest of the network since July 2016.[84][85][86][87]On 13 September 2017, it was announced that EE are upgrading its 4G network by converting airwaves from 2G to 4G. It currently uses frequencies in the 1800 MHz band for both 2G and 4G (its other bands are reserved solely for 3G/4G) and is converting – or 'refarming' 10 MHz of the 2G airwaves and adding that to the existing 20 MHz slice that's already configured for 4G. More than 600 sites across cities including London, Birmingham, Manchester, Edinburgh and Cardiff, will be upgraded with the latest 4G spectrum over the next six months, equipped with 'Cat 12' and 'Cat 16' modems which will provide better speeds and coverage and support next generation 'CAT 12' and 'CAT 16' smartphones. The data upload speeds will also be doubled from the current maximum of 50 Mbit/s to up to 100 Mbit/s on more than 900 sites across the UK. It is also expanding its UK-wide 4G+ with more than 1,000 sites supporting 'Cat 9' speeds above 400 Mbit/s. The geographic reach of its 4G network is now 85%.[88][89]On 19 March 2018, it was announced that EE had filled 12,000 square kilometres (4600 sq. mi.) of mobile not-spots in the last 12 months as part of its 4G geographic reach strategy of 95% by 2020, currently 90%. This involved upgrading more than 4,000 existing sites to provide 4G, and the construction of 105 new sites which are spread across Northern England, North Wales and Scotland and is in the process of building a further 350 new sites to continue filling in mobile not-spots. Many of these new sites are in areas that have previously had no coverage from any operator and have already carried more than 200 emergency 999 calls where people would have previously been unable to call for help. The new sites are being built to provide coverage for EE's customers and for the Emergency Services Network. The geographic reach of its 4G network in Scotland surpassed 75% at the end of 2017.[90][91][92][93]On 11 September 2018, it was announced that EE are upgrading its 4G network by converting airwaves from 3G to 4G. It currently uses frequencies in the 2100 MHz band for 3G and is converting – or 'refarming' it for 4G. More than 500 sites will be upgraded in the next six months and are the busiest 'hotspots' in its network where there is the greatest demand for mobile data. These sites are spread across cities including London, Birmingham, Manchester, Bristol, Exeter, Hull, Nottingham, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Cardiff and Belfast. In addition to providing better speeds and reliability, these sites will provide five 'carriers' of 4G which is more than any other UK operator and accommodate the latest smartphones which can support connections to all five at the same time, with Five Carrier Aggregation (5 CA). It also lays the foundation for its 5G network that will be launched in 2019 where it will be built on top of the upgraded sites.[94][95][96]EE completed the switch-off of its 3G network in February 2024.[97]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"smart number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_number"},{"link_name":"smartphones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone"},{"link_name":"tablets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer"},{"link_name":"smartwatches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartwatch"},{"link_name":"laptops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"iOS 11.3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_11#11.3"},{"link_name":"iPhone 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_6"},{"link_name":"iPads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad"},{"link_name":"Macs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh"},{"link_name":"iOS 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_10"},{"link_name":"OS X El Capitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan"},{"link_name":"iPod Touch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Touch"},{"link_name":"Apple Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Watch"},{"link_name":"watchOS 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WatchOS"},{"link_name":"Apple Watch Series 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Watch_Series_3"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"}],"sub_title":"Network - Smart number technology","text":"On 11 June 2018, EE became the first UK network to launch smart number technology, allowing customers to use the same number across multiple devices in addition to their smartphones including tablets, smartwatches and laptops. It is available at no extra cost to new and existing customers and is part of its strategy to \"keep customers connected by bringing together the best of mobile and broadband through first-of-their-kind converged services across the UK\". It supports calls and texts across multiple devices and works even when they do not have their smartphone with them. It supports up to 5 other connected devices and will need to be internet connected via Wi-Fi or mobile, with the primary device being connected to the EE network for the service to work. Calls can be made on multiple devices at the same time, or handed off between devices.It is available initially on Apple devices, with Android devices coming at a later date. Customers will need to be on an EE pay monthly plan on their smartphone with minimum iOS 11.3 on iPhone 6 or later. Paired iPads and Macs will need to be on minimum iOS 10 and OS X El Capitan respectively, iPod Touch with minimum iOS 10 and Apple Watch with minimum watchOS 2. EE is also the only UK network to support the full connected capability of the Apple Watch Series 3.[98][99][100]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Co-operative Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Co-operative_Mobile"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"MVNO agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_virtual_network_operator"},{"link_name":"Vodafone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone_UK"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"BT Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Mobile"},{"link_name":"BT Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Mobile"},{"link_name":"Phones 4u","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phones_4u"},{"link_name":"PWC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PricewaterhouseCoopers"}],"sub_title":"Network - Virtual network agreements","text":"The Co-operative Mobile[101] operate on the EE network under a MVNO agreement, which was most recently renegotiated in December 2010 for Virgin, and November 2013 for Asda (which had previously operated on the Vodafone network, however the agreement ended in March 2021 where ASDA Mobile returned to using the Vodafone network).[102]BT Mobile and EE also have an MVNO agreement, which has allowed BT Mobile to offer packages since March 2014.EE purchased LIFE Mobile in October 2014, a MVNO set up by Phones 4u in 2013 from PWC.","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mobile Broadband Network Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Broadband_Network_Limited"},{"link_name":"3G network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G_network"},{"link_name":"joint venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegeography.com-103"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegeography.com-103"}],"sub_title":"Network - Mobile Broadband Network Limited","text":"On 3 September 2010, Everything Everywhere announced that Orange would join Mobile Broadband Network Limited (MBNL), the 3G network sharing joint venture formed in December 2007 between T-Mobile UK and Hutchison 3G UK (H3G UK). MBNL would become a 50/50 joint venture between Everything Everywhere and Three UK, with Orange contributing several thousand of its base stations for network sharing purposes.[103] MBNL was created after T-Mobile and Three UK agreed to pool their respective 3G infrastructures in a 50/50 joint venture. By September 2010 MBNL's HSPA-based infrastructure covered more than 90% of the British population, and was expected to rise to more than 98% by the end of 2010.[103]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Network - Radio frequency summary","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orange UK broadband service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_UK#Services"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"}],"sub_title":"Broadband","text":"EE inherited the Orange UK broadband service, and as of April 2015 EE had around 900,000 broadband customers.[104]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"set-top box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set-top_box"},{"link_name":"Freeview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeview_(UK)"},{"link_name":"PVR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Video_Recorder"},{"link_name":"YouView","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouView"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Apple TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TV"},{"link_name":"BT Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Sport"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"EE launched a TV service for broadband customers in November 2014. Using an EE-branded set-top box, it offered standard Freeview channels through an aerial connection along with PVR features and catch-up TV services, competing against YouView.[105] In June 2019 the service was replaced with a new package using an Apple TV box, which also gives access to BT Sport.[106][107]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kevin Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bacon"},{"link_name":"Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Degrees_of_Kevin_Bacon"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"The X Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Lewes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewes"}],"text":"EE launched its first television advertisement on 3 November 2012, four days after the company launched its 4G services and new brand. The advertisements featured Kevin Bacon and his related Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon concept. The advert initially aired on ITV during The X Factor, on its Saturday evening slot on UK television.[108] The adverts were filmed over two days during August 2012 in Lewes.","title":"Marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Academy of Film and Television Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"The Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EE_Charging_Station_-_Glastonbury_2015.jpg"},{"link_name":"Glastonbury Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival_of_Contemporary_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"}],"sub_title":"Sponsorships","text":"EE began sponsoring the British Academy of Film and Television Arts awards in 2013, replacing its Orange brand.[109]A six-year agreement to sponsor Wembley Stadium was agreed with The Football Association in February 2014, although was not classed as a naming rights agreement.[110]EE Power Bar at Glastonbury Festival of Contemporary Performing Arts 2015.EE had a presence at the Glastonbury Festival 2015, providing reusable chargers for mobile phone users. The \"Power Bars\" could be exchanged once a day, for a fully charged charger, at two locations around the festival.[111]","title":"Marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ipsos MORI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipsos_MORI"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"CISAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cisas.org.uk/"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Ofcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcom"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"security researcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_hat_(computer_security)"},{"link_name":"code quality testing platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SonarQube"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"text messages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_messaging"},{"link_name":"Royal Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Harry_and_Meghan_Markle"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"scam messages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing"},{"link_name":"personal details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personally_identifiable_information"},{"link_name":"card number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_card_number"},{"link_name":"Ofcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcom"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"}],"text":"In early 2013, Ipsos MORI signed an agreement with EE, wherein Ipsos MORI would commercialise the data on the company's 23 million subscribers, for example \"how many of the phone users checked their Facebook accounts, or the website of their favourite shop\".[112] Later that year, The Sunday Times revealed that Ipsos MORI had negotiated an agreement to sell this data to the police and other parties. The data included \"gender, age, postcode, websites visited, time of day text is sent [and] location of customer when call is made\". When confronted by the paper, the police indicated that they would no longer go ahead with the deal. Ipsos MORI defended its actions, while EE refused to comment.[113][114]In April 2013, T-Mobile UK was embroiled in a mid-contract increase controversy when it applied an above Retail Price Index increase to many contract customers but refused to allow termination as allowed by the terms of the contract. A number of customers complained to CISAS about the conduct of T-Mobile UK, and its handling of the matter.[115]In August 2014, EE started a new service where customers could queue-jump when phoning EE customer services for a one-off cost of 50p to be fast tracked out of the queue to an available agent. This sparked outrage among consumers who viewed the option as at extortionate charge for being put through promptly to a member of staff; something which should be standard.[116]Later that month, EE was accused of trying to silence complaining customers on social media networks, such as Facebook and Twitter. Customers claimed that the company deleted their complaints on the company's Facebook page. The company discourages customers from posting their grievances in public, preferring private messages.[117]In May 2015, EE became the most complained-about consumer landline and broadband provider, according to regulator, Ofcom. Complaints against the UK's largest mobile operator related to topics ranging from line faults, service and provision issues to bill problems.[118]In January 2017, EE were fined £2.7 million by the regulator, Ofcom, for overcharging more than 32,145 customers. Despite calls to the EE telephone number from within the EU becoming free from 18 November 2015, EE continued to bill more than 7,600 customers until January 2016. The fine was also applied as punishment for users calling the 150 customer services number whilst roaming within the EU being charged as though they were calling from the United States.[119]In May 2018, a security researcher discovered the company had failed to update the default administrator password on a code quality testing platform containing application source code and Amazon Web Services and API keys. The company issued a statement saying, \"No customer data is, or has been, at risk\", while the researcher pointed out that \"malicious hackers could analyze the code of their payment systems, and find major holes that could lead to theft of payment information\".[120]Later that month, EE blocked and removed a website after text messages claiming to be from EE were sent to customers offering 40 per cent off their monthly bills in celebration of the Royal Wedding. Customers took to social media to complain of the texts. The scam messages contained a link to a fake EE website, encouraging them to enter their personal details and card number. EE advised any customers who receive any messages to not click on any of the links, and delete the messages after forwarding them to 7726, Ofcom's anti-spam service.[121]In June 2021, EE mobile was the first company to re-introduce roaming charges for its customers in the EU. A £2 daily fee will be charged to be able to use data/call/text allowances in EU destinations.[122]","title":"Criticism and controversies"}] | [{"image_text":"Logo of Everything Everywhere.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Everything_Everywhere_logo.png/220px-Everything_Everywhere_logo.png"},{"image_text":"Alternative logo of EE.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2e/EE_Logo_Yellow_2022.svg/100px-EE_Logo_Yellow_2022.svg.png"},{"image_text":"EE's former headquarters at Hatfield Business Park.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Hatfield_Business_Park.jpg/220px-Hatfield_Business_Park.jpg"},{"image_text":"An EE shop in Oxford Street, London, 2016.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/EE_mobile_phones%2C_Oxford_Street%2C_London%2C_March_2016_01.jpg/220px-EE_mobile_phones%2C_Oxford_Street%2C_London%2C_March_2016_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"EE Power Bar at Glastonbury Festival of Contemporary Performing Arts 2015.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/EE_Charging_Station_-_Glastonbury_2015.jpg/220px-EE_Charging_Station_-_Glastonbury_2015.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Our team\". 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Retrieved 12 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://ee.co.uk/our-company/financials/2016/02/12/EE-results-for-the-year-ended-31-December-2015","url_text":"\"EE results for the year ended 31 December 2015\""}]},{"reference":"Palmer, Kate (12 February 2016). \"EE grows 4G network to 14m as it prepares for shake-up under BT\". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/telecoms/12153997/EE-grows-4G-network-to-14m-as-it-prepares-for-shake-up-under-BT.html","url_text":"\"EE grows 4G network to 14m as it prepares for shake-up under BT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/telecoms/12153997/EE-grows-4G-network-to-14m-as-it-prepares-for-shake-up-under-BT.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Deutsche Telekom and France Telecom plan to merge T-Mobile UK and Orange UK to create a new mobile champion\". EE. 8 September 2009. Archived from the original on 1 December 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131201061744/http://explore.ee.co.uk/our-company/newsroom/deutsche-telekom-and-france-telecom-plan-merge-t-mobile-uk-and-orange-uk-create/","url_text":"\"Deutsche Telekom and France Telecom plan to merge T-Mobile UK and Orange UK to create a new mobile champion\""},{"url":"http://explore.ee.co.uk/our-company/newsroom/deutsche-telekom-and-france-telecom-plan-merge-t-mobile-uk-and-orange-uk-create/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Orange and T-Mobile cleared for mobile merger by EU\". BBC News. 1 March 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8543683.stm","url_text":"\"Orange and T-Mobile cleared for mobile merger by EU\""}]},{"reference":"\"EE Limited - Overview\". Companies House. Retrieved 23 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/02382161","url_text":"\"EE Limited - Overview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_House","url_text":"Companies House"}]},{"reference":"\"Deutsche Telekom and France Telecom announce completion of UK merger\". EE. 1 April 2010. Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170610055451/http://explore.ee.co.uk/our-company/newsroom/deutsche-telekom-and-france-telecom-announce-completion-uk-merger/","url_text":"\"Deutsche Telekom and France Telecom announce completion of UK merger\""},{"url":"http://explore.ee.co.uk/our-company/newsroom/deutsche-telekom-and-france-telecom-announce-completion-uk-merger/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wray, Richard (11 May 2010). \"Orange and T-Mobile settle for Everything Everywhere\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/may/11/orange-tmobile-everything-everywhere","url_text":"\"Orange and T-Mobile settle for Everything Everywhere\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, Nick (12 May 2010). \"Mobile giants promise Everything Everywhere\". The Independent. Retrieved 22 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/mobile-giants-promise-everything-everywhere-1971325.html","url_text":"\"Mobile giants promise Everything Everywhere\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orange and T-Mobile Unveil Joint Venture Name, Team, Vision and Plans\". EE. 11 May 2010. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130421052448/http://explore.ee.co.uk/our-company/newsroom/orange-and-t-mobile-unveil-joint-venture-name-team-vision-and-plans","url_text":"\"Orange and T-Mobile Unveil Joint Venture Name, Team, Vision and Plans\""},{"url":"http://explore.ee.co.uk/our-company/newsroom/orange-and-t-mobile-unveil-joint-venture-name-team-vision-and-plans/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Big Switch-On' takes place with more than 27 million people now able to use their phones in more places than ever before\" (Press release). Everything Everywhere. 11 October 2010. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131103173339/https://explore.ee.co.uk/our-company/newsroom/big-switch-on-takes-place-more-27-million-people-now-able-use-their-phones","url_text":"\"'Big Switch-On' takes place with more than 27 million people now able to use their phones in more places than ever before\""},{"url":"https://explore.ee.co.uk/our-company/newsroom/big-switch-on-takes-place-more-27-million-people-now-able-use-their-phones","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The UK's first commercial launch of contactless mobile payments by Everything Everywhere and Barclaycard, set to revolutionise buying on the high street\" (Press release). EE. 27 January 2010. 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Archived from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120909003230/http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2012/09/06/regulators-approve-uk-mobile-payment-joint-venture-between-everything-everywhere-vodafone-and-o2/","url_text":"\"Regulators approve UK mobile payment joint venture between Everything Everywhere, Vodafone and O2\""},{"url":"http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2012/09/06/regulators-approve-uk-mobile-payment-joint-venture-between-everything-everywhere-vodafone-and-o2/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Everything Everywhere Press Office (18 July 2011). \"Olaf Swantee Appointed CEO of Everything Everywhere\" (Press release). Everything Everywhere. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendoza_(spider) | Mendoza (spider) | ["1 Species","2 References"] | Genus of spiders
Mendoza
Mendoza elongata
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Subphylum:
Chelicerata
Class:
Arachnida
Order:
Araneae
Infraorder:
Araneomorphae
Family:
Salticidae
Subfamily:
Salticinae
Genus:
MendozaPeckham & Peckham, 1894
Type species
M. canestrinii(Ninni, 1868)
Species
9, see text
Mendoza is a genus of jumping spiders that was first described by George and Elizabeth Peckham in 1894.
Species
As of June 2019 it contains nine species, found only in Africa, Asia, and Europe:
Mendoza canestrinii (Ninni, 1868) (type) – Southern Europe, North Africa to Central Asia, China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam
Mendoza dersuuzalai (Logunov & Wesolowska, 1992) – Russia
Mendoza elongata (Karsch, 1879) – Russia, China, Korea, Japan
Mendoza ibarakiensis (Bohdanowicz & Prószyński, 1987) – Japan
Mendoza nobilis (Grube, 1861) – Russia, Korea, China
Mendoza pulchra (Prószyński, 1981) – Russia, China, Korea, Japan
Mendoza ryukyuensis Baba, 2007 – Japan
Mendoza suguroi Baba, 2013 – Japan
Mendoza zebra (Logunov & Wesolowska, 1992) – Russia
References
^ a b "Gen. Mendoza Peckham & Peckham, 1894". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. 2019. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2019-07-19.
^ Peckham, G. W.; Peckham, E. G. (1894). "Spiders of the Marptusa group". Occasional Papers of the Natural History Society of Wisconsin. 2: 85–156.
Taxon identifiersMendoza
Wikidata: Q1442174
Wikispecies: Mendoza
ADW: Mendoza
BioLib: 231910
BOLD: 291090
CoL: 5NZV
EoL: 114339
Fauna Europaea: 352731
Fauna Europaea (new): ba0f7fde-888f-4d26-823d-29c7533b11bf
GBIF: 2169636
iNaturalist: 360549
IRMNG: 1351743
ITIS: 872484
NCBI: 1112527
Open Tree of Life: 350572
uBio: 4237440
WSC: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:03067
This article related to jumping spiders (Salticidae) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"jumping spiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salticidae"},{"link_name":"George and Elizabeth Peckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_and_Elizabeth_Peckham"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peck1894-2"}],"text":"Mendoza is a genus of jumping spiders that was first described by George and Elizabeth Peckham in 1894.[2]","title":"Mendoza (spider)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mendoza_(spider)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMBE-1"},{"link_name":"Mendoza canestrinii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mendoza_canestrinii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"},{"link_name":"Southern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Europe"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Mendoza dersuuzalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendoza_dersuuzalai"},{"link_name":"Wesolowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanda_Weso%C5%82owska"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Mendoza elongata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mendoza_elongata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Karsch"},{"link_name":"Mendoza ibarakiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mendoza_ibarakiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prószyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Pr%C3%B3szy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Mendoza nobilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mendoza_nobilis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mendoza pulchra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mendoza_pulchra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mendoza ryukyuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mendoza_ryukyuensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mendoza suguroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mendoza_suguroi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mendoza zebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendoza_zebra"}],"text":"As of June 2019[update] it contains nine species, found only in Africa, Asia, and Europe:[1]Mendoza canestrinii (Ninni, 1868) (type) – Southern Europe, North Africa to Central Asia, China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam\nMendoza dersuuzalai (Logunov & Wesolowska, 1992) – Russia\nMendoza elongata (Karsch, 1879) – Russia, China, Korea, Japan\nMendoza ibarakiensis (Bohdanowicz & Prószyński, 1987) – Japan\nMendoza nobilis (Grube, 1861) – Russia, Korea, China\nMendoza pulchra (Prószyński, 1981) – Russia, China, Korea, Japan\nMendoza ryukyuensis Baba, 2007 – Japan\nMendoza suguroi Baba, 2013 – Japan\nMendoza zebra (Logunov & Wesolowska, 1992) – Russia","title":"Species"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Gen. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calyon | Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank | ["1 History","2 Business Lines","2.1 Client Coverage & International Network","2.2 Debt Optimization & Distribution","2.3 Global Investment Bank","2.4 Global Markets Division","2.5 Structured Finance","2.6 International Trade & Transaction Banking","2.7 Sustainable Banking","2.8 Niche Activities: Islamic banking and RMB offer","2.9 Historical Lines","3 See also","4 References"] | Crédit Agricole CIBCompany typeLimited-liability companyIndustryFinance and InsuranceFoundedMay 1, 2004HeadquartersParis, FranceKey peoplePhilippe Brassac (Chairman) Xavier Musca (CEO) Jean-François Balaÿ, Deputy CEOOlivier Bélorgey, Deputy CEO Pierre Gay, Deputy CEOProductsFinancial servicesNumber of employees8,940ParentCrédit AgricoleWebsitewww.ca-cib.com
Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank (Crédit Agricole CIB, formerly Crédit Agricole Indosuez then Calyon) is Crédit Agricole's corporate and investment banking entity. With a staff of 8,940 employees (excluding private banking) in 32 countries, Crédit Agricole CIB is active in a broad range of capital markets, investment banking and financing activities. Clients are primarily corporates, governments, and banks, with a small footprint in the investor segment.
History
Office of Crédit Agricole CIB in Madrid, known as Edificio Crédit Agricole IndoSuez
Crédit Agricole Indosuez (CAI) was created in 1996 with the purchase of Banque Indosuez by Crédit Agricole. Calyon was created in May 2004 by the transfer to CAI of assets from Crédit Lyonnais' Corporate and Investment Banking division. The division was rebranded Crédit Agricole Corporate & Investment Bank (CACIB) in February 2010.
In September 2022, Xavier Musca has been appointed CEO of CACIB, in replacement of Jacques Ripoll
This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Business Lines
Its activities are arranged into eight major divisions: Client Coverage & International Network, Debt Optimization & Distribution, Global Investment Bank, Global Markets Division, Structured Finance, International Trade & Transaction Banking, Sustainable Banking and niche activities (Islamic Banking and RMB offer).
Client Coverage & International Network
Coverage dedicated to large French corporate and international clients.
Debt Optimization & Distribution
Debt Optimisation and Distribution business line, covering corporates and financial institutions, is dedicated to the origination, structuring and arrangement of syndicated and bilateral medium-term and long-term loans. It is also in charge of underwriting and of primary and secondary distribution of syndicated loans to banks and non-bank institutional investors.
Global Investment Bank
In France and throughout the world, Global Investment Banking helps the Bank's clients by advising them on issues related to "top-half of the balance sheet" (i.e. equity) transactions and structuring and executing specialised financing (Telecom Finance and Structured Financial Solutions).
Global Markets Division
Global Markets handles all sales and trading activities on the primary and secondary markets (rates, credit, foreign exchange, fixed-income, securitisation and treasury) for products designed for corporates, financial institutions and large issuers. These trading and sales entities are supported by research departments.
Structured Finance
The Structured Finance business consists in originating, structuring, and financing operations involving large-scale investments in France and abroad, often backed by collateral security (e.g. aircraft, ships, corporate real estate, or commodities), as well as complex and structured loans.
International Trade & Transaction Banking
Sustainable Banking
Crédit Agricole CIB advises its clients on operations integrating social and environmental considerations.
Niche Activities: Islamic banking and RMB offer
Crédit Agricole CIB developed sharia compliant products and services and a full range of Renminbi services.
Historical Lines
In 2011, Crédit Agricole CIB announced the closing of equity derivatives and commodities.
See also
Banks portal
Calyon Financial
Crédit Agricole
Crédit Lyonnais
References
^ a b Activity report 2021 - Archived 2013-08-18 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Credit Agricole CIB:International network". Archived from the original on 2010-02-11. Retrieved 2010-02-08.
^ "Xavier Musca has been appointed CEO of CACIB". www.ca-cib.com.
^ "Our solutions: sustainable banking". Crédit agricole CIB. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
^ "Our solutions: Islamic banking". Retrieved 28 January 2018.
^ "Our solutions: RMB offer". Retrieved 28 January 2018.
vteCrédit Agricole GroupShareholder structure
SAS Rue La Boétie
Board of directors
Jean-Marie Sander (Chairman of Crédit Agricole S.A.)
Jean-Paul Chifflet (Chief Executive Officer of Crédit Agricole S.A.)
Division andsubsidiariesFrench Retail Banking
Credit Agricole local banks
39 regional banks
LCL
BforBank
Specialised financial services
Crédit Agricole Consumer Finance
FCA Bank; 50%
Crédit Agricole Leasing & Factoring
EFL
Corporate and Investment Banking
Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank
BSF
CLSA BV
Savings management
Amundi Group
SBI Mutual Fund
Crédit Agricole Private Banking
Indosuez Private Banking
Crédit foncier de Monaco
Crédit Agricole Suisse
Crédit Agricole Luxembourg
CACEIS
Insurances
Crédit Agricole Assurances
Predica
Pacifica
Crédit Agricole Vita
International retail banking
Bankoa
Crédit Agricole Italia
Crédit Agricole Egypt
Crédit Agricole banka Srbija Novi Sad
Crédit Agricole Polska
Crédit Agricole Bank
Crédit du Maroc
Corporate Centre
Crédit Agricole Capital Investissement & Finance
SILCA
Crédit Agricole immobilier
Uni-éditions
Crédit Agricole Cards & Payments
Foncaris
Delfinances
Eurofactor
Former subsidiaries
Crédit Agricole Cheuvreux
Emporiki
Crédit Agricole Private Equity
vteInvestment banksDivisions of universal banksBulge bracket
Barclays
BofA Securities
Citigroup
Deutsche Bank
JPMorgan Chase
UBS
Americas
Bradesco BBI
BMO Capital Markets
CIBC World Markets
Itaú BBA
National Bank Financial Markets
RBC Capital Markets
Scotiabank GBM
TD Securities
TD Cowen
Wells Fargo Securities
EMEA
Banca Akros
Banca IMI
BNP Paribas CIB
Crédit Agricole CIB
Credit Suisse
Danske Bank LC&I
First Abu Dhabi Bank CIB
Handelsbanken Capital Markets
HSBC GBM
ING WB
İş Yatırım
Lloyds Bank Corporate Markets
Natixis
NatWest Markets
Nordea CI&IB
Santander CIB
Sberbank CIB
SEB LC&FI
Société Générale CIB
Standard Chartered CCIB
UniCredit CIB
VTB Capital
APAC
BOC International
CITIC Securities
CLSA
CSC Financial
Mitsubishi UFJ Securities
Mizuho Securities
NH Investment & Securities
SBI Capital Markets
SMBC Nikko Securities
UOB-Kay Hian
IndependentsBulge bracket
Goldman Sachs
Morgan Stanley
Americas
Allen & Company
B. Riley Financial
FBR Capital Markets
Baird
BDT & MSD Partners
Brown Brothers Harriman
BTG Pactual
Canaccord Genuity
Cantor Fitzgerald
Centerview Partners
Drexel Hamilton
Ducera Partners
Evercore
Financial Technology Partners
Greenhill & Co.
Guggenheim Partners
Harris Williams & Co.
Houlihan Lokey
Jefferies
Lazard
Leerink Partners
Lincoln International
LionTree
Moelis & Company
Needham & Company
Oppenheimer
Perella Weinberg Partners
Piper Sandler
PJT Partners
Qatalyst Partners
The Raine Group
Raymond James Financial
Roth Capital Partners
Solomon Partners
Stephens Inc.
Stifel
Keefe, Bruyette & Woods
Miller Buckfire & Co.
Stone Key Partners
William Blair & Company
WR Hambrecht + Co
EMEA
Arbuthnot Latham
AAIB
ABG Sundal Collier
Berenberg Bank
Bpifrance
Carnegie
EFG Hermes
Investec
Kempen
Mediobanca
Numis
Renaissance Capital
Robey Warshaw
Rothschild & Co
Zaoui & Co.
APAC
Barrenjoey Capital Partners
China Galaxy Securities
China International Capital Corporation
China Renaissance
Daiwa Securities Group
Everbright Securities
GF Securities
Guosen Securities
Guotai Junan Securities
Haitong Securities
Huatai Securities
JM Financial
Macquarie Group
Mirae Asset Securities
Nomura Securities
Orient Securities
Samsung Securities
Shenwan Hongyuan
Somerley Capital
Zhongtai Securities
Category
List
Authority control databases
ISNI
VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crédit Agricole Indosuez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole_Indosuez"},{"link_name":"Calyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calyon"},{"link_name":"Crédit Agricole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole"},{"link_name":"investment banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_banking"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank (Crédit Agricole CIB, formerly Crédit Agricole Indosuez then Calyon) is Crédit Agricole's corporate and investment banking entity. With a staff of 8,940 employees[1] (excluding private banking)[1] in 32 countries,[2] Crédit Agricole CIB is active in a broad range of capital markets, investment banking and financing activities. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Championship_League | 2013 Championship League | ["1 Prize fund","2 Group one","2.1 Matches","2.2 Table","2.3 Play-offs","3 Group two","3.1 Matches","3.2 Table","3.3 Play-offs","4 Group three","4.1 Matches","4.2 Table","4.3 Play-offs","5 Group four","5.1 Matches","5.2 Table","5.3 Play-offs","6 Group five","6.1 Matches","6.2 Table","6.3 Play-offs","7 Group six","7.1 Matches","7.2 Table","7.3 Play-offs","8 Group seven","8.1 Matches","8.2 Table","8.3 Play-offs","9 Winners group","9.1 Matches","9.2 Table","9.3 Play-offs","10 Century breaks","11 Winnings","12 References","13 External links"] | This article is about the snooker tournament. For the darts tournament, see 2013 Championship League Darts.
Championship LeagueTournament informationDates7 January – 21 March 2013 (2013-01-07 – 2013-03-21)VenueCrondon Park Golf ClubCityStockCountryEnglandOrganisationMatchroom SportFormatNon-ranking eventTotal prize fund£177,200Winner's share£10,000 (plus bonuses)Highest break Stephen Maguire (SCO) (146)FinalChampion Martin Gould (ENG)Runner-up Ali Carter (ENG)Score3–2← 2012 2014 → Snooker tournament
The 2013 Championship League was a professional non-ranking snooker tournament that was played from 7 January to 21 March 2013 at the Crondon Park Golf Club in Stock, England.
Ding Junhui was the defending champion. but he lost 0–3 against Martin Gould in the semi-finals of the winners group.
Gould won his fourth professional title by defeating Ali Carter 3–2 in the final, and earned a place at the 2013 Champion of Champions.
Prize fund
The breakdown of prize money for this year is shown below:
Group 1–7
Winner: £3,000
Runner-up: £2,000
Semi-final: £1,000
Frame-win (league stage): £100
Frame-win (play-offs): £300
Highest break: £500
Winners group
Winner: £10,000
Runner-up: £5,000
Semi-final: £3,000
Frame-win (league stage): £200
Frame-win (play-offs): £300
Highest break: £1,000
Tournament total: £177,200
Group one
Group one matches were played on 7 and 8 January 2013. John Higgins was the first player to qualify for the winners group.
Matches
Judd Trump 1–3 John Higgins
Shaun Murphy 0–3 Ali Carter
Matthew Stevens 3–2 Mark Davis
Martin Gould 3–0 Judd Trump
John Higgins 3–0 Shaun Murphy
Ali Carter 3–0 Matthew Stevens
Mark Davis 3–0 Martin Gould
Judd Trump 3–0 Shaun Murphy
John Higgins 3–2 Ali Carter
Matthew Stevens 0–3 Martin Gould
Shaun Murphy 3–2 Martin Gould
Mark Davis 3–0 Ali Carter
Judd Trump 3–1 Mark Davis
John Higgins 3–2 Matthew Stevens
Ali Carter 2–3 Martin Gould
Shaun Murphy 2–3 Mark Davis
John Higgins 3–1 Martin Gould
Judd Trump 3–2 Matthew Stevens
Shaun Murphy 3–0 Matthew Stevens
John Higgins 0–3 Mark Davis
Judd Trump 0–3 Ali Carter
Table
Pos
Player
Pld
W
L
FF
FA
FD
1
John Higgins (SCO)
6
5
1
15
9
+6
Qualification to Group 1 play-off
2
Mark Davis (ENG)
6
4
2
15
8
+7
3
Ali Carter (ENG)
6
3
3
13
9
+4
4
Martin Gould (ENG)
6
3
3
12
11
+1
5
Judd Trump (ENG)
6
3
3
10
12
−2
Advances into Group 2
6
Shaun Murphy (ENG)
6
2
4
8
14
−6
Eliminated from the competition
7
Matthew Stevens (WAL)
6
1
5
7
17
−10
Source:
Play-offs
Semi-finalsBest of 5 frames
FinalBest of 5 frames
1
John Higgins (SCO)
3
4
Martin Gould (ENG)
1
1
John Higgins (SCO)
3
3
Ali Carter (ENG)
1
2
Mark Davis (ENG)
2
3
Ali Carter (ENG)
3
Group two
Group two matches were played on 9 and 10 January 2013. Ali Carter was the second player to qualify for the winners group.
Matches
Ali Carter 3–0 Mark Davis
Martin Gould 3–2 Judd Trump
Stephen Maguire 1–3 Neil Robertson
Stuart Bingham 0–3 Ali Carter
Mark Davis 2–3 Martin Gould
Judd Trump 1–3 Stephen Maguire
Neil Robertson 3–0 Stuart Bingham
Ali Carter 3–2 Martin Gould
Mark Davis 2–3 Judd Trump
Stephen Maguire 1–3 Stuart Bingham
Martin Gould 0–3 Stuart Bingham
Neil Robertson 3–1 Judd Trump
Ali Carter 3–2 Neil Robertson
Mark Davis 0–3 Stephen Maguire
Judd Trump 3–2 Stuart Bingham
Martin Gould 3–1 Neil Robertson
Mark Davis 3–1 Stuart Bingham
Ali Carter 2–3 Stephen Maguire
Martin Gould 3–0 Stephen Maguire
Mark Davis 3–1 Neil Robertson
Ali Carter 3–2 Judd Trump
Table
Pos
Player
Pld
W
L
FF
FA
FD
1
Ali Carter (ENG)
6
5
1
17
9
+8
Qualification to Group 2 play-off
2
Martin Gould (ENG)
6
4
2
14
11
+3
3
Neil Robertson (AUS)
6
3
3
13
11
+2
4
Stephen Maguire (SCO)
6
3
3
11
12
−1
5
Judd Trump (ENG)
6
2
4
12
16
−4
Advances into Group 3
6
Mark Davis (ENG)
6
2
4
10
14
−4
Eliminated from the competition
7
Stuart Bingham (ENG)
6
2
4
9
13
−4
Source:
Play-offs
Semi-finalsBest of 5 frames
FinalBest of 5 frames
1
Ali Carter (ENG)
3
4
Stephen Maguire (SCO)
2
1
Ali Carter (ENG)
3
2
Martin Gould (ENG)
0
2
Martin Gould (ENG)
3
3
Neil Robertson (AUS)
1
Group three
Group three matches were played on 21 and 22 January 2013. Ding Junhui was the third player to qualify for the winners group.
Matches
Martin Gould 2–3 Neil Robertson
Stephen Maguire 3–2 Judd Trump
Mark Selby 3–1 Mark Williams
Ding Junhui 3–1 Martin Gould
Neil Robertson 0–3 Stephen Maguire
Judd Trump 1–3 Mark Selby
Mark Williams 0–3 Ding Junhui
Martin Gould 2–3 Stephen Maguire
Neil Robertson 2–3 Judd Trump
Mark Selby 3–1 Ding Junhui
Stephen Maguire 3–1 Ding Junhui
Mark Williams 3–1 Judd Trump
Judd Trump 3–0 Ding Junhui
Stephen Maguire 1–3 Mark Williams
Martin Gould 3–1 Mark Williams
Neil Robertson 1–3 Mark Selby
Neil Robertson 1–3 Ding Junhui
Martin Gould 3–2 Mark Selby
Stephen Maguire 3–1 Mark Selby
Neil Robertson 3–1 Mark Williams
Martin Gould 0–3 Judd Trump
Table
Pos
Player
Pld
W
L
FF
FA
FD
1
Stephen Maguire (SCO)
6
5
1
16
9
+7
Qualification to Group 3 play-off
2
Mark Selby (ENG)
6
4
2
15
10
+5
3
Judd Trump (ENG)
6
3
3
13
11
+2
4
Ding Junhui (CHN)
6
3
3
11
11
0
5
Martin Gould (ENG)
6
2
4
11
15
−4
Advances into Group 4
6
Neil Robertson (AUS)
6
2
4
10
15
−5
Eliminated from the competition
7
Mark Williams (WAL)
6
2
4
9
14
−5
Source:
Play-offs
Semi-finalsBest of 5 frames
FinalBest of 5 frames
1
Stephen Maguire (SCO)
1
4
Ding Junhui (CHN)
3
4
Ding Junhui (CHN)
3
3
Judd Trump (ENG)
2
2
Mark Selby (ENG)
1
3
Judd Trump (ENG)
3
Group four
Group four matches were played on 23 and 24 January 2013. Mark Allen was the fourth player to qualify for the winners group.
Matches
Judd Trump 2–3 Stephen Maguire
Mark Selby 0–3 Martin Gould
Ricky Walden 1–3 Mark Allen
Barry Hawkins 1–3 Judd Trump
Stephen Maguire 0–3 Mark Selby
Martin Gould 0–3 Ricky Walden
Mark Allen 3–1 Barry Hawkins
Judd Trump 3–1 Mark Selby
Stephen Maguire 3–0 Martin Gould
Ricky Walden 1–3 Barry Hawkins
Mark Selby 3–2 Barry Hawkins
Mark Allen 3–0 Martin Gould
Judd Trump 0–3 Mark Allen
Stephen Maguire 3–0 Ricky Walden
Martin Gould 3–2 Barry Hawkins
Mark Selby 0–3 Mark Allen
Stephen Maguire 2–3 Barry Hawkins
Judd Trump 2–3 Ricky Walden
Mark Selby 2–3 Ricky Walden
Stephen Maguire 1–3 Mark Allen
Judd Trump 1–3 Martin Gould
Table
Pos
Player
Pld
W
L
FF
FA
FD
1
Mark Allen (NIR)
6
6
0
18
3
+15
Qualification to Group 4 play-off
2
Stephen Maguire (SCO)
6
3
3
12
11
+1
3
Ricky Walden (ENG)
6
3
3
11
13
−2
4
Martin Gould (ENG)
6
3
3
9
12
−3
5
Barry Hawkins (ENG)
6
2
4
12
15
−3
Advances into Group 5
6
Judd Trump (ENG)
6
2
4
11
14
−3
Eliminated from the competition
7
Mark Selby (ENG)
6
2
4
9
14
−5
Source:
Play-offs
Semi-finalsBest of 5 frames
FinalBest of 5 frames
1
Mark Allen (NIR)
3
4
Martin Gould (ENG)
0
1
Mark Allen (NIR)
3
2
Stephen Maguire (SCO)
2
2
Stephen Maguire (SCO)
3
3
Ricky Walden (ENG)
2
Group five
Group five matches were played on 4 and 5 February 2013. Martin Gould was the fifth player to qualify for the winners group.
Matches
Stephen Maguire 3–0 Ricky Walden
Martin Gould 0–3 Barry Hawkins
Joe Perry 3–2 Peter Ebdon
Ryan Day 0–3 Stephen Maguire
Ricky Walden 3–1 Martin Gould
Barry Hawkins 1–3 Joe Perry
Peter Ebdon 1–3 Ryan Day
Stephen Maguire 3–2 Martin Gould
Ricky Walden 1–3 Barry Hawkins
Joe Perry 1–3 Ryan Day
Martin Gould 3–0 Ryan Day
Peter Ebdon 0–3 Barry Hawkins
Stephen Maguire 3–0 Peter Ebdon
Ricky Walden 3–1 Joe Perry
Barry Hawkins 3–1 Ryan Day
Martin Gould 3–1 Peter Ebdon
Ricky Walden 1–3 Ryan Day
Stephen Maguire 3–2 Joe Perry
Martin Gould 3–2 Joe Perry
Ricky Walden 3–0 Peter Ebdon
Stephen Maguire 2–3 Barry Hawkins
Table
Pos
Player
Pld
W
L
FF
FA
FD
1
Stephen Maguire (SCO)
6
5
1
17
7
+10
Qualification to Group 5 play-off
2
Barry Hawkins (ENG)
6
5
1
16
7
+9
3
Martin Gould (ENG)
6
3
3
12
12
0
4
Ricky Walden (ENG)
6
3
3
11
11
0
5
Ryan Day (WAL)
6
3
3
10
12
−2
Advances into Group 6
6
Joe Perry (ENG)
6
2
4
12
15
−3
Eliminated from the competition
7
Peter Ebdon (ENG)
6
0
6
4
18
−14
Source:
Play-offs
Semi-finalsBest of 5 frames
FinalBest of 5 frames
1
Stephen Maguire (SCO)
3
4
Ricky Walden (ENG)
0
1
Stephen Maguire (SCO)
1
3
Martin Gould (ENG)
3
2
Barry Hawkins (ENG)
1
3
Martin Gould (ENG)
3
Group six
Group six matches were played on 6 and 7 February 2013. Barry Hawkins was the sixth player to qualify for the winners group.
Matches
Stephen Maguire 0–3 Barry Hawkins
Ricky Walden 1–3 Ryan Day
Marcus Campbell 2–3 Marco Fu
Dominic Dale 3–1 Stephen Maguire
Barry Hawkins 1–3 Ricky Walden
Ryan Day 3–1 Marcus Campbell
Marco Fu 2–3 Dominic Dale
Stephen Maguire 3–0 Ricky Walden
Barry Hawkins 3–0 Ryan Day
Marcus Campbell 3–0 Dominic Dale
Ricky Walden 3–2 Dominic Dale
Marco Fu 1–3 Ryan Day
Stephen Maguire 3–2 Marco Fu
Barry Hawkins 3–0 Marcus Campbell
Ryan Day 1–3 Dominic Dale
Ricky Walden 0–3 Marco Fu
Barry Hawkins 3–1 Dominic Dale
Stephen Maguire 3–1 Marcus Campbell
Ricky Walden 3–0 Marcus Campbell
Barry Hawkins 1–3 Marco Fu
Stephen Maguire 3–2 Ryan Day
Table
Pos
Player
Pld
W
L
FF
FA
FD
1
Barry Hawkins (ENG)
6
4
2
14
7
+7
Qualification to Group 6 play-off
2
Stephen Maguire (SCO)
6
4
2
13
11
+2
3
Marco Fu (HKG)
6
3
3
14
12
+2
4
Ryan Day (WAL)
6
3
3
12
12
0
5
Dominic Dale (WAL)
6
3
3
12
13
−1
Advances into Group 7
6
Ricky Walden (ENG)
6
3
3
10
12
−2
Eliminated from the competition
7
Marcus Campbell (SCO)
6
1
5
7
15
−8
Source:
Play-offs
Semi-finalsBest of 5 frames
FinalBest of 5 frames
1
Barry Hawkins (ENG)
3
4
Ryan Day (WAL)
0
1
Barry Hawkins (ENG)
3
2
Stephen Maguire (SCO)
1
2
Stephen Maguire (SCO)
3
3
Marco Fu (HKG)
1
Group seven
Group seven matches were played on 18 and 19 March 2013. Marco Fu was the last player to qualify for the winners group.
Matches
Stephen Maguire 3–0 Marco Fu
Ryan Day 2–3 Dominic Dale
Andrew Higginson 3–0 Tom Ford
Robert Milkins 3–1 Stephen Maguire
Marco Fu 3–1 Ryan Day
Dominic Dale 2–3 Andrew Higginson
Tom Ford 0–3 Robert Milkins
Stephen Maguire 3–0 Ryan Day
Marco Fu 3–1 Dominic Dale
Andrew Higginson 1–3 Robert Milkins
Ryan Day 3–0 Robert Milkins
Tom Ford 1–3 Dominic Dale
Stephen Maguire 2–3 Tom Ford
Marco Fu 3–2 Andrew Higginson
Dominic Dale 3–2 Robert Milkins
Ryan Day 2–3 Tom Ford
Marco Fu 3–1 Robert Milkins
Stephen Maguire 3–2 Andrew Higginson
Ryan Day 2–3 Andrew Higginson
Marco Fu 3–1 Tom Ford
Stephen Maguire 3–0 Dominic Dale
Table
Pos
Player
Pld
W
L
FF
FA
FD
1
Marco Fu (HKG)
6
5
1
15
9
+6
Qualification to Group 7 play-off
2
Stephen Maguire (SCO)
6
4
2
15
8
+7
3
Andrew Higginson (ENG)
6
3
3
14
13
+1
4
Robert Milkins (ENG)
6
3
3
12
11
+1
5
Dominic Dale (WAL)
6
3
3
12
14
−2
Eliminated from the competition
6
Tom Ford (ENG)
6
2
4
8
16
−8
7
Ryan Day (WAL)
6
1
5
10
15
−5
Source:
Play-offs
Semi-finalsBest of 5 frames
FinalBest of 5 frames
1
Marco Fu (HKG)
3
4
Robert Milkins (ENG)
0
1
Marco Fu (HKG)
3
2
Stephen Maguire (SCO)
0
2
Stephen Maguire (SCO)
3
3
Andrew Higginson (ENG)
1
Winners group
The matches of the winners group were played on 20 and 21 March 2013. Martin Gould won his first Championship League title.
Matches
John Higgins 1–3 Ali Carter
Ding Junhui 3–1 Mark Allen
Martin Gould 2–3 Barry Hawkins
Marco Fu 0–3 John Higgins
Ali Carter 3–1 Ding Junhui
Mark Allen 0–3 Martin Gould
Barry Hawkins 0–3 Marco Fu
John Higgins 1–3 Ding Junhui
Ali Carter 2–3 Mark Allen
Martin Gould 2–3 Marco Fu
Ding Junhui 3–2 Marco Fu
Barry Hawkins 1–3 Mark Allen
John Higgins 0–3 Barry Hawkins
Ali Carter 0–3 Martin Gould
Mark Allen 0–3 Marco Fu
Ding Junhui 3–2 Barry Hawkins
Ali Carter 3–1 Marco Fu
John Higgins 3–0 Martin Gould
Ding Junhui 1–3 Martin Gould
Ali Carter 3–0 Barry Hawkins
John Higgins 1–3 Mark Allen
Table
Pos
Player
Pld
W
L
FF
FA
FD
1
Ali Carter (ENG)
6
4
2
14
9
+5
Qualification to Winners' Group play-off
2
Ding Junhui (CHN)
6
4
2
14
12
+2
3
Martin Gould (ENG)
6
3
3
13
10
+3
4
Marco Fu (HKG)
6
3
3
12
11
+1
5
Mark Allen (NIR)
6
3
3
10
13
−3
Eliminated from the competition
6
John Higgins (SCO)
6
2
4
9
12
−3
7
Barry Hawkins (ENG)
6
2
4
9
14
−5
Source:
Play-offs
Semi-finalsBest of 5 frames
FinalBest of 5 frames
1
Ali Carter (ENG)
3
4
Marco Fu (HKG)
0
1
Ali Carter (ENG)
2
3
Martin Gould (ENG)
3
2
Ding Junhui (CHN)
0
3
Martin Gould (ENG)
3
Century breaks
Total: 89
146 (4), 128, 118, 109, 109, 109, 109, 103 – Stephen Maguire
143 (W), 141, 139, 134, 128, 122, 120, 103, 101 – Ding Junhui
140 (7), 137, 134, 130, 129, 112, 107, 103, 101 – Marco Fu
140, 137 (3), 132, 122, 103 – Mark Selby
140 (1), 117, 112, 103, 102, 102 – Ali Carter
139 (5), 139, 137 (3), 133 (2), 125, 119, 113, 101, 100, 100, 100 – Martin Gould
137 (3), 136, 122, 113, 112, 110 – Judd Trump
137 (6), 133, 104, 101 – Ryan Day
133 (2), 114, 113, 109 – Neil Robertson
133, 102 – Joe Perry
131, 126, 103, 102 – John Higgins
130, 127, 114, 107 – Ricky Walden
130, 118, 114, 104, 101 – Shaun Murphy
129, 124, 119, 105, 100 – Barry Hawkins
129 – Andrew Higginson
126, 125, 113, 109, 109, 106, 100 – Mark Allen
122 – Stuart Bingham
107 – Mark Davis
102 – Matthew Stevens
Bold: highest break in the indicated group.
Winnings
No.
Player
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
W
TOTAL
1
Martin Gould (ENG)
2,500
4,550
1,267
1,900
6,500
14,400
31,117
2
Stephen Maguire (SCO)
2,700
2,900
5,200
4,900
4,500
4,400
24,600
3
Ali Carter (ENG)
5,000
6,500
9,300
20,800
4
Marco Fu (HKG)
2,700
6,800
5,400
14,900
5
Ding Junhui (CHN)
5,900
6,800
12,700
6
Barry Hawkins (ENG)
1,200
2,900
6,200
1,800
12,100
7
Mark Allen (NIR)
6,600
2,000
8,600
8
Judd Trump (ENG)
1,000
1,200
4,967
1,100
8,267
9
John Higgins (SCO)
6,300
1,800
8,100
10
Ricky Walden (ENG)
2,700
2,100
1,000
5,800
11
Ryan Day (WAL)
1,000
2,700
1,000
4,700
12
Mark Davis (ENG)
3,100
1,000
4,100
13
Mark Selby (ENG)
2,967
900
3,867
14
Neil Robertson (AUS)
2,850
1,000
3,850
15
Andrew Higginson (ENG)
2,700
2,700
16
Dominic Dale (WAL)
1,200
1,200
2,400
17
Robert Milkins (ENG)
2,200
2,200
18
Joe Perry (ENG)
1,200
1,200
19
Stuart Bingham (ENG)
900
900
=
Mark Williams (WAL)
900
900
21
Shaun Murphy (ENG)
800
800
=
Tom Ford (ENG)
800
800
23
Matthew Stevens (WAL)
700
700
=
Marcus Campbell (SCO)
700
700
25
Peter Ebdon (ENG)
400
400
Total prize money
19,400
19,700
19,900
19,600
19,000
19,000
19,100
41,500
177,200
Green: Won the group. Bold: Highest break in the group. All prize money in GBP.
References
^ "Dynamic Ding is CLS King". championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk. Matchroom Sport. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
^ "Gould lifts Championship League Snooker title". Eurosport UK. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
^ "Gould Targets Coventry Success". worldsnooker.com. World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. 18 November 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
^ "Prize fund for 2013 Championship League Snooker". premierleaguesnooker.com. Matchroom Sport. 31 December 2012. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
^ a b "Gould Wins Championship League". worldsnooker.com. World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. Archived from the original on 27 March 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
^ "Championship League – Group 1 (2013)". Snooker.org. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
^ "2013 CLS Group One results & table". championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk. Matchroom Sport. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
^ "Championship League – Group 2 (2013)". Snooker.org. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
^ "2013 CLS Group Two results & table". championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk. Matchroom Sport. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
^ "Championship League – Group 3 (2013)". Snooker.org. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
^ "2013 CLS Group Three results & table". championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk. Matchroom Sport. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
^ "Championship League – Group 4 (2013)". Snooker.org. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
^ "2013 CLS Group Four results & table". championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk. Matchroom Sport. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
^ "Championship League – Group 5 (2013)". Snooker.org. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
^ "2013 CLS Group Five results and table". championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk. Matchroom Sport. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
^ "Championship League – Group 6 (2013)". Snooker.org. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
^ "2013 CLS Group Six Results & Table". championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk. Matchroom Sport. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
^ "Championship League – Group 7 (2013)". Snooker.org. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
^ "2013 CLS Group Seven Results & Table". championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk. Matchroom Sport. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
^ "Championship League – Winners Group (2013)". Snooker.org. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
^ "2013 CLS Winners' Group Results & Table". championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk. Matchroom Sport. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
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ranking points | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2013 Championship League Darts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Championship_League_Darts"},{"link_name":"Championship League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship_League"},{"link_name":"ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snooker_world_rankings"},{"link_name":"snooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snooker"},{"link_name":"Crondon Park Golf Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crondon_Park_Golf_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock,_Essex"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Ding Junhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Junhui"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Martin Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gould"},{"link_name":"Ali Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Carter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2013 Champion of Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Champion_of_Champions"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This article is about the snooker tournament. For the darts tournament, see 2013 Championship League Darts.Snooker tournamentThe 2013 Championship League was a professional non-ranking snooker tournament that was played from 7 January to 21 March 2013 at the Crondon Park Golf Club in Stock, England.Ding Junhui was the defending champion.[1] but he lost 0–3 against Martin Gould in the semi-finals of the winners group.Gould won his fourth professional title by defeating Ali Carter 3–2 in the final,[2] and earned a place at the 2013 Champion of Champions.[3]","title":"2013 Championship League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"£","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WG_frame-win_pm-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WG_frame-win_pm-5"}],"text":"The breakdown of prize money for this year is shown below:[4]Group 1–7\nWinner: £3,000\nRunner-up: £2,000\nSemi-final: £1,000\nFrame-win (league stage): £100\nFrame-win (play-offs): £300\nHighest break: £500\nWinners group\nWinner: £10,000\nRunner-up: £5,000\nSemi-final: £3,000\nFrame-win (league stage): £200[5]\nFrame-win (play-offs): £300[5]\nHighest break: £1,000Tournament total: £177,200","title":"Prize fund"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLS_Group_1-7"},{"link_name":"John Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Higgins"}],"text":"Group one matches were played on 7 and 8 January 2013.[6][7] John Higgins was the first player to qualify for the winners group.","title":"Group one"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Matches","text":"Judd Trump 1–3 John Higgins\nShaun Murphy 0–3 Ali Carter\nMatthew Stevens 3–2 Mark Davis\nMartin Gould 3–0 Judd Trump\nJohn Higgins 3–0 Shaun Murphy\nAli Carter 3–0 Matthew Stevens\nMark Davis 3–0 Martin Gould\nJudd Trump 3–0 Shaun Murphy\nJohn Higgins 3–2 Ali Carter\nMatthew Stevens 0–3 Martin Gould\nShaun Murphy 3–2 Martin Gould\nMark Davis 3–0 Ali Carter\nJudd Trump 3–1 Mark Davis\nJohn Higgins 3–2 Matthew Stevens\nAli Carter 2–3 Martin Gould\nShaun Murphy 2–3 Mark Davis\nJohn Higgins 3–1 Martin Gould\nJudd Trump 3–2 Matthew Stevens\nShaun Murphy 3–0 Matthew Stevens\nJohn Higgins 0–3 Mark Davis\nJudd Trump 0–3 Ali Carter","title":"Group one"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140223051100/http://www.championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/results/2013_cls_group_one_results.htm"}],"sub_title":"Table","text":"Source: [1]","title":"Group one"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Play-offs","title":"Group one"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLS_Group_2-9"},{"link_name":"Ali Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Carter"}],"text":"Group two matches were played on 9 and 10 January 2013.[8][9] Ali Carter was the second player to qualify for the winners group.","title":"Group two"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Matches","text":"Ali Carter 3–0 Mark Davis\nMartin Gould 3–2 Judd Trump\nStephen Maguire 1–3 Neil Robertson\nStuart Bingham 0–3 Ali Carter\nMark Davis 2–3 Martin Gould\nJudd Trump 1–3 Stephen Maguire\nNeil Robertson 3–0 Stuart Bingham\nAli Carter 3–2 Martin Gould\nMark Davis 2–3 Judd Trump\nStephen Maguire 1–3 Stuart Bingham\nMartin Gould 0–3 Stuart Bingham\nNeil Robertson 3–1 Judd Trump\nAli Carter 3–2 Neil Robertson\nMark Davis 0–3 Stephen Maguire\nJudd Trump 3–2 Stuart Bingham\nMartin Gould 3–1 Neil Robertson\nMark Davis 3–1 Stuart Bingham\nAli Carter 2–3 Stephen Maguire\nMartin Gould 3–0 Stephen Maguire\nMark Davis 3–1 Neil Robertson\nAli Carter 3–2 Judd Trump","title":"Group two"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140223051012/http://www.championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/results/2013_cls_group_two_results.htm"}],"sub_title":"Table","text":"Source: [2]","title":"Group two"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Play-offs","title":"Group two"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLS_Group_3-11"},{"link_name":"Ding Junhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Junhui"}],"text":"Group three matches were played on 21 and 22 January 2013.[10][11] Ding Junhui was the third player to qualify for the winners group.","title":"Group three"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Matches","text":"Martin Gould 2–3 Neil Robertson\nStephen Maguire 3–2 Judd Trump\nMark Selby 3–1 Mark Williams\nDing Junhui 3–1 Martin Gould\nNeil Robertson 0–3 Stephen Maguire\nJudd Trump 1–3 Mark Selby\nMark Williams 0–3 Ding Junhui\nMartin Gould 2–3 Stephen Maguire\nNeil Robertson 2–3 Judd Trump\nMark Selby 3–1 Ding Junhui\nStephen Maguire 3–1 Ding Junhui\nMark Williams 3–1 Judd Trump\nJudd Trump 3–0 Ding Junhui\nStephen Maguire 1–3 Mark Williams\nMartin Gould 3–1 Mark Williams\nNeil Robertson 1–3 Mark Selby\nNeil Robertson 1–3 Ding Junhui\nMartin Gould 3–2 Mark Selby\nStephen Maguire 3–1 Mark Selby\nNeil Robertson 3–1 Mark Williams\nMartin Gould 0–3 Judd Trump","title":"Group three"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140223051017/http://www.championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/results/2013_cls_group_three_results.htm"}],"sub_title":"Table","text":"Source: [3]","title":"Group three"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Play-offs","title":"Group three"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLS_Group_4-13"},{"link_name":"Mark Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Allen_(snooker_player)"}],"text":"Group four matches were played on 23 and 24 January 2013.[12][13] Mark Allen was the fourth player to qualify for the winners group.","title":"Group four"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Matches","text":"Judd Trump 2–3 Stephen Maguire\nMark Selby 0–3 Martin Gould\nRicky Walden 1–3 Mark Allen\nBarry Hawkins 1–3 Judd Trump\nStephen Maguire 0–3 Mark Selby\nMartin Gould 0–3 Ricky Walden\nMark Allen 3–1 Barry Hawkins\nJudd Trump 3–1 Mark Selby\nStephen Maguire 3–0 Martin Gould\nRicky Walden 1–3 Barry Hawkins\nMark Selby 3–2 Barry Hawkins\nMark Allen 3–0 Martin Gould\nJudd Trump 0–3 Mark Allen\nStephen Maguire 3–0 Ricky Walden\nMartin Gould 3–2 Barry Hawkins\nMark Selby 0–3 Mark Allen\nStephen Maguire 2–3 Barry Hawkins\nJudd Trump 2–3 Ricky Walden\nMark Selby 2–3 Ricky Walden\nStephen Maguire 1–3 Mark Allen\nJudd Trump 1–3 Martin Gould","title":"Group four"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140222223107/http://www.championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/results/2013_cls_group_four_results.htm"}],"sub_title":"Table","text":"Source: [4]","title":"Group four"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Play-offs","title":"Group four"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLS_Group_5-15"},{"link_name":"Martin Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gould"}],"text":"Group five matches were played on 4 and 5 February 2013.[14][15] Martin Gould was the fifth player to qualify for the winners group.","title":"Group five"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Matches","text":"Stephen Maguire 3–0 Ricky Walden\nMartin Gould 0–3 Barry Hawkins\nJoe Perry 3–2 Peter Ebdon\nRyan Day 0–3 Stephen Maguire\nRicky Walden 3–1 Martin Gould\nBarry Hawkins 1–3 Joe Perry\nPeter Ebdon 1–3 Ryan Day\nStephen Maguire 3–2 Martin Gould\nRicky Walden 1–3 Barry Hawkins\nJoe Perry 1–3 Ryan Day\nMartin Gould 3–0 Ryan Day\nPeter Ebdon 0–3 Barry Hawkins\nStephen Maguire 3–0 Peter Ebdon\nRicky Walden 3–1 Joe Perry\nBarry Hawkins 3–1 Ryan Day\nMartin Gould 3–1 Peter Ebdon\nRicky Walden 1–3 Ryan Day\nStephen Maguire 3–2 Joe Perry\nMartin Gould 3–2 Joe Perry\nRicky Walden 3–0 Peter Ebdon\nStephen Maguire 2–3 Barry Hawkins","title":"Group five"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140223051102/http://www.championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/results/2013_cls_group_five_results_and.htm"}],"sub_title":"Table","text":"Source: [5]","title":"Group five"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Play-offs","title":"Group five"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLS_Group_6-17"},{"link_name":"Barry Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Hawkins"}],"text":"Group six matches were played on 6 and 7 February 2013.[16][17] Barry Hawkins was the sixth player to qualify for the winners group.","title":"Group six"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Matches","text":"Stephen Maguire 0–3 Barry Hawkins\nRicky Walden 1–3 Ryan Day\nMarcus Campbell 2–3 Marco Fu\nDominic Dale 3–1 Stephen Maguire\nBarry Hawkins 1–3 Ricky Walden\nRyan Day 3–1 Marcus Campbell\nMarco Fu 2–3 Dominic Dale\nStephen Maguire 3–0 Ricky Walden\nBarry Hawkins 3–0 Ryan Day\nMarcus Campbell 3–0 Dominic Dale\nRicky Walden 3–2 Dominic Dale\nMarco Fu 1–3 Ryan Day\nStephen Maguire 3–2 Marco Fu\nBarry Hawkins 3–0 Marcus Campbell\nRyan Day 1–3 Dominic Dale\nRicky Walden 0–3 Marco Fu\nBarry Hawkins 3–1 Dominic Dale\nStephen Maguire 3–1 Marcus Campbell\nRicky Walden 3–0 Marcus Campbell\nBarry Hawkins 1–3 Marco Fu\nStephen Maguire 3–2 Ryan Day","title":"Group six"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140223051111/http://www.championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/results/2013_cls_group_six_results.htm"}],"sub_title":"Table","text":"Source: [6]","title":"Group six"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Play-offs","title":"Group six"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLS_Group_7-19"},{"link_name":"Marco Fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Fu"}],"text":"Group seven matches were played on 18 and 19 March 2013.[18][19] Marco Fu was the last player to qualify for the winners group.","title":"Group seven"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Matches","text":"Stephen Maguire 3–0 Marco Fu\nRyan Day 2–3 Dominic Dale\nAndrew Higginson 3–0 Tom Ford\nRobert Milkins 3–1 Stephen Maguire\nMarco Fu 3–1 Ryan Day\nDominic Dale 2–3 Andrew Higginson\nTom Ford 0–3 Robert Milkins\nStephen Maguire 3–0 Ryan Day\nMarco Fu 3–1 Dominic Dale\nAndrew Higginson 1–3 Robert Milkins\nRyan Day 3–0 Robert Milkins\nTom Ford 1–3 Dominic Dale\nStephen Maguire 2–3 Tom Ford\nMarco Fu 3–2 Andrew Higginson\nDominic Dale 3–2 Robert Milkins\nRyan Day 2–3 Tom Ford\nMarco Fu 3–1 Robert Milkins\nStephen Maguire 3–2 Andrew Higginson\nRyan Day 2–3 Andrew Higginson\nMarco Fu 3–1 Tom Ford\nStephen Maguire 3–0 Dominic Dale","title":"Group seven"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140223051019/http://www.championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/results/2013_cls_group_seven_results.htm"}],"sub_title":"Table","text":"Source: [7]","title":"Group seven"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Play-offs","title":"Group seven"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CLS_Winners_Group-21"},{"link_name":"Martin Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gould"}],"text":"The matches of the winners group were played on 20 and 21 March 2013.[20][21] Martin Gould won his first Championship League title.","title":"Winners group"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Matches","text":"John Higgins 1–3 Ali Carter\nDing Junhui 3–1 Mark Allen\nMartin Gould 2–3 Barry Hawkins\nMarco Fu 0–3 John Higgins\nAli Carter 3–1 Ding Junhui\nMark Allen 0–3 Martin Gould\nBarry Hawkins 0–3 Marco Fu\nJohn Higgins 1–3 Ding Junhui\nAli Carter 2–3 Mark Allen\nMartin Gould 2–3 Marco Fu\nDing Junhui 3–2 Marco Fu\nBarry Hawkins 1–3 Mark Allen\nJohn Higgins 0–3 Barry Hawkins\nAli Carter 0–3 Martin Gould\nMark Allen 0–3 Marco Fu\nDing Junhui 3–2 Barry Hawkins\nAli Carter 3–1 Marco Fu\nJohn Higgins 3–0 Martin Gould\nDing Junhui 1–3 Martin Gould\nAli Carter 3–0 Barry Hawkins\nJohn Higgins 1–3 Mark Allen","title":"Winners group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140223051104/http://www.championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/results/2013_cls_winners_group_results.htm"}],"sub_title":"Table","text":"Source: [8]","title":"Winners group"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Play-offs","title":"Winners group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephen Maguire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Maguire"},{"link_name":"Ding Junhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Junhui"},{"link_name":"Marco Fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Fu"},{"link_name":"Mark Selby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Selby"},{"link_name":"Ali Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Carter"},{"link_name":"Martin Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gould"},{"link_name":"Judd Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judd_Trump"},{"link_name":"Ryan Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Day_(snooker_player)"},{"link_name":"Neil Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Joe Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Perry_(snooker_player)"},{"link_name":"John Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Higgins"},{"link_name":"Ricky Walden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Walden"},{"link_name":"Shaun Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Barry Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"Andrew Higginson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Higginson"},{"link_name":"Mark Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Allen_(snooker_player)"},{"link_name":"Stuart Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Bingham"},{"link_name":"Mark Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Davis_(snooker_player)"},{"link_name":"Matthew Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Stevens"}],"text":"Total: 89146 (4), 128, 118, 109, 109, 109, 109, 103 – Stephen Maguire\n143 (W), 141, 139, 134, 128, 122, 120, 103, 101 – Ding Junhui\n140 (7), 137, 134, 130, 129, 112, 107, 103, 101 – Marco Fu\n140, 137 (3), 132, 122, 103 – Mark Selby\n140 (1), 117, 112, 103, 102, 102 – Ali Carter\n139 (5), 139, 137 (3), 133 (2), 125, 119, 113, 101, 100, 100, 100 – Martin Gould\n137 (3), 136, 122, 113, 112, 110 – Judd Trump\n137 (6), 133, 104, 101 – Ryan Day\n133 (2), 114, 113, 109 – Neil Robertson\n133, 102 – Joe Perry\n131, 126, 103, 102 – John Higgins\n130, 127, 114, 107 – Ricky Walden\n130, 118, 114, 104, 101 – Shaun Murphy\n129, 124, 119, 105, 100 – Barry Hawkins\n129 – Andrew Higginson\n126, 125, 113, 109, 109, 106, 100 – Mark Allen\n122 – Stuart Bingham\n107 – Mark Davis\n102 – Matthew StevensBold: highest break in the indicated group.","title":"Century breaks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GBP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBP"}],"text":"Green: Won the group. Bold: Highest break in the group. All prize money in GBP.","title":"Winnings"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Dynamic Ding is CLS King\". championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk. Matchroom Sport. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140223051109/http://www.championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/news/dynamic_ding_is_cls_king.htm","url_text":"\"Dynamic Ding is CLS King\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matchroom_Sport","url_text":"Matchroom Sport"},{"url":"http://www.championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/news/dynamic_ding_is_cls_king.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gould lifts Championship League Snooker title\". Eurosport UK. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305151052/http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/news/snooker-gould-lifts-championship-league-snooker-title-224619494.html","url_text":"\"Gould lifts Championship League Snooker title\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurosport","url_text":"Eurosport UK"},{"url":"http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/news/snooker-gould-lifts-championship-league-snooker-title-224619494.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gould Targets Coventry Success\". worldsnooker.com. World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. 18 November 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~3541084,00.html","url_text":"\"Gould Targets Coventry Success\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Professional_Billiards_and_Snooker_Association","url_text":"World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Prize fund for 2013 Championship League Snooker\". premierleaguesnooker.com. Matchroom Sport. 31 December 2012. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235047/http://www.premierleaguesnooker.com/championship/moneywon/prize_fund_for_2013_championship_league.htm","url_text":"\"Prize fund for 2013 Championship League Snooker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matchroom_Sport","url_text":"Matchroom Sport"},{"url":"http://www.premierleaguesnooker.com/championship/moneywon/prize_fund_for_2013_championship_league.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gould Wins Championship League\". worldsnooker.com. World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. Archived from the original on 27 March 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130327132336/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~3118150%2C00.html","url_text":"\"Gould Wins Championship League\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Professional_Billiards_and_Snooker_Association","url_text":"World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association"},{"url":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~3118150,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Championship League – Group 1 (2013)\". Snooker.org. Retrieved 8 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=208","url_text":"\"Championship League – Group 1 (2013)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 CLS Group One results & table\". championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk. Matchroom Sport. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140223051100/http://www.championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/results/2013_cls_group_one_results.htm","url_text":"\"2013 CLS Group One results & table\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matchroom_Sport","url_text":"Matchroom Sport"},{"url":"http://www.championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/results/2013_cls_group_one_results.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Championship League – Group 2 (2013)\". Snooker.org. Retrieved 10 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=209","url_text":"\"Championship League – Group 2 (2013)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 CLS Group Two results & table\". championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk. Matchroom Sport. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140223051012/http://www.championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/results/2013_cls_group_two_results.htm","url_text":"\"2013 CLS Group Two results & table\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matchroom_Sport","url_text":"Matchroom Sport"},{"url":"http://www.championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/results/2013_cls_group_two_results.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Championship League – Group 3 (2013)\". Snooker.org. Retrieved 22 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=210","url_text":"\"Championship League – Group 3 (2013)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 CLS Group Three results & table\". championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk. Matchroom Sport. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140223051017/http://www.championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/results/2013_cls_group_three_results.htm","url_text":"\"2013 CLS Group Three results & table\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matchroom_Sport","url_text":"Matchroom Sport"},{"url":"http://www.championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk/results/2013_cls_group_three_results.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Championship League – Group 4 (2013)\". Snooker.org. Retrieved 24 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=211","url_text":"\"Championship League – Group 4 (2013)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 CLS Group Four results & table\". championshipleaguesnooker.co.uk. Matchroom Sport. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachelle_Ann_Rocks_Live! | Rachelle Ann Rocks Live! | ["1 Release","2 Track listing","3 DVD track listing","4 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rachelle Ann Rocks Live!" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
2008 live album by Rachelle Ann GoRachelle Ann Rocks Live!Live album by Rachelle Ann GoReleased2008Recorded2008GenreRockLabelVIVA RecordsRachelle Ann Go chronology
Obsession(2007)
Rachelle Ann Rocks Live!(2008)
Falling in Love(2009)
Singles from Rachelle Ann Go Rocks Live!
"Honestly"
"Crying"
"The Search Is Over"
"Someone"
Rachelle Ann Rocks Live! is the first live cover album by Filipina singer Rachelle Ann Go. Recorded at Live at 19 East in 2008, the album marks Go's first attempt to do a live album featuring cover versions of song by Survivor, Bon Jovi, The Rembrandts, Bryan Adams, Ambrosia, and Aerosmith, among others. It was her fourth album.
Release
Released in 2008, the album's first single was a cover of the Harem Scarem song "Honestly", which dominated the charts in the same week it was released. VIVA later announced that her next single was an Aerosmith revival, "Cryin'", but because the single was exclusive to MTV Southeast Asia, VIVA Records instead used her own version of "The Search Is Over". Her third single was a cover of the Amy Grant song, "That's What Love Is For". According to Viva Records, as of November 2008, seven months from its release, the album has already achieved a Gold Record Status for its outstanding sale of more than 12,500.
There were originally 16 tracks in the album, but the three songs were cut, namely "After the Rain" (Nelson), "To Be with You" (Mr. Big), and "Set You Free". The three tracks were later included in the DVD release.
Track listing
"The Search Is Over" (4:47)
"This Ain't a Love Song" (4:46)
"Someone" (4:13)
"When You Love Someone" (3:41)
"I Just Can't Let Go" (5:06)
"Cryin'" (4:42)
"Can't Cry Hard Enough" (3:56)
"No Rain" (3:11)
"Can't Fight This Feeling" (4:34)
"Honestly" (4:07)
"Missing You" (4:33)
"Two Steps Behind" (3:45)
"That's What Love Is For" (5:55)
DVD track listing
"After the Rain"
"To Be with You"
"The Search Is Over" (4:47)
"This Ain't a Love Song" (4:46)
"Someone" (4:13)
"When You Love Someone" (3:41)
"I Just Can't Let Go" (5:06)
"Crying" (4:42)
"Can't Cry Hard Enough" (3:56)
"No Rain" (3:11)
"Can't Fight This Feeling" (4:34)
"Honestly" (4:07)
"Missing You" (4:33)
"Steps Behind" (3:45)
"That's What Love Is For" (5:55)
References
^ Godinez, Bong (25 April 2008). "Rachelle Ann Go performs pop rock for her fourth album". pep.ph. Retrieved 9 February 2024. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_album"},{"link_name":"cover album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"Filipina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina"},{"link_name":"Rachelle Ann Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachelle_Ann_Go"},{"link_name":"cover versions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"Survivor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor_(band)"},{"link_name":"Bon Jovi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Jovi"},{"link_name":"The Rembrandts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rembrandts"},{"link_name":"Bryan Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Adams"},{"link_name":"Ambrosia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosia_(band)"},{"link_name":"Aerosmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosmith"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"2008 live album by Rachelle Ann GoRachelle Ann Rocks Live! is the first live cover album by Filipina singer Rachelle Ann Go. Recorded at Live at 19 East in 2008, the album marks Go's first attempt to do a live album featuring cover versions of song by Survivor, Bon Jovi, The Rembrandts, Bryan Adams, Ambrosia, and Aerosmith, among others. It was her fourth album.[1]","title":"Rachelle Ann Rocks Live!"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harem Scarem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem_Scarem"},{"link_name":"where?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)"},{"link_name":"Aerosmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosmith"},{"link_name":"Cryin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryin%27"},{"link_name":"MTV Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"The Search Is Over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Search_Is_Over"},{"link_name":"Amy Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Grant"},{"link_name":"That's What Love Is For","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_What_Love_Is_For"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_(band)"},{"link_name":"To Be with You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Be_with_You"},{"link_name":"Mr. Big","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Big_(American_band)"}],"text":"Released in 2008, the album's first single was a cover of the Harem Scarem song \"Honestly\", which dominated the charts [where?] in the same week it was released. VIVA later announced that her next single was an Aerosmith revival, \"Cryin'\", but because the single was exclusive to MTV Southeast Asia, VIVA Records instead used her own version of \"The Search Is Over\". Her third single was a cover of the Amy Grant song, \"That's What Love Is For\". According to Viva Records, as of November 2008, seven months from its release, the album has already achieved a Gold Record Status for its outstanding sale of more than 12,500.There were originally 16 tracks in the album, but the three songs were cut, namely \"After the Rain\" (Nelson), \"To Be with You\" (Mr. Big), and \"Set You Free\". The three tracks were later included in the DVD release.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Search Is Over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Search_Is_Over"},{"link_name":"This Ain't a Love Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Ain%27t_a_Love_Song"},{"link_name":"Someone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rembrandts_(album)#Track_listing"},{"link_name":"When You Love Someone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Unplugged_(Bryan_Adams_album)"},{"link_name":"I Just Can't Let Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosia_discography#Singles"},{"link_name":"Cryin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryin%27"},{"link_name":"Can't Cry Hard Enough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Cry_Hard_Enough"},{"link_name":"No Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Rain"},{"link_name":"Can't Fight This Feeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Fight_This_Feeling"},{"link_name":"Honestly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honestly_(Harem_Scarem_song)"},{"link_name":"Missing You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_You_(John_Waite_song)"},{"link_name":"Two Steps Behind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Steps_Behind"},{"link_name":"That's What Love Is For","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_What_Love_Is_For"}],"text":"\"The Search Is Over\" (4:47)\n\"This Ain't a Love Song\" (4:46)\n\"Someone\" (4:13)\n\"When You Love Someone\" (3:41)\n\"I Just Can't Let Go\" (5:06)\n\"Cryin'\" (4:42)\n\"Can't Cry Hard Enough\" (3:56)\n\"No Rain\" (3:11)\n\"Can't Fight This Feeling\" (4:34)\n\"Honestly\" (4:07)\n\"Missing You\" (4:33)\n\"Two Steps Behind\" (3:45)\n\"That's What Love Is For\" (5:55)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"After the Rain\"\n\"To Be with You\"\n\"The Search Is Over\" (4:47)\n\"This Ain't a Love Song\" (4:46)\n\"Someone\" (4:13)\n\"When You Love Someone\" (3:41)\n\"I Just Can't Let Go\" (5:06)\n\"Crying\" (4:42)\n\"Can't Cry Hard Enough\" (3:56)\n\"No Rain\" (3:11)\n\"Can't Fight This Feeling\" (4:34)\n\"Honestly\" (4:07)\n\"Missing You\" (4:33)\n\"Steps Behind\" (3:45)\n\"That's What Love Is For\" (5:55)","title":"DVD track listing"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Godinez, Bong (25 April 2008). \"Rachelle Ann Go performs pop rock for her fourth album\". pep.ph. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCmmling | Hümmling | ["1 Location","2 History","3 Culture","3.1 Religion","4 Elevations","5 Rivers and streams","6 Settlements","7 Sources"] | Coordinates: 52°55′N 7°32′E / 52.91°N 7.53°E / 52.91; 7.53This article is about the hill region. For the former county named after them, see Hümmling (district).
HümmlingHighest pointPeakWindbergElevation73DimensionsLength40 km (25 mi)Width14 km (8.7 mi)GeographyLocationLower SaxonyRange coordinates52°55′N 7°32′E / 52.91°N 7.53°E / 52.91; 7.53
The Mittelradde, one of the rivers in the Hümmling
The Hümmling (Homelinghen, from hömil = small stone) is a ground moraine landscape, up to 73 m above sea level (NN), in the Emsland region on the North German Plain in the western part of the German state of Lower Saxony.
Location
The wooded Hümmling, which is about 28 km long and only a few kilometres wide, is situated in the northern part of the region of Emsland and the district of the same name, and the drainage area of Ems river. It is limited by the Ems valley in the west and the Saterland in the east. It is located around the town of Werlte which is about 22 km northeast of Meppen. Various streams rise in the Hümmling which discharge into the Hase to the south, the Ems to the southeast and the Leda to the north.
History
There are over 100 more or less well-preserved dolmens of the megalith culture in the Hümmling hills.
In times of the Holy Roman Empire, Hümmling region was the northern part of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, called the Niederstift Münster (i. e. analogously "Lower Prince-Bishopric of Münster"), whereas in ecclesiastical respect the area was part of the Diocese of Osnabrück. In those days, Emsland was a part of the region of Westphalia. Clemens August, prince-bishop of Münster ordered to build Clemenswerth Castle to be built as a summer residence for his hunting holidays. It became a main example of Westphalian Baroque. When ge tried to use their soccage in order to build that castle, the peasants of the "Free Hümmling" fought a log successful trial at the Imperial Chamber Court in Wetzlar that they were not enfeoffed to anyone.
After short periods under the rule of the Duchy of Arenberg (1803 to 1810) and then the French Empire (1810 to 1814), Hümmling hills as a part of northern Emsland region became the west of the Kingdom of Hanover (1814 to 1866). After the annexion of that state by the kingdom of Prussia it belonged to the Province of Hanover.
Culture
A typical Hümmling speciality is the Baukweiten Janhinnerk, a pancake made of buckwheat flour with syrup, apple sauce, cranberries, egg, cheese, bread or rye bread.
The 'national anthem' of the Hümmlings is the Hümmelske Bur, a song, which typecasts the characteristics of the local population.
There is still a local dialect, the Hümmlinger Platt, which belongs to the Northern Low Saxon group of West Low German dialects. Not until about 1975 were generations born that grew up speaking High German.
The Hüven Mill is a technological attraction in the Hümmling. It is the last fully preserved combined wind- and watermill in Europe.
Religion
The Hümmling is 93% Roman Catholic. After the Second World War there was a large number of refugees from the old eastern provinces of Germany and, since 1990 there have also been ethnic German immigrants from the former Soviet Union in the Hümmling who, in addition to the Catholic faith, also belong to the New Apostolic Church and other Protestant faiths (Pentecostalists, Baptists).
Elevations
The elevations and land cells in the Hümmling hill country and its near vicinity include (heights in metres above sea level (NN)):
Windberg (73 m) – east of Werpeloh
Lüttker Sand (72 m) – northeast of Werpeloh
Sunderberg (66 m) – south of Börger
Kreuzberg (51 m) – north of Stavern
Windelberg (49 m) – northwest of Börger
Hohenklinken (43 m) – west of Werpeloh
Buschhöhe (42 m; or Helkensberg) – north of Lorup
Harrenstätter Sand (42 m) – between Lorup and Spahnharrenstätte
Wohldhöhe (41 m) – west of Sögel
Galenberg (40 m) – in Stavern
Hamberg (ca. 40 m) – between Lathen and Sögel
Kavenberg (ca. 40 m) – southwest of Lorup
Großer Westerberg (39 m) – west-northwest of Sögel
Große Düne (34 m) – between Lathen and Sögel
Wattberg (34 m) – Surwold in the village of Börgerwald
Schlopenberg (ca. 30 m) – north-northwest of Börger
Große Düne (30 m) – between Meppen and Stavern
Rivers and streams
The rivers and streams that rise in and near the hill country of the Hümmling, include the:
Loruper Beeke, rises in the Hümmling, southeast tributary of the Ohe
Marka, rises in the Hümmling, east of Werlte, right headstream of the Sagter Ems, which discharges into the Leda
Mittelradde, rises on the eastern edge of the Hümmling and passes it to the southeast, northern tributary of the Hase
Nordradde, rises in the middle of the Hümmling, near the Theikenmeer, northeastern tributary of the Ems
Ohe, rises in the centre of the Hümmling, leaves it in a northern direction, left headstream of the Sagter Ems
Sagter Ems, results from the confluence of Marka and Ohe north of Friesoythe-Neuscharrel
Südradde, rises east of the Hümmling, northern tributary of the Hase
Settlements
Clemenswerth House in the Emsland
The settlements in and around the Hümmling include:
Börger
Breddenberg
Esterwegen
Lorup
Neubörger
Rastdorf
Sögel (centre)
Spahnharrenstätte
Stavern, Germany (southern edge)
Surwold (northern edge)
Werpeloh (centre)
Werlte
Sources
Matthias Bähr, Widerstand vor dem Reichskammergericht: Als die "freien Hümmlinger" nach Wetzlar zogen (1739–1768), in: Emsländische Geschichte Bd. 15. Hrsg. von der Studiengesellschaft für Emsländische Regionalgeschichte, Haselünne 2008, ISBN 3-9808021-6-7, S. 468-577
Wilhelm Ludwig Heermann: Unser Hümmling, unsere Heimat. Gedichte und Erzählungen aus alten Zeiten. Goldschmidt, Werlte 2002, ISBN 3-927099-79-1
Werner Franke et al.: Der Hümmling mit Sögel, Werlte und Nordhümmling. Reihe Landschaften im Emsland. Emsländischer Heimatbund, Sögel 1995, ISBN 3-88077-077-8
Autorenkollektiv: Der Hümmling. Ein Heimatbuch. Herausgegeben vom Katholischen Kreislehrerverein des Kreises Hümmling. (Fotomechanischer Nachdruck der Ausgabe von 1929.) Goldschmidt, Werlte 1979
Holger Lemmermann: Auf dem freien Hümmling. Ländliches Leben in vier Jahrhunderten (1530-1870). 2. Auflage. Emsländischer Heimatbund, Sögel 1995, ISBN 3-88077-126-X
Lothar Riedel: Die Hümmlinger Kreisbahn. Die Verkehrsgeschichte der schmalspurigen Kleinbahn Lathen-Sögel-Werlte. Röhr, Krefeld 1983, ISBN 3-88490-138-9
vteRegions and landscapes of Lower Saxony
Achim-Verden Geest
Altes Land
Ammerland
Brunswick Land
Calenberg Land
Eichsfeld
Elbe–Weser
Emsland
County of Bentheim
Land Hadeln
Land Wursten
Harz
Hildesheim Börde
Hümmling
Innerste Uplands
Kehdingen
Leine Uplands
Lüneburg Heath
Middle Weser
Oldenburg Land
Oldenburg Münsterland
Osnabrück Land
Eastphalia
East Frisia
Schaumburg Land
Solling
South Lower Saxony
Stade Geest
Wendland
Weser Uplands
Wümme Depression
Zeven Geest
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hümmling (district)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCmmling_(district)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mittelradde_bei_H%C3%BCven.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mittelradde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelradde"},{"link_name":"ground moraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_moraine"},{"link_name":"sea level (NN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalnull"},{"link_name":"Emsland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emsland"},{"link_name":"North German Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_German_Plain"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony"}],"text":"This article is about the hill region. For the former county named after them, see Hümmling (district).The Mittelradde, one of the rivers in the HümmlingThe Hümmling (Homelinghen, from hömil = small stone) is a ground moraine landscape, up to 73 m above sea level (NN), in the Emsland region on the North German Plain in the western part of the German state of Lower Saxony.","title":"Hümmling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emsland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emsland_(region)"},{"link_name":"district of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Emsland"},{"link_name":"Saterland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saterland"},{"link_name":"Werlte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werlte"},{"link_name":"Meppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meppen,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Hase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hase_(river)"},{"link_name":"Ems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ems_(river)"},{"link_name":"Leda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leda_(river)"}],"text":"The wooded Hümmling, which is about 28 km long and only a few kilometres wide, is situated in the northern part of the region of Emsland and the district of the same name, and the drainage area of Ems river. It is limited by the Ems valley in the west and the Saterland in the east. It is located around the town of Werlte which is about 22 km northeast of Meppen. Various streams rise in the Hümmling which discharge into the Hase to the south, the Ems to the southeast and the Leda to the north.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dolmens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmen"},{"link_name":"megalith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Prince-Bishopric of Münster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_M%C3%BCnster"},{"link_name":"Niederstift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stift#Stift_as_a_toponym"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Osnabrück","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Osnabr%C3%BCck"},{"link_name":"Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Clemens August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_August_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"prince-bishop of Münster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bishops_of_M%C3%BCnster"},{"link_name":"Clemenswerth Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemenswerth_Castle"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"soccage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccage"},{"link_name":"Imperial Chamber Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Chamber_Court"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Arenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Arenberg"},{"link_name":"French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"Province of Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Hanover"}],"text":"There are over 100 more or less well-preserved dolmens of the megalith culture in the Hümmling hills.\nIn times of the Holy Roman Empire, Hümmling region was the northern part of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, called the Niederstift Münster (i. e. analogously \"Lower Prince-Bishopric of Münster\"), whereas in ecclesiastical respect the area was part of the Diocese of Osnabrück. In those days, Emsland was a part of the region of Westphalia. Clemens August, prince-bishop of Münster ordered to build Clemenswerth Castle to be built as a summer residence for his hunting holidays. It became a main example of Westphalian Baroque. When ge tried to use their soccage in order to build that castle, the peasants of the \"Free Hümmling\" fought a log successful trial at the Imperial Chamber Court in Wetzlar that they were not enfeoffed to anyone.After short periods under the rule of the Duchy of Arenberg (1803 to 1810) and then the French Empire (1810 to 1814), Hümmling hills as a part of northern Emsland region became the west of the Kingdom of Hanover (1814 to 1866). After the annexion of that state by the kingdom of Prussia it belonged to the Province of Hanover.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"buckwheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckwheat"},{"link_name":"cranberries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry"},{"link_name":"rye bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye_bread"},{"link_name":"dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect"},{"link_name":"Northern Low Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon"},{"link_name":"West Low German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Low_German"},{"link_name":"High German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_German"},{"link_name":"wind-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill"},{"link_name":"watermill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermill"}],"text":"A typical Hümmling speciality is the Baukweiten Janhinnerk, a pancake made of buckwheat flour with syrup, apple sauce, cranberries, egg, cheese, bread or rye bread.The 'national anthem' of the Hümmlings is the Hümmelske Bur, a song, which typecasts the characteristics of the local population.There is still a local dialect, the Hümmlinger Platt, which belongs to the Northern Low Saxon group of West Low German dialects. Not until about 1975 were generations born that grew up speaking High German.The Hüven Mill is a technological attraction in the Hümmling. It is the last fully preserved combined wind- and watermill in Europe.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"ethnic German immigrants from the former Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"New Apostolic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church"},{"link_name":"Pentecostalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostalists"},{"link_name":"Baptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"The Hümmling is 93% Roman Catholic. After the Second World War there was a large number of refugees from the old eastern provinces of Germany and, since 1990 there have also been ethnic German immigrants from the former Soviet Union in the Hümmling who, in addition to the Catholic faith, also belong to the New Apostolic Church and other Protestant faiths (Pentecostalists, Baptists).","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sea level (NN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalnull"}],"text":"The elevations and land cells in the Hümmling hill country and its near vicinity include (heights in metres above sea level (NN)):","title":"Elevations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loruper Beeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loruper_Beeke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marka_(river)"},{"link_name":"Leda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leda_(river)"},{"link_name":"Mittelradde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelradde"},{"link_name":"Nordradde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordradde"},{"link_name":"Ohe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohe_(Sagter_Ems)"},{"link_name":"Sagter Ems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagter_Ems"},{"link_name":"Südradde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdradde"}],"text":"The rivers and streams that rise in and near the hill country of the Hümmling, include the:Loruper Beeke, rises in the Hümmling, southeast tributary of the Ohe\nMarka, rises in the Hümmling, east of Werlte, right headstream of the Sagter Ems, which discharges into the Leda\nMittelradde, rises on the eastern edge of the Hümmling and passes it to the southeast, northern tributary of the Hase\nNordradde, rises in the middle of the Hümmling, near the Theikenmeer, northeastern tributary of the Ems\nOhe, rises in the centre of the Hümmling, leaves it in a northern direction, left headstream of the Sagter Ems\nSagter Ems, results from the confluence of Marka and Ohe north of Friesoythe-Neuscharrel\nSüdradde, rises east of the Hümmling, northern tributary of the Hase","title":"Rivers and streams"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clemenswerth1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Emsland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emsland"}],"text":"Clemenswerth House in the EmslandThe settlements in and around the Hümmling include:","title":"Settlements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-9808021-6-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-9808021-6-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-927099-79-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-927099-79-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-88077-077-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88077-077-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-88077-126-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88077-126-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-88490-138-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88490-138-9"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Regions_and_landscapes_of_Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_and_landscapes_of_Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_and_landscapes_of_Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region"},{"link_name":"landscapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Achim-Verden Geest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achim-Verden_Geest"},{"link_name":"Altes Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altes_Land"},{"link_name":"Ammerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammerland"},{"link_name":"Brunswick Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_Land"},{"link_name":"Calenberg Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calenberg_Land"},{"link_name":"Eichsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eichsfeld"},{"link_name":"Elbe–Weser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe%E2%80%93Weser_triangle"},{"link_name":"Emsland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emsland_(region)"},{"link_name":"County of Bentheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Bentheim_(district)"},{"link_name":"Land Hadeln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Hadeln"},{"link_name":"Land Wursten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Wursten"},{"link_name":"Harz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harz"},{"link_name":"Hildesheim Börde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildesheim_B%C3%B6rde"},{"link_name":"Hümmling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Innerste Uplands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innerste_Uplands"},{"link_name":"Kehdingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehdingen"},{"link_name":"Leine Uplands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leine_Uplands"},{"link_name":"Lüneburg Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg_Heath"},{"link_name":"Middle Weser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Weser_Region"},{"link_name":"Oldenburg Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburg_Land"},{"link_name":"Oldenburg Münsterland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburg_M%C3%BCnsterland"},{"link_name":"Osnabrück Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck_Land"},{"link_name":"Eastphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastphalia"},{"link_name":"East Frisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Frisia"},{"link_name":"Schaumburg Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaumburg_Land"},{"link_name":"Solling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solling"},{"link_name":"South Lower Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Stade Geest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Geest"},{"link_name":"Wendland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCchow-Dannenberg"},{"link_name":"Weser Uplands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weser_Uplands"},{"link_name":"Wümme Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCmme_Depression"},{"link_name":"Zeven Geest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeven_Geest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q328764#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/242972488"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcGjdJxX8d8bhv7WypdcP"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4026067-7"}],"text":"Matthias Bähr, Widerstand vor dem Reichskammergericht: Als die \"freien Hümmlinger\" nach Wetzlar zogen (1739–1768), in: Emsländische Geschichte Bd. 15. Hrsg. von der Studiengesellschaft für Emsländische Regionalgeschichte, Haselünne 2008, ISBN 3-9808021-6-7, S. 468-577\nWilhelm Ludwig Heermann: Unser Hümmling, unsere Heimat. Gedichte und Erzählungen aus alten Zeiten. Goldschmidt, Werlte 2002, ISBN 3-927099-79-1\nWerner Franke et al.: Der Hümmling mit Sögel, Werlte und Nordhümmling. Reihe Landschaften im Emsland. Emsländischer Heimatbund, Sögel 1995, ISBN 3-88077-077-8\nAutorenkollektiv: Der Hümmling. Ein Heimatbuch. Herausgegeben vom Katholischen Kreislehrerverein des Kreises Hümmling. (Fotomechanischer Nachdruck der Ausgabe von 1929.) Goldschmidt, Werlte 1979\nHolger Lemmermann: Auf dem freien Hümmling. Ländliches Leben in vier Jahrhunderten (1530-1870). 2. Auflage. Emsländischer Heimatbund, Sögel 1995, ISBN 3-88077-126-X\nLothar Riedel: Die Hümmlinger Kreisbahn. Die Verkehrsgeschichte der schmalspurigen Kleinbahn Lathen-Sögel-Werlte. Röhr, Krefeld 1983, ISBN 3-88490-138-9vteRegions and landscapes of Lower Saxony\nAchim-Verden Geest\nAltes Land\nAmmerland\nBrunswick Land\nCalenberg Land\nEichsfeld\nElbe–Weser\nEmsland\nCounty of Bentheim\nLand Hadeln\nLand Wursten\nHarz\nHildesheim Börde\nHümmling\nInnerste Uplands\nKehdingen\nLeine Uplands\nLüneburg Heath\nMiddle Weser\nOldenburg Land\nOldenburg Münsterland\nOsnabrück Land\nEastphalia\nEast Frisia\nSchaumburg Land\nSolling\nSouth Lower Saxony\nStade Geest\nWendland\nWeser Uplands\nWümme Depression\nZeven GeestAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"The Mittelradde, one of the rivers in the Hümmling","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mittelradde_bei_H%C3%BCven.jpg/220px-Mittelradde_bei_H%C3%BCven.jpg"},{"image_text":"Clemenswerth House in the Emsland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Clemenswerth1.jpg/220px-Clemenswerth1.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=H%C3%BCmmling¶ms=52.91_N_7.53_E_type:mountain_region:DE-NI_dim:20km","external_links_name":"52°55′N 7°32′E / 52.91°N 7.53°E / 52.91; 7.53"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=H%C3%BCmmling¶ms=52.91_N_7.53_E_type:mountain_region:DE-NI_dim:20km","external_links_name":"52°55′N 7°32′E / 52.91°N 7.53°E / 52.91; 7.53"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/242972488","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcGjdJxX8d8bhv7WypdcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4026067-7","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford_Cathedral | Chelmsford Cathedral | ["1 History","1.1 Parish church","1.2 Cathedral","2 Dean and chapter","3 Music","3.1 Cathedral organs","3.2 Directors of Music","3.3 Assistant Organists","3.4 Assistant Directors of Music","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Bibliography","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°44′08″N 0°28′27″E / 51.7355°N 0.4741°E / 51.7355; 0.4741
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Church in Essex, EnglandChelmsford CathedralCathedral Church of St Mary the Virgin, St Peter and St CeddChelmsford Cathedral, July 2014Chelmsford Cathedral51°44′08″N 0°28′27″E / 51.7355°N 0.4741°E / 51.7355; 0.4741LocationChelmsford, EssexCountryEnglandDenominationChurch of EnglandPrevious denominationCatholic ChurchWebsitechelmsfordcathedral.org.ukArchitectureStyleGothicYears builtc.1200 – c.1520AdministrationProvinceCanterburyDioceseChelmsford (since 1914)ClergyBishop(s)Guli Francis-DehqaniDeanvacantPrecentorvacantCanon PastorIvor Moody (Vice Dean)Canon MissionerImogen NayLaityOrganist(s)Thomas Corns (Interim Director of Music)
Chelmsford Cathedral in the city of Chelmsford, Essex, England, is dedicated to St Mary the Virgin, St Peter and St Cedd. It became a cathedral when the Anglican Diocese of Chelmsford was created in 1914 and is the seat of the Bishop of Chelmsford.
History
Parish church
The nave
The church of St Mary the Virgin in Chelmsford was probably first built along with the town around 1200. It was rebuilt in the 15th and early 16th centuries (starting around 1520), with walls of flint rubble, stone and brick. The church has a tower with a spire and a ring of thirteen bells, twelve of which were cast by John Warner & Sons at Cripplegate and were dedicated in 1913. The nave partially collapsed in 1800, and was rebuilt by the County architect John Johnson, retaining the Perpendicular design, but using Coade stone piers and tracery, and a plaster ceiling. The upper part of the chancel was rebuilt in 1878.
Cathedral
The chancel
In 1914 the church became the cathedral for the newly created diocese of Chelmsford.
The south porch was extended in 1953 to mark Anglo-American friendship after World War II and the many US airmen stationed in Essex. In 1954, the cathedral was additionally dedicated to Saints Peter and Cedd. In 1983, the interior of the cathedral was extensively refurbished, with a new floor, seating, altar, bishop's throne, font and artwork. In 1994 and 1995 two pipe organs were installed, the first in the nave and the second in the chancel. The stained-glass windows were all installed in the 19th and 20th centuries.
In 2000 a sculpture, Christ in Glory by Peter Eugene Ball, was placed above the chancel arch. In 2004 two further major works of art were commissioned, and are now in place: Mark Cazelet's Tree of Life painting in the North Transept, and Philip Sanderson's altar frontal in the Mildmay Chapel.
The cathedral celebrates its links with Thomas Hooker, who was Chelmsford Town Lecturer between 1626 and 1629. He fled to the New World because of his Puritan views and founded the town of Hartford, Connecticut and was one of the founders of American democracy.
Dean and chapter
As of 8 August 2019:
Dean – Nicholas Henshall (installed 2 February 2014)
Vice Dean & Canon Pastor – Ivor Moody (canon, Vice Dean & Pastor since 17 April 2010 installation)
Canon for Worship & Music (i.e., precentor) and Tutor in Liturgy and Worship, St Mellitus College – Alison Kennedy (since 16 September 2018 installation)
Canon for Evangelism & Discipleship (i.e., Missioner) – Imogen Nay (since 16 June 2019 installation)
Music
The Nave organ
The cathedral music department, led by the Organist and Master of the Choristers, includes the Assistant Organist and Director of the Girls' Choir, Organ Scholar, Music and Liturgy Assistant and Choir Matron.
The cathedral choir consists of boys and a combination of school age and postgraduate choral scholars, lay clerks, and volunteer singers. The choir sings the daily choral services and the Eucharist and Evensong on Sundays.
The Cathedral Girls' Choir sings Evensong on Tuesdays and every other Thursday and on a number of Sundays each term; their annual performance of Benjamin Britten's A Ceremony of Carols has become a highlight of the Cathedral's preparations for Christmas.
The Voluntary Choir was formed in 2001 and sang at services often during the holiday periods after Christmas, Easter and through the summer; the choir was disbanded in 2017.
The cathedral choir contributed choral passages to "I Believe in You", a track on Talk Talk's 1988 album Spirit of Eden.
Cathedral organs
The Nave Organ is situated at the west end of the cathedral under the Tower. It is a four-manual instrument with mechanical action built by Mander Organs in 1994.
The Chancel Organ is a two manual mechanical instrument built by Mander Organs in 1995. It incorporates 19th-century pipework by Hill and Holdich and is widely admired for its character and versatility. The Nave Organ's great, swell, solo and pedal divisions can be played via an electric link from the Chancel Organ console.
A specification of the organs can be found at the National Pipe Organ Register.
Directors of Music
182? Charles Ambrose
1876 Frederick Frye
1945 Roland Middleton (later Organist of Chester Cathedral)
1949 Stanley Vann (later Master of the Music at Peterborough Cathedral)
1953 Derrick Edward Cantrell (later Organist of Manchester Cathedral)
1962 Philip Ledger (later Director of Music at King's College, Cambridge)
1965 John Willam Jordan
1981 Graham Elliott
1999 Peter Nardone (later Organist and Director of Music at Worcester Cathedral)
2012 James Davy, until October 2023
2023 Thomas Corns (Interim Director of Music)
Assistant Organists
Geoffrey Becket
1963 John Jordan
1966 Peter Cross
1968 David Sparrow
1986 Timothy Allen
1991 Neil Weston
Assistant Directors of Music
1999 Edward Wellman
2003 Robert Poyser (later Director of Music at Beverley Minster)
2008 Tom Wilkinson (later Organist at the University of St Andrews, Scotland)
2009 Oliver Waterer (later Organist at St. David's Cathedral)
2013 Laurence Lyndon-Jones
2019 Hilary Punnett
2023 Samuel Bristow
Gallery
The ceiling of the nave
The ceiling of the chancel
The nave looking towards the west
The Bombed Child by Georg Ehrlich
See also
List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom
References
^ Christ Church Cathedral – Miscellany
^ Centenary Peal at Chelmsford Cathedral The Ringing World No 5385 11 July 2014 p719
^ Bettley, James; Nikolaus, Pevsner (2007). Essex. Buildings of England. Yale University Press. p. 53. ISBN 9780300116144.
^ a b Bumpus, T. Francis (1930). The Cathedrals of England and Wales. London: T. Werner Laurie. pp. 388–390.
^ Chelmsford Cathedral — Contact Directory (Accessed 10 February 2019)
^ Essex Chronicle — Community News, 15 April 2010 (Accessed 6 January 2013)
^ Chelmsford Cathedral — Canon for Worship and Music Archived 2018-06-23 at the Wayback Machine (Accessed 22 June 2018)
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Chelmsford Cathedral".
Bibliography
Essex Chronicle newspaper article, 14 July 2011, pp. 4–5.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chelmsford Cathedral.
Chelmsford Cathedral website
vteProvosts and Deans of ChelmsfordProvosts
William Morrow
Charles Waller
Eric Gordon
Connop Price
Dick Herrick
John Moses
Peter Judd (became Dean)
Deans
Peter Judd
Ivor Moody, Vice Dean (Acting)
Nicholas Henshall
vteCathedrals of the Church of EnglandProvince ofCanterbury
Birmingham
Bristol
Canterbury
Chelmsford
Chichester
Coventry
Derby
Ely
Exeter
Gibraltar
Gloucester
Guildford
Hereford
Leicester
Lichfield
Lincoln
London
Norwich
Oxford
Peterborough
Portsmouth
Rochester
St Albans
St Edmundsbury
Salisbury
Southwark
Truro
Wells
Winchester
Worcester
Province ofYork
Blackburn
Bradford
Carlisle
Chester
Durham
Liverpool
Manchester
Newcastle upon Tyne
Peel
Ripon
Sheffield
Southwell
Wakefield
York
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chelmsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"St Mary the Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)"},{"link_name":"St Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"St Cedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Cedd"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Chelmsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Chelmsford"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Chelmsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Chelmsford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Church in Essex, EnglandChelmsford Cathedral in the city of Chelmsford, Essex, England, is dedicated to St Mary the Virgin, St Peter and St Cedd. It became a cathedral when the Anglican Diocese of Chelmsford was created in 1914 and is the seat of the Bishop of Chelmsford.[1]","title":"Chelmsford Cathedral"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chelmsford_Cathedral_Nave_1,_Essex,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"link_name":"church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)"},{"link_name":"flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint"},{"link_name":"brick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick"},{"link_name":"John Warner & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Warner_%26_Sons"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"John Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Johnson_(architect,_born_1732)"},{"link_name":"Coade stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coade_stone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BoEEssex-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bumpus-4"}],"sub_title":"Parish church","text":"The naveThe church of St Mary the Virgin in Chelmsford was probably first built along with the town around 1200. It was rebuilt in the 15th and early 16th centuries (starting around 1520), with walls of flint rubble, stone and brick. The church has a tower with a spire and a ring of thirteen bells, twelve of which were cast by John Warner & Sons at Cripplegate[citation needed] and were dedicated in 1913.[2] The nave partially collapsed in 1800, and was rebuilt by the County architect John Johnson, retaining the Perpendicular design, but using Coade stone piers and tracery,[3] and a plaster ceiling. The upper part of the chancel was rebuilt in 1878.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chelmsford_Cathedral_Chancel,_Essex,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bumpus-4"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"US airmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airman"},{"link_name":"font","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismal_font"},{"link_name":"pipe organs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_organ"},{"link_name":"chancel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancel"},{"link_name":"stained-glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass"},{"link_name":"Peter Eugene Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Eugene_Ball"},{"link_name":"altar frontal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar_frontal"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hooker"},{"link_name":"Puritan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritan"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy"}],"sub_title":"Cathedral","text":"The chancelIn 1914 the church became the cathedral for the newly created diocese of Chelmsford.[4]The south porch was extended in 1953 to mark Anglo-American friendship after World War II and the many US airmen stationed in Essex. In 1954, the cathedral was additionally dedicated to Saints Peter and Cedd. In 1983, the interior of the cathedral was extensively refurbished, with a new floor, seating, altar, bishop's throne, font and artwork. In 1994 and 1995 two pipe organs were installed, the first in the nave and the second in the chancel. The stained-glass windows were all installed in the 19th and 20th centuries.In 2000 a sculpture, Christ in Glory by Peter Eugene Ball, was placed above the chancel arch. In 2004 two further major works of art were commissioned, and are now in place: Mark Cazelet's Tree of Life painting in the North Transept, and Philip Sanderson's altar frontal in the Mildmay Chapel.The cathedral celebrates its links with Thomas Hooker, who was Chelmsford Town Lecturer between 1626 and 1629. He fled to the New World because of his Puritan views and founded the town of Hartford, Connecticut and was one of the founders of American democracy.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Chelmsford"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Henshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Henshall"},{"link_name":"Ivor Moody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivor_Moody&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"St Mellitus College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mellitus_College"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"As of 8 August 2019:[5]Dean – Nicholas Henshall (installed 2 February 2014)\nVice Dean & Canon Pastor – Ivor Moody (canon, Vice Dean & Pastor since 17 April 2010 installation)[6]\nCanon for Worship & Music (i.e., precentor) and Tutor in Liturgy and Worship, St Mellitus College – Alison Kennedy (since 16 September 2018 installation)[7][8]\nCanon for Evangelism & Discipleship (i.e., Missioner) – Imogen Nay (since 16 June 2019 installation)[9]","title":"Dean and chapter"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chelmsford_Cathedral_Organ,_Essex,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"link_name":"Talk Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_Talk"},{"link_name":"Spirit of Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_Eden"}],"text":"The Nave organThe cathedral music department, led by the Organist and Master of the Choristers, includes the Assistant Organist and Director of the Girls' Choir, Organ Scholar, Music and Liturgy Assistant and Choir Matron.\nThe cathedral choir consists of boys and a combination of school age and postgraduate choral scholars, lay clerks, and volunteer singers. The choir sings the daily choral services and the Eucharist and Evensong on Sundays.\nThe Cathedral Girls' Choir sings Evensong on Tuesdays and every other Thursday and on a number of Sundays each term; their annual performance of Benjamin Britten's A Ceremony of Carols has become a highlight of the Cathedral's preparations for Christmas.\nThe Voluntary Choir was formed in 2001 and sang at services often during the holiday periods after Christmas, Easter and through the summer; the choir was disbanded in 2017.\nThe cathedral choir contributed choral passages to \"I Believe in You\", a track on Talk Talk's 1988 album Spirit of Eden.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mander Organs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mander_Organs"},{"link_name":"Mander Organs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mander_Organs"},{"link_name":"National Pipe Organ Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.npor.org.uk/"}],"sub_title":"Cathedral organs","text":"The Nave Organ is situated at the west end of the cathedral under the Tower. It is a four-manual instrument with mechanical action built by Mander Organs in 1994.\nThe Chancel Organ is a two manual mechanical instrument built by Mander Organs in 1995. It incorporates 19th-century pipework by Hill and Holdich and is widely admired for its character and versatility. The Nave Organ's great, swell, solo and pedal divisions can be played via an electric link from the Chancel Organ console.A specification of the organs can be found at the National Pipe Organ Register.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Ambrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ambrose"},{"link_name":"Chester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Stanley Vann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Vann"},{"link_name":"Peterborough Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Manchester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Philip Ledger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Ledger"},{"link_name":"King's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Peter Nardone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Nardone"},{"link_name":"Worcester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_Cathedral"}],"sub_title":"Directors of Music","text":"182? Charles Ambrose\n1876 Frederick Frye\n1945 Roland Middleton (later Organist of Chester Cathedral)\n1949 Stanley Vann (later Master of the Music at Peterborough Cathedral)\n1953 Derrick Edward Cantrell (later Organist of Manchester Cathedral)\n1962 Philip Ledger (later Director of Music at King's College, Cambridge)\n1965 John Willam Jordan\n1981 Graham Elliott\n1999 Peter Nardone (later Organist and Director of Music at Worcester Cathedral)\n2012 James Davy, until October 2023 [job title changed to Organist and Master of the Choristers in 2013]\n2023 Thomas Corns (Interim Director of Music)","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Assistant Organists","text":"Geoffrey Becket\n1963 John Jordan\n1966 Peter Cross\n1968 David Sparrow\n1986 Timothy Allen\n1991 Neil Weston","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beverley Minster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley_Minster"},{"link_name":"University of St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"St. David's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._David%27s_Cathedral"}],"sub_title":"Assistant Directors of Music","text":"1999 Edward Wellman\n2003 Robert Poyser (later Director of Music at Beverley Minster)\n2008 Tom Wilkinson (later Organist at the University of St Andrews, Scotland)\n2009 Oliver Waterer (later Organist at St. David's Cathedral)\n2013 Laurence Lyndon-Jones\n2019 Hilary Punnett\n2023 Samuel Bristow","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chelmsford_Cathedral_Nave_Ceiling,_Essex,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chelmsford_Cathedral_Chancel_Ceiling,_Essex,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chelmsford_Cathedral_Nave_2,_Essex,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pieta,_Chelmsford_Cathedral.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georg Ehrlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Ehrlich"}],"text":"The ceiling of the nave\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe ceiling of the chancel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe nave looking towards the west\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Bombed Child by Georg Ehrlich","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"The nave","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chelmsford_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Essex%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-Chelmsford_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Essex%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"image_text":"The chancel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Chelmsford_Cathedral_Chancel%2C_Essex%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-Chelmsford_Cathedral_Chancel%2C_Essex%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Nave organ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chelmsford_Cathedral_Organ%2C_Essex%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/170px-Chelmsford_Cathedral_Organ%2C_Essex%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_the_United_Kingdom"}] | [{"reference":"Bettley, James; Nikolaus, Pevsner (2007). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamuliakovo | Hamuliakovo | ["1 Geography","2 History","3 Population","4 Demographics","5 Twin towns — sister cities","6 See also","7 References","8 Genealogical resources","9 External links/Sources"] | Coordinates: 48°02′19″N 17°15′11″E / 48.03861°N 17.25306°E / 48.03861; 17.25306Village in SlovakiaHamuliakovo
GutorVillageChurch of Holy Cross
Coat of armsHamuliakovoLocation of Hamuliakovo in the Bratislava RegionShow map of Bratislava RegionHamuliakovoHamuliakovo (Slovakia)Show map of SlovakiaCoordinates: 48°02′19″N 17°15′11″E / 48.03861°N 17.25306°E / 48.03861; 17.25306CountrySlovakiaRegionBratislavaDistrictSenecFirst mentioned1242Government • MayorJozef SchnóblArea • Total10.94 km2 (4.22 sq mi)Elevation128 m (420 ft)Population (2021) • Total2,679Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code900 43Area code+421 12Car plateSCWebsitehttps://obechamuliakovo.sk
Hamuliakovo (Hungarian: Gutor) is a village and municipality located in the Senec District, Bratislava Region, Slovakia.
Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 129 metres and covers an area of 10.947 km2.
History
In historical records, the village was first mentioned in 1284. After the Austro-Hungarian army disintegrated in November 1918, Czechoslovak troops occupied the area, later acknowledged internationally by the Treaty of Trianon. Between 1938 and 1945, Hamuliakovo once more became part of Miklós Horthy's Hungary through the First Vienna Award. From 1945 until the Velvet Divorce in 1993, it was part of Czechoslovakia. Since then, it has been part of Slovakia.
Population
According to the 2011 census, the municipality had 1,438 inhabitants. 894 of inhabitants were Slovaks, 504 Hungarians and 40 others and unspecified.
Demographics
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Population by nationality:
Nationality
1991
2001
2011
Hungarians
69.40%
55.56%
35.05%
Slovaks
30.34%
42.43%
62.17%
Twin towns — sister cities
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Slovakia
Hamuliakovo is twinned with:
Deutsch Jahrndorf, Austria
Kerekegyháza, Hungary
Rajka, Hungary
See also
List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia
References
^ "Počet obyvateľov podľa pohlavia - obce (ročne)". www.statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
^ a b "Hustota obyvateľstva - obce ". www.statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
^ a b c d "Základná charakteristika". www.statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2015-04-17. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
^ a b "Hustota obyvateľstva - obce". www.statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
^ http://portal.statistics.sk/files/obce-narodnost.pdf Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Resident Population by nationality by municipalities 2011 Census". slovak.statistics.sk/wps/wcm/connect/d21d8809-a844-4ba0-bb89-961f304365f1/Table_2_Resident_Population_by_nationality_by_municipalities_2011_Census.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=kojHnpX&CVID=kojHnpX&CVID=kojHnpX. Statistical Office of the SR. Retrieved 2021-09-28.
^ "Partnerské obce". obechamuliakovo.sk (in Slovak). Hamuliakovo. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
Genealogical resources
The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Státný archiv in Bratislava, Slovakia"
Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1672-1896 (parish B)
External links/Sources
Media related to Hamuliakovo at Wikimedia Commons
Official page
https://web.archive.org/web/20070513023228/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Surnames of living people in Hamuliakovo
vteMunicipalities of Senec District
Senec
Bernolákovo
Blatné
Boldog
Čataj
Chorvátsky Grob
Dunajská Lužná
Hamuliakovo
Hrubá Borša
Hrubý Šúr
Hurbanova Ves
Igram
Ivanka pri Dunaji
Kalinkovo
Kaplna
Kostolná pri Dunaji
Kráľová pri Senci
Malinovo
Miloslavov
Most pri Bratislave
Nová Dedinka
Nový Svet
Reca
Rovinka
Tomášov
Tureň
Veľký Biel
Vlky
Zálesie
Authority control databases
VIAF
This Bratislava location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"Senec District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senec_District"},{"link_name":"Bratislava Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava_Region"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"}],"text":"Village in SlovakiaHamuliakovo (Hungarian: Gutor) is a village and municipality located in the Senec District, Bratislava Region, Slovakia.","title":"Hamuliakovo"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The municipality lies at an altitude of 129 metres and covers an area of 10.947 km2.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Trianon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon"},{"link_name":"Miklós Horthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy"},{"link_name":"First Vienna Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Vienna_Award"},{"link_name":"Velvet Divorce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet_Divorce"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"}],"text":"In historical records, the village was first mentioned in 1284. After the Austro-Hungarian army disintegrated in November 1918, Czechoslovak troops occupied the area, later acknowledged internationally by the Treaty of Trianon. Between 1938 and 1945, Hamuliakovo once more became part of Miklós Horthy's Hungary through the First Vienna Award. From 1945 until the Velvet Divorce in 1993, it was part of Czechoslovakia. Since then, it has been part of Slovakia.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Slovaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaks"},{"link_name":"Hungarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_people"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"According to the 2011 census, the municipality had 1,438 inhabitants. 894 of inhabitants were Slovaks, 504 Hungarians and 40 others and unspecified.[5]","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Population by nationality:","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Slovakia"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Deutsch Jahrndorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsch_Jahrndorf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Kerekegyháza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerekegyh%C3%A1za"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Rajka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajka"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in SlovakiaHamuliakovo is twinned with:[7]Deutsch Jahrndorf, Austria\n Kerekegyháza, Hungary\n Rajka, Hungary","title":"Twin towns — sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive \"Státný archiv in Bratislava, Slovakia\"Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1672-1896 (parish B)","title":"Genealogical resources"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Hamuliakovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hamuliakovo"},{"link_name":"Official page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//obechamuliakovo.sk"},{"link_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070513023228/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070513023228/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html"},{"link_name":"Surnames of living people in Hamuliakovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cisarik.com/0_Hamuliakovo_Senec_BL_Pozsony_Bratislava.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Senec_District"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Senec_District"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Senec_District"},{"link_name":"Senec District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senec_District"},{"link_name":"Senec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senec,_Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Bernolákovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernol%C3%A1kovo"},{"link_name":"Blatné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blatn%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Boldog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boldog,_Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Čataj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cataj"},{"link_name":"Chorvátsky Grob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorv%C3%A1tsky_Grob"},{"link_name":"Dunajská Lužná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunajsk%C3%A1_Lu%C5%BEn%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Hamuliakovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Hrubá Borša","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrub%C3%A1_Bor%C5%A1a"},{"link_name":"Hrubý Šúr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrub%C3%BD_%C5%A0%C3%BAr"},{"link_name":"Hurbanova Ves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurbanova_Ves"},{"link_name":"Igram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igram"},{"link_name":"Ivanka pri Dunaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanka_pri_Dunaji"},{"link_name":"Kalinkovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinkovo"},{"link_name":"Kaplna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplna"},{"link_name":"Kostolná pri Dunaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostoln%C3%A1_pri_Dunaji"},{"link_name":"Kráľová pri Senci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A1%C4%BEov%C3%A1_pri_Senci"},{"link_name":"Malinovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malinovo,_Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Miloslavov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miloslavov"},{"link_name":"Most pri Bratislave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_pri_Bratislave"},{"link_name":"Nová Dedinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%A1_Dedinka"},{"link_name":"Nový Svet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%BD_Svet"},{"link_name":"Reca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reca"},{"link_name":"Rovinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovinka"},{"link_name":"Tomášov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1ov"},{"link_name":"Tureň","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ture%C5%88"},{"link_name":"Veľký Biel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%BEk%C3%BD_Biel"},{"link_name":"Vlky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlky"},{"link_name":"Zálesie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1lesie,_Senec_District"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q730655#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/245156565712623500004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg"},{"link_name":"Bratislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamuliakovo&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bratislava-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bratislava-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bratislava-geo-stub"}],"text":"Media related to Hamuliakovo at Wikimedia CommonsOfficial page\nhttps://web.archive.org/web/20070513023228/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html\nSurnames of living people in HamuliakovovteMunicipalities of Senec District\nSenec\nBernolákovo\nBlatné\nBoldog\nČataj\nChorvátsky Grob\nDunajská Lužná\nHamuliakovo\nHrubá Borša\nHrubý Šúr\nHurbanova Ves\nIgram\nIvanka pri Dunaji\nKalinkovo\nKaplna\nKostolná pri Dunaji\nKráľová pri Senci\nMalinovo\nMiloslavov\nMost pri Bratislave\nNová Dedinka\nNový Svet\nReca\nRovinka\nTomášov\nTureň\nVeľký Biel\nVlky\nZálesieAuthority control databases \nVIAFThis Bratislava location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"External links/Sources"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_and_towns_in_Slovakia"}] | [{"reference":"\"Počet obyvateľov podľa pohlavia - obce (ročne)\". www.statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_DEM/om7101rr/v_om7101rr_00_00_00_sk","url_text":"\"Počet obyvateľov podľa pohlavia - obce (ročne)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hustota obyvateľstva - obce [om7014rr_ukaz: Rozloha (Štvorcový meter)]\". www.statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_DEM/om7014rr/v_om7014rr_00_00_00_sk","url_text":"\"Hustota obyvateľstva - obce [om7014rr_ukaz: Rozloha (Štvorcový meter)]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Základná charakteristika\". www.statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2015-04-17. Retrieved 2022-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_SK_WIN/om5001rr/v_om5001rr_00_00_00_sk","url_text":"\"Základná charakteristika\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hustota obyvateľstva - obce\". www.statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_DEM/om7014rr/v_om7014rr_00_00_00_sk","url_text":"\"Hustota obyvateľstva - obce\""}]},{"reference":"\"Resident Population by nationality by municipalities 2011 Census\". slovak.statistics.sk/wps/wcm/connect/d21d8809-a844-4ba0-bb89-961f304365f1/Table_2_Resident_Population_by_nationality_by_municipalities_2011_Census.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=kojHnpX&CVID=kojHnpX&CVID=kojHnpX. Statistical Office of the SR. Retrieved 2021-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://obechamuliakovo.sk/partnerske-obce__trashed/","url_text":"\"Resident Population by nationality by municipalities 2011 Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"Partnerské obce\". obechamuliakovo.sk (in Slovak). Hamuliakovo. Retrieved 2019-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://obechamuliakovo.sk/partnerske-obce__trashed/","url_text":"\"Partnerské obce\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hamuliakovo¶ms=48_02_19_N_17_15_11_E_type:city_region:SK-BL","external_links_name":"48°02′19″N 17°15′11″E / 48.03861°N 17.25306°E / 48.03861; 17.25306"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hamuliakovo¶ms=48_02_19_N_17_15_11_E_type:city_region:SK-BL","external_links_name":"48°02′19″N 17°15′11″E / 48.03861°N 17.25306°E / 48.03861; 17.25306"},{"Link":"https://obechamuliakovo.sk/","external_links_name":"https://obechamuliakovo.sk"},{"Link":"http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_DEM/om7101rr/v_om7101rr_00_00_00_sk","external_links_name":"\"Počet obyvateľov podľa pohlavia - obce (ročne)\""},{"Link":"http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_DEM/om7014rr/v_om7014rr_00_00_00_sk","external_links_name":"\"Hustota obyvateľstva - obce [om7014rr_ukaz: Rozloha (Štvorcový meter)]\""},{"Link":"http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_SK_WIN/om5001rr/v_om5001rr_00_00_00_sk","external_links_name":"\"Základná charakteristika\""},{"Link":"http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_DEM/om7014rr/v_om7014rr_00_00_00_sk","external_links_name":"\"Hustota obyvateľstva - obce\""},{"Link":"http://portal.statistics.sk/files/obce-narodnost.pdf","external_links_name":"http://portal.statistics.sk/files/obce-narodnost.pdf"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006192810/http://portal.statistics.sk/files/obce-narodnost.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://obechamuliakovo.sk/partnerske-obce__trashed/","external_links_name":"\"Resident Population by nationality by municipalities 2011 Census\""},{"Link":"https://obechamuliakovo.sk/partnerske-obce__trashed/","external_links_name":"\"Partnerské obce\""},{"Link":"https://obechamuliakovo.sk/","external_links_name":"Official page"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070513023228/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070513023228/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html"},{"Link":"http://www.cisarik.com/0_Hamuliakovo_Senec_BL_Pozsony_Bratislava.html","external_links_name":"Surnames of living people in Hamuliakovo"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/245156565712623500004","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamuliakovo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Allen | Jordan Allen | ["1 Career","1.1 Early career","1.2 Real Salt Lake","2 Career statistics","3 References","4 External links"] | American soccer player (born 1995)
Not to be confused with Jordan Allen-Dutton or Jordyn Allen.
For the novelist who wrote under the pseudonym Jordan Allen, see Glenn S. Dumke.
Jordan Allen
Personal informationFull name
Jordan Evans AllenDate of birth
(1995-04-25) April 25, 1995 (age 29)Place of birth
Rochester, New York, United StatesHeight
1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)Position(s)
MidfielderYouth career2003–2006
Churchville Admirals (NY)2011
IMG Soccer Academy2011–2012
Real Salt Lake AZ2013
Virginia CavaliersSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2014–2019
Real Salt Lake
50
(4)2017–2019
→ Real Monarchs (loan)
1
(0)International career‡2011
United States U17
3
(0)2012–2013
United States U18
6
(0)2015
United States U20
5
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of November 4, 2018‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of April 22, 2015
Jordan Evans Allen (born April 25, 1995) is a former American professional soccer player who played as a midfielder for Real Salt Lake.
Career
Early career
Born in Rochester, New York, Allen played for the Real Salt Lake Arizona Academy from 2011 to 2012 before playing a season at the University of Virginia in 2013.
Real Salt Lake
On December 31, 2013, it was announced that Allen had signed a homegrown contract with Real Salt Lake of Major League Soccer. He made his professional debut on March 8, 2014, against the LA Galaxy, in which he came on in the 90th minute for Joao Plata as Salt Lake won 1–0. On March 29, 2015, after coming on as a substitute in a match against Toronto FC, he scored his first professional goal in the 90th minute, just moments after Toronto had tied the game in a 2–1 win.
After playing over 40 games in his first two full seasons, Allen's progress has been hampered by injury, only playing two matches since the end of the 2016 season.
Allen retired from playing professional soccer at the end of the 2019 season due to injury problems.
Career statistics
As of 24 May 2019
Club
Season
League
MLS Cup
U.S. Open Cup
CONCACAF
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Real Salt Lake
2014
MLS
2
0
—
—
0
0
0
0
2
0
2015
MLS
23
1
—
—
1
0
0
0
24
1
2016
MLS
23
4
1
0
2
0
3
0
29
4
2017
MLS
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2018
MLS
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2019
MLS
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Career total
50
5
1
0
3
0
3
0
57
5
References
^ "FIFA U-20 World Cup New Zealand 2015 List of Players" (PDF). FIFA. May 30, 2015. p. 23. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
^ a b "Real Salt Lake signs Jordan Allen to a Homegrown contract". Real Salt Lake. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014. Retrieved March 9, 2014.
^ "Galaxy vs. Real Salt Lake". Major League Soccer. Archived from the original on March 13, 2014. Retrieved March 9, 2014.
^ "Jordan Allen - Real Salt Lake". Retrieved May 24, 2019.
^ "RSL Announces 2020 Roster Decisions | Real Salt Lake".
^ Jordan Allen at Soccerway
External links
Jordan Allen at Major League Soccer
This biographical article related to an American soccer midfielder is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jordan Allen-Dutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Allen-Dutton"},{"link_name":"Jordyn Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordyn_Allen"},{"link_name":"Glenn S. Dumke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_S._Dumke"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"Real Salt Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Salt_Lake"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Jordan Allen-Dutton or Jordyn Allen.For the novelist who wrote under the pseudonym Jordan Allen, see Glenn S. 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FIFA. May 30, 2015. p. 23. Retrieved June 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2015/pdf/FWYC_2015_SquadLists.pdf","url_text":"\"FIFA U-20 World Cup New Zealand 2015 List of Players\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA","url_text":"FIFA"}]},{"reference":"\"Real Salt Lake signs Jordan Allen to a Homegrown contract\". Real Salt Lake. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014. Retrieved March 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140315013325/http://www.realsaltlake.com/news/2013/12/real-salt-lake-signs-jordan-allen-homegrown-contract","url_text":"\"Real Salt Lake signs Jordan Allen to a Homegrown contract\""},{"url":"http://www.realsaltlake.com/news/2013/12/real-salt-lake-signs-jordan-allen-homegrown-contract","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Galaxy vs. Real Salt Lake\". Major League Soccer. Archived from the original on March 13, 2014. Retrieved March 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140313050337/http://golazo.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2014-03-08-la-galaxy-vs-real-salt-lake/feed","url_text":"\"Galaxy vs. Real Salt Lake\""},{"url":"http://golazo.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2014-03-08-la-galaxy-vs-real-salt-lake/feed","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jordan Allen - Real Salt Lake\". Retrieved May 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/players/jordan-allen","url_text":"\"Jordan Allen - Real Salt Lake\""}]},{"reference":"\"RSL Announces 2020 Roster Decisions | Real Salt Lake\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsl.com/post/2019/11/21/rsl-announces-2020-roster-decisions","url_text":"\"RSL Announces 2020 Roster Decisions | Real Salt Lake\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2015/pdf/FWYC_2015_SquadLists.pdf","external_links_name":"\"FIFA U-20 World Cup New Zealand 2015 List of Players\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140315013325/http://www.realsaltlake.com/news/2013/12/real-salt-lake-signs-jordan-allen-homegrown-contract","external_links_name":"\"Real Salt Lake signs Jordan Allen to a Homegrown contract\""},{"Link":"http://www.realsaltlake.com/news/2013/12/real-salt-lake-signs-jordan-allen-homegrown-contract","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140313050337/http://golazo.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2014-03-08-la-galaxy-vs-real-salt-lake/feed","external_links_name":"\"Galaxy vs. Real Salt Lake\""},{"Link":"http://golazo.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2014-03-08-la-galaxy-vs-real-salt-lake/feed","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/players/jordan-allen","external_links_name":"\"Jordan Allen - Real Salt Lake\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsl.com/post/2019/11/21/rsl-announces-2020-roster-decisions","external_links_name":"\"RSL Announces 2020 Roster Decisions | Real Salt Lake\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/jordan-evans-allen/172778/","external_links_name":"Jordan Allen"},{"Link":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/players/jordan-allen","external_links_name":"Jordan Allen"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan_Allen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Lambency_Downward | Blue Lambency Downward | ["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"] | 2008 studio album by Kayo DotBlue Lambency DownwardStudio album by Kayo DotReleasedMay 6, 2008GenreAvant-garde rock, experimental music, free jazz, chamber musicLength43:22LabelHydra Head RecordsKayo Dot chronology
Dowsing Anemone with Copper Tongue(2006)
Blue Lambency Downward(2008)
Coyote(2010)
Blue Lambency Downward is the third studio album by American avant-garde metal band Kayo Dot, released on Hydra Head Records in May 2008. After much of the group left to pursue outside projects, the only members who remained were frontman Toby Driver and violinist and long-time collaborator Mia Matsumiya. The two began recording the album in early 2007 using a revolving door of contributing musicians. The album is heavily influenced by chamber and orchestral music and jazz, and features an abundance of woodwinds. It is widely considered to be Kayo Dot's least heavy album to date.
The ensuing tour featured a mostly new group of musicians: Patrick Wolff on woodwinds, Daniel Means on woodwinds and guitar, David Bodie on drums, and Terran Olson on woodwinds and keyboards. Much of the lineup would stay the same for the recording of their next album, Coyote.
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicDrowned in SoundLambgoat6/10Pitchfork Media3.3/10
The album received mixed reviews. Pitchfork Media criticized it for a lack of memorability, giving it a 3.3 out of 10, while AllMusic was more favorable, giving the album 4 out of 5 stars. Drowned in Sound gave the album a 7 out of 10 stars.
Track listing
All songs and lyrics written by Toby Driver.
No.TitleLength1."Blue Lambency Downward"10:002."Clelia Walking"5:293."Right Hand Is the One I Want"6:544."The Sow Submits"4:025."The Awkward Wind Wheel"3:306."The Useless Ladder"2:407."Symmetrical Arizona"10:50Total length:43:22
Personnel
Toby Driver - acoustic, electric, 12-string, baritone, and bass guitars; clarinet; voice; piano; organ; gamelan; analog synth; laptop mellotron
Mia Matsumiya - violin, voice, mellotron, synth bass
Charlie Zeleny - drums
Skerik - tenor and baritone sax, vibraphone
Hans Teuber - soprano and bass clarinets, alto sax, flute
Dave Abramson - gamelan and additional percussion
B.R.A.D. - additional vocals
Randall Dunn - sound effects and synth design
References
^ a b Blue Lambency Downward at AllMusic
^ a b Drowned in Sound review
^ Lambgoat review
^ a b Pitchfork review
vteKayo Dot
Toby Driver
Ron Varod
Leonardo Didkovsky
Matthew Serra
Philip Price
Jason Byron
Greg Massi
Sam Gutterman
Kim Abrams
Daniel Means
Tim Byrnes
Nicholas Kyte
Ryan McGuire
Forbes Graham
John Carchia
D.J. Murray
Tom Malone
Patrick Wolff
David Bodie
Mia Matsumiya
Terran Olson
Studio albums
Choirs of the Eye
Dowsing Anemone with Copper Tongue
Blue Lambency Downward
Coyote
Gamma Knife
Hubardo
Coffins on Io
Plastic House on Base of Sky
Blasphemy
Moss Grew on the Swords and Plowshares Alike
Labels
Hydra Head
Robotic Empire
Tzadik Records
Holy Roar
The Flenser
Related bands
maudlin of the Well
Tartar Lamb
Gregor Samsa
Time of Orchids
MATH
Baliset
Bloody Panda
Authority control databases
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sankore | Sankoré Madrasah | ["1 History","1.1 Growth as a center of learning","1.2 Apex and Fall","1.3 Modern Day","2 Organization","2.1 Academic Administration","2.2 Architecture","3 Curriculum","3.1 Degrees of Study","3.2 Senior Roles","4 Scholars of Sankoré","4.1 Notable Scholars","4.2 Religious Pilgrimage","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 16°46′33″N 3°00′20″W / 16.7758876°N 3.0056351°W / 16.7758876; -3.0056351Ancient center of learning in Timbuktu, Mali
Sankore MadrasaMédersa de SankoréReligionAffiliationIslamLocationLocationTimbuktu, MaliShown within MaliGeographic coordinates16°46′33″N 3°00′20″W / 16.7758876°N 3.0056351°W / 16.7758876; -3.0056351ArchitectureTypeMosque / MadrasaStyleSudano-Sahelian architecture
Sankoré Madrasa (also called the Sankoré Mosque, Sankoré Masjid or University of Sankoré) is one of three medieval mosques and centres of learning located in Timbuktu, Mali, the others being the Djinguereber and Sidi Yahya mosques. Founded in the 14th century, the Sankoré mosque went through multiple periods of patronage and renovation under both the Mali Empire and the Songhai Empire until its decline following the Battle of Tondibi in 1591. The mosque developed into a madrasa (meaning a school or college in Arabic), reaching its peak in the 16th century. The term "University of Sankoré" has sometimes been applied to the Sankoré madrasa, though there is no evidence of a centralized teaching institution such as the term university implies. Instead the mosque served as the focal point for individual scholars with their own private students, and as a location in which some lectures and classes were held.
History
Postcard published by Edmond Fortier with the mosque in 1905–06
The Sankoré mosque was originally built in the 14th-15th centuries with the financial backing of a Tuareg woman of the Aghlal tribe. Modern analyzes have rejected the understanding that there was an al-Sahili influence on West African architecture - now treated as a myth - demonstrating that the architectural style of West African mosques derives mainly from mosques in the Sahara and traditional African architecture and religions.
The Sankore Mosque was later restored between 1578 and 1582 AD by Imam Al-Aqib ibn Mahmud ibn Umar, the Chief Qadi (judge) of Timbuktu. Imam al-Aqib demolished the sanctuary and had it rebuilt with the dimensions of the Kaaba in Mecca. The Sankoré madrasa prospered and became a significant place of learning within the Sudanic Muslim world, especially during the 15th and 16th centuries under Askia dynasty of the Songhai Empire (1493–1591). Sankoré was the mosque that was chiefly associated with teaching in Timbuktu in this period.
Growth as a center of learning
The Songhai Empire at its greatest extent, c. AD 1500.
Timbuktu developed as a commercial centre in the 14th century, as Walata, the previous hub of trans-Saharan trade in the region, began to decline in importance. It was not long before ideas as well as merchandise began passing through the city. Muslim scholars associated with the Sankoré mosque accumulated a wealth of books from throughout the Muslim world, leading to Sankoré becoming a centre of learning as well as a centre of worship. At its peak the mosque was the focal point for a class of Islamic scholars that were held in high regard both locally and abroad. Songhai kings would even bestow numerous gifts upon them during Ramadan.
Apex and Fall
The golden age of the Sankoré madrasa occurred in the 16th century during the Songhai Empire under Askia Muhammad, drawing in scholars from as far as Egypt and Syria. Scholars from Sankoré would also engage in learning or teaching while completing the Hajj to Mecca. The trade in books within the Islamic world was one of the most important aspects of intellectual life in Timbuktu. In 1526 AD the author Leo Africanus noted this trade when he visited Timbuktu, writing: "Here are great store of doctors, judges, priests, and other learned men, that are bountifully maintained at the kings cost and charges. And hither are brought divers manuscripts or written books out of Barbarie, which are sold for more money than any other merchandize." Some Sankoré scholars accumulated large private libraries, with over 1600 manuscripts, though there was no public library or university library in Timbuktu. Manuscripts were copied by local students, giving them a means to earn a living during their studies. Works written in Timbuktu were also exported to North Africa, such as the Nayl al-ibtihaj by Ahmad Baba, a biographical dictionary of Maliki scholars which gained popularity throughout the Maghreb.
In 1591 AD, an invasion by Ahmad al-Mansur of Morocco led to the fall of the Songhai empire following the Battle of Tondibi, starting a long decline of the West African states. In 1594 many Sankoré scholars, including Ahmed Baba, were arrested by Moroccan troops on grounds of sedition and deported to Morocco along with their manuscript collections.
Modern Day
Sankoré Masjid, 2007
The integrity of the Sankoré madrasa has been at risk with increased urbanization and contemporary construction in Timbuktu. Significant damage has been done to the mosque due to flooding and a lack of restoration work. As a result, the integrity of the traditional building is at risk. However, there are currently several restoration and protective committees being funded by the government to prevent further damage. The Management and Conservation Committee of the Old Town, in coordination with the World Heritage Center, held long term plans to create a 500 foot buffer zone to protect the madrasa and create a sustainable urban development framework.
Organization
Academic Administration
A wooden entrance door into the Sankoré Madrasa, 1993.
As the center of an Islamic scholarly community, the madrasa was very different in organization from European medieval universities, where students studied in one institution and were awarded degrees by the college. In contrast, the Sankoré madrasa had no central administration, student registers, or prescribed course of study. The school instead consisted of individual scholars (known as sheiks or ulama), each with their own private students. Most students learned from a single teacher throughout their entire education, which could last up to 10 years, having a relationship akin to that of an apprenticeship, though some studied at multiple madrasas under a series of teachers. Classes were held either at the mosque or at the teacher's home. While madrasas in other parts of the Islamic world were often funded through endowments known as waqf (charitable giving), students at the Sankoré madrasa had to finance their own tuition with money or bartered goods.
Architecture
The late 16th-century courtyard was reconstructed to exactly match the dimensions of the Kaaba in Mecca, one of Islam's most holy sites. Classes took place in the open courtyard of the mosque, which was made entirely of clay and wood beams. The building still stands today, likely due to Al-Sahili's directive to incorporate a wooden framework into the mud walls in order to facilitate repairs after the rainy season. Despite its historical significance the Sankoré mosque was smaller and less intricate than earlier Malian mosques such as the Great Mosque of Djenné.
Curriculum
Depicts scholars in the Islamic Golden Age at an Abbasid library in Baghdad, illustration by Yahyá al-Wasiti, 1237Islamic schooling had existed in West Africa since the 11th century, and although it was usually intended for elites, the Qur’anic emphasis on equality in education allowed for the spread of the institution and increased literacy rates. The Qur'an itself and the hadiths stress the search for knowledge, and Islamic scholarship, especially in the Golden Age of Islam, focused heavily on education. In the 15th century the scholar Al-Kābarī contributed to the development of education in Timbuktu, with a focus on religious teachings. By the 16th century Timbuktu housed as many as 150-180 Qur'anic schools, which taught basic literacy and recitation of the Qur'an, with an estimated 4,000-9,000 students. Around 200-300 individuals drawn from wealthy families were able to pursue higher levels of study at the madrasas and attain the status of ulama (scholars). Many of these became influential jurists, historians and theologians in the wider muslim world.
With the Qur'an being the foundation of all teachings, arguments that could not be backed by the Qur'an were inadmissible in discussions and debates at the Sankoré madrasa. Madrasas differed from traditional Qur’anic schools in that they focused on Arabic grammar to properly understand holy texts and Islamic scholarship. However, subjects studied at Sankoré also included mathematics, astronomy and history, drawing from the diverse collections of manuscripts held by scholars. Education at Sankoré and other madrasas in the area had four levels of schooling or "degrees". When graduating from each level, students would receive a turban symbolizing their level.
Degrees of Study
The first or primary degree (Qur'anic school) required a mastery of Arabic and writing along with complete memorization of the Qur'an.
The secondary degree focused on full immersion in the basic sciences. Students learned grammar, mathematics, geography, history, physics, astronomy, chemistry alongside more advanced learning of the Qur'an. At this level, they learned the hadiths, jurisprudence, and the sciences of spiritual purification according to Islam. Finally, they began an introduction to trade and business ethics. On graduation day, students were given turbans symbolizing divine light, wisdom, knowledge and excellent moral conduct.
The superior degree required students to study under specialized professors and to complete research work. Much of the learning centered on debates regarding philosophic or religious questions. Before graduating from this level, students attached themselves to a Sheik (Islamic teacher) and had to demonstrate a strong character.
Senior Roles
The last level of learning at Sankoré or any masjid was the level of judge or professor. These men worked mainly as judges for the city and throughout the region, dispersing learned men to all the principal cities in Mali. A third level student who had impressed his Sheik enough was admitted into a "circle of knowledge" and valued as a truly learned individual and expert in his field. The members of this scholar's club similar to the modern concept of tenured professors. Those who did not leave Timbuktu remained to teach or counsel the leading people of the region on important legal and religious matters. The scholars would receive questions from the region's kings or governors, and distribute them to the third level students as research assignments. After discussing the findings among themselves, the scholars would issue a fatwa on the best way to deal with the problem at hand.
Scholars of Sankoré
The African civilizations had a rich history in literature and the arts, long before their contact with the Arabian and Western worlds. The scholars employed at the Sankoré university were of the highest quality, "astounding even the most learned men of Islam". As such, many scholars were later inducted as professors at universities in Morocco and Egypt. Scholars were accomplished in multiple disciplines and employed to not only teach the students at the university, but to spread the madrasa's influence to other parts of the Islamic world. Under the direction of Askia Daoud, ruler of the Songhai empire from 1549 to 1583, the university grew to encompass 180 facilities and house 25,000 students. Each facility was led by one Ulema, for a total of 180 scholars.
Notable Scholars
Some significant scholars include Abu Abdallah, Ag Mohammed ibn Utman, Ag Mohammed Ibn Al-Mukhtar An-Nawahi. Most came from wealthy and religious families that were members of the Sufi Qadiriyya. The most influential scholar was Ahmad Bamba who served as the final chancellor of Sankoré Madrasa. His life is a brilliant example of the range and depth of West African intellectual activity before colonialism. He was the author of over forty books, with nearly each one having a different theme. He was also one of the first citizens to protest the Moroccan conquest of Timbuktu in 1591. Eventually, he, along with his peer scholars, was imprisoned and exiled to Morocco. This led to the loss of his personal collection of 1600 books, which was one of the richest libraries of his day.
Religious Pilgrimage
Apart from their time working in their theoretical studies and the preservation of knowledge, the scholars of Timbuktu were extremely pious. Many embarked on the Hajj, the religious pilgrimage to Mecca, and used this opportunity to hold discussions with scholars from other parts of the Muslim world. On the way home, the scholars showed their humble nature by both learning from other leading scholars in Cairo, and volunteering to teach pupils of other schools in Kano, Katsina, and Walata. Mohammed Bagayogo received an honorary doctorate in Cairo on his holy pilgrimage to Mecca.
See also
Ancient university
List of oldest universities in continuous operation
Medieval university
Songhai Empire
Timbuktu Manuscripts Project
References
^ a b "Timbuktu". UNESCO World Heritage Convention.
^ "Wonders of the African World - Episodes - Road to Timbuktu - Wonders". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
^ Hunwick, John (1999). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire. Al-Sa'dī's Ta'rīkh al-sūdān down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. lviii–lxii. ISBN 90-04-12822-0. The term 'University of Sankore', or 'University of Timbuktu' has been applied to this teaching complex. … there is no evidence of any such institution, and the Islamic tradition of learning (especially in Africa) is individualized rather than institutionalized … what was taking place in Timbuktu should be viewed within the cultural context of Islamic civilisation, rather than being associated conceptually with a European-style institution. … much of the day-to-day teaching process took place in scholar's houses, probably in special rooms set apart, where the scholar had his own private library which he could consult when knotty points arose. There is no evidence of a centralized teaching institution such as the term university implies.
^ Singleton, Brent D. (2004). "African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu". Library Faculty Publications. 21. The fully-qualified ulama of Timbuktu were a tight-knit community never numbering more than 200-300 at any particular time; they were concentrated in discrete quarters and mosques of the city. With the exception of special lectures given in the main mosques, the vast majority of instruction occurred in one-on-one or small group settings at the residence of a scholar.
^ Hunwick, John, ed. (2003). Arabic Literature of Africa, Volume 4: The Writings of Western Sudanic Africa. Brill. p. 2. ISBN 90-04-12444-6. The city's educational reputation has led some people to speak of a Timbuktu university, beginning with Felix Dubois, who wrote of the "University of Sankore". While the Sankore quarter in the north-east of Timbuktu certainly was an area which attracted many scholars to live in it, nevertheless, there is no evidence of any institutionalized centre of learning. Teaching of some texts was undertaken in the Sankore mosque, and also in the Sidi Yahya mosque and the "Great Mosque" – Jingere Ber – but teaching authorisations (ijaza) always came directly from the shaykhs with whom the students studied. Much of the teaching was done in scholars homes, and individual scholars had their own personal research and teaching libraries.
^ Hunwick, John (2003). "Timbuktu: A Refuge of Scholarly and Righteous Folk". Sudanic Africa. 14: 15. JSTOR 25653392 – via JSTOR. In the year 1325, when Timbuktu was under the rule of Mali, the sultan of Mali, Mansa Musa, came there during his return from pilgrimage, and ordered the construction of a Great Mosque (until now still in existence in the south of the city) under the supervision of the Andalusian scholar Abu Ishaq al-Sahili, who had accompanied Mansa Musa on his return journey from Mecca. Then after some years a large mosque was built in the Sankore quarter in the north of the city, financed by a woman from the Aghlal, a religious Tuareg tribe (of ineslemen). The Sankore mosque became a place for teaching tafsir (Qur'anic exegesis) and other Islamic teachings. Sankore was a dwelling place many scholars, especially those belonging to the Masufa
^ "Sankore Mosque". Google Arts & Culture.
^ Aradeon, Susan B. (1989). "Al-Sahili: the historians' myth of architectural technology transfer from North Africa". Journal des africanistes. 59 (1–2): 99–131.
^ Woods, Michael (2009). Seven wonders of ancient Africa. Mary B. Woods. London: Lerner. ISBN 978-0-7613-4320-2. OCLC 645691064.
^ Hunwick, John (1999). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire. Al-Sa'dī's Ta'rīkh al-sūdān down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. lviii. ISBN 90-04-12822-0. The mosque that was chiefly associated with teaching in this period was the Sankore Mosque.
^ Oliver, Roland, ed. (1977). The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 392. ISBN 978-0-521-20981-6. In the fourteenth century, when it began to develop as a commercial centre, Timbuktu also became a cultural centre of Islam.
^ Hunwick, John (1999). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire. Al-Sa'dī's Ta'rīkh al-sūdān down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. lvi–lvii. ISBN 90-04-12822-0. It would seem that Timbuktu was little more than a semi-permanent nomadic settlement in the twelfth century, and probably through the thirteenth the city effectively emerges into the light of history with the visit of the Malian ruler Mansa Musa on his way home from his pilgrimage of 1324. He is said to have brought back with him a number of Muslim scholars By 1375 Timbuktu, together with several Saharan locations, had found its place on a European map … this is a sure sign that Timbuktu was, by now, a commercial centre linked to North African cities.
^ a b Singleton, Brent D. (2004). "African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu". Library Faculty Publications. 21. there is no evidence of the existence of open access public libraries in medieval Timbuktu. On the contrary, the libraries of Timbuktu seem to have all been private collections of individual scholars or families.
^ Henrik Clarke, John. “The University of Sankore at Timbuctoo: A Neglected Achievement in Black Intellectual History.” The Western journal of black studies 1.2 (1977): 142–. Print.
^ Hunwick, John (2023). "The Timbuktu Manuscript Tradition". Tinabantu Journal of African National Affairs. 1 (2). doi:10.14426/tbu.v1i2.1643. Not only were manuscripts imported to Timbuktu, both from North Africa and Egypt, but scholars going on pilgrimage often studied in both Mecca and, on the way back, in Cairo, and copied texts to add to their own libraries.
^ Hunwick, John (1999). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire. Al-Sa'dī's Ta'rīkh al-sūdān down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
^ "Leo Africanus (1526): A geographical historie of Africa, Book 7, Chapter: Of the kingdome of Tombuto". University of Michigan Library - Early English Books Online.
^ Singleton, Brent D. (2004). "African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu". Library Faculty Publications. 21. Reliable figures concerning the size and scope of libraries in Timbuktu are scarce, however, the historical chronicles of Timbuktu and other sources provide a glimpse of a handful of collections. Al--Hashtuki quotes Ahmad Baba's comment about his library seized by the Moroccans: "I had the smallest library of any of my kin, and they seized 1,600 volumes."
^ Singleton, Brent D. (2004). "African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu". Library Faculty Publications. 21. Manuscripts were plentiful in Timbuktu and the need for copying continual, affording students the opportunity to earn a living during their studies. The cost of copying a set of books was enormous ... But no matter how costly local copying may have been, it was still far less expensive than purchasing most imported books.
^ Singleton, Brent D. (2004). "African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu". Library Faculty Publications. 21. The flow of books into Timbuktu naturally outpaced the number of books Timbuktu exported to the outside world, nonetheless, many notable works owned or penned by Sudanese scholars were traded north. Ahmad Baba, the preeminent scholar of Timbuktu, wrote more than 40 works including a biographical dictionary of Maliki fuqaha entitled Nayl al-ibtihaj bi-tatriz al-Dibaj, often referred to simply as the Nayl al-ibtihaj. This work gained popularity throughout the Maghrib (North Africa) and reached every part of the Maliki Muslim world.
^ Kobo, Ousman Murzik. “Paths to Progress: Madrasa Education and Sub-Saharan Muslims’ Pursuit of Socioeconomic Development.” In The State of Social Progress of Islamic Societies, 159–177. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016.
^ Henrik Clarke, John. “The University of Sankore at Timbuctoo: A Neglected Achievement in Black Intellectual History.” The Western journal of black studies 1.2 (1977): 142–. Print.
^ Kaba, Lansiné (1981). "Archers, Musketeers, and Mosquitoes: The Moroccan Invasion of the Sudan and the Songhay Resistance (1591–1612)". The Journal of African History. 22 (4): 457–475. doi:10.1017/S0021853700019861. PMID 11632225. S2CID 41500711.
^ Singleton, Brent D. (2004). "African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu". Library Faculty Publications. 21. Reliable figures concerning the size and scope of libraries in Timbuktu are scarce, however, the historical chronicles of Timbuktu and other sources provide a glimpse of a handful of collections. Al--Hashtuki quotes Ahmad Baba's comment about his library seized by the Moroccans: "I had the smallest library of any of my kin, and they seized 1,600 volumes." ... Baba's personal collection was extensive and valuable, and was completely dispersed to Morocco.
^ a b "The University of Sankore Is Founded in Timbuktu." In Africa, edited by Jennifer Stock, 95-98. Vol. 1 of Global Events: Milestone Events Throughout History. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014.
^ Hunwick, John (2003). "Timbuktu: A Refuge of Scholarly and RIghteous Folk". Sudanic Africa. 14 – via JSTOR.
^ a b "Wonders of the African World - Episodes - Road to Timbuktu - Wonders". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
^ a b Hima, Halimatou (2020). "'Francophone' Education Intersectionalities: Gender, Language, and Religion". The Palgrave Handbook of African Education and Indigenous Knowledge. pp. 463–525.
^ Thomas-Emeagwali, Gloria (January 1, 1988). "Reflections on the Development of Science in the Islamic World - and its diffusion into Nigeria Before 1903". Journal of the Pakistan Historical Societyb. 36: 41.
^ Wright, Zachary V. (2020), "The Islamic Intellectual Tradition of Sudanic Africa, with Analysis of a Fifteenth-Century Timbuktu Manuscript", The Palgrave Handbook of Islam in Africa, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 55–76, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45759-4_4, ISBN 978-3-030-45758-7, S2CID 226523945, retrieved 2021-12-05
^ Singleton, Brent D. (2004). "African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu". Library Faculty Publications. 21. In the 16th century, Timbuktu housed as many as 150-180 maktabs (Qur'anic schools), where basic reading and recitation of the Qur'an were taught. The schools had an estimated peak enrollment of 4,000--5,000; this number includes the transitory population of students from neighboring cities and surrounding nomadic tribes. Basic literacy skills were abundant, but only a select few (200-300 individuals) drawn from a small number of wealthy families were able to attain the status of ulama (scholars).
^ Gomez, Michael A. (2018). African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa. Princeton University Press. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-691-17742-7. Tarīkh al-fattāsh makes this very clear, transitioning from the general to the particular in estimating between 150 and 180 Qur'ānic schools (maktabān) in the city ... By extension, this suggests a city with a sizable student population, entirely consistent with Africanus's general impression. Attempts at quantification are simply that, but a range of 7,500 to 9,000 students in such schools does not seem an unreasonable estimate.
^ Singleton, Brent D. (2004). "African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu". Library Faculty Publications. 21. in Timbuktu the body of ulama was drawn exclusively from the city's wealthiest families. With the exception of a handful of apprentices called alfas, there were no opportunities for the lower classes to join the scholarly elite. ... The fully-qualified ulama of Timbuktu were a tight-knit community never numbering more than 200-300 at any particular time; they were concentrated in discrete quarters and mosques of the city.
^ Olasupo Adeleye, Mikail (January 1, 1983). "Islam and Education". Islamic Quarterly. 27: 140.
^ Kobo, Ousman Murzik (2016), "Paths to Progress: Madrasa Education and Sub-Saharan Muslims' Pursuit of Socioeconomic Development", The State of Social Progress of Islamic Societies, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 159–177, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24774-8_7, ISBN 978-3-319-24772-4, retrieved 2021-12-05
^ Dubois, Félix (1896). Timbuctoo the mysterious. New York, Longmans, Green and Co.
^ a b c Henrik Clarke, John. “The University of Sankore at Timbuctoo: A Neglected Achievement in Black Intellectual History.” The Western journal of black studies 1.2 (1977): 142–. Print.
^ Lawton, Bishop (2020-06-27). "Sankore Mosque and University (c. 1100- ) •". Retrieved 2021-11-30.
^ "The University of Sankore, Timbuktu". Muslim Heritage. 2003-06-07. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
^ Michael A. Gomez. African Dominion : A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018, pg. 357.
Further reading
Saad, Elias N. (1983). Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables 1400–1900. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24603-2.
Gomez, Michael A. (2018). African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691177427
External links
Ancient Manuscripts from the Desert Libraries of Timbuktu, Library of Congress — exhibition of manuscripts from the Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library
vteUniversity of TimbuktuMasjids
Djinguereber Mosque
Sidi Yahya Mosque
Sankoré Madrasah
Manuscripts
Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library
See also
Timbuktu
Mali Empire
Songhai Empire
Massina Empire
Mali
Azawad
Battles of Timbuktu in the Northern Mali conflict
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timbuktu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Djinguereber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djinguereber_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Sidi Yahya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidi_Yahya_Mosque"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Mali Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire"},{"link_name":"Songhai Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_Empire"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tondibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tondibi"},{"link_name":"madrasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:622-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Ancient center of learning in Timbuktu, MaliSankoré Madrasa (also called the Sankoré Mosque, Sankoré Masjid or University of Sankoré) is one of three medieval mosques and centres of learning located in Timbuktu, Mali, the others being the Djinguereber and Sidi Yahya mosques. Founded in the 14th century,[1] the Sankoré mosque went through multiple periods of patronage and renovation under both the Mali Empire and the Songhai Empire until its decline following the Battle of Tondibi in 1591. The mosque developed into a madrasa (meaning a school or college in Arabic), reaching its peak in the 16th century.[2] The term \"University of Sankoré\" has sometimes been applied to the Sankoré madrasa, though there is no evidence of a centralized teaching institution such as the term university implies.[3] Instead the mosque served as the focal point for individual scholars with their own private students, and as a location in which some lectures and classes were held.[4][5]","title":"Sankoré Madrasah"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fortier_368_Timbuktu_Sankore_Mosque.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edmond Fortier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Edmond_Fortier"},{"link_name":"Tuareg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_people"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aradeon,_Susan_B._1989_1-2-8"},{"link_name":"Qadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi"},{"link_name":"Kaaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Askia dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askia_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Postcard published by Edmond Fortier with the mosque in 1905–06The Sankoré mosque was originally built in the 14th-15th centuries with the financial backing of a Tuareg woman of the Aghlal tribe.[6][7] Modern analyzes have rejected the understanding that there was an al-Sahili influence on West African architecture - now treated as a myth - demonstrating that the architectural style of West African mosques derives mainly from mosques in the Sahara and traditional African architecture and religions.[8]The Sankore Mosque was later restored between 1578 and 1582 AD by Imam Al-Aqib ibn Mahmud ibn Umar, the Chief Qadi (judge) of Timbuktu. Imam al-Aqib demolished the sanctuary and had it rebuilt with the dimensions of the Kaaba in Mecca.[1] The Sankoré madrasa prospered and became a significant place of learning within the Sudanic Muslim world, especially during the 15th and 16th centuries under Askia dynasty of the Songhai Empire (1493–1591).[9] Sankoré was the mosque that was chiefly associated with teaching in Timbuktu in this period.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Songhai_Empire_(orthographic_projection).svg"},{"link_name":"Walata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oualata"},{"link_name":"trans-Saharan trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:023-14"}],"sub_title":"Growth as a center of learning","text":"The Songhai Empire at its greatest extent, c. AD 1500.Timbuktu developed as a commercial centre in the 14th century, as Walata, the previous hub of trans-Saharan trade in the region, began to decline in importance.[11][12] It was not long before ideas as well as merchandise began passing through the city. Muslim scholars associated with the Sankoré mosque accumulated a wealth of books from throughout the Muslim world, leading to Sankoré becoming a centre of learning as well as a centre of worship.[13] At its peak the mosque was the focal point for a class of Islamic scholars that were held in high regard both locally and abroad. Songhai kings would even bestow numerous gifts upon them during Ramadan.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Songhai Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_Empire"},{"link_name":"Askia Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askia_Muhammad_I"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Hajj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Leo Africanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Africanus"},{"link_name":"Barbarie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_Coast"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Baba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Baba_al-Timbukti"},{"link_name":"Maliki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliki_school"},{"link_name":"Maghreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Ahmad al-Mansur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Mansur"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tondibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tondibi"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:024-22"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Baba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Baba_al-Timbukti"},{"link_name":"sedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedition"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Apex and Fall","text":"The golden age of the Sankoré madrasa occurred in the 16th century during the Songhai Empire under Askia Muhammad, drawing in scholars from as far as Egypt and Syria. Scholars from Sankoré would also engage in learning or teaching while completing the Hajj to Mecca.[15] The trade in books within the Islamic world was one of the most important aspects of intellectual life in Timbuktu.[16] In 1526 AD the author Leo Africanus noted this trade when he visited Timbuktu, writing: \"Here are great store of doctors, judges, priests, and other learned men, that are bountifully maintained at the kings cost and charges. And hither are brought divers manuscripts or written books out of Barbarie, which are sold for more money than any other merchandize.\"[17] Some Sankoré scholars accumulated large private libraries, with over 1600 manuscripts,[18] though there was no public library or university library in Timbuktu.[13] Manuscripts were copied by local students, giving them a means to earn a living during their studies.[19] Works written in Timbuktu were also exported to North Africa, such as the Nayl al-ibtihaj by Ahmad Baba, a biographical dictionary of Maliki scholars which gained popularity throughout the Maghreb.[20]In 1591 AD, an invasion by Ahmad al-Mansur of Morocco led to the fall of the Songhai empire following the Battle of Tondibi, starting a long decline of the West African states.[21][22] In 1594 many Sankoré scholars, including Ahmed Baba, were arrested by Moroccan troops on grounds of sedition and deported to Morocco along with their manuscript collections.[23][24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2007_Sankore_Mosque_Timbuktu_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Centre"}],"sub_title":"Modern Day","text":"Sankoré Masjid, 2007The integrity of the Sankoré madrasa has been at risk with increased urbanization and contemporary construction in Timbuktu. Significant damage has been done to the mosque due to flooding and a lack of restoration work. As a result, the integrity of the traditional building is at risk. However, there are currently several restoration and protective committees being funded by the government to prevent further damage. The Management and Conservation Committee of the Old Town, in coordination with the World Heritage Center, held long term plans to create a 500 foot buffer zone to protect the madrasa and create a sustainable urban development framework.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ASC_Leiden_-_van_Achterberg_Collection_-_05_-_43_-_Une_entr%C3%A9e_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Sankor%C3%A9_-_Tombouctou,_Mali_-_Novembre-d%C3%A9cembre_1993.jpg"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"European medieval universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_university"},{"link_name":"sheiks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykhs"},{"link_name":"ulama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama"},{"link_name":"apprenticeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprenticeship"},{"link_name":"waqf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqf"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:52-25"}],"sub_title":"Academic Administration","text":"A wooden entrance door into the Sankoré Madrasa, 1993.As the center of an Islamic scholarly community, the madrasa was very different in organization from European medieval universities, where students studied in one institution and were awarded degrees by the college. In contrast, the Sankoré madrasa had no central administration, student registers, or prescribed course of study. The school instead consisted of individual scholars (known as sheiks or ulama), each with their own private students. Most students learned from a single teacher throughout their entire education, which could last up to 10 years, having a relationship akin to that of an apprenticeship, though some studied at multiple madrasas under a series of teachers. Classes were held either at the mosque or at the teacher's home. While madrasas in other parts of the Islamic world were often funded through endowments known as waqf (charitable giving), students at the Sankoré madrasa had to finance their own tuition with money or bartered goods.[25]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:52-25"},{"link_name":"courtyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtyard"},{"link_name":"Al-Sahili's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sahili"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Great Mosque of Djenné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Djenn%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:62-27"}],"sub_title":"Architecture","text":"The late 16th-century courtyard was reconstructed to exactly match the dimensions of the Kaaba in Mecca, one of Islam's most holy sites.[25] Classes took place in the open courtyard of the mosque, which was made entirely of clay and wood beams. The building still stands today, likely due to Al-Sahili's directive to incorporate a wooden framework into the mud walls in order to facilitate repairs after the rainy season.[26] Despite its historical significance the Sankoré mosque was smaller and less intricate than earlier Malian mosques such as the Great Mosque of Djenné.[27]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maqamat_hariri.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yahyá al-Wasiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Mahmud_al-Wasiti"},{"link_name":"literacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-28"},{"link_name":"hadiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-28"},{"link_name":"Golden Age of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Qur'anic schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27anic_school"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-35"}],"text":"Depicts scholars in the Islamic Golden Age at an Abbasid library in Baghdad, illustration by Yahyá al-Wasiti, 1237Islamic schooling had existed in West Africa since the 11th century, and although it was usually intended for elites, the Qur’anic emphasis on equality in education allowed for the spread of the institution and increased literacy rates.[28] The Qur'an itself and the hadiths stress the search for knowledge,[28] and Islamic scholarship, especially in the Golden Age of Islam, focused heavily on education.[29] In the 15th century the scholar Al-Kābarī contributed to the development of education in Timbuktu, with a focus on religious teachings.[30] By the 16th century Timbuktu housed as many as 150-180 Qur'anic schools, which taught basic literacy and recitation of the Qur'an, with an estimated 4,000-9,000 students.[31][32] Around 200-300 individuals drawn from wealthy families were able to pursue higher levels of study at the madrasas and attain the status of ulama (scholars).[33] Many of these became influential jurists, historians and theologians in the wider muslim world.[34]With the Qur'an being the foundation of all teachings, arguments that could not be backed by the Qur'an were inadmissible in discussions and debates at the Sankoré madrasa. Madrasas differed from traditional Qur’anic schools in that they focused on Arabic grammar to properly understand holy texts and Islamic scholarship.[35] However, subjects studied at Sankoré also included mathematics, astronomy and history, drawing from the diverse collections of manuscripts held by scholars. Education at Sankoré and other madrasas in the area had four levels of schooling or \"degrees\". When graduating from each level, students would receive a turban symbolizing their level.","title":"Curriculum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hadiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith"},{"link_name":"Sheik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh"}],"sub_title":"Degrees of Study","text":"The first or primary degree (Qur'anic school) required a mastery of Arabic and writing along with complete memorization of the Qur'an.The secondary degree focused on full immersion in the basic sciences. Students learned grammar, mathematics, geography, history, physics, astronomy, chemistry alongside more advanced learning of the Qur'an. At this level, they learned the hadiths, jurisprudence, and the sciences of spiritual purification according to Islam. Finally, they began an introduction to trade and business ethics. On graduation day, students were given turbans symbolizing divine light, wisdom, knowledge and excellent moral conduct.The superior degree required students to study under specialized professors and to complete research work. Much of the learning centered on debates regarding philosophic or religious questions. Before graduating from this level, students attached themselves to a Sheik (Islamic teacher) and had to demonstrate a strong character.","title":"Curriculum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fatwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwa"}],"sub_title":"Senior Roles","text":"The last level of learning at Sankoré or any masjid was the level of judge or professor. These men worked mainly as judges for the city and throughout the region, dispersing learned men to all the principal cities in Mali. A third level student who had impressed his Sheik enough was admitted into a \"circle of knowledge\" and valued as a truly learned individual and expert in his field. The members of this scholar's club similar to the modern concept of tenured professors. Those who did not leave Timbuktu remained to teach or counsel the leading people of the region on important legal and religious matters. The scholars would receive questions from the region's kings or governors, and distribute them to the third level students as research assignments. After discussing the findings among themselves, the scholars would issue a fatwa on the best way to deal with the problem at hand.","title":"Curriculum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-38"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:62-27"},{"link_name":"Askia Daoud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askia_Daoud"},{"link_name":"Songhai empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ulema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama"}],"text":"The African civilizations had a rich history in literature and the arts, long before their contact with the Arabian and Western worlds. The scholars employed at the Sankoré university were of the highest quality, \"astounding even the most learned men of Islam\".[36] As such, many scholars were later inducted as professors at universities in Morocco and Egypt.[37] Scholars were accomplished in multiple disciplines and employed to not only teach the students at the university, but to spread the madrasa's influence to other parts of the Islamic world.[38][27] Under the direction of Askia Daoud, ruler of the Songhai empire from 1549 to 1583, the university grew to encompass 180 facilities and house 25,000 students. Each facility was led by one Ulema, for a total of 180 scholars.","title":"Scholars of Sankoré"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-39"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism"},{"link_name":"Qadiriyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadiriyya"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Bamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Baba_al-Timbukti"},{"link_name":"colonialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-37"}],"sub_title":"Notable Scholars","text":"Some significant scholars include Abu Abdallah, Ag Mohammed ibn Utman, Ag Mohammed Ibn Al-Mukhtar An-Nawahi.[39] Most came from wealthy and religious families that were members of the Sufi Qadiriyya. The most influential scholar was Ahmad Bamba who served as the final chancellor of Sankoré Madrasa. His life is a brilliant example of the range and depth of West African intellectual activity before colonialism. He was the author of over forty books, with nearly each one having a different theme. He was also one of the first citizens to protest the Moroccan conquest of Timbuktu in 1591. Eventually, he, along with his peer scholars, was imprisoned and exiled to Morocco. This led to the loss of his personal collection of 1600 books, which was one of the richest libraries of his day.[37]","title":"Scholars of Sankoré"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hajj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj"},{"link_name":"Kano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_(city)"},{"link_name":"Katsina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsina"},{"link_name":"Walata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oualata"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-37"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Bagayogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Bagayogo"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-40"}],"sub_title":"Religious Pilgrimage","text":"Apart from their time working in their theoretical studies and the preservation of knowledge, the scholars of Timbuktu were extremely pious. Many embarked on the Hajj, the religious pilgrimage to Mecca, and used this opportunity to hold discussions with scholars from other parts of the Muslim world. On the way home, the scholars showed their humble nature by both learning from other leading scholars in Cairo, and volunteering to teach pupils of other schools in Kano, Katsina, and Walata.[37] Mohammed Bagayogo received an honorary doctorate in Cairo on his holy pilgrimage to Mecca.[40]","title":"Scholars of Sankoré"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-24603-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24603-2"}],"text":"Saad, Elias N. (1983). Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables 1400–1900. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24603-2.\nGomez, Michael A. (2018). African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691177427","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Postcard published by Edmond Fortier with the mosque in 1905–06","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fortier_368_Timbuktu_Sankore_Mosque.jpg/220px-Fortier_368_Timbuktu_Sankore_Mosque.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Songhai Empire at its greatest extent, c. AD 1500.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Songhai_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Songhai_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Sankoré Masjid, 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2007_Sankore_Mosque_Timbuktu_01.jpg/220px-2007_Sankore_Mosque_Timbuktu_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"A wooden entrance door into the Sankoré Madrasa, 1993.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/ASC_Leiden_-_van_Achterberg_Collection_-_05_-_43_-_Une_entr%C3%A9e_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Sankor%C3%A9_-_Tombouctou%2C_Mali_-_Novembre-d%C3%A9cembre_1993.jpg/220px-ASC_Leiden_-_van_Achterberg_Collection_-_05_-_43_-_Une_entr%C3%A9e_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Sankor%C3%A9_-_Tombouctou%2C_Mali_-_Novembre-d%C3%A9cembre_1993.jpg"},{"image_text":"Depicts scholars in the Islamic Golden Age at an Abbasid library in Baghdad, illustration by Yahyá al-Wasiti, 1237","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Maqamat_hariri.jpg/220px-Maqamat_hariri.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Ancient university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_university"},{"title":"List of oldest universities in continuous operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation"},{"title":"Medieval university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_university"},{"title":"Songhai Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_Empire"},{"title":"Timbuktu Manuscripts Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu_Manuscripts_Project"}] | [{"reference":"\"Timbuktu\". UNESCO World Heritage Convention.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/119/","url_text":"\"Timbuktu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wonders of the African World - Episodes - Road to Timbuktu - Wonders\". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2021-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi5/5_wondr6.htm","url_text":"\"Wonders of the African World - Episodes - Road to Timbuktu - Wonders\""}]},{"reference":"Hunwick, John (1999). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire. Al-Sa'dī's Ta'rīkh al-sūdān down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. lviii–lxii. ISBN 90-04-12822-0. The term 'University of Sankore', or 'University of Timbuktu' has been applied to this teaching complex. … there is no evidence of any such institution, and the Islamic tradition of learning (especially in Africa) is individualized rather than institutionalized … what was taking place in Timbuktu should be viewed within the cultural context of Islamic civilisation, rather than being associated conceptually with a European-style institution. … much of the day-to-day teaching process took place in scholar's houses, probably in special rooms set apart, where the scholar had his own private library which he could consult when knotty points arose. There is no evidence of a centralized teaching institution such as the term university implies.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kdEsWyzLnD8C","url_text":"Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire. Al-Sa'dī's Ta'rīkh al-sūdān down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12822-0","url_text":"90-04-12822-0"}]},{"reference":"Singleton, Brent D. (2004). \"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\". Library Faculty Publications. 21. The fully-qualified ulama of Timbuktu were a tight-knit community never numbering more than 200-300 at any particular time; they were concentrated in discrete quarters and mosques of the city. With the exception of special lectures given in the main mosques, the vast majority of instruction occurred in one-on-one or small group settings at the residence of a scholar.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/library-publications/21/","url_text":"\"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\""}]},{"reference":"Hunwick, John, ed. (2003). Arabic Literature of Africa, Volume 4: The Writings of Western Sudanic Africa. Brill. p. 2. ISBN 90-04-12444-6. The city's educational reputation has led some people to speak of a Timbuktu university, beginning with Felix Dubois, who wrote of the \"University of Sankore\". While the Sankore quarter in the north-east of Timbuktu certainly was an area which attracted many scholars to live in it, nevertheless, there is no evidence of any institutionalized centre of learning. Teaching of some texts was undertaken in the Sankore mosque, and also in the Sidi Yahya mosque and the \"Great Mosque\" – Jingere Ber – but teaching authorisations (ijaza) always came directly from the shaykhs with whom the students studied. Much of the teaching was done in scholars homes, and individual scholars had their own personal research and teaching libraries.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YPK5oEz4X28C&pg=PA1","url_text":"Arabic Literature of Africa, Volume 4: The Writings of Western Sudanic Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12444-6","url_text":"90-04-12444-6"}]},{"reference":"Hunwick, John (2003). \"Timbuktu: A Refuge of Scholarly and Righteous Folk\". Sudanic Africa. 14: 15. JSTOR 25653392 – via JSTOR. In the year 1325, when Timbuktu was under the rule of Mali, the sultan of Mali, Mansa Musa, came there during his return from pilgrimage, and ordered the construction of a Great Mosque (until now still in existence in the south of the city) under the supervision of the Andalusian scholar Abu Ishaq al-Sahili, who had accompanied Mansa Musa on his return journey from Mecca. Then after some years a large mosque was built in the Sankore quarter in the north of the city, financed by a woman from the Aghlal, a religious Tuareg tribe (of ineslemen). The Sankore mosque became a place for teaching tafsir (Qur'anic exegesis) and other Islamic teachings. Sankore was a dwelling place many scholars, especially those belonging to the Masufa","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25653392","url_text":"\"Timbuktu: A Refuge of Scholarly and Righteous Folk\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25653392","url_text":"25653392"}]},{"reference":"\"Sankore Mosque\". Google Arts & Culture.","urls":[{"url":"https://artsandculture.google.com/story/sankore-mosque/ugVxsu5BmElhuQ?hl=en","url_text":"\"Sankore Mosque\""}]},{"reference":"Aradeon, Susan B. (1989). \"Al-Sahili: the historians' myth of architectural technology transfer from North Africa\". Journal des africanistes. 59 (1–2): 99–131.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Woods, Michael (2009). Seven wonders of ancient Africa. Mary B. Woods. London: Lerner. ISBN 978-0-7613-4320-2. OCLC 645691064.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/645691064","url_text":"Seven wonders of ancient Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7613-4320-2","url_text":"978-0-7613-4320-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/645691064","url_text":"645691064"}]},{"reference":"Hunwick, John (1999). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire. Al-Sa'dī's Ta'rīkh al-sūdān down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. lviii. ISBN 90-04-12822-0. The mosque that was chiefly associated with teaching in this period was the Sankore Mosque.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kdEsWyzLnD8C","url_text":"Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire. Al-Sa'dī's Ta'rīkh al-sūdān down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12822-0","url_text":"90-04-12822-0"}]},{"reference":"Oliver, Roland, ed. (1977). The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 392. ISBN 978-0-521-20981-6. In the fourteenth century, when it began to develop as a commercial centre, Timbuktu also became a cultural centre of Islam.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C&pg=PA392","url_text":"The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20981-6","url_text":"978-0-521-20981-6"}]},{"reference":"Hunwick, John (1999). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire. Al-Sa'dī's Ta'rīkh al-sūdān down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. lvi–lvii. ISBN 90-04-12822-0. It would seem that Timbuktu was little more than a semi-permanent nomadic settlement in the twelfth century, and probably through the thirteenth […] the city effectively emerges into the light of history with the visit of the Malian ruler Mansa Musa on his way home from his pilgrimage of 1324. He is said to have brought back with him a number of Muslim scholars […] By 1375 Timbuktu, together with several Saharan locations, had found its place on a European map … this is a sure sign that Timbuktu was, by now, a commercial centre linked to North African cities.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kdEsWyzLnD8C","url_text":"Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire. Al-Sa'dī's Ta'rīkh al-sūdān down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12822-0","url_text":"90-04-12822-0"}]},{"reference":"Singleton, Brent D. (2004). \"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\". Library Faculty Publications. 21. there is no evidence of the existence of open access public libraries in medieval Timbuktu. On the contrary, the libraries of Timbuktu seem to have all been private collections of individual scholars or families.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/library-publications/21/","url_text":"\"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\""}]},{"reference":"Hunwick, John (2023). \"The Timbuktu Manuscript Tradition\". Tinabantu Journal of African National Affairs. 1 (2). doi:10.14426/tbu.v1i2.1643. Not only were manuscripts imported to Timbuktu, both from North Africa and Egypt, but scholars going on pilgrimage often studied in both Mecca and, on the way back, in Cairo, and copied texts to add to their own libraries.","urls":[{"url":"https://epubs.ac.za/index.php/jasas/article/view/1643","url_text":"\"The Timbuktu Manuscript Tradition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.14426%2Ftbu.v1i2.1643","url_text":"10.14426/tbu.v1i2.1643"}]},{"reference":"Hunwick, John (1999). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire. Al-Sa'dī's Ta'rīkh al-sūdān down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents. Leiden: E.J. Brill.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Leo Africanus (1526): A geographical historie of Africa, Book 7, Chapter: Of the kingdome of Tombuto\". University of Michigan Library - Early English Books Online.","urls":[{"url":"https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A05331.0001.001/1:22?rgn=div1;view=toc","url_text":"\"Leo Africanus (1526): A geographical historie of Africa, Book 7, Chapter: Of the kingdome of Tombuto\""}]},{"reference":"Singleton, Brent D. (2004). \"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\". Library Faculty Publications. 21. Reliable figures concerning the size and scope of libraries in Timbuktu are scarce, however, the historical chronicles of Timbuktu and other sources provide a glimpse of a handful of collections. Al--Hashtuki quotes Ahmad Baba's comment about his library seized by the Moroccans: \"I had the smallest library of any of my kin, and they seized 1,600 volumes.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/library-publications/21/","url_text":"\"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\""}]},{"reference":"Singleton, Brent D. (2004). \"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\". Library Faculty Publications. 21. Manuscripts were plentiful in Timbuktu and the need for copying continual, affording students the opportunity to earn a living during their studies. [...] The cost of copying a set of books was enormous ... But no matter how costly local copying may have been, it was still far less expensive than purchasing most imported books.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/library-publications/21/","url_text":"\"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\""}]},{"reference":"Singleton, Brent D. (2004). \"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\". Library Faculty Publications. 21. The flow of books into Timbuktu naturally outpaced the number of books Timbuktu exported to the outside world, nonetheless, many notable works owned or penned by Sudanese scholars were traded north. Ahmad Baba, the preeminent scholar of Timbuktu, wrote more than 40 works including a biographical dictionary of Maliki fuqaha entitled Nayl al-ibtihaj bi-tatriz al-Dibaj, often referred to simply as the Nayl al-ibtihaj. This work gained popularity throughout the Maghrib (North Africa) and reached every part of the Maliki Muslim world.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/library-publications/21/","url_text":"\"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\""}]},{"reference":"Kaba, Lansiné (1981). \"Archers, Musketeers, and Mosquitoes: The Moroccan Invasion of the Sudan and the Songhay Resistance (1591–1612)\". The Journal of African History. 22 (4): 457–475. doi:10.1017/S0021853700019861. PMID 11632225. S2CID 41500711.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700019861","url_text":"10.1017/S0021853700019861"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11632225","url_text":"11632225"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41500711","url_text":"41500711"}]},{"reference":"Singleton, Brent D. (2004). \"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\". Library Faculty Publications. 21. Reliable figures concerning the size and scope of libraries in Timbuktu are scarce, however, the historical chronicles of Timbuktu and other sources provide a glimpse of a handful of collections. Al--Hashtuki quotes Ahmad Baba's comment about his library seized by the Moroccans: \"I had the smallest library of any of my kin, and they seized 1,600 volumes.\" ... Baba's personal collection was extensive and valuable, and was completely dispersed to Morocco.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/library-publications/21/","url_text":"\"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\""}]},{"reference":"Hunwick, John (2003). \"Timbuktu: A Refuge of Scholarly and RIghteous Folk\". Sudanic Africa. 14 – via JSTOR.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Wonders of the African World - Episodes - Road to Timbuktu - Wonders\". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2021-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi5/5_wondr6.htm","url_text":"\"Wonders of the African World - Episodes - Road to Timbuktu - Wonders\""}]},{"reference":"Hima, Halimatou (2020). \"'Francophone' Education Intersectionalities: Gender, Language, and Religion\". The Palgrave Handbook of African Education and Indigenous Knowledge. pp. 463–525.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thomas-Emeagwali, Gloria (January 1, 1988). \"Reflections on the Development of Science in the Islamic World - and its diffusion into Nigeria Before 1903\". Journal of the Pakistan Historical Societyb. 36: 41.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wright, Zachary V. (2020), \"The Islamic Intellectual Tradition of Sudanic Africa, with Analysis of a Fifteenth-Century Timbuktu Manuscript\", The Palgrave Handbook of Islam in Africa, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 55–76, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45759-4_4, ISBN 978-3-030-45758-7, S2CID 226523945, retrieved 2021-12-05","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45759-4_4","url_text":"\"The Islamic Intellectual Tradition of Sudanic Africa, with Analysis of a Fifteenth-Century Timbuktu Manuscript\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-45759-4_4","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-030-45759-4_4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-45758-7","url_text":"978-3-030-45758-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226523945","url_text":"226523945"}]},{"reference":"Singleton, Brent D. (2004). \"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\". Library Faculty Publications. 21. In the 16th century, Timbuktu housed as many as 150-180 maktabs (Qur'anic schools), where basic reading and recitation of the Qur'an were taught. The schools had an estimated peak enrollment of 4,000--5,000; this number includes the transitory population of students from neighboring cities and surrounding nomadic tribes. Basic literacy skills were abundant, but only a select few (200-300 individuals) drawn from a small number of wealthy families were able to attain the status of ulama (scholars).","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/library-publications/21/","url_text":"\"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\""}]},{"reference":"Gomez, Michael A. (2018). African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa. Princeton University Press. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-691-17742-7. Tarīkh al-fattāsh makes this very clear, transitioning from the general to the particular in estimating between 150 and 180 Qur'ānic schools (maktabān) in the city ... By extension, this suggests a city with a sizable student population, entirely consistent with Africanus's general impression. Attempts at quantification are simply that, but a range of 7,500 to 9,000 students in such schools does not seem an unreasonable estimate.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TXKYDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17742-7","url_text":"978-0-691-17742-7"}]},{"reference":"Singleton, Brent D. (2004). \"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\". Library Faculty Publications. 21. in Timbuktu the body of ulama was drawn exclusively from the city's wealthiest families. With the exception of a handful of apprentices called alfas, there were no opportunities for the lower classes to join the scholarly elite. ... The fully-qualified ulama of Timbuktu were a tight-knit community never numbering more than 200-300 at any particular time; they were concentrated in discrete quarters and mosques of the city.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/library-publications/21/","url_text":"\"African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu\""}]},{"reference":"Olasupo Adeleye, Mikail (January 1, 1983). \"Islam and Education\". Islamic Quarterly. 27: 140.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kobo, Ousman Murzik (2016), \"Paths to Progress: Madrasa Education and Sub-Saharan Muslims' Pursuit of Socioeconomic Development\", The State of Social Progress of Islamic Societies, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 159–177, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24774-8_7, ISBN 978-3-319-24772-4, retrieved 2021-12-05","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24774-8_7","url_text":"\"Paths to Progress: Madrasa Education and Sub-Saharan Muslims' Pursuit of Socioeconomic Development\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-24774-8_7","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-319-24774-8_7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-24772-4","url_text":"978-3-319-24772-4"}]},{"reference":"Dubois, Félix (1896). Timbuctoo the mysterious. New York, Longmans, Green and Co.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lawton, Bishop (2020-06-27). \"Sankore Mosque and University (c. 1100- ) •\". Retrieved 2021-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/institutions-global-african-history/sankore-mosque-and-university-c-1100/","url_text":"\"Sankore Mosque and University (c. 1100- ) •\""}]},{"reference":"\"The University of Sankore, Timbuktu\". Muslim Heritage. 2003-06-07. Retrieved 2021-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://muslimheritage.com/the-university-of-sankore-timbuktu/","url_text":"\"The University of Sankore, Timbuktu\""}]},{"reference":"Saad, Elias N. (1983). Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables 1400–1900. New York: Cambridge University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuzgo_textiles | Amuzgo textiles | ["1 The Amuzgos","2 Preservation and marketing","3 Designs","4 Process","5 Florentina López de Jesús","6 References"] | Amuzgo hand woven huipils on display at the Xochistlahuaca Community Museum
Amuzgo textiles are those created by the Amuzgo indigenous people who live in the Mexican states of Guerrero and Oaxaca. The history of this craft extends to the pre-Columbian period, which much preserved, as many Amuzgos, especially in Xochistlahuaca, still wear traditional clothing. However, the introduction of cheap commercial cloth has put the craft in danger as hand woven cloth with elaborate designs cannot compete as material for regular clothing. Since the 20th century, the Amuzgo weavers have mostly made cloth for family use, but they have also been developing specialty markets, such as to collectors and tourists for their product.
One major player in this development is the Liaa’ Ljaa’ cooperative, which seeks to not only commercialize Amuzgo weaving but also preserve designs and traditional techniques, partnering with organizations such as the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) in Azcapotzalco. Most weavings are still done with traditional designs and techniques and with natural fibers, principally cotton, and dyes.
The Amuzgos
Amuzgo women dressed in huipils preparing thread for weaving
The Amuzgos live in the border region of southeastern Guerrero and southwestern Oaxaca, with about eighty percent in Guerrero. Most live in the municipalities of San Pedro Amuzgos, Putla and Santa María Ipalapa in Oaxaca and Xochistlahuaca and Ometepec in Guerrero. The region is hot with rugged terrain with tropical forest whose leaves drop during the dry season. It has various small rivers and streams. The Amuzgo practice subsistence agriculture based on corn, beans and chili peppers with some other cash crops such as sesame seed and tropical fruits. The region is not purely Amuzgo as Triquis, Tlapanecs, Mixtecs, Chatinos and Nahuas.
One name the Amuzgo have for themselves is Tzjon non, especially in San Pedro Amuzgos, which means “people of the textiles.” There are about 35,000 speakers of the Amuzgo language. The religion is Catholicism with indigenous elements such as a belief in good and evil spirits which can cause or cure disease, rain or drought and more. The largest community of Amuzgos is in the municipality of Xochistlahuaca in Guerrero. Many houses are of adobe on narrow streets on steep hills. The Amuzgos here have maintained most of their culture in its food, family structure, language and religious beliefs. Since 1996, Xochistlahuaca has hosted a regional gathering of Amuzgos to promote regional social, political and economic development. The town also has a community museum which has a number of pre Hispanic pieces. The children receive primary school education in both Spanish and Amuzgo.
Textiles are an important part of Amuzgo culture and economy, although other handcrafts such as ceramics. Although weaving is painstaking and time-consuming, most Amuzgo women do it along with farming and household chores because it brings in money to the household, and the labors of men in the fields growing corn, beans, squash and cotton is not enough. Cotton is highly valued by the Amuzgos, not only for its economic value but also because it is considered to be in harmony with the human body and soft to the touch. Most of Xochistlahuaca inhabitants, especially the women, still wear traditional garb. The most notable of these is the huipil, a kind of long tunic, which is called “cheyno” in Amuzgo. This word means a cloth that covers a woman, and is considered to be an expression of the wearer. There are two types of huipils: everyday and those for special occasions, and both can be elaborately decorated.
Preservation and marketing
Juana Santa Ana Guerrero of the Liaa' Ljaa' at the Museo de Arte Popular.
Most textiles made in Amuzgo homes is still for family use, especially huipils. However, the craft is in danger because machine made cloth is much cheaper, and as everyday clothing, traditional hand woven cloth cannot compete in the market outside the home. Starting in the latter 20th century, huipils and other traditional clothing for sale has been targeted to specialty markets such as to scholars like anthropologists, rich Mexican woman who wear them for civic holidays and to tourists from various parts of the world including those who travel to Xochistlahuaca to buy.
Amuzgo textile production and efforts at preservation are strongest in Xochistlahuaca, with the oldest and most complex designs mostly known only to the oldest weavers in this municipality. The weavers of this town have made efforts to preserve these designs and pass them onto the younger generations. One major development in the preservation and promotion of Amuzgo textiles was the formation of the Liaa’ Ljaa’ cooperative in 1996. The name is from Amuzgo and means "materials of flowers". The cooperative today have fifty nine members representing fifty nine families, which totals about 160 people, only forty of which are men. This cooperative exists to avoid middlemen, selling more directly to the market for higher prices as well as promote efforts to preserve traditional designs and techniques using natural fibers and dyes. The group weaves elaborate huipils, blouses, skirts, rebozos, bedcovers, tablecloths and napkins, and works together to commercialize them. However, the most important item remains the huipil both for use by the Amuzgo women and by collectors.
The Amuzgo have taken steps to have their weavings received a “denomination of origin” so that this style of weaving is only authentically produced in Amuzgo territory, similar to the denomination of origin afforded to Talavera pottery. They have also worked to create new designs and new items, such as pants and rugs for commercialization purposes with support from government and other sources. One of these is the cooperation between Liaa’ Ljaa’ and the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, which aims to preserve Amuzgo textiles and other aspects of Amuzgo culture. The UAM library has a collection of original textiles, along with a catalog of 244 traditional designs used on clothing and other textiles, with photographs in the possession of the Xochistlahuaca Community Museum. The collaboration works to preserve traditional designs which are not often done because they are complex, time-consuming and/or costly to make.
Weavers from Xochistlahuaca have received support and awards for their work. Sources of support include Programa Nacional de Arte Popular of the DGCP, Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas, and the Programa de Fondos Culturales. The last has a program called "Fortalecimiento Cultural" which aims to recompile and register traditional designs to keep the oldest and most complicated from being forgotten.
A number of weavers from the community have received prizes for their work including the 2004 Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes awarded to the cooperative as a whole. The work has been exhibited in museums such as the Museo Regional de Guerrero. Estela Pineda participated in the XVI Muestra Iberoamericana de Artesanía in Spain with a huipil made of coyochi cotton colored with vegetable dyes which was recognized as best textile. Plants used included indigo, marigold flowers, roses and others. Florentina Lopez de Jesus won second place at the UNESCO handcraft prize in 2001 for Latin American and the Caribbean.
Designs
The embroidery and weaving designs of Amuzgo textiles have significance and are passed down from generation to generation. The designs found on the cloth made in Xochistlahuaca is some of the most traditional. The patterns identify various Amuzgo communities as well as Amuzgo identity, with the designs considered to be a kind of “alphabet” by Amuzgo weavers. This use of design is part of this people’s cultural heritage along with the weaving process itself. Some of the designs can be traced back to images found on codices and pre Hispanic cultures. Most of the designs are based on the flora and fauna of the Costa Chica region of Guerrero, especially those near Xochistlahuaca. These include petate mat patterns, fretwork, suns, stars, mountains, rivers, dogs, horses, donkeys, turtles, water bugs, birds, double headed eagles and various flowers. There are mathematical formulas that create patterns such as “pata de perro” (a kind of leaf that grows along the Santa Catarina River), “flores de piedra” (stone flowers), curvas de cola de tortuga (turtle tail curls), “flores de pina” (pineapple flowers) and “patas de gato” (cats’ feet). These patterns can be found on huipils, blouses, skirts, napkins, rebozos and dresses. An S pattern represents the feminine and indirectly, the earth. Another common motif is the double headed eagle, which is based on a number of myths of the region. There are also newer designs which were created with the help of Beatriz Jimenez, a designer at UAM.
Process
Amuzgo woman weaving a rebozo on a backstrap loom
Like many other indigenous communities, people learn to create handcrafts as young children, with most boys learning to weave hammocks and nets, but it is the girls that learn to make cloth on a backstrap loom, learning from their mothers and grandmothers. Most of the thread, the dyes and the tools used for weaving fabric are natural and include cotton, wood and even bird bones which function much like needles. White cotton is increasingly used but the most traditional variety is called “coyuche” which is naturally brown. The name comes from “coyote” as the color is similar to that to the animal. This variety of cotton is not used anywhere else in the world, but its use is less than the past and not used at all in many works. This cotton is grown by the Amuzgo themselves, along with other crops. Cotton fiber is also often mixed with the fiber of a local plant called cacaloxuchitl. Dyes are made from cochineal, branches from the nanche (Byrsonima crassifolia) and almond tree and hay.
Generally, huipils made from cloth 45 cm wide take about four months to complete, working four hours a day. It sells for about 2,500 pesos. All pieces are unique with no two exactly the same.
The process of converting cotton into cloth is nearly the same as it was in the pre Hispanic period. The process starts with cleaning and beating the raw cotton fibers, then spinning them into thread using a supported spindle called a malacate (large whorl-less spindle which spins in a small cup). The thread is wound into skeins of yarn and dyed.
The warp threads are wound, which determines the length of the cloth to be made as well as some of the colors that will be used. The weaving is done on a backstrap loom. One end of the warp threads are fastened to a wooden rod and the other end is held by a wood stick or rod which is then fastened to the weaver by a belt that goes around her back. The weaving is done by raising half the warp threads to create a space or shed through which the shuttle passes. To create two different sheds, the weaver uses a wood pole called a shed rod that half the warp passes over and string heddles tied to another wooden rod, that the other half of the warp passes through. Some designs are woven into the fabric by introducing an extra weft thread that may be brightly colored. There are four main weaving techniques. Simple huipils are made in brocade with extra or supplementary weft threads seen on both sides of the cloth. Napkins and tablecloths have one side completely smooth. A second type of huipil has areas of gauze weave (gauze is an open cloth stabilized with leno twists). The fourth is an all over gauze weave called concha de armadillos with the design in the form of a diamond.
Cloth destined for huipils is joined together by complicated and decorative hand stitching. In addition to designs woven into the cloth, clothing, napkins and more are further embellished with embroidery with designs depicting geometric figures, animals. Most embroidery is done using commercial thread as it is cheaper.
Florentina López de Jesús
The best known Amuzgo weaver from Xochistlahuaca is Florentina López de Jesús. Like most other girls in her area, she watched her mother weave as she sat by her side playing with skeins of cotton yarn. When she was an adult her weaving skills came to include techniques such as taffeta, simple weave, taletón (a variation of taffeta)and variations of gauze. Her specialty is gauze brocade in which various colored brocading weft threads are introduced to form designs. At first, her production was generally sold among her friends or done by special order as she had no permanent shop. After winning awards for her work starting in 1980, she began selling her pieces in Ometepec. Major awards include “Por siempre el rebozo” in 1991 and Las Manos de México in 1994 in the category of brocade.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amuzgo textiles.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gonzalo J. Alarcón Vial (October 22, 2009). "Rescate de una tradición: estudio del lenguaje gráfico en la trama textil Amuzga" (in Spanish). Italy: Universidad de Palermo. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
^ a b John P. Schmal. "Oaxaca: A land of diversity, 2". Artes e Historia. Houston Texas: Houston Institute for Culture. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
^ a b c d e f g h "Donde se tejen los colores" . Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. January 28, 2001. p. 6.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Eduardo Gleason. "Artesanía amuzga en Xochistlahuaca (Guerrero)" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
^ a b c d e f ""Con el alma en un hilo. Textiles amuzgos de Xochistlahuaca", impresionante colección de huipiles" . Azteca 21 (in Spanish). Mexico City. December 26, 2008. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Fernando García Álvarez. "Las tejedoras de sueños de Xochistlahuaca" (in Spanish). Mexico: Dirección General de las Culturas Populares. Archived from the original on June 22, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
^ a b c d e f Lupita Aguilar (February 28, 2004). "Reclaman indigenas apoyo" . Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 4.
^ a b c d e Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. "Estudio del lenguaje grafico en la trama textil Amuzga Rescate de los diseños tradicionales amuzgos de Xochistlahuaca, Gro. de uso en los textiles elaborados en telar de cintura" (in Spanish). UNESCO. Archived from the original on September 13, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
^ Marisol Wences Mina (December 13, 2008). "Muestran la tradición textil de Xochistlahuaca en Chilpancingo" . La Jornada de Guerrero (in Spanish). Chilpancingo. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
^ "Obtuvo Estela Pineda en España Premio al Mejor Oficio de Arte Textil. Afirma que en cada huipil confeccionado va algo de ella misma" . NOTIMEX (in Spanish). Mexico City. December 16, 2008.
^ "El textil mexicano tradicional" . Artes e Historia (in Spanish). Mexico: CONACULTA. Archived from the original on 2012-05-25. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
^ "Amuzgos - Tzjon Non". Mexico: Comisiíon Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas. October 22, 2009. Archived from the original on December 15, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
^ Fernández de Calderón, Cándida, ed. (2003). Great Masters of Mexican Folk Art: From the collection of Fomento Cultural Banamex (2 ed.). Mexico City: Fomento Cultural Banamex, A.C. pp. 359–360. ISBN 968 5234 09 4.
vteMexican handcrafts and folk artClay and ceramics
Mexican ceramics
Talavera pottery
Ceramics of Jalisco
Mata Ortiz pottery
Tree of Life
Barro Negro pottery
Green glazed pottery of Atzompa
Pottery of Metepec
Soteno family
Textiles and other fiber crafts
Textiles of Mexico
Basketry of Mexico
Textiles of Oaxaca
Amuzgo textiles
Tenango embroidery
Mexican rag doll
Petate
Huipil
Rebozo
Quechquemitl
Paper
Piñata
Amate
Cartonería
Miss Lupita project
Lupita dolls
Crafts towns
San Pablito (amate paper)
Santa María Atzompa (pottery)
San Bartolo Coyotepec (pottery)
Ocotlán de Morelos (pottery, blades)
San Martín Tilcajete (alebrijes)
Santa Clara del Cobre (copper crafts, Punzo family)
Teotitlán del Valle (rugs)
Temoaya (rugs)
Tlalpujahua (Christmas ornaments)
Tlaquepaque (pottery)
Tonalá, Jalisco (pottery, glass, etc)
Tenancingo, State of Mexico (rebozos, basketry, furniture)
Crafts, popular art museums and other promotors
Museo de Arte Popular
National Museum of Mexican Art
Museo de la Laca and the Santo Domingo monastery
Museo Estatal de Arte Popular de Oaxaca
Museo Universitario de Artes Populares María Teresa Pomar
Museo Regional de la Ceramica, Tlaquepaque
Museo de Trajes Regionales
Marta Turok
María Teresa Pomar
National Pyrotechnic Festival
Museo Nacional de la Máscara
FONART
Ciudadela Market
Palm Sunday Handcraft Market
Feria Maestros del Arte
Artisans
see List of Mexican artisans
Handcrafts by federal entity
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Other
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Mexican ironwood carvings
Traditional copper work in Mexico
Mexican handcrafted fireworks
Mexican pointy boots
Mexico City Alebrije Parade
Traditional metal working in Mexico
Traditional Mexican handcrafted toys
Mexican featherwork | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amuzgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuzgo_people"},{"link_name":"Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"pre-Columbian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Xochistlahuaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xochistlahuaca"},{"link_name":"Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_Metropolitana"},{"link_name":"Azcapotzalco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azcapotzalco"}],"text":"Amuzgo textiles are those created by the Amuzgo indigenous people who live in the Mexican states of Guerrero and Oaxaca. The history of this craft extends to the pre-Columbian period, which much preserved, as many Amuzgos, especially in Xochistlahuaca, still wear traditional clothing. However, the introduction of cheap commercial cloth has put the craft in danger as hand woven cloth with elaborate designs cannot compete as material for regular clothing. Since the 20th century, the Amuzgo weavers have mostly made cloth for family use, but they have also been developing specialty markets, such as to collectors and tourists for their product.One major player in this development is the Liaa’ Ljaa’ cooperative, which seeks to not only commercialize Amuzgo weaving but also preserve designs and traditional techniques, partnering with organizations such as the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) in Azcapotzalco. Most weavings are still done with traditional designs and techniques and with natural fibers, principally cotton, and dyes.","title":"Amuzgo textiles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:XochisWeavers05.JPG"},{"link_name":"San Pedro Amuzgos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_Amuzgos"},{"link_name":"Putla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putla_Villa_de_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Santa María Ipalapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Ipalapa"},{"link_name":"Ometepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ometepec"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rescate-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-houston-2"},{"link_name":"Triquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triqui_people"},{"link_name":"Tlapanecs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlapanec_people"},{"link_name":"Mixtecs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixtec_people"},{"link_name":"Chatinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatino_people"},{"link_name":"Nahuas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahua_peoples"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rescate-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rescate-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-houston-2"},{"link_name":"Amuzgo language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuzgo_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colores-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colores-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colores-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artesania-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artesania-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colores-3"},{"link_name":"huipil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huipil"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artesania-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alma-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alma-5"}],"text":"Amuzgo women dressed in huipils preparing thread for weavingThe Amuzgos live in the border region of southeastern Guerrero and southwestern Oaxaca, with about eighty percent in Guerrero. Most live in the municipalities of San Pedro Amuzgos, Putla and Santa María Ipalapa in Oaxaca and Xochistlahuaca and Ometepec in Guerrero.[1][2] The region is hot with rugged terrain with tropical forest whose leaves drop during the dry season. It has various small rivers and streams. The Amuzgo practice subsistence agriculture based on corn, beans and chili peppers with some other cash crops such as sesame seed and tropical fruits. The region is not purely Amuzgo as Triquis, Tlapanecs, Mixtecs, Chatinos and Nahuas.[1]One name the Amuzgo have for themselves is Tzjon non, especially in San Pedro Amuzgos, which means “people of the textiles.”[1][2] There are about 35,000 speakers of the Amuzgo language. The religion is Catholicism with indigenous elements such as a belief in good and evil spirits which can cause or cure disease, rain or drought and more. The largest community of Amuzgos is in the municipality of Xochistlahuaca in Guerrero. Many houses are of adobe on narrow streets on steep hills. The Amuzgos here have maintained most of their culture in its food, family structure, language and religious beliefs. Since 1996, Xochistlahuaca has hosted a regional gathering of Amuzgos to promote regional social, political and economic development. The town also has a community museum which has a number of pre Hispanic pieces. The children receive primary school education in both Spanish and Amuzgo.[3]Textiles are an important part of Amuzgo culture and economy, although other handcrafts such as ceramics.[3] Although weaving is painstaking and time-consuming, most Amuzgo women do it along with farming and household chores because it brings in money to the household, and the labors of men in the fields growing corn, beans, squash and cotton is not enough.[3][4] Cotton is highly valued by the Amuzgos, not only for its economic value but also because it is considered to be in harmony with the human body and soft to the touch.[4] Most of Xochistlahuaca inhabitants, especially the women, still wear traditional garb.[3] The most notable of these is the huipil, a kind of long tunic, which is called “cheyno” in Amuzgo. This word means a cloth that covers a woman, and is considered to be an expression of the wearer.[4][5] There are two types of huipils: everyday and those for special occasions, and both can be elaborately decorated.[5]","title":"The Amuzgos"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6thAnniversayMAP77_edit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Museo de Arte Popular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_de_Arte_Popular"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tejedoras-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artesania-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colores-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reclaman-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rescate-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tejedoras-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rescate-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enlaces-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rescate-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artesania-4"},{"link_name":"rebozos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebozo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enlaces-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artesania-4"},{"link_name":"Talavera pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talavera_(pottery)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enlaces-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artesania-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reclaman-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rescate-1"},{"link_name":"Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comisi%C3%B3n_Nacional_para_el_Desarrollo_de_los_Pueblos_Ind%C3%ADgenas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tejedoras-6"},{"link_name":"Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nacional_de_Ciencias_y_Artes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tejedoras-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-muestran-9"},{"link_name":"indigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo"},{"link_name":"marigold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagetes"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obtuvo-10"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reclaman-7"}],"text":"Juana Santa Ana Guerrero of the Liaa' Ljaa' at the Museo de Arte Popular.Most textiles made in Amuzgo homes is still for family use, especially huipils.[6] However, the craft is in danger because machine made cloth is much cheaper, and as everyday clothing, traditional hand woven cloth cannot compete in the market outside the home.[4] Starting in the latter 20th century, huipils and other traditional clothing for sale has been targeted to specialty markets such as to scholars like anthropologists, rich Mexican woman who wear them for civic holidays and to tourists from various parts of the world including those who travel to Xochistlahuaca to buy.[3][7]Amuzgo textile production and efforts at preservation are strongest in Xochistlahuaca, with the oldest and most complex designs mostly known only to the oldest weavers in this municipality.[1][6] The weavers of this town have made efforts to preserve these designs and pass them onto the younger generations.[1] One major development in the preservation and promotion of Amuzgo textiles was the formation of the Liaa’ Ljaa’ cooperative in 1996. The name is from Amuzgo and means \"materials of flowers\".[8] The cooperative today have fifty nine members representing fifty nine families, which totals about 160 people, only forty of which are men.[1] This cooperative exists to avoid middlemen, selling more directly to the market for higher prices as well as promote efforts to preserve traditional designs and techniques using natural fibers and dyes.[4] The group weaves elaborate huipils, blouses, skirts, rebozos, bedcovers, tablecloths and napkins, and works together to commercialize them.[8] However, the most important item remains the huipil both for use by the Amuzgo women and by collectors.[4]The Amuzgo have taken steps to have their weavings received a “denomination of origin” so that this style of weaving is only authentically produced in Amuzgo territory, similar to the denomination of origin afforded to Talavera pottery.[8] They have also worked to create new designs and new items, such as pants and rugs for commercialization purposes with support from government and other sources.[4][7] One of these is the cooperation between Liaa’ Ljaa’ and the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, which aims to preserve Amuzgo textiles and other aspects of Amuzgo culture. The UAM library has a collection of original textiles, along with a catalog of 244 traditional designs used on clothing and other textiles, with photographs in the possession of the Xochistlahuaca Community Museum. The collaboration works to preserve traditional designs which are not often done because they are complex, time-consuming and/or costly to make.[1]Weavers from Xochistlahuaca have received support and awards for their work. Sources of support include Programa Nacional de Arte Popular of the DGCP, Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas, and the Programa de Fondos Culturales. The last has a program called \"Fortalecimiento Cultural\" which aims to recompile and register traditional designs to keep the oldest and most complicated from being forgotten.[6]A number of weavers from the community have received prizes for their work including the 2004 Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes awarded to the cooperative as a whole.[6] The work has been exhibited in museums such as the Museo Regional de Guerrero.[9] Estela Pineda participated in the XVI Muestra Iberoamericana de Artesanía in Spain with a huipil made of coyochi cotton colored with vegetable dyes which was recognized as best textile. Plants used included indigo, marigold flowers, roses and others.[10] Florentina Lopez de Jesus won second place at the UNESCO handcraft prize in 2001 for Latin American and the Caribbean.[7]","title":"Preservation and marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rescate-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artshistory-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artesania-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enlaces-8"},{"link_name":"codices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aztec_c%C3%B3dices&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artesania-4"},{"link_name":"Costa Chica region of Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Chica_of_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"petate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petate"},{"link_name":"fretwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fretwork"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colores-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reclaman-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alma-5"},{"link_name":"double headed eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-headed_eagle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rescate-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reclaman-7"}],"text":"The embroidery and weaving designs of Amuzgo textiles have significance and are passed down from generation to generation.[1][11] The designs found on the cloth made in Xochistlahuaca is some of the most traditional.[4] The patterns identify various Amuzgo communities as well as Amuzgo identity, with the designs considered to be a kind of “alphabet” by Amuzgo weavers. This use of design is part of this people’s cultural heritage along with the weaving process itself.[8] Some of the designs can be traced back to images found on codices and pre Hispanic cultures.[4] Most of the designs are based on the flora and fauna of the Costa Chica region of Guerrero, especially those near Xochistlahuaca. These include petate mat patterns, fretwork, suns, stars, mountains, rivers, dogs, horses, donkeys, turtles, water bugs, birds, double headed eagles and various flowers.[3] There are mathematical formulas that create patterns such as “pata de perro” (a kind of leaf that grows along the Santa Catarina River), “flores de piedra” (stone flowers), curvas de cola de tortuga (turtle tail curls), “flores de pina” (pineapple flowers) and “patas de gato” (cats’ feet). These patterns can be found on huipils, blouses, skirts, napkins, rebozos and dresses.[7] An S pattern represents the feminine and indirectly, the earth.[5] Another common motif is the double headed eagle, which is based on a number of myths of the region.[1] There are also newer designs which were created with the help of Beatriz Jimenez, a designer at UAM.[7]","title":"Designs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:XochisWeavers23.JPG"},{"link_name":"hammocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammock"},{"link_name":"backstrap loom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom#Back_strap_loom"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tejedoras-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdigob-12"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tejedoras-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artesania-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rescate-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enlaces-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artesania-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alma-5"},{"link_name":"cochineal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochineal"},{"link_name":"Byrsonima crassifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrsonima_crassifolia"},{"link_name":"almond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alma-5"},{"link_name":"pesos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_peso"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reclaman-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tejedoras-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colores-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tejedoras-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tejedoras-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rescate-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tejedoras-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colores-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alma-5"}],"text":"Amuzgo woman weaving a rebozo on a backstrap loomLike many other indigenous communities, people learn to create handcrafts as young children, with most boys learning to weave hammocks and nets, but it is the girls that learn to make cloth on a backstrap loom, learning from their mothers and grandmothers.[6][12] Most of the thread, the dyes and the tools used for weaving fabric are natural and include cotton, wood and even bird bones which function much like needles.[6] White cotton is increasingly used but the most traditional variety is called “coyuche” which is naturally brown. The name comes from “coyote” as the color is similar to that to the animal.[4] This variety of cotton is not used anywhere else in the world, but its use is less than the past and not used at all in many works.[1][8] This cotton is grown by the Amuzgo themselves, along with other crops. Cotton fiber is also often mixed with the fiber of a local plant called cacaloxuchitl.[4][5] Dyes are made from cochineal, branches from the nanche (Byrsonima crassifolia) and almond tree and hay.[5]Generally, huipils made from cloth 45 cm wide take about four months to complete, working four hours a day. It sells for about 2,500 pesos.[7] All pieces are unique with no two exactly the same.[6]The process of converting cotton into cloth is nearly the same as it was in the pre Hispanic period. The process starts with cleaning and beating the raw cotton fibers, then spinning them into thread using a supported spindle called a malacate (large whorl-less spindle which spins in a small cup). The thread is wound into skeins of yarn and dyed.[3][6]The warp threads are wound, which determines the length of the cloth to be made as well as some of the colors that will be used. The weaving is done on a backstrap loom. One end of the warp threads are fastened to a wooden rod and the other end is held by a wood stick or rod which is then fastened to the weaver by a belt that goes around her back. The weaving is done by raising half the warp threads to create a space or shed through which the shuttle passes. To create two different sheds, the weaver uses a wood pole called a shed rod that half the warp passes over and string heddles tied to another wooden rod, that the other half of the warp passes through. Some designs are woven into the fabric by introducing an extra weft thread that may be brightly colored.[6] There are four main weaving techniques. Simple huipils are made in brocade with extra or supplementary weft threads seen on both sides of the cloth. Napkins and tablecloths have one side completely smooth. A second type of huipil has areas of gauze weave (gauze is an open cloth stabilized with leno twists). The fourth is an all over gauze weave called concha de armadillos with the design in the form of a diamond.[1]Cloth destined for huipils is joined together by complicated and decorative hand stitching.[6] In addition to designs woven into the cloth, clothing, napkins and more are further embellished with embroidery with designs depicting geometric figures, animals.[3] Most embroidery is done using commercial thread as it is cheaper.[5]","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florentina López de Jesús","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentina_L%C3%B3pez_de_Jes%C3%BAs"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmasters-13"},{"link_name":"Amuzgo textiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amuzgo_textiles"}],"text":"The best known Amuzgo weaver from Xochistlahuaca is Florentina López de Jesús. Like most other girls in her area, she watched her mother weave as she sat by her side playing with skeins of cotton yarn. When she was an adult her weaving skills came to include techniques such as taffeta, simple weave, taletón (a variation of taffeta)and variations of gauze. Her specialty is gauze brocade in which various colored brocading weft threads are introduced to form designs. At first, her production was generally sold among her friends or done by special order as she had no permanent shop. After winning awards for her work starting in 1980, she began selling her pieces in Ometepec. Major awards include “Por siempre el rebozo” in 1991 and Las Manos de México in 1994 in the category of brocade.[13]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amuzgo textiles.","title":"Florentina López de Jesús"}] | [{"image_text":"Amuzgo hand woven huipils on display at the Xochistlahuaca Community Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/XochisWeavers08.JPG/300px-XochisWeavers08.JPG"},{"image_text":"Amuzgo women dressed in huipils preparing thread for weaving","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/XochisWeavers05.JPG/220px-XochisWeavers05.JPG"},{"image_text":"Juana Santa Ana Guerrero of the Liaa' Ljaa' at the Museo de Arte Popular.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/6thAnniversayMAP77_edit.jpg/220px-6thAnniversayMAP77_edit.jpg"},{"image_text":"Amuzgo woman weaving a rebozo on a backstrap loom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/XochisWeavers23.JPG/220px-XochisWeavers23.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Gonzalo J. Alarcón Vial (October 22, 2009). \"Rescate de una tradición: estudio del lenguaje gráfico en la trama textil Amuzga\" [Rescue of a tradition: study of the graphic language of Amuzgo textiles] (in Spanish). Italy: Universidad de Palermo. Retrieved April 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://fido.palermo.edu/servicios_dyc/publicacionesdc/vista/detalle_articulo.php?id_libro=14&id_articulo=5423","url_text":"\"Rescate de una tradición: estudio del lenguaje gráfico en la trama textil Amuzga\""}]},{"reference":"John P. Schmal. \"Oaxaca: A land of diversity, 2\". Artes e Historia. Houston Texas: Houston Institute for Culture. Retrieved April 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.houstonculture.org/mexico/oaxaca2.html","url_text":"\"Oaxaca: A land of diversity, 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Donde se tejen los colores\" [Where they weave colors]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. January 28, 2001. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Eduardo Gleason. \"Artesanía amuzga en Xochistlahuaca (Guerrero)\" [Amuzgo handcrafts in Xochistlahuaca (Guerrero)] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine. Retrieved April 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/artesania-amuzga-en-xochistlahuaca-guerrero.html","url_text":"\"Artesanía amuzga en Xochistlahuaca (Guerrero)\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Con el alma en un hilo. Textiles amuzgos de Xochistlahuaca\", impresionante colección de huipiles\" [\"With the soul in one thread. Amuzgo textiles of Xochistlahuaca,\" impressive collection of huipils]. Azteca 21 (in Spanish). Mexico City. December 26, 2008. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191759/http://azteca21.com/n/index.php/secciones/arte-y-cultura/9498","url_text":"\"\"Con el alma en un hilo. Textiles amuzgos de Xochistlahuaca\", impresionante colección de huipiles\""},{"url":"http://azteca21.com/n/index.php/secciones/arte-y-cultura/9498","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fernando García Álvarez. \"Las tejedoras de sueños de Xochistlahuaca\" [The weavers of dreams in Xochistlahuaca] (in Spanish). Mexico: Dirección General de las Culturas Populares. Archived from the original on June 22, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150622064607/http://www.culturaspopulareseindigenas.gob.mx/cp/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=187:orejones-de-calabacitas&catid=59","url_text":"\"Las tejedoras de sueños de Xochistlahuaca\""},{"url":"http://www.culturaspopulareseindigenas.gob.mx/cp/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=187:orejones-de-calabacitas&catid=59","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lupita Aguilar (February 28, 2004). \"Reclaman indigenas apoyo\" [Indigenous demand support]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. \"Estudio del lenguaje grafico en la trama textil Amuzga Rescate de los diseños tradicionales amuzgos de Xochistlahuaca, Gro. de uso en los textiles elaborados en telar de cintura\" [Study of the graphic language in Amuzgo textiles Rescue of traditional Amuzgo designs from Xochistlahuaca, Guerrero in use in textiles made on a backstrap loom] (in Spanish). UNESCO. Archived from the original on September 13, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140913170200/http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_fabrik&c=form&view=details&Itemid=502&fabrik=3&rowid=317&tableid=3&lang=es","url_text":"\"Estudio del lenguaje grafico en la trama textil Amuzga Rescate de los diseños tradicionales amuzgos de Xochistlahuaca, Gro. de uso en los textiles elaborados en telar de cintura\""},{"url":"http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_fabrik&c=form&view=details&Itemid=502&fabrik=3&rowid=317&tableid=3&lang=es","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marisol Wences Mina (December 13, 2008). \"Muestran la tradición textil de Xochistlahuaca en Chilpancingo\" [Exhibiting tradition: texiles of Xochistlahuaca in Chilpancingo]. La Jornada de Guerrero (in Spanish). Chilpancingo. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved April 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081216013613/http://www.lajornadaguerrero.com.mx/2008/12/13/index.php?section=cultura&article=013n1cul","url_text":"\"Muestran la tradición textil de Xochistlahuaca en Chilpancingo\""},{"url":"http://www.lajornadaguerrero.com.mx/2008/12/13/index.php?section=cultura&article=013n1cul","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Obtuvo Estela Pineda en España Premio al Mejor Oficio de Arte Textil. Afirma que en cada huipil confeccionado va algo de ella misma\" [Estela Pineda wins Premio al Mejor oficio de Arte Textil in Spain]. NOTIMEX (in Spanish). Mexico City. December 16, 2008.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"El textil mexicano tradicional\" [The traditional Mexican textile]. Artes e Historia (in Spanish). Mexico: CONACULTA. Archived from the original on 2012-05-25. Retrieved April 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120525171554/http://www.arts-history.mx/sitios/index.php?id_sitio=7041&id_seccion=845583&id_subseccion=694068","url_text":"\"El textil mexicano tradicional\""},{"url":"http://www.arts-history.mx/sitios/index.php?id_sitio=7041&id_seccion=845583&id_subseccion=694068","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Amuzgos - Tzjon Non\". Mexico: Comisiíon Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas. October 22, 2009. Archived from the original on December 15, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131215031832/http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=582&Itemid=62","url_text":"\"Amuzgos - Tzjon Non\""},{"url":"http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=582&Itemid=62","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fernández de Calderón, Cándida, ed. (2003). Great Masters of Mexican Folk Art: From the collection of Fomento Cultural Banamex (2 ed.). Mexico City: Fomento Cultural Banamex, A.C. pp. 359–360. ISBN 968 5234 09 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/968_5234_09_4","url_text":"968 5234 09 4"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://fido.palermo.edu/servicios_dyc/publicacionesdc/vista/detalle_articulo.php?id_libro=14&id_articulo=5423","external_links_name":"\"Rescate de una tradición: estudio del lenguaje gráfico en la trama textil Amuzga\""},{"Link":"http://www.houstonculture.org/mexico/oaxaca2.html","external_links_name":"\"Oaxaca: A land of diversity, 2\""},{"Link":"http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/artesania-amuzga-en-xochistlahuaca-guerrero.html","external_links_name":"\"Artesanía amuzga en Xochistlahuaca (Guerrero)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191759/http://azteca21.com/n/index.php/secciones/arte-y-cultura/9498","external_links_name":"\"\"Con el alma en un hilo. Textiles amuzgos de Xochistlahuaca\", impresionante colección de huipiles\""},{"Link":"http://azteca21.com/n/index.php/secciones/arte-y-cultura/9498","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150622064607/http://www.culturaspopulareseindigenas.gob.mx/cp/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=187:orejones-de-calabacitas&catid=59","external_links_name":"\"Las tejedoras de sueños de Xochistlahuaca\""},{"Link":"http://www.culturaspopulareseindigenas.gob.mx/cp/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=187:orejones-de-calabacitas&catid=59","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140913170200/http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_fabrik&c=form&view=details&Itemid=502&fabrik=3&rowid=317&tableid=3&lang=es","external_links_name":"\"Estudio del lenguaje grafico en la trama textil Amuzga Rescate de los diseños tradicionales amuzgos de Xochistlahuaca, Gro. de uso en los textiles elaborados en telar de cintura\""},{"Link":"http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve/index.php?option=com_fabrik&c=form&view=details&Itemid=502&fabrik=3&rowid=317&tableid=3&lang=es","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081216013613/http://www.lajornadaguerrero.com.mx/2008/12/13/index.php?section=cultura&article=013n1cul","external_links_name":"\"Muestran la tradición textil de Xochistlahuaca en Chilpancingo\""},{"Link":"http://www.lajornadaguerrero.com.mx/2008/12/13/index.php?section=cultura&article=013n1cul","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120525171554/http://www.arts-history.mx/sitios/index.php?id_sitio=7041&id_seccion=845583&id_subseccion=694068","external_links_name":"\"El textil mexicano tradicional\""},{"Link":"http://www.arts-history.mx/sitios/index.php?id_sitio=7041&id_seccion=845583&id_subseccion=694068","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131215031832/http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=582&Itemid=62","external_links_name":"\"Amuzgos - Tzjon Non\""},{"Link":"http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=582&Itemid=62","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldo_Nascimento | Geraldo Nascimento | ["1 Life","2 References"] | Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate (1936–2022)
His ExcellencyGeraldo NascimentoAuxiliary Bishop Emeritus of FortalezaAppointed10 September 1982Term ended22 January 1997Other post(s)Titular Bishop of Zama Major (1982–2022)OrdersOrdination29 June 1967Consecration22 December 1982by Aloísio Leo Arlindo LorscheiderPersonal detailsBorn(1936-05-18)18 May 1936Senador Pompeu, Ceará, BrazilDied6 November 2022(2022-11-06) (aged 86)Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil
Geraldo Nascimento (18 May 1936 – 6 November 2022) was a Brazilian Capuchin and bishop of the Roman Catholic Church.
Life
After studying at the Salesian College in Baturité and at the Marist College of Ceará in Fortaleza, Geraldo Nascimento entered the Capuchin order as a postulant. In 1959, he began his novitiate in Guaramiranga, where he made his first vows on 28 December, 1960. He was ordained a priest on 29 June, 1967 by José Medeiros Delgado, Archbishop of Fortaleza, and then completed further studies in theology and philosophy, becoming director and teacher in 1968.
On 10 September, 1982, Pope John Paul II appointed him Auxiliary bishop of Fortaleza and Titular bishop of Zama Major. The Archbishop of Fortaleza, Cardinal Aloísio Lorscheider OFM, consecrated Nascimento on December 22 of the same year; Co-consecrators were Manuel Edmilson da Cruz, Auxiliary Bishop of Fortaleza, and Timóteo Francisco Nemésio Pereira Cordeiro OFMCap, Bishop of Tianguá.
Pope Benedict XVI accepted Nascimento's retirement on January 22, 1997, at the age of 60 for health reasons. Since 2016 he has been a member of the Capuchin convent of Juazeiro do Norte and has served as confessor at the Sanctuary of São Francisco das Chagas. He died on November 6, 2022, in Juazeiro do Norte at the age of 86.
References
^ Catholic-Hierarchy.org.- Bishop Geraldo Nascimento
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by—
Auxiliary Bishop of Fortaleza 1982–1997
Succeeded by—
Preceded byEliseu Maria Coroli
Titular Bishop of Zama Major 1982–2022
Succeeded byVacant | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Capuchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"}],"text":"Geraldo Nascimento (18 May 1936 – 6 November 2022) was a Brazilian Capuchin and bishop of the Roman Catholic Church.","title":"Geraldo Nascimento"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fortaleza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Fortaleza"},{"link_name":"novitiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novitiate"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Auxiliary bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop"},{"link_name":"Titular bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_bishop"},{"link_name":"Zama Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zama_(Tunisia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"OFM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"convent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convent"}],"text":"After studying at the Salesian College in Baturité and at the Marist College of Ceará in Fortaleza, Geraldo Nascimento entered the Capuchin order as a postulant. In 1959, he began his novitiate in Guaramiranga, where he made his first vows on 28 December, 1960. He was ordained a priest on 29 June, 1967 by José Medeiros Delgado, Archbishop of Fortaleza, and then completed further studies in theology and philosophy, becoming director and teacher in 1968.On 10 September, 1982, Pope John Paul II appointed him Auxiliary bishop of Fortaleza and Titular bishop of Zama Major.[1] The Archbishop of Fortaleza, Cardinal Aloísio Lorscheider OFM, consecrated Nascimento on December 22 of the same year; Co-consecrators were Manuel Edmilson da Cruz, Auxiliary Bishop of Fortaleza, and Timóteo Francisco Nemésio Pereira Cordeiro OFMCap, Bishop of Tianguá.Pope Benedict XVI accepted Nascimento's retirement on January 22, 1997, at the age of 60 for health reasons. Since 2016 he has been a member of the Capuchin convent of Juazeiro do Norte and has served as confessor at the Sanctuary of São Francisco das Chagas. He died on November 6, 2022, in Juazeiro do Norte at the age of 86.","title":"Life"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bcardelli.html","external_links_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org.- Bishop Geraldo Nascimento"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracross | List of generation II Pokémon | ["1 Design and development","2 List of Pokémon","3 Notes","4 References"] | List of Pokémon species introduced in its second generation
"Ledian" redirects here. For the Albanian professional football coach and former central midfielder, see Ledian Memushaj.
"Corsola" redirects here. For the Galarian variation of the species introduced in Pokémon Sword and Shield, see Galarian Corsola.
The international logo for the Pokémon franchise
List of Pokémon by generation
Generation IGeneration IIGeneration IIIGeneration IVGeneration VGeneration VIGeneration VIIGeneration VIIIGeneration IX
Related: List of Pokémonvte
The second generation (generation II) of the Pokémon franchise features 100 fictional species of creatures introduced to the core video game series in the 1999 Game Boy Color games Pokémon Gold and Silver, set in the Johto region. Some Pokémon in this generation were introduced in animated adaptations of the franchise before Gold and Silver, such as Ho-Oh in the first episode of the Pokémon anime series in 1998 and 1999, Togepi, which was a recurring character in the anime owned by Misty, Donphan in the Pokémon first movie in 1998, Snubbull in the first Pikachu short movie in 1998, and Marill, which also debuted in that short film and was a recurring character in the anime owned by Tracey Sketchit in 1998 and 1999. Elekid, Bellossom, Ledyba, and Hoothoot debuted in Pikachu's Rescue Adventure, and Lugia and Slowking debuted in Pokémon 2000.
The following list details the 100 Pokémon of generation II in order of their National Pokédex number. The first Pokémon, Chikorita, is number 152 and the last, Celebi, is number 251. Alternate forms that result in type changes are included for convenience. Mega evolutions and regional forms are included on the pages for the generation in which they were introduced.
Design and development
Pokémon are fictional species created for the Pokémon franchise. Developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo, the series began in Japan in 1996 with the release of the video games Pokémon Red and Blue for the Game Boy. In these games, the player assumes the role of a Pokémon Trainer whose goal is to capture and train creatures called Pokémon. Players use the creatures' special abilities to combat other Pokémon, and some can transform into stronger species through a process called evolution. Pokémon also have various types, which are elemental attributes that determine a Pokémon's strengths and weaknesses in combat.
Two new types were introduced in Pokémon Gold and Silver – namely the "Dark" and "Steel" types – which were intended to better balance the gameplay of Pokémon battles. Dark and Steel types fare well against the then dominant Psychic type. The concept of breeding was introduced in the second generation of Pokémon games as well, which allows players to manipulate the skills of their Pokémon to a greater degree. Some of the new Pokémon introduced in Gold and Silver are pre-evolutions of other Pokémon, such as Pichu and Igglybuff. Referred to as "baby Pokémon", they are usually only available by breeding their evolved forms.
Pokémon Gold and Silver were first revealed at Nintendo Space World in 1997. At this point, the game had a massively larger world map than the final game and this prototype featured around 40 Pokémon designs that were removed and replaced when the games were released in 1999.
List of Pokémon
Pokémon
Chikorita
Bayleef
Meganium
Cyndaquil
Quilava
Typhlosion
Totodile
Croconaw
Feraligatr
Sentret
Furret
Hoothoot
Noctowl
Ledyba
Ledian
Spinarak
Ariados
Crobat
Chinchou
Lanturn
Pichu
Cleffa
Igglybuff
Togepi
Togetic
Natu
Xatu
Mareep
Flaaffy
Ampharos
Bellossom
Marill
Azumarill
Sudowoodo
Politoed
Hoppip
Skiploom
Jumpluff
Aipom
Sunkern
Sunflora
Yanma
Wooper
Quagsire
Espeon
Umbreon
Murkrow
Slowking
Misdreavus
Unown
Wobbuffet
Girafarig
Pineco
Forretress
Dunsparce
Gligar
Steelix
Snubbull
Granbull
Qwilfish
Scizor
Shuckle
Heracross
Sneasel
Teddiursa
Ursaring
Slugma
Magcargo
Swinub
Piloswine
Corsola
Remoraid
Octillery
Delibird
Mantine
Skarmory
Houndour
Houndoom
Kingdra
Phanpy
Donphan
Porygon2
Stantler
Smeargle
Tyrogue
Hitmontop
Smoochum
Elekid
Magby
Miltank
Blissey
Raikou
Entei
Suicune
Larvitar
Pupitar
Tyranitar
Lugia
Ho-Oh
Celebi
List of Pokémon species introduced in generation II (1999)
Name
Type(s)
Evolves from
Evolves into
Notes
ChikoritaChikorita (チコリータ)(0152)
Grass
—
Bayleef (#153)
The leaf on its head has a soothing aroma. A docile species, it waves its leaf around to calm opponents and avoid fighting. It enjoys sunbathing.
BayleefBayleef (ベイリーフ)(0153)
Grass
Chikorita (#152)
Meganium (#154)
While Chikorita and Meganium's designs were settled in 1997, Bayleef originally had a significantly different design, resembling a flower blossom. The leaves on its neck hold small tree shoots. As opposed to Chikorita's leaf, their spicy aroma acts as a stimulant, making others more agitated.
MeganiumMeganium (メガニウム)(0154)
Grass
Bayleef (#153)
—
Its petals can soothe opponents, and its breath has regenerative properties, allowing it to revive dead plants.
CyndaquilHinoarashi (ヒノアラシ)(0155)
Fire
—
Quilava (#156)
It curls up into a ball and shoots fire from its back when startled or angry. It keeps itself hunched over so it can curl more easily.
QuilavaMagumarashi (マグマラシ)(0156)
Fire
Cyndaquil (#155)
Typhlosion (#157)
It turns its back to the opponent in battle, and shoots fire from its back. Its fur is not flammable, protecting it from its own fire. While it does that, it can weave around its foe's attacks.
TyphlosionBakufūn (バクフーン)(0157)
Fire
Quilava (#156)
—
It rubs its fur to light its surroundings on fire as an offensive tool and to hide in the flames, or cause explosions. When angry, it lights everything it touches on fire. It gained a Fire/Ghost-type Hisuian Form in generation VIII.
TotodileWaninoko (ワニノコ)(0158)
Water
—
Croconaw (#159)
A playful but reckless species, it will bite anything it sees without warning, from foes to food to its own Trainer.
CroconawArigeitsu (アリゲイツ)(0159)
Water
Totodile (#158)
Feraligatr (#160)
Its teeth are slanted, similarly to a barbed fish hook, making them hard to remove. Croconaw itself will also not let go from something it bites unless it loses its teeth, at which point they grow back quickly.
FeraligatrŌdairu (オーダイル)(0160)
Water
Croconaw (#159)
—
It shakes its head when it bites its opponents to tear its prey up. Since it cannot properly maintain its weight out of water, it usually walks on all fours, but can still run quickly on its hind legs.
SentretOtachi (オタチ)(0161)
Normal
—
Furret (#162)
While one Sentret sleeps, another will stand on its tail and scout the area. If it senses danger, it screeches and thumps its tail on the ground to warn the rest of the pack.
FurretŌtachi (オオタチ)(0162)
Normal
Sentret (#161)
—
Furret is known for slipping through small spaces due to its thin body. It does this to escape from predators or hunt Pokémon like Rattata. It is hard to tell where its body ends and its tail begins.
HoothootHōhō (ホーホー)(0163)
Normal / Flying
—
Noctowl (#164)
Due to an internal organ that senses the world's rotation, it hoots at the exact same time every day, and tilts its head at a consistent rhythm. It only ever stands on one foot, and switches it faster than the human eye can see.
NoctowlYorunozuku (ヨルノズク)(0164)
Normal / Flying
Hoothoot (#163)
—
It has night vision, and its soft feathers allow it to fly without making a sound. When it needs to think, it turns its head 180º to raise its intellect.
LedybaLedyba (レディバ)(0165)
Bug / Flying
—
Ledian (#166)
It communicates with other Ledyba by secreting fluids where its legs meet its body. It changes its scent based on how it is feeling. Ledyba are naturally timid creatures that panic when separated from their swarm.
LedianLedian (レディアン)(0166)
Bug / Flying
Ledyba (#165)
—
A nocturnal species, groups of Ledian gather around clear night skies and gather starlight to use as energy. While flying, it scatters a glowing powder thought to bring good luck. To make up for its physical weakness, it tries to overwhelm its opponents by punching with its four arms.
SpinarakItomaru (イトマル)(0167)
Bug / Poison
—
Ariados (#168)
Its webs are strong enough to withstand rocks being thrown at them, so fishermen use them as nets. It can wait for days for prey like Cutiefly to get caught. Its poison is not strong, but can be used to weaken prey. It can determine what it has caught by feeling the vibrations on its web.
AriadosAriados (アリアドス)(0168)
Bug / Poison
Spinarak (#167)
—
It prefers to wander around to hunt, instead of setting a web and waiting. While doing so, it constantly spins a thread that leads it back home. It sneaks up on its prey, wraps them in thread, weakens them with poison, and sucks their bodily fluids. It may sometimes release them, but leave a thread on them, which leads it to the their nest or friends. It can spin thread from its abdomen and mouth, making it hard to tell which end is which.
CrobatCrobat (クロバット)(0169)
Poison / Flying
Golbat (#042)
—
Two more wings grew where its hind legs used to be. It can fly with all four wings, or alternate between them. It can fly silently up to its prey and suck its blood.
ChinchouChonchī (チョンチー)(0170)
Water / Electric
—
Lanturn (#171)
Chinchou and Lanturn are based on the Footballfish. Chinchou combines its positive and negative currents to attack prey. It also communicates to others by flashing its lights at them.
LanturnLanturn (ランターン)(0171)
Water / Electric
Chinchou (#170)
—
It lures prey with its light, flashes it to blind them, and swallows them whole. Its light can be seen from a depth of over 3 miles (5 kilometers). It competes with Lumineon to eat Starmie, and Frillish and Sharpedo compete to eat Lanturn.
PichuPichu (ピチュー)(0172)
Electric
—
Pikachu (#025)
It is a playable character in Super Smash Bros. Melee and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate. Junichi Masuda noted that Pichu was intended to become the "next" Pikachu. Pichu has become Masuda's favorite Pokémon because of the "well thought-out" design process that went into creating it. Despite its size, it can zap adult humans, but since it is not fully capable of storing electricity, it may shock and startle itself in the process. It plays with others by touching tails and setting off sparks as a test of courage.
CleffaPī (ピィ)(0173)
Fairy
—
Clefairy (#035)
It lives near mountainous regions and meteor crash sites. During nights with shooting stars, colonies of Cleffa can be seen dancing until the morning, at which point they drink morning dew and disappear. It is fascinated with things shaped like or related to stars, such as Minior.
IgglybuffPupurin (ププリン)(0174)
Normal / Fairy
—
Jigglypuff (#039)
Its vocal cords are not fully developed yet, so its throat becomes sore after prolonged periods of singing. Despite this, it wants to improve, so it constantly sings. It lives near freshwater streams, and gargles their water to heal its throat. It bounces around to move, though it struggles with stopping.
TogepiTogepi (トゲピー)(0175)
Fairy
—
Togetic (#176)
It can store positive feelings in its shell and release them when needed. It withdraws into its shell to sleep, and can release poison from its spikes.
TogeticTogechikku (トゲチック)(0176)
Fairy / Flying
Togepi (#175)
Togekiss (#468)
It does not need its wings to fly. It seeks kind people and Pokémon, and showers them with a happiness-infused down known as "joy dust".
NatuNeiti (ネイティ)(0177)
Psychic / Flying
—
Xatu (#178)
Its wings are underdeveloped, so it cannot fly. It stares at potential predators, and hops away when they move. It forages for food like cactus fruit and tree shoots.
XatuNeitio (ネイティオ)(0178)
Psychic / Flying
Natu (#177)
—
It stares at the sun all day. In South America, it is said that its left eye can see the past and its right eye can see the future, and that it does not move out of fear of what it sees.
MareepMerīpu (メリープ)(0179)
Electric
—
Flaaffy (#180)
Its wool grows continuously and rubs together to build a static charge. It increases in volume the more energy it has stored. The wool is shed during summer, can be used to make clothing, and grows back in a week.
FlaaffyMokoko (モココ)(0180)
Electric
Mareep (#179)
Ampharos (#181)
Storing too much electricity has caused it to lose most of its wool, but it can store more energy than Mareep's, and it can fire it at opponents. Its rubbery skin protects it from its own energy, and the tip of its tail glows when it has fully charged.
AmpharosDenryū (デンリュウ)(0181)
Electric
Flaaffy (#180)
Mega Evolution
It has lost all of its wool. The orb in the tip of its tail can generate light bright enough to be seen from space, so it usually keeps it off. It has been used as a beacon and to send signals since ancient times. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI.
BellossomKireihana (キレイハナ)(0182)
Grass
Gloom (#044)
—
Rubbing the petals on its head together releases a sweet aroma and makes relaxing sounds. Groups of Bellossom dance during cloudy or rainy days as a ritual to bring out the sun.
MarillMarill (マリル)(0183)
Water / Fairy
Azurill (#298)
Azumarill (#184)
GameSpot's Frank Provo and Kotaku's Patricia Hernandez have described Marill as "cute". Its oil-filled tail acts as a lifesaver so it can catch and eat aquatic plants. Before its English name was revealed, fans referred to it as "Pikablu", and theorized that it was an evolution to Pikachu.
AzumarillMariruri (マリルリ)(0184)
Water / Fairy
Marill (#183)
—
Its hearing is acute, allowing it to listen for potential prey underwater. It makes air bubbles to protect Azurill or help drowning Pokémon.
SudowoodoUsokkī (ウソッキー)(0185)
Rock
Bonsly (#438)
—
It poses as a tree to avoid being attacked. Since its forelegs remain green all year round, its disguise does not work during winter. It dislikes water, so it will run away during rainy days or when watered. It is a recurring obstacle in the Johto games and in the Hoenn Battle Frontier.
PolitoedNyorotono (ニョロトノ)(0186)
Water
Poliwhirl (#061)
—
It can expand its throat to sing. It acts as a leader to Poliwag and Poliwhirl. Politoed with longer and curlier hair are more respected among their peers.
HoppipHanekko (ハネッコ)(0187)
Grass / Flying
—
Skiploom (#188)
It likes to drift through the wind. If it knows a big wind will pass, it will link its leaves with other Hoppip and prepare to not be blown away.
SkiploomPopokko (ポポッコ)(0188)
Grass / Flying
Hoppip (#187)
Jumpluff (#189)
The flower on top of its head fluctuates with the temperature, blooming over 64 °F, and closing during cold days. It will actively close it and hide away during rainy days.
JumpluffWatakko (ワタッコ)(0189)
Grass / Flying
Skiploom (#188)
—
It can stand harsher winds than its pre-evolutions. It flies around to spread its spores. Breathing them may cause coughs and itchiness. Once it runs out of spores to spread, it dies.
AipomEipam (エイパム)(0190)
Normal
—
Ambipom (#424)
Its tail acts as a hand, letting it anchor to branches or hold itself up. Its hands have become less dexterous from being underused. It eats fruit and preys on Bounsweet. The Field Museum noted the resemblance to the Ahuizotl from Aztec mythology, describing it as "cute and friendly, not a killer."
SunkernHimanattsu (ヒマナッツ)(0191)
Grass
—
Sunflora (#192)
It consumes morning dew, and moves as little as possible to conserve nutrients. Sunkern formerly had the lowest base stat total of any Pokémon at 180, until Wishiwashi's solo form in generation VII with a base stat total of 175.
SunfloraKimawari (キマワリ)(0192)
Grass
Sunkern (#191)
—
It photosynthesizes during the day. It is active during the day, but closes its petals and stops moving when the sun sets.
YanmaYanyanma (ヤンヤンマ)(0193)
Bug / Flying
—
Yanmega (#469)
It can see 360º around it without moving its eyes, and make sudden turns or stops when flying. It can make shock waves strong enough to blow a house away.
WooperWooper (ウパー)(0194)
Water / Ground
—
Quagsire (#195)
It lives in cold water, and occasionally leaves it to search for food. On land, it coats itself with a slimy, toxic film. It has a Poison/Ground-type Paldean form.
QuagsireNuō (ヌオー)(0195)
Water / Ground
Wooper (#194)
—
Due to its low intelligence, it does not feel pain when it is hurt. While swimming, it tends to bump its head on boulders and boats. It leaves its mouth open and waits for unknowing prey to get in. Because it generally stays immobile, it takes some time to get hungry.
EspeonĒfi (エーフィ)(0196)
Psychic
Eevee (#133)
—
It bathes in sunlight to build its psychic power, so it struggles to fight at night. Its fur is sensitive, allowing it to sense movements in the air to predict the weather and its opponents' moves.
UmbreonBlacky (ブラッキー)(0197)
Dark
Eevee (#133)
—
Constant exposure to moonlight has altered its genetic composition. Its rings glow when it is excited or bathing in moonlight. It hides in the dark while hunting, and jumps at unsuspecting prey's throats. It sprays poisonous sweat from the pores in its body to defend itself.
MurkrowYamikarasu (ヤミカラス)(0198)
Dark / Flying
—
Honchkrow (#430)
It is interested in shiny things, to the point of fighting with Pokémon like Meowth and Gabite over it. It may give them to trainers it trusts. It leads chasing predators around dark mountains to lose them, and does the same to travelers as a prank. It is seen as an omen of bad luck, with sayings dedicated to keeping it away. Honchkrow have murders of at least 100 Murkrow at their call.
SlowkingYadoking (ヤドキング)(0199)
Water / Psychic
Slowpoke (#079)
—
If a Shellder latches onto a Slowpoke's head, it releases venom into its brain, causing a chemical chain reaction that gives it an intellect comparable to award-winning scientists. When Slowking yawns, the Shellder releases more venom, making it more intelligent. It stays calm at all times, planning around situations before acting, and seeking knowledge about the world. It has battles of wit with Oranguru, usually ending in draws. If the Shellder comes off of its head, it forgets everything and reverts to being a Slowpoke. It has a Poison/Psychic-type Galarian form.
MisdreavusMūma (ムウマ)(0200)
Ghost
—
Mismagius (#429)
It feeds on people's fear, and stores it on the orbs around its neck. To that end, it may scream or cry, sneak up on them and yank their hair, or imitate the voices of weeping people and children. Its orbs emit constant shrieking sounds. A nocturnal species, it sleeps during daytime, and goes out to scare others at night. It is thought to be related to the ancient Paradox Pokémon Flutter Mane.
UnownUnown (アンノーン)(0201)
Psychic
No evolution
Unown has 28 different forms: 26 representing each letter in the Latin alphabet, one for a question mark, and one for an exclamation mark. It is said to resemble ancient hieroglyphs from ancient tablets. Historians question whether or not Unown precede them. Multiple Unown can work together to warp reality and warp to and from an alternate dimension that acts as their home. Unown have currently unclear connections with Arceus. Researchers debate on whether Unown communicate with electromagnetic waves or telepathy, though their presence interferes with radio signals.
WobbuffetSōnansu (ソーナンス)(0202)
Psychic
Wynaut (#360)
—
It dislikes light and its tail being touched, so it lives in dark caves. In battle, it does not attack first, and instead inflates its body to counter blows. If its tail is attacked, it uses Destiny Bond to attempt to take the attacker down with it. If two Wobbuffet meet, they may try to see which one can go the longest without food.
GirafarigKirinriki (キリンリキ)(0203)
Normal / Psychic
—
Farigiraf (#981)
Its tail has a head and brain of its own, though it is incapable of rational thought, and instead moves based on stimuli. If the tail smells something alluring, it will bite it. It keeps watch of its surroundings while Girafarig is asleep, and can attack with psychic energy on its own. Its and its evolution Farigiraf's names are palindromes.
PinecoKunugidama (クヌギダマ)(0204)
Bug
—
Forretress (#205)
It spits a glue-like fruit to stick tree bark to its shell in order to make it thicker. It hangs on a tree branch, waiting for prey such as Cutiefly. If the tree is shaken while it is eating, it falls down and explodes.
ForretressForetosu (フォレトス)(0205)
Bug / Steel
Pineco (#204)
—
It conceals its body in a steel-hard shell, which it opens to capture prey, and can shoot pieces of to defend itself. Because it opens and closes its shell faster than the eye can see, its appearance under the shell is unknown.
DunsparceNokotchi (ノコッチ)(0206)
Normal
—
Dudunsparce (#982)
Design inspired by the mythical Japanese creature Tsuchinoko. Its tiny wings allow it to float slightly. Scientists believe it used them to fly in the sky. It hides or flees from potential predators by drilling holes into the ground with its tail. It gets along with Diglett, and the two species share tunnels with each other.
GligarGligar (グライガー)(0207)
Ground / Flying
—
Gliscor (#472)
It glides silently through the air, latches on the enemy's face with its hind legs and wings, and jabs them with its poisonous stinger. After gliding, it hops back to its nest. It lives in mountainous areas.
SteelixHaganēru (ハガネール)(0208)
Steel / Ground
Onix (#095)
Mega Evolution
Under immense pressure underground, an Onix is said to have its rock-like body compressed into diamonds and evolve into Steelix. In a paper published by the University of Leicester, physicists calculated the plausibility of Onix evolving into Steelix through the stated lore. It would require pressures of 4.5–6 gigapascals at a temperature of 900 to 1,300 °C (1,650 to 2,370 °F) over a period of billions of years for this conversion to take place. Assuming these conditions, the resulting Steelix would be substantially smaller than given in the Pokédex entry and is considered implausible. It lives further down than Onix toward the earth's core. There are records of it reaching over 6/10 of a mile down underground. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI.
SnubbullBurū (ブルー)(0209)
Fairy
—
Granbull (#210)
It sleeps for half of the day, and has an acute sense of smell. Despite its appearance, it is affectionate, playful, and timid. It tries to scare enemies away, as opposed to fighting them. It is popular with women who find it cute.
GranbullGranbull (グランブル)(0210)
Fairy
Snubbull (#209)
—
Its jaws are heavy, so it struggles to keep balance. Despite its appearance and strength, it is more affectionate and timid than Snubbull, and prefers to stay out of fights. It will only attack if startled, at which point it will bite or flail at potential enemies. It is popular with children.
QwilfishHarīsen (ハリーセン)(0211)
Water / Poison
No evolution
In order to fire its poisonous spikes that evolved from scales, it must drink at least 2.6 gallons of water all at once. It can fire those spikes in all directions by pressurizing the water in its body. Due to its body shape and single fin, it struggles with swimming. Fishermen try to catch it after it fires its spikes and becomes defenseless. It is based on Porcupine fish. It has a Dark/Poison-type Hisuian form.
ScizorHassamu (ハッサム)(0212)
Bug / Steel
Scyther (#123)
Mega Evolution
It uses its eye-patterned pincers to scare foes into thinking it has 3 heads. Its pincers account for a third of its body weight, and are said to be able to crush anything. It has a body of steel and is not fazed by regular attacks. It does not use its wings to fly, but to regulate its body temperature so it does not melt in battle. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI.
ShuckleTsubotsubo (ツボツボ)(0213)
Bug / Rock
No evolution
To avoid attacks, Shuckle quietly hides itself under rocks, keeping its body concealed inside its hard shell. It stores berries in its shell, which decompose with its digestive fluids and become a gooey liquid, which it then consumes. It also secretes that fluid from its toes, and uses it to carve holes in rocks. It can be mixed with berries to make juice. It has the highest base Defense and Special Defense stats of all obtainable Pokémon, though they are lower than those of Eternamax Eternatus.
HeracrossHeracross (ヘラクロス)(0214)
Bug / Fighting
—
Mega Evolution
When it needs to move anything in its way, it uses its large horn to launch the object through the air. Heracross could throw something over 100 times its weight. It digs its claws into the ground for sturdy footing when lifting objects, or on trees to climb them. It competes with Pinsir for food, though they are friendlier with each other in Alola. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI.
SneaselNyūra (ニューラ)(0215)
Dark / Ice
—
Weavile (#461)
Its design is inspired by the mythical Japanese creature Kamaitachi. It climbs trees with its claws to steal bird Pokémon's eggs from unguarded nests. Two Sneasel may team up with others to steal eggs, with one luring the parents away and the other taking the eggs, but fights will usually break out over which one will eat them. It has a Fighting/Poison-type Hisuian form.
TeddiursaHimeguma (ヒメグマ)(0216)
Normal
—
Ursaring (#217)
Its paws are constantly soaked and honey, and it is constantly licking them. It can make honey by mixing pollen collected by Beedrill with berries, or steal it from Combee hives. When it finds honey, the mark on its head glows. When nervous, it licks its paws. Every set of paws is said to taste different.
UrsaringRinguma (リングマ)(0217)
Normal
Teddiursa (#216)
Ursaluna (#901)
While it is skilled at climbing, it prefers snapping trees with its forelegs and collecting their fallen berries to eat. It marks trees with particularly good fruit with its claws. It can an acute sense of smell, allowing it to find food underground or in streams. Its favorite food is honey. It competes with Primeape for food.
SlugmaMagumaggu (マグマッグ)(0218)
Fire
—
Magcargo (#219)
Its circulatory system is composed almost entirely of magma. To prevent it from cooling off and turning brittle, it seeks warmer places like volcanoes to live in, and never stops moving.
MagcargoMagcargo (マグカルゴ)(0219)
Fire / Rock
Slugma (#218)
—
Its body temperature is approximately 18,000 °F (10,000 °C). Its shell is made of cooled magma, though it is brittle enough to break from a touch. It can dip itself in lava to recover. This description would imply Magcargo is hotter than the surface of the sun.
SwinubUrimū (ウリムー)(0220)
Ice / Ground
—
Piloswine (#221)
It uses its nose to dig through snow to find food. Its favorite food is a type of mushroom that grows under dead grass. If it smells something enticing, it will rush to the source of the smell. It may discover hot springs while digging.
PiloswineInomū (イノムー)(0221)
Ice / Ground
Swinub (#220)
Mamoswine (#473)
Its thick fur allows it to live in cold environments. Its tusks are made of ice, and it uses them to dig through ice and snow. Its hooves prevent it from slipping on ice. Tufts of fur cover its eyes, so it uses its nose to check its surroundings.
CorsolaSanīgo (サニーゴ)(0222)
Water / Rock
No evolution
Its branches are used by Pokémon like Horsea and Luvdisc as shelter, or by humans as jewelry and charms to promote safe childbirth. If the water it lives in is not clean, its branches lose color and degenerate. Mareanie and Toxapex are its main predators in Alola. It has a Ghost-type Galarian form.
RemoraidTeppouo (テッポウオ)(0223)
Water
—
Octillery (#224)
It is based on the remora. It may use its dorsal fin as a sucker to stick a Mantine and feed on the scraps it leaves, though it may also fight along. It can spit water up to 300 feet (100 meters) away as an attack, to knock prey like Burmy out of the air.
OctilleryOkutan (オクタン)(0224)
Water
Remoraid (#223)
—
It grabs its foes and bashes their heads in with its skull, which is as hard as stone. If the foe is too strong, it sprays ink from its mouth to escape. This ink has a substance that dulls opponents' sense of smell. It may steal the nests of other Octillery to sleep. Due to the anatomical differences between it and Remoraid, people initially thought them to be unrelated species.
DelibirdDelibird (デリバード)(0225)
Ice / Flying
No evolution
Its tail functions as a sack, in which it carries food to share with its chicks or people and Pokémon lost in mountains. One explorer has reached the peak of Mount Everest thanks to a Delibird sharing its food. An omnivorous species, it may sometimes offer people bug Pokémon to eat. It throws food at its opponents to defend itself. It is thought to be related to the Paradox Pokémon Iron Bundle.
MantineMantine (マンタイン)(0226)
Water / Flying
Mantyke (#458)
—
It is based on the giant oceanic manta ray. A carefree species, it does not mind Remoraid sticking to its fins. It lives in schools in open seas, and can jump out of the water and fly up to 300 feet (100 meters) in the air given enough room and speed.
SkarmoryEāmudo (エアームド)(0227)
Steel / Flying
No evolution
It sets its nests in bramble bushes, and the skin of its chicks grows into a metallic material from being scratched. Its feathers are regularly shed or fall off from being damaged in battle, but grow back in a year. In the past, people crafted swords from them. It competes with Corviknight for territory.
HoundourDerubiru (デルビル)(0228)
Dark / Fire
—
Houndoom (#229)
Houndour form coordinated packs, and communicate with barks and howls. Trained Houndour are loyal to their trainers.
HoundoomHerugā (ヘルガー)(0229)
Dark / Fire
Houndour (#228)
Mega Evolution
Its fire is mixed with a toxin generated in its gut, which causes burning wounds it inflicts to never heal. It forms packs of other Houndoom, with the leader being determined by fights among the pack. They share their food evenly. In the past, people thought its howls were calls from the grim reaper. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI.
KingdraKingdra (キングドラ)(0230)
Water / Dragon
Seadra (#117)
—
It is based on the common seadragon. Its yawns can create undercurrents strong enough to sink small ships, and it can create whirlpools. To save up energy, it sleeps in the caves of otherwise uninhabited seafloors. It is known to constantly fight Dragonite.
PhanpyGomazō (ゴマゾウ)(0231)
Ground
—
Donphan (#232)
Its trunk can break people's bones and send them flying, and it can carry a human on its back. Phanpy dig vertical nests near rivers, and spray each other with water to clean themselves.
DonphanDonphan (ドンファン)(0232)
Ground
Phanpy (#231)
—
It can curl up into a ball, and roll with enough strength to knock a house down. While its hide is hard enough to withstand most attacks, it is highly sensitive to rain. It is thought to be related to the ancient Paradox Pokémon Great Tusk, and the futuristic Paradox Pokémon Iron Treads.
Porygon2Porygon 2 (ポリゴン2)(0233)
Normal
Porygon (#137)
Porygon-Z (#474)
It has been updated, gaining an AI capable of learning emotions and information unintended by its developers. It has developed a language only understood by other Porygon2. It was designed with the intent of going to space and withstanding its vacuum, though it was not given the ability to fly there.
StantlerOdoshishi (オドシシ)(0234)
Normal
—
Wyrdeer (#899)
Its antlers can distort space, create illusions, or dull targets' senses. It was previously hunted to near-extinction by poachers looking to sell its antlers as pieces of art. It used to be stronger in ancient times, where it had more enemies and harsher climates to live in, to the point of having been capable of evolution.
SmeargleDōburu (ドーブル)(0235)
Normal
No evolution
It is the only Pokémon capable of learning the move Sketch. Due to this quality, Smeargle can learn nearly any move available in the games. It oozes a liquid out of its tail, which is used to paint mark its territory. There are over 5,000 different known marks.
TyrogueBarukī (バルキー)(0236)
Fighting
—
Hitmonchan (#107)Hitmonlee (#106)Hitmontop (#237)
To make itself stronger, it will keep fighting, even if it loses. It gets stressed if it does not train every day, so its trainer must maintain a regular schedule. It evolves into Hitmonlee, Hitmonchan, or Hitmontop depending on its Attack and Defense stats.
HitmontopKapoerā (カポエラー)(0237)
Fighting
Tyrogue (#236)
—
It fights with dance-like kicks. Its preferred method of attacking is kicking while spinning on its head. Its horn grows continuously throughout its life, and can be used to drill into the ground.
SmoochumMuchūru (ムチュール)(0238)
Ice / Psychic
—
Jynx (#124)
It likes to run, but often trips over itself. When it does, it goes to a shiny surface to see if its face is dirty. It uses its lips to check the texture of anything that makes it curious. To keep them moist, it applies tree sap on them on a daily basis.
ElekidElekid (エレキッド)(0239)
Electric
—
Electabuzz (#125)
It twirls its arms around to generate electricity, but tires easily and cannot store it. Instead, it prefers consuming energy from thunderstorms or outlets.
MagbyBubii (ブビィ)(0240)
Fire
—
Magmar (#126)
It can breathe 1,100 °F (593 °C) fire. The fire can be used as an indicator of its health. Yellow fire indicates that it is healthy, and fire mixed with smoke indicates that it is fatigued. Though it usually lives in and soaks in magma to recover, it can also be seen in towns.
MiltankMiltank (ミルタンク)(0241)
Normal
No evolution
It produces over five gallons of milk per day. While its milk is sweet and nutritious, drinking too much can cause people to gain weight and suffer from stomachaches. The taste and nutritional value of its milk depends on the quality of the pastures it lives in, the season, and whether or not it is around infants.
BlisseyHapinasu (ハピナス)(0242)
Normal
Chansey (#113)
—
Eating its eggs causes others to become kinder and more caring. It can sense sadness with its fur. It will rush to any sad or hurt being it finds, offer an egg, and nurse it back to health.
RaikouRaikou (ライコウ)(0243)
Electric
No evolution
Raikou is one of three Pokémon designed by Muneo Saitō. Also known as the "Embodiment of Lightning", it can run across plains at the speed of lightning, and manipulate electricity and thunderclouds. Ho-Oh resurrected it after it perished as a helpless unknown Pokémon in a burning tower. It is thought to be related to the ancient Paradox Pokémon Raging Bolt.
EnteiEntei (エンテイ)(0244)
Fire
No evolution
Entei is one of three Pokémon designed by Muneo Saitō. Legends say that every time it barks or roars, a volcano is said to erupt somewhere around the world, and that every time a volcano erupts, an Entei is born. Ho-Oh resurrected it after it perished as a helpless unknown Pokémon in a burning tower. Entei has a lead role in Pokémon 3: The Movie (2001). The Paradox Pokémon Gouging Fire is based on Entei.
SuicuneSuicune (スイクン)(0245)
Water
No evolution
Suicune is one of three Pokémon designed by Muneo Saitō. It has the ability to purify water. It is said that northern winds will blow where it appears. Ho-Oh resurrected it after it perished as a helpless unknown Pokémon in a burning tower. It is the mascot of Pokémon Crystal. It is thought to be related to the ancient Paradox Pokémon Walking Wake.
LarvitarYōgirasu (ヨーギラス)(0246)
Rock / Ground
—
Pupitar (#247)
Born underground, it has to eat a mountain worth of soil to get to its parents, at which point it falls asleep to evolve. After it emerges, it does not do well with the bright light it finds on the surface
PupitarSanagirasu (サナギラス)(0247)
Rock / Ground
Larvitar (#246)
Tyranitar (#248)
While its shell is as hard as bedrock, it has an active disposition. By releasing pressurized gas, it can propel itself like a rocket.
TyranitarBangirasu (バンギラス)(0248)
Rock / Dark
Pupitar (#247)
Mega Evolution
Its body is impervious to all harm, and it can topple mountains with its fists. It competes with Duraludon for terrain and food. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. It is thought to be a distant relative of Iron Thorns.
LugiaLugia (ルギア)(0249)
Psychic / Flying
No evolution
It causes 40-day storms by flapping its wings, so it remains asleep in the sea to avoid causing damage, though it also has the ability to calm storms. It is the leader of the Legendary Bird trio and the mascot for Pokémon Silver and SoulSilver. It debuted in the second movie, where it spoke and was one of the heroes. Lugia was originally conceived by Takeshi Shudo, the head writer of the first Pokémon anime. Lugia had been designed solely for Pokémon:The Movie 2000, and Shudo expressed surprise that the creature was later featured in the video games and TV show. Lugia, who possessed a speaking role in the film, was given a masculine voice. However, Shudo intended Lugia as a creature that was simultaneously male and female. This dual nature was intended to embody one of the film's main messages, that people can be different and yet coexist without resorting to conflict. He showed "overwhelming regret that he allowed Lugia to be voiced by a man", considering Lugia, the "creator of all life on Earth", to be a "maternal Pokémon". Stating that "it was too late, we couldn't suddenly change Lugia into a female", the change was so significant to him that it made him start "gulping down alcohol and drugs" and "feel like wanted to die". During the final few years of his life, Shudo became "obsessed" with Lugia, writing numerous blog posts on the subject.
Ho-OhHo-Oh (ホウオウ)(0250)
Fire / Flying
No evolution
Similar to Moltres, Ho-Oh's design is inspired by the Fenghuang (firebird) of Chinese myth. It resurrected the Legendary Beast trio after they burned to death in the Brass tower as unknown Pokémon. Its feathers glow in the colors of the rainbow, and it is said to leave a rainbow trail when flying. It is said that seeing it is an omen of eternal happiness. It is the mascot for Pokémon Gold and HeartGold.
CelebiCelebi (セレビィ)(0251)
Psychic / Grass
No evolution
Celebi has the power to travel through time. It is said that the land flourishes wherever it has been, and it brings back an egg from the future before leaving. It was one of the heroes in Pokémon 4Ever. It has been regarded as one of the best Pokémon by multiple websites, including The Escapist, IGN, GamesRadar+, and authors Tracey West and Katherine Noll. Variety editor Robert Koehler identified Celebi as a Pokémon that appeals to young girls.
Notes
^ Details on Pokémon names, National Pokédex numbers, types and evolutions are obtained from The Pokémon Company International's online Pokédex.
^ English and Japanese name, as well as National Pokédex number
^ a b c d e f Prior to X and Y, Cleffa, Igglybuff, Togepi, Snubbull and Granbull were pure Normal types, while Togetic was Normal/Flying.
^ a b Starting in X and Y, Marill and Azumarill gained the Fairy type.
^ Paldean Wooper (introduced in Pokémon Scarlet and Violet) are capable of evolving into Clodsire.
^ Only Hisuian Qwilfish (introduced in Pokémon Legends Arceus) are capable of evolving into Overqwil.
^ Only Galarian Corsola (introduced in Pokémon Sword and Shield) are capable of evolving into Cursola.
References
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^ Harris, Craig (February 23, 2009). "Pokémon Creators on Platinum". IGN. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2009.
^ Padilla, Raymond (March 17, 2009). "Junichi Masuda & Takeshi Kawachimaru Talk 'Pokémon Platinum', Particle Physics, Bridges, And More!". G4. Archived from the original on January 11, 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
^ Noble, McKinley. "Pokémon Platinum: Developer Interview!". GamePro. IDG. p. 2. Archived from the original on August 6, 2010. Retrieved June 1, 2010.
^ a b c d e f g "丸美屋ゲットシール". Maruiya (via WebCite). December 2009. Archived from the original on July 21, 2013. Retrieved March 30, 2012.
^ "第4494718号". July 27, 2001. Archived from the original on July 28, 2010.IPDL
^ a b c d e f g h "Meiji Blue Cards". Meiji (via WebCite). April 13, 2012. Archived from the original on September 17, 2011. Retrieved March 30, 2012.
^ "Merriep with You". Pokémon with You. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
^ "ポケモンプリントギャラリー". Canon. Archived from the original on November 2, 2014. Retrieved November 2, 2014.
^ "第4553588号". March 22, 2002. Archived from the original on July 28, 2010.IPDL
^ "Pokemon Silver Version Review for Game Boy Color". GameSpot. October 14, 2000. Archived from the original on February 13, 2009. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
^ Hernandez, Patricia (December 17, 2012). "Pokémon Designs Aren't Getting Worse, They May Be Getting Better". Kotaku. Gawker Media. Archived from the original on January 21, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
^ Fisher, David (September 7, 2015). "The Legend of Pikablu: the death of the video game rumor mill". GameSkinny. Archived from the original on January 19, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
^ "Taming Monsters: Ahuizotl". Field Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on December 25, 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2022. The Pokemon character Aipom looks like an Ahuizotl, but it is cute and friendly, not a killer.
^ Christopher, Michael (December 20, 2020). "The Weakest Pokemon From Each Generation, Ranked". TheGamer. Archived from the original on November 20, 2022. Retrieved March 2, 2024.
^ a b "Pokémon Double-Battle Seal Retsuden". Ensky. March 28, 2015. Archived from the original on January 2, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
^ a b c d "キメわざポケモンキッズ8". Bandai Co., Ltd. (via WebCite). March 2008. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
^ a b "2000年 結晶塔の帝王". ポケットモンスターオフィシャルサイト. The Pokémon Company. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
^ a b "キメわざポケモンキッズ2". Bandai Co., Ltd. (via WebCite). January 2006. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
^ a b c Lucas Sullivan (February 8, 2014). "17 Pokemon based on real-world mythology". GamesRadar. Future plc. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
^ Glossop, T; Jinks, S; Hopton, R (March 2, 2011). "Can an Onix evolve into a Steelix?". Journal of Special Topics. 9 (1). University of Leicester. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 19, 2019. Retrieved June 19, 2019.
^ Geiger, Austin (November 1, 2022). "Pokemon: Magcargo Proves How Ridiculous The Pokedex Is". ScreenRant. Archived from the original on November 12, 2022. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
^ a b "キメわざポケモンキッズDP5". Bandai Co., Ltd. (via WebCite). May 2010. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
^ "キメわざポケモンキッズ4". Bandai Co., Ltd. (via WebCite). July 2006. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
^ "ポケットモンスター みずピタシール3". Ensky. April 21, 2015. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
^ a b c "伝説ポケモンのイラストを手がける斉藤むねお、キャラデザ講座開講!" (in Japanese). Kai-You. May 5, 2014. Archived from the original on September 7, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
^ a b Dr Lava (December 27, 2019). "Pokemon's Head Writer: Used Booze & Pills to Fuel Writing Process". Lava Cut Content. Archived from the original on August 7, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
^ "2001年 セレビィ 時を超えた遭遇". ポケットモンスターオフィシャルサイト. The Pokémon Company. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
^ Tracey West; Katherine Noll (2007). Pokémon top 10 handbook: Our top picks!. Scholastic. p. 79. ISBN 9780545001618. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
^ "Top 100 Pokemon - from 85 to 71". February 22, 2016. Archived from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
^ "Celebi – #79 Top Pokémon – IGN". Archived from the original on June 9, 2023. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
^ Raymond Padilla (November 30, 2007). "Pokemusings, week 24, Pokemon Diamond/Pearl DS News". GamesRadar+. Archived from the original on June 11, 2023. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
^ Robbert Koehler (October 6, 2002). "Pokemon 4ever Movie Review". Variety. Archived from the original on June 9, 2023. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
vtePokémon Generation IIGames
Gold and Silver
Pokémon Crystal
Spin-offs and Side games
Puzzle Challenge
Stadium 2
Species
Wooper
Unown
Media
The Johto Journeys
Johto League Champions
Master Quest
Pokémon 3: The Movie
4Ever
Pokémon Heroes
Mewtwo Returns
Related
HeartGold and SoulSilver
Super Smash Bros. Melee
Galarian Corsola
vtePokémonby The Pokémon Company, owned by Nintendo, Creatures Inc. and Game FreakTimelineVideo gamesMain series(Gameplay)Generation IGeneration IIGeneration IIIGeneration IV
Red / Blue / Yellow
Lavender Town
Team Rocket
Pokémon BulbasaurCharizardSquirtlePikachuRaichuJigglypuffPsyduck SlowpokeGengarVoltorbMr. MimeJynxMagikarp and GyaradosDittoEeveeSnorlaxMewtwoMewMissingNo.
Gold / Silver
Crystal
Pokémon
Wooper
Unown
Ruby / Sapphire
Emerald
FireRed / LeafGreen
Pokémon
Gardevoir
Diamond / Pearl
Platinum
HeartGold / SoulSilver
Pokémon
Pachirisu
Garchomp
Lucario
Generation VGeneration VIGeneration VIIGeneration VIIIGeneration IX
Black / White
Black 2 / White 2
Pokémon
Chandelure
X / Y
Omega Ruby / Alpha Sapphire
Pokémon
Klefki
Sun / Moon
Ultra Sun / Ultra Moon
Let's Go, Pikachu! / Let's Go, Eevee!
Pokémon
Popplio, Brionne, and Primarina
Mimikyu
Sword / Shield
Isle of Armor
Crown Tundra
Brilliant Diamond / Shining Pearl
Legends: Arceus
Pokémon
Sobble
Wooloo
Galarian Corsola
Fossil Pokémon
Scarlet / Violet
Hidden Treasure of Area Zero
"Celestial"
"Biri-Biri"
Legends: Z-A
Pokémon
Sprigatito, Floragato, and Meowscarada
Fuecoco
Tinkaton
Related
Stadium
Stadium 2
Colosseum
XD: Gale of Darkness
Battle Revolution
My Pokémon Ranch
Bank
Go
live events
Battle League
Home
Characters
Brock
Misty
Team Rocket
Rivals
Cynthia
Serena
Lillie
Hop
Nessa
Nemona
Larry
List of Pokémon
Spin-offs
Hey You, Pikachu!
Snap
New Snap
Pinball
Ruby & Sapphire
Project Studio
Puzzle League
Puzzle Challenge
Channel
Dash
Trozei!
Battle Trozei
Mystery Dungeon
Ranger
Shadows of Almia
Guardian Signs
Pokémate
Rumble
Blast
U
World
Rush
PokéPark
Wonders Beyond
Typing Adventure
Conquest
Art Academy
Shuffle
Pokkén Tournament
Picross
Detective Pikachu
Returns
Magikarp Jump
Quest
Masters EX
Smile
Café ReMix
Unite
Sleep
Competitive play
Play! Pokémon
World Championships
2023
Wolfe Glick
Ray Rizzo
Park Se-jun
Other
Pokémon Pikachu
Pokémon Mini
Poké Ball Plus
Super Smash Bros.
Trading Card Game
sets
video game
TCG Online
Trading Figure Game
Twitch Plays Pokémon
Unofficial
PETA satirical browser games
Prism
Sage
Uranium
Pokémon Essentials
Micromon
Pocket Mortys
MediaTV seriesEpisodesSeasons 1–13
Indigo League
"Pokémon, I Choose You!"
2.B.A. Master
"Pokémon Theme"
Adventures in the Orange Islands
The Johto Journeys
Johto League Champions
Master Quest
Advanced
Advanced Challenge
Advanced Battle
Battle Frontier
Diamond and Pearl
Battle Dimension
Galactic Battles
Sinnoh League Victors
Seasons 14–present
Black & White
Rival Destinies
Adventures in Unova and Beyond
"Te o Tsunagō"
XY
Kalos Quest
XYZ
Sun & Moon
Ultra Adventures
Ultra Legends
Journeys
Master Journeys
Ultimate Journeys
Horizons
Theme songs
"Gotta Catch 'Em All"
"Meowth's Party"
Specials
Mewtwo Returns
Removed from rotation
"Dennō Senshi Porygon"
Chronicles
Characters
Ash Ketchum
Brock
Misty
Team Rocket
Serena
Lillie
Liko
FilmsAnimated
The First Movie
soundtrack
"Don't Say You Love Me"
Mewtwo Strikes Back – Evolution
2000
"The Power of One"
"Toi et Moi"
"Flying Without Wings"
3: The Movie
4Ever
Heroes
Jirachi, Wish Maker
Destiny Deoxys
Lucario and the Mystery of Mew
Ranger and the Temple of the Sea
The Rise of Darkrai
Giratina & the Sky Warrior
Arceus and the Jewel of Life
Zoroark: Master of Illusions
Black—Victini and Reshiram / White—Victini and Zekrom
"Sora/Koe"
Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice
Genesect and the Legend Awakened
Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction
Hoopa and the Clash of Ages
Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel
I Choose You!
The Power of Us
Secrets of the Jungle
Live-action
Detective Pikachu
score
"Carry On"
Manga
Volumes
Pocket Monsters
Adventures
volumes
1–20
20–40
41–current
Black and White
The Electric Tale of Pikachu
Magical Pokémon Journey
Emerald: Challenge! Battle Frontier
Mystery Dungeon: Ginji's Rescue Team
Diamond and Pearl Adventure!
Miniseries
Origins
Generations
Twilight Wings
Pokétoon
Evolutions
Hisuian Snow
Paldean Winds
Concierge
Related
4Kids Entertainment
Media Factory
OLM
Pokémon Live!
Pokémon Apokélypse
List of books
Symphonic Evolutions
"Electric"
RelatedPeople
Tsunekazu Ishihara
Sayuri Ichiishi
Junichi Masuda
Shigeki Morimoto
Atsuko Nishida
Shigeru Ohmori
Naoki Saito
Takeshi Shudo
Ken Sugimori
Satoshi Tajiri
Kunihiko Yuyama
Imakuni?
Organizations
Ambrella
Genius Sonority
ILCA
Wizards of the Coast
Community
MissJirachi
Pokémon Challenges
Marketing
Pokémon Center
Pokémon Jet
Burger King Pokémon container recall
Poképark
Pokéfuta
Pokémon 25th Anniversary
Pokémon Fossil Museum
Project Voltage
Pop culture
Pikachurin
Zbtb7
Mazuca strigicincta
Binburrum articuno
Nocticola pheromosa
Aerodactylus
Bulbasaurus
Pikachu virus
Tía Pikachu
Pokémon and pornography
doujinshi incident
Fakemon
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For the Albanian professional football coach and former central midfielder, see Ledian Memushaj.\"Corsola\" redirects here. For the Galarian variation of the species introduced in Pokémon Sword and Shield, see Galarian Corsola.The international logo for the Pokémon franchiseThe second generation (generation II) of the Pokémon franchise features 100 fictional species of creatures introduced to the core video game series in the 1999 Game Boy Color games Pokémon Gold and Silver, set in the Johto region. Some Pokémon in this generation were introduced in animated adaptations of the franchise before Gold and Silver, such as Ho-Oh in the first episode of the Pokémon anime series in 1998 and 1999, Togepi, which was a recurring character in the anime owned by Misty, Donphan in the Pokémon first movie in 1998, Snubbull in the first Pikachu short movie in 1998, and Marill, which also debuted in that short film and was a recurring character in the anime owned by Tracey Sketchit in 1998 and 1999. Elekid, Bellossom, Ledyba, and Hoothoot debuted in Pikachu's Rescue Adventure, and Lugia and Slowking debuted in Pokémon 2000.The following list details the 100 Pokémon of generation II in order of their National Pokédex number. The first Pokémon, Chikorita, is number 152 and the last, Celebi, is number 251. Alternate forms that result in type changes are included for convenience. Mega evolutions and regional forms are included on the pages for the generation in which they were introduced.","title":"List of generation II Pokémon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pokémon franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon"},{"link_name":"Game Freak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Freak"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"Pokémon Red and Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Red_and_Blue"},{"link_name":"Game Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameplay_of_Pok%C3%A9mon#Pok%C3%A9mon_evolution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-millenial-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_balance"},{"link_name":"breeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_breeding"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pichu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pichu"},{"link_name":"Igglybuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igglybuff"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Space World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Space_World"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Revolution-5"}],"text":"Pokémon are fictional species created for the Pokémon franchise. Developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo, the series began in Japan in 1996 with the release of the video games Pokémon Red and Blue for the Game Boy.[1] In these games, the player assumes the role of a Pokémon Trainer whose goal is to capture and train creatures called Pokémon. Players use the creatures' special abilities to combat other Pokémon, and some can transform into stronger species through a process called evolution.[2] Pokémon also have various types, which are elemental attributes that determine a Pokémon's strengths and weaknesses in combat.[3]Two new types were introduced in Pokémon Gold and Silver – namely the \"Dark\" and \"Steel\" types – which were intended to better balance the gameplay of Pokémon battles. Dark and Steel types fare well against the then dominant Psychic type. The concept of breeding was introduced in the second generation of Pokémon games as well, which allows players to manipulate the skills of their Pokémon to a greater degree.[4] Some of the new Pokémon introduced in Gold and Silver are pre-evolutions of other Pokémon, such as Pichu and Igglybuff. Referred to as \"baby Pokémon\", they are usually only available by breeding their evolved forms.Pokémon Gold and Silver were first revealed at Nintendo Space World in 1997. At this point, the game had a massively larger world map than the final game and this prototype featured around 40 Pokémon designs that were removed and replaced when the games were released in 1999.[5]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chikorita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Chikorita"},{"link_name":"Bayleef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bayleef"},{"link_name":"Meganium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Meganium"},{"link_name":"Cyndaquil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Cyndaquil"},{"link_name":"Quilava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Quilava"},{"link_name":"Typhlosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Typhlosion"},{"link_name":"Totodile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Totodile"},{"link_name":"Croconaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Croconaw"},{"link_name":"Feraligatr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Feraligatr"},{"link_name":"Sentret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sentret"},{"link_name":"Furret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Furret"},{"link_name":"Hoothoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hoothoot"},{"link_name":"Noctowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Noctowl"},{"link_name":"Ledyba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ledyba"},{"link_name":"Ledian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ledian"},{"link_name":"Spinarak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Spinarak"},{"link_name":"Ariados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ariados"},{"link_name":"Crobat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Crobat"},{"link_name":"Chinchou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Chinchou"},{"link_name":"Lanturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lanturn"},{"link_name":"Pichu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pichu"},{"link_name":"Cleffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Cleffa"},{"link_name":"Igglybuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Igglybuff"},{"link_name":"Togepi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Togepi"},{"link_name":"Togetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Togetic"},{"link_name":"Natu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Natu"},{"link_name":"Xatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Xatu"},{"link_name":"Mareep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Mareep"},{"link_name":"Flaaffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Flaaffy"},{"link_name":"Ampharos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ampharos"},{"link_name":"Bellossom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bellossom"},{"link_name":"Marill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Marill"},{"link_name":"Azumarill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Azumarill"},{"link_name":"Sudowoodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sudowoodo"},{"link_name":"Politoed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Politoed"},{"link_name":"Hoppip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hoppip"},{"link_name":"Skiploom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Skiploom"},{"link_name":"Jumpluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Jumpluff"},{"link_name":"Aipom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Aipom"},{"link_name":"Sunkern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sunkern"},{"link_name":"Sunflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sunflora"},{"link_name":"Yanma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Yanma"},{"link_name":"Wooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wooper"},{"link_name":"Quagsire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Quagsire"},{"link_name":"Espeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Espeon"},{"link_name":"Umbreon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Umbreon"},{"link_name":"Murkrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Murkrow"},{"link_name":"Slowking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Slowking"},{"link_name":"Misdreavus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Misdreavus"},{"link_name":"Unown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Unown"},{"link_name":"Wobbuffet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wobbuffet"},{"link_name":"Girafarig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Girafarig"},{"link_name":"Pineco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pineco"},{"link_name":"Forretress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Forretress"},{"link_name":"Dunsparce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dunsparce"},{"link_name":"Gligar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Gligar"},{"link_name":"Steelix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Steelix"},{"link_name":"Snubbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Snubbull"},{"link_name":"Granbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Granbull"},{"link_name":"Qwilfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Qwilfish"},{"link_name":"Scizor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Scizor"},{"link_name":"Shuckle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Shuckle"},{"link_name":"Heracross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Heracross"},{"link_name":"Sneasel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sneasel"},{"link_name":"Teddiursa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Teddiursa"},{"link_name":"Ursaring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ursaring"},{"link_name":"Slugma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Slugma"},{"link_name":"Magcargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Magcargo"},{"link_name":"Swinub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Swinub"},{"link_name":"Piloswine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Piloswine"},{"link_name":"Corsola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Corsola"},{"link_name":"Remoraid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Remoraid"},{"link_name":"Octillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Octillery"},{"link_name":"Delibird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Delibird"},{"link_name":"Mantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Mantine"},{"link_name":"Skarmory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Skarmory"},{"link_name":"Houndour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Houndour"},{"link_name":"Houndoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Houndoom"},{"link_name":"Kingdra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Kingdra"},{"link_name":"Phanpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Phanpy"},{"link_name":"Donphan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Donphan"},{"link_name":"Porygon2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Porygon2"},{"link_name":"Stantler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Stantler"},{"link_name":"Smeargle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Smeargle"},{"link_name":"Tyrogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tyrogue"},{"link_name":"Hitmontop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hitmontop"},{"link_name":"Smoochum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Smoochum"},{"link_name":"Elekid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Elekid"},{"link_name":"Magby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Magby"},{"link_name":"Miltank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Miltank"},{"link_name":"Blissey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Blissey"},{"link_name":"Raikou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Raikou"},{"link_name":"Entei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Entei"},{"link_name":"Suicune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Suicune"},{"link_name":"Larvitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Larvitar"},{"link_name":"Pupitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pupitar"},{"link_name":"Tyranitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tyranitar"},{"link_name":"Lugia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lugia"},{"link_name":"Ho-Oh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ho-Oh"},{"link_name":"Celebi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Celebi"}],"text":"Pokémon\n\nChikorita\nBayleef\nMeganium\nCyndaquil\nQuilava\nTyphlosion\nTotodile\nCroconaw\nFeraligatr\nSentret\nFurret\nHoothoot\nNoctowl\nLedyba\nLedian\nSpinarak\nAriados\nCrobat\nChinchou\nLanturn\nPichu\nCleffa\nIgglybuff\nTogepi\nTogetic\nNatu\nXatu\nMareep\nFlaaffy\nAmpharos\nBellossom\nMarill\nAzumarill\nSudowoodo\nPolitoed\nHoppip\nSkiploom\nJumpluff\nAipom\nSunkern\nSunflora\nYanma\nWooper\nQuagsire\nEspeon\nUmbreon\nMurkrow\nSlowking\nMisdreavus\nUnown\nWobbuffet\nGirafarig\nPineco\nForretress\nDunsparce\nGligar\nSteelix\nSnubbull\nGranbull\nQwilfish\nScizor\nShuckle\nHeracross\nSneasel\nTeddiursa\nUrsaring\nSlugma\nMagcargo\nSwinub\nPiloswine\nCorsola\nRemoraid\nOctillery\nDelibird\nMantine\nSkarmory\nHoundour\nHoundoom\nKingdra\nPhanpy\nDonphan\nPorygon2\nStantler\nSmeargle\nTyrogue\nHitmontop\nSmoochum\nElekid\nMagby\nMiltank\nBlissey\nRaikou\nEntei\nSuicune\nLarvitar\nPupitar\nTyranitar\nLugia\nHo-Oh\nCelebi","title":"List of Pokémon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pok%C3%A9dex_7-0"},{"link_name":"The Pokémon Company International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pok%C3%A9mon_Company"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Name_8-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NormaltoFairy_25-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NormaltoFairy_25-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NormaltoFairy_25-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NormaltoFairy_25-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NormaltoFairy_25-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NormaltoFairy_25-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Marill_32-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Marill_32-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Clodsire_39-0"},{"link_name":"Pokémon Scarlet and Violet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Scarlet_and_Violet"},{"link_name":"Clodsire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clodsire"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Qwilfish_45-0"},{"link_name":"Pokémon Legends Arceus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Legends_Arceus"},{"link_name":"Overqwil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overqwil"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cursola_47-0"},{"link_name":"Pokémon Sword and Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Sword_and_Shield"},{"link_name":"Cursola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursola"}],"text":"^ Details on Pokémon names, National Pokédex numbers, types and evolutions are obtained from The Pokémon Company International's online Pokédex.[6]\n\n^ English and Japanese name, as well as National Pokédex number\n\n^ a b c d e f Prior to X and Y, Cleffa, Igglybuff, Togepi, Snubbull and Granbull were pure Normal types, while Togetic was Normal/Flying.\n\n^ a b Starting in X and Y, Marill and Azumarill gained the Fairy type.\n\n^ Paldean Wooper (introduced in Pokémon Scarlet and Violet) are capable of evolving into Clodsire.\n\n^ Only Hisuian Qwilfish (introduced in Pokémon Legends Arceus) are capable of evolving into Overqwil.\n\n^ Only Galarian Corsola (introduced in Pokémon Sword and Shield) are capable of evolving into Cursola.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"The international logo for the Pokémon franchise","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/International_Pok%C3%A9mon_logo.svg/250px-International_Pok%C3%A9mon_logo.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Hilliard, Kyle (December 25, 2016). \"Pokémon Red & Blue – A Look Back At The 20-Year Journey To Catch 'Em All\". Game Informer. Archived from the original on October 1, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2016/12/25/pok-233-mon-red-amp-blue-a-look-back-at-the-20-year-journey-to-catch-em-all.aspx","url_text":"\"Pokémon Red & Blue – A Look Back At The 20-Year Journey To Catch 'Em All\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231001192920/https://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2016/12/25/pok-233-mon-red-amp-blue-a-look-back-at-the-20-year-journey-to-catch-em-all.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Allison, Anne (May 2006). Millennial Monsters: Japanese Toys and the Global Imagination. University of California Press. pp. 192–197. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marne_River_(South_Australia) | Marne River (South Australia) | ["1 Course and features","2 Etymology","3 See also","4 References"] | Coordinates: 34°41′58″S 139°34′37″E / 34.69944°S 139.57694°E / -34.69944; 139.57694Not to be confused with Marne (river).
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River in South Australia, AustraliaMarneRhine River SouthLocation of the river mouth in South AustraliaEtymologyMarne River (France)Native nameTaingappa (Ngarrindjeri)LocationCountryAustraliaStateSouth AustraliaRegionBarossa RangesTownsCambraiPhysical characteristicsSourceMount Lofty Range • locationsouth of Eden Valley • coordinates34°40′00″S 139°06′34″E / 34.666643°S 139.109477°E / -34.666643; 139.109477 • elevation366 m (1,201 ft)
MouthMurray River • locationWongulla • coordinates34°41′58″S 139°34′37″E / 34.69944°S 139.57694°E / -34.69944; 139.57694 • elevation5 m (16 ft)Length70 km (43 mi)Basin featuresRiver systemRiver Murray catchmentTributaries • rightRhine NorthProtected areaMarne Valley Conservation Park
The Marne River, part of the River Murray catchment, is a river that is located in the Barossa Ranges region in the Australian state of South Australia.
Course and features
The Marne River rises below Eden Valley on the eastern slopes of the Mount Lofty Ranges and flows generally east before reaching its confluence with the River Murray at Wongulla. The Marne flows through Cambrai. The Marne descends 361 metres (1,184 ft) over its 70-kilometre (43 mi) course.
Etymology
In pre-European times, the Ngarrindjeri people used the Marne Valley as a route up into the hills to trade with the Peramangk people in the Barossa Valley and to cut bark canoes from the River Red Gums in the hills which had thicker bark than those near the Murray. The original name of the Marne River was Taingappa, meaning footrack-trading road.
Before 1917, it was called the Rhine River South. Due to anti-German sentiment during World War I, it was renamed after the Marne River of France, where the German advance was stopped in 1914.
See also
South Australia portalWater portalEnvironment portal
Rivers of South Australia
References
^ a b "Map of Marne River, SA". Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
^ "Marne River". PlaceNames Online. Government of South Australia Department for Transport, Energy and Infrastructure. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
vteRivers of South AustraliaRivers that flow towards the coast
Acraman
Broughton
Crystal
Hill
Hutt
Rocky
Bungala
Christies
Dry
Field
Panalatinga
Gawler
North Para
Jacobs
South Para
Glenelg
Hindmarsh
Inman
Light
Gilbert
Little Para
Myponga
Onkaparinga
Patawalonga
Glen Osmond/Keswick
Brown Hill
Sturt
Pirie–Torrens corridor
Port
Tod
Torrens
Wakefield
Eyre
Rivers of the Murray–Darling basin
Angas
Bremer
Burra
Currency
Finniss
Marne
Murray
Rivers of the Lake Eyre basin
Alberga
Cooper
Diamantina
Finke
Frome
Neales
Strzelecki
Warburton
Eyre
Kallakoopah
Officer
Macumba
Rivers of Kangaroo Island
Cygnet
De Mole
Eleanor
Harriet
Middle
Rocky
Stun Sail Boom
Willson
Rivers flowing into Lake Torrens
Willochra Creek
Calabrinda Creek
Kanyaka Creek
Wirreanda Creek
This article about a river in South Australia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marne (river)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marne_(river)"},{"link_name":"River Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_River"},{"link_name":"catchment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"Barossa Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barossa_Ranges"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Marne (river).River in South Australia, AustraliaThe Marne River, part of the River Murray catchment, is a river that is located in the Barossa Ranges region in the Australian state of South Australia.","title":"Marne River (South Australia)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eden Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Valley,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Mount Lofty Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lofty_Ranges"},{"link_name":"confluence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence"},{"link_name":"Wongulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wongulla,_South_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrai,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercourse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bonzle-1"}],"text":"The Marne River rises below Eden Valley on the eastern slopes of the Mount Lofty Ranges and flows generally east before reaching its confluence with the River Murray at Wongulla. The Marne flows through Cambrai. 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The original name of the Marne River was Taingappa, meaning footrack-trading road.Before 1917, it was called the Rhine River South. Due to anti-German sentiment during World War I, it was renamed after the Marne River of France, where the German advance was stopped in 1914.[2]","title":"Etymology"}] | [] | [{"title":"South Australia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:South_Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg"},{"title":"Water portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Water"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg"},{"title":"Environment portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Environment"},{"title":"Rivers of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_of_South_Australia"}] | [{"reference":"\"Map of Marne River, SA\". Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Garden_Party_(short_story_collection) | The Garden Party (short story collection) | ["1 Stories","2 Themes","3 External links"] | 1922 collection of short stories by Katherine Mansfield
First edition (publ. Constable)
The Garden Party and Other Stories is a 1922 collection of short stories by the writer Katherine Mansfield.
Stories
"At the Bay"
"The Garden Party"
"The Daughters of the Late Colonel"
"Mr and Mrs Dove"
"The Young Girl"
"Life of Ma Parker"
"Marriage à la Mode"
"The Voyage"
"Miss Brill"
"Her First Ball"
"The Singing Lesson"
"The Stranger"
"Bank Holiday"
"An Ideal Family"
"The Lady's Maid"
Themes
Life
Death
Marriage
Distorted Reality
Regret/Disappointment
Duty
Gender
External links
The Garden Party and Other Stories by Katherine Mansfield available freely at Project Gutenberg
The Garden Party and Other Stories at the British Library
The Garden Party (EFL/ESL Graded Readers) - Oxford Graded Reader / Matatabi Graded Reader
The Garden Party and Other Stories at the New Zealand Text Centre
The Garden Party public domain audiobook at LibriVox
vteShort stories by Katherine Mansfield
"Frau Brechenmacher Attends a Wedding"
"The Woman at the Store"
"How Pearl Button Was Kidnapped"
"Millie"
"Something Childish But Very Natural"
"The Little Governess"
"Revelations"
"The Escape"
"An Indiscreet Journey"
"The Wind Blows"
"Prelude"
"Mr Reginald Peacock's Day"
"Feuille d'Album"
"A Dill Pickle"
"Je ne parle pas français"
"Sun and Moon"
"Bliss"
"Psychology"
"Pictures"
"The Man Without a Temperament"
"The Stranger"
"Miss Brill"
"The Daughters of the Late Colonel"
"Life of Ma Parker"
"The Young Girl"
"Mr and Mrs Dove"
"Her First Ball"
"The Singing Lesson"
"Bank Holiday"
"An Ideal Family"
"The Lady's Maid"
"Marriage à la Mode"
"At The Bay"
"The Voyage"
"A Married Man's Story"
"The Garden Party"
"The Doll's House"
"The Fly"
"A Cup of Tea"
"The Canary"
"The Sister of the Baroness"
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Street_of_Crocodiles | The Street of Crocodiles | ["1 Origins and publication","2 Title","3 Plot","4 Language","5 Critical reception","6 Titles of the short stories","7 Adaptations","8 References","9 External links"] | 1934 Bruno Schulz short story collection
First edition
The Street of Crocodiles, also known as The Cinnamon Shops, (Polish: Sklepy cynamonowe, lit. "Cinnamon Shops") is a 1934 collection of short stories written by Bruno Schulz. First published in Polish, the collection was translated into English by Celina Wieniewska in 1963.
Origins and publication
Schulz's earliest literary endeavors can probably be dated back to 1925. They included rough drafts of the short stories, later published in the collection The Street of Crocodiles, which the writer used to send to his friends Władysław Riff and Debora Vogel. Although in 1928 Schultz had already written the short story A July Night, it was included in the second volume entitled Sanatorium Under the Sign of the Hourglass which was published in 1937.
All Debora Vogel's efforts to have Schulz's works published were in vain. It was only after the writer Zofia Nałkowska, from whom Schulz had sought help, expressed her support for him that the work was published in December 1933, dated 1934.
Title
The original title of the collection can be literally translated into English as "Cinnamon Shops." There is also a short story with the same title included in the collection. Cinnamon shops mentioned by the narrator of the story are situated in the centre of the town where the narrator lives.
Plot
An illustration by Bruno Schulz.
The collection tells the story of a merchant family from a small Galician town which resembles the writer's home town of Drohobycz in many respects. The story abounds in mythical elements introduced by means of the visionary and dreamlike literary depiction (e.g. frequently occurring motif of labyrinths) characteristic of the writer. It is thus mythologized reality, processed by the imagination, artistically distorted and enriched by all possible references and allusions to other literary works, to great myths, to other more exotic domains of reality.
One of the most significant characters in the work is the Father, who is not only the head of the family, a merchant running a textile shop in the marketplace, but also a mad experimenter endowed with superhuman abilities, a demiurge living between life and death, between the world of the real and the imaginary. Despite the literary fascination with the character of the Father displayed by Schulz, it is Józef whom he renders the work's protagonist and narrator. In the character of this young boy eagerly discovering the world that surrounds him, many of Schulz's own traits are clearly visible.
Another is the servant girl Adela. She is a dominant woman and object of desire. She controls and threatens the Father, on one occasion freeing all of the birds he has collected in the attic, driving them away with her broom.
Language
The language adopted by Schulz is rich and unique, marked by various eccentric sequences of metaphors. The metaphors perform diverse functions; the writer brings inanimate objects into existence and presents humans as non-human animals. He uses multiple complex sentences, employs unfamiliar, old-fashioned and long-forgotten words as well as scientific (e.g. biological) terminology. These techniques caught the attention of and were discussed already by the first critics of Schulz, including Tadeusz Breza.
Schulz's prose in the original Polish is full of Latinisms, arguably derived from the bureaucratic language of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He drew on these words instead of more familiar Slavic terms to defamiliarise the text.
Critical reception
The short story collection was well received by such writers and literary critics as Leon Piwiński, Tadeusz Breza (he defined Schulz's writing as uniquely beautiful and the true essence of poetry), Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Antoni Słonimski, Julian Tuwim and Adolf Nowaczyński. The majority of critics valued the work mainly due to its linguistic features, yet there were also some (e.g. Witkacy) who were enthralled by the metaphysical aspects of the stories. The work was frequently mentioned as one of the nominees for the award of the weekly literary magazine Wiadomości Literackie. However, there were some negative and reproachful reviews as well, produced mainly by the rightist and leftist press, which disapproved of the avant-garde nature of the work. Schulz’s writing was criticized in the negative reviews for "mannerism" and "uselessness."
Titles of the short stories
August
Visitation
Birds
Tailors' Dummies
Treatise on Tailors' Dummies or the Second Book of Genesis
Treatise on Tailors' Dummies: Continuation
Treatise on Tailors' Dummies: Conclusion
Nimrod
Pan
Mr. Charles
Cinnamon Shops
The Street of Crocodiles
Cocroaches
The Gale
The Night of the Great Season
The Comet
Adaptations
A 1986 Brothers Quay stop-motion animation, Street of Crocodiles, is based on the book. The work was also adapted, in 1992, as a stage play, by Theatre de Complicite. This latter adaptation was first staged in August 1992 at the Cottesloe Theatre at the National Theatre in London; it toured throughout 1992 and 1993 and was nominated for four Olivier Awards.
In 2010, the British Intellect published Katarzyna Marciniak and Kamil Turowski's photo album, Streets of Crocodiles: Photography, Media, and Postsocialist Landscapes in Poland. The book, inspired by Schulz's short story and available in print and electronic formats, is introduced by The Village Voice film critic, J. Hoberman, as "...a walk on the wild side, an expedition down a melancholy boulevard of dreams."
Jonathan Safran Foer's Tree of Codes is an adaptation of Street of Crocodiles in the tradition of Tom Phillips's book A Humument. Safran Foer cut words from Street of Crocodiles in order to create his own story. Foer's novel has been turned into a full-length contemporary ballet by Wayne McGregor, commissioned by and premiered at the Manchester International Festival on Friday 3 July 2015 in the city's Opera House theatre; and an opera by Liza Lim, commissioned and premiered by Ensemble Musikfabrik on 9 April 2016 at the Staatenhaus, Cologne.
References
^ Liukkonen, Petri. "Bruno Schulz". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 3 December 2003.
^ Heuckelom, Kris Van. Bruyn, Dieter De; Heuckelom, Kris van (2009). Unmasking Bruno Schulz. ISBN 978-9042026940. Retrieved 2010-12-22. p.464: "When Schulz turned to writing around 1925..." ISBN 90-420-2694-4
^ Jerzy Jarzębski: Prowincja centrum. Przypisy do Schulza, Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków 2005, s. 22. ISBN 83-08-03812-3.
^ Goldfarb, Bruno Schulz ; translated by Celina Wieniewska ; foreword by Jonathan Safran Foer ; introduction by David A. (2008). The street of crocodiles and other stories. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 23, 40. ISBN 9780143105145.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jerzy Jarzębski, Wstęp..., s. XXXVI.
^ Goldfarb, Bruno Schulz ; translated by Celina Wieniewska ; foreword by Jonathan Safran Foer ; introduction by David A. (2008). The street of crocodiles and other stories. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 30–31. ISBN 9780143105145.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Czytanie Schulza: materiały międzynarodowej sesji naukowej Bruno Schulz − w stulecie urodzin i pięćdziesięciolecie śmierci. Instytut Filologii Polskiej Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków, 8–10 czerwca 1992. Oficyna Naukowa i Literacka T.I.C., Kraków, 1994, s. 6. ISBN 83-85774-03-3
^ "Productions: The Street of Crocodiles". Complicite. Archived from the original on 2007-02-03. Retrieved 2007-04-03.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sklepy cynamonowe.
Bruno Schulz. Sklepy cynamonowe at Project Gutenberg (in Polish).
ISBN 978-0-14-018625-3 — Penguin 20th Century Classics edn. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TheStreetOfCrocodiles.jpg"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"1934 collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_in_literature"},{"link_name":"short stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story"},{"link_name":"Bruno Schulz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Schulz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"First editionThe Street of Crocodiles, also known as The Cinnamon Shops, (Polish: Sklepy cynamonowe, lit. \"Cinnamon Shops\") is a 1934 collection of short stories written by Bruno Schulz. First published in Polish, the collection was translated into English by Celina Wieniewska in 1963.[1]","title":"The Street of Crocodiles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Władysław Riff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Riff&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Debora Vogel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debora_Vogel"},{"link_name":"Zofia Nałkowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zofia_Na%C5%82kowska"}],"text":"Schulz's earliest literary endeavors can probably be dated back to 1925.[2] They included rough drafts of the short stories, later published in the collection The Street of Crocodiles, which the writer used to send to his friends Władysław Riff and Debora Vogel. Although in 1928 Schultz had already written the short story A July Night, it was included in the second volume entitled Sanatorium Under the Sign of the Hourglass which was published in 1937.All Debora Vogel's efforts to have Schulz's works published were in vain. It was only after the writer Zofia Nałkowska, from whom Schulz had sought help, expressed her support for him that the work was published in December 1933, dated 1934.","title":"Origins and publication"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The original title of the collection can be literally translated into English as \"Cinnamon Shops.\" There is also a short story with the same title included in the collection. Cinnamon shops mentioned by the narrator of the story are situated in the centre of the town where the narrator lives.","title":"Title"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bruno_Schulz_-_Sklepy_cynamonowe_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Drohobycz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drohobycz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"An illustration by Bruno Schulz.The collection tells the story of a merchant family from a small Galician town which resembles the writer's home town of Drohobycz in many respects. The story abounds in mythical elements introduced by means of the visionary and dreamlike literary depiction (e.g. frequently occurring motif of labyrinths) characteristic of the writer. It is thus mythologized reality, processed by the imagination, artistically distorted and enriched by all possible references and allusions to other literary works, to great myths, to other more exotic domains of reality.[3]One of the most significant characters in the work is the Father, who is not only the head of the family, a merchant running a textile shop in the marketplace, but also a mad experimenter endowed with superhuman abilities, a demiurge living between life and death, between the world of the real and the imaginary. Despite the literary fascination with the character of the Father displayed by Schulz, it is Józef whom he renders the work's protagonist and narrator. In the character of this young boy eagerly discovering the world that surrounds him, many of Schulz's own traits are clearly visible.Another is the servant girl Adela. She is a dominant woman and object of desire. She controls and threatens the Father, on one occasion freeing all of the birds he has collected in the attic, driving them away with her broom.[4]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metaphors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Breza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Breza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Latinisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinism"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The language adopted by Schulz is rich and unique, marked by various eccentric sequences of metaphors.[5] The metaphors perform diverse functions; the writer brings inanimate objects into existence and presents humans as non-human animals. He uses multiple complex sentences, employs unfamiliar, old-fashioned and long-forgotten words as well as scientific (e.g. biological) terminology. These techniques caught the attention of and were discussed already by the first critics of Schulz, including Tadeusz Breza.\nSchulz's prose in the original Polish is full of Latinisms, arguably derived from the bureaucratic language of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He drew on these words instead of more familiar Slavic terms to defamiliarise the text.[6]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leon Piwiński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leon_Piwi%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz"},{"link_name":"Antoni Słonimski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_S%C5%82onimski"},{"link_name":"Julian Tuwim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Tuwim"},{"link_name":"Adolf Nowaczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Nowaczy%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"}],"text":"The short story collection was well received by such writers and literary critics as Leon Piwiński, Tadeusz Breza (he defined Schulz's writing as uniquely beautiful and the true essence of poetry),[7] Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Antoni Słonimski, Julian Tuwim and Adolf Nowaczyński. The majority of critics valued the work mainly due to its linguistic features, yet there were also some (e.g. Witkacy) who were enthralled by the metaphysical aspects of the stories. The work was frequently mentioned as one of the nominees for the award of the weekly literary magazine Wiadomości Literackie. However, there were some negative and reproachful reviews as well, produced mainly by the rightist and leftist press, which disapproved of the avant-garde nature of the work. Schulz’s writing was criticized in the negative reviews for \"mannerism\" and \"uselessness.\"","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"August\nVisitation\nBirds\nTailors' Dummies\nTreatise on Tailors' Dummies or the Second Book of Genesis\nTreatise on Tailors' Dummies: Continuation\nTreatise on Tailors' Dummies: Conclusion\nNimrod\nPan\nMr. Charles\nCinnamon Shops\nThe Street of Crocodiles\nCocroaches\nThe Gale\nThe Night of the Great Season\nThe Comet","title":"Titles of the short stories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brothers Quay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Quay"},{"link_name":"stop-motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop-motion"},{"link_name":"Street of Crocodiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_of_Crocodiles"},{"link_name":"Theatre de Complicite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complicite"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"National Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Olivier Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Awards"},{"link_name":"Intellect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.intellectbooks.co.uk/"},{"link_name":"Katarzyna Marciniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.english.ohiou.edu/directory/faculty_page/marciniak/"},{"link_name":"Kamil Turowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//fotofabula.org/index.html"},{"link_name":"Streets of Crocodiles: Photography, Media, and Postsocialist Landscapes in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Streets-Crocodiles-Photography-Postsocialist-Landscapes/dp/1841503657/ref=sr_1_3?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1324954039&sr=1-3"},{"link_name":"The Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"J. Hoberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Hoberman"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Safran Foer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Safran_Foer"},{"link_name":"Tree of Codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_Codes"},{"link_name":"Street of Crocodiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_of_Crocodiles"},{"link_name":"Tom Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Phillips_(artist)"},{"link_name":"A Humument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Humument"},{"link_name":"Wayne McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_McGregor"},{"link_name":"Manchester International Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_International_Festival"},{"link_name":"Liza Lim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Lim"},{"link_name":"Ensemble Musikfabrik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Musikfabrik"}],"text":"A 1986 Brothers Quay stop-motion animation, Street of Crocodiles, is based on the book. The work was also adapted, in 1992, as a stage play, by Theatre de Complicite.[8] This latter adaptation was first staged in August 1992 at the Cottesloe Theatre at the National Theatre in London; it toured throughout 1992 and 1993 and was nominated for four Olivier Awards.In 2010, the British Intellect published Katarzyna Marciniak and Kamil Turowski's photo album, Streets of Crocodiles: Photography, Media, and Postsocialist Landscapes in Poland. The book, inspired by Schulz's short story and available in print and electronic formats, is introduced by The Village Voice film critic, J. Hoberman, as \"...a walk on the wild side, an expedition down a melancholy boulevard of dreams.\"Jonathan Safran Foer's Tree of Codes is an adaptation of Street of Crocodiles in the tradition of Tom Phillips's book A Humument. Safran Foer cut words from Street of Crocodiles in order to create his own story. Foer's novel has been turned into a full-length contemporary ballet by Wayne McGregor, commissioned by and premiered at the Manchester International Festival on Friday 3 July 2015 in the city's Opera House theatre; and an opera by Liza Lim, commissioned and premiered by Ensemble Musikfabrik on 9 April 2016 at the Staatenhaus, Cologne.","title":"Adaptations"}] | [{"image_text":"First edition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/TheStreetOfCrocodiles.jpg/220px-TheStreetOfCrocodiles.jpg"},{"image_text":"An illustration by Bruno Schulz.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bruno_Schulz_-_Sklepy_cynamonowe_3.jpg/250px-Bruno_Schulz_-_Sklepy_cynamonowe_3.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Liukkonen, Petri. \"Bruno Schulz\". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. 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New York: Penguin Books. pp. 23, 40. ISBN 9780143105145.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143105145","url_text":"9780143105145"}]},{"reference":"Goldfarb, Bruno Schulz ; translated by Celina Wieniewska ; foreword by Jonathan Safran Foer ; introduction by David A. (2008). The street of crocodiles and other stories. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 30–31. ISBN 9780143105145.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143105145","url_text":"9780143105145"}]},{"reference":"\"Productions: The Street of Crocodiles\". Complicite. Archived from the original on 2007-02-03. Retrieved 2007-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070203181449/http://www.complicite.org/productions/detail.html?id=14","url_text":"\"Productions: The Street of Crocodiles\""},{"url":"http://www.complicite.org/productions/detail.html?id=14","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.intellectbooks.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Intellect"},{"Link":"http://www.english.ohiou.edu/directory/faculty_page/marciniak/","external_links_name":"Katarzyna Marciniak"},{"Link":"http://fotofabula.org/index.html","external_links_name":"Kamil Turowski"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Streets-Crocodiles-Photography-Postsocialist-Landscapes/dp/1841503657/ref=sr_1_3?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1324954039&sr=1-3","external_links_name":"Streets of Crocodiles: Photography, Media, and Postsocialist Landscapes in Poland"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031203172735/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/schulz.htm","external_links_name":"\"Bruno Schulz\""},{"Link":"http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/schulz.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5MnX-TYTWGAC&q=bruno+schulz+early+writings+1925&pg=PA464","external_links_name":"Unmasking Bruno Schulz"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070203181449/http://www.complicite.org/productions/detail.html?id=14","external_links_name":"\"Productions: The Street of Crocodiles\""},{"Link":"http://www.complicite.org/productions/detail.html?id=14","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/8119","external_links_name":"Sklepy cynamonowe"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:The_Banner/Archive07 | User talk:The Banner/Archive07 | ["1 Richmond and Petersburg Railroad","2 Reverting all my changes regarding census of 2016","3 Re: Outdated templates for riders and teams","4 Disambiguation links on Götz Kubitschek","5 Siege of Tobruk","6 The Signpost: 17 January 2017","7 Books and Bytes - Issue 20","8 RFC of interest","9 Dagar etc","10 Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Minami Itahashi","11 Nomination for deletion of Template:Cities in Azerbaijan","12 The Signpost: 6 February 2017","13 Robert Devereux, 18th Viscount Hereford","14 Rollback abuse in List of Dreamcast games","15 February 2017","16 WP:OWN and WP:TIES","17 The Signpost: 27 February 2017","18 Hello! There is a DR/N request you may have interest in.","19 Hello, from a DR/N volunteer","20 DRN case closed","21 April 2017","22 Books and Bytes - Issue 21","23 WP:HOUND","24 Michelin Guide","25 Stop Wikihounding me!","26 WP:HOUND","27 World War II in Yugoslavia Repeat Vandelism","28 The Signpost: 9 June 2017","29 Reverted contribution from Emoji page","30 Books and Bytes - Issue 22","31 The Signpost: 23 June 2017","32 This is to inform you that an attempt is being made to overturn an RfC that you voted on","33 Your IP stalker","34 speedy deletion Ashish Bisht","35 We do not censor","36 Administrator election on Dutch Wikinews","37 The Signpost: 15 July 2017","38 Possible block looming","39 FYI","40 Arbitration Committee referral for violation of The Troubles 1RR restriction","41 Via WP:AE","42 Your user page","43 1RR on Troubles article violations","44 Request for comment","45 The Signpost: 5 August 2017","46 Books and Bytes - Issue 23","47 General note false allegation","48 Spam","49 The Signpost: 6 September 2017","50 Jack Kevorkian lead","51 Euthanasia in the Netherlands","52 Thanks!","53 The Signpost: 25 September 2017","54 Content Translation pop-up","55 User:Hayal12","56 You lost, i won","57 Books and Bytes - Issue 24","58 The Signpost: 23 October 2017","59 STOP IT NOW and vor ever!! STOP STALKING ME","60 The Signpost: 24 November 2017","61 Not useful","62 Women chefs with Michelin stars","63 Books and Bytes - Issue 25","64 New Page Reviewing","65 The Signpost: 18 December 2017","66 Promo-campaign","66.1 Reply to: December 2017","66.2 Reply to: Managing a conflict of interest","67 Reply to your comments on my Talk page"] | This page is an archive of past discussions. Do not edit the contents of this page. If you wish to start a new discussion or revive an old one, please do so on the current talk page.
Richmond and Petersburg Railroad
Content moved to Talk:Richmond and Petersburg Railroad 19:10, 3 January 2017 (UTC)
Reverting all my changes regarding census of 2016
Hello The Banner.
I see that you reverted all my changes regarding the latest census. While I accept that in many cases I did not give the source (http://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpr/censusofpopulation2016-preliminary results/geochan/) and in other cases Wikipedia (once I saw that these where based on the above), I would have prefered if you had asked me to state the source so I could include it.
Now all these articles state outdated results. If you think that is better then my changes, then let it be.
You may see that I changed some articles regarding local and Dail elections too; you should revert them as well as I did not state the source there either.
Looking through articles, I saw some contain outdated data; I intented to change some in the future. But I will stop trying to improve articles in the English Wikipedia; trying to improve the German Wkipedia a little is effort enough.
--Wanfried-Dublin (talk) 19:47, 6 January 2017 (UTC)
I really wonder why in the Leitrim article in the main text the new value of 2016 is accepted (although with the notation that a better source is needed) and my changes in the infobox are reverted because "Wikipedia is not a reliable source" while the Population Rank in the next line points exactly to this Wikipedia source of 2016 - with the population given as of 2011! I am really surprised that you think that your reversement made this article any better!
I am not bothered to check all the other articles, but I am sure that there are more discrepancies like this.--Wanfried-Dublin (talk) 21:52, 6 January 2017 (UTC)
Because it is still better than your unsourced version. On ENWP, things have to be sourced conform WP:RS. The Banner talk 22:10, 6 January 2017 (UTC)
I could give you more examples of unsourced and wrong statements. Then you can revert them all. As I said in my 2nd statement: there are some inconsistencies in the Leitrim article: do you really think that one is better now after you reverted it? And I have changed many articles concerning the results of the last elections without stating the source. Go on and revert them too.
It would have been okay if you had asked for the sources; I would have tried to include them! Thanks for your help to "improve" Wikipedia.--Wanfried-Dublin (talk) 22:25, 6 January 2017 (UTC)
You can improve Wikipedia by adding Reliable Source when you add info. But what you did was removing sources or even naming other Wikipedia-articles as source. That is not how it works. The Banner talk 22:46, 6 January 2017 (UTC)
First: I only removed sources that where no longer relevant (census 2011 and even older) when I gave the results of the 2016 census. The WP-article I named gives as the source "Population data for counties in the Republic of Ireland is based on preliminary data from census 2016." although not the actual link (I wonder if you will remove this as well now - and all my "unsourced" changes regarding elections). And why do you not give an answer about the inconsistencies mentioned above? Or why do you not have told me on the "talk-page " that you want "proper" sources. But as I said: I am finished with the English WP - thanks to you.--Wanfried-Dublin (talk) 23:02, 6 January 2017 (UTC)
But you never gave evidence of the 2016 figures. That is the problem. The Banner talk 23:07, 6 January 2017 (UTC)
And you never give an answer to my other questions. And I gave evidence, although quoting WP. As I said, I would have stated the sources, if I was made aware that the English WP is so strict (if you are interested, look at the German WP (articles Portal Tomb and Poulnabrone and the Talk-Page). There it seems to be the other way round - of which I do not approve as you might see). --Wanfried-Dublin (talk) 23:19, 6 January 2017 (UTC)
Learn the rules... and you are not a newbie! The Banner talk 01:42, 7 January 2017 (UTC)
From Wikipedia:Five pillars: Seek consensus, avoid edit wars, .... . Act in good faith, and assume good faith on the part of others.Seek consensus, avoid edit wars, ... . Act in good faith, and assume good faith on the part of others. .... Should conflicts arise, discuss them calmly on the appropriate talk pages,....
From Category:Wikipedia behavioral guidelines:
Assume good faith:
Unless there is strong evidence to the contrary, assume that people who work on the project are trying to help it, not hurt it.
From Wikipedia:Rollback - When to use rollback: Rollback may be used:
To revert obvious vandalism and other edits where the reason for reverting is absolutely clear
To revert edits in your own user pages
To revert edits that you have made (for example, edits that you accidentally made)
To revert edits by banned or blocked users in defiance of their block or ban (but be prepared to explain this use of rollback when asked to)
To revert widespread edits (by a misguided editor or malfunctioning bot) which are judged to be unhelpful to the encyclopedia, provided that you supply an explanation in an appropriate location, such as at the relevant talk page
Use of standard rollback for any other purposes – such as reverting good-faith changes which you happen to disagree with – is likely to be considered misuse of the tool. When in doubt, use another method of reversion and supply an edit summary to explain your reasoning.
--Wanfried-Dublin (talk) 10:48, 7 January 2017 (UTC)
Wikipedia:Competence is required. The Banner talk 12:59, 7 January 2017 (UTC)
Re: Outdated templates for riders and teams
In regards to the merger of the templates – I could theoretically get them turned around before the day is done, and they can be speedied (hopefully?). Shall report back once complete. I've had worse shocks, trust me! ;) Craig(talk) 18:16, 7 January 2017 (UTC)
Thank you very much. The Banner talk 18:18, 7 January 2017 (UTC)
All templates from 2013 to 2016 have now been merged over. There are currently three showing for 2017, but I can quickly knock together a 2017 page akin to the previous years to get those ones clear also. Craig(talk) 22:17, 7 January 2017 (UTC)
I see sense for the 2017 ones. A year page might be handy, but not urgent. The Banner talk 22:45, 7 January 2017 (UTC)
Disambiguation links on Götz Kubitschek
Thank you for fixing the disambiguation links on that article! You wrote that there is still one to be fixed (referring to Blackshirts_(disambiguation)). I deliberately abstained from linking Kubitschek's public appearance in a black shirt to any particular group because there seems not to have been a reference to any specific group in that event. Rather, black shirts seem to be quite a widespread feature of fascist/militaristic groups (as can be seen in the disambiguation), so I wanted the link to a dismabiguation page to show the multiple possibilites for interpretation or reference. Best regards, --Ubel (talk) 16:25, 12 January 2017 (UTC)
Ehm, no. It was Twinkle who said that there was still to be fixed, not me. I recognized the intentional link to a disambiguation page and that was why I did nothing with it.
The whole story about the NPD is superfluous, as you can read the story on the article about the NPD. In this article it turned it POV. The Banner talk 16:53, 12 January 2017 (UTC)
Oh sorry, this wasn't meant to sound aggressive :) I didn't know. I'm quite new to wikipedia.
And yes, I see your point with the NPD thing. I just inserted it as further support for that statement because someone deleted that passage altogether before. --Ubel (talk) 13:38, 13 January 2017 (UTC)
My comments were supposed to be of an explaining tone, not aggressive. If that was the case: sorry, I apologize. The Banner talk 10:26, 16 January 2017 (UTC)
Siege of Tobruk
Hello
I've changed the link we were arguing about here, again. I'd left it with you to decide which remedy to use, but there'd been no change, so I've decided for you. If you are unhappy about that, I've outlined the remedy at the talk page. Regards, Moonraker12 (talk) 22:52, 30 December 2016 (UTC)
Interesting. So the Libyan city of Tobruk is now in the Egyptian desert? The Banner talk 23:00, 30 December 2016 (UTC)
I've clarified your edit here, because it was incomplete as it stood.
And to answer your question: No, of course not, and the article doesn't say that; what it says is that the Libyan port of Tobruk was in an area referred to in the 1940's as the "Western Desert", and had a link to the explanation of why. Read it for yourself, it isn't hard... Moonraker12 (talk) 23:30, 10 January 2017 (UTC)
Interesting is that you fail to give the correct link. it isn't hard...
But is Western Desert a typical British name or have, let us say, the Italians and Germans a similar name for the area? The Banner talk 23:45, 10 January 2017 (UTC)
The Library of Congress is one of the two sources provided there. I do not think that the Library of Congress is British.
The Germans called their forces the "Afrika Korps" (in German), and for the Italians, areas would be referred to under the province names as allocated under the rather short-lived Italian Empire. None of these terms are very useful to describe an entire theatre of operations in an English language encyclopedia. MPS1992 (talk) 00:05, 11 January 2017 (UTC)
Okay, clear. You have no real arguments to choose an English name but still wants it that way. Have fun with that one sided view. The Banner talk 00:10, 11 January 2017 (UTC)
We do need to write in the English language on this project, yes. MPS1992 (talk) 00:15, 11 January 2017 (UTC)
We need to write neutral and do not take a pro-English language POV. The Banner talk 01:06, 11 January 2017 (UTC)
Yes, but writing neutrally requires a proper consideration of the sources. MPS1992 (talk) 09:03, 11 January 2017 (UTC)
But the method you use looks like cherry-picking. The Banner talk 12:00, 11 January 2017 (UTC)
No, actually I have never edited the article at all. Ever. You would know this if you had looked at the article history instead of reacting angrily to a perceived slight. Unfortunately, you became confused. I suggest that you go back to the article talk page and discuss your concerns there, if you have independent reliable sources to support them. Otherwise, I suggest you leave it. Aggression and accusations like this are really rather unwelcome. MPS1992 (talk) 22:58, 11 January 2017 (UTC)
To take this up again (belatedly), explain to me; "failed to give the correct link"? If the correct link to explain the name “Western Desert” isn't the Name section of the Western Desert article, what, in your opinion, is?
And what exactly is your objection in all this? It seems on the face of it that you object to the English language WP being written in English; in which case you should prepare yourself for a shock, because it goes on everywhere; the German WP is written in German, and the Italian WP is in Italian. You'll find the Dutch WP uses Dutch language, idiom, terms, and expressions, uses predominantly Dutch sources and contains articles of interest to a predominantly Dutch audience. However, what you won't find on the Dutch WP is me railing against a Dutch POV, and a lack of neutrality by Dutch editors because of it, so it would be nice to have the same courtesy here, no? Moonraker12 (talk) 22:26, 16 January 2017 (UTC)
Thank you for making it perfectly clear that you are not here to create a neutral encyclopaedia. The Banner talk 22:50, 16 January 2017 (UTC)
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Books and Bytes - Issue 20
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Books & Bytes
Issue 20, November-December 2016
by Nikkimaria (talk · contribs), Ocaasi (talk · contribs), UY Scuti (talk · contribs), Samwalton9 (talk · contribs)
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RFC of interest
Given your prior edits such as this you may be interested inWikipedia_talk:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Request_for_comment:_Use_of_interlanguage_links_in_Wikipedia_templates.--TonyTheTiger (T / C / WP:FOUR / WP:CHICAGO / WP:WAWARD) 18:25, 20 January 2017 (UTC)
Dagar etc
It's not obvious to me (or to any other non-admin who can't see the deleted article) that Dagur clan was identical to the current Dagar, so that the latter can be speedied. Could we please have an AfD for Dagar, the clan article, to settle the matter clearly once and for all? I note that it has been to AfD twice already, once no consensus, then kept, one procedural close and one no consensus. Thanks. PamD 12:04, 24 January 2017 (UTC)
I've taken it to AfD: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dagar (2nd nomination). Removing your db tag seemed unavoidable during the process (with Twinkle) so I hope you don't disagree. PamD 12:11, 24 January 2017 (UTC)
I do disagree, as it was a recreation of another article removed after a normal AfD-procedure. But you were in such a hurry that you failed to wait for my reply. The Banner talk 12:56, 24 January 2017 (UTC)
(and PamD) The two articles are absolutely identical. Kudpung กุดผึ้ง (talk) 16:04, 29 January 2017 (UTC)
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Minami Itahashi
Just a note that I withdrew and closed Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Minami Itahashi. Normally I would not do that as your delete vote was still active, but given the great improvement of the article, which now demonstrates notability beyond a doubt, I decided to be WP:BOLD and go ahead and close it, particularly as snow consensus for keep also existed. Safiel (talk) 04:54, 30 January 2017 (UTC)
I can agree with that. The Banner talk 10:36, 30 January 2017 (UTC)
Nomination for deletion of Template:Cities in Azerbaijan
Greetings.
Now that I have seen, that all the cities and towns in {{Cities in Azerbaijan}} are indeed listed in {{Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan}} which I have overlooked, you can redirect this template to that template or delete it - whichever method the administrators see fit to choose. --Sondrion (talk) 11:25, 30 January 2017 (UTC)
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Robert Devereux, 18th Viscount Hereford
I've just reviewed the article Robert Devereux, 18th Viscount Hereford which seems fine but I note that you've been in "discussions" with the author on the matter of Viscount Hereford. If you feel I should have dealt with it other than giving it a pass at New Page Patrol, please let me know. Cabayi (talk) 17:43, 8 February 2017 (UTC)
Rollback abuse in List of Dreamcast games
It isn't smart of you to simply revert changes done by number of editors including myself in List of Dreamcast games. In addition it's supposed to follow other game lists like List of Wii U software, List of Nintendo Switch games, etc but there are some that failed to follow this standard, like List of Nintendo 64 games. Most also contain overlinking you claimed in your edit summary. You should open discussion regarding this in Talk:List of Dreamcast games rather than getting us into edit war. Rukario-sama ^ㅈ^ -(...) 02:19, 10 February 2017 (UTC)
I suggest that you start looking at what you are doing yourself. With your last revert to have reintroduced 47 links to disambiguation pages. The Banner talk 08:26, 10 February 2017 (UTC)
While we're at it, it's still in need of a good cleanup. Reverting is really unconstructive if not used against changes that's already unconstructive. Rukario-sama ^ㅈ^ -(...) 09:12, 10 February 2017 (UTC)
Introducing 47 links to disambiguation pages is unconstructive and damaging the article. The Banner talk 18:12, 10 February 2017 (UTC)
February 2017
Baltic states were occupied. Articles about someone born in France 1940 don't use Deutsches Reich as birthplace. Template:Infobox person Place of birth: city, administrative region, sovereign state. Soviet union never had sovereignty over Baltic states. Occupation of the Baltic states. People born in France 1940–1944 are not listed as born in German Reich – Claude Miller, Christian Boltanski, Catherine Deneuve, Bérangère Vattier, Frank Alamo, Jean-Claude Dassier.
Take a minute and read this: Occupation of the Baltic states. Especially this part: "The Baltic states, the United States and its courts of law, the European Parliament, the European Court of Human Rights and the United Nations Human Rights Council have all stated that these three countries were invaded, occupied and illegally incorporated into the Soviet Union under provisions of the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, first by the Soviet Union, then by Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1944, and again by the Soviet Union from 1944 to 1991. This policy of non-recognition has given rise to the principle of legal continuity, which holds that de jure, or as a matter of law, the Baltic states had remained independent states under illegal occupation throughout the period from 1940 to 1991." There are miles of discussions about this , , . etc. Ans so until anybody can prove otherwise BLP of Baltic states do not use Soviet Union as Birthplace --Klõps (talk) 21:44, 14 February 2017 (UTC)
We describe facts, not historical anger. The Banner talk 22:12, 14 February 2017 (UTC)
I'm not angry, just gave you some facts. Sorry if they seem angry. --Klõps (talk) 22:39, 14 February 2017 (UTC)
Ah, okay I get the message. It is not about facts, it is about emotions. And I just wandered into a minefield like the Balkan-relations. The Banner talk 22:44, 14 February 2017 (UTC)
Why such a personal attack? I gave You historical background. I'd say that You are the emotional one here. Baltic states were occupied. There's difference on De facto and de jure belonging to Soviet Union... and so on. I gave the articles, You can continue reading there. If You want to change birthplaces to SU then please gave Your factual explanation, and don't be so snooty. Klõps (talk) 23:03, 14 February 2017 (UTC)
I just told you why I disengage: too much emotions. And you have just proven that point. The Banner talk 00:32, 15 February 2017 (UTC)
I gave You facts... You can't deny it. --Klõps (talk) 08:48, 15 February 2017 (UTC)
You act on emotions. Just let me disengage, will you? The Banner talk 10:12, 15 February 2017 (UTC)
WP:OWN and WP:TIES
WP:TIES states "An article on a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation should use the (formal, not colloquial) English of that nation". In this edit you have removed the "Use Irish English" tag from an article that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation with the edit summary "no need for some POV pushing on the language". Can I ask you to explain what you mean by this and why you have done this? Secondly, in a series of edits, here, here and here you have removed the "Use Irish English" and instead added a "Use British English" tags to resturants in Dublin and Galway. Your rationale said "see WP:NONSENSE and WP:POVPUSHING". WP:NONSENSE is a content guideline and a speedy deletion category. WP:POVPUSHING states "POV-pushing is a term used on Wikipedia to describe the aggressive presentation of a particular point of view in an article, particularly when used to denote the undue presentation of minor or fringe ideas. Calling someone a "POV-pusher" is uncivil and pejorative, and even characterizing edits as POV-pushing should be done cautiously". Can I ask your rationale for the restaurant edits as well and the reason you left that edit summary? In your first edit removing the Irish English tag you stated "I am unable to use a language that I do not master. I have learned British English at school. That is why I have chosen that variety" which seems to suggest that since you created the article you have some claim to ownership over it and the variety of English it uses which trumps WP:TIES. Are you making such a claim? AusLondonder (talk) 10:57, 16 February 2017 (UTC)
I am not interested in your POV-pushing. As you state on your own user page: I also believe that while the systemic bias on Wikipedia favours the United Kingdom to some extent as well (...). Usually it is the original author who sets the language that is used and others respect that. And I do not claim ownership of the articles, when you have something useful to change in the articles you will see not objection. The Banner talk 11:08, 16 February 2017 (UTC)
Ow, and I was surprised that WP:NONSENSE was an existing link. The Banner talk 11:12, 16 February 2017 (UTC)
Suggesting someone with London in their name is an anti-British pov-pusher is not only highly uncivil but bordering on the insane. Thanks for taking my comment about systemic bias absolutely out of context. Please take the time to actually read the sentence - it says "coverage of the United States is far superior and bias is manifested towards UK and European topics in some deletion nominations". You are wrong that the original author sets the language. If I created the Pearl Harbor as Pearl Harbour using Australian English spelling throughout, it would be changed to American English. This is the whole point of WP:TIES. Take just a minute to read the policy. Do you seriously think British English should be used at the Irish Republican Army article? At the Dublin and Galway articles? Will you seriously seek to defend that position if I seek a second opinion? Re the WP:NONSENSE page, which you actually linked, I am quite aware that you are "surprised" by the existence of an awful lot of our policies. AusLondonder (talk) 11:23, 16 February 2017 (UTC)
It would be nice when you stop pushing your POV so aggressively. That is not helping any discussion.
The use of British English on the Irish Republican Army article is definitely not incorrect , as you stated. The IRA is founded in a time when Ireland was still part of the United Kingdom. The "Old IRA", as it sometimes is referred to nowadays, was also active in what is now Northern-Ireland, still part of the United Kingdom.
I can understand that you do everything to break down what you state as I also believe that while the systemic bias on Wikipedia favours the United Kingdom to some extent as well (...) but you have already fallen into of pushing too hard to do that. The Banner talk 11:41, 16 February 2017 (UTC)
You're literally not making sense any more. Are you willing, per WP:TIES, to allow the Irish English tags to be reinstated at the IRA and Irish restaurant articles? Or do I need to seek another opinion? AusLondonder (talk) 23:01, 17 February 2017 (UTC)
That is entirely your problem, my friend. A little bit respect for other would help you a lot, far better than pushing and crying. The Banner talk 00:37, 18 February 2017 (UTC)
Oh the irony of someone who smeared another editor as a "nationalistic POVPUSHER" for enforcing well-established conventions demanding respect. You get what you give buddy. The fact you thought it worth fighting about whether we should use Irish English spelling for restaurants in the Irish capital is alarming and points to a non-constructive approach to editing and engaging with other editors in my opinion. If you don't like WP:TIES propose a change through a consultative community process. If you don't like the Use Irish English template nominate it for deletion. Simple really. AusLondonder (talk) 11:47, 18 February 2017 (UTC)
No, the irony is that you have to start reading the MOS. Especially the beginning what states This guideline is a part of the English Wikipedia's Manual of Style. It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though it is best treated with common sense, and occasional exceptions may apply. And WP:TIES itself, that states An article on a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation should use the (formal, not colloquial) English of that nation. Nowhere in the manual of style is stated that following the manual of style is mandatory but that is what you are trying to do: brutally enforcing a rule that is not mandatory. The Banner talk 18:31, 18 February 2017 (UTC)
At least we're getting somewhere other than plain abuse now. As you say MOS:TIES states that "An article on a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation should use the (formal, not colloquial) English of that nation" while MOS:RETAIN states "When an English variety's consistent usage has been established in an article, maintain it in the absence of consensus to the contrary. With few exceptions (e.g., when a topic has strong national ties". However, I am more than happy to discuss with you what exceptions you believe apply with the IRA article and the Irish restaurant articles. AusLondonder (talk) 22:43, 19 February 2017 (UTC)
''This guideline is a part of the English Wikipedia's Manual of Style. It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though it is best treated with common sense, and occasional exceptions may apply. What means as much: do not start to harass people who do not agree with you. Use common sense and leave the dead donkey. The Banner talk 22:47, 19 February 2017 (UTC)
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Hello! There is a DR/N request you may have interest in.
This message is being sent to let you know of a discussion at the Wikipedia:Dispute resolution noticeboard regarding a content dispute discussion you may have participated in. Content disputes can hold up article development and make editing difficult for editors. You are not required to participate, but you are both invited and encouraged to help this dispute come to a resolution. The discussion is about the topic Talk:Dutch letter.
Please join us to help form a consensus. Thank you! Yashovardhan (talk) 08:55, 28 March 2017 (UTC)
Hello, from a DR/N volunteer
This is a friendly reminder to involved parties that there is a current Dispute Resolution Noticeboard case still awaiting comments and replies. If this dispute has been resolved to the satisfaction of the filing editor and all involved parties, please take a moment to add a note about this at the discussion so that a volunteer may close the case as "Resolved". If the dispute is still ongoing, please add your input. Yashovardhan (talk) 03:43, 29 March 2017 (UTC)
DRN case closed
This message template was placed here by Yashovardhan Dhanania, a volunteer at the Dispute Resolution Noticeboard. You recently filed a request or were a major party in the DRN case titled "Talk:Dutch letter#Banket". The case is now closed: no party objects to resolution If you are unsatisfied with this outcome, you may refile the DRN request or open a thread on another noticeboard as appropriate. If you have any questions please feel free to contact this volunteer at his/ her talk page or at the DRN talk page. Thank you! --Yashovardhan (talk) 06:03, 30 March 2017 (UTC)
Additional comments by volunteer: a new move request has been made by original filer as recommended.
April 2017
Hello. I noticed that you attempted to file a deletion discussion on the article Bucher aircraft tractor but did not complete the process. Please note that, when listing an article for deletion, a discussion page needs to be made for other users to discuss whether to keep or delete the article. This is typically done by following the steps listed here. Note that if you are editing as an unregistered user, you cannot create a discussion page. Please consider registering an account or asking another user to help you complete the process at Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion. Thank you. Remember to let Twinkle finish all of its tasks before closing the tab or window. ansh666 18:48, 2 April 2017 (UTC)
I do not know what I am doing wrong, but I fail to get it right. The page is now created, but still not in order. The Banner talk 20:44, 2 April 2017 (UTC)
Seems like it's all good now. ansh666 00:53, 3 April 2017 (UTC)
Books and Bytes - Issue 21
The Wikipedia Library
Books & Bytes
Issue 21, January-March 2017
by Nikkimaria (talk · contribs), Ocaasi (talk · contribs), UY Scuti (talk · contribs), Samwalton9 (talk · contribs), Sadads (talk · contribs)
#1lib1ref 2017
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WP:HOUND
Dear Banner, it seems to me very obviously that you focus a bit too much on all the articles of FFA P-16. All your recent deletion requests very only on articles of FFA P-16. I kindly ask you to stop that, especially in cases like the article of Bernhard Müller (Officer) which is a Divisional general and obviously relevant for Wikipedia. Kind regards. --MBurch (talk) 19:03, 12 April 2017 (UTC)
And you seem a bit too obvious in a silly protection mode. It would be better that you advice FFA P-16 to up his game, getting a better idea of what is notable and what is not notable. And especially: you can advice him to take a course in written English, as his stuff is often unreadable. The Banner talk 19:41, 12 April 2017 (UTC)
And it is not the first time you act on FFA's behalf. People have been frowning on that... The Banner talk 20:02, 12 April 2017 (UTC)
That's no reason to suggest his articles for deletion but simply improve them. Frowning was more your wired Sockpuppet investigations. --MBurch (talk) 20:07, 12 April 2017 (UTC)
That sockpuppet investigation made loud and clear that you and friends were called in for assistance. But at that time, you did you cross the line. So, take your own advice and start improving those articles. I am not a wild dog, I can appreciate a well prepared steak/article. Good luck. The Banner talk 20:29, 12 April 2017 (UTC)
Which line did I cross?
Enjoy your steak! --MBurch (talk) 20:59, 12 April 2017 (UTC)
Sorry, you should read that as "But at that time, you did not cross the line.". But what you are doing now, gives me nasty ideas of bullying to protect a friend. The Banner talk 08:24, 13 April 2017 (UTC)
Michelin Guide
...I have blocked the IP for personal attacks, being aware that he is hopping. I also revdeled the attack...but I must admit I kind of like their choice of words..this quaint frenchie "victime" etc. Anyway, enjoy Loam (sounds fabulous). If you ever pop down to Kenmare, try to get a table at Packie's, or, on a fine day, drive out to the the Boathouse Bistro in Dromquinna. Cheers and happy editing. Lectonar (talk) 09:57, 20 April 2017 (UTC)
Will add Kenmare to my bucket list. have to admit that I did not see more of Kerry than the horse fair in Listowel. And thanks for the intervention, hope it stays calm now. The Banner talk 10:21, 20 April 2017 (UTC)
Stop Wikihounding me!
Stop immediately wikihoundig /stalking me! This was a NON Public page! It is not your business what I do there. Don't try not to withewash you. I can listen up all what you have done to me, its my one business. Don't touch my page!
LEAVE ME ALONE!
Bye!FFA P-16 (talk) 20:06, 22 April 2017 (UTC)
making attack pages can get you blocked, my friend. And getting other to do your dirty work is also not good for your reputation. So you better stop with your silly accusations or face the consequences. The Banner talk 08:06, 23 April 2017 (UTC)
STOP, you are doing it right now, stop! Wikipedia is big enough you can do 1000 things and i am not interested in your restaurands, beauticontest articel what ever you do I don't care. Just stop follow me and stop threaten me. You acting aggressiv against me but if just listen up a tiny pice what you are doing you react very thin skined. I told you also,many times to stay a way from my talkpage. Ther is only one smale thing you have to do and everything is fine:LEAVE ME ALONE!
FFA P-16 (talk) 14:22, 23 April 2017 (UTC)
My friend, even you have to adhere to the rules and regulations about notability. This is not a playground where you can dump articles about every Swiss machine, person and company. Article-subjects need to be notable, information added to articles needs to be relevant and your written English needs to be readable. Is that so difficult to understand? It is the quality of your work that is my concern, not your passport. The Banner talk 17:53, 23 April 2017 (UTC)
Friend, is probably inappropriate. A friend supports, helps and respects and is also compromise-ready. Only your word choice against people who do not share your view is extremely aggressive. Incorrect English is not a reason, there are many who improve this, unasked and without complaint. No, you are not about notability, that's just an excuse from you to justify your actions. Do I really have to list up everything again? By some articles it was ok to put them in question, but only some. ,The only UAV article you wanted to delete was from me /swiss, , the same with the military task force ALBA, or the military museum, only those articles of mine / switzerland you have deleted, no comparable from other authors / states. The same with the aircraft tug.. you tored it again to a delete discussion even though it has references and you put the notability in question .. if you would go about it, you would have also put MB-2 tow tractor and U- 30 Tow Tractor in question. But you bend the rules in your advantage. Also you put the Divisional general and next air force commander in for an deletion requested .. sorry but so your point about notability is lacking any credibility. I am not interested in restaurands and beauty contests or whatever you do, I don’t care, but that is no reason for me to harm you somehow. But you obviously lack this necessity , I know of users who have made valuable work for Wikipedia and have left only because of you. I do not want to spend much time in wikipedia, but with every action you do against me, I have to be active here and spend more time on wikipedia. Suggestions to improve articels Proactive cooperation is good . Violent barring and absolute uncompromisingness do not work in wikipedia in the long run. I do not want a conflict with you I just want my peace.FFA P-16 (talk) 03:10, 24 April 2017 (UTC)
I do not harm you, absolutely not. But I am very critical about the quality of your work. You could improve your understanding of notability and reliable sources. That would already help a big lot to get me on a bigger distance. And that is what I am t6elling you all the time: your sourcing and the notability of your subjects is below the common standards. raise your own standards and you will have no difficulty with me.
But instead of taking the advice, you start accusing, shouting and roaring. Very unhelpful. The Banner talk 08:54, 24 April 2017 (UTC)
Ow, and I am not the only one critical about the quality of your work. User:YSSYguy frequently rips apart your arguments. But still you blame me for everything evil. And you need User:MBurch to protect you. Sad. Just improve the quality of your work. The Banner talk 09:09, 24 April 2017 (UTC)
If it's about the quality why don't you improve it? But the way you treat and follow FFA P-16 is indeed annoying (not to mention your Sockpuppet investigations), so please just stop it, ok? --MBurch (talk) 13:40, 24 April 2017 (UTC)
I have no influence on the lack of notability of the subjects he chooses. Nor do I have any influence of his sourcing. The Banner talk 06:45, 25 April 2017 (UTC)
Stop this missuse of nomination for deletions! This all has nothing to do with wikipedia GNG , its only your dammed witchhunt against me! Your behaving is a destructiv for wikipieda.FFA P-16 (talk) 19:08, 26 April 2017 (UTC)
Stop crying and check the notability of your subjects yourself. Please be aware that personal attacks are not allowed. The Banner talk 19:37, 26 April 2017 (UTC)
They are notable You are just missusing "notability" to cover your stalking of me and destroying of my work. If it would be about notability you would have take care about MB-2 tow tractor and U-30 Tow Tractor and not about the Bcher Flugzeugschlepper or a swiss Divisonal General or now this two air surveilance systems!FFA P-16 (talk) 19:49, 26 April 2017 (UTC)
It is up to the administrators to decide of the subject is notable or not and properly sourced with reliable, independent sources. The Banner talk 19:59, 26 April 2017 (UTC)
But its not the admins who starts the AfD's its yu, and you are following one single line who give the clear picture tha your only goal is to kick me out of wikipedia and delet step by step articels i had writhen.. it is so easy to see.. but you even lack the "cojones" to stay to this.20:11, 26 April 2017 (UTC)~
LOL. No my general idea is to get you to do do three things:
Get a clear idea of what the community regards notable
Get a clear idea of what the community regards as proper sourcing according to WP:RS
Get a clear idea that it is worthwhile to make an effort to improve your English
I have no intention to get you out, banned, blocked or whatsoever. But I would like it when you stopped with your baseless accusations and personal attacks. The Banner talk 20:24, 26 April 2017 (UTC)
Just lies to cover your true intenion. If it would be about what the community regards notable you would have never ever nominadet Dübendorf AFB, Bernhard Müller and so one for AfD! If it would be about what the community regards as proper sourcing according to WP:RS you don't would follow me like this because ther is much more worser out ther in wikipeda.. and even if you give the hint you dosent pick up articels with ZERO sources! Your actions show loud an clear that your attacks again me and my work have nothing to do wthi the spirit/idea of wikipeda and notability. Just "talking sweet" now can not cover you manshunt. And this mans hunt against me is the real personal attack.FFA P-16 (talk) 20:41, 26 April 2017 (UTC)
Stop your personal attacks, my friend. The Banner talk 20:53, 26 April 2017 (UTC)
Same to you, and if you call me "my friend" you should act like a friend (because then we would both have an much nicer live). Good night (I have to get up early).FFA P-16 (talk) 21:01, 26 April 2017 (UTC)
Do not blame the world (or me) for your own failings. I have advised you repeatedly how you can make your own life easier. But you have to make the effort to improve. The Banner talk 21:09, 26 April 2017 (UTC)
TB, I think it might actually be a good idea for you to reply on the ANI thread. I started by assuming good faith on both your part and those of your accusers, and have become increasingly sceptical of their claims the more they refuse to provide evidence, and the thread was already TLDR before I commented, so you're not actually at risk of getting sanctioned, but (believe me!) the more threads you let them open without being formally shut down, the easier it will be for future people to say "The Banner's disruptive behaviour has been discussed on ANI before". If MBurch doesn't retract his comments I'm strongly considering opening a BOOMERANG subthread, but your weighing in as well would also be appreciated. Hijiri 88 (聖やや) 07:32, 1 May 2017 (UTC)
WP:HOUND
There is currently a discussion at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents regarding an issue with which you may have been involved.--MBurch (talk) 10:14, 30 April 2017 (UTC)
LOL. The Banner talk 12:31, 30 April 2017 (UTC)
It looks like it is going to backfire, mr. MBurch. Both for you and mr. FFA. The Banner talk 07:38, 12 May 2017 (UTC)
World War II in Yugoslavia Repeat Vandelism
User 178.222.116.11 has for the 5th time made the same unsourced deletion in article World War II in Yugoslavia despite your warning. 108.54.93.183 (talk) 22:02, 16 May 2017 (UTC)
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Reverted contribution from Emoji page
Hello
Can you explain me please why did you remove my contribution about controversial emojis? I think it was relevant and interesting for the page. Don't you think so? AnasBARAKAT TPT (talk) 22:00, 18 June 2017 (UTC)
WP:UNDUEWEIGHT. The Banner talk 22:20, 18 June 2017 (UTC)
I don't present only the minority points of views. This is the point of avoiding undue weight. The principal objective of this measure is neutrality as it is said in WP:UNDUEWEIGHT. You can find other arguments to my response in the emoji Talk page AnasBARAKAT TPT (talk) 12:24, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
You blow a minor issue way out of proportion. The Banner talk 12:42, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
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This is to inform you that an attempt is being made to overturn an RfC that you voted on
This is to inform you that an attempt is being made to overturn an RfC that you voted on (2 RfCs, actually, one less than six months ago and another a year ago). The new RfC is at:
Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)#RfC: Allow private schools to be characterized as non-affiliated as well as religious, in infobox?
Specifically, it asks that "religion = none" be allowed in the infobox.
The first RfC that this new RfC is trying to overturn is:
15 June 2015 RfC: RfC: Religion infobox entries for individuals that have no religion.
The result of that RfC was "unambiguously in favour of omitting the parameter altogether for 'none' " and despite the RfC title, additionally found that "There's no obvious reason why this would not apply to historical or fictional characters, institutions etc.", and that nonreligions listed in the religion entry should be removed when found "in any article".
The second RfC that this new RfC is trying to overturn is:
31 December 2015 RfC: RfC: Religion in infoboxes.
The result of that RfC was that the "in all Wikipedia articles, without exception, nonreligions should not be listed in the Religion= parameter of the infobox.".
Note: I am informing everyone who commented on the above RfCs, whether they supported or opposed the final consensus. --Guy Macon (talk) 03:07, 26 June 2017 (UTC)
Thanks. The Banner talk 09:02, 26 June 2017 (UTC)
Your IP stalker
I've blocked but I don't have OS so if you still want the material oversighted you'd best email oversight. GoldenRing (talk) 21:32, 28 June 2017 (UTC)
speedy deletion Ashish Bisht
(Ashih is film Actor His movie Shab is going to release on 14th July he is Main Lead Actor With Raveena Tandon ) --Jinnun (talk) 10:56, 5 July 2017 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jinnun (talk • contribs)
The last four times that it was nominated for deletion, the movie Shab was always to be launched soon after. But without any proof. The Banner talk 17:17, 5 July 2017 (UTC)
We do not censor
Hi, we actually do. Wikipedia allows for blanking of non-productive and inflammatory forum style posts on talk pages. Particularly those which simply detract from wp policies and have no intention of improving articles. You can restore the deleted content if you like, but you'll actually be causing a detriment to the discussion. Edaham (talk) 15:22, 10 July 2017 (UTC)
for what it's worth, I've moved the borderline forum style posts to the talk page of the person who begun the non article related complaint. Edaham (talk) 15:35, 10 July 2017 (UTC)
Ow, I know that there is a lot of censorship, but most of the time that is hidden behind WP:MEDRS. But this was a clear case of WP:IDONTLIKEIT. The Banner talk 18:49, 10 July 2017 (UTC)
the policies you are referring to apply to articles not talk pages. If someone is making completely unrelated posts (again pointing out that the persons post was a complaint about Wikipedia, not a suggestion for article improvement) it is not uncommon for their rantings to be removed, moved or their threads closed. I chose the former because there's and active discussion associated with that thread at the moment and I don't want to close it. Edaham (talk) 23:36, 10 July 2017 (UTC)
Plain avoiding critics and their critical comments... The Banner talk 23:41, 10 July 2017 (UTC)
you are entitled to your opinion. I've directed the person to the appropriate place for complaints on their talk page. Do try to keep discussion on article talk pages confined to the subject of article improvement. Thanks. Edaham (talk) 23:52, 10 July 2017 (UTC)
In fact that guy was discussing article improvement. The article is way off balance due to the stranglehold of the MEDRS-guys and the alternative-is-always-bad-fake-and-ineffective-guys. You have warriors walking around there that bludgeon everything what is positive! The Banner talk 04:36, 11 July 2017 (UTC)
Thanks for clarifying your position on the subject of alternative medicine. If you are supportive of this subject to the point of buttressing other editors who wish to discredit the encyclopedia on the grounds of an article's content, it is probably best not to edit those kinds of articles, or at least to make sure that POV doesn't cloud your ability to vet sources, and genuine suggestions for introducing content. I have now left the comment there and hopefully it will not throw the conversation off onto another tangent. (See closed thread above). Edaham (talk) 05:41, 11 July 2017 (UTC)
Nice way to state your own point of view. But your stance will not fix the off-balance article. The Banner talk 10:30, 11 July 2017 (UTC)
correct. Fixing the article will fix the article - as opposed to restoring inflammatory comments on talk pages. Edaham (talk) 00:02, 13 July 2017 (UTC)
Than do something about this flawed, biased, unbalanced article and take away the reason why mister Loudmouth is shouting at you. The Banner talk 00:04, 13 July 2017 (UTC)
Administrator election on Dutch Wikinews
Hi, The Banner.
I appreciate that you opposed the approval of that project. But the project was approved, and elections were held according to rules the community established (and which closely resemble the rules at nlwiki, if I am not mistaken).
There is no possible way the stewards will grant immediate permanent admin status to any of them—that's not the way things work. Stewards do decide whether the project is big enough for admins to be permanent, or for 'crats to be appointed, but believe me: that's not the case here. But normally the choice of administrators is up to the project itself, and stewards only handle the magisterial role of (a) checking that the election was done by the local rules and (b) flipping the switch on admin status.
If you want to object to the election of any of the individuals as sysop, your only real option is to get involved in the project and then oppose the candidates. And at that, if you are trying to undermine the project, your !vote will probably be discounted, and rightly so.
At this point I'd encourage you to give the members of the Dutch Wikinews community the chance to sink or swim on their own. StevenJ81 (talk) 21:37, 13 July 2017 (UTC)
There will be no need from outside activity to blow up that project. They are perfectly capable of doing that themselves. I will be surprised when it makes the end of the year.
Still, I like your bad faith assumption when I am just asking for a clarification. The Banner talk 21:50, 13 July 2017 (UTC)
The reason I made the comment here was to put a little space between my comment and the instant discussion. Still, you are quite right about my not having assumed good faith, and I apologize for that.
I hope my answer over on Meta was satisfactory for the time being. StevenJ81 (talk) 22:03, 13 July 2017 (UTC)
Rather unclear, but for now it will do. The Banner talk 22:04, 13 July 2017 (UTC)
There is no clearer answer for now. Basically, the stewards will give them 3–6 months right now. If the project never gets much bigger (in terms of contributors), the term may lengthen to about a year at a time, but it will remain a temporary administratorship, and could stay that way indefinitely. If the project attracts a larger group of editors, the term could be extended to two years, or eventually even be converted to a permanent adminship. But that's going to be at minimum a couple of years down the road, possibly longer, and maybe never, depending on what happens. StevenJ81 (talk) 22:09, 13 July 2017 (UTC)
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Possible block looming
You are now the subject of a discussion at WP:ANI here regarding possible disciplinary action for edit warring at Peacock Alley (restaurant). Akld guy (talk) 00:57, 19 July 2017 (UTC)
The classic case of trying to block when you have run out of arguments. The Banner talk 02:12, 19 July 2017 (UTC)
FYI
The Banner, see Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution_noticeboard#Talk:Peacock_Alley_.28restaurant.29. Marrakech (talk) 21:35, 24 July 2017 (UTC)
You are forumhopping and following me around. Stop this nonsense. The Banner talk 21:39, 24 July 2017 (UTC)
Arbitration Committee referral for violation of The Troubles 1RR restriction
Please see Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Enforcement#The_Banner. Mabuska (talk) 21:57, 26 July 2017 (UTC)
Via WP:AE
This message contains important information about an administrative situation on Wikipedia. It does not imply any misconduct regarding your own contributions to date.
Please carefully read this information:
The Arbitration Committee has authorised discretionary sanctions to be used for pages regarding The Troubles, a topic which you have edited. The Committee's decision is here.
Discretionary sanctions is a system of conduct regulation designed to minimize disruption to controversial topics. This means uninvolved administrators can impose sanctions for edits relating to the topic that do not adhere to the purpose of Wikipedia, our standards of behavior, or relevant policies. Administrators may impose sanctions such as editing restrictions, bans, or blocks. This message is to notify you that sanctions are authorised for the topic you are editing. Before continuing to edit this topic, please familiarise yourself with the discretionary sanctions system. Don't hesitate to contact me or another editor if you have any questions.
Dennis Brown - 2¢ 14:25, 27 July 2017 (UTC)
OK. I will keep it in mind. Thanks for the warning. The Banner talk 14:44, 27 July 2017 (UTC)
Your user page
As you requested:
I am a Dutchman but since a couple of years living in County Clare, Ireland, Ireland.
I am a Dutchman who has been living for a couple of years...
I am a Dutchman living, since 2016, in...
I am a Dutchman but have been living, since 2016, in... Done
It is remarkable that Wikipedia is claiming not to be a site for advertising and promotion, but on the other hand it is extremely difficult to remove spammy articles.
I'm having trouble with this sentence. I'm not sure you understand the definition of spam. As it stands, the text contains two statements which aren't really related. The claim in the first part can't be tied to the difficulty described in the second, so linking them just seems wrong. Done
This is due to the many editors claiming that normal editing should do the trick but fail to improve the spammy articles they say that can be improved. This is seriously undermining Wikipedia's stance against advertising and promotion.
The same difficulty applies to the concept; but for grammar:
This is due to many editors claiming...
This is due to the many editors who claim...
(There's a subtle difference: the first just states there are many editors; the second implies an indication of what "many" means has already been discussed.)
...they say can be improved. This seriously undermines... Done
I treat everybody exactly the same.
Arguably should be "I treat everybody in exactly the same way.", but some might consider the criticism pedantic. Not done
...no matter how important somebody is (or thinks to be)
...no matter how important somebody is (or thinks they are) Done
...detrimental for the encyclopaedia
...detrimental to the encyclopaedia Done
You can find load of pictures in...
You can find loads of pictures in... Done
...how do I find coordinates for an article. Coordinates tool is very handy for this.
...how do I find coordinates for an article? The Coordinates tool is very handy for this. Done
...sometimes you want to know what articles you have created. Just check that here.
...sometimes you want to know what articles you have created. Simply check here. Done
Bazza (talk) 14:25, 19 July 2017 (UTC)
Except for one thing, I have done everything. The part of the criticism is supposed to be harsh and critical. When you call it "pedantic", I have found the right note. The Banner talk 08:20, 21 July 2017 (UTC)
Sorry, I should have written that more clearly. I was referring to my own pedantic criticism of your sentence. Better would have been "...but some might consider my criticism pedantic.". I have not offered any opinion on the views you have expressed, simply your English grammar and style. Happy to help. Bazza (talk) 09:51, 21 July 2017 (UTC))
1RR on Troubles article violations
You know the restrictions imposed on Trouble related articles and you seem intent on violating them in your edit-war with Melbguy05. I have notified them of these restrictions. What is your reason for ignoring them considering you are versed in it going by your direct quote of it, which shows you have read it? Mabuska (talk) 21:17, 26 July 2017 (UTC)
You think I remember something out of 2015? But I apologies for my indiscretion to make two different edits. The Banner talk 21:30, 26 July 2017 (UTC)
Three reverts in less than 12 hours never mind 24 actually. And with your block history it is something you should be remembering. Mabuska (talk) 21:35, 26 July 2017 (UTC)
I remember your bad faith attitude... The Banner talk 21:37, 26 July 2017 (UTC)
Whatever you may claim, I have not violated the Troubles restriction... Mabuska (talk) 21:56, 26 July 2017 (UTC)
No, only a load of bad faith. Why did you point to my block log? To tarnish my name? You could see that my last block is nearly two years ago. And yes, my behaviour was influenced by my depressions, something I know now, but not during the depression. But if it makes you happy to get me blocked, so be it. The Banner talk 23:02, 26 July 2017 (UTC)
Why? Because the Enforcement submit a request form states to add any possibly relevant prior blocks. They also seemed to correlate to your bad faith labelling towards Melbguy05. So on that basis I stated them that is all. Admins are the ones who judge for themselves whether they are relevant or not, and in this case not so. The enforcement is there for a reason: to deter disruptive behaviour and sanction those who violate it. You violated those restrictions as did Melbguy05 which I noted at AE and you got off on a technicality. Regardless the intent was not to get you blocked but to ensure that such disruption will be less likely to happen again and I doubt it now will and that is what makes me happy :-) Mabuska (talk) 23:40, 31 July 2017 (UTC)
So stating an opinion is immediately "bad faith labelling". I hope you have noticed that your block attempt has failed massively with none of your arguments upheld. (The edit warring was true.) The Banner talk 09:46, 1 August 2017 (UTC)
Request for comment
Hi, as suggested by user KDS4444 I opened a request for comment. Feel free to add your statement explaining your point of view. Marrakech (talk) 16:23, 30 July 2017 (UTC)
It does not surprise me that you refuse to give up and go on with your forum hopping. The Banner talk 16:28, 30 July 2017 (UTC)
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Books and Bytes - Issue 23
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General note false allegation
Please stop hiding a legitimate complaint about a false allegation and a one-sided 3RR warning.Keith-264 (talk) 16:16, 29 August 2017 (UTC)
Just a reminder that I'm quite willing to address any concerns you have. Regards Keith-264 (talk) 13:06, 30 August 2017 (UTC)
Then start with removing the personal attack. The Banner talk 14:28, 30 August 2017 (UTC)
There is no personal attack to remove; if you want to continue, contact me on my talk page or the article talk page. Regards and regrets.Keith-264 (talk) 15:14, 30 August 2017 (UTC)
Second request: remove that personal attack or I bring you to AN/I. The Banner talk 16:21, 30 August 2017 (UTC)
Spam
See this. - Tom | Thomas.W talk 22:24, 1 September 2017 (UTC)
Thanks. The Banner talk 23:14, 1 September 2017 (UTC)
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Jack Kevorkian lead
I explained that my edit was based on MOS:BLPLEAD and therefore was not "delibarate destruction of valid info" as you claimed. However, to avoid starting an edit war over this, instead of reverting your edit again, I started a discussion on the talk page. Feel free to join in on it. JDDJS (talk) 18:50, 8 September 2017 (UTC)
Euthanasia in the Netherlands
You removed my revision to this page with the comment "This is so blatant untrue that I regard it as vandalism."
Here are some links that back up my point.
How can you justify saying this is blatant untrue??????? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Morganwnz (talk • contribs) 20:42, 11 September 2017 (UTC)
If you have to rely on the Daily Mail, a newspaper banned from Wikipedia as source due to its unreliability...
For the rest, you are cherry picking. The Banner talk 21:13, 11 September 2017 (UTC)
Here is an excerpt from one of your own references that proves my point " In the Chabot-case (1994), the Court decided that suffering that has a non-somatic origin (such as a severe and refractory depression) can also be a justification for euthanasia; in the Brongersma-case (2002) this was further specified in the sense that suffering should originate from a medically classifiable disease, either somatic or psychiatric (Griffiths et al. 2008)."
Are you denying your own references???
Morganwnz (talk) 03:57, 12 September 2017 (UTC)
No, but the way you were writing it, you made it seem that it had become an epidemic (it is slightly more than one percent of all cases). And that is an falsification. The Banner talk 12:54, 12 September 2017 (UTC)
You say "(the request cannot be granted when under the influence of others, psychological illness or drugs"
This is clearly untrue as proven by your own source. Are you interested in truth our just sugar coating the issue?
And it is increasing. 1% is still more than none as you imply.
Morganwnz (talk) 18:20, 12 September 2017 (UTC)
Why do you continue to propagate a falsehood on your article that is disproven by one of your own references and you yourself have stated that psychiatric illness is the justification on 1% of cases? Morganwnz (talk) 07:21, 13 September 2017 (UTC)
The way you wrote it down, it was a complete epidemic. And in your text it gave the idea that physicians were handing out euthanasia like cookies. In fact, it is a very regulated, careful, cross checked, prolonged process. People still need to have the full use of their mind and have to prove to the physicians that their suffering is prolonged and unbearable. The Banner talk 08:34, 13 September 2017 (UTC)
^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/11/netherlands-sees-sharp-increase-in-people-choosing-euthanasia-du/
^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3589929/The-woman-killed-doctors-obsessed-cleaning-Horrifying-Yes-s-just-one-growing-numbers-Dutch-men-women-given-right-euthanasia-mental-not-terminal-illness.html
^ http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/sex-abuse-victim-in-her-20s-allowed-by-doctors-to-choose-euthanasia-due-to-incurable-ptsd/news-story/33d67a4ee6e5980d0c8f6c38147f1576
^ http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/man-holland-netherlands-dutch-euthanised-alcohol-addiction-alcoholic-netherlands-a7446256.html
^ http://www.lifenews.com/2016/05/11/woman-dealing-with-depression-anorexia-euthanized-when-doctors-decide-she-cant-be-cured/
^ https://www.buzzfeed.com/rosebuchanan/mental-illness-and-euthanasia?utm_term=.ciB5NXYbg#.duXyOwqaP
^ Rietjens JA, van der Maas PJ, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, van Delden JJ, van der Heide A (September 2009). "Two Decades of Research on Euthanasia from the Netherlands. What Have We Learnt and What Questions Remain?". J Bioeth Inq. 6 (3): 271–283. PMC 2733179 Freely accessible. PMID 19718271. doi:10.1007/s11673-009-9172-3
Thanks!
Hi Banner, thank you for your comments at my RfA. I hope that I'll be able to answer your concerns (though I'm not quite clear on what they are) with my actions rather than my words. Cheers, ansh666 23:52, 22 September 2017 (UTC)
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Content Translation pop-up
Hi,
About your comment at Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2017-09-25/Technology_report: Which pop-up are you referring to? Can you reproduce it now? --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 11:26, 26 September 2017 (UTC)
The last time the pop up showed up here. It is the pop up of Content Translation, asking me if I want to try it. And the answer is always no, so I have not ticked the box in my (Dutch or English) preferences/beta functions. The Banner talk 16:25, 26 September 2017 (UTC)
When did it happen?
Does it happen now if you go to here? --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 08:20, 27 September 2017 (UTC)
Yes, it happened again with that article. But it seems not to happen with no existing articles that were removed before. The Banner talk 09:22, 27 September 2017 (UTC)
OK, and does it happen now if you go to here? --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 12:25, 27 September 2017 (UTC)
The pop-up was there again. The Banner talk 17:36, 27 September 2017 (UTC)
Did you close it with "Nee, bedankt"? --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 07:26, 1 October 2017 (UTC)
Yes, I do that every time that banner shows up. I am thoroughly sick of it. The Banner talk 08:48, 1 October 2017 (UTC)
Strange, sounds like a bug. It's not supposed to be shown again after you click "Nee, bedankt". Sounds like a bug. Some more questions to try debugging: Which browser do you use? And do you have cookies enabled? --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 11:58, 2 October 2017 (UTC)
Yes, I have cookies enabled (and cleaned out recently to avoid misleading cookies). I use Firefox 56.0 on Windows 10. The Banner talk 14:29, 2 October 2017 (UTC)
OK, and it isn't in private mode by any chance?
Can you please do the following:
Open the JavaScript console (F12, and make sure to click the "console" tab is selected in the panel that will open)
Go to https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bla_bla_bla_blaaaaa_no_such_article_one&action=edit&redlink=1
If the pop-up opens, click "Nee, bedankt"
Check whether there is any new output in the console.
In the same browser tab, go to https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bla_bla_bla_blaaaaa_no_such_article_two&action=edit&redlink=1
Check whether there is any new output in the console.
If there's any output in the console at any point, please paste it here.
Thanks! --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 12:10, 3 October 2017 (UTC)
User:Hayal12
Hello, The Banner. Why did you rollback this edit at Ryan’s Daughter? That edit by User:Hayal12 does not even approach vandalism — but rather it is factually correct. If you have a disagreement about the content of the edit, than please voice it on the article talk page. It would be appreciated if you removed the inappropriate vandalism template that you dropped on their talk page and addressed the editor directly. Thanks. — CactusWriter (talk) 16:19, 2 October 2017 (UTC)
Are there any sources that proves that it is an English film? Are there any sources that state that Dingle is in the United Kingdom? The Banner talk 18:58, 2 October 2017 (UTC)
Yes, there are. And you seem to be under a misconception about the Template:Infobox film. You will find that "country" in the infobox does not mean the location, but the country of production as defined by reliable sources such as BFI, Variety magazine, etc. As those sources state, the country of production is United Kingdom. And that does make it a British film (not English, by the way). Information about the shooting location and David Lean's building of an entire village in the Dingle, Ireland could be included in the Production section. (See WP:MOSFILMS.) So how does an editor's addition of "British" and United Kingdom" rate as vandalism? — CactusWriter (talk) 01:17, 3 October 2017 (UTC)
There is no proof in the article about the film being British. The Banner talk 09:35, 3 October 2017 (UTC)
Thus confirming that this was nothing more than a content dispute about the use of the word "British". Which returns us to my first comment -- that you failed proper dispute resolution, misused rollback and misapplied a vandalism template. And now, despite your error, you still have not self-corrected. I'm undoing your edit and issuing an apology on your behalf. If you have a problem, please use the talk page. And I'll reiterate User:Drmies advice from last January: strongly urging you to seek better ways of addressing problems. — CactusWriter (talk) 18:16, 3 October 2017 (UTC)
Could you please read your own words and act upon that? Thank you. The Banner talk 21:29, 3 October 2017 (UTC)
I had advice? Banner, I don't want to get into the nitty-gritty of nation speak, but the rollback for that edit is unwarranted--please use an edit summary, at the very least. Drmies (talk) 18:19, 3 October 2017 (UTC)
To me it looked vandalism and I acted upon that. The uncivil attacks from CactusWriter makes this a bigger show than it is. The Banner talk 21:04, 3 October 2017 (UTC)
You lost, i won
You'll never make it,give up.😁 💩178.197.231.36 (talk) 14:42, 6 October 2017 (UTC)
Are you sure? Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/FFA P-16 The Banner talk 19:29, 7 October 2017 (UTC)
In fact, FFA is now WMF-Banned. So he lost big time. The Banner talk 17:57, 1 October 2021 (UTC)
Books and Bytes - Issue 24
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Issue 24, August-September 2017
User Group update
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Wikimania Birds of a Feather session roundup
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STOP IT NOW and vor ever!! STOP STALKING ME
Stop stalking me! Hör auf mich zu Stalken. Es ist kein Zufall das Du nur ein paar Stunden nachdem jemand was auf meiner Disk über ein Artikel schreibt du genau den Artikel zum löschen nominierst! Hinterhältig und verlogener geht nicht mehr. Du schades wikipedia unglaublich. Feige nütz du hier die ie anonymität des internets aus, du musst im echten leben ja voll eine pfeiffe sein! Versteck dich schön hinter deinem Computer, ich hoffe das irgendwann jemand die Scheisse aus dir rausprügelt für deine miesen machenschaften! FFA P-16 (talk) 22:49, 9 November 2017 (UTC)
And now again, but then in English please. The Banner talk 23:08, 9 November 2017 (UTC)
Nein in Englisch ist nicht nötig.Du hast ganz genau versanden was ich dir gesagt habe du hinterhältiger Globi. Du behauptest ja auf deiner Benutzerseite :de-2 Dieser Benutzer hat fortgeschrittene Deutschkenntnisse. ... FFA P-16 (talk) 23:23, 9 November 2017 (UTC)
Doch, in Englisch ist nötig, FFA P-16. This is the English Wikipedia, and other English-speaking editors are supposed to be able to follow conversations on public talkpages; it doesn't make any difference that The Banner has a fortgeschrittene Deutschkenntnisse userbox on their page. Also, if you think insults and threats won't be noticed because they're in German, you're mistaken. If you attack a user again, you'll be blocked from editing. Bishonen | talk 00:21, 10 November 2017 (UTC).
My friend, the article I nominated for deletion was not from your hand. As a recreation of an earlier removed article, it was eligible for speedy deletion, so the AfD is already a courtesy. Even so, you start jumping around an accusing me of hounding and stalking. Maybe it is a good idea that you cool down and start reading WP:AGF. And please be aware that I have a broad interest, the fact that I live in Ireland does not mean that my interest stops there... The Banner talk 08:57, 10 November 2017 (UTC)
I am NOT your friend! You harass me since many years, no one is harassing a friend. I dont jump around. and it does no mather if you in ireland or not. Fact is that you are following and hounding me since years with the goal to get deleted as much work from me as possible. This here is now a 100% proofe of your mean wikihounding.. This Article is existing since more than a half year 26. August 2017.. in all this time you dident cared abaut it (09.Nov 2017).. but 4 h after someone named tis article on MY talkpage you nominated it for deletion. 6Months vers 4h... FFA P-16 (talk) 09:17, 10 November 2017 (UTC)
Your six months is in fact just ten weeks or so. But the nomination has absolutely nothing to do with you, so stop your accusations. The Banner talk 09:37, 10 November 2017 (UTC)
I am not accusing something it is fact that you are harassing me since many years, it is an fact that you are wikihounding me 4h after steelpillow droped the name of the page on MY talkpage you nominated it for deletion. this shows clearly your malignancy and evil intentions.So stop buging me and stop follow me.FFA P-16 (talk) 10:16, 10 November 2017 (UTC)
Good luck with those ideas. But do me a favour and read WP:NPA and WP:AGF. The Banner talk 18:29, 10 November 2017 (UTC)
Ow, and read Wikipedia:Don't poke the bear. The Banner talk 18:40, 10 November 2017 (UTC)
Well WP:AGF there is no AGF such mean behaving stalking shows that you absolutely are acting against the spirit of Wikipedia.. and you knew it very well. Ow, and Wikipedia:Don't poke the bear, good example also to you with your atemp do destroy everything what is in any relation mit my work. So just shout up and STOP STALKINGME!FFA P-16 (talk) 19:41, 10 November 2017 (UTC)
(talk page stalker) FFA P-16, when somebody suddenly becomes aware that an article previously deleted at AfD has been recreated by the same article creator under a different page title in a transparent attempt to dodge somebody noticing "hey, this was deleted before", then of course they're going to send it to AfD. And when somebody has the history of failure, through inability or refusal, to follow Wikipedia policies, then people are going to keep an eye on your contributions, with good reason to do so. - The Bushranger One ping only 20:05, 10 November 2017 (UTC)
@The Bushranger, It is not that way he is following me since years and (luckly) he did not get to get every work I had done deletet even if he fightet strongly to reach the deletion of it. This is not the first time that he missuse my talkpage or messages people live there for me. He is not playing on the subiect he is hounting for the persons.FFA P-16 (talk) 20:28, 10 November 2017 (UTC)
For your information: Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/FFA P-16. Too much poking of the bear...The Banner talk 20:33, 10 November 2017 (UTC)
For the record, I still believe the topic is notable but I will not condone such underhand and dishonest methods - it has to stand on its own two feet or not at all. When I stumbled across the clone, I felt that noting it on my user subpage could harm only those who had something to hide. — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 17:37, 15 November 2017 (UTC)
As you can see, the article was nominated for being just a tool for firefighting and as a recreation of an earlier removed article. I was polite enough to use AfD. It was the screaming of FFA P-16 that alerted me on underlying issues. But for now, the issues stated by the original nomination still stand so the article can be judged on that. The Banner talk 20:01, 15 November 2017 (UTC)
I concur that the article has to stand on its own feet. No matter how badly a person believes he has been treated, using another account to avoid scrutiny is a blockable offense. He (or, to AGF, another on the same computer, which is meatpuppetry, and also not allowed) used the sock/meat account to recreate an AFDed article, which is also against policy. All this is more the result of an inability to understand that Wikipedia is an encyclopedia than outright malice, but is still not allowed. - BilCat (talk) 18:46, 15 November 2017 (UTC)
FFA is now WMF-banned. The Banner talk 17:57, 1 October 2021 (UTC)
The Signpost: 24 November 2017
News and notes: Cons, cons, cons
Arbitration report: Administrator desysoped; How to deal with crosswiki issues; Mister Wiki case likely
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Not useful
Not everything you dont understand has to bei deleted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.136.114.244 (talk) 16:55, 25 November 2017 (UTC)
Block evasion, FFA P-16. A block is requested. The Banner talk 17:56, 25 November 2017 (UTC)
Women chefs with Michelin stars
Heya, I was wondering if I could get some advice. I'm thinking of creating a list of female chefs who have held Michelin stars (I've been doing quite a few of them over the last month as part of the Women in Red contest). I know for example that there are relatively few with three (Anne Sophie Pic was only the fourth for example, and in certain areas I've seen the first women in regions to have won one (i.e. Titti Qvarnström was the first Nordic woman to hold any stars). The difficult part I imagine will be working out the French women who held one and two stars during most of the 20th century. Bit I figure that'll get worked out after we get started. The more immediate issue is that I can't work out what to name the article. Would "List of Michelin starred female chefs" or "List of Michelin starred women chefs" be right, rather than "List of Women who held Michelin stars"? What do you think? Miyagawa (talk) 00:23, 1 December 2017 (UTC)
I've started putting something together in my sandbox here: User:Miyagawa/sandbox. Right now I'm mostly putting in those chefs with stars from the Women chefs category. I've also got a vague idea for some sort of symbol key to show if certain chefs were the first of their nationality, the first in their edition of the guide, and also if they inherited the stars from the previous chef or earned them on their own. I may also switch back to showing 1, 2 and 3 stars for each with a year for each achieved rather than just showing the highest number of stars per chef. Miyagawa (talk) 10:59, 3 December 2017 (UTC)
(Sorry, was busy) The chosen title seems okay to me. I would suggest the addition of a few Dutch chefs: Maartje Boudeling (2 stars before retirement) and Margo Reuten (2 stars). Female chefs without own article: Ida Kleijnen (Lindenhorst), Anita Boerenkamp (Spandershoeve), Tineke Nieuwenhuizen (De Vergulde Wagen). Other chefs I like to suggest are Kei Pilz and Danni Barry. The Banner talk 12:56, 3 December 2017 (UTC)
Books and Bytes - Issue 25
The Wikipedia Library
Books & Bytes
Issue 25, October – November 2017
OAWiki & #1Lib1Ref
User Group update
Global branches update
Spotlight: Research libraries and Wikimedia
Bytes in brief
Arabic, Korean and French versions of Books & Bytes are now available in meta!
Read the full newsletter
Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:57, 15 December 2017 (UTC)
New Page Reviewing
Hello, The Banner.
AS one of Wikipedia's most experienced editors,
Would you please consider becoming a New Page Reviewer? Reviewing/patrolling a page doesn't take much time but it requires a good understanding of Wikipedia policies and guidelines; currently Wikipedia needs experienced users at this task. (After gaining the flag, patrolling is not mandatory. One can do it at their convenience). But kindly read the tutorial before making your decision. Thanks. ~~~~
Thank you, Insertcleverphrasehere for the invitation but I have to decline. I sincerely disagree with the idea that sources are not mandatory, especially as an excuse to do nothing. I also disagree strongly with advertising and the fallacy called WP:SCHOOLOUTCOMES (keeping schools because they are schools, irrespective of WP:V, WP:RS and WP:V). I know that will influence my judgement. But thank you for your confidence in me. The Banner talk 11:33, 18 December 2017 (UTC)
Well, to each his own. I'll point out that WP:SCHOOLOUTCOMES was overturned a while back by RfC, though some people still try to use it as an argument anyway, sigh. Advertising is actually one of our biggest issues at the moment actually, I and most at NPP share your views. — Insertcleverphrasehere (or here) 11:43, 18 December 2017 (UTC)
To be true, I have a lot of stuff over my head in this time (major surgery coming soon). Maybe you should try to persuade me again in May or so. The Banner talk 12:10, 18 December 2017 (UTC)
The Signpost: 18 December 2017
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Promo-campaign
Hello, this is Skyelyrics. I appreciate the work you've done for Wikipedia, but would like to ask whether you have truly read all my contributions to Victoria Junior College. Undoing them completely does not solve the problem. I have added many useful citations which were missing originally, and updated the list of notable alumni, for example. This helps users who want to know more updated information about the college. I am not intending to promote the college, and have no reason to. You on the other hand, with no knowledge whatsoever of the school, are not even taking the time to filter which contributions may be promotional and which are not, and are simply hindering efforts to update information. Skyelyrics (talk) 16:13, 5 December 2017 (UTC)
You make it loud and clear that you have a Conflict of Interest. And I am indeed hindering your effort to turn the article in an advertisement. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia based on independent sources, not an advertising medium. The Banner talk 16:29, 5 December 2017 (UTC)
Reply to: December 2017
I assumed good faith at first, until you completely reverted an entire edit twice in a short period of time. That to me is considered edit warring. The administrator seems to think so, since he approved the page protection. Right now, you don't think it's edit-warring, only because you think you are right in doing so. I quote Wikipedia: "An editor who repeatedly restores his or her preferred version is edit warring, regardless of whether their edits were justifiable: "but my edits were right, so it wasn't edit warring" is no defense."
I don't shy away from the fact that I was participating in the edit warring too. It takes two hands to clap.
I'm an extremely busy person who is not gaining anything from editing this page, so I had no time to examine each edit I'd made to see what could be improved.
Besides, you did not tell me which specific edits were considered promotional etc until yesterday, so I had no way of knowing which parts could be done better.
Now that you've actually bothered to tell me, I'll consider each change carefully when I actually have time to edit the page again, and I'll list the changes on the talk page.
I have removed your advertising twice, one month apart. That is by no means an edit war.
And if you consider each edit carefully, please also consider the rules and regulations, like WP:COI and WP:RS. The school website is by no means an independent source. And yes, I considered WP:AGF but when you replaced all the advertising without any independent source, it was clear that you wehere here yto promote the school. The Banner talk 16:20, 6 December 2017 (UTC)
Reply to: Managing a conflict of interest
I'm sorry, but if COI is defined as "external relationship with the people, places or things you have written about", then just to clarify, I have no external relationship with the organisation. It is not my organisation and I have no relationship with it. I have graduated some time back and you could say there used to be a relationship, but now there is no more relationship. You may call it a grey area, but it is not immediately justifiable as a conflict of interest.
Again, I have no motivation to edit the page, and will receive no monetary compensation from this, and I will declare this on the talk page. I only edited because I saw that the page was extremely outdated, and noticed that there was a banner saying that the article lacked sources.
Information was also skewed, for e.g. under "Performing Arts", only the choir and chorale were mentioned. So, I added information about two other co-curricular activities.
Yes, I know the sources I cited were substandard. However, that's an improvement from NO sources at all. I have no choice in some cases, because there is a limited amount of information on the net. The edits you reverted to had no citations for the statements made. Do you prefer that to having at least some social media sources stated? At least, until better sources can be found. Furthermore, I never ever cited the school website, which is http://www.vjc.moe.edu.sg/ for your information. Skyelyrics (talk) 15:11, 6 December 2017 (UTC)
Many previous edits were made by students or ex-students, if you've read the talk page. So, are you going to undo all those edits too? I know it doesn't sit well with you, but not all Wiki pages are the same and you can't use the same lenses to view every problem. It's a small school in a small country, so the number of people who understand it enough to edit the page are few and far between. Please address INDIVIDUAL CHANGES rather than the PERSON editing the page.
Example: I added notable alumni like Jasmine Sim, who has her own Wikipedia page. (I admit there's a problem with lack of citation, but I have one from a news website which I can insert.) Is it promotional to add this piece of information? Nope, it just lets people find out this information more easily, and they may come to the inference that many school alumni went into the arts scene. On its own, it is an objective and verifiable fact. So, why did you revert the edit?
Can you see why I am doubtful that you actually bothered to read the edits?
If you were to revert individual edits, I would be happy for you to let me know why you did so on the article's talk page, so I can improve the wording or the citations. But indiscriminately reverting is not the way to go.
Lastly, I sure hope Wikipedia pays you, because I really can't imagine spending so much time on a thankless job editing pages I know nothing about and have no interest in. Skyelyrics (talk) 14:59, 6 December 2017 (UTC)
You sound like a marketeer who got a hammering of the boss. The Banner talk 16:20, 6 December 2017 (UTC)
I'm actually a med student, but thanks very much for bothering to look at individual edits, this was the kind of constructive improvement I was asking for. When I have time, I'll search for better, neutral sources for the content. Skyelyrics (talk) 09:26, 23 December 2017 (UTC)
Reply to your comments on my Talk page
Hello! First off, can I check with you whether I'm able to reply you on my own talk page (will you receive notifications)? Or do I always have to post on your own talk page?
Anyway, regarding the press releases, I'm genuinely confused as to why they do not constitute independent sources. They are not press releases by the school, but by the government (Ministry of Education), which oversees all the schools in Singapore. They were prior published, but have since been archived under our National Archives. The speeches likewise are both Singapore Government Press Releases. Are all governmental sources not considered independent? :O
Next, please accept my sincere apologies for the deletion on the article Talk page. I mistakenly thought that once the issue was resolved, it could be deleted especially in preparation for impending clutter on the Talk page. (I don't remember editing anyone's spelling/grammar, but thanks for letting me know in advance as I'll have to intentionally restrain myself from that) Skyelyrics (talk) 03:31, 25 December 2017 (UTC)
A press release is not suitable as a source as its sheer existence is to promote/bring to the attention something. Therefore it is not neutral. The Banner talk 18:33, 25 December 2017 (UTC)
Hmm, okay I see. However, can an exception be made in this case? For the reshuffling of school principals, the press release is the mode of factual information release from the Ministry, informing of the changes. The newspapers also refer to/directly quote the press release. So, I would think that its authority & position as the primary source is the overriding factor here? 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Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:The_Banner"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:The_Banner"}],"text":"Richmond and Petersburg RailroadContent moved to Talk:Richmond and Petersburg Railroad 19:10, 3 January 2017 (UTC)Reverting all my changes regarding census of 2016Hello The Banner.I see that you reverted all my changes regarding the latest census. While I accept that in many cases I did not give the source (http://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpr/censusofpopulation2016-preliminary results/geochan/) and in other cases Wikipedia (once I saw that these where based on the above), I would have prefered if you had asked me to state the source so I could include it.\nNow all these articles state outdated results. If you think that is better then my changes, then let it be.You may see that I changed some articles regarding local and Dail elections too; you should revert them as well as I did not state the source there either.Looking through articles, I saw some contain outdated data; I intented to change some in the future. But I will stop trying to improve articles in the English Wikipedia; trying to improve the German Wkipedia a little is effort enough.\n--Wanfried-Dublin (talk) 19:47, 6 January 2017 (UTC)I really wonder why in the Leitrim article in the main text the new value of 2016 is accepted (although with the notation that a better source is needed) and my changes in the infobox are reverted because \"Wikipedia is not a reliable source\" while the Population Rank in the next line points exactly to this Wikipedia source of 2016 - with the population given as of 2011! I am really surprised that you think that your reversement made this article any better!I am not bothered to check all the other articles, but I am sure that there are more discrepancies like this.--Wanfried-Dublin (talk) 21:52, 6 January 2017 (UTC)Because it is still better than your unsourced version. On ENWP, things have to be sourced conform WP:RS. The Banner talk 22:10, 6 January 2017 (UTC)I could give you more examples of unsourced and wrong statements. Then you can revert them all. As I said in my 2nd statement: there are some inconsistencies in the Leitrim article: do you really think that one is better now after you reverted it? And I have changed many articles concerning the results of the last elections without stating the source. Go on and revert them too.It would have been okay if you had asked for the sources; I would have tried to include them! Thanks for your help to \"improve\" Wikipedia.--Wanfried-Dublin (talk) 22:25, 6 January 2017 (UTC)\nYou can improve Wikipedia by adding Reliable Source when you add info. But what you did was removing sources or even naming other Wikipedia-articles as source. That is not how it works. The Banner talk 22:46, 6 January 2017 (UTC)First: I only removed sources that where no longer relevant (census 2011 and even older) when I gave the results of the 2016 census. The WP-article I named gives as the source \"Population data for counties in the Republic of Ireland is based on preliminary data from census 2016.\" although not the actual link (I wonder if you will remove this as well now - and all my \"unsourced\" changes regarding elections). And why do you not give an answer about the inconsistencies mentioned above? Or why do you not have told me on the \"talk-page \" that you want \"proper\" sources. But as I said: I am finished with the English WP - thanks to you.--Wanfried-Dublin (talk) 23:02, 6 January 2017 (UTC)\nBut you never gave evidence of the 2016 figures. That is the problem. The Banner talk 23:07, 6 January 2017 (UTC)\nAnd you never give an answer to my other questions. And I gave evidence, although quoting WP. As I said, I would have stated the sources, if I was made aware that the English WP is so strict (if you are interested, look at the German WP (articles Portal Tomb and Poulnabrone and the Talk-Page). There it seems to be the other way round - of which I do not approve as you might see). --Wanfried-Dublin (talk) 23:19, 6 January 2017 (UTC)\nLearn the rules... and you are not a newbie! The Banner talk 01:42, 7 January 2017 (UTC)From Wikipedia:Five pillars: Seek consensus, avoid edit wars, .... . Act in good faith, and assume good faith on the part of others.Seek consensus, avoid edit wars, ... . Act in good faith, and assume good faith on the part of others. .... Should conflicts arise, discuss them calmly on the appropriate talk pages,....From Category:Wikipedia behavioral guidelines:Assume good faith:\nUnless there is strong evidence to the contrary, assume that people who work on the project are trying to help it, not hurt it.From Wikipedia:Rollback - When to use rollback: Rollback may be used:To revert obvious vandalism and other edits where the reason for reverting is absolutely clear\n To revert edits in your own user pages\n To revert edits that you have made (for example, edits that you accidentally made)\n To revert edits by banned or blocked users in defiance of their block or ban (but be prepared to explain this use of rollback when asked to)\n To revert widespread edits (by a misguided editor or malfunctioning bot) which are judged to be unhelpful to the encyclopedia, provided that you supply an explanation in an appropriate location, such as at the relevant talk page[1]Use of standard rollback for any other purposes – such as reverting good-faith changes which you happen to disagree with – is likely to be considered misuse of the tool. When in doubt, use another method of reversion and supply an edit summary to explain your reasoning.--Wanfried-Dublin (talk) 10:48, 7 January 2017 (UTC)Wikipedia:Competence is required. The Banner talk 12:59, 7 January 2017 (UTC)Re: Outdated templates for riders and teamsIn regards to the merger of the templates – I could theoretically get them turned around before the day is done, and they can be speedied (hopefully?). Shall report back once complete. I've had worse shocks, trust me! ;) Craig(talk) 18:16, 7 January 2017 (UTC)Thank you very much. The Banner talk 18:18, 7 January 2017 (UTC)\nAll templates from 2013 to 2016 have now been merged over. There are currently three showing for 2017, but I can quickly knock together a 2017 page akin to the previous years to get those ones clear also. Craig(talk) 22:17, 7 January 2017 (UTC)\nI see sense for the 2017 ones. A year page might be handy, but not urgent. The Banner talk 22:45, 7 January 2017 (UTC)Disambiguation links on Götz KubitschekThank you for fixing the disambiguation links on that article! You wrote that there is still one to be fixed (referring to Blackshirts_(disambiguation)). I deliberately abstained from linking Kubitschek's public appearance in a black shirt to any particular group because there seems not to have been a reference to any specific group in that event. Rather, black shirts seem to be quite a widespread feature of fascist/militaristic groups (as can be seen in the disambiguation), so I wanted the link to a dismabiguation page to show the multiple possibilites for interpretation or reference. Best regards, --Ubel (talk) 16:25, 12 January 2017 (UTC)Ehm, no. It was Twinkle who said that there was still to be fixed, not me. I recognized the intentional link to a disambiguation page and that was why I did nothing with it.\nThe whole story about the NPD is superfluous, as you can read the story on the article about the NPD. In this article it turned it POV. The Banner talk 16:53, 12 January 2017 (UTC)\nOh sorry, this wasn't meant to sound aggressive :) I didn't know. I'm quite new to wikipedia.\nAnd yes, I see your point with the NPD thing. I just inserted it as further support for that statement because someone deleted that passage altogether before. --Ubel (talk) 13:38, 13 January 2017 (UTC)\nMy comments were supposed to be of an explaining tone, not aggressive. If that was the case: sorry, I apologize. The Banner talk 10:26, 16 January 2017 (UTC)Siege of TobrukHello\nI've changed the link we were arguing about here, again. I'd left it with you to decide which remedy to use, but there'd been no change, so I've decided for you. If you are unhappy about that, I've outlined the remedy at the talk page. Regards, Moonraker12 (talk) 22:52, 30 December 2016 (UTC)Interesting. So the Libyan city of Tobruk is now in the Egyptian desert? The Banner talk 23:00, 30 December 2016 (UTC)I've clarified your edit here, because it was incomplete as it stood.\nAnd to answer your question: No, of course not, and the article doesn't say that; what it says is that the Libyan port of Tobruk was in an area referred to in the 1940's as the \"Western Desert\", and had a link to the explanation of why. Read it for yourself, it isn't hard... Moonraker12 (talk) 23:30, 10 January 2017 (UTC)\nInteresting is that you fail to give the correct link. it isn't hard...\nBut is Western Desert a typical British name or have, let us say, the Italians and Germans a similar name for the area? The Banner talk 23:45, 10 January 2017 (UTC)The Library of Congress is one of the two sources provided there. I do not think that the Library of Congress is British.The Germans called their forces the \"Afrika Korps\" (in German), and for the Italians, areas would be referred to under the province names as allocated under the rather short-lived Italian Empire. None of these terms are very useful to describe an entire theatre of operations in an English language encyclopedia. MPS1992 (talk) 00:05, 11 January 2017 (UTC)\nOkay, clear. You have no real arguments to choose an English name but still wants it that way. Have fun with that one sided view. The Banner talk 00:10, 11 January 2017 (UTC)We do need to write in the English language on this project, yes. MPS1992 (talk) 00:15, 11 January 2017 (UTC)\nWe need to write neutral and do not take a pro-English language POV. The Banner talk 01:06, 11 January 2017 (UTC)\nYes, but writing neutrally requires a proper consideration of the sources. MPS1992 (talk) 09:03, 11 January 2017 (UTC)\nBut the method you use looks like cherry-picking. The Banner talk 12:00, 11 January 2017 (UTC)No, actually I have never edited the article at all. Ever. You would know this if you had looked at the article history instead of reacting angrily to a perceived slight. Unfortunately, you became confused. I suggest that you go back to the article talk page and discuss your concerns there, if you have independent reliable sources to support them. Otherwise, I suggest you leave it. Aggression and accusations like this are really rather unwelcome. MPS1992 (talk) 22:58, 11 January 2017 (UTC)To take this up again (belatedly), explain to me; \"failed to give the correct link\"? If the correct link to explain the name “Western Desert” isn't the Name section of the Western Desert article, what, in your opinion, is?\nAnd what exactly is your objection in all this? It seems on the face of it that you object to the English language WP being written in English; in which case you should prepare yourself for a shock, because it goes on everywhere; the German WP is written in German, and the Italian WP is in Italian. You'll find the Dutch WP uses Dutch language, idiom, terms, and expressions, uses predominantly Dutch sources and contains articles of interest to a predominantly Dutch audience. However, what you won't find on the Dutch WP is me railing against a Dutch POV, and a lack of neutrality by Dutch editors because of it, so it would be nice to have the same courtesy here, no? Moonraker12 (talk) 22:26, 16 January 2017 (UTC)\nThank you for making it perfectly clear that you are not here to create a neutral encyclopaedia. The Banner talk 22:50, 16 January 2017 (UTC)The Signpost: 17 January 2017From the editor: Next steps for the Signpost\nNews and notes: Surge in RFA promotions—a sign of lasting change?\nInterview: What is it like to edit Wikipedia when you're blind?\nIn the media: Year-end roundups, Wikipedia's 16th birthday, and more\nFeatured content: One year ends, and another begins\nArbitration report: Concluding 2016 and covering 2017's first two cases\nTraffic report: Out with the old, in with the new\nTechnology report: Tech present, past, and future\nRecent research: Female Wikipedians aren't more likely to edit women biographies; Black Lives Matter in Wikipedia * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 10:40, 17 January 2017 (UTC)Books and Bytes - Issue 20The Wikipedia LibraryBooks & Bytes\nIssue 20, November-December 2016\nby Nikkimaria (talk · contribs), Ocaasi (talk · contribs), UY Scuti (talk · contribs), Samwalton9 (talk · contribs)Partner resource expansions\nNew search tool for finding TWL resources\n#1lib1ref 2017\nWikidata Visiting Scholar\nRead the full newsletterMediaWiki message delivery (talk) 23:59, 17 January 2017 (UTC)RFC of interestGiven your prior edits such as this you may be interested inWikipedia_talk:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Request_for_comment:_Use_of_interlanguage_links_in_Wikipedia_templates.--TonyTheTiger (T / C / WP:FOUR / WP:CHICAGO / WP:WAWARD) 18:25, 20 January 2017 (UTC)Dagar etcIt's not obvious to me (or to any other non-admin who can't see the deleted article) that Dagur clan was identical to the current Dagar, so that the latter can be speedied. Could we please have an AfD for Dagar, the clan article, to settle the matter clearly once and for all? I note that it has been to AfD twice already, once no consensus, then kept, one procedural close and one no consensus. Thanks. PamD 12:04, 24 January 2017 (UTC)I've taken it to AfD: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dagar (2nd nomination). Removing your db tag seemed unavoidable during the process (with Twinkle) so I hope you don't disagree. PamD 12:11, 24 January 2017 (UTC)\nI do disagree, as it was a recreation of another article removed after a normal AfD-procedure. But you were in such a hurry that you failed to wait for my reply. The Banner talk 12:56, 24 January 2017 (UTC)\n(and PamD) The two articles are absolutely identical. Kudpung กุดผึ้ง (talk) 16:04, 29 January 2017 (UTC)Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Minami ItahashiJust a note that I withdrew and closed Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Minami Itahashi. Normally I would not do that as your delete vote was still active, but given the great improvement of the article, which now demonstrates notability beyond a doubt, I decided to be WP:BOLD and go ahead and close it, particularly as snow consensus for keep also existed. Safiel (talk) 04:54, 30 January 2017 (UTC)I can agree with that. The Banner talk 10:36, 30 January 2017 (UTC)Nomination for deletion of Template:Cities in AzerbaijanGreetings.Now that I have seen, that all the cities and towns in {{Cities in Azerbaijan}} are indeed listed in {{Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan}} which I have overlooked, you can redirect this template to that template or delete it - whichever method the administrators see fit to choose. --Sondrion (talk) 11:25, 30 January 2017 (UTC)The Signpost: 6 February 2017Arbitration report: WMF Legal and ArbCom weigh in on tension between disclosure requirements and user privacy\nSpecial report: Wolves nip at Wikipedia's heels: A perspective on the cost of paid editing\nNews and notes: Official WMF rebuke to Trump policy; WMF secures restricted funds\nIn focus: WMF strategy consultant brings background in crisis reputation management; Team behind popular WMF software put \"on pause\"\nWikiProject report: For the birds!\nOp-ed: How to make editing workshops useful, even if participants don't stick around\nIn the media: Presidential politics, periodic table, and our periodic roundup of updates\nTechnology report: Better PDFs, backup plans, and birthday wishes\nTraffic report: Cool It Now\nFeatured content: Three weeks dominated by articles\nForum: Productive collaboration around coordinated protest marches; Media and political personalities comment on Wikipedia at its 16th birthday celebration * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 10:46, 6 February 2017 (UTC)Robert Devereux, 18th Viscount HerefordI've just reviewed the article Robert Devereux, 18th Viscount Hereford which seems fine but I note that you've been in \"discussions\" with the author on the matter of Viscount Hereford. If you feel I should have dealt with it other than giving it a pass at New Page Patrol, please let me know. Cabayi (talk) 17:43, 8 February 2017 (UTC)Rollback abuse in List of Dreamcast gamesIt isn't smart of you to simply revert changes done by number of editors including myself in List of Dreamcast games. In addition it's supposed to follow other game lists like List of Wii U software, List of Nintendo Switch games, etc but there are some that failed to follow this standard, like List of Nintendo 64 games. Most also contain overlinking you claimed in your edit summary. You should open discussion regarding this in Talk:List of Dreamcast games rather than getting us into edit war. Rukario-sama ^ㅈ^ -(...) 02:19, 10 February 2017 (UTC)I suggest that you start looking at what you are doing yourself. With your last revert to have reintroduced 47 links to disambiguation pages. The Banner talk 08:26, 10 February 2017 (UTC)\nWhile we're at it, it's still in need of a good cleanup. Reverting is really unconstructive if not used against changes that's already unconstructive. Rukario-sama ^ㅈ^ -(...) 09:12, 10 February 2017 (UTC)\nIntroducing 47 links to disambiguation pages is unconstructive and damaging the article. The Banner talk 18:12, 10 February 2017 (UTC)February 2017Baltic states were occupied. Articles about someone born in France 1940 don't use Deutsches Reich as birthplace. Template:Infobox person Place of birth: city, administrative region, sovereign state. Soviet union never had sovereignty over Baltic states. Occupation of the Baltic states. People born in France 1940–1944 are not listed as born in German Reich – Claude Miller, Christian Boltanski, Catherine Deneuve, Bérangère Vattier, Frank Alamo, Jean-Claude Dassier.Take a minute and read this: Occupation of the Baltic states. Especially this part: \"The Baltic states, the United States and its courts of law, the European Parliament, the European Court of Human Rights and the United Nations Human Rights Council have all stated that these three countries were invaded, occupied and illegally incorporated into the Soviet Union under provisions of the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, first by the Soviet Union, then by Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1944, and again by the Soviet Union from 1944 to 1991. This policy of non-recognition has given rise to the principle of legal continuity, which holds that de jure, or as a matter of law, the Baltic states had remained independent states under illegal occupation throughout the period from 1940 to 1991.\" There are miles of discussions about this [1], [2], [3]. etc. Ans so until anybody can prove otherwise BLP of Baltic states do not use Soviet Union as Birthplace --Klõps (talk) 21:44, 14 February 2017 (UTC)We describe facts, not historical anger. The Banner talk 22:12, 14 February 2017 (UTC)\nI'm not angry, just gave you some facts. Sorry if they seem angry. --Klõps (talk) 22:39, 14 February 2017 (UTC)\nAh, okay I get the message. It is not about facts, it is about emotions. And I just wandered into a minefield like the Balkan-relations. The Banner talk 22:44, 14 February 2017 (UTC)\nWhy such a personal attack? I gave You historical background. I'd say that You are the emotional one here. Baltic states were occupied. There's difference on De facto and de jure belonging to Soviet Union... and so on. I gave the articles, You can continue reading there. If You want to change birthplaces to SU then please gave Your factual explanation, and don't be so snooty. Klõps (talk) 23:03, 14 February 2017 (UTC)\nI just told you why I disengage: too much emotions. And you have just proven that point. The Banner talk 00:32, 15 February 2017 (UTC)\nI gave You facts... You can't deny it. --Klõps (talk) 08:48, 15 February 2017 (UTC)\nYou act on emotions. Just let me disengage, will you? The Banner talk 10:12, 15 February 2017 (UTC)WP:OWN and WP:TIESWP:TIES states \"An article on a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation should use the (formal, not colloquial) English of that nation\". In this edit you have removed the \"Use Irish English\" tag from an article that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation with the edit summary \"no need for some POV pushing on the language\". Can I ask you to explain what you mean by this and why you have done this? Secondly, in a series of edits, here, here and here you have removed the \"Use Irish English\" and instead added a \"Use British English\" tags to resturants in Dublin and Galway. Your rationale said \"see WP:NONSENSE and WP:POVPUSHING\". WP:NONSENSE is a content guideline and a speedy deletion category. WP:POVPUSHING states \"POV-pushing is a term used on Wikipedia to describe the aggressive presentation of a particular point of view in an article, particularly when used to denote the undue presentation of minor or fringe ideas. Calling someone a \"POV-pusher\" is uncivil and pejorative, and even characterizing edits as POV-pushing should be done cautiously\". Can I ask your rationale for the restaurant edits as well and the reason you left that edit summary? In your first edit removing the Irish English tag you stated \"I am unable to use a language that I do not master. I have learned British English at school. That is why I have chosen that variety\" which seems to suggest that since you created the article you have some claim to ownership over it and the variety of English it uses which trumps WP:TIES. Are you making such a claim? AusLondonder (talk) 10:57, 16 February 2017 (UTC)I am not interested in your POV-pushing. As you state on your own user page: I also believe that while the systemic bias on Wikipedia favours the United Kingdom to some extent as well (...). Usually it is the original author who sets the language that is used and others respect that. And I do not claim ownership of the articles, when you have something useful to change in the articles you will see not objection. The Banner talk 11:08, 16 February 2017 (UTC)\nOw, and I was surprised that WP:NONSENSE was an existing link. The Banner talk 11:12, 16 February 2017 (UTC)\nSuggesting someone with London in their name is an anti-British pov-pusher is not only highly uncivil but bordering on the insane. Thanks for taking my comment about systemic bias absolutely out of context. Please take the time to actually read the sentence - it says \"coverage of the United States is far superior and bias is manifested towards UK and European topics in some deletion nominations\". You are wrong that the original author sets the language. If I created the Pearl Harbor as Pearl Harbour using Australian English spelling throughout, it would be changed to American English. This is the whole point of WP:TIES. Take just a minute to read the policy. Do you seriously think British English should be used at the Irish Republican Army article? At the Dublin and Galway articles? Will you seriously seek to defend that position if I seek a second opinion? Re the WP:NONSENSE page, which you actually linked, I am quite aware that you are \"surprised\" by the existence of an awful lot of our policies. AusLondonder (talk) 11:23, 16 February 2017 (UTC)\nIt would be nice when you stop pushing your POV so aggressively. That is not helping any discussion.\nThe use of British English on the Irish Republican Army article is definitely not incorrect , as you stated. The IRA is founded in a time when Ireland was still part of the United Kingdom. The \"Old IRA\", as it sometimes is referred to nowadays, was also active in what is now Northern-Ireland, still part of the United Kingdom.\nI can understand that you do everything to break down what you state as I also believe that while the systemic bias on Wikipedia favours the United Kingdom to some extent as well (...) but you have already fallen into of pushing too hard to do that. The Banner talk 11:41, 16 February 2017 (UTC)\nYou're literally not making sense any more. Are you willing, per WP:TIES, to allow the Irish English tags to be reinstated at the IRA and Irish restaurant articles? Or do I need to seek another opinion? AusLondonder (talk) 23:01, 17 February 2017 (UTC)\nThat is entirely your problem, my friend. A little bit respect for other would help you a lot, far better than pushing and crying. The Banner talk 00:37, 18 February 2017 (UTC)\nOh the irony of someone who smeared another editor as a \"nationalistic POVPUSHER\" for enforcing well-established conventions demanding respect. You get what you give buddy. The fact you thought it worth fighting about whether we should use Irish English spelling for restaurants in the Irish capital is alarming and points to a non-constructive approach to editing and engaging with other editors in my opinion. If you don't like WP:TIES propose a change through a consultative community process. If you don't like the Use Irish English template nominate it for deletion. Simple really. AusLondonder (talk) 11:47, 18 February 2017 (UTC)\nNo, the irony is that you have to start reading the MOS. Especially the beginning what states This guideline is a part of the English Wikipedia's Manual of Style. It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though it is best treated with common sense, and occasional exceptions may apply. And WP:TIES itself, that states An article on a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation should use the (formal, not colloquial) English of that nation. Nowhere in the manual of style is stated that following the manual of style is mandatory but that is what you are trying to do: brutally enforcing a rule that is not mandatory. The Banner talk 18:31, 18 February 2017 (UTC)\nAt least we're getting somewhere other than plain abuse now. As you say MOS:TIES states that \"An article on a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation should use the (formal, not colloquial) English of that nation\" while MOS:RETAIN states \"When an English variety's consistent usage has been established in an article, maintain it in the absence of consensus to the contrary. With few exceptions (e.g., when a topic has strong national ties\". However, I am more than happy to discuss with you what exceptions you believe apply with the IRA article and the Irish restaurant articles. AusLondonder (talk) 22:43, 19 February 2017 (UTC)\n''This guideline is a part of the English Wikipedia's Manual of Style. It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though it is best treated with common sense, and occasional exceptions may apply. What means as much: do not start to harass people who do not agree with you. Use common sense and leave the dead donkey. The Banner talk 22:47, 19 February 2017 (UTC)The Signpost: 27 February 2017From the editors: Results from our poll on subscription and delivery, and a new RSS feed\nRecent research: Special issue: Wikipedia in education\nTechnology report: Responsive content on desktop; Offline content in Android app\nIn the media: The Daily Mail does not run Wikipedia\nGallery: A Met montage\nSpecial report: Peer review – a history and call for reviewers\nOp-ed: Wikipedia has cancer\nFeatured content: The dominance of articles continues\nTraffic report: Love, football, and politics\nBlog: WikiIndaba 2017: A continent gathers to chart a path forward * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 01:20, 28 February 2017 (UTC)Hello! There is a DR/N request you may have interest in.This message is being sent to let you know of a discussion at the Wikipedia:Dispute resolution noticeboard regarding a content dispute discussion you may have participated in. Content disputes can hold up article development and make editing difficult for editors. You are not required to participate, but you are both invited and encouraged to help this dispute come to a resolution. The discussion is about the topic Talk:Dutch letter. \nPlease join us to help form a consensus. Thank you! Yashovardhan (talk) 08:55, 28 March 2017 (UTC)Hello, from a DR/N volunteerThis is a friendly reminder to involved parties that there is a current Dispute Resolution Noticeboard case still awaiting comments and replies. If this dispute has been resolved to the satisfaction of the filing editor and all involved parties, please take a moment to add a note about this at the discussion so that a volunteer may close the case as \"Resolved\". If the dispute is still ongoing, please add your input. Yashovardhan (talk) 03:43, 29 March 2017 (UTC)DRN case closedThis message template was placed here by Yashovardhan Dhanania, a volunteer at the Dispute Resolution Noticeboard. You recently filed a request or were a major party in the DRN case titled \"Talk:Dutch letter#Banket\". The case is now closed: no party objects to resolution If you are unsatisfied with this outcome, you may refile the DRN request or open a thread on another noticeboard as appropriate. If you have any questions please feel free to contact this volunteer at his/ her talk page or at the DRN talk page. Thank you! --Yashovardhan (talk) 06:03, 30 March 2017 (UTC)Additional comments by volunteer: a new move request has been made by original filer as recommended.April 2017Hello. I noticed that you attempted to file a deletion discussion on the article Bucher aircraft tractor but did not complete the process. Please note that, when listing an article for deletion, a discussion page needs to be made for other users to discuss whether to keep or delete the article. This is typically done by following the steps listed here. Note that if you are editing as an unregistered user, you cannot create a discussion page. Please consider registering an account or asking another user to help you complete the process at Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion. Thank you. Remember to let Twinkle finish all of its tasks before closing the tab or window. ansh666 18:48, 2 April 2017 (UTC)I do not know what I am doing wrong, but I fail to get it right. The page is now created, but still not in order. The Banner talk 20:44, 2 April 2017 (UTC)\nSeems like it's all good now. ansh666 00:53, 3 April 2017 (UTC)Books and Bytes - Issue 21The Wikipedia LibraryBooks & Bytes\nIssue 21, January-March 2017\nby Nikkimaria (talk · contribs), Ocaasi (talk · contribs), UY Scuti (talk · contribs), Samwalton9 (talk · contribs), Sadads (talk · contribs)#1lib1ref 2017\nWikipedia Library User Group\nWikipedia + Libraries at Wikimedia Conference 2017\nSpotlight: Library Card Platform\nRead the full newsletterSent by MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:54, 6 April 2017 (UTC)WP:HOUNDDear Banner, it seems to me very obviously that you focus a bit too much on all the articles of FFA P-16. All your recent deletion requests very only on articles of FFA P-16. I kindly ask you to stop that, especially in cases like the article of Bernhard Müller (Officer) which is a Divisional general and obviously relevant for Wikipedia. Kind regards. --MBurch (talk) 19:03, 12 April 2017 (UTC)And you seem a bit too obvious in a silly protection mode. It would be better that you advice FFA P-16 to up his game, getting a better idea of what is notable and what is not notable. And especially: you can advice him to take a course in written English, as his stuff is often unreadable. The Banner talk 19:41, 12 April 2017 (UTC)\nAnd it is not the first time you act on FFA's behalf. People have been frowning on that... The Banner talk 20:02, 12 April 2017 (UTC)\nThat's no reason to suggest his articles for deletion but simply improve them. Frowning was more your wired Sockpuppet investigations. --MBurch (talk) 20:07, 12 April 2017 (UTC)\nThat sockpuppet investigation made loud and clear that you and friends were called in for assistance. But at that time, you did you cross the line. So, take your own advice and start improving those articles. I am not a wild dog, I can appreciate a well prepared steak/article. Good luck. The Banner talk 20:29, 12 April 2017 (UTC)Which line did I cross?\nEnjoy your steak! --MBurch (talk) 20:59, 12 April 2017 (UTC)\nSorry, you should read that as \"But at that time, you did not cross the line.\". But what you are doing now, gives me nasty ideas of bullying to protect a friend. The Banner talk 08:24, 13 April 2017 (UTC)Michelin Guide...I have blocked the IP for personal attacks, being aware that he is hopping. I also revdeled the attack...but I must admit I kind of like their choice of words..this quaint frenchie \"victime\" etc. Anyway, enjoy Loam (sounds fabulous). If you ever pop down to Kenmare, try to get a table at Packie's, or, on a fine day, drive out to the the Boathouse Bistro in Dromquinna. Cheers and happy editing. Lectonar (talk) 09:57, 20 April 2017 (UTC)Will add Kenmare to my bucket list. have to admit that I did not see more of Kerry than the horse fair in Listowel. And thanks for the intervention, hope it stays calm now. The Banner talk 10:21, 20 April 2017 (UTC)Stop Wikihounding me!Stop immediately wikihoundig /stalking me! This was a NON Public page! It is not your business what I do there. Don't try not to withewash you. I can listen up all what you have done to me, its my one business. Don't touch my page!\nLEAVE ME ALONE!\nBye!FFA P-16 (talk) 20:06, 22 April 2017 (UTC)making attack pages can get you blocked, my friend. And getting other to do your dirty work is also not good for your reputation. So you better stop with your silly accusations or face the consequences. The Banner talk 08:06, 23 April 2017 (UTC)STOP, you are doing it right now, stop! Wikipedia is big enough you can do 1000 things and i am not interested in your restaurands, beauticontest articel what ever you do I don't care. Just stop follow me and stop threaten me. You acting aggressiv against me but if just listen up a tiny pice what you are doing you react very thin skined. I told you also,many times to stay a way from my talkpage. Ther is only one smale thing you have to do and everything is fine:LEAVE ME ALONE!\nFFA P-16 (talk) 14:22, 23 April 2017 (UTC)My friend, even you have to adhere to the rules and regulations about notability. This is not a playground where you can dump articles about every Swiss machine, person and company. Article-subjects need to be notable, information added to articles needs to be relevant and your written English needs to be readable. Is that so difficult to understand? It is the quality of your work that is my concern, not your passport. The Banner talk 17:53, 23 April 2017 (UTC)Friend, is probably inappropriate. A friend supports, helps and respects and is also compromise-ready. Only your word choice against people who do not share your view is extremely aggressive. Incorrect English is not a reason, there are many who improve this, unasked and without complaint. No, you are not about notability, that's just an excuse from you to justify your actions. Do I really have to list up everything again? By some articles it was ok to put them in question, but only some. ,The only UAV article you wanted to delete was from me /swiss, , the same with the military task force ALBA, or the military museum, only those articles of mine / switzerland you have deleted, no comparable from other authors / states. The same with the aircraft tug.. you tored it again to a delete discussion even though it has references and you put the notability in question .. if you would go about it, you would have also put MB-2 tow tractor and U- 30 Tow Tractor in question. But you bend the rules in your advantage. Also you put the Divisional general and next air force commander in for an deletion requested .. sorry but so your point about notability is lacking any credibility. I am not interested in restaurands and beauty contests or whatever you do, I don’t care, but that is no reason for me to harm you somehow. But you obviously lack this necessity , I know of users who have made valuable work for Wikipedia and have left only because of you. I do not want to spend much time in wikipedia, but with every action you do against me, I have to be active here and spend more time on wikipedia. Suggestions to improve articels Proactive cooperation is good . Violent barring and absolute uncompromisingness do not work in wikipedia in the long run. I do not want a conflict with you I just want my peace.FFA P-16 (talk) 03:10, 24 April 2017 (UTC)I do not harm you, absolutely not. But I am very critical about the quality of your work. You could improve your understanding of notability and reliable sources. That would already help a big lot to get me on a bigger distance. And that is what I am t6elling you all the time: your sourcing and the notability of your subjects is below the common standards. raise your own standards and you will have no difficulty with me.\nBut instead of taking the advice, you start accusing, shouting and roaring. Very unhelpful. The Banner talk 08:54, 24 April 2017 (UTC)Ow, and I am not the only one critical about the quality of your work. User:YSSYguy frequently rips apart your arguments. But still you blame me for everything evil. And you need User:MBurch to protect you. Sad. Just improve the quality of your work. The Banner talk 09:09, 24 April 2017 (UTC)If it's about the quality why don't you improve it? But the way you treat and follow FFA P-16 is indeed annoying (not to mention your Sockpuppet investigations), so please just stop it, ok? --MBurch (talk) 13:40, 24 April 2017 (UTC)\nI have no influence on the lack of notability of the subjects he chooses. Nor do I have any influence of his sourcing. The Banner talk 06:45, 25 April 2017 (UTC)Stop this missuse of nomination for deletions! This all has nothing to do with wikipedia GNG , its only your dammed witchhunt against me! Your behaving is a destructiv for wikipieda.FFA P-16 (talk) 19:08, 26 April 2017 (UTC)Stop crying and check the notability of your subjects yourself. Please be aware that personal attacks are not allowed. The Banner talk 19:37, 26 April 2017 (UTC)\nThey are notable You are just missusing \"notability\" to cover your stalking of me and destroying of my work. If it would be about notability you would have take care about MB-2 tow tractor and U-30 Tow Tractor and not about the Bcher Flugzeugschlepper or a swiss Divisonal General or now this two air surveilance systems!FFA P-16 (talk) 19:49, 26 April 2017 (UTC)\nIt is up to the administrators to decide of the subject is notable or not and properly sourced with reliable, independent sources. The Banner talk 19:59, 26 April 2017 (UTC)But its not the admins who starts the AfD's its yu, and you are following one single line who give the clear picture tha your only goal is to kick me out of wikipedia and delet step by step articels i had writhen.. it is so easy to see.. but you even lack the \"cojones\" to stay to this.20:11, 26 April 2017 (UTC)~LOL. No my general idea is to get you to do do three things:\nGet a clear idea of what the community regards notable\nGet a clear idea of what the community regards as proper sourcing according to WP:RS\nGet a clear idea that it is worthwhile to make an effort to improve your English\nI have no intention to get you out, banned, blocked or whatsoever. But I would like it when you stopped with your baseless accusations and personal attacks. The Banner talk 20:24, 26 April 2017 (UTC)Just lies to cover your true intenion. If it would be about what the community regards notable you would have never ever nominadet Dübendorf AFB, Bernhard Müller and so one for AfD! If it would be about what the community regards as proper sourcing according to WP:RS you don't would follow me like this because ther is much more worser out ther in wikipeda.. and even if you give the hint you dosent pick up articels with ZERO sources! Your actions show loud an clear that your attacks again me and my work have nothing to do wthi the spirit/idea of wikipeda and notability. Just \"talking sweet\" now can not cover you manshunt. And this mans hunt against me is the real personal attack.FFA P-16 (talk) 20:41, 26 April 2017 (UTC)Stop your personal attacks, my friend. The Banner talk 20:53, 26 April 2017 (UTC)\nSame to you, and if you call me \"my friend\" you should act like a friend (because then we would both have an much nicer live). Good night (I have to get up early).FFA P-16 (talk) 21:01, 26 April 2017 (UTC)\nDo not blame the world (or me) for your own failings. I have advised you repeatedly how you can make your own life easier. But you have to make the effort to improve. The Banner talk 21:09, 26 April 2017 (UTC)TB, I think it might actually be a good idea for you to reply on the ANI thread. I started by assuming good faith on both your part and those of your accusers, and have become increasingly sceptical of their claims the more they refuse to provide evidence, and the thread was already TLDR before I commented, so you're not actually at risk of getting sanctioned, but (believe me!) the more threads you let them open without being formally shut down, the easier it will be for future people to say \"The Banner's disruptive behaviour has been discussed on ANI before\". If MBurch doesn't retract his comments I'm strongly considering opening a BOOMERANG subthread, but your weighing in as well would also be appreciated. Hijiri 88 (聖やや) 07:32, 1 May 2017 (UTC)WP:HOUNDThere is currently a discussion at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents regarding an issue with which you may have been involved.--MBurch (talk) 10:14, 30 April 2017 (UTC)LOL. The Banner talk 12:31, 30 April 2017 (UTC)It looks like it is going to backfire, mr. MBurch. Both for you and mr. FFA. The Banner talk 07:38, 12 May 2017 (UTC)World War II in Yugoslavia Repeat VandelismUser 178.222.116.11 has for the 5th time made the same unsourced deletion in article World War II in Yugoslavia despite your warning. 108.54.93.183 (talk) 22:02, 16 May 2017 (UTC)The Signpost: 9 June 2017From the editors: Signpost status: On reserve power, help wanted!\nNews and notes: Global Elections\nArbitration report: Cases closed in the Pacific and with Magioladitis\nOp-ed: Wikipedia's lead sentence problem\nFeatured content: Three months in the land of the featured\nIn the media: Did Wikipedia just assume Garfield's gender?\nRecent research: Wikipedia bot wars capture the imagination of the popular press\nTechnology report: Tech news catch-up\nTraffic report: Film on Top: Sampling the weekly top 10 * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:17, 9 June 2017 (UTC)Reverted contribution from Emoji pageHello \nCan you explain me please why did you remove my contribution about controversial emojis? I think it was relevant and interesting for the page. Don't you think so? AnasBARAKAT TPT (talk) 22:00, 18 June 2017 (UTC)WP:UNDUEWEIGHT. The Banner talk 22:20, 18 June 2017 (UTC)\nI don't present only the minority points of views. This is the point of avoiding undue weight. The principal objective of this measure is neutrality as it is said in WP:UNDUEWEIGHT. You can find other arguments to my response in the emoji Talk page AnasBARAKAT TPT (talk) 12:24, 19 June 2017 (UTC)\nYou blow a minor issue way out of proportion. The Banner talk 12:42, 19 June 2017 (UTC)Books and Bytes - Issue 22The Wikipedia Library\n\n\n\n\n\nBooks & Bytes\nIssue 22, April-May 2017\n\n\n\nNew and expanded research accounts\nGlobal branches update\nSpotlight: OCLC Partnership\nBytes in brief\nRead the full newsletterSent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:35, 20 June 2017 (UTC)The Signpost: 23 June 2017News and notes: Departments reorganized at Wikimedia Foundation, and a month without new RfAs (so far)\nIn the media: Kalanick's nipples; Episode #138 of Drama on the Hill\nOp-ed: Facto Post: a fresh take\nFeatured content: Will there ever be a break? The slew of featured content continues\nTraffic report: Wonder Woman beats Batman, The Mummy, Darth Vader and the Earth\nRecent research: Utopian bubbles: Can Wikipedians create value outside of the capitalist system?\nTechnology report: Improved search, and WMF data scientist tells all * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 07:31, 23 June 2017 (UTC)This is to inform you that an attempt is being made to overturn an RfC that you voted onThis is to inform you that an attempt is being made to overturn an RfC that you voted on (2 RfCs, actually, one less than six months ago and another a year ago). The new RfC is at:Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)#RfC: Allow private schools to be characterized as non-affiliated as well as religious, in infobox?Specifically, it asks that \"religion = none\" be allowed in the infobox.The first RfC that this new RfC is trying to overturn is:15 June 2015 RfC: RfC: Religion infobox entries for individuals that have no religion.The result of that RfC was \"unambiguously in favour of omitting the parameter altogether for 'none' \" and despite the RfC title, additionally found that \"There's no obvious reason why this would not apply to historical or fictional characters, institutions etc.\", and that nonreligions listed in the religion entry should be removed when found \"in any article\".The second RfC that this new RfC is trying to overturn is:31 December 2015 RfC: RfC: Religion in infoboxes.The result of that RfC was that the \"in all Wikipedia articles, without exception, nonreligions should not be listed in the Religion= parameter of the infobox.\".Note: I am informing everyone who commented on the above RfCs, whether they supported or opposed the final consensus. --Guy Macon (talk) 03:07, 26 June 2017 (UTC)Thanks. The Banner talk 09:02, 26 June 2017 (UTC)Your IP stalkerI've blocked but I don't have OS so if you still want the material oversighted you'd best email oversight. GoldenRing (talk) 21:32, 28 June 2017 (UTC)speedy deletion Ashish Bisht(Ashih is film Actor His movie Shab is going to release on 14th July he is Main Lead Actor With Raveena Tandon [1] ) --Jinnun (talk) 10:56, 5 July 2017 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jinnun (talk • contribs)The last four times that it was nominated for deletion, the movie Shab was always to be launched soon after. But without any proof. The Banner talk 17:17, 5 July 2017 (UTC)We do not censorHi, we actually do. Wikipedia allows for blanking of non-productive and inflammatory forum style posts on talk pages. Particularly those which simply detract from wp policies and have no intention of improving articles. You can restore the deleted content if you like, but you'll actually be causing a detriment to the discussion. Edaham (talk) 15:22, 10 July 2017 (UTC)for what it's worth, I've moved the borderline forum style posts to the talk page of the person who begun the non article related complaint. Edaham (talk) 15:35, 10 July 2017 (UTC)\nOw, I know that there is a lot of censorship, but most of the time that is hidden behind WP:MEDRS. But this was a clear case of WP:IDONTLIKEIT. The Banner talk 18:49, 10 July 2017 (UTC)\nthe policies you are referring to apply to articles not talk pages. If someone is making completely unrelated posts (again pointing out that the persons post was a complaint about Wikipedia, not a suggestion for article improvement) it is not uncommon for their rantings to be removed, moved or their threads closed. I chose the former because there's and active discussion associated with that thread at the moment and I don't want to close it. Edaham (talk) 23:36, 10 July 2017 (UTC)\nPlain avoiding critics and their critical comments... The Banner talk 23:41, 10 July 2017 (UTC)\nyou are entitled to your opinion. I've directed the person to the appropriate place for complaints on their talk page. Do try to keep discussion on article talk pages confined to the subject of article improvement. Thanks. Edaham (talk) 23:52, 10 July 2017 (UTC)\nIn fact that guy was discussing article improvement. The article is way off balance due to the stranglehold of the MEDRS-guys and the alternative-is-always-bad-fake-and-ineffective-guys. You have warriors walking around there that bludgeon everything what is positive! The Banner talk 04:36, 11 July 2017 (UTC)\nThanks for clarifying your position on the subject of alternative medicine. If you are supportive of this subject to the point of buttressing other editors who wish to discredit the encyclopedia on the grounds of an article's content, it is probably best not to edit those kinds of articles, or at least to make sure that POV doesn't cloud your ability to vet sources, and genuine suggestions for introducing content. I have now left the comment there and hopefully it will not throw the conversation off onto another tangent. (See closed thread above). Edaham (talk) 05:41, 11 July 2017 (UTC)\nNice way to state your own point of view. But your stance will not fix the off-balance article. The Banner talk 10:30, 11 July 2017 (UTC)\ncorrect. Fixing the article will fix the article - as opposed to restoring inflammatory comments on talk pages. Edaham (talk) 00:02, 13 July 2017 (UTC)\nThan do something about this flawed, biased, unbalanced article and take away the reason why mister Loudmouth is shouting at you. The Banner talk 00:04, 13 July 2017 (UTC)Administrator election on Dutch WikinewsHi, The Banner.I appreciate that you opposed the approval of that project. But the project was approved, and elections were held according to rules the community established (and which closely resemble the rules at nlwiki, if I am not mistaken).There is no possible way the stewards will grant immediate permanent admin status to any of them—that's not the way things work. Stewards do decide whether the project is big enough for admins to be permanent, or for 'crats to be appointed, but believe me: that's not the case here. But normally the choice of administrators is up to the project itself, and stewards only handle the magisterial role of (a) checking that the election was done by the local rules and (b) flipping the switch on admin status.If you want to object to the election of any of the individuals as sysop, your only real option is to get involved in the project and then oppose the candidates. And at that, if you are trying to undermine the project, your !vote will probably be discounted, and rightly so.At this point I'd encourage you to give the members of the Dutch Wikinews community the chance to sink or swim on their own. StevenJ81 (talk) 21:37, 13 July 2017 (UTC)There will be no need from outside activity to blow up that project. They are perfectly capable of doing that themselves. I will be surprised when it makes the end of the year.\nStill, I like your bad faith assumption when I am just asking for a clarification. The Banner talk 21:50, 13 July 2017 (UTC)\nThe reason I made the comment here was to put a little space between my comment and the instant discussion. Still, you are quite right about my not having assumed good faith, and I apologize for that.\nI hope my answer over on Meta was satisfactory for the time being. StevenJ81 (talk) 22:03, 13 July 2017 (UTC)\nRather unclear, but for now it will do. The Banner talk 22:04, 13 July 2017 (UTC)\nThere is no clearer answer for now. Basically, the stewards will give them 3–6 months right now. If the project never gets much bigger (in terms of contributors), the term may lengthen to about a year at a time, but it will remain a temporary administratorship, and could stay that way indefinitely. If the project attracts a larger group of editors, the term could be extended to two years, or eventually even be converted to a permanent adminship. But that's going to be at minimum a couple of years down the road, possibly longer, and maybe never, depending on what happens. StevenJ81 (talk) 22:09, 13 July 2017 (UTC)The Signpost: 15 July 2017News and notes: French chapter woes, new affiliates and more WMF team changes\nFeatured content: Spectacular animals, Pine Trees screens, and more\nIn the media: Concern about access and fairness, Foundation expenditures, and relationship to real-world politics and commerce\nRecent research: The chilling effect of surveillance on Wikipedia readers\nOp-ed: Why Task Forces are Dying in 2017\nGallery: A mix of patterns\nHumour: The Infobox Game\nTraffic report: Film, television and Internet phenomena reign with some room left over for America's birthday\nTechnology report: New features in development; more breaking changes for scripts\nWikicup: 2017 WikiCup round 3 wrap-up * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 01:47, 15 July 2017 (UTC)Possible block loomingYou are now the subject of a discussion at WP:ANI here regarding possible disciplinary action for edit warring at Peacock Alley (restaurant). Akld guy (talk) 00:57, 19 July 2017 (UTC)The classic case of trying to block when you have run out of arguments. The Banner talk 02:12, 19 July 2017 (UTC)FYIThe Banner, see Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution_noticeboard#Talk:Peacock_Alley_.28restaurant.29. Marrakech (talk) 21:35, 24 July 2017 (UTC)You are forumhopping and following me around. Stop this nonsense. The Banner talk 21:39, 24 July 2017 (UTC)Arbitration Committee referral for violation of The Troubles 1RR restrictionPlease see Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Enforcement#The_Banner. Mabuska (talk) 21:57, 26 July 2017 (UTC)Via WP:AEThis message contains important information about an administrative situation on Wikipedia. It does not imply any misconduct regarding your own contributions to date.\nPlease carefully read this information:\nThe Arbitration Committee has authorised discretionary sanctions to be used for pages regarding The Troubles, a topic which you have edited. The Committee's decision is here.\n\nDiscretionary sanctions is a system of conduct regulation designed to minimize disruption to controversial topics. This means uninvolved administrators can impose sanctions for edits relating to the topic that do not adhere to the purpose of Wikipedia, our standards of behavior, or relevant policies. Administrators may impose sanctions such as editing restrictions, bans, or blocks. This message is to notify you that sanctions are authorised for the topic you are editing. Before continuing to edit this topic, please familiarise yourself with the discretionary sanctions system. Don't hesitate to contact me or another editor if you have any questions.Dennis Brown - 2¢ 14:25, 27 July 2017 (UTC)OK. I will keep it in mind. Thanks for the warning. The Banner talk 14:44, 27 July 2017 (UTC)Your user pageAs you requested:I am a Dutchman but since a couple of years living in County Clare, Ireland, Ireland.I am a Dutchman who has been living for a couple of years...\nI am a Dutchman living, since 2016, in...\nI am a Dutchman but have been living, since 2016, in... DoneIt is remarkable that Wikipedia is claiming not to be a site for advertising and promotion, but on the other hand it is extremely difficult to remove spammy articles.I'm having trouble with this sentence. I'm not sure you understand the definition of spam. As it stands, the text contains two statements which aren't really related. The claim in the first part can't be tied to the difficulty described in the second, so linking them just seems wrong. DoneThis is due to the many editors claiming that normal editing should do the trick but fail to improve the spammy articles they say that can be improved. This is seriously undermining Wikipedia's stance against advertising and promotion.The same difficulty applies to the concept; but for grammar:\nThis is due to many editors claiming...\nThis is due to the many editors who claim...(There's a subtle difference: the first just states there are many editors; the second implies an indication of what \"many\" means has already been discussed.)...they say can be improved. This seriously undermines... DoneI treat everybody exactly the same.Arguably should be \"I treat everybody in exactly the same way.\", but some might consider the criticism pedantic. Not done...no matter how important somebody is (or thinks to be)...no matter how important somebody is (or thinks they are) Done...detrimental for the encyclopaedia...detrimental to the encyclopaedia DoneYou can find load of pictures in...You can find loads of pictures in... Done...how do I find coordinates for an article. Coordinates tool is very handy for this....how do I find coordinates for an article? The Coordinates tool is very handy for this. Done...sometimes you want to know what articles you have created. Just check that here....sometimes you want to know what articles you have created. Simply check here. DoneBazza (talk) 14:25, 19 July 2017 (UTC)Except for one thing, I have done everything. The part of the criticism is supposed to be harsh and critical. When you call it \"pedantic\", I have found the right note. The Banner talk 08:20, 21 July 2017 (UTC)\nSorry, I should have written that more clearly. I was referring to my own pedantic criticism of your sentence. Better would have been \"...but some might consider my criticism pedantic.\". I have not offered any opinion on the views you have expressed, simply your English grammar and style. Happy to help. Bazza (talk) 09:51, 21 July 2017 (UTC))1RR on Troubles article violationsYou know the restrictions imposed on Trouble related articles and you seem intent on violating them in your edit-war with Melbguy05. I have notified them of these restrictions. What is your reason for ignoring them considering you are versed in it going by your direct quote of it, which shows you have read it? Mabuska (talk) 21:17, 26 July 2017 (UTC)You think I remember something out of 2015? But I apologies for my indiscretion to make two different edits. The Banner talk 21:30, 26 July 2017 (UTC)\nThree reverts in less than 12 hours never mind 24 actually. And with your block history it is something you should be remembering. Mabuska (talk) 21:35, 26 July 2017 (UTC)\nI remember your bad faith attitude... The Banner talk 21:37, 26 July 2017 (UTC)\nWhatever you may claim, I have not violated the Troubles restriction... Mabuska (talk) 21:56, 26 July 2017 (UTC)\nNo, only a load of bad faith. Why did you point to my block log? To tarnish my name? You could see that my last block is nearly two years ago. And yes, my behaviour was influenced by my depressions, something I know now, but not during the depression. But if it makes you happy to get me blocked, so be it. The Banner talk 23:02, 26 July 2017 (UTC)\nWhy? Because the Enforcement submit a request form states to add any possibly relevant prior blocks. They also seemed to correlate to your bad faith labelling towards Melbguy05. So on that basis I stated them that is all. Admins are the ones who judge for themselves whether they are relevant or not, and in this case not so. The enforcement is there for a reason: to deter disruptive behaviour and sanction those who violate it. You violated those restrictions as did Melbguy05 which I noted at AE and you got off on a technicality. Regardless the intent was not to get you blocked but to ensure that such disruption will be less likely to happen again and I doubt it now will and that is what makes me happy :-) Mabuska (talk) 23:40, 31 July 2017 (UTC)\nSo stating an opinion is immediately \"bad faith labelling\". I hope you have noticed that your block attempt has failed massively with none of your arguments upheld. (The edit warring was true.) The Banner talk 09:46, 1 August 2017 (UTC)Request for commentHi, as suggested by user KDS4444 I opened a request for comment. Feel free to add your statement explaining your point of view. Marrakech (talk) 16:23, 30 July 2017 (UTC)It does not surprise me that you refuse to give up and go on with your forum hopping. The Banner talk 16:28, 30 July 2017 (UTC)The Signpost: 5 August 2017News and notes: Non-English special edition! 99% no news about English-based wiki communities!\nRecent research: Wikipedia can increase local tourism by +9%; predicting article quality with deep learning; recent behavior predicts quality\nWikiProject report: Comic relief\nIn the media: Wikipedia used to judge death penalty, arms smuggling, Indonesian governance, and HOTTEST celebrity\nTraffic report: Swedish countess tops the list\nBlog: Canadian Supreme Court rules against Google in favor of worldwide court orders\nSpecial report: Sharing Wikipedia offline medical information in the Dominican Republic\nFeatured content: Everywhere in the lead\nTechnology report: Introducing TechCom\nHumour: WWASOHs and ETCSSs * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:20, 5 August 2017 (UTC)Books and Bytes - Issue 23The Wikipedia Library\n\n\n\n\n\nBooks & Bytes\nIssue 23, June-July 2017\n\n\n\nLibrary card\nUser Group update\nGlobal branches update\nSpotlight: Combating misinformation, fake news, and censorship\nBytes in brief\nChinese, Arabic and Yoruba versions of Books & Bytes are now available in meta!\n\nRead the full newsletterSent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:03, 23 August 2017 (UTC)General note false allegationPlease stop hiding a legitimate complaint about a false allegation and a one-sided 3RR warning.Keith-264 (talk) 16:16, 29 August 2017 (UTC)Just a reminder that I'm quite willing to address any concerns you have. Regards Keith-264 (talk) 13:06, 30 August 2017 (UTC)\nThen start with removing the personal attack. The Banner talk 14:28, 30 August 2017 (UTC)\nThere is no personal attack to remove; if you want to continue, contact me on my talk page or the article talk page. Regards and regrets.Keith-264 (talk) 15:14, 30 August 2017 (UTC)\nSecond request: remove that personal attack or I bring you to AN/I. The Banner talk 16:21, 30 August 2017 (UTC)SpamSee this. - Tom | Thomas.W talk 22:24, 1 September 2017 (UTC)Thanks. The Banner talk 23:14, 1 September 2017 (UTC)The Signpost: 6 September 2017From the editors: What happened at Wikimania?\nNews and notes: Basselpedia; WMF Board of Trustees appointments\nFeatured content: Warfighters and their tools or trees and butterflies\nTraffic report: A fortnight of conflicts\nSpecial report: Biomedical content, and some thoughts on its future\nRecent research: Discussion summarization; Twitter bots tracking government edits; extracting trivia from Wikipedia\nIn the media: Google's Ideological Echo Chamber; What makes someone successful?\nWikiProject report: WikiProject YouTube\nTechnology report: Latest tech news\nWikicup: 2017 WikiCup round 4 wrap-up\nHumour: Bots * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 03:43, 6 September 2017 (UTC)Jack Kevorkian leadI explained that my edit was based on MOS:BLPLEAD and therefore was not \"delibarate [sic] destruction of valid info\" as you claimed. However, to avoid starting an edit war over this, instead of reverting your edit again, I started a discussion on the talk page. Feel free to join in on it. JDDJS (talk) 18:50, 8 September 2017 (UTC)Euthanasia in the NetherlandsYou removed my revision to this page with the comment \"This is so blatant untrue that I regard it as vandalism.\"Here are some links that back up my point.[1][2][3][4][5][6]How can you justify saying this is blatant untrue??????? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Morganwnz (talk • contribs) 20:42, 11 September 2017 (UTC)If you have to rely on the Daily Mail, a newspaper banned from Wikipedia as source due to its unreliability...\nFor the rest, you are cherry picking. The Banner talk 21:13, 11 September 2017 (UTC)Here is an excerpt from one of your own references that proves my point \" In the Chabot-case (1994), the Court decided that suffering that has a non-somatic origin (such as a severe and refractory depression) can also be a justification for euthanasia; in the Brongersma-case (2002) this was further specified in the sense that suffering should originate from a medically classifiable disease, either somatic or psychiatric (Griffiths et al. 2008).\"Are you denying your own references???[7] Morganwnz (talk) 03:57, 12 September 2017 (UTC)No, but the way you were writing it, you made it seem that it had become an epidemic (it is slightly more than one percent of all cases). And that is an falsification. The Banner talk 12:54, 12 September 2017 (UTC)You say \"(the request cannot be granted when under the influence of others, psychological illness or drugs\"This is clearly untrue as proven by your own source. Are you interested in truth our just sugar coating the issue?And it is increasing. 1% is still more than none as you imply.Morganwnz (talk) 18:20, 12 September 2017 (UTC)Why do you continue to propagate a falsehood on your article that is disproven by one of your own references and you yourself have stated that psychiatric illness is the justification on 1% of cases? Morganwnz (talk) 07:21, 13 September 2017 (UTC)The way you wrote it down, it was a complete epidemic. And in your text it gave the idea that physicians were handing out euthanasia like cookies. In fact, it is a very regulated, careful, cross checked, prolonged process. People still need to have the full use of their mind and have to prove to the physicians that their suffering is prolonged and unbearable. The Banner talk 08:34, 13 September 2017 (UTC)^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/11/netherlands-sees-sharp-increase-in-people-choosing-euthanasia-du/\n\n^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3589929/The-woman-killed-doctors-obsessed-cleaning-Horrifying-Yes-s-just-one-growing-numbers-Dutch-men-women-given-right-euthanasia-mental-not-terminal-illness.html\n\n^ http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/sex-abuse-victim-in-her-20s-allowed-by-doctors-to-choose-euthanasia-due-to-incurable-ptsd/news-story/33d67a4ee6e5980d0c8f6c38147f1576\n\n^ http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/man-holland-netherlands-dutch-euthanised-alcohol-addiction-alcoholic-netherlands-a7446256.html\n\n^ http://www.lifenews.com/2016/05/11/woman-dealing-with-depression-anorexia-euthanized-when-doctors-decide-she-cant-be-cured/\n\n^ https://www.buzzfeed.com/rosebuchanan/mental-illness-and-euthanasia?utm_term=.ciB5NXYbg#.duXyOwqaP\n\n^ Rietjens JA, van der Maas PJ, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, van Delden JJ, van der Heide A (September 2009). \"Two Decades of Research on Euthanasia from the Netherlands. What Have We Learnt and What Questions Remain?\". J Bioeth Inq. 6 (3): 271–283. PMC 2733179 Freely accessible. PMID 19718271. doi:10.1007/s11673-009-9172-3Thanks!Hi Banner, thank you for your comments at my RfA. I hope that I'll be able to answer your concerns (though I'm not quite clear on what they are) with my actions rather than my words. Cheers, ansh666 23:52, 22 September 2017 (UTC)The Signpost: 25 September 2017News and notes: Chapter updates; ACTRIAL\nIn the media: Monkey settlement; Wikipedia used to give AI context clues\nHumour: Chickenz\nRecent research: Wikipedia articles vs. concepts; Wikipedia usage in Europe\nTechnology report: Flow restarted; Wikidata connection notifications\nGallery: Chicken mania\nSpecial report: Two steps forward, one step backward: The Sustainability Initiative\nTraffic report: Fights and frights\nFeatured content: Flying high * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 01:18, 25 September 2017 (UTC)Content Translation pop-upHi,About your comment at Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2017-09-25/Technology_report: Which pop-up are you referring to? Can you reproduce it now? --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 11:26, 26 September 2017 (UTC)The last time the pop up showed up here. It is the pop up of Content Translation, asking me if I want to try it. And the answer is always no, so I have not ticked the box in my (Dutch or English) preferences/beta functions. The Banner talk 16:25, 26 September 2017 (UTC)\nWhen did it happen?\nDoes it happen now if you go to here? --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 08:20, 27 September 2017 (UTC)\nYes, it happened again with that article. But it seems not to happen with no existing articles that were removed before. The Banner talk 09:22, 27 September 2017 (UTC)\nOK, and does it happen now if you go to here? --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 12:25, 27 September 2017 (UTC)\nThe pop-up was there again. The Banner talk 17:36, 27 September 2017 (UTC)\nDid you close it with \"Nee, bedankt\"? --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 07:26, 1 October 2017 (UTC)\nYes, I do that every time that banner shows up. I am thoroughly sick of it. The Banner talk 08:48, 1 October 2017 (UTC)\nStrange, sounds like a bug. It's not supposed to be shown again after you click \"Nee, bedankt\". Sounds like a bug. Some more questions to try debugging: Which browser do you use? And do you have cookies enabled? --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 11:58, 2 October 2017 (UTC)\nYes, I have cookies enabled (and cleaned out recently to avoid misleading cookies). I use Firefox 56.0 on Windows 10. The Banner talk 14:29, 2 October 2017 (UTC)\nOK, and it isn't in private mode by any chance?\nCan you please do the following:\nOpen the JavaScript console (F12, and make sure to click the \"console\" tab is selected in the panel that will open)\nGo to https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bla_bla_bla_blaaaaa_no_such_article_one&action=edit&redlink=1\nIf the pop-up opens, click \"Nee, bedankt\"\nCheck whether there is any new output in the console.\nIn the same browser tab, go to https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bla_bla_bla_blaaaaa_no_such_article_two&action=edit&redlink=1\nCheck whether there is any new output in the console.\nIf there's any output in the console at any point, please paste it here.\nThanks! --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 12:10, 3 October 2017 (UTC)User:Hayal12Hello, The Banner. Why did you rollback this edit at Ryan’s Daughter? That edit by User:Hayal12 does not even approach vandalism — but rather it is factually correct. If you have a disagreement about the content of the edit, than please voice it on the article talk page. It would be appreciated if you removed the inappropriate vandalism template that you dropped on their talk page and addressed the editor directly. Thanks. — CactusWriter (talk) 16:19, 2 October 2017 (UTC)Are there any sources that proves that it is an English film? Are there any sources that state that Dingle is in the United Kingdom? The Banner talk 18:58, 2 October 2017 (UTC)\nYes, there are. And you seem to be under a misconception about the Template:Infobox film. You will find that \"country\" in the infobox does not mean the location, but the country of production as defined by reliable sources such as BFI, Variety magazine, etc. As those sources state, the country of production is United Kingdom. And that does make it a British film (not English, by the way). Information about the shooting location and David Lean's building of an entire village in the Dingle, Ireland could be included in the Production section. (See WP:MOSFILMS.) So how does an editor's addition of \"British\" and United Kingdom\" rate as vandalism? — CactusWriter (talk) 01:17, 3 October 2017 (UTC)\nThere is no proof in the article about the film being British. The Banner talk 09:35, 3 October 2017 (UTC)\nThus confirming that this was nothing more than a content dispute about the use of the word \"British\". Which returns us to my first comment -- that you failed proper dispute resolution, misused rollback and misapplied a vandalism template. And now, despite your error, you still have not self-corrected. I'm undoing your edit and issuing an apology on your behalf. If you have a problem, please use the talk page. And I'll reiterate User:Drmies advice from last January: strongly urging you to seek better ways of addressing problems. — CactusWriter (talk) 18:16, 3 October 2017 (UTC)\nCould you please read your own words and act upon that? Thank you. The Banner talk 21:29, 3 October 2017 (UTC)I had advice? Banner, I don't want to get into the nitty-gritty of nation speak, but the rollback for that edit is unwarranted--please use an edit summary, at the very least. Drmies (talk) 18:19, 3 October 2017 (UTC)\nTo me it looked vandalism and I acted upon that. The uncivil attacks from CactusWriter makes this a bigger show than it is. The Banner talk 21:04, 3 October 2017 (UTC)You lost, i wonYou'll never make it,give up.😁 💩178.197.231.36 (talk) 14:42, 6 October 2017 (UTC)Are you sure? Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/FFA P-16 The Banner talk 19:29, 7 October 2017 (UTC)\nIn fact, FFA is now WMF-Banned. So he lost big time. The Banner talk 17:57, 1 October 2021 (UTC)Books and Bytes - Issue 24The Wikipedia Library\n\n\n\n\n\nBooks & Bytes\nIssue 24, August-September 2017\n\n\n\nUser Group update\nGlobal branches update\nStar Coordinator Award - last quarter's star coordinator: User:Csisc\nWikimania Birds of a Feather session roundup\nSpotlight: Wiki Loves Archives\nBytes in brief\nArabic, Kiswahili and Yoruba versions of Books & Bytes are now available in meta!\n\nRead the full newsletterSent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 04:53, 21 October 2017 (UTC)The Signpost: 23 October 2017News and notes: Money! WMF fundraising, Wikimedia strategy, WMF new office!\nFeatured content: Don, Marcel, Emily, Jessica and other notables\nHumour: Guys named Ralph\nIn focus: Offline Wikipedia developed at OFF.NETWORK Content Hackathon\nBlog: The future of offline access to Wikipedia: The Kiwix example\nIn the media: Facebook and poetry\nSpecial report: Working with GLAMs in the UK\nTraffic report: Death, disaster, and entertainment * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:36, 23 October 2017 (UTC)STOP IT NOW and vor ever!! STOP STALKING MEStop stalking me! Hör auf mich zu Stalken. Es ist kein Zufall das Du nur ein paar Stunden nachdem jemand was auf meiner Disk über ein Artikel schreibt du genau den Artikel zum löschen nominierst! Hinterhältig und verlogener geht nicht mehr. Du schades wikipedia unglaublich. Feige nütz du hier die ie anonymität des internets aus, du musst im echten leben ja voll eine pfeiffe sein! Versteck dich schön hinter deinem Computer, ich hoffe das irgendwann jemand die Scheisse aus dir rausprügelt für deine miesen machenschaften! FFA P-16 (talk) 22:49, 9 November 2017 (UTC)And now again, but then in English please. The Banner talk 23:08, 9 November 2017 (UTC)Nein in Englisch ist nicht nötig.Du hast ganz genau versanden was ich dir gesagt habe du hinterhältiger Globi. Du behauptest ja auf deiner Benutzerseite :de-2 \tDieser Benutzer hat fortgeschrittene Deutschkenntnisse. ... FFA P-16 (talk) 23:23, 9 November 2017 (UTC)Doch, in Englisch ist nötig, FFA P-16. This is the English Wikipedia, and other English-speaking editors are supposed to be able to follow conversations on public talkpages; it doesn't make any difference that The Banner has a fortgeschrittene Deutschkenntnisse userbox on their page. Also, if you think insults and threats won't be noticed because they're in German, you're mistaken. If you attack a user again, you'll be blocked from editing. Bishonen | talk 00:21, 10 November 2017 (UTC).\nMy friend, the article I nominated for deletion was not from your hand. As a recreation of an earlier removed article, it was eligible for speedy deletion, so the AfD is already a courtesy. Even so, you start jumping around an accusing me of hounding and stalking. Maybe it is a good idea that you cool down and start reading WP:AGF. And please be aware that I have a broad interest, the fact that I live in Ireland does not mean that my interest stops there... The Banner talk 08:57, 10 November 2017 (UTC)\nI am NOT your friend! You harass me since many years, no one is harassing a friend. I dont jump around. and it does no mather if you in ireland or not. Fact is that you are following and hounding me since years with the goal to get deleted as much work from me as possible. This here is now a 100% proofe of your mean wikihounding.. This Article is existing since more than a half year 26. August 2017.. in all this time you dident cared abaut it (09.Nov 2017).. but 4 h after someone named tis article on MY talkpage you nominated it for deletion. 6Months vers 4h... FFA P-16 (talk) 09:17, 10 November 2017 (UTC)\nYour six months is in fact just ten weeks or so. But the nomination has absolutely nothing to do with you, so stop your accusations. The Banner talk 09:37, 10 November 2017 (UTC)\nI am not accusing something it is fact that you are harassing me since many years, it is an fact that you are wikihounding me 4h after steelpillow droped the name of the page on MY talkpage you nominated it for deletion. this shows clearly your malignancy and evil intentions.So stop buging me and stop follow me.FFA P-16 (talk) 10:16, 10 November 2017 (UTC)\nGood luck with those ideas. But do me a favour and read WP:NPA and WP:AGF. The Banner talk 18:29, 10 November 2017 (UTC)\nOw, and read Wikipedia:Don't poke the bear. The Banner talk 18:40, 10 November 2017 (UTC)\nWell WP:AGF there is no AGF such mean behaving stalking shows that you absolutely are acting against the spirit of Wikipedia.. and you knew it very well. Ow, and Wikipedia:Don't poke the bear, good example also to you with your atemp do destroy everything what is in any relation mit my work. So just shout up and STOP STALKINGME!FFA P-16 (talk) 19:41, 10 November 2017 (UTC)\n(talk page stalker) FFA P-16, when somebody suddenly becomes aware that an article previously deleted at AfD has been recreated by the same article creator under a different page title in a transparent attempt to dodge somebody noticing \"hey, this was deleted before\", then of course they're going to send it to AfD. And when somebody has the history of failure, through inability or refusal, to follow Wikipedia policies, then people are going to keep an eye on your contributions, with good reason to do so. - The Bushranger One ping only 20:05, 10 November 2017 (UTC)\n@The Bushranger, It is not that way he is following me since years and (luckly) he did not get to get every work I had done deletet even if he fightet strongly to reach the deletion of it. This is not the first time that he missuse my talkpage or messages people live there for me. He is not playing on the subiect he is hounting for the persons.FFA P-16 (talk) 20:28, 10 November 2017 (UTC)\nFor your information: Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/FFA P-16. Too much poking of the bear...The Banner talk 20:33, 10 November 2017 (UTC)\nFor the record, I still believe the topic is notable but I will not condone such underhand and dishonest methods - it has to stand on its own two feet or not at all. When I stumbled across the clone, I felt that noting it on my user subpage could harm only those who had something to hide. — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 17:37, 15 November 2017 (UTC)\nAs you can see, the article was nominated for being just a tool for firefighting and as a recreation of an earlier removed article. I was polite enough to use AfD. It was the screaming of FFA P-16 that alerted me on underlying issues. But for now, the issues stated by the original nomination still stand so the article can be judged on that. The Banner talk 20:01, 15 November 2017 (UTC)I concur that the article has to stand on its own feet. No matter how badly a person believes he has been treated, using another account to avoid scrutiny is a blockable offense. He (or, to AGF, another on the same computer, which is meatpuppetry, and also not allowed) used the sock/meat account to recreate an AFDed article, which is also against policy. All this is more the result of an inability to understand that Wikipedia is an encyclopedia than outright malice, but is still not allowed. - BilCat (talk) 18:46, 15 November 2017 (UTC)FFA is now WMF-banned. The Banner talk 17:57, 1 October 2021 (UTC)The Signpost: 24 November 2017News and notes: Cons, cons, cons\nArbitration report: Administrator desysoped; How to deal with crosswiki issues; Mister Wiki case likely\nTechnology report: Searching and surveying\nInterview: A featured article centurion\nWikiProject report: Recommendations for WikiProjects\nIn the media: Open knowledge platform as a media institution\nTraffic report: Strange and inappropriate\nFeatured content: We will remember them\nRecent research: Who wrote this? New dataset on the provenance of Wikipedia text\nHumour: Good faith (but still incomprehensible) * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:39, 24 November 2017 (UTC)Not usefulNot everything you dont understand has to bei deleted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.136.114.244 (talk) 16:55, 25 November 2017 (UTC)Block evasion, FFA P-16. A block is requested. The Banner talk 17:56, 25 November 2017 (UTC)Women chefs with Michelin starsHeya, I was wondering if I could get some advice. I'm thinking of creating a list of female chefs who have held Michelin stars (I've been doing quite a few of them over the last month as part of the Women in Red contest). I know for example that there are relatively few with three (Anne Sophie Pic was only the fourth for example, and in certain areas I've seen the first women in regions to have won one (i.e. Titti Qvarnström was the first Nordic woman to hold any stars). The difficult part I imagine will be working out the French women who held one and two stars during most of the 20th century. Bit I figure that'll get worked out after we get started. The more immediate issue is that I can't work out what to name the article. Would \"List of Michelin starred female chefs\" or \"List of Michelin starred women chefs\" be right, rather than \"List of Women who held Michelin stars\"? What do you think? Miyagawa (talk) 00:23, 1 December 2017 (UTC)I've started putting something together in my sandbox here: User:Miyagawa/sandbox. Right now I'm mostly putting in those chefs with stars from the Women chefs category. I've also got a vague idea for some sort of symbol key to show if certain chefs were the first of their nationality, the first in their edition of the guide, and also if they inherited the stars from the previous chef or earned them on their own. I may also switch back to showing 1, 2 and 3 stars for each with a year for each achieved rather than just showing the highest number of stars per chef. Miyagawa (talk) 10:59, 3 December 2017 (UTC)(Sorry, was busy) The chosen title seems okay to me. I would suggest the addition of a few Dutch chefs: Maartje Boudeling (2 stars before retirement) and Margo Reuten (2 stars). Female chefs without own article: Ida Kleijnen (Lindenhorst), Anita Boerenkamp (Spandershoeve), Tineke Nieuwenhuizen (De Vergulde Wagen). Other chefs I like to suggest are Kei Pilz and Danni Barry. The Banner talk 12:56, 3 December 2017 (UTC)Books and Bytes - Issue 25The Wikipedia Library\n\n\n\n\n\nBooks & Bytes\nIssue 25, October – November 2017\n\n\n\nOAWiki & #1Lib1Ref\nUser Group update\nGlobal branches update\nSpotlight: Research libraries and Wikimedia\nBytes in brief\nArabic, Korean and French versions of Books & Bytes are now available in meta!\n\nRead the full newsletterSent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:57, 15 December 2017 (UTC)New Page ReviewingThank you, Insertcleverphrasehere for the invitation but I have to decline. I sincerely disagree with the idea that sources are not mandatory, especially as an excuse to do nothing. I also disagree strongly with advertising and the fallacy called WP:SCHOOLOUTCOMES (keeping schools because they are schools, irrespective of WP:V, WP:RS and WP:V). I know that will influence my judgement. But thank you for your confidence in me. The Banner talk 11:33, 18 December 2017 (UTC)\nWell, to each his own. I'll point out that WP:SCHOOLOUTCOMES was overturned a while back by RfC, though some people still try to use it as an argument anyway, sigh. Advertising is actually one of our biggest issues at the moment actually, I and most at NPP share your views. — Insertcleverphrasehere (or here) 11:43, 18 December 2017 (UTC)\nTo be true, I have a lot of stuff over my head in this time (major surgery coming soon). Maybe you should try to persuade me again in May or so. The Banner talk 12:10, 18 December 2017 (UTC)The Signpost: 18 December 2017Special report: Women in Red World Contest wrap-up\nBlog: Close encounters of the Wikipedia kind\nFeatured content: Featured content to finish 2017\nIn the media: Stolen seagulls, public domain primates and more\nArbitration report: Last case of 2017: Mister Wiki editors\nGallery: Wiki loving\nInterview: Interview with Charlesjsharp, regular contributor of Wikipedia's Featured Pictures\nRecent research: French medical articles have \"high rate of veracity\"\nTechnology report: Your wish lists and more Wikimedia tech\nTraffic report: Notable heroes and bad guys\nHumour: On their way to the WMF Incubator * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 06:27, 18 December 2017 (UTC)Promo-campaignHello, this is Skyelyrics. I appreciate the work you've done for Wikipedia, but would like to ask whether you have truly read all my contributions to Victoria Junior College. Undoing them completely does not solve the problem. I have added many useful citations which were missing originally, and updated the list of notable alumni, for example. This helps users who want to know more updated information about the college. I am not intending to promote the college, and have no reason to. You on the other hand, with no knowledge whatsoever of the school, are not even taking the time to filter which contributions may be promotional and which are not, and are simply hindering efforts to update information. Skyelyrics (talk) 16:13, 5 December 2017 (UTC)You make it loud and clear that you have a Conflict of Interest. And I am indeed hindering your effort to turn the article in an advertisement. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia based on independent sources, not an advertising medium. The Banner talk 16:29, 5 December 2017 (UTC)","title":"User talk:The Banner/Archive07"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WP:COI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:COI"},{"link_name":"WP:RS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:RS"},{"link_name":"The Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:The_Banner"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:The_Banner"}],"sub_title":"Reply to: December 2017","text":"I assumed good faith at first, until you completely reverted an entire edit twice in a short period of time. That to me is considered edit warring. The administrator seems to think so, since he approved the page protection. Right now, you don't think it's edit-warring, only because you think you are right in doing so. I quote Wikipedia: \"An editor who repeatedly restores his or her preferred version is edit warring, regardless of whether their edits were justifiable: \"but my edits were right, so it wasn't edit warring\" is no defense.\" \nI don't shy away from the fact that I was participating in the edit warring too. It takes two hands to clap.I'm an extremely busy person who is not gaining anything from editing this page, so I had no time to examine each edit I'd made to see what could be improved.\nBesides, you did not tell me which specific edits were considered promotional etc until yesterday, so I had no way of knowing which parts could be done better.\nNow that you've actually bothered to tell me, I'll consider each change carefully when I actually have time to edit the page again, and I'll list the changes on the talk page.I have removed your advertising twice, one month apart. That is by no means an edit war.\nAnd if you consider each edit carefully, please also consider the rules and regulations, like WP:COI and WP:RS. The school website is by no means an independent source. And yes, I considered WP:AGF but when you replaced all the advertising without any independent source, it was clear that you wehere here yto promote the school. The Banner talk 16:20, 6 December 2017 (UTC)","title":"User talk:The Banner/Archive07"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"http://www.vjc.moe.edu.sg/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.vjc.moe.edu.sg/"},{"link_name":"http://victoriajc.moe.edu.sg/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//victoriajc.moe.edu.sg/"},{"link_name":"Skyelyrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Skyelyrics"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Skyelyrics"},{"link_name":"Skyelyrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Skyelyrics"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Skyelyrics"},{"link_name":"The Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:The_Banner"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:The_Banner"},{"link_name":"Skyelyrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Skyelyrics"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Skyelyrics"},{"link_name":"Skyelyrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Skyelyrics"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Skyelyrics"},{"link_name":"The Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:The_Banner"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:The_Banner"},{"link_name":"Skyelyrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Skyelyrics"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Skyelyrics"}],"sub_title":"Reply to: Managing a conflict of interest","text":"I'm sorry, but if COI is defined as \"external relationship with the people, places or things you have written about\", then just to clarify, I have no external relationship with the organisation. It is not my organisation and I have no relationship with it. I have graduated some time back and you could say there used to be a relationship, but now there is no more relationship. You may call it a grey area, but it is not immediately justifiable as a conflict of interest.\nAgain, I have no motivation to edit the page, and will receive no monetary compensation from this, and I will declare this on the talk page. I only edited because I saw that the page was extremely outdated, and noticed that there was a banner saying that the article lacked sources.\nInformation was also skewed, for e.g. under \"Performing Arts\", only the choir and chorale were mentioned. So, I added information about two other co-curricular activities.\nYes, I know the sources I cited were substandard. However, that's an improvement from NO sources at all. I have no choice in some cases, because there is a limited amount of information on the net. The edits you reverted to had no citations for the statements made. Do you prefer that to having at least some social media sources stated? At least, until better sources can be found. Furthermore, I never ever cited the school website, which is http://www.vjc.moe.edu.sg/ for your information. [Edit: my bad, it's http://victoriajc.moe.edu.sg/] Skyelyrics (talk) 15:11, 6 December 2017 (UTC)\nMany previous edits were made by students or ex-students, if you've read the talk page. So, are you going to undo all those edits too? I know it doesn't sit well with you, but not all Wiki pages are the same and you can't use the same lenses to view every problem. It's a small school in a small country, so the number of people who understand it enough to edit the page are few and far between. Please address INDIVIDUAL CHANGES rather than the PERSON editing the page.\nExample: I added notable alumni like Jasmine Sim, who has her own Wikipedia page. (I admit there's a problem with lack of citation, but I have one from a news website which I can insert.) Is it promotional to add this piece of information? Nope, it just lets people find out this information more easily, and they may come to the inference that many school alumni went into the arts scene. On its own, it is an objective and verifiable fact. So, why did you revert the edit?Can you see why I am doubtful that you actually bothered to read the edits?If you were to revert individual edits, I would be happy for you to let me know why you did so on the article's talk page, so I can improve the wording or the citations. But indiscriminately reverting is not the way to go.Lastly, I sure hope Wikipedia pays you, because I really can't imagine spending so much time on a thankless job editing pages I know nothing about and have no interest in. Skyelyrics (talk) 14:59, 6 December 2017 (UTC)You sound like a marketeer who got a hammering of the boss. The Banner talk 16:20, 6 December 2017 (UTC)I'm actually a med student, but thanks very much for bothering to look at individual edits, this was the kind of constructive improvement I was asking for. When I have time, I'll search for better, neutral sources for the content. Skyelyrics (talk) 09:26, 23 December 2017 (UTC)Reply to your comments on my Talk pageHello! First off, can I check with you whether I'm able to reply you on my own talk page (will you receive notifications)? Or do I always have to post on your own talk page?Anyway, regarding the press releases, I'm genuinely confused as to why they do not constitute independent sources. They are not press releases by the school, but by the government (Ministry of Education), which oversees all the schools in Singapore. They were prior published, but have since been archived under our National Archives. The speeches likewise are both Singapore Government Press Releases. Are all governmental sources not considered independent? :ONext, please accept my sincere apologies for the deletion on the article Talk page. I mistakenly thought that once the issue was resolved, it could be deleted especially in preparation for impending clutter on the Talk page. (I don't remember editing anyone's spelling/grammar, but thanks for letting me know in advance as I'll have to intentionally restrain myself from that) Skyelyrics (talk) 03:31, 25 December 2017 (UTC)A press release is not suitable as a source as its sheer existence is to promote/bring to the attention something. Therefore it is not neutral. The Banner talk 18:33, 25 December 2017 (UTC)Hmm, okay I see. However, can an exception be made in this case? For the reshuffling of school principals, the press release is the mode of factual information release from the Ministry, informing of the changes. The newspapers also refer to/directly quote the press release. So, I would think that its authority & position as the primary source is the overriding factor here? Skyelyrics (talk) 10:58, 27 December 2017 (UTC) (sorry, forgot to sign off again)","title":"User talk:The Banner/Archive07"}] | 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Aviation_Badge_(Philippines) | Army Aviation Badge (Philippines) | ["1 Description","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References"] | AwardArmy Aviation BadgeArmy Aviation Pilot's Badge (Basic)TypeMilitary BadgeAwarded forsuccessful completion of the Aviator's Basic Course conducted by the Philippine Air Force or any Aviation Academy recognized by the Philippine Army.DescriptionThe seal of the Philippine Army is superimposed over a pair of silver wings.Presented by The Republic of the PhilippinesEligibilityCommissioned Military Officer and Enlisted AircrewCampaign(s)NoneStatusCurrently AwardedEstablished1986First awarded1986Last awardedOngoingArmy Aviation Enlisted Aircrew Badge (Basic)
The Army Aviation Badge also known as the "Philippine Army Aviator's Badge" is awarded by the Commander, Armor Division, PA to commissioned officers and enlisted aircrew of the Army Aviation Regiment, military officers and enlisted personnel attached to the Army Aviation Regiment, civilian personnel, foreign and local dignitaries. The badge is awarded to military personnel who qualify as military aviators and aircrew and are attached to the Army Aviation Regiment, PA.
Description
The badge is the Seal of the Philippine Army superimposed over a pair of silver wings.
Gallery
Miscellaneous Gallery
Army Aviation Pilot's Badge (Senior)
Army Aviation Pilot's Badge (Master)
Army Aviation Enlisted Aircrew's Badge (Senior)
Army Aviation Enlisted Aircrew's Badge (Master)
See also
Awards and decorations of the Armed Forces of the Philippines
United States Aviator Badge
References
Citations
^ a b c OTAG, The AFP Awards and Decorations Handbook, 1995, 1997, OTAG
Bibliography
The Army Adjutant General, Philippine Army Awards and Decorations Manual FC 1-0062, 2005, OTAAG.
The AFP Adjutant General, The AFP Awards and Decorations Handbook, 1995, 1997, OTAG. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAB1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAB1-1"}],"text":"The Army Aviation Badge[1] also known as the \"Philippine Army Aviator's Badge\" is awarded by the Commander, Armor Division, PA to commissioned officers and enlisted aircrew of the Army Aviation Regiment, military officers and enlisted personnel attached to the Army Aviation Regiment, civilian personnel, foreign and local dignitaries. The badge is awarded to military personnel who qualify as military aviators and aircrew and are attached to the Army Aviation Regiment, PA.[1]","title":"Army Aviation Badge (Philippines)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippine Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAB1-1"}],"text":"The badge is the Seal of the Philippine Army superimposed over a pair of silver wings.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sr_Army_Aviation_Service_Badge.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mtr_Army_Aviation_Service_Badge.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sr_Army_Aviation_Service_Aircrew_Badge.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mtr_Army_Aviation_Service_Aircrew_Badge.png"}],"text":"Miscellaneous Gallery\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArmy Aviation Pilot's Badge (Senior)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArmy Aviation Pilot's Badge (Master)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArmy Aviation Enlisted Aircrew's Badge (Senior)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArmy Aviation Enlisted Aircrew's Badge (Master)","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | [{"title":"Awards and decorations of the Armed Forces of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines"},{"title":"United States Aviator Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Aviator_Badge"}] | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavera%C3%ABt | Laveraët | ["1 Geography","2 Population","3 See also","4 References"] | Coordinates: 43°31′53″N 0°12′53″E / 43.5314°N 0.2147°E / 43.5314; 0.2147
Commune in Occitania, FranceLaveraëtCommuneThe town hall in LaveraëtLocation of Laveraët
LaveraëtShow map of FranceLaveraëtShow map of OccitanieCoordinates: 43°31′53″N 0°12′53″E / 43.5314°N 0.2147°E / 43.5314; 0.2147CountryFranceRegionOccitaniaDepartmentGersArrondissementMirandeCantonPardiac-Rivière-BasseIntercommunalityBastides et vallons du GersGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Jean-Claude LascombesArea111.86 km2 (4.58 sq mi)Population (2021)104 • Density8.8/km2 (23/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code32205 /32230Elevation154–280 m (505–919 ft) (avg. 200 m or 660 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Laveraët is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.
Geography
Laveraët and its surrounding communes
Population
Historical populationYearPop.±%
1962178—
1968173−2.8%
1975143−17.3%
1982131−8.4%
1990134+2.3%
1999104−22.4%
2008120+15.4%
See also
Communes of the Gers department
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laveraët.
vteCommunes of the Gers department
Aignan
Ansan
Antras
Arblade-le-Bas
Arblade-le-Haut
Ardizas
Armentieux
Armous-et-Cau
Arrouède
Aubiet
Auchpref
Augnax
Aujan-Mournède
Auradé
Aurensan
Aurimont
Aussos
Auterive
Aux-Aussat
Avensac
Avéron-Bergelle
Avezan
Ayguetinte
Ayzieu
Bajonnette
Barcelonne-du-Gers
Barcugnan
Barran
Bars
Bascous
Bassoues
Bazian
Bazugues
Beaucaire
Beaumarchés
Beaumont
Beaupuy
Beccas
Bédéchan
Bellegarde
Belloc-Saint-Clamens
Belmont
Béraut
Berdoues
Bernède
Berrac
Betcave-Aguin
Bétous
Betplan
Bézéril
Bezolles
Bézues-Bajon
Biran
Bivès
Blanquefort
Blaziert
Blousson-Sérian
Bonas
Boucagnères
Boulaur
Bourrouillan
Bouzon-Gellenave
Bretagne-d'Armagnac
Le Brouilh-Monbert
Brugnens
Cabas-Loumassès
Cadeilhan
Cadeillan
Cahuzac-sur-Adour
Caillavet
Callian
Campagne-d'Armagnac
Cassaigne
Castelnau-Barbarens
Castelnau-d'Anglès
Castelnau-d'Arbieu
Castelnau-d'Auzan-Labarrère
Castelnau-sur-l'Auvignon
Castelnavet
Castéra-Lectourois
Castéra-Verduzan
Castéron
Castet-Arrouy
Castex
Castex-d'Armagnac
Castillon-Debats
Castillon-Massas
Castillon-Savès
Castin
Catonvielle
Caumont
Caupenne-d'Armagnac
Caussens
Cazaubon
Cazaux-d'Anglès
Cazaux-Savès
Cazaux-Villecomtal
Cazeneuve
Céran
Cézan
Chélan
Clermont-Pouyguillès
Clermont-Savès
Cologne
Condomsubpr
Corneillan
Couloumé-Mondebat
Courrensan
Courties
Crastes
Cravencères
Cuélas
Dému
Duffort
Duran
Durban
Eauze
Encausse
Endoufielle
Esclassan-Labastide
Escornebœuf
Espaon
Espas
Estampes
Estang
Estipouy
Estramiac
Faget-Abbatial
Flamarens
Fleurance
Fourcès
Frégouville
Fustérouau
Galiax
Garravet
Gaudonville
Gaujac
Gaujan
Gavarret-sur-Aulouste
Gazaupouy
Gazax-et-Baccarisse
Gée-Rivière
Gimbrède
Gimont
Giscaro
Gondrin
Goutz
Goux
Haget
Haulies
Homps
Le Houga
Idrac-Respaillès
L'Isle-Arné
L'Isle-Bouzon
L'Isle-de-Noé
L'Isle-Jourdain
Izotges
Jegun
Jû-Belloc
Juillac
Juilles
Justian
Laas
Labarthe
Labarthète
Labastide-Savès
Labéjan
Labrihe
Ladevèze-Rivière
Ladevèze-Ville
Lagarde
Lagarde-Hachan
Lagardère
Lagraulet-du-Gers
Laguian-Mazous
Lahas
Lahitte
Lalanne
Lalanne-Arqué
Lamaguère
Lamazère
Lamothe-Goas
Lannemaignan
Lannepax
Lanne-Soubiran
Lannux
Larée
Larressingle
Larroque-Engalin
Larroque-Saint-Sernin
Larroque-sur-l'Osse
Lartigue
Lasséran
Lasserrade
Lasseube-Propre
Laujuzan
Lauraët
Lavardens
Laveraët
Laymont
Leboulin
Lectoure
Lelin-Lapujolle
Lias
Lias-d'Armagnac
Ligardes
Lombez
Loubédat
Loubersan
Lourties-Monbrun
Louslitges
Loussous-Débat
Lupiac
Luppé-Violles
Lussan
Magnan
Magnas
Maignaut-Tauzia
Malabat
Manas-Bastanous
Manciet
Manent-Montané
Mansempuy
Mansencôme
Marambat
Maravat
Marciac
Marestaing
Margouët-Meymes
Marguestau
Marsan
Marseillan
Marsolan
Mascaras
Mas-d'Auvignon
Masseube
Mauléon-d'Armagnac
Maulichères
Maumusson-Laguian
Maupas
Maurens
Mauroux
Mauvezin
Meilhan
Mérens
Miélan
Miradoux
Miramont-d'Astarac
Miramont-Latour
Mirandesubpr
Mirannes
Mirepoix
Monbardon
Monblanc
Monbrun
Moncassin
Monclar
Monclar-sur-Losse
Moncorneil-Grazan
Monferran-Plavès
Monferran-Savès
Monfort
Mongausy
Monguilhem
Monlaur-Bernet
Monlezun
Monlezun-d'Armagnac
Monpardiac
Montadet
Montamat
Montaut
Montaut-les-Créneaux
Mont-d'Astarac
Mont-de-Marrast
Montégut
Montégut-Arros
Montégut-Savès
Montesquiou
Montestruc-sur-Gers
Monties
Montiron
Montpézat
Montréal
Mormès
Mouchan
Mouchès
Mourède
Nizas
Nogaro
Noilhan
Nougaroulet
Noulens
Orbessan
Ordan-Larroque
Ornézan
Pallanne
Panassac
Panjas
Pauilhac
Pavie
Pébées
Pellefigue
Perchède
Pergain-Taillac
Pessan
Pessoulens
Peyrecave
Peyrusse-Grande
Peyrusse-Massas
Peyrusse-Vieille
Pis
Plaisance
Plieux
Polastron
Pompiac
Ponsampère
Ponsan-Soubiran
Pouydraguin
Pouylebon
Pouy-Loubrin
Pouy-Roquelaure
Préchac
Préchac-sur-Adour
Preignan
Préneron
Projan
Pujaudran
Puycasquier
Puylausic
Puységur
Ramouzens
Razengues
Réans
Réjaumont
Ricourt
Riguepeu
Riscle
La Romieu
Roquebrune
Roquefort
Roquelaure
Roquelaure-Saint-Aubin
Roquepine
Roques
Rozès
Sabaillan
Sabazan
Sadeillan
Saint-André
Saint-Antoine
Saint-Antonin
Saint-Arailles
Saint-Arroman
Saint-Aunix-Lengros
Saint-Avit-Frandat
Saint-Blancard
Saint-Brès
Saint-Caprais
Saint-Christaud
Saint-Clar
Saint-Créac
Saint-Cricq
Sainte-Anne
Sainte-Aurence-Cazaux
Sainte-Christie
Sainte-Christie-d'Armagnac
Sainte-Dode
Sainte-Gemme
Saint-Élix-d'Astarac
Saint-Élix-Theux
Sainte-Marie
Sainte-Mère
Sainte-Radegonde
Saint-Georges
Saint-Germé
Saint-Germier
Saint-Griède
Saint-Jean-le-Comtal
Saint-Jean-Poutge
Saint-Justin
Saint-Lary
Saint-Léonard
Saint-Lizier-du-Planté
Saint-Loube
Saint-Martin
Saint-Martin-d'Armagnac
Saint-Martin-de-Goyne
Saint-Martin-Gimois
Saint-Maur
Saint-Médard
Saint-Mézard
Saint-Michel
Saint-Mont
Saint-Orens
Saint-Orens-Pouy-Petit
Saint-Ost
Saint-Paul-de-Baïse
Saint-Pierre-d'Aubézies
Saint-Puy
Saint-Sauvy
Saint-Soulan
Salles-d'Armagnac
Samaran
Samatan
Sansan
Saramon
Sarcos
Sarragachies
Sarraguzan
Sarrant
La Sauvetat
Sauveterre
Sauviac
Sauvimont
Savignac-Mona
Scieurac-et-Flourès
Séailles
Ségos
Ségoufielle
Seissan
Sembouès
Sémézies-Cachan
Sempesserre
Sère
Sérempuy
Seysses-Savès
Simorre
Sion
Sirac
Solomiac
Sorbets
Tachoires
Tarsac
Tasque
Taybosc
Termes-d'Armagnac
Terraube
Thoux
Tieste-Uragnoux
Tillac
Tirent-Pontéjac
Touget
Toujouse
Tourdun
Tournan
Tournecoupe
Tourrenquets
Traversères
Troncens
Tudelle
Urdens
Urgosse
Valence-sur-Baïse
Vergoignan
Verlus
Vic-Fezensac
Viella
Villecomtal-sur-Arros
Villefranche-d'Astarac
Viozan
pref: prefecture
subpr: subprefecture
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valet | Valet | ["1 Word origins","2 Domestic valet","2.1 Famous fictional valets","3 Other valets","3.1 Clothes valet","4 Varlet","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Personal attendant
This article is about the term for male servants. For the village in Iran, see Valet, Iran. For valets in professional wrestling, see Valet (wrestling).
"Varlet" redirects here. For other uses, see Varlet (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Valet" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
A 17th-century valet de chambre
A valet or varlet is a male servant who serves as personal attendant to his employer. In the Middle Ages and Ancien Régime, valet de chambre was a role for junior courtiers and specialists such as artists in a royal court, but the term "valet" by itself most often refers to a normal servant responsible for the clothes and personal belongings of an employer, and making minor arrangements. In the United States, the term most often refers to a parking valet, and the role is often confused with a butler.
Word origins
In English, valet as "personal man-servant" is recorded since 1567, though use of the term in the French-speaking English medieval court is older, and the variant form varlet is cited from 1456 (OED). Both are French importations of valet or varlet (the "t" being silent in modern French), Old French variants of vaslet "man's servant", originally "squire, young man", assumed to be from Gallo-Romance Vulgar Latin *vassellittus "young nobleman, squire, page", diminutive of Medieval Latin vassallus, from vassus "servant", possibly cognate to an Old Celtic root wasso- "young man, squire" (source of Welsh gwas "youth, servant", Breton goaz "servant, vassal, man", Irish foss "servant"). See yeoman, possibly derived from yonge man, a related term.
The modern use is usually short for the valet de chambre (French for "room valet", in modern terms the bedroom, though not originally so), described in the following section.
Since the 16th century, the word has traditionally been pronounced as rhyming with pallet, though an alternative pronunciation, rhyming with array and allay, as in French, is now common, particularly in the United States. The Oxford English Dictionary lists both pronunciations.
Domestic valet
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A valet or "gentleman's gentleman" is a gentleman's male servant; the closest female equivalent is a lady's maid. The valet performs personal services such as maintaining his employer's clothes, running his bath and perhaps (especially in the past) shaving his employer.
In a great house, the master of the house had his own valet, and in the very grandest great houses, other adult members of the employing family (e.g. master's sons) would also have their own valets.
At a court, even minor princes and high officials may be assigned one, but in a smaller household the butler – the majordomo in charge of the household staff – might have to double as his employer's valet. In a bachelor's household the valet might perform light housekeeping duties as well.
Valets learned the skills for their role in various ways. Some began as footmen, learning some relevant skills as part of that job, and picking up others when deputising for their master's valet, or by performing valeting tasks for his sons before they had a valet of their own, or for male guests who did not travel with a valet. Others started out as soldier-servants to army officers (batmen) or stewards to naval officers.
Traditionally, a valet did much more than merely lay out clothes and take care of personal items. He was also responsible for making travel arrangements, dealing with any bills and handling all money matters concerning his master or his master's household.
Alexandre Bontemps, the most senior of the thirty-six valets to Louis XIV of France, was a powerful figure, who ran the Château de Versailles. In courts, valet de chambre was a position of some status, often given to artists, musicians, poets and others, who generally spent most of their time on their specialized work. The role was also, at least during the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, a common first step or training period in a nobleman's career at court.
Valets, like butlers and most specialized domestic staff, have become relatively rare. A more common, though still infrequent, arrangement is the general servant performing combined roles.
A notable 20th century domestic valet was Sydney Johnson who served as personal valet to the Duke of Windsor and later to the businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed.
Another notable person is Walt Nauta, a former military valet, who worked at the White House and later at Mar-a-Lago as Donald Trump's personal valet. On July 6, 2023, he pleaded not guilty for allegedly moving boxes of classified materials at Mar-a-Lago.
Famous fictional valets
Carving of "Bazin", the valet to Aramis, of The Three Musketeers, was a studious person who later became a lay brother. (Thomas Nicholls carves him brushing his master's clothes whilst studying theology.)
See also: List of fictional butlers
Figaro, the Count of Almaviva's valet from Beaumarchais' play The Marriage of Figaro (1786), as well as the Mozart and Rossini operas based on it
Leporello, valet of Don Giovanni in the 1787 opera by Mozart
Sam Weller, valet to Samuel Pickwick in The Pickwick Papers (1836) by Charles Dickens
Planchet , valet to D'Artagnan of The Three Musketeers (1844)
Baptistin, in The Count of Monte Cristo (1844) by Alexandre Dumas
Passepartout, in the 1873 novel Around the World in Eighty Days by Jules Verne
Smerdyakov, the valet to Fyodor Pavlovitch in The Brothers Karamazov (1879) by Fyodor Dostoyevsky
Jeeves, created in 1915 by P. G. Wodehouse, starred in a series of stories until Wodehouse's death in 1975
Mervyn Bunter, created in 1923 by Dorothy L. Sayers in the Lord Peter Wimsey series
George (or Georges), created by Agatha Christie in 1926, in the Hercule Poirot novels
Edward Henry Masterman, the victim's valet and a suspect in Agatha Christie's Murder on the Orient Express (1934)
Kato, fictional sidekick/valet of The Green Hornet, created in 1936
Pork, Gerald O'Hara's valet in the 1936 novel Gone With the Wind
Rochester van Jones (Eddie Anderson), the valet of Jack Benny on Benny's radio and television shows, introduced in 1937
Sisk, created in Harry Segall's 1938 play, Heaven Can Wait, which was adapted into a 1941 film, Here Comes Mr. Jordan, and other films
Alfred Pennyworth, valet to Bruce Wayne (Batman), created by Don Cameron and Bob Kane in 1943
The character "Valet" from No Exit (1944) by Jean-Paul Sartre
Hugo Barrett, in the 1948 Robin Maugham novella, 1958 play and 1963 Joseph Losey film The Servant
Kato, Inspector Clouseau's valet and martial arts partner in the Pink Panther movies, introduced in A Shot in the Dark (1964)
Giles French (Sebastian Cabot) in the sitcom Family Affair (1966–1971)
Hobson (Sir John Gielgud), from the 1981 comedy film Arthur
"Spicer" Lovejoy (David Warner), millionaire Caledon Hockley's (Billy Zane) English valet in the 1997 film Titanic
Probert (Derek Jacobi), in the 2001 film Gosford Park, directed by Robert Altman
John Bates (Brendan Coyle), in the Julian Fellowes period drama Downton Abbey (2010–2015)
Other valets
Valet is also used for people performing specific services:
hotel valet: an employee who performs personal services for guests.
parking valet: a service employee who parks cars for guests, only from 1960.
car valet: an employee who is paid to clean people's cars professionally.
valet: a professional wrestling term for a person who accompanies a wrestler to the ring.
jockey's valet: an employee who maintains a jockey's wardrobe and ensures the proper uniform is worn for each horse the jockey races.
Other forms of valet-like personnel include:
Batman
Bedder
Dresser
Clothes valet
Main article: Clothes valet
Clothes valets are a piece of furniture also referred to as a men's valet. A majority are free standing and made out of wood.
Varlet
While in French this word remained restricted to the feudal use for a (knight's) squire, in modern English it came to be used for the various other male servants originally called va(r)let other than the gentleman's gentleman, when in livery usually called lackey, such as the valet de pied ('foot varlet', compare footman). In archaic English, varlet also could mean an unprincipled man; a rogue.
See also
Chauffeur
Footman
Housekeeper
Jack
Maid
Majordomo
Personal assistant
Valet boy
References
Notes
^ "Bartleby.com: Great Books Online -- Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more". Bartleby.com. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
^ "Who was Sydney Johnson? How Edward's valet really met Mohamed Al-Fayed". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
^ "Here's The Unsealed Indictment Over Donald Trump's Handling Of Classified Documents". HuffPost. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
^ "Trump valet Walt Nauta pleads not guilty in classified documents case". Associated Press. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
^ "Masterpiece | Downton Abbey | PBS". web.archive.org. 2011-10-18. Retrieved 2024-06-08.
Sources
EtymologyOnLine
Nouveau Petit Larousse Illustré (in French, 1952)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Valets.
The dictionary definition of valet at Wiktionary
vteModern cleaning roles
Butler
Cleaner
Exterior cleaner
Housekeeping
Janitor
Maid
Valet
Window cleaner | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valet, Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valet,_Iran"},{"link_name":"Valet (wrestling)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valet_(wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Varlet (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varlet_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abraham_Bosse_Valet_de_chambre.jpg"},{"link_name":"valet de chambre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valet_de_chambre"},{"link_name":"servant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_worker"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Ancien Régime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime"},{"link_name":"valet de chambre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valet_de_chambre"},{"link_name":"courtiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtier"},{"link_name":"royal court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_court"},{"link_name":"parking valet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valet_parking"},{"link_name":"butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler"}],"text":"This article is about the term for male servants. 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On July 6, 2023, he pleaded not guilty for allegedly moving boxes of classified materials at Mar-a-Lago.[3][4]","title":"Domestic valet"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bazin,_valet_to_Aramis.JPG"},{"link_name":"Aramis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_d%27Aramitz"},{"link_name":"The Three Musketeers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers"},{"link_name":"Thomas Nicholls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nicholls_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"List of fictional butlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_butlers"},{"link_name":"Beaumarchais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumarchais"},{"link_name":"The Marriage of Figaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro"},{"link_name":"Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart"},{"link_name":"Rossini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossini"},{"link_name":"Don Giovanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Giovanni"},{"link_name":"Sam Weller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Weller_(character)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Pickwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Pickwick"},{"link_name":"The Pickwick Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pickwick_Papers"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"Planchet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planchet_(fictional_character)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planchet"},{"link_name":"D'Artagnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Batz-Castelmore_d%27Artagnan"},{"link_name":"The Three Musketeers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers"},{"link_name":"The Count of Monte Cristo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Dumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas"},{"link_name":"Passepartout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passepartout_(character)"},{"link_name":"Around the World in Eighty Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Around_the_World_in_Eighty_Days_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Jules Verne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Verne"},{"link_name":"Smerdyakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smerdyakov"},{"link_name":"The Brothers Karamazov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brothers_Karamazov"},{"link_name":"Fyodor Dostoyevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky"},{"link_name":"Jeeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeeves"},{"link_name":"P. G. Wodehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse"},{"link_name":"Mervyn Bunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_Bunter"},{"link_name":"Dorothy L. Sayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_L._Sayers"},{"link_name":"Lord Peter Wimsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Peter_Wimsey"},{"link_name":"Agatha Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Christie"},{"link_name":"Hercule Poirot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercule_Poirot"},{"link_name":"Murder on the Orient Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_on_the_Orient_Express"},{"link_name":"Kato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kato_(The_Green_Hornet)"},{"link_name":"The Green Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Hornet"},{"link_name":"Gone With the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Eddie Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Anderson_(comedian)"},{"link_name":"Jack Benny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Benny"},{"link_name":"Harry Segall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Segall"},{"link_name":"Here Comes Mr. Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_Comes_Mr._Jordan"},{"link_name":"Alfred Pennyworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Pennyworth"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"Don Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Clough_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Bob Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Kane"},{"link_name":"No Exit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Exit"},{"link_name":"Jean-Paul Sartre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre"},{"link_name":"Robin Maugham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Maugham"},{"link_name":"Joseph Losey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Losey"},{"link_name":"The Servant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Servant_(1963_film)"},{"link_name":"Inspector Clouseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_Clouseau"},{"link_name":"martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts"},{"link_name":"Pink Panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pink_Panther_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"A Shot in the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Shot_in_the_Dark_(1964_film)"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Cabot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Cabot_(actor)"},{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"Family Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Affair"},{"link_name":"John Gielgud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gielgud"},{"link_name":"Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_(1981_film)"},{"link_name":"David Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Warner_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Billy Zane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Zane"},{"link_name":"Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Derek Jacobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Jacobi"},{"link_name":"Gosford Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosford_Park"},{"link_name":"Robert Altman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Altman"},{"link_name":"Brendan Coyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Coyle"},{"link_name":"Downton Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downton_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Famous fictional valets","text":"Carving of \"Bazin\", the valet to Aramis, of The Three Musketeers, was a studious person who later became a lay brother. (Thomas Nicholls carves him brushing his master's clothes whilst studying theology.)See also: List of fictional butlersFigaro, the Count of Almaviva's valet from Beaumarchais' play The Marriage of Figaro (1786), as well as the Mozart and Rossini operas based on it\nLeporello, valet of Don Giovanni in the 1787 opera by Mozart\nSam Weller, valet to Samuel Pickwick in The Pickwick Papers (1836) by Charles Dickens\nPlanchet [fr], valet to D'Artagnan of The Three Musketeers (1844)\nBaptistin, in The Count of Monte Cristo (1844) by Alexandre Dumas\nPassepartout, in the 1873 novel Around the World in Eighty Days by Jules Verne\nSmerdyakov, the valet to Fyodor Pavlovitch in The Brothers Karamazov (1879) by Fyodor Dostoyevsky\nJeeves, created in 1915 by P. G. Wodehouse, starred in a series of stories until Wodehouse's death in 1975\nMervyn Bunter, created in 1923 by Dorothy L. Sayers in the Lord Peter Wimsey series\nGeorge (or Georges), created by Agatha Christie in 1926, in the Hercule Poirot novels\nEdward Henry Masterman, the victim's valet and a suspect in Agatha Christie's Murder on the Orient Express (1934)\nKato, fictional sidekick/valet of The Green Hornet, created in 1936\nPork, Gerald O'Hara's valet in the 1936 novel Gone With the Wind\nRochester van Jones (Eddie Anderson), the valet of Jack Benny on Benny's radio and television shows, introduced in 1937\nSisk, created in Harry Segall's 1938 play, Heaven Can Wait, which was adapted into a 1941 film, Here Comes Mr. Jordan, and other films\nAlfred Pennyworth, valet to Bruce Wayne (Batman), created by Don Cameron and Bob Kane in 1943\nThe character \"Valet\" from No Exit (1944) by Jean-Paul Sartre\nHugo Barrett, in the 1948 Robin Maugham novella, 1958 play and 1963 Joseph Losey film The Servant\nKato, Inspector Clouseau's valet and martial arts partner in the Pink Panther movies, introduced in A Shot in the Dark (1964)\nGiles French (Sebastian Cabot) in the sitcom Family Affair (1966–1971)\nHobson (Sir John Gielgud), from the 1981 comedy film Arthur\n\"Spicer\" Lovejoy (David Warner), millionaire Caledon Hockley's (Billy Zane) English valet in the 1997 film Titanic\nProbert (Derek Jacobi), in the 2001 film Gosford Park, directed by Robert Altman\nJohn Bates (Brendan Coyle), in the Julian Fellowes period drama Downton Abbey (2010–2015)[5]","title":"Domestic valet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel"},{"link_name":"parking valet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valet_parking"},{"link_name":"valet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valet_(wrestling)"},{"link_name":"professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jockey"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(military)"},{"link_name":"Bedder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedder"}],"text":"Valet is also used for people performing specific services:hotel valet: an employee who performs personal services for guests.\nparking valet: a service employee who parks cars for guests, only from 1960.\ncar valet: an employee who is paid to clean people's cars professionally.\nvalet: a professional wrestling term for a person who accompanies a wrestler to the ring.\njockey's valet: an employee who maintains a jockey's wardrobe and ensures the proper uniform is worn for each horse the jockey races.Other forms of valet-like personnel include:Batman\nBedder\nDresser","title":"Other valets"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Clothes valet","text":"Clothes valets are a piece of furniture also referred to as a men's valet. A majority are free standing and made out of wood.","title":"Other valets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"squire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squire"},{"link_name":"livery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livery"},{"link_name":"lackey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lackey_(manservant)"},{"link_name":"footman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footman"},{"link_name":"archaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaism"},{"link_name":"rogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rogue"}],"text":"While in French this word remained restricted to the feudal use for a (knight's) squire, in modern English it came to be used for the various other male servants originally called va(r)let other than the gentleman's gentleman, when in livery usually called lackey, such as the valet de pied ('foot varlet', compare footman). In archaic English, varlet also could mean an unprincipled man; a rogue.","title":"Varlet"}] | [{"image_text":"A 17th-century valet de chambre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Abraham_Bosse_Valet_de_chambre.jpg/232px-Abraham_Bosse_Valet_de_chambre.jpg"},{"image_text":"Carving of \"Bazin\", the valet to Aramis, of The Three Musketeers, was a studious person who later became a lay brother. (Thomas Nicholls carves him brushing his master's clothes whilst studying theology.)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bazin%2C_valet_to_Aramis.JPG/220px-Bazin%2C_valet_to_Aramis.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Chauffeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauffeur"},{"title":"Footman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footman"},{"title":"Housekeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housekeeper_(domestic_worker)"},{"title":"Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_(playing_card)"},{"title":"Maid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maid"},{"title":"Majordomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majordomo"},{"title":"Personal assistant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_assistant"},{"title":"Valet boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valet_boy"}] | [{"reference":"\"Bartleby.com: Great Books Online -- Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more\". Bartleby.com. Retrieved 28 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bartleby.com/64/C007/0185.html","url_text":"\"Bartleby.com: Great Books Online -- Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who was Sydney Johnson? How Edward's valet really met Mohamed Al-Fayed\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 12 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/0/sydney-johnson-valet-who-charmed-edward-mohamed-al-fayed/","url_text":"\"Who was Sydney Johnson? How Edward's valet really met Mohamed Al-Fayed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"Here's The Unsealed Indictment Over Donald Trump's Handling Of Classified Documents\". HuffPost. Retrieved 9 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-indictment-classified-documents-unsealed_n_6482be87e4b048eb910e436d","url_text":"\"Here's The Unsealed Indictment Over Donald Trump's Handling Of Classified Documents\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost","url_text":"HuffPost"}]},{"reference":"\"Trump valet Walt Nauta pleads not guilty in classified documents case\". Associated Press. Retrieved 6 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/trump-maralago-justice-department-classified-f5a7b87bbb0234d5504d1c1f92bc857e","url_text":"\"Trump valet Walt Nauta pleads not guilty in classified documents case\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Masterpiece | Downton Abbey | PBS\". web.archive.org. 2011-10-18. Retrieved 2024-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111018210638/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/downtonabbey/characters.html","url_text":"\"Masterpiece | Downton Abbey | PBS\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Valet%22","external_links_name":"\"Valet\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Valet%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Valet%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Valet%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Valet%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Valet%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.bartleby.com/64/C007/0185.html","external_links_name":"\"Bartleby.com: Great Books Online -- Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/0/sydney-johnson-valet-who-charmed-edward-mohamed-al-fayed/","external_links_name":"\"Who was Sydney Johnson? How Edward's valet really met Mohamed Al-Fayed\""},{"Link":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-indictment-classified-documents-unsealed_n_6482be87e4b048eb910e436d","external_links_name":"\"Here's The Unsealed Indictment Over Donald Trump's Handling Of Classified Documents\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/trump-maralago-justice-department-classified-f5a7b87bbb0234d5504d1c1f92bc857e","external_links_name":"\"Trump valet Walt Nauta pleads not guilty in classified documents case\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111018210638/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/downtonabbey/characters.html","external_links_name":"\"Masterpiece | Downton Abbey | PBS\""},{"Link":"http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=valet&searchmode=none","external_links_name":"EtymologyOnLine"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg_Institute_for_Advanced_Study_(JIAS) | Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study | ["1 Overview","2 References","3 External links"] | Collaborative educational centre in South Africa
The Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study (JIAS), launched in 2015, is a collaborative initiative involving the University of Johannesburg (UJ) in South Africa and Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore.
Overview
Established on 14 May 2015, JIAS deviates from conventional educational and research routines, focusing instead on promoting cooperative and concentrated scholarly pursuits within the Humanities and Natural Sciences.
JIAS also collaborates with other tertiary institutions nationwide.
JIAS operates from a residential facility situated in the outskirts of Johannesburg. The inaugural meeting of JIAS, co-chaired by UJ's Vice-Chancellor, Professor Ihron Rensburg, and NTU's President, Professor Bertil Andersson, coincided with the institute's launch day. Attendees included Professor K. K. Phua, director of the NTU Institute for Advanced Study, Professor Tshilidzi Marwala, former Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research, Postgraduate Studies & Library) and later Vice-Chancellor and Principal of UJ, Dr Yu-Hyun Park from NTU's President's Office, and Professor Peter Vale, Director of JIAS.
Since 2019, Dr Bongani Ngqulunga has served as the director of JIAS.
JIAS funds Writing Fellowships, recipients of which have been drawn from different disciplines: academics, novelists, scientists, poets, playwrights, independent researchers and journalists. JIAS is host to the annual Johannesburg Festival of Women Writers, inaugurated in February 2023 by Barbara Masekela.
References
^ "Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study launches - Unveiling". 14 May 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2024 – via YouTube.
^ "Technology and Society in Africa Conference: Current Prospects and Future Challenges". 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
^ a b http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/podcast/Pages/Thinking-Globally,-Acting-Locally.aspx
^ "Faculty of Humanities". University of Johannesburg. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
^ "Faculty of Science". University of Johannesburg. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
^ "JIAS 2019 Annual Report" (PDF). Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study. 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
^ "Call for applications: JIAS Writing Fellowship". PEN South Africa. 3 June 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
^ Iwunze-Ibiam, Chioma (24 June 2019). "Writing Fellowships 2020 At The Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study / How To Apply (Fully-funded)". Creative Writing News. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
^ Mvulane Moloi, Tshepo (26 April 2023). "Johannesburg Festival of Women Writers". Culture Review Magazine. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
^ Mpedi, Letlhokwa George (13 March 2024). "Championing women writers is crucial for correcting the historical imbalances in literature". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
External links
"About Us", University of Johannesburg | Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study (JIAS).
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Rivonia
Rosebank
Rouxville
Ruiterhof
Salfred
Sandhurst
Sandown
Sandton
Savoy Estate
Saxonwold
Simba
Solridge
Strathavon
Strijdompark
Sunninghill
Sunrella
Sunset Acres
Vandia Grove
Victoria
Victory Park
Vorna Valley
Waterval Estate
Waverley
Wierda Valley
Willaway
Willowild
Witkoppen
Witpoort
Woodlands
Woodmead
Wynberg
Zandspruit
Southernsuburbs andenvirons
Aeroton
Alan Manor
Alberton
Aspen Hills
Bassonia
Booysens
Chrisville
Crown Gardens
Diepkloof
Dobsonville
Doornkop
Drieziek
Eastcliff
Elandspark
Eldorado Park
Electron
Elladoone
Ennerdale
Evans Park
Forest Hill
Framton
Gillview
Glenanda
Glenesk
Glenvista
Haddon
The Hill
Johannesburg South
Kanana Park
Kenilworth
Kibler Park
Klipriviersberg
Klipriviersberg Estate
Kliptown
La Rochelle
Lawley
Lenasia
Liefde en Vrede
Lindberg Park
Linmeyer
Mayfield Park
Meadowlands
Meredale
Moffat View
Mondeor
Mulbarton
Nasrec
Noordgesig
Oakdene
Ophirton
Orange Farm
Orlando
Ormonde
Phiri
Protea Glen
Regents Park
Regents Park Estate
Reuven
Rewlatch
Reynolds View
Ridgeway
Risana
Rispark
Robertsham
Roseacre
Rosettenville
Salisbury Claims
Selby
South Hills
Southdale
Southfork
Southgate
Soweto
Springfield
Stafford
Steeledale
Suideroord
Theta
Towerby
Townsview
Tulisa Park
Turf Club
Turffontein
Unigray
Winchester Hills
Zola
East Rand
Allen Grove
Aston Manor
Bapsfontein
Bedfordview
Benoni
Bezuidenhout Valley
Birch Acres
Birchleigh
Birchleigh North
Boksburg
Bonaero Park
Brakpan
Bredell
Bruma
Cresslawn
Croydon
Cyrildene
Daveyton
Dawn Park
Dewetshof
Duduza
Edenvale
Edleen
Elcedes
Elsburg
Esther Park
Etwatwa
Fairmount
The Gables
Germiston
Glen Marais
Glenhazel
Greenstone Hill
Heriotdale
Isando
Katlehong
Kempton Park
Kempton Park West
Kensington
KwaThema
Lakeside
Langaville
Lombardy East
Malvern
Modderfontein
Mountain View
Nigel
Nimrod Park
Norkem Park
Oaklands
Olifantsfontein
Percelia Estate
Pomona
Primrose
Prolecon
Raedene Estate
Reiger Park
Rhodesfield
Sandringham
Spartan
Spes Bona
Springs
Sunningdale
Sunningdale Ridge
Sydenham
Talboton
Terenure
Thembisa
Thokoza
Tsakane
Van Riebeeck Park
Vosloorus
Wanderers View
Wattville
West Rand
Azaadville
Bekkersdal
Blyvooruitzicht
Boikarabelo
Bosmont
Carletonville
Claremont
Constantia Kloof
Coronationville
Denver
Driefontein
East Driefontein
Elandsrand
Florida
Florida Glen
Florida Hills
Fochville
Kagiso
Khutsong
Krugersdorp
Lindley
Magaliesburg
Mohlakeng
Muldersdrift
Munsieville
Oberholzer
Randfontein
Rietvallei
Roodepoort
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Venterspos
Weltevredenpark
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West Driefontein
Westdene
Westonaria
Zuurbekom
Cityscape
Constitution Hill
Beyers Naudé Square
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Gandhi Square
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7th Street
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Munro Drive
Beyers Naudé Drive
Jan Smuts Avenue
Louis Botha Avenue
Malibongwe Drive
Metropolitan routes
M1
M2
Provincial routes
R24
R25
R29
R41
R55
R82
R564
Johannesburg Ring Road
N1
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N3
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N12
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N17
Landmarks
Tallest buildings
Public art
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Flame of Democracy
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Statues
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Civicbuildings
Johannesburg City Hall
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Officebuildings
11 Diagonal Street
Chamber of Mines Building
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Consolidated Building
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Corona Lodge
Cuthberts Building
Eskom Centre
Johannesburg Trades Hall
Kimberley House
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London House
Luthuli House
Markham Building
Megawatt Park
Natal Bank Building
National Bank Building
Shell House
Standard Bank Building
Victory House
Skyscrapers
Absa Tower
Carlton Centre
Carlton Hotel
Exchange Square
Hekro Towers
Johannesburg Sun Hotel
Kine Centre
The Leonardo
Marble Towers
Mariston Hotel
Michelangelo Towers
Radiopark
Schlesinger Building
Southern Life Centre
Standard Bank Centre
Trust Bank Building
UCS Building
Residentialbuildings
Ansteys Building
Arop House
Astor Mansions
Beacon Royal
Circle Court
Dorkay House
Houghton Heights
Kingsway Mansions
Lauriston Court
Manners Mansions
Radoma Court
Skyscrapers
120 End Street
Highpoint Hillbrow
Ponte City
Tygerberg Building
Structures
Brixton Tower
Hillbrow Tower
Nelson Mandela Bridge
Grayston Pedestrian and Cycle Bridge
Urban planning
Alexandra Renewal Project
GovernmentNational governmentCourts
Constitutional Court of South Africa
South Gauteng High Court
Labour Court
Labour Appeal Court
Chapter nine institutions
Commission for Gender Equality
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Provincial government
Gauteng Provincial Legislature
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Municipalities
City of Johannesburg
Seat: Johannesburg
Mayor: Kabelo Gwamanda
Elections
Flag
Coat of arms
City of Ekurhuleni
Seat: Germiston
Mayor: Sivuyile Ngodwana
Elections
West Rand
Merafong
Seat: Carletonville
Mogale
Seat: Krugersdorp
Rand West
Seat: Randfontein
African Union
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Bureau
Secretariat
NEPAD Secretariat
PoliticsGoverning parties
Johannesburg: Al Jama-ah
Ekurhuleni: AIC
West Rand: ANC
Merafong: ANC
Mogale: ATM
Rand West: ANC
Political organisationsand parties based inGreater JohannesburgPolitical parties
ActionSA
African Christian Democratic Party
African National Congress
Veteran's League
Women's League
Youth League
African People's Convention
Agang
Azanian People's Organisation
Capitalist Party
Congress of the People
Dagga Party
Economic Freedom Fighters
Pan Africanist Congress
South African Communist Party
Socialist Revolutionary Workers Party
Workers and Socialist Party
Trade unions
COSATU
AFADWU
CEPPWAWU
CWU
NEHAWU
NUM
POPCRU
SAAPAWU
SACCAWU
SADNU
SADTU
SAFPU
SAMWU
SASAWU
SASBO
SATAWU
FEDUSA
UASA
NACTU
SAFTU
NUMSA
Other politicalorganisations
Afrikanerbond
Ahmed Kathrada Foundation
Civicus
COSAS
Dagga Couple
Earthlife Africa
Free Market Foundation
Helen Suzman Foundation
Jacob Zuma Foundation
Keep Left
Landless People's Movement
OUTA
PASMA
SASCO
South African Institute of Race Relations
South African Zionist Federation
Tripartite Alliance
Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front
History
Timeline
Kweneng' Ruins
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Fortifications
Johannesburg Fort
Blockhouses
Monumentsand memorials
Anglo-Boer War Memorial
Chris Hani Memorial
Constitution Hill
Hector Pieterson Memorial
Observatory Ridge
Scottish Horse War Memorial
Walter Sisulu Square
Cemeteries
Avalon Cemetery
Juliwe Cemetery
Westpark Cemetery
Historicalsites
Bantu Men's Social Centre
Kirchoff's Building
Langlaagte Stamp Mill
OK Bazaars
Rand Water Board Building
Red Square
Rissik Street Post Office
Shlom Native Eating House
Union Observatory
Houses
36 Houghton Drive
David Webster House
Dr Xuma House
Endstead
House Brunton
House Hains
James Mpanza House
Kholvad House
Lindfield House
Mandela House
Parktown mansions
Villa Arcadia
Pullinger Kop
Rahima Moosa House
Satyagraha House
Tutu House
Villa d'Este
Historicalcompanies andorganisationsCompanies
Bosasa
Deneys Reitz
Edcon
Lema
Mandela and Tambo
Simmer and Jack
VBS Mutual Bank
Politicalorganisations
Anti-Privatisation Forum
Black Sash
Democratic Left Front
Gay and Lesbian Organization of Witwatersrand
Industrial Workers of the World
MK Military Veterans' Association
Reform Committee
Socialist Party of Azania
Other organisations
Witwatersrand Native Labour Association
Events
Jameson Raid
Braamfontein explosion
Battle of Doornkop
Battle of Witpoort
Rand Rebellion
Empire Exhibition
Schlesinger African Air Race
1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
Sophiatown forced removals
Congress of the People
Freedom Charter
Treason Trial
1957 Alexandra bus boycott
Soweto uprising
Concert in the Park
Westdene dam disaster
Eerste Alternatiewe Afrikaanse Rockkonsert
Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
Shell House massacre
Ellis Park Stadium disaster
Bredell land occupation
World Summit on Sustainable Development
Johannesburg Declaration
2002 Soweto bombings
Jacob Zuma rape trial
Live 8 concert
Live Earth concert
Occupy Johannesburg
Murder of Mido Macia
Death and state memorial service of Nelson Mandela
2015 train crash
#FeesMustFall
Life Esidimeni scandal
10th BRICS summit
Zondo Commission
2019 riots
Shooting of Nathaniel Julies
Zuma riots
Murder of Babita Deokaran
2022 Soweto shooting
Boksburg explosion
2023 Boksburg gas leak
15th BRICS summit
2023 building fire
CultureCultural heritage
Architecture
Gumboot dancing
amaKota
Kwaito
Performance art
Joburg Ballet
Musical ensembles
Johannesburg Philharmonic Orchestra
Johannesburg Youth Orchestra
Soweto Gospel Choir
Soweto String Quartet
Theatres
Alexander Theatre
Alhambra Theatre
Johannesburg Civic Theatre
Market Theatre
Wits Theatre
Events and festivals
Abantu Book Festival
Encounters South African International Documentary Festival
Joburg Art Fair
In the City
Johannesburg International Motor Show
Johannesburg Pride
Jozi Book Fair
Naledi Theatre Awards
Out In Africa South African Gay and Lesbian Film Festival
RAMFest
Rand Show
South Africa’s Children’s Book Fair
Transforming Stories International Christian Film Festival
Ultra South Africa
Museums and artgalleries
Apartheid Museum
Constitution Hill Museum
Fietas Museum
Gold Reef City
Goodman Gallery
Hector Pieterson Museum
James Hall Transport Museum
Johannesburg Art Gallery
South African Airways Museum
Mandela House
Market Photo Workshop
Maropeng
Military History Museum
Museum Africa
Photo:
Satyagraha House
Workers' Museum
Defunct
SAB World of Beer
South African National Railway And Steam Museum
Clubs and societies
Afrikaanse Taal- en Kultuurvereniging
Automobile Association
Nippon Club
Rand Club
SAA Museum Society
South African Radio League
Southern African Vexillological Association
Religion
SACC
Anglican
Diocese of Johannesburg
Diocese of the Highveld
Diocese of Christ the King
Catholic
Archdiocese of Johannesburg
Knights of Da Gama
Protestant
Baptist Union
Presbytery of Egoli
Jewish
Union of Orthodox Synagogues
Johannesburg Beth Din
Ohr Somayach
SAUPJ
Islamic
Jamiatul Ulama
Places ofworshipChurchesAnglican
Cathedral Church of Saint Mary the Virgin
Cathedral Church of Saint Dunstan
St Aidan's Anglican Church
St Boniface Church
St Mary's Anglican Church
St Michael and All Angels' Anglican Church
Baptist
Troyeville Baptist Church
Calvinist
Brixton Reformed Church
Fordsburg Reformed Church
Johanesburg East Reformed Church
Johannesburg North Reformed Church
Johannesburg Reformed Church
Johannesburg Reformed Church (GKSA)
Langlaagte Reformed Church
Linden Reformed Church
Parkhurst Reformed Church
Turffontein Reformed Church
Catholic
Cathedral of Christ the King
Holy Trinity Catholic Church
Regina Mundi Catholic Church
Maronite
Shrine of Our Lady of the Cedars
GreekOrthodox
Cathedral of Saints Constantine and Helen
Latter-daySaints
Johannesburg South Africa Temple
Lutheran
Friedenskirche
SynagoguesOrthodox
Chassidim Shul
Doornfontein Synagogue
Great Synagogue
Oxford Shul
Historical
President Street Synagogue
Progressive
Beit Emanuel Progressive Synagogue
Temple Israel
Mosques
Jumah Mosque
Nizamiye Mosque
Hindu temples
Madhya Kailash Shiva Temple
Scientology centres
Castle Kyalami
Media
South African National Editors' Forum
Southern African Music Rights Organisation
AmaBhungane
Mass mediaMagazines
African Communist
Drum
Financial Mail
Mining Weekly
Music Industry Online
Nomad Africa Magazine
SA Flyer
Defunct
Die Arbeider en Arm Boer
Style
Top 40 Music Magazine
Newspapers
Caxton local newspapers (various)
Beeld
Business Day
The Citizen
City Press
Daily Maverick
Daily Sun
Jewish Report
Mail & Guardian
Mayihlome News
Rapport
The South African
The Sowetan
The Star
The Sunday Independent
Sunday Times
TimesLIVE
Wits Vuvuzela
Defunct
New Age
The New Age
The World
Radio stations
5FM
702
947
ArrowLine Chinese Radio
Boervolk Radio
ChaiFM
Channel Africa
Ekurhuleni FM
Hot 1027
Jozi FM
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Kaya FM
Metro FM
Munghana Lonene FM
Power FM
Radio 2000
Radio Sonder Grense
Rock FM 91.9
SAfm
UJFM
YFM
Television channels
CNBC Africa
eNCA
M-Net
Me
SABC 1
SABC 2
SABC 3
SABC Children
SABC Education
SABC News
SABC Sport
Soweto TV
Defunct
M-Net Series
Film studios
Film Resource Unit
Quizzical Pictures
Defunct
Killarney Film Studios
Record labels
Ambitiouz Entertainment
CCP Records
Family Tree Records
Gallo Records
Kalawa Jazmee Records
Game studios
Celestial Games
Cultural references
District 9
Egoli: Place of Gold
"Gimme Hope Jo'anna"
Johannesburg Festival Overture
The Real Housewives of Johannesburg
Sarafina!
"Soweto Blues"
Welcome to Our Hillbrow
Zoo City
Economy
Johannesburg Stock Exchange
AltX
Safex
companies traded
A2X Markets
Brenthurst Foundation
CompaniesvteCompanies based in Greater JohannesburgDiversifiedconglomerates
Aveng
Barloworld
Bidvest
Chancellor House
Famous Brands
Airlines
Aerolift
Airlink
Cargo
CemAir
Egoli Air
Federal Air
Global Aviation
National Airways
Norse Air
Phoebus Apollo Aviation
SAA
Safair
FlySafair
Solenta Aviation
Defunct
1time
African International Airways
AirQuarius Aviation
Avia
Comair
Command Airways
Executive Aerospace
Fly Blue Crane
Imperial Air Cargo
Interair South Africa
Interlink Airlines
kulula.com
Mango
Nationwide Airlines
Rossair Executive Air Charter
Rovos Air
Skywise
South African Express
Constructionand engineering
Concor
Murray & Roberts
Energy
DLO Energy Resources
Total South Africa
Financial
Absa Group
ACM Gold & Forex
Alexforbes
Discovery
Evolution Group
Hollard Group
Investec
Liberty Holdings
Livestock Wealth
MiWay Insurance
Lesaka Technologies
Old Mutual
Riovic Capital Group
RMB Holdings
RMI Holdings
STANLIB
Venmyn Rand
Banks
Absa Bank
Access Bank South Africa
African Alliance Investment Bank
African Bank
Bank Zero
Bidvest Bank
DBSA
First National Bank
FirstRand Bank
Imperial Bank South Africa
Mercantile Bank
Nedbank
Rand Merchant Bank
Sasfin Bank
Stanchart South Africa
Standard Bank
TymeBank
Ubank
Wizzit
Defunct
VBS Mutual Bank
Hospitality
Southern Sun Hotels
Sun International
Tsogo Sun
ICT
Afrihost
BCX
Cell C
Cybatar
Datatec
Dimension Data
EOH Holdings
iVeri Payment Technologies
MTN
Neotel
OTEL Telecoms
Rain
Sybrin
Teraco Data Environments
Vodacom
Defunct
Internet Solutions
Luma Arcade
Vision Software
Legal
Bowman Gilfillan
ENSafrica
Webber Wentzel
Werksmans
Defunct
Deneys Reitz
Mandela and Tambo
Manufacturing
Adcock Ingram
AECI
African Explosives
All Joy Foods
Bakers
Clover Industries
FEW
IWC
Isuzu Trucks South Africa
Land Systems OMC
Nampak
Paramount Group
PPC
Premier FMCG
Rand Refinery
Rembrandt Group
Sappi
Simba
SkyReach Aircraft
Sling Aircraft
South African Breweries
Tiger Brands
Truvelo Armoury
Union Carriage & Wagon
Defunct
Basil Green Motors
New PowerChutes
Media
Arena Holdings
Caxton and CTP Publishers and Printers
MultiChoice
Nu Metro Cinemas
Primedia
SABC
StarSat
Ster-Kinekor
Mining
Alexkor
Asa Resources
African Rainbow Minerals
AngloGold Ashanti
DRDGOLD
ERPM
Gold Fields
Harmony Gold
Impala Platinum
JCI
Metorex
Northam Platinum
Sibanye-Stillwater
Defunct
Simmer and Jack
Retail andmarketing
AutoTrader
Bidorbuy
Cadac
CNA
The Creative Counsel
Dis-Chem
Exclusive Books
Hyundai South Africa
Incredible Connection
Massmart
Wantitall
Defunct
Edcon
OK Bazaars
Restaurantfranchises
Chicken Licken
Debonairs Pizza
Mugg & Bean
Nando's
Roman's Pizza
Steers
Wimpy
Services
Netcare
SA Waste Holdings
Defunct
Bosasa
Transport
Avis Southern Africa
Comazar
PUTCO
Surtees Rail Group
State-ownedenterprises
Airports Company South Africa
Denel Aeronautics
Development Bank of Southern Africa
Eskom
Rand Water
South African Broadcasting Corporation
Sasol
Sentech
South African Airways
Transnet
Freightdynamics
Defunct
Lema
Companies based in Ekurhuleni
Companies based in Johannesburg
Professionalassociations
Gauteng Institute for Architecture
South African Institute of Chartered Accountants
South African Institute of Electrical Engineers
South African Institute of Professional Accountants
Mining
Minerals Council South Africa
Rand Refinery
Mines
Blyvooruitzicht
Driefontein
ERPM
KDC
Kopanang
Kusasalethu
Mintails
Mponeng
Old Randfontein
Randfontein
South Deep
TauTona
West Wits
Shopping centres
Carlton Centre
Cresta Mall
Dobsonville Mall
Eastgate
Fourways Mall
Hyde Park Corner
Mall of Africa
Maponya Mall
Nelson Mandela Square
Northgate
Northmead Square
Oriental City
Oriental Plaza
Protea Glen Mall
Sandton City
Southgate
Hotels and resorts
The Leonardo
Michelangelo Towers
Montecasino
Venues
The Bassline
Ellis Park Arena
Gallagher Convention Centre
Restaurants,bars and cafés
The Radium
Tourism
Gold Reef City
Cultural villages
Ke-Ditselana Cultural Village
Kwa-Khaya Lendaba Cultural Village
Lesedi Cultural Village
TransportCivil aviation
South African Civil Aviation Authority
Airports
Grand Central Airport
Lanseria International Airport
O. R. Tambo International Airport
Rand Airport
Defunct
Palmietfontein Airport
Road transport
Gauteng Department of Roads and Transport
Johannesburg Roads Agency
Roads
Freeways
e-tolling
Buses and taxis
PUTCO
Trolleybuses
Rail transport
Gautrain
Metrorail Gauteng
Johannesburg–Durban high speed rail (proposed)
Trams
Train stations
Johannesburg Park Station
Marlboro Station
Midrand Station
Rhodesfield Station
Rosebank Station
Sandton Station
SportsSports governingbodies based inGreater Johannesburg
SASCOC
Athletics South Africa
Basketball South Africa
Bowls South Africa
Cricket South Africa
Mind Sports South Africa
South African Baseball Union
South African Confederation of Cue Sport
South African Equestrian Federation
South African Football Association
South African Handball Federation
South African Hockey Association
South African National Climbing Federation
South African Sailing
Squash South Africa
Volleyball South Africa
TeamsSoccer
Atlie
Bidvest Wits
Jomo Cosmos
JVW
Kaizer Chiefs
Lusitano
Mahlangu Tigers
Moroka Swallows
Orlando Pirates
UJ Ladies
Wits University
Yebo Yes United
Former
Germiston Callies
Giant Blackpool
Rugby
Golden Lions
Lions
Falcons
Jozi Cats
Cricket
Central Gauteng Lions
Easterns
Easterns Women
Highveld Lions
Imperial Lions
Joburg Super Kings
Titans
Basketball
Egoli Magic
Jozi Nuggets
Soweto Panthers
UJ men's basketball team
Equestrian sports
National Horseracing Authority
South African Lipizzaners
Sports events
1992 Return Test
1995 Rugby World Cup
Final
2003 Cricket World Cup
Final
2010 FIFA World Cup
Final
Joburg Open
Joburg Ladies Open
South African Derby
South African PGA Championship
Soweto Derby
Sports venuesStadia andarenas
Alexandra Stadium
Arthur Block Park Stadium
Barnard Stadium
Bidvest Stadium
Bosman Stadium
Cecil Payne Stadium
Dobsonville Stadium
Ellis Park Arena
Ellis Park Stadium
Germiston Stadium
Huntersfield Stadium
Johannesburg Stadium
KwaThema Stadium
Lenasia Stadium
Makhulong Stadium
Mehlareng Stadium
Modderfontein Stadium
Mohlakeng Stadium
Orlando Stadium
Potgietersrus Rugby Stadium
Rabie Ridge Stadium
Rand Stadium
Randburg Hockey Stadium
Ruimsig Stadium
Sinaba Stadium
Soccer City
Soweto Cricket Oval
UJ Stadium
Union Stadium
Wanderers Stadium
Willowmoore Park Stadium
Defunct
Old Wanderers
PAM Brink Stadium
WeBuyCars Dome
Golf courses
Glendower Golf Club
Randpark Golf Club
Royal Johannesburg & Kensington Golf Club
Equestrianvenues
Turffontein Racecourse
Motorsportsvenues
Kyalami Grand Prix Circuit
Education and research
GDE
CIDA
FOTIM
Geological Society of South Africa
Mandela Institute for Development Studies
SAARF
South African Institute for Heritage Science and Conservation
Student Sponsorship Programme South Africa
Libraries
Brenthurst Library
Buckland Library
Johannesburg Public Library
Orlando East Public Library
UJ Libraries
University of the Witwatersrand Libraries
UniversitiesUniversity of Johannesburg
Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study
UJFM
Campuses
APB Campus
APK Campus
Doornfontein Campus
Soweto Campus
Faculties
Art, Design and Architecture
Business and Economics
Education
Engineering and the Built Environment
Health Sciences
Humanities
Law
Science
University of the Witwatersrand
Campuses
Evolutionary Studies Institute
Global Change Institute
Industrial and Mining Water Research Unit
Johannesburg Planetarium
Philosophical Papers
Wits Theatre Complex
Wits Vuvuzela
Faculties
Commerce, Law and Management
Engineering and the Built Environment
School of Architecture and Planning
School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Health Sciences
Humanities
Science
CIDA City Campus
IIE MSAOther tertiaryinstitutions
AFDA
Central Johannesburg College
CityVarsity
Damelin
Damelin Correspondence College
Inscape Design College
Lyceum College
Midrand Graduate Institute
Business schools
Gordon Institute of Business Science
IMM Graduate School
Independent Institute of Education
Milpark Business School
Regenesys Business School
Religious institutions
Auckland Park Theological Seminary
Baptist Theological College of Southern Africa
Kollel Bet Mordechai
Kollel Yad Shaul
Lubavitch Yeshiva Gedolah
St Augustine College
South African Theological Seminary
Yeshiva Gedolah
State schools
Hoërskool Alberton
Allen Glen High School
Athlone Boys' High School
Barnato Park High School
Boksburg High School
Bopasenatla Secondary School
Bryanston High School
Hoërskool Dinamika
Hoërskool Florida
The Glen High School
Germiston High School
Greenside High School
Hyde Park High School
Jeppe High School for Boys
Jeppe High School for Girls
King Edward VII School
Hoërskool Marais Viljoen
Meadowlands Secondary School
Moletsane High School
Hoërskool Monument
Morris Isaacson High School
Naledi High School
Northcliff High School
Orchards Primary School
Parktown Boys' High School
Parkview Senior Primary School
Sandown High School
Sandringham High School
Sir John Adamson High School
Springs Boys' High School
Thutolore Secondary School
Hoërskool Voortrekker
Waverley Girls' High School
Westbury Secondary School
Private schools
Ashton International College
Auckland Park Academy of Excellence
Aurora Private School
Charter College
Christian Brothers' College
Crawford College, Lonehill
Crawford College, Sandton
Helpmekaar Kollege
Holy Family College
Japari School
Johannesburg Muslim School
King David Schools
Kingsmead College
Lenasia Muslim School
Marist Brothers College
Redhill School
The Ridge School
Roedean School
Sacred Heart College
St Andrew's School for Girls
St Barnabas College
St Benedict's College
St Catherine's School
St David's Marist College
St Dominic's Catholic School for Girls
St Dunstan's College
St John's College
St Martin's School
St Mary's School
St Peter's College
St Stithians College
Torah Academy School
Yeshiva College of South Africa
Yeshiva Maharsha Beis Aharon
Alternative schools
African Leadership Academy
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Michael Mount Waldorf School
International schools
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Services
Johannesburg City Parks
Hospitals
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Historical
Imperial Military Hospital, Baragwanath
Queen Victoria Hospital
Transvaal Memorial Hospital for Children
Water supplyand sanitation
Rand Water
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Dams
Vaal Dam
Vaal Barrage
Water towers
Grand Central Water Tower
Yeoville Water Tower
Electricity supply
Eskom
City Power
Kelvin Power Station
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Defunct power stations
Orlando Power Station
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Law enforcement andemergency services
Johannesburg Central Police Station
Metro Police departments
Johannesburg Emergency Services
Berea Fire Station
Ekurhuleni Disaster & Emergency Management Services
Charities and NGOs
ActionAid
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Camp Sizanani
Children of Fire International
Global Water Foundation
LoveLife South Africa
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Never Ending Gardens
Nkosi's Haven
POLAF
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Military units and formationsArmy unitsRegular
46 South African Brigade
21 South African Infantry Battalion
35 Engineer Support Regiment
Sekhukhune Anti-Aircraft Regiment
Reserve
Andrew Mlangeni Regiment
Bambatha Rifles
Johannesburg Light Horse Regiment
Johannesburg Regiment
Lenong Regiment
OR Tambo Regiment
Rand Light Infantry
Sandfontein Artillery Regiment
Solomon Mahlangu Regiment
iWombe Anti-Aircraft Regiment
SAMHS units
6 Medical Battalion Group
Disbanded unitsArmy
Witwatersrand Command
SA Army Troop Information Unit
2 Locating Regiment
3 Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron
7 South African Infantry Division
15 Reception Depot
72 Motorised Brigade
73 Motorised Brigade
Regiment University of the Witwatersrand
Commandos
Alberton
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Benoni
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East Park
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Johannesburg East
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Kempton Park
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Nigel
Randburg
Roodepoort
Sandton
Springs
Wemmerpan
West Park
West Rand
Special Forces
Hunter Group
SAAF
4 Squadron SAAF
10 Squadron SAAF
Category
Johannesburg | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"Nanyang Technological University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study (JIAS), launched in 2015, is a collaborative initiative involving the University of Johannesburg (UJ) in South Africa and Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore.[1]","title":"Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities"},{"link_name":"Natural Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uj.ac.za-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uj.ac.za-3"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"Ihron Rensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihron_Rensburg"},{"link_name":"Bertil Andersson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertil_Andersson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tshilidzi Marwala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tshilidzi_Marwala"},{"link_name":"Peter Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Vale"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Barbara Masekela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Masekela"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Established on 14 May 2015, JIAS deviates from conventional educational and research routines, focusing instead on promoting cooperative and concentrated scholarly pursuits within the Humanities and Natural Sciences.[2][3][4]JIAS also collaborates with other tertiary institutions nationwide.[3]JIAS operates from a residential facility situated in the outskirts of Johannesburg. The inaugural meeting of JIAS, co-chaired by UJ's Vice-Chancellor, Professor Ihron Rensburg, and NTU's President, Professor Bertil Andersson, coincided with the institute's launch day.[5] Attendees included Professor K. K. Phua, director of the NTU Institute for Advanced Study, Professor Tshilidzi Marwala, former Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research, Postgraduate Studies & Library) and later Vice-Chancellor and Principal of UJ, Dr Yu-Hyun Park from NTU's President's Office, and Professor Peter Vale, Director of JIAS.Since 2019, Dr Bongani Ngqulunga has served as the director of JIAS.[6]JIAS funds Writing Fellowships, recipients of which have been drawn from different disciplines: academics, novelists, scientists, poets, playwrights, independent researchers and journalists.[7][8] JIAS is host to the annual Johannesburg Festival of Women Writers, inaugurated in February 2023 by Barbara Masekela.[9][10]","title":"Overview"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study launches - Unveiling\". 14 May 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2024 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAFWk55VCbc","url_text":"\"Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study launches - Unveiling\""}]},{"reference":"\"Technology and Society in Africa Conference: Current Prospects and Future Challenges\". 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://technologysocietyconference.com/","url_text":"\"Technology and Society in Africa Conference: Current Prospects and Future Challenges\""}]},{"reference":"\"Faculty of Humanities\". University of Johannesburg. Retrieved 22 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uj.ac.za/faculties/humanities/","url_text":"\"Faculty of Humanities\""}]},{"reference":"\"Faculty of Science\". University of Johannesburg. Retrieved 22 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uj.ac.za/faculties/science/","url_text":"\"Faculty of Science\""}]},{"reference":"\"JIAS 2019 Annual Report\" (PDF). Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study. 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://jias.joburg/wp-content/uploads/JIAS-Annual-Report-2019.pdf","url_text":"\"JIAS 2019 Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Call for applications: JIAS Writing Fellowship\". PEN South Africa. 3 June 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://pensouthafrica.co.za/call-for-applications-jias-writing-fellowship/","url_text":"\"Call for applications: JIAS Writing Fellowship\""}]},{"reference":"Iwunze-Ibiam, Chioma (24 June 2019). \"Writing Fellowships 2020 At The Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study / How To Apply (Fully-funded)\". Creative Writing News. Retrieved 20 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.creativewritingnews.com/writing-fellowships-2020-at-the-johannesburg-institute-for-advanced-study-how-to-apply-fully-funded/","url_text":"\"Writing Fellowships 2020 At The Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study / How To Apply (Fully-funded)\""}]},{"reference":"Mvulane Moloi, Tshepo (26 April 2023). \"Johannesburg Festival of Women Writers\". Culture Review Magazine. Retrieved 20 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://culture-review.co.za/johannesburg-festival-of-women-writers","url_text":"\"Johannesburg Festival of Women Writers\""}]},{"reference":"Mpedi, Letlhokwa George (13 March 2024). \"Championing women writers is crucial for correcting the historical imbalances in literature\". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 20 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.uj.ac.za/news/championing-women-writers-is-crucial-for-correcting-the-historical-imbalances-in-literature/","url_text":"\"Championing women writers is crucial for correcting the historical imbalances in literature\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAFWk55VCbc","external_links_name":"\"Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study launches - Unveiling\""},{"Link":"https://technologysocietyconference.com/","external_links_name":"\"Technology and Society in Africa Conference: Current Prospects and Future Challenges\""},{"Link":"http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/podcast/Pages/Thinking-Globally,-Acting-Locally.aspx","external_links_name":"http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/podcast/Pages/Thinking-Globally,-Acting-Locally.aspx"},{"Link":"https://www.uj.ac.za/faculties/humanities/","external_links_name":"\"Faculty of Humanities\""},{"Link":"https://www.uj.ac.za/faculties/science/","external_links_name":"\"Faculty of Science\""},{"Link":"https://jias.joburg/wp-content/uploads/JIAS-Annual-Report-2019.pdf","external_links_name":"\"JIAS 2019 Annual Report\""},{"Link":"https://pensouthafrica.co.za/call-for-applications-jias-writing-fellowship/","external_links_name":"\"Call for applications: JIAS Writing Fellowship\""},{"Link":"https://www.creativewritingnews.com/writing-fellowships-2020-at-the-johannesburg-institute-for-advanced-study-how-to-apply-fully-funded/","external_links_name":"\"Writing Fellowships 2020 At The Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study / How To Apply (Fully-funded)\""},{"Link":"https://culture-review.co.za/johannesburg-festival-of-women-writers","external_links_name":"\"Johannesburg Festival of Women Writers\""},{"Link":"https://news.uj.ac.za/news/championing-women-writers-is-crucial-for-correcting-the-historical-imbalances-in-literature/","external_links_name":"\"Championing women writers is crucial for correcting the historical imbalances in literature\""},{"Link":"https://www.uj.ac.za/faculties/humanities/johannesburg-institute-for-advanced-study/about-us/","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._J._Perry | E. J. Perry | ["1 References"] | American silhouettist
For the American football player, see E. J. Perry (American football).
E. J. PerryE. J. Perry in 1920Born(1880-02-11)February 11, 1880Kershaw County, South CarolinaDiedFebruary 2, 1946(1946-02-02) (aged 65)Islip, New YorkStyleSilhouette
Essaias James Perry (February 11, 1880 – February 2, 1946), or more commonly E. J. Perry, was an early-twentieth-century silhouette artist based in New York City. His decades-long activity was mostly associated with the city's Luna Park and Dreamland amusement parks at Coney Island, however it also included private resorts in Florida, and at least two known cultural expositions around the United States. He was an African American originally from Kershaw County, South Carolina, and mainly lived and worked in the city's Black neighborhoods of San Juan Hill and Harlem. He did a number of silhouette portraits of eminent people, including the writer H. P. Lovecraft, which appears on the memorial plaque for that author in Providence, Rhode Island, as well as the composer J. Rosamond Johnson.
Portrait of E. J. Perry and his eisel
References
^ a b c Baptiste, Kaara; Washington, Eric K. (May 20, 2016). "Oral History Archive / Eric K. Washington: Historian delves into the life of E.J. Perry, African-American silhouette artist at Luna Park". Coney Island History Project. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021.
^ a b c Washington, Eric K. (December 17, 2013). "E.J. Perry, African-American Silhouette Cutter of America's Leisure Circuit". The Gotham Center for New York City History. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021.
This article about an artist from the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E. J. 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His decades-long activity was mostly associated with the city's Luna Park and Dreamland amusement parks at Coney Island, however it also included private resorts in Florida, and at least two known cultural expositions around the United States.[2][1] He was an African American originally from Kershaw County, South Carolina, and mainly lived and worked in the city's Black neighborhoods of San Juan Hill and Harlem. He did a number of silhouette portraits of eminent people, including the writer H. P. Lovecraft, which appears on the memorial plaque for that author in Providence, Rhode Island,[2][1] as well as the composer J. Rosamond Johnson.[2]Portrait of E. J. Perry and his eisel","title":"E. J. Perry"}] | [{"image_text":"Portrait of E. J. Perry and his eisel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/E._J._Perry.png/220px-E._J._Perry.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Baptiste, Kaara; Washington, Eric K. (May 20, 2016). \"Oral History Archive / Eric K. 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Perry, African-American Silhouette Cutter of America's Leisure Circuit\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184315/https://www.gothamcenter.org/blog/ej-perry-african-american-silhouette-cutter-of-americas-leisure-circuit","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E._J._Perry&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_House | House of Military Officers | ["1 Purposes","2 Location and structure","3 List of officer houses in Russia","4 Examples of notable officer houses","5 Other Soviet entertainment complexes (Dvorets)","6 See also","7 References"] | The Minsk House of Officers.
A House of Officers (Russian: Дом офицеров), sometimes officially referred to as the Central House of Officers or Officer Houses, is a military and cultural institution originating in the Soviet Army and present today in the Russian Armed Forces and the militaries of many Post-Soviet states. Being the Russian/Soviet equivalent to military officers' clubs in the United States, it effectively serves as cultural center serving to represent the military and to improve civil–military relations. It can be an independent formation in the national defence ministry or a public entity like a club-houses. In the early days of the Soviet Union the institution was called the House of the Red Army. The head of the building is a senior officer, usually with the rank of a Major or above.
The following are types of Officer Houses:
District House of Officers
Group House of Officers
Garrison House of Officers
Fleet House of Officers
Events in the building include cultural activities in order to meet the spiritual needs, educate, enlighten, and organize cultural activities for military personnel and civilian personnel of the Armed Forces and their families.
Purposes
In Russia the activities of the House of Officers, aimed at the creation, preservation, dissemination and development of cultural values in various forms and types, is a cultural activity and has its own tasks:
Historical and cultural military education by means of presenting art, music and spirituality
Promoting the forms and methods of cultural and leisure work to the formation of military and civilian personnel in the Armed Forces for moral, psychological and military professional readiness to successfully accomplish the tasks of military service and fulfill the requirements of military discipline
Familiarizing family members of servicemen with national values and military values
Organizing cultural leisure of military personnel in the interests of maintaining their spiritual, emotional, moral and psychological state at the proper level.
Similar tasks are present in the Officers Houses of the armed forces of post-Soviet republics. In the Soviet era, party conferences were held for members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Location and structure
As is tradition, an Officers House is located on one of the central streets of the garrison. The architecture of the building generally resembles a Palace of Culture or even a Cinema. Civilians, especially in remote garrisons, were usually the wives of officers or warrant officers serving in the garrison as well as civil service staff. The building has usually consists of the following rooms: a wardrobe, a lobby, a concert hall, a library, and a cafe, as well as a Russian Orthodox Church chapel and a mini-gallery of historical pictures. Choreographic and vocal ensembles, brass bands, and theatre troupes are commonplace at the house. Pop artists are commonly invited to perform at these places. Houses of Officers were located in all internal and external garrisons of the Soviet Armed Forces, including at Soviet bases in East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Mongolia.
List of officer houses in Russia
Source:
Central House of Officers of the Russian Army – the main cultural institution of the Armed Forces of Russia, located in Moscow.
Central Officers' Club of the Aerospace Forces
House of Officers of the Western Military District
House of Officers of the Southern Military District
House of Officers of the Central Military District
House of Officers of the Eastern Military District
House of Officers of the Northern Fleet
House of Officers of the Black Sea Fleet
House of Officers of the Pacific Fleet
House of Officers of the Caspian Flotilla
House of Officers of the Kola Flotilla
House of officers of the Samara Garrison
House of officers of the Chita Garrison
House of officers of the Ufa Garrison
House of officers of the Novosibirsk Garrison
House of officers of the Ussurisk Garrison
Examples of notable officer houses
A number of buildings in which houses of officers were located are known precisely by such names, despite the fact that their use at the present time may be different.
Central House of Officers (Minsk)
House of Officers (Almaty)
Kazakh Museum of Folk Musical Instruments (known as the House of Officers until 1980)
Presidential Palace, Vilnius (known as the House of Officers until 1997)
Central House of Officers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine
House of Officers (Ashgabat)
House of Officers (Dushanbe)
Central House of Officers named after Hazi Aslanov (Baku)
Artsakh Defence Army House of Officers (Stepanakert)
Army Museum of Moldova (located in the building of the former House of Officers)
Central Army House of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Kyrgyzstan
Club of the Warsaw Garrison Command
Central Military Club (Sofia)
Other Soviet entertainment complexes (Dvorets)
Palace of Culture (Palace of Arts and Creativity i.e. Palace of Arts "Ukraina")
Palace of Sports
People's House, previous term that existed in the Russian Empire
Palace of the Soviets (special case)
Pioneers Palace (House of Young Pioneers)
See also
Gentry assembly
Gentlemen's club
Military town
community centre
Chitalishte
Kaunas Garrison Officers' Club Building
References
^ "Минобороны распродаст дома офицеров". www.mk.ru.
^ "Дома офицеров (офицерские клубы)". Культура и Армия. 23 November 2011.
^ "Советский воин". Воениздать. 26 May 1970. Retrieved 26 May 2019 – via Google Books.
^ "Дома офицеров : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации". sc.mil.ru. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
^ "Сайт КУЛЬТУРНЫЙ ЦЕНТР ВООРУЖЁННЫХ СИЛ РФ ИМ. М.В. ФРУНЗЕ | Переход с …". Archived from the original on 12 September 2012.
^ "Золотой век". www.turkmenistan.gov.tm.
^ "Новый Дом офицеров Минобороны Таджикистана открыт в Душанбе - Политика - ИП "TJinform.com"". tjinform.com.
^ "Национальный музей военной истории Молдовы". | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Soviet Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Army"},{"link_name":"Russian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Post-Soviet states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Soviet_states"},{"link_name":"military officers' clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_officers%27_club"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"cultural center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_center"},{"link_name":"civil–military relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil%E2%80%93military_relations"},{"link_name":"defence ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_ministry"},{"link_name":"club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_(organization)"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"}],"text":"A House of Officers (Russian: Дом офицеров), sometimes officially referred to as the Central House of Officers or Officer Houses, is a military and cultural institution originating in the Soviet Army and present today in the Russian Armed Forces and the militaries of many Post-Soviet states. 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In the early days of the Soviet Union the institution was called the House of the Red Army.[1][2] The head of the building is a senior officer, usually with the rank of a Major or above.The following are types of Officer Houses:District House of Officers\nGroup House of Officers\nGarrison House of Officers\nFleet House of OfficersEvents in the building include cultural activities in order to meet the spiritual needs, educate, enlighten, and organize cultural activities for military personnel and civilian personnel of the Armed Forces and their families.","title":"House of Military Officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"personnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personnel"},{"link_name":"Soviet era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_era"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"}],"text":"In Russia the activities of the House of Officers, aimed at the creation, preservation, dissemination and development of cultural values in various forms and types, is a cultural activity and has its own tasks:[3]Historical and cultural military education by means of presenting art, music and spirituality\nPromoting the forms and methods of cultural and leisure work to the formation of military and civilian personnel in the Armed Forces for moral, psychological and military professional readiness to successfully accomplish the tasks of military service and fulfill the requirements of military discipline\nFamiliarizing family members of servicemen with national values and military values\nOrganizing cultural leisure of military personnel in the interests of maintaining their spiritual, emotional, moral and psychological state at the proper level.Similar tasks are present in the Officers Houses of the armed forces of post-Soviet republics. In the Soviet era, party conferences were held for members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.","title":"Purposes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palace of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Culture"},{"link_name":"Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_(building)"},{"link_name":"brass bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_band"},{"link_name":"theatre troupes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_company"},{"link_name":"Soviet Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Soviet bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union_military_bases_abroad"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"}],"text":"As is tradition, an Officers House is located on one of the central streets of the garrison. The architecture of the building generally resembles a Palace of Culture or even a Cinema. Civilians, especially in remote garrisons, were usually the wives of officers or warrant officers serving in the garrison as well as civil service staff. The building has usually consists of the following rooms: a wardrobe, a lobby, a concert hall, a library, and a cafe, as well as a Russian Orthodox Church chapel and a mini-gallery of historical pictures. Choreographic and vocal ensembles, brass bands, and theatre troupes are commonplace at the house. Pop artists are commonly invited to perform at these places. Houses of Officers were located in all internal and external garrisons of the Soviet Armed Forces, including at Soviet bases in East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Mongolia.","title":"Location and structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Central House of Officers of the Russian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_House_of_Officers_of_the_Russian_Army"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Aerospace Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces"},{"link_name":"Western Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Military_District"},{"link_name":"Southern Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Military_District"},{"link_name":"Central Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_District"},{"link_name":"Eastern Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Military_District"},{"link_name":"Northern Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Black Sea Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Pacific Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Fleet_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Caspian Flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Flotilla"},{"link_name":"Kola Flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_Flotilla"},{"link_name":"Samara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samara"},{"link_name":"Chita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chita,_Zabaykalsky_Krai"},{"link_name":"Ufa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufa"},{"link_name":"Novosibirsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novosibirsk"},{"link_name":"Ussurisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ussuriysk"}],"text":"Source:[4]Central House of Officers of the Russian Army – the main cultural institution of the Armed Forces of Russia, located in Moscow.[5]\nCentral Officers' Club of the Aerospace Forces\nHouse of Officers of the Western Military District\nHouse of Officers of the Southern Military District\nHouse of Officers of the Central Military District\nHouse of Officers of the Eastern Military District\nHouse of Officers of the Northern Fleet\nHouse of Officers of the Black Sea Fleet\nHouse of Officers of the Pacific Fleet\nHouse of Officers of the Caspian Flotilla\nHouse of Officers of the Kola Flotilla\nHouse of officers of the Samara Garrison\nHouse of officers of the Chita Garrison\nHouse of officers of the Ufa Garrison\nHouse of officers of the Novosibirsk Garrison\nHouse of officers of the Ussurisk Garrison","title":"List of officer houses in Russia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central House of Officers (Minsk)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_House_of_Officers_(Minsk)"},{"link_name":"House of Officers (Almaty)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Officers_(Almaty)"},{"link_name":"Kazakh Museum of Folk Musical Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Museum_of_Folk_Musical_Instruments"},{"link_name":"Presidential Palace, Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Palace,_Vilnius"},{"link_name":"Central House of Officers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_House_of_Officers_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"House of Officers (Ashgabat)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Turkmenistan)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"House of Officers (Dushanbe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Officers_(Dushanbe)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hazi Aslanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazi_Aslanov"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku"},{"link_name":"Artsakh Defence Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artsakh_Defence_Army"},{"link_name":"Stepanakert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepanakert"},{"link_name":"Army Museum of Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Museum_(Moldova)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Staff_of_Armed_Forces_(Kyrgyzstan)"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Garrison Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Garrison_Command"},{"link_name":"Central Military Club (Sofia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Club"}],"text":"A number of buildings in which houses of officers were located are known precisely by such names, despite the fact that their use at the present time may be different.Central House of Officers (Minsk)\nHouse of Officers (Almaty)\nKazakh Museum of Folk Musical Instruments (known as the House of Officers until 1980)\nPresidential Palace, Vilnius (known as the House of Officers until 1997)\nCentral House of Officers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine\nHouse of Officers (Ashgabat)[6]\nHouse of Officers (Dushanbe)[7]\nCentral House of Officers named after Hazi Aslanov (Baku)\nArtsakh Defence Army House of Officers (Stepanakert)\nArmy Museum of Moldova (located in the building of the former House of Officers)[8]\nCentral Army House of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Kyrgyzstan\nClub of the Warsaw Garrison Command\nCentral Military Club (Sofia)","title":"Examples of notable officer houses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palace of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Culture"},{"link_name":"i.e.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.e."},{"link_name":"Palace of Arts \"Ukraina\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_%22Ukraine%22"},{"link_name":"Palace of Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Sports"},{"link_name":"People's House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_House"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Palace of the Soviets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_the_Soviets"},{"link_name":"Pioneers Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneers_Palace"}],"text":"Palace of Culture (Palace of Arts and Creativity i.e. Palace of Arts \"Ukraina\")\nPalace of Sports\nPeople's House, previous term that existed in the Russian Empire\nPalace of the Soviets (special case)\nPioneers Palace (House of Young Pioneers)","title":"Other Soviet entertainment complexes (Dvorets)"}] | [{"image_text":"The Minsk House of Officers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Belarus-Minsk-Army_Palace_and_Tank_Monument-2.jpg/220px-Belarus-Minsk-Army_Palace_and_Tank_Monument-2.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Gentry assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentry_assembly"},{"title":"Gentlemen's club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_club"},{"title":"Military town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_town"},{"title":"community centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_centre"},{"title":"Chitalishte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitalishte"},{"title":"Kaunas Garrison Officers' Club Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas_Garrison_Officers%27_Club_Building"}] | [{"reference":"\"Минобороны распродаст дома офицеров\". www.mk.ru.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mk.ru/politics/2010/11/19/545547-minoboronyi-rasprodast-doma-ofitserov.html","url_text":"\"Минобороны распродаст дома офицеров\""}]},{"reference":"\"Дома офицеров (офицерские клубы)\". Культура и Армия. 23 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://milcult.ru/content/doma-ofitserov-minoborony-rossii","url_text":"\"Дома офицеров (офицерские клубы)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Советский воин\". Воениздать. 26 May 1970. Retrieved 26 May 2019 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EwYaAQAAMAAJ&q=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2&pg=RA11-PA30","url_text":"\"Советский воин\""}]},{"reference":"\"Дома офицеров : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации\". sc.mil.ru. Retrieved 2020-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://sc.mil.ru/social/culture/officers_house.htm","url_text":"\"Дома офицеров : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации\""}]},{"reference":"\"Сайт КУЛЬТУРНЫЙ ЦЕНТР ВООРУЖЁННЫХ СИЛ РФ ИМ. М.В. ФРУНЗЕ | Переход с …\". Archived from the original on 12 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120912071305/http://www.spr.ru/site_go.php?id_firm=89964","url_text":"\"Сайт КУЛЬТУРНЫЙ ЦЕНТР ВООРУЖЁННЫХ СИЛ РФ ИМ. М.В. ФРУНЗЕ | Переход с …\""},{"url":"http://www.spr.ru/site_go.php?id_firm=89964","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Золотой век\". www.turkmenistan.gov.tm.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.turkmenistan.gov.tm/?id=3206","url_text":"\"Золотой век\""}]},{"reference":"\"Новый Дом офицеров Минобороны Таджикистана открыт в Душанбе - Политика - ИП \"TJinform.com\"\". tjinform.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://tjinform.com/ru/news/20160505/14023.html","url_text":"\"Новый Дом офицеров Минобороны Таджикистана открыт в Душанбе - Политика - ИП \"TJinform.com\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Национальный музей военной истории Молдовы\".","urls":[{"url":"http://war-only.com/nacionalnyj-muzej-voennoj-istorii-moldovy.html","url_text":"\"Национальный музей военной истории Молдовы\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.mk.ru/politics/2010/11/19/545547-minoboronyi-rasprodast-doma-ofitserov.html","external_links_name":"\"Минобороны распродаст дома офицеров\""},{"Link":"https://milcult.ru/content/doma-ofitserov-minoborony-rossii","external_links_name":"\"Дома офицеров (офицерские клубы)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EwYaAQAAMAAJ&q=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2&pg=RA11-PA30","external_links_name":"\"Советский воин\""},{"Link":"http://sc.mil.ru/social/culture/officers_house.htm","external_links_name":"\"Дома офицеров : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120912071305/http://www.spr.ru/site_go.php?id_firm=89964","external_links_name":"\"Сайт КУЛЬТУРНЫЙ ЦЕНТР ВООРУЖЁННЫХ СИЛ РФ ИМ. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_of_the_House_of_Grebe | Barbara of the House of Grebe | ["1 Plot summary","2 Time and location","3 Critical reception","4 Adaptation","4.1 Cast","5 References","6 External links"] | Short story by Thomas Hardy"Barbara of the House of Grebe"Short story by Thomas HardyCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishGenre(s)Short storyPublicationPublished inThe GraphicPublication typePeriodicalBookMedia typePrintPublication date1890 (periodical)1891 (book)ChronologySeriesA Group of Noble Dames
The First Countess of Wessex
The Marchioness of Stonehenge
"Barbara of the House of Grebe" is the second of ten short stories in Thomas Hardy's frame narrative A Group of Noble Dames. It is told by the old surgeon. The story was published in The Graphic in 1890 and in book form in 1891.
Plot summary
Lord Uplandtowers, a young man who lives in a mansion in Knollingwood Hall, has decided he wants to marry Barbara, the daughter of his neighbour Sir John Grebe. However she elopes with the beautiful Edmond Willowes, a widow's son from a family of glass painters, and marries him without her parents' consent. A few months later Sir John reconciles with his daughter and her husband. He agrees to support them financially and let them live in Yewsholt Lodge on one condition: Edmond has to go to study in Italy for one year.
During his stay in Italy Edmond has an accident. His face is badly wounded in a fire. When he returns to England he's wearing a mask. In Yewsholt Lodge he takes his mask off before his wife. Barbara is shocked and can't bear to face him. She spends the night alone in the hot-house. The next morning she finds a farewell letter from Edmond.
Several years later, when Edmond is dead, Lord Uplandtowers convinces Barbara to marry him now. However she doesn't love him, because she's still thinking of her first husband. Every night, while she believes Lord Uplandtowers is asleep, she goes to a closet in her boudoir where she keeps a statue that a sculptor in Pisa had made of Edmond. One night Lord Uplandtowers follows her unnoticed and sees her with her arms around the statue. The next day he hires a sculptor to disfigure the statue's head in the same way Edmond's head was disfigured in the fire. He places the statue in their bedroom until Barbara gets an epileptic seizure and begs him to remove the statue. She finally becomes a loving wife to Lord Uplandtowers.
Time and location
The story takes place around 1780 in Thomas Hardy's Wessex, more specifically in "South Wessex" (Dorset). "Chene Manor" (in reality Canford Manor) is a house in Canford Magna. "Yewsholt Lodge" was really called Farrs House. Edmond was from "Shottsford Forum", in reality Blandford Forum.
Critical reception
A reviewer from The Spectator called the story "as unnatural as it is disgusting".
T. S. Eliot said the story "would seem to have been written solely to provide a satisfaction for some morbid emotion".
Adaptation
The sixth episode of the 1973 BBC series Wessex Tales was an adaptation of "Barbara of the House of Grebe".
Cast
Joanna McCallum .... Barbara
Nick Brimble .... Willowes
Ben Kingsley .... Lord Uplandtowers
Leslie Sands .... Sir John Grebe
Sheila Allen .... Lady Grebe
References
^ Kay-Robinson, Denys Kay-Robinson (1972). "Hardy's Wessex Reappraised". Plymouth.
^ a b Brody, Kristin Brody (1982). The Short Stories of Thomas Hardy. New York.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "Wessex Tales". December 12, 1973. p. 57 – via BBC Genome.
External links
Barbara of the House of Grebe at IMDb
vteThomas HardyNovels
The Poor Man and the Lady (1867)
Desperate Remedies (1871)
Under the Greenwood Tree (1872)
A Pair of Blue Eyes (1873)
Far from the Madding Crowd (1874)
The Hand of Ethelberta (1876)
The Return of the Native (1878)
The Trumpet-Major (1880)
A Laodicean (1881)
Two on a Tower (1882)
The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886)
The Woodlanders (1887)
Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891/92)
Jude the Obscure (1895)
The Well-Beloved (1897)
Short story collections
Wessex Tales (1888)
A Group of Noble Dames (1891)
Life's Little Ironies (1894)
A Changed Man and Other Tales (1913)
Short stories
"The Three Strangers" (1883)
"A Mere Interlude" (1885)
"Alicia's Diary" (1887)
"Barbara of the House of Grebe" (1891)
"The Fiddler of the Reels" (1893)
"A Tragedy of Two Ambitions" (1894)
Poetry collections
Wessex Poems and Other Verses (1898)
Poems of the Past and the Present (1901)
Time's Laughingstocks (1909)
Poems 1912–13
Satires of Circumstance (1914)
Moments of Vision (1917)
Late Lyrics (1922)
Human Shows (1925)
Winter Words (1928)
Poems
"Neutral Tones" (1898)
"The Darkling Thrush" (1900)
"The Ruined Maid" (1901)
"The Respectable Burgher" (1901)
"The Man He Killed" (1902)
"A Trampwoman's Tragedy" (1903)
"The Convergence of the Twain" (1915)
"The Blinded Bird" (1916)
Plays
The Dynasts (1904–1908)
Life
Thomas Hardy's Cottage
Max Gate home
Emma Gifford (first wife)
Florence Dugdale (second wife)
Related
Thomas Hardy's Wessex
Egdon Heath
Winter Words (song cycle) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"short stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy"},{"link_name":"frame narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_story"},{"link_name":"A Group of Noble Dames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Group_of_Noble_Dames"},{"link_name":"The Graphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Graphic"}],"text":"\"Barbara of the House of Grebe\" is the second of ten short stories in Thomas Hardy's frame narrative A Group of Noble Dames. It is told by the old surgeon. The story was published in The Graphic in 1890 and in book form in 1891.","title":"Barbara of the House of Grebe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hot-house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse"},{"link_name":"statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue"},{"link_name":"Pisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa"},{"link_name":"epileptic seizure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epileptic_seizure"}],"text":"Lord Uplandtowers, a young man who lives in a mansion in Knollingwood Hall, has decided he wants to marry Barbara, the daughter of his neighbour Sir John Grebe. However she elopes with the beautiful Edmond Willowes, a widow's son from a family of glass painters, and marries him without her parents' consent. A few months later Sir John reconciles with his daughter and her husband. He agrees to support them financially and let them live in Yewsholt Lodge on one condition: Edmond has to go to study in Italy for one year.During his stay in Italy Edmond has an accident. His face is badly wounded in a fire. When he returns to England he's wearing a mask. In Yewsholt Lodge he takes his mask off before his wife. Barbara is shocked and can't bear to face him. She spends the night alone in the hot-house. The next morning she finds a farewell letter from Edmond.Several years later, when Edmond is dead, Lord Uplandtowers convinces Barbara to marry him now. However she doesn't love him, because she's still thinking of her first husband. Every night, while she believes Lord Uplandtowers is asleep, she goes to a closet in her boudoir where she keeps a statue that a sculptor in Pisa had made of Edmond. One night Lord Uplandtowers follows her unnoticed and sees her with her arms around the statue. The next day he hires a sculptor to disfigure the statue's head in the same way Edmond's head was disfigured in the fire. He places the statue in their bedroom until Barbara gets an epileptic seizure and begs him to remove the statue. She finally becomes a loving wife to Lord Uplandtowers.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Hardy's Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy%27s_Wessex"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"Canford Magna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canford_Magna"},{"link_name":"Blandford Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blandford_Forum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The story takes place around 1780 in Thomas Hardy's Wessex, more specifically in \"South Wessex\" (Dorset). \"Chene Manor\" (in reality Canford Manor) is a house in Canford Magna. \"Yewsholt Lodge\" was really called Farrs House. Edmond was from \"Shottsford Forum\", in reality Blandford Forum.[1]","title":"Time and location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Spectator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kristin_Brody_1982-2"},{"link_name":"T. S. Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kristin_Brody_1982-2"}],"text":"A reviewer from The Spectator called the story \"as unnatural as it is disgusting\".[2]T. S. Eliot said the story \"would seem to have been written solely to provide a satisfaction for some morbid emotion\".[2]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The sixth episode of the 1973 BBC series Wessex Tales was an adaptation of \"Barbara of the House of Grebe\".[3]","title":"Adaptation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joanna McCallum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_McCallum"},{"link_name":"Nick Brimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Brimble"},{"link_name":"Ben Kingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Kingsley"},{"link_name":"Leslie Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Sands"},{"link_name":"Sheila Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Allen_(English_actress)"}],"sub_title":"Cast","text":"Joanna McCallum .... Barbara\nNick Brimble .... Willowes\nBen Kingsley .... Lord Uplandtowers\nLeslie Sands .... Sir John Grebe\nSheila Allen .... Lady Grebe","title":"Adaptation"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Kay-Robinson, Denys Kay-Robinson (1972). \"Hardy's Wessex Reappraised\". Plymouth.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brody, Kristin Brody (1982). The Short Stories of Thomas Hardy. New York.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Wessex Tales\". December 12, 1973. p. 57 – via BBC Genome.","urls":[{"url":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/79cc53630fbc4239ad843d3e2a12e633","url_text":"\"Wessex Tales\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/79cc53630fbc4239ad843d3e2a12e633","external_links_name":"\"Wessex Tales\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0216562/","external_links_name":"Barbara of the House of Grebe"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Gemmell | Dean Gemmell | ["1 Career","2 The Curling Show","3 Personal life","4 Teams","4.1 Men's","4.2 Mixed","5 References","6 External links"] | Canadian-American curler
Dean GemmellCurlerBorn (1967-08-27) August 27, 1967 (age 56)North Vancouver, British ColumbiaTeamCurling clubPlainfield CCSouth Plainfield, New JerseySkipCraig BrownThirdBill StoperaSecondDean GemmellLeadMark LazarCurling career Member Association Ontario (1978-1986) Quebec (1986-1991) Grand National (2006-present)Brier appearances1 (1988)World Championshipappearances1 (2012)
Medal record
Men's curling
US Men's Championship
2012 Philadelphia
Dean Gemmell (born August 27, 1967) is a Canadian-American curler and writer who currently resides in Short Hills, New Jersey. Along with John Morris, he is the co-author of the book Fit to Curl, Sport Specific Training for the World's Greatest Game.
Career
Gemmell began curling in 1978 as a junior in Ontario. After moving to Montreal, Quebec in 1986, he played as lead for Lawren Steventon and won the Quebec Men's Provincial Curling Championship in 1988, earning an opportunity to represent Quebec at the 1988 Labatt Brier. Quebec finished in eighth place with a 4–7 win–loss record.
Gemmell moved to the United States in 1991, and did not return to curling until he moved to New Jersey in 2006 and curls out of the Plainfield Curling Club in club play. He participated in the playdowns to the United States National Championships and the United States Mixed Championship in 2007. He participated in the 2010 United States Men's Curling Championship as the lead for Matt Hames, finishing fourth after a loss in the playoffs. He then returned the next year under skip Heath McCormick, who replaced Hames, to the 2011 United States Men's Curling Championship, where his team again finished fourth. At the next national championship, he and his team went through the round robin undefeated, and won the championship after defeating Pete Fenson in the final.
The Curling Show
Gemmell created and hosted a curling podcast called The Curling Show from 2005 to 2017. The podcast released a few episodes each month spanning over 100 hours in total and featured interviews with over 250 individuals including various top curlers and curling builders.
Personal life
Gemmell is married to Amye Gemmell and they have four children. He studied at McGill University in Montréal and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science and History.
Teams
Men's
Season
Skip
Third
Second
Lead
Alternate
Coach
Events
1987–88
Lawren Steventon
Pete Gawel
Marco Ferraro
Dean Gemmell
Malcolm Turner
1988 Brier (8th)
2008–09
Matt Hames
Matt Mielke
Bill Stopera
Dean Gemmell
2009–10
Matt Hames
Bill Stopera
Martin Sather
Dean Gemmell
2010 USNCC (4th)
2010–11
Heath McCormick
Bill Stopera
Martin Sather
Dean Gemmell
2011 USNCC (4th)
2011–12
Heath McCormick
Bill Stopera
Martin Sather
Dean Gemmell
Craig Brown
Matt Hames
2012 USNCC ,2012 WCC (8th)
2012–13
Heath McCormick
Bill Stopera
Martin Sather
Dean Gemmell
2013 Cont.Cup ,2013 USNCC (4th)
2013–14
Heath McCormick
Bill Stopera
Dean Gemmell
Martin Sather
2013 USOCT
Tyler George
Bill Stopera
Dean Gemmell
Martin Sather
2014 USNCC (6th)
2014–15
Dean Gemmell
Bill Stopera
Calvin Weber
Martin Sather
Dean Gemmell
Bill Stopera
Martin Sather
Mark Lazar
Andrew Stopera
2015 USNCC (5th)
2015–16
Heath McCormick
Bill Stopera
Dean Gemmell
Mark Lazar
Andrew Stopera
2016 USNCC (10th)
2016–17
Bill Stopera
Dean Gemmell
Mark Lazar
2017–18
Bill Stopera
Dean Gemmell
Michael Moore
Mark Lazar
2018–19
Craig Brown
Bill Stopera
Dean Gemmell
Mark Lazar
Mixed
Season
Skip
Third
Second
Lead
Alternate
Events
2006–07
Scott Edie
Janice Langanke
Dean Gemmell
Jennifer Kungle
Tanya Jacobson
2007 USMxCC
References
^ ISBN 0981308600, 9780981308609
^ 9780981308609: Fit to Curl, Sport Specific Training for the World's Greatest Game - AbeBooks - John Morris; Dean Gemmell: 0981308600
^ a b c "Player profile: Dean Gemmell". United States Curling Association. Archived from the original on 2015-11-20. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
^ "Dean Gemmell". teamusa.org. Archived from the original on 2022-07-11.
^ "The Curling Show – About". Archived from the original on 2019-07-09. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
^ 2007 U.S. Mixed National Championship
External links
Dean Gemmell at World Curling
Dean Gemmell at the U.S. Olympic & Paralympic Committee (archived) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian-American"},{"link_name":"curler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling"},{"link_name":"Short Hills, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Hills,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"John Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Morris_(curler)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Dean Gemmell (born August 27, 1967) is a Canadian-American curler and writer who currently resides in Short Hills, New Jersey. Along with John Morris, he is the co-author of the book Fit to Curl, Sport Specific Training for the World's Greatest Game.[1][2]","title":"Dean Gemmell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usacurl-3"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Lawren Steventon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawren_Steventon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Quebec Men's Provincial Curling Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Men%27s_Provincial_Curling_Championship"},{"link_name":"1988 Labatt Brier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Labatt_Brier"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Plainfield Curling Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plainfield_Curling_Club"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2010 United States Men's Curling Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Men%27s_Curling_Championship"},{"link_name":"Matt Hames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matt_Hames&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Heath McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_McCormick"},{"link_name":"2011 United States Men's Curling Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_States_Men%27s_Curling_Championship"},{"link_name":"next national championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_Men%27s_Curling_Championship"},{"link_name":"Pete Fenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Fenson"}],"text":"Gemmell began curling in 1978 as a junior in Ontario.[3] After moving to Montreal, Quebec in 1986, he played as lead for Lawren Steventon and won the Quebec Men's Provincial Curling Championship in 1988, earning an opportunity to represent Quebec at the 1988 Labatt Brier. Quebec finished in eighth place with a 4–7 win–loss record.Gemmell moved to the United States in 1991, and did not return to curling until he moved to New Jersey in 2006 and curls out of the Plainfield Curling Club in club play.[4] He participated in the playdowns to the United States National Championships and the United States Mixed Championship in 2007. He participated in the 2010 United States Men's Curling Championship as the lead for Matt Hames, finishing fourth after a loss in the playoffs. He then returned the next year under skip Heath McCormick, who replaced Hames, to the 2011 United States Men's Curling Championship, where his team again finished fourth. At the next national championship, he and his team went through the round robin undefeated, and won the championship after defeating Pete Fenson in the final.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"podcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usacurl-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Gemmell created and hosted a curling podcast called The Curling Show from 2005 to 2017. The podcast released a few episodes each month spanning over 100 hours in total and featured interviews with over 250 individuals including various top curlers and curling builders.[3][5]","title":"The Curling Show"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McGill University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"},{"link_name":"Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usacurl-3"}],"text":"Gemmell is married to Amye Gemmell and they have four children. He studied at McGill University in Montréal and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science and History.[3]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men's","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mixed","title":"Teams"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Player profile: Dean Gemmell\". United States Curling Association. Archived from the original on 2015-11-20. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillippe_Druillet | Philippe Druillet | ["1 Biography","2 Awards","3 Works","4 References","5 External links"] | French comics author (born 1944)
Philippe DruilletPhilippe Druillet at Babel International Comics Festival, Athens, June 2007Born (1944-06-28) 28 June 1944 (age 79)Toulouse, FranceNationalityFrench Area(s)Writer, Penciller, Inker, ColouristNotable works
Lone Sloane saga
Yragaël
La Nuit
Salammbô
Nosferatu
Awardsfull listwww.philippedruillet.com
Philippe Druillet (French: ; born 28 June 1944) is a French comics artist and creator, and an innovator in visual design.
Biography
Philippe Druillet was born in Toulouse, Haute-Garonne, France, but spent his youth in Spain, returning to France in 1952 after the death of his father. A science fiction and comics fan, Druillet worked as a photographer after graduating from high school, drawing only for his own pleasure.
His first published series was his version of Michael Moorcock's Elric stories in a short-lived magazine. His first book, Le Mystère des abîmes (The Mystery of the Abyss), appeared in 1966. It introduced his recurring hero Lone Sloane and played on science-fiction themes partially inspired by his favourite writers, H. P. Lovecraft and A.E. van Vogt. Later, Druillet created book covers for new editions of Lovecraft's work, as well as numerous movie posters.
After Druillet became a regular contributor to the Franco-Belgian comics magazine Pilote in 1970, his Lone Sloane saga grew steadily more flamboyant as he pursued innovative new imagery, including bold page designs and computer-generated images. His backdrops of gigantic structures inspired by Art Nouveau, indigenous architecture, and Gothic cathedrals earned him the nickname of "space architect". Six tales about Sloane's exploits were collected in Les six voyages de Lone Sloane in 1972, hailed by many as his masterpiece, and Sloane was again the hero of the graphic novel Délirius (1973), written by Jacques Lob. In 1973, Druillet also produced the Moorcock's Elric-inspired Yragaël for Pilote, and Vuzz for the magazine Phénix.
In 1975, Druillet joined Jean-Pierre Dionnet, Bernard Farkas, and Moebius to form the publishing house Les Humanoïdes Associés and the magazine Métal Hurlant. This was to be a vehicle for his finest stories, and showcased a steady evolution in his graphical skills. His series Lone Sloane and Vuzz continued, and other stories of this period include La Nuit, and Nosferatu. In 1980, Druillet produced Salammbô, a comic book trilogy based upon Flaubert's proto–heroic fantasy novel Salammbô.
Outside his work as a cartoonist and illustrator, Druillet has also been active in architecture, rock opera, painting, sculpture, and digital art. He worked as a designer on the film Sorcerer, directed by William Friedkin in 1976. He collaborated on Rolf Liebermann's Wagner Space Opera in the Opera de Paris in the late 1970s to early 1980s, and founded the Space Art Création in 1984. More recently, he created the artwork and designed large parts of the background of the 2005 TV miniseries remake Les Rois maudits (The Accursed Kings).
Awards
1972: European SF award for Comics for Lone Sloane at the first Eurocon in Trieste, Italy
1976: Grand Prix de la Science Fiction Française, Special Prize for Urm le Fou
1988: Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême (lifetime achievement award), at the Angoulême International Comics Festival, France
1990: ESFS Hall of Fame (best artist) at the 1990 Eurocon in Fayence, France
1996: Grand Prix National des Arts Graphiques, France
Works
Lone Sloane:
Le mystère des abîmes (1966, republished as Lone Sloane 66, 1982, Les Humanoïdes Associés, ISBN 2-902123-12-3)
Les six voyages de Lone Sloane (1972, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-00632-0)
Délirius (1973, with Jacques Lob, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-00663-0)
Chaos (2000, Albin Michel, ISBN 2-226-10934-X)
Firaz et la ville fleur / City of Flowers (with Picotto (art), 1974 in Heavy Metal, 1980, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-01678-4)
Yragaël (1974, with Michel Demuth, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-00829-3)
Vuzz (1974, Dargaud, republished 1981, Les Humanoïdes Associés, ISBN 2-7316-0090-1)
Urm le fou / Urm the Mad (1975, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-00913-3)
Mirages (1976, Les Humanoïdes Associés, ISBN 2-7316-0038-1)
La nuit (1976, Les Humanoïdes Associés, ISBN 2-902123-06-X)
Gail (1978, self-published, republished 1982, Les Humanoïdes Associés, ISBN 2-7316-0146-9)
Salammbô:
Salammbô (1980, Les Humanoïdes Associés, ISBN 2-7316-0065-9)
Carthage (1982, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-02253-9)
Matho (1986, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-02744-1)
Nosferatu (1989, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-03763-3)
References
^ a b c "Philippe Druillet". Comiclopedia. Lambiek.
^ esfs.info Eurocon awards site 1972
^ quarante-deux.org Grand Prix de l'Imaginaire Archived 2008-06-17 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
^ esfs.info Eurocon awards site 1990
External links
Official website (in French)
Philippe Druillet at Bedetheque (in French)
Philippe Druillet at the Grand Comics Database
Philippe Druillet at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)
vteContributors to Heavy MetalEditors
Brad Balfour
Kevin Eastman
Joseph Illidge
Sean Kelly
Valerie Marchant
Leonard Mogel
Grant Morrison
Tim Seeley
Julie Simmons-Lynch
Lou Stathis
Ted White
Debra Yanover
Writers
Brad Balfour
Steve Brown
Jean-Pierre Dionnet
Harlan Ellison
Archie Goodwin
Alejandro Jodorowsky
Jay Kinney
Elaine Lee
Richard A. Lupoff
Doug Moench
John Shirley
Robert Silverberg
Lou Stathis
Bhob Stewart
Jan Strnad
Stefano Tamburini
Ted White
Artists
Enki Bilal
Stephen R. Bissette
Caza
Richard Corben
Howard Cruse
Nicolas de Crécy
Philippe Druillet
Alex Ebel
Will Eisner
Jean-Claude Forest
Dave Gibbons
H. R. Giger
Juan Giménez
Jean Giraud
John Holmstrom
Matt Howarth
Jeffrey Catherine Jones
Michael Kaluta
Paul Kirchner
Tanino Liberatore
Terrance Lindall
Milo Manara
Esteban Maroto
Pepe Moreno
Gray Morrow
Jean-Michel Nicollet
Alex Niño
Luis Royo
Paolo Eleuteri Serpieri
Walt Simonson
Dan Steffan
Jim Steranko
Steve Stiles
Arthur Suydam
Alain Voss
John Workman
Bernie Wrightson
Olivia De Berardinis
Related
Heavy Metal
Les Humanoïdes Associés
Métal Hurlant
National Lampoon
Schwermetall
Heavy Metal (film)
Heavy Metal 2000
Love, Death & Robots
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Artists
RKD Artists | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[dʁɥijɛ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people"},{"link_name":"comics artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics_artist"},{"link_name":"creator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book_creator"},{"link_name":"visual design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_design"}],"text":"Philippe Druillet (French: [dʁɥijɛ]; born 28 June 1944) is a French comics artist and creator, and an innovator in visual design.","title":"Philippe Druillet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Haute-Garonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Garonne"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics"},{"link_name":"photographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lambiek-druillet-1"},{"link_name":"Lone Sloane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Sloane"},{"link_name":"H. P. Lovecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft"},{"link_name":"A.E. van Vogt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.E._van_Vogt"},{"link_name":"Franco-Belgian comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Belgian_comics"},{"link_name":"Pilote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilote"},{"link_name":"computer-generated images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"indigenous architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_architecture"},{"link_name":"Gothic cathedrals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"Jacques Lob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Lob"},{"link_name":"Moorcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Moorcock"},{"link_name":"Elric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elric"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Dionnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Dionnet"},{"link_name":"Bernard Farkas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Farkas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moebius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Giraud"},{"link_name":"Les Humanoïdes Associés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Humano%C3%AFdes_Associ%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Métal Hurlant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tal_Hurlant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lambiek-druillet-1"},{"link_name":"Flaubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert"},{"link_name":"heroic fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_fantasy"},{"link_name":"Salammbô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4_(novel)"},{"link_name":"architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture"},{"link_name":"rock opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_opera"},{"link_name":"painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture"},{"link_name":"digital art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_art"},{"link_name":"Sorcerer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorcerer_(film)"},{"link_name":"William Friedkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Friedkin"},{"link_name":"Rolf Liebermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Liebermann"},{"link_name":"Opera de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lambiek-druillet-1"},{"link_name":"Les Rois maudits (The Accursed Kings)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Rois_maudits_(miniseries)"}],"text":"Philippe Druillet was born in Toulouse, Haute-Garonne, France, but spent his youth in Spain, returning to France in 1952 after the death of his father. A science fiction and comics fan, Druillet worked as a photographer after graduating from high school, drawing only for his own pleasure.His first published series was his version of Michael Moorcock's Elric stories in a short-lived magazine. His first book, Le Mystère des abîmes (The Mystery of the Abyss), appeared in 1966.[1] It introduced his recurring hero Lone Sloane and played on science-fiction themes partially inspired by his favourite writers, H. P. Lovecraft and A.E. van Vogt. Later, Druillet created book covers for new editions of Lovecraft's work, as well as numerous movie posters.After Druillet became a regular contributor to the Franco-Belgian comics magazine Pilote in 1970, his Lone Sloane saga grew steadily more flamboyant as he pursued innovative new imagery, including bold page designs and computer-generated images. His backdrops of gigantic structures inspired by Art Nouveau, indigenous architecture, and Gothic cathedrals earned him the nickname of \"space architect\". Six tales about Sloane's exploits were collected in Les six voyages de Lone Sloane in 1972, hailed by many as his masterpiece, and Sloane was again the hero of the graphic novel Délirius (1973), written by Jacques Lob. In 1973, Druillet also produced the Moorcock's Elric-inspired Yragaël for Pilote, and Vuzz for the magazine Phénix.In 1975, Druillet joined Jean-Pierre Dionnet, Bernard Farkas, and Moebius to form the publishing house Les Humanoïdes Associés and the magazine Métal Hurlant.[1] This was to be a vehicle for his finest stories, and showcased a steady evolution in his graphical skills. His series Lone Sloane and Vuzz continued, and other stories of this period include La Nuit, and Nosferatu. In 1980, Druillet produced Salammbô, a comic book trilogy based upon Flaubert's proto–heroic fantasy novel Salammbô.Outside his work as a cartoonist and illustrator, Druillet has also been active in architecture, rock opera, painting, sculpture, and digital art. He worked as a designer on the film Sorcerer, directed by William Friedkin in 1976. He collaborated on Rolf Liebermann's Wagner Space Opera in the Opera de Paris in the late 1970s to early 1980s, and founded the Space Art Création in 1984.[1] More recently, he created the artwork and designed large parts of the background of the 2005 TV miniseries remake Les Rois maudits (The Accursed Kings).","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eurocon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocon"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_de_la_ville_d%27Angoul%C3%AAme"},{"link_name":"Angoulême International Comics Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAme_International_Comics_Festival"},{"link_name":"Eurocon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocon"},{"link_name":"Fayence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayence"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"1972: European SF award for Comics for Lone Sloane at the first Eurocon in Trieste, Italy[2]\n1976: Grand Prix de la Science Fiction Française, Special Prize for Urm le Fou [3]\n1988: Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême (lifetime achievement award), at the Angoulême International Comics Festival, France\n1990: ESFS Hall of Fame (best artist) at the 1990 Eurocon in Fayence, France[4]\n1996: Grand Prix National des Arts Graphiques, France","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lone Sloane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Sloane"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-902123-12-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-902123-12-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-205-00632-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-205-00632-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-205-00663-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-205-00663-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-226-10934-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-226-10934-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-205-01678-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-205-01678-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-205-00829-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-205-00829-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-7316-0090-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7316-0090-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-205-00913-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-205-00913-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-7316-0038-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7316-0038-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-902123-06-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-902123-06-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-7316-0146-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7316-0146-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-7316-0065-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7316-0065-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-205-02253-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-205-02253-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-205-02744-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-205-02744-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-205-03763-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-205-03763-3"}],"text":"Lone Sloane:\nLe mystère des abîmes (1966, republished as Lone Sloane 66, 1982, Les Humanoïdes Associés, ISBN 2-902123-12-3)\nLes six voyages de Lone Sloane (1972, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-00632-0)\nDélirius (1973, with Jacques Lob, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-00663-0)\nChaos (2000, Albin Michel, ISBN 2-226-10934-X)\nFiraz et la ville fleur / City of Flowers (with Picotto (art), 1974 in Heavy Metal, 1980, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-01678-4)\nYragaël (1974, with Michel Demuth, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-00829-3)\nVuzz (1974, Dargaud, republished 1981, Les Humanoïdes Associés, ISBN 2-7316-0090-1)\nUrm le fou / Urm the Mad (1975, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-00913-3)\nMirages (1976, Les Humanoïdes Associés, ISBN 2-7316-0038-1)\nLa nuit (1976, Les Humanoïdes Associés, ISBN 2-902123-06-X)\nGail (1978, self-published, republished 1982, Les Humanoïdes Associés, ISBN 2-7316-0146-9)\nSalammbô:\nSalammbô (1980, Les Humanoïdes Associés, ISBN 2-7316-0065-9)\nCarthage (1982, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-02253-9)\nMatho (1986, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-02744-1)\nNosferatu (1989, Dargaud, ISBN 2-205-03763-3)","title":"Works"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Philippe Druillet\". Comiclopedia. Lambiek.","urls":[{"url":"http://lambiek.net/artists/d/druillet.htm","url_text":"\"Philippe Druillet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambiek","url_text":"Lambiek"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.philippedruillet.com/","external_links_name":"www.philippedruillet.com"},{"Link":"http://lambiek.net/artists/d/druillet.htm","external_links_name":"\"Philippe Druillet\""},{"Link":"http://www.esfs.info/esfs-awards-1972.html#anchor137611","external_links_name":"Eurocon awards site 1972"},{"Link":"http://www.quarante-deux.org/prix/imaginaire.html","external_links_name":"Grand Prix de l'Imaginaire"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080617154625/http://www.quarante-deux.org/prix/imaginaire.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.esfs.info/esfs-awards-1990.html#anchor765331","external_links_name":"Eurocon awards site 1990"},{"Link":"http://www.druillet.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.bedetheque.com/auteur-765-BD-Druillet-Philippe.html","external_links_name":"Philippe Druillet"},{"Link":"https://www.comics.org/search.lasso/?sort=chrono&query=Philippe+Druillet&type=credit","external_links_name":"Philippe Druillet"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2018010101/http://comicbookdb.com/creator.php?ID=8572","external_links_name":"Philippe Druillet"},{"Link":"http://comicbookdb.com/creator.php?ID=8572","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/27873606","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11900673q","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11900673q","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119086115","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79059146","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/24336","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor-Arne_Fredheim | Tor-Arne Fredheim | ["1 Career","2 Manager career","3 Honours","3.1 Club","4 References","5 External links"] | Swedish footballer and manager
Tor-Arne FredheimPersonal informationFull name
Tor-Arne FredheimDate of birth
(1962-11-05) 5 November 1962 (age 61)Place of birth
Hallstahammar, SwedenHeight
1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)Position(s)
MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team
IFK Norrköping women (manager)Youth career1970–1979
Hallstahammars SKSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1980–1983
Hallstahammars SK
1984–1992
IFK Norrköping
1993–1994
Linköpings FF
1995–1996
Åby IF
Managerial career1995–1996
Åby IF1997–2000
IFK Norrköping (assistant)2001
IFK Norrköping2005–2009
IK Sleipner2010–2011
IF Sylvia2011–2015
Ljungskile SK2016
Assyriska FF2017
FC Trollhättan2018
Västerås SK2019
Åtvidabergs FF2020–2021
Ljungskile SK2022–
IFK Norrköping women
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Tor-Arne Fredheim (born 5 November 1962) is a Swedish football manager and former player.
Career
A midfielder, Fredheim started out his playing career in hometown club Hallstahammars SK before moving to IFK Norrköping where he played for eight seasons and won the Swedish championship.
Manager career
He was appointed manager as the manager of FC Trollhättan on 25 November 2016.
Honours
Club
IFK Norrköping
Swedish champions: 1989
References
^ a b Tor-Arne Fredheim at WorldFootball.net
^ "Vinst eller förlust?" (in Swedish). Gopeking. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
^ "Sleipners helt makalösa svit" (in Swedish). NT. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
^ TOR-ARNE FREDHEIM NY TRÄNARE FÖR FC TROLLHÄTTAN‚ fct.nu, 25 November 2016
External links
Tor-Arne Fredheim at Soccerway
vteIFK Norrköping – managers
H. Butterworth (1921)
Schlosser (1923–24)
Haglund (1925–35)
Flisberg & Lindberg (1936)
Lindberg & Johansson (1937)
Johansson & Flisberg (1938)
Flisberg (1939–40)
Flisberg & Haglund (1941)
Czeizler (1942–49)
Keen & Adamek (1950)
Adamek (1951–53)
Lindberg (1954)
Adamek (1955–57)
G. Ericson (1958–66)
G. Nordahl (1967–70)
Löfgren (1971–72)
Martinsson (1973–74)
Gustavsson (1975–78)
G. Nordahl (1979–80)
Axberg (1981–82)
Qwist (1983–84)
Qwist & Cratz (1985)
Karlsson (1986–89)
Augustsson (1990)
Åslund (1991–92)
Cratz (1993–94)
Karlsson & T. Nordahl (1995)
Toal (1996)
Toal & Nordin (1997)
Nordin (1998–2000)
Fredheim & H. Ericson (2001)
Strömberg & H. Ericson (2002)
H. Ericson & Hellberg (2003)
Hellberg (2004–05)
Jingblad (2005–08)
Bergort (2009–10)
Andersson (2011–16)
Gustafsson (2016–20)
Norling (2021–22)
Riddersholm (2022–23)
Alm (2024–)
vteÅtvidabergs FF – managers
Konrád (1942–47)
Almgren (1948)
Nagy (1948–52)
Raynor (1952–54)
Durspekt (1956–57)
Durán (1960–63)
Gustavsson (1966–70)
S. A. Larsson (1971–72)
Dombos (1972–7?)
Durán (1975)
? (1976)
Svensson (1977–79)
Westerberg (1979–80)
B. L. Larsson (1981–82)
Torstensson (1986)
Stenbäck (1989)
M. Karlsson (1997–99)
Augustsson (2000)
Creutz & Andersson (2000–03)
K. Karlsson (2004–06)
Swärdh (2007–08)
Wiklund (2009–10)
Thomsson (2010–12)
Swärdh (2013–14)
Hansen (2015–17)
Thomsson (2017)
Hallingström & Hydén (2018)
Johansson (2018–19)
Fredheim (2019)
Ny (2019–21)
Larsén (2022)
Stahre (2022)
Bååth (2023–)
This biographical article related to Swedish football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"}],"text":"Tor-Arne Fredheim (born 5 November 1962) is a Swedish football manager and former player.","title":"Tor-Arne Fredheim"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"Hallstahammars SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallstahammars_SK"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"IFK Norrköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Norrk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"A midfielder, Fredheim started out his playing career in hometown club Hallstahammars SK[2] before moving to IFK Norrköping where he played for eight seasons and won the Swedish championship.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FC Trollhättan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Trollh%C3%A4ttan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"He was appointed manager as the manager of FC Trollhättan on 25 November 2016.[4]","title":"Manager career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Swedish_football_champions"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Allsvenskan"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"IFK NorrköpingSwedish champions: 1989","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Vinst eller förlust?\" (in Swedish). Gopeking. Retrieved 11 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://gopeking.net.preview.binero.se/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20627&catid=45:kroenikor&Itemid=170","url_text":"\"Vinst eller förlust?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sleipners helt makalösa svit\" (in Swedish). NT. Retrieved 11 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nt.se/24nt/arkiv/2008/06/04/Sport/3750018/Sleipners-helt-makal%F6sa-svit.aspx","url_text":"\"Sleipners helt makalösa svit\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/tor-arne-fredheim/#wac_660x40_top","external_links_name":"Tor-Arne Fredheim"},{"Link":"http://gopeking.net.preview.binero.se/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20627&catid=45:kroenikor&Itemid=170","external_links_name":"\"Vinst eller förlust?\""},{"Link":"http://www.nt.se/24nt/arkiv/2008/06/04/Sport/3750018/Sleipners-helt-makal%F6sa-svit.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Sleipners helt makalösa svit\""},{"Link":"http://www.fct.nu/tor-arne-fredheim-ny-tranare-fc-trollhattan/","external_links_name":"TOR-ARNE FREDHEIM NY TRÄNARE FÖR FC TROLLHÄTTAN"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/coaches/tor-arne-fredheim/192882/","external_links_name":"Tor-Arne Fredheim"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tor-Arne_Fredheim&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nepal_Nexus | The Nepal Nexus | ["1 Background","2 Reception","3 See also","4 References"] | 2019 Nepalese non-fiction book
The Nepal Nexus Cover page of the 1st EditionAuthorSudheer SharmaTranslatorSanjay DhakalLanguageEnglishSubjectAn Inside Account of the Maoists, the Durbar and New DelhiGenrePoliticalPublisherPenguin VikingPublication dateOctober 3, 2019Publication placeNepalMedia typePrint (Hardcover)Pages520ISBN9780670089307Preceded byPrayogshala WebsiteOfficial site
The Nepal Nexus: An Inside Account of the Maoists, the Durbar and New Delhi is a non-fiction, historical and political book by journalist Sudheer Sharma. It was published on October 3, 2019 by Penguin Viking. This book is a translated and updated version of the author's best-selling Nepali book Prayogshala which was published in 2013. The book deals with different political events that occurred in Nepal in last two decades. While Prayogshala only chronicled the events till 2013, this book contains events that have happened after 2013. The book was translated from Nepali by Sanjay Dhakal.
Background
Cover of Nepali edition
Sharma worked as a war reporter during Nepalese Civil War. He presents various changes that has occurred in Nepal such as the Maoist revolt in Nepal, the royal massacre, the state of emergency, the royal coup by Gyanendra Shah, the people's movement, the establishment of Nepal as a republic, the Madhesh uprising, the Constituent Assembly, federalism, the promulgation of the new Constitution in 2015 and 2015 Nepal blockade. The book also highlights the key people and organizations associated with the major events in the Nepal. The political dynamics between (Royal) Nepal Army, Maoists, Nepal Police, the monarchy (Durbar) and India is also analyzed.
Reception
Kallol Bhattacherjee of The Hindu reviewed the book as a "must-read to understand India-Nepal ties".
See also
Unleashing Nepal
All Roads Lead North
References
^ "7 books about Nepal that you should read to know the country". 9 October 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
^ "The Indian Nexus". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
^ Sijapati, Alisha (10 February 2020). "Two takes on the Nepal-India nexus". Retrieved 2021-11-04.
^ "Opinion | The historicism of The Nepal Nexus". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
^ Bhattacherjee, Kallol (2020-06-06). "'The Nepal Nexus: An Inside Account of the Maoists, the Durbar and New Delhi' review: Chill in the neighbourhood". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2021-11-04. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-fiction_novel"},{"link_name":"Sudheer Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudheer_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Penguin Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Nepal Nexus: An Inside Account of the Maoists, the Durbar and New Delhi is a non-fiction, historical and political book by journalist Sudheer Sharma. It was published on October 3, 2019 by Penguin Viking. This book is a translated and updated version of the author's best-selling Nepali book Prayogshala which was published in 2013. The book deals with different political events that occurred in Nepal in last two decades.[1][2] While Prayogshala only chronicled the events till 2013, this book contains events that have happened after 2013. The book was translated from Nepali by Sanjay Dhakal.","title":"The Nepal Nexus"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prayogshala_by_Sudheer_Sharma.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nepalese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Maoist revolt in Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"royal massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre"},{"link_name":"2015 Nepal blockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Nepal_blockade"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Cover of Nepali editionSharma worked as a war reporter during Nepalese Civil War. He presents various changes that has occurred in Nepal such as the Maoist revolt in Nepal, the royal massacre, the state of emergency, the royal coup by Gyanendra Shah, the people's movement, the establishment of Nepal as a republic, the Madhesh uprising, the Constituent Assembly, federalism, the promulgation of the new Constitution in 2015 and 2015 Nepal blockade. The book also highlights the key people and organizations associated with the major events in the Nepal. The political dynamics between (Royal) Nepal Army, Maoists, Nepal Police, the monarchy (Durbar) and India is also analyzed.[3][4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Kallol Bhattacherjee of The Hindu reviewed the book as a \"must-read to understand India-Nepal ties\".[5]","title":"Reception"}] | [{"image_text":"Cover of Nepali edition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/Prayogshala_by_Sudheer_Sharma.jpg/220px-Prayogshala_by_Sudheer_Sharma.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Unleashing Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unleashing_Nepal"},{"title":"All Roads Lead North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Roads_Lead_North"}] | [{"reference":"\"7 books about Nepal that you should read to know the country\". 9 October 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.onlinekhabar.com/must-read-books-about-nepal-country.html","url_text":"\"7 books about Nepal that you should read to know the country\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Indian Nexus\". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2021-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://kathmandupost.com/books/2020/04/18/the-indian-nexus","url_text":"\"The Indian Nexus\""}]},{"reference":"Sijapati, Alisha (10 February 2020). \"Two takes on the Nepal-India nexus\". Retrieved 2021-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nepalitimes.com/review/two-takes-on-the-nepal-india-nexus/","url_text":"\"Two takes on the Nepal-India nexus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Opinion | The historicism of The Nepal Nexus\". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2021-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://kathmandupost.com/columns/2019/12/22/the-historicism-of-the-nepal-nexus","url_text":"\"Opinion | The historicism of The Nepal Nexus\""}]},{"reference":"Bhattacherjee, Kallol (2020-06-06). \"'The Nepal Nexus: An Inside Account of the Maoists, the Durbar and New Delhi' review: Chill in the neighbourhood\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2021-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/the-nepal-nexus-an-inside-account-of-the-maoists-the-durbar-and-new-delhi-review-chill-in-the-neighbourhood/article31755075.ece","url_text":"\"'The Nepal Nexus: An Inside Account of the Maoists, the Durbar and New Delhi' review: Chill in the neighbourhood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://penguin.co.in/book/nepal-nexus-the","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://english.onlinekhabar.com/must-read-books-about-nepal-country.html","external_links_name":"\"7 books about Nepal that you should read to know the country\""},{"Link":"https://kathmandupost.com/books/2020/04/18/the-indian-nexus","external_links_name":"\"The Indian Nexus\""},{"Link":"https://www.nepalitimes.com/review/two-takes-on-the-nepal-india-nexus/","external_links_name":"\"Two takes on the Nepal-India nexus\""},{"Link":"https://kathmandupost.com/columns/2019/12/22/the-historicism-of-the-nepal-nexus","external_links_name":"\"Opinion | The historicism of The Nepal Nexus\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/the-nepal-nexus-an-inside-account-of-the-maoists-the-durbar-and-new-delhi-review-chill-in-the-neighbourhood/article31755075.ece","external_links_name":"\"'The Nepal Nexus: An Inside Account of the Maoists, the Durbar and New Delhi' review: Chill in the neighbourhood\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iplik_Bazar%E2%80%93Korkut_Effendi | Iplik Bazar–Korkut Effendi | ["1 History","2 Korkut Effendi Quarter - landmarks","2.1 Turunjlu Jami","3 Iplik Pazar Quarter - landmarks","3.1 Iplik Pazar Mosque","3.2 Mosque of the Serai","3.3 Venetian Column","3.4 Büyük Hamam","4 References"] | Coordinates: 35°10′34″N 33°21′40″E / 35.17611°N 33.36111°E / 35.17611; 33.36111
Place in Nicosia District, CyprusIplik Bazar–Korkut Effendi
Ιπλίκ Παζάρ-Κορκούτ Εφέντι (Greek)İplik Pazarı-Korkut Efendi (Turkish)Border checkpoint in NicosiaIplik Bazar–Korkut EffendiLocation in CyprusCoordinates: 35°10′34″N 33°21′40″E / 35.17611°N 33.36111°E / 35.17611; 33.36111Country CyprusDistrictNicosia DistrictMunicipalityNicosiaGovernment • MukhtarMehmet AlisinemoğluPopulation (2011) • Total229
Iplik Bazar–Korkut Effendi (Greek: Ιπλίκ Παζάρ-Κορκούτ Εφέντι; Turkish: İplik Pazarı-Korkut Efendi) is a Neighbourhood, Quarter, Mahalla or Parish of Nicosia, Cyprus. It lies in the centre of the walled city.
At the last Census (2011) it had a population of 229. The population in 1946 was 556, consisting of 116 Greek Cypriots, 232 Turkish Cypriots and 208 others.
History
Iplik Pazar and Korkut Effendi are two of the 24 historic Neighbourhoods of Nicosia within the walls.
Neither quarter appeared in the first Ottoman Census of 1572, which listed 7 quarters. Nor do they appear among the 12 quarters that existed a century later In the Ottoman census of 1831 they are listed among the 24 quarters, as two of the 15 Moslem quarters of the city. By 1912 the two quarters had been merged into one, within about the same boundaries that have been published in the latest survey
Green: Iplik Bazar, Orange: Korkut Effendi (according to survey c. 1878). Pink: other areas in the present combined quarter
Korkut Effendi Quarter - landmarks
In this division the numerous traces of houses of a superior description such as the much mutilated doors and windows of lower floors and courses of regular masonry, seem to suggest the existence of a Latin parish.
Turunjlu Jami
The mosque of the district is known as the Turunjlu (Turunçlu) Jami or mosque of the "orange tree." It appears to be a building of 18th century style, in the general form of a church with a narthex or porch at the west end. In all probability it is built on the foundations of a mediaeval Latin church, but neither date nor inscription remains to afford any information on the subject.
Iplik Pazar Quarter - landmarks
Iplik Pazar means cotton or linen market. This quarter probably represents a Latin parish of which the church has been appropriated as a mosque.
Iplik Pazar Mosque
Main article: İplik Pazarı Mosque
The minaret of Iplik Pazar mosque, with its distinctive stone top, rising above the Iplik Pazar Quarter
This is a small 19th century building of the usual simple utilitarian character, which was restored in 1826 and 1899. Attached to it is a singularly short minaret the gallery of which is not higher than the first floor of surrounding buildings. The minaret is older than the main building and is probably the only minaret in Cyprus with a stone conical cap.
An older building may have existed on the site, of which the minaret remains, half buried in the mound of earth and debris which has accumulated in this neighbourhood from the decay and ruin of old houses.
Mosque of the Serai
Main article: Sarayönü Mosque
The present Mosque of the Serai is a small building erected in 1903, occupying the site of an older mosque built between 1820 and 1824. It may have been constructed out of the remains of a church. A few gravestones which existed in this former building point to this fact. On one of these gravestones was a fairly complete inscription. The other fragments were too much broken to be decipherable. They have all since been destroyed.
Venetian Column
Main article: Sarayönü Square
In the north-west corner of the quarter lies the Atatürk Square, commonly known as "Sarayönü", square of the former Serai or palace, in the centre of which stands the symbol of Venetian Dominion still preserved : the column which was always set up in the principal piazza of a Venetian town. The column in Nicosia is a particularly interesting example of such a monument on account of the inscription and coats of arms on its base. The shaft of grey granite which measures about 6 metres in height and about 70 cm in diameter is evidently the relic of some important Roman temple. Six coats of arms carved in marble in an early renaissance style originally decorated the six faces of the pedestal.
The column was intended to be crowned with a Lion of St. Mark which has disappeared.
Until the late 19th century a pole stood close by which probably occupied the same place as the original Venetian flagstaff. This pole was decorated with Turkish flags on festival occasions, much in the same way as in the days when the lion banner of St. Mark floated from it, and proclaimed the sovereignty of the "Serene Republic" in this principal piazza of the capital.
The Nicosia column was erected in about the year 1550. It was restored on a new site in the summer of 1915, at a few yards distance from its original emplacement.
Büyük Hamam
Main article: Büyük Hamam
The Büyük Hamam (large bathhouse) stands nearby Iplik Pazar mosque. Although some have suggested that this building is the 14th century church of St. George the Latins, no evidence is forthcoming for such an identification, and this theory overlooks the fact that although the building much resembles a mediaeval church in appearance it does not conform to the invariable planning of such buildings. Instead of lying east and west it is built north and south in a manner which would have been almost impossible until perhaps the period of the Venetian Occupation.
The interior is a vaulted hall of three bays. This doorway constructed of mutilated fragments from another building which have been pieced together in a clumsy manner, is remarkable as having been originally an exact replica of the west portal of the church of Akhiropietos Monastery in Kyrenia District).
In consequence of the decay of surrounding buildings this Bath House is buried to a depth of about one metre and a half below the present level of the neighbouring roads and lanes.
References
^ Mahallas,Nicosia Turkish Municipality "Muhtarlıklar". Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2013. retrieved Dec 2013
^ a b Census organised by the Turkish Cypriots in the occupied area "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) retrieved October 2013
^ a b Coexistence in the Disappeared Mixed Neighbourhoods of Nicosia by Ahmet An (Paper read at the conference: Nicosia: The Last Divided Capital in Europe, organized by the London Metropolitan University on 20 June 2011)
^ 6th edition of the publication "Statistical Codes of Municipalities, Communities and Quarters of Cyprus" (publ. Statistical Service of Republic of Cyprus)
^ a b "Quarters of Nicosia" Prepared and published by the Dept. of Lands and Surveys, Cyprus, 1985, Revised 1997. Series DLS30. Scale 1:7500
^ Census of Cyprus, 1946
^ a b c d e f g h i "A Description of the Historic Monuments of Cyprus" by George Jeffery,Architect .Publ. Government Printing Office, Nicosia, 1918.
^ Population, taxation and wealth in the cities and villages of Cyprus, by R.C. Jennings, 1986, p. 176
^ Tragedy 1821 continued (in Greek), by I.P. Theocharides and S. Andreev, pub. Nicosia, 1996
^ Map of Nicosia, 1912, publ by Stanfords, Longacre, London
vteQuarters of North NicosiaInside the walled city
Arabahmet
Akkavuk
Ayluka/Ayyıldız
Kafesli
Haydarpaşa
İbrahimpaşa
İplikpazarı
Karamanzade
Mahmutpaşa
Selimiye
Yenicami
Outside the walled city
Aydemet/Ayios Dometios
Çağlayan
Göçmenköy
Hamitköy
Haspolat
Kizilbash
Kumsal
Köşklüçiftlik
Küçük Kaymaklı/Omorfita
Kızılay
Marmara
Ortaköy
Taşkınköy
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