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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badi%27_al-Zaman_(Timurid_ruler) | Badi' al-Zaman Mirza | ["1 Biography","2 Family","3 Ancestry","4 References"] | Timurid ruler of Herat (16th century AD)
Badi' al-ZamanMirzaBadi' al-Zaman Mirza and Muzaffar Husayn Mirza receive Muqi Beg and Shuja Beg in Herat, following the death of their father, Sultan-Husayn Mirza. Folio from a manuscript of Bijan's Tarikh-i Jahangusha-yi Khaqan Sahibqiran. Attributable to Mo'en Mosavver, Isfahan, c. 1686-90Amir of the Timurid EmpireReign1506–1507PredecessorSultan Husayn Mirza BayqaraSuccessorposition abolished of State but Succeed by Babur as a lineageDied1514 (1515)ConstantinopleSpouseUrun Sultan KhanumKabuli BegumRuqaiya AghaChuchak BegumOne other wifeIssueMuhammad Mumin MirzaMuhammad Zaman MirzaKuchek BegumDynastyTimurid dynastyFatherSultan Husayn BayqaraMotherBega Sultan Begum
Badi' al-Zaman Mirza (Ottoman Turkish: بديوززامان ميرزا, romanized: Bediüzzaman Mirza; Persian: بدیعالزمان میرزا; died 1514) was a Timurid ruler of Herat from 1506 to 1507. He was the son of Husayn Bayqarah, who was a great-great-grandson of Timur.
Biography
During the 1490s a conflict broke out between Badi' and his father. Husayn had transferred Badi' from his governorship in Astarabad, present day Gorgan, to Balkh, and then passed over Badi's son Muhammad Mu'min to replace him in Astarabad. Angry over this, Badi' launched a rebellion. He was defeated, and around the same time his son, who had been imprisoned in Herat, was executed. Husayn made peace with his son, but tension remained between the two, and in 1499 Badi' besieged Herat.
In 1506 Husayn died, and Badi' took the throne. However, he quickly became embroiled in a conflict with his brother Muzaffar Husain. In the midst of this, the Uzbeks under Muhammad Shaybani were threatening the realm. Babur, who had marched from Kabul in an effort to assist Husayn, arrived in Herat and stayed there for a while, but noted the weakness of the brothers and left without making battle with the Uzbeks. The next year, the Uzbeks captured Herat, bringing an end to Timurid rule there, and the brothers fled. Muzaffar died shortly after. Badi' went to Kandahar to muster forces and marched against the Uzbeks, but was defeated. He then came to the court of Ismail I of Persia, where he was given lands surrounding Tabriz and 3650 gold shorafins a year. He helped influence Ismail's decision to undertake an expedition against the Uzbeks in 1510. Badi' stayed seven years at Tabriz until it was conquered by Ottoman sultan Selim I, at which point he travelled to Istanbul, where he died during the plague in 1514.
Family
Badi' al-Zaman had five consorts:
Urun Sultan Khanum, daughter of Sultan Abu Sa'id Mirza and Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, daughter of Ala al-Dawla Mirza bin Baysunghur bin Shah Rukh;
Kabuli Begum (div. 1507), daughter of Ulugh Beg Mirza II, married by Qambar Mirza Kukaltash in 1507;
Ruqaiya Agha, known as Andalib, a concubine, married by Timur Sultan Uzbeg, son of Muhammad Shaybani in 1507;
Chuchak Begum (m. 1498), daughter of Zun Nun Arghun, and sister of Shah Shuja and Muhammad Muqim;
A daughter of Tahamtan Beg, niece of Asad Beg, and mother of Muhammad Zaman Mirza;
Sons
Badi' al-Zaman had two sons:
Muhammad Mumin Mirza - with Urun Sultan Khanum;
Muhammad Zaman Mirza - with the daughter of Tahamtan Beg, married to Masuma Sultan Begum, daughter of Emperor Babur;
Daughter
Badi' al-Zaman had one daughter:
Chuchak Begum known as Kuchek Begum (died April 1507) - with Chuchak Begum;
Ancestry
Ancestors of Badi' al-Zaman Mirza 16. Umar Shaikh Mirza I (= 24) 8. Muhammad Bayqara I 17. Malikat Agha of Moghulistan (= 25) 4. Ghiyas ud-din Mansur Mirza 18. Ali of the Eljigidey tribe 9. Qutlugh Sultan Begum 19. Bibi Fatima of Khattalani 2. Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara 20. Amir Muhammad Beg of the Tayichiud 10. Sultan Husayn Tayichiud 21. Aqa Begum 5. Firuza Sultan Begum 22. Miran Shah 11. Qutlugh Sultan Begum 23. Urun Sultan Khanum of the Western Chagatai Khanate 1. Badi' al-Zaman Mirza 24. Umar Shaikh Mirza I (= 16) 12. Ahmad Mirza 25. Malikat Agha of Moghulistan (= 17) 6. Sanjar Mirza 26. Amir Sayf ud-din Nukuz 13. Taj al-Mulk 3. Bega Sultan Begum 7. Bakht Sultan
References
^ Svatopluk Soucek. A History of Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 324.
^ a b c Stevens, John. The history of Persia. Containing, the lives and memorable actions of its kings from the first erecting of that monarchy to this time; an exact Description of all its Dominions; a curious Account of India, China, Tartary, Kermon, Arabia, Nixabur, and the Islands of Ceylon and Timor; as also of all Cities occasionally mention'd, as Schiras, Samarkand, Bokara, &c. Manners and Customs of those People, Persian Worshippers of Fire; Plants, Beasts, Product, and Trade. With many instructive and pleasant digressions, being remarkable Stories or Passages, occasionally occurring, as Strange Burials; Burning of the Dead; Liquors of several Countries; Hunting; Fishing; Practice of Physick; famous Physicians in the East; Actions of Tamerlan, &c. To which is added, an abridgment of the lives of the kings of Harmuz, or Ormuz. The Persian history written in Arabick, by Mirkond, a famous Eastern Author that of Ormuz, by Torunxa, King of that Island, both of them translated into Spanish, by Antony Teixeira, who liv'd several Years in Persia and India; and now render'd into English.
^ a b Balabanlilar, Lisa (January 15, 2012). Imperial Identity in Mughal Empire: Memory and Dynastic politics in Early Modern Central Asia. I. B. Tauris. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-848-85726-1.
^ Babur, Emperor; Beveridge, Annette Susannah (1922). The Baburnam in English (Memoirs of Babur) - Volume 1. Luzac & Co., London. p. 94.
^ a b Akhtar, Muhammad Saleem (1983). Sindh under the Mughals: An Introduction to, translation of and commentary on the Mazhar-i Shahjahani of Yusuf Mirak (1044/1634). pp. 16 n. 71.
^ a b Babur, Emperor; Thackston, Wheeler McIntosh (September 10, 2002). The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, prince and emperor. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 210. ISBN 978-0-375-76137-9.
^ Subtelny, Maria (2007). Timurids in Transition: Turko-Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Iran, Volume 7. BRILL. ISBN 9789004160316. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
^ John E Woods, The Timurid Dynasty (1990), p. 20-26
Badi' al-Zaman Mirza End of the Umarid Timurid dynasty
Preceded byHusayn Bayqarah
Timurid Empire (in Herat) 1506–1507
Succeeded byMuhammad Shaybani(as leader of theKhanate of Bukhara)
vteTimurid EmpireEmperors
Timur
Pir Muhammad ibn Jahangir
Khalil Sultan
Shah Rukh
Ulugh Beg
Abdal-Latif Mirza
Abdallah Mirza
Sultan Muhammad bin Baysonqor
Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza
Abu Sa'id Mirza
Sultan Ahmed Mirza
Sultan Mahmud Mirza
Mirza Shah Mahmud
Ibrahim Mirza bin Ala-ud-Daulah
Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara
Yadgar Muhammad Mirza
Badi' al-Zaman Mirza
Battles and conflicts
Siege of Balkh (1370)
Tokhtamysh–Timur war
Battle of the Kondurcha River (1391)
Battle of the Terek River(1395)
Invasions of Georgia (1386-1403)
Battle of Algami Canal (1402)
Battle of Ankara (1402)
Battle of Nakhchivan (1406)
Siege of Shahrukhiya (1461)
Battle of Qarabagh(1469)
Battle of the Chirciq River (1488)
Siege of Samarkand (1497)
Battle of Sar-e-Pul (1501)
Siege of Samarkand (1501)
Siege of Kabul (1504)
Battle of Ab Darrah Pass (1511)
Battle of Ghazdewan (1512)
Battle of Qalat-i-Ghilzai (1505)
Battle of Bajaur (1519)
Timurid wars of succession
Siege of Balkh (1447)
Battle of Damghan (1447)
Battle of Nishapur (1447)
Battle of Tarnab (1448)
Occupation of Balkh (1447)
Siege of Herat (1448)
Revolt of Abdal-Latif Mirza (1449)
Siege of Balkh (1447)
Siege of Herat (1448)
Battle of Farhadgerd (1449)
Urdu Bazar Revolt (1447)
Battle of Sarakhs (1459)
Siege of Samarkand (1494)
Battle of Akhsi (1502-03)
Architecture
Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
Bibi-Khanym Mosque
Registan of Samarkand
Gur-e-Amir
Shakhrisabz
Dorut Tilavat
Ulugh Beg Madrasa
Ulugh Beg Observatory
Shah-i-Zinda
Herat Musalla Complex
Minarets
Great Mosque of Herat
Goharshad Mosque
Blue Mosque of Mazar-i-Sharif
Green Mosque
Khanqah of Baha ad-Din Naqshbandi
See also
Persianate
Turco-Mongol tradition
Turco-Persian tradition
Indo-Persian tradition
Timurid dynasty
family tree
Timurid art
Timurid Renaissance
Timurid relations with Europe
Mughal Empire
Karsakpay inscription | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottoman Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ottoman_Turkish"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Timurid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Herat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat"},{"link_name":"Husayn Bayqarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_Bayqarah"},{"link_name":"Timur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Badi' al-Zaman Mirza (Ottoman Turkish: بديوززامان ميرزا, romanized: Bediüzzaman Mirza; Persian: بدیعالزمان میرزا; died 1514) was a Timurid ruler of Herat from 1506 to 1507. 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Husayn had transferred Badi' from his governorship in Astarabad, present day Gorgan, to Balkh, and then passed over Badi's son Muhammad Mu'min to replace him in Astarabad. Angry over this, Badi' launched a rebellion. He was defeated, and around the same time his son, who had been imprisoned in Herat, was executed. Husayn made peace with his son, but tension remained between the two, and in 1499 Badi' besieged Herat.In 1506 Husayn died, and Badi' took the throne. However, he quickly became embroiled in a conflict with his brother Muzaffar Husain. In the midst of this, the Uzbeks under Muhammad Shaybani were threatening the realm. Babur, who had marched from Kabul in an effort to assist Husayn, arrived in Herat and stayed there for a while, but noted the weakness of the brothers and left without making battle with the Uzbeks. The next year, the Uzbeks captured Herat, bringing an end to Timurid rule there, and the brothers fled. Muzaffar died shortly after. Badi' went to Kandahar to muster forces and marched against the Uzbeks, but was defeated.[2] He then came to the court of Ismail I of Persia, where he was given lands surrounding Tabriz and 3650 gold shorafins[clarification needed] a year.[2] He helped influence Ismail's decision to undertake an expedition against the Uzbeks in 1510. Badi' stayed seven years at Tabriz until it was conquered by Ottoman sultan Selim I, at which point he travelled to Istanbul, where he died during the plague in 1514.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abu Sa'id Mirza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_Mirza"},{"link_name":"Ala al-Dawla Mirza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala_al-Dawla_Mirza"},{"link_name":"Baysunghur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baysunghur"},{"link_name":"Shah Rukh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh"},{"link_name":"Ulugh Beg Mirza II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulugh_Beg_Mirza_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lisa-3"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Shaybani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Shaybani"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lisa-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mazhar-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-babur-6"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Zaman Mirza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zaman_Mirza"},{"link_name":"Babur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-babur-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mazhar-5"}],"text":"Badi' al-Zaman had five consorts:Urun Sultan Khanum, daughter of Sultan Abu Sa'id Mirza and Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, daughter of Ala al-Dawla Mirza bin Baysunghur bin Shah Rukh;\nKabuli Begum (div. 1507), daughter of Ulugh Beg Mirza II, married by Qambar Mirza Kukaltash in 1507;[3]\nRuqaiya Agha, known as Andalib, a concubine, married by Timur Sultan Uzbeg, son of Muhammad Shaybani in 1507;[3]\nChuchak Begum (m. 1498), daughter of Zun Nun Arghun, and sister of Shah Shuja and Muhammad Muqim;[4][5]\nA daughter of Tahamtan Beg, niece of Asad Beg, and mother of Muhammad Zaman Mirza;[6]SonsBadi' al-Zaman had two sons:Muhammad Mumin Mirza - with Urun Sultan Khanum;\nMuhammad Zaman Mirza - with the daughter of Tahamtan Beg, married to Masuma Sultan Begum, daughter of Emperor Babur;[6]DaughterBadi' al-Zaman had one daughter:Chuchak Begum known as Kuchek Begum (died April 1507) - with Chuchak Begum;[5]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Umar Shaikh Mirza I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_Shaikh_Mirza_I"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Bayqara I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayqara_Mirza_I"},{"link_name":"Malikat Agha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malikat_Agha"},{"link_name":"Moghulistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moghulistan"},{"link_name":"Eljigidey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eljigidey"},{"link_name":"Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Husayn_Mirza_Bayqara"},{"link_name":"Tayichiud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taichiud"},{"link_name":"Sultan Husayn Tayichiud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Husayn_Tayichiud"},{"link_name":"Miran Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miran_Shah"},{"link_name":"Chagatai Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Umar Shaikh Mirza I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_Shaikh_Mirza_I"},{"link_name":"Malikat Agha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malikat_Agha"},{"link_name":"Moghulistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moghulistan"}],"text":"Ancestors of Badi' al-Zaman Mirza[7][8] 16. Umar Shaikh Mirza I (= 24) 8. Muhammad Bayqara I 17. Malikat Agha of Moghulistan (= 25) 4. Ghiyas ud-din Mansur Mirza 18. Ali of the Eljigidey tribe 9. Qutlugh Sultan Begum 19. Bibi Fatima of Khattalani 2. Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara 20. Amir Muhammad Beg of the Tayichiud 10. Sultan Husayn Tayichiud 21. Aqa Begum 5. Firuza Sultan Begum 22. Miran Shah 11. Qutlugh Sultan Begum 23. Urun Sultan Khanum of the Western Chagatai Khanate 1. Badi' al-Zaman Mirza 24. Umar Shaikh Mirza I (= 16) 12. Ahmad Mirza 25. Malikat Agha of Moghulistan (= 17) 6. Sanjar Mirza 26. Amir Sayf ud-din Nukuz 13. Taj al-Mulk 3. Bega Sultan Begum 7. Bakht Sultan","title":"Ancestry"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Balabanlilar, Lisa (January 15, 2012). Imperial Identity in Mughal Empire: Memory and Dynastic politics in Early Modern Central Asia. I. B. Tauris. p. 24. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbill_ivory | Hornbill ivory | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Material derived from hornbill's beak
19th-century Japanese belt ornament in hornbill ivory, showing natural preen gland colouring
Hornbill ivory (also called "golden jade" or calao ivoire in French) is a precious ornamental material derived from the helmeted hornbill (Buceros vigil), a large bird of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo.
Many hornbill species have "casques", decorative growths on the upper mandible of the bill. In most, the casque has a spongy structure, but in the helmeted hornbill it is solid keratin. This material, hornbill ivory, has a texture suggesting ivory but is softer. As it grows it is golden yellow, but the bird rubs its casque on its preen gland, whose oily secretion tints the surface of the casque bright red.
Native peoples in the helmeted hornbill's range, such as the Kenyah and Kelabit, have long carved the casques. In Malaysia, hornbill-ivory rings were said to change colour when near poisonous food. The Chinese encountered the material in the 14th century and it soon became an important trade item at Brunei. According to Tom Harrisson, writing in the first (1960) edition of The Birds of Borneo:
It is likely that the casques were mainly exported raw, and worked with a heat treatment and pressing—of which no detailed description survives—in China, to preserve and heighten the lovely deep golden and surface red patina of the fresh ivory. The Chinese probably got the idea of using ho-ting from the Dayaks, then improved the technique at their end. The uses of hornbill casques in Borneo are various and frequently effective; we will discuss those presently. While the Borneo usages persist to this day, all trace of the art of the Chinese carver seems to have vanished. Very little has survived of a remarkable craft which undoubtedly paid for many of the old jars, plates, and beads still decorating the longhouses or wives of better-off Bornean pagans many generations later.
During the Ming dynasty, the Chinese valued hornbill ivory above true ivory or jade. They carved the casques, or made them into sheets, coloured them with the secretion of the preen gland, and made them into belt buckles for high officials. They called hornbill ivory hèdǐng (Wade–Giles ho-ting), which is said to be their approximation of an indigenous name (but means "crane head", and thus many Chinese thought the substance came from a crane rather than a hornbill). The Japanese also carved imported hornbill ivory into such objects as netsuke.
By the early 20th century, the helmeted hornbill became rare because it was slaughtered for its casque. Now legal trade in hornbill ivory is limited to certified antiques, and hornbill-ivory carvings are more valuable than those of any true ivory.
References
^ Dietrich, R. V. "Horbill 'Ivory'". stoneplus.cst.cmich.edu. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2005-03-07. Retrieved 2005-07-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Harrisson (1999).
^ "gemofmonth.html". acstones.com. Archived from the original on 2005-09-24. Retrieved 2005-07-27.
Harrisson, Tom (1999). "Birds and Men in Borneo", Chapter 4 of "The Birds of Borneo" (Smythies and Davison, 4th edition). Natural History Publications (Borneo). pp. 45–74. ISBN 983-812-028-6.
Perrins, Christopher, ed. (2003). Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books. ISBN 1-55297-777-3.
External links
Page from the Ivoryhound
Page from Gem of the Month
Photographs and description of a Bornean carving from ArtAreas showing the red rim colored by preen-gland secretions | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jugyoku_-_Crab_-_Walters_71851_-_Top.jpg"},{"link_name":"preen gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preen_gland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"helmeted hornbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmeted_hornbill"},{"link_name":"Malay Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"hornbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbill"},{"link_name":"keratin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin"},{"link_name":"ivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory"},{"link_name":"preen gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uropygial_gland"},{"link_name":"Kenyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyah_people"},{"link_name":"Kelabit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelabit_people"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ivoryhound.com-2"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"Tom Harrisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Harrisson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"ivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory"},{"link_name":"jade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade"},{"link_name":"belt buckles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_buckle"},{"link_name":"Wade–Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ivoryhound.com-2"},{"link_name":"crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(bird)"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"netsuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netsuke"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"19th-century Japanese belt ornament in hornbill ivory, showing natural preen gland colouringHornbill ivory (also called \"golden jade\" or calao ivoire in French[1]) is a precious ornamental material derived from the helmeted hornbill (Buceros vigil), a large bird of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo.Many hornbill species have \"casques\", decorative growths on the upper mandible of the bill. In most, the casque has a spongy structure, but in the helmeted hornbill it is solid keratin. This material, hornbill ivory, has a texture suggesting ivory but is softer. As it grows it is golden yellow, but the bird rubs its casque on its preen gland, whose oily secretion tints the surface of the casque bright red.Native peoples in the helmeted hornbill's range, such as the Kenyah and Kelabit, have long carved the casques. In Malaysia, hornbill-ivory rings were said to change colour when near poisonous food.[2] The Chinese encountered the material in the 14th century and it soon became an important trade item at Brunei. According to Tom Harrisson, writing in the first (1960) edition of The Birds of Borneo:It is likely that the casques were mainly exported raw, and worked with a heat treatment and pressing—of which no detailed description survives—in China, to preserve and heighten the lovely deep golden and surface red patina of the fresh ivory. The Chinese probably got the idea of using ho-ting from the Dayaks, then improved the technique at their end. The uses of hornbill casques in Borneo are various and frequently effective; we will discuss those presently. While the Borneo usages persist to this day, all trace of the art of the Chinese carver seems to have vanished. Very little has survived of a remarkable craft which undoubtedly paid for many of the old jars, plates, and beads still decorating the longhouses or wives of better-off Bornean pagans many generations later.[3]During the Ming dynasty, the Chinese valued hornbill ivory above true ivory or jade. They carved the casques, or made them into sheets, coloured them with the secretion of the preen gland, and made them into belt buckles for high officials. They called hornbill ivory hèdǐng (Wade–Giles ho-ting), which is said to be their approximation of an indigenous name[2] (but means \"crane head\", and thus many Chinese thought the substance came from a crane rather than a hornbill). The Japanese also carved imported hornbill ivory into such objects as netsuke.By the early 20th century, the helmeted hornbill became rare because it was slaughtered for its casque. Now legal trade in hornbill ivory is limited to certified antiques, and hornbill-ivory carvings are more valuable than those of any true ivory.[4]","title":"Hornbill ivory"}] | [{"image_text":"19th-century Japanese belt ornament in hornbill ivory, showing natural preen gland colouring","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jugyoku_-_Crab_-_Walters_71851_-_Top.jpg/280px-Jugyoku_-_Crab_-_Walters_71851_-_Top.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Dietrich, R. V. \"Horbill 'Ivory'\". stoneplus.cst.cmich.edu. Retrieved July 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://stoneplus.cst.cmich.edu/zoogems/hornbill.html","url_text":"\"Horbill 'Ivory'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2005-03-07. Retrieved 2005-07-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050307171936/http://www.ivoryhound.com/articles_hornbill_ivory.htm","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.ivoryhound.com/articles_hornbill_ivory.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"gemofmonth.html\". acstones.com. Archived from the original on 2005-09-24. Retrieved 2005-07-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050924014950/http://www.acstones.com/gemofmonth/2005/gemofmonth.03.05.html","url_text":"\"gemofmonth.html\""},{"url":"http://www.acstones.com/gemofmonth/2005/gemofmonth.03.05.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Harrisson, Tom (1999). \"Birds and Men in Borneo\", Chapter 4 of \"The Birds of Borneo\" (Smythies and Davison, 4th edition). Natural History Publications (Borneo). pp. 45–74. ISBN 983-812-028-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Harrisson","url_text":"Harrisson, Tom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/983-812-028-6","url_text":"983-812-028-6"}]},{"reference":"Perrins, Christopher, ed. (2003). Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books. ISBN 1-55297-777-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Perrins","url_text":"Perrins, Christopher"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fireflyencyclope0000unse","url_text":"Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55297-777-3","url_text":"1-55297-777-3"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://stoneplus.cst.cmich.edu/zoogems/hornbill.html","external_links_name":"\"Horbill 'Ivory'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050307171936/http://www.ivoryhound.com/articles_hornbill_ivory.htm","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.ivoryhound.com/articles_hornbill_ivory.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050924014950/http://www.acstones.com/gemofmonth/2005/gemofmonth.03.05.html","external_links_name":"\"gemofmonth.html\""},{"Link":"http://www.acstones.com/gemofmonth/2005/gemofmonth.03.05.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/fireflyencyclope0000unse","external_links_name":"Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050307171936/http://www.ivoryhound.com/articles_hornbill_ivory.htm","external_links_name":"Page from the Ivoryhound"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050924014950/http://www.acstones.com/gemofmonth/2005/gemofmonth.03.05.html","external_links_name":"Page from Gem of the Month"},{"Link":"http://www.tribalartsdirectory.com/ArtAreas/home.nsf/Item/NT00001F76!OpenDocument&Click=","external_links_name":"Photographs and description of a Bornean carving from ArtAreas"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epipelagic_zone | Photic zone | ["1 Photosynthesis in photic zone","2 Life in the photic zone","3 Nutrient uptake in the photic zone","4 Photic zone depth","5 Light attenuation","6 Paleoclimatology","7 Phytoplankton side notes.","8 Dimethylsulfide","9 See also","10 References"] | The uppermost layer of a sea water column that is exposed to sunlight
Aquatic layers
Pelagic
Photic
Epipelagic
Aphotic
Mesopelagic
Bathypelagic
Abyssopelagic
Hadopelagic
Demersal
Benthic
Stratification
Pycnocline
Isopycnal
Chemocline
Nutricline
Halocline
Thermocline
Thermohaline
See also
Marine habitats
Lake stratification
Ocean stratification
Aquatic ecosystems
Wild fisheries
vte
The photic zone (or euphotic zone, epipelagic zone, or sunlight zone) is the uppermost layer of a body of water that receives sunlight, allowing phytoplankton to perform photosynthesis. It undergoes a series of physical, chemical, and biological processes that supply nutrients into the upper water column. The photic zone is home to the majority of aquatic life due to the activity (primary production) of the phytoplankton. The thicknesses of the photic and euphotic zones vary with the intensity of sunlight as a function of season and latitude and with the degree of water turbidity. The bottommost, or aphotic, zone is the region of perpetual darkness that lies beneath the photic zone and includes most of the ocean waters.
Photosynthesis in photic zone
In the photic zone, the photosynthesis rate exceeds the respiration rate. This is due to the abundant solar energy which is used as an energy source for photosynthesis by primary producers such as phytoplankton. These phytoplankton grow extremely quickly because of sunlight's heavy influence, enabling it to be produced at a fast rate. In fact, ninety five percent of photosynthesis in the ocean occurs in the photic zone. Therefore, if we go deeper, beyond the photic zone, such as into the compensation point, there is little to no phytoplankton, because of insufficient sunlight. The zone which extends from the base of the euphotic zone to the aphotic zone is sometimes called the dysphotic zone.
Life in the photic zone
Layers of the pelagic zone
Zones of the water column as defined by the amount of light penetration. The mesopelagic is sometimes referred to as the dysphotic zone.
Ninety percent of marine life lives in the photic zone, which is approximately two hundred meters deep. This includes phytoplankton (plants), including dinoflagellates, diatoms, cyanobacteria, coccolithophores, and cryptomonads. It also includes zooplankton, the consumers in the photic zone. There are carnivorous meat eaters and herbivorous plant eaters. Next, copepods are the small crustaceans distributed everywhere in the photic zone. Finally, there are nekton (animals that can propel themselves, like fish, squids, and crabs), which are the largest and the most obvious animals in the photic zone, but their quantity is the smallest among all the groups. Phytoplankton are microscopic plants living suspended in the water column that have little or no means of motility. They are primary producers that use solar energy as a food source.
Detritivores and scavengers are rare in the photic zone. Microbial decomposition of dead organisms begins here and continues once the bodies sink to the aphotic zone where they form the most important source of nutrients for deep sea organisms. The depth of the photic zone depends on the transparency of the water. If the water is very clear, the photic zone can become very deep. If it is very murky, it can be only fifty feet (fifteen meters) deep.
Animals within the photic zone use the cycle of light and dark as an important environmental signal, migration is directly linked to this fact, fishes use the concept of dusk and dawn when its time to migrate, the photic zone resembles this concept providing a sense of time. These animals can be herrings and sardines and other fishes that consistently live within the photic zone.
Nutrient uptake in the photic zone
Due to biological uptake, the photic zone has relatively low levels of nutrient concentrations. As a result, phytoplankton doesn't receive enough nutrients when there is high water-column stability. The spatial distribution of organisms can be controlled by a number of factors. Physical factors include: temperature, hydrostatic pressure, turbulent mixing such as the upward turbulent flux of inorganic nitrogen across the nutricline. Chemical factors include oxygen and trace elements. Biological factors include grazing and migrations. Upwelling carries nutrients from the deep waters into the photic zone, strengthening phytoplankton growth. The remixing and upwelling eventually bring nutrient-rich wastes back into the photic zone. The Ekman transport additionally brings more nutrients to the photic zone. Nutrient pulse frequency affects the phytoplankton competition. Photosynthesis produces more of it. Being the first link in the food chain, what happens to phytoplankton creates a rippling effect for other species. Besides phytoplankton, many other animals also live in this zone and utilize these nutrients. The majority of ocean life occurs in the photic zone, the smallest ocean zone by water volume. The photic zone, although small, has a large impact on those who reside in it.
Photic zone depth
Depth of light penetration
The depth is, by definition, where radiation is degraded down to 1% of its surface strength. Accordingly, its thickness depends on the extent of light attenuation in the water column. As incoming light at the surface can vary widely, this says little about the net growth of phytoplankton. Typical euphotic depths vary from only a few centimetres in highly turbid eutrophic lakes, to around 200 meters in the open ocean. It also varies with seasonal changes in turbidity, which can be strongly driven by phytoplankton concentrations, such that the depth of the photic zone often decreases as primary production increases. Moreover, the respiration rate is actually greater than the photosynthesis rate. The reason why phytoplankton production is so important is because it plays a prominent role when interwoven with other food webs.
Light attenuation
Phytoplankton growth is affected by the colour spectrum of light,and in the process called photosynthesis absorb lightin the blue and red range through photosynthetic pigments
Comparison of the depths which different colors of light penetrate open ocean waters and the murkier coastal waters. Water absorbs the warmer long wavelengths colours, like reds and oranges, and scatter the cooler short wavelength colours.
Most of the solar energy reaching the Earth is in the range of visible light, with wavelengths between about 400-700 nm. Each colour of visible light has a unique wavelength, and together they make up white light. The shortest wavelengths are on the violet and ultraviolet end of the spectrum, while the longest wavelengths are at the red and infrared end. In between, the colours of the visible spectrum comprise the familiar “ROYGBIV”; red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
Water is very effective at absorbing incoming light, so the amount of light penetrating the ocean declines rapidly (is attenuated) with depth. At one metre depth only 45% of the solar energy that falls on the ocean surface remains. At 10 metres depth only 16% of the light is still present, and only 1% of the original light is left at 100 metres. No light penetrates beyond 1000 metres.
In addition to overall attenuation, the oceans absorb the different wavelengths of light at different rates. The wavelengths at the extreme ends of the visible spectrum are attenuated faster than those wavelengths in the middle. Longer wavelengths are absorbed first; red is absorbed in the upper 10 metres, orange by about 40 metres, and yellow disappears before 100 metres. Shorter wavelengths penetrate further, with blue and green light reaching the deepest depths.
Cycling of marine phytoplankton
This is why things appear blue underwater. How colours are perceived by the eye depends on the wavelengths of light that are received by the eye. An object appears red to the eye because it reflects red light and absorbs other colours. So the only colour reaching the eye is red. Blue is the only colour of light available at depth underwater, so it is the only colour that can be reflected back to the eye, and everything has a blue tinge under water. A red object at depth will not appear red to us because there is no red light available to reflect off of the object. Objects in water will only appear as their real colours near the surface where all wavelengths of light are still available, or if the other wavelengths of light are provided artificially, such as by illuminating the object with a dive light.
Water in the open ocean appears clear and blue because it contains much less particulate matter, such as phytoplankton or other suspended particles, and the clearer the water, the deeper the light penetration. Blue light penetrates deeply and is scattered by the water molecules, while all other colours are absorbed; thus the water appears blue. On the other hand, coastal water often appears greenish. Coastal water contains much more suspended silt and algae and microscopic organisms than the open ocean. Many of these organisms, such as phytoplankton, absorb light in the blue and red range through their photosynthetic pigments, leaving green as the dominant wavelength of reflected light. Therefore the higher the phytoplankton concentration in water, the greener it appears. Small silt particles may also absorb blue light, further shifting the colour of water away from blue when there are high concentrations of suspended particles.
The ocean can be divided into depth layers depending on the amount of light penetration, as discussed in pelagic zone. The upper 200 metres is referred to as the photic or euphotic zone. This represents the region where enough light can penetrate to support photosynthesis, and it corresponds to the epipelagic zone. From 200 to 1000 metres lies the dysphotic zone, or the twilight zone (corresponding with the mesopelagic zone). There is still some light at these depths, but not enough to support photosynthesis. Below 1000 metres is the aphotic (or midnight) zone, where no light penetrates. This region includes the majority of the ocean volume, which exists in complete darkness.
Paleoclimatology
Intricate silicate (glass) shell, 32-40 million years old, of a diatom microfossil
Further information: diatoms and microfossils
Phytoplankton are unicellular microorganisms which form the base of the ocean food chains. They are dominated by diatoms, which grow silicate shells called frustules. When diatoms die their shells can settle on the seafloor and become microfossils. Over time, these microfossils become buried as opal deposits in the marine sediment. Paleoclimatology is the study of past climates. Proxy data is used in order to relate elements collected in modern-day sedimentary samples to climatic and oceanic conditions in the past. Paleoclimate proxies refer to preserved or fossilized physical markers which serve as substitutes for direct meteorological or ocean measurements. An example of proxies is the use of diatom isotope records of δ13C, δ18O, δ30Si (δ13Cdiatom, δ18Odiatom, and δ30Sidiatom). In 2015, Swann and Snelling used these isotope records to document historic changes in the photic zone conditions of the north-west Pacific Ocean, including nutrient supply and the efficiency of the soft-tissue biological pump, from the modern day back to marine isotope stage 5e, which coincides with the last interglacial period. Peaks in opal productivity in the marine isotope stage are associated with the breakdown of the regional halocline stratification and increased nutrient supply to the photic zone.
The initial development of the halocline and stratified water column has been attributed to the onset of major Northern Hemisphere glaciation at 2.73 Ma, which increased the flux of freshwater to the region, via increased monsoonal rainfall and/or glacial meltwater, and sea surface temperatures. The decrease of abyssal water upwelling associated with this may have contributed to the establishment of globally cooler conditions and the expansion of glaciers across the Northern Hemisphere from 2.73 Ma. While the halocline appears to have prevailed through the late Pliocene and early Quaternary glacial–interglacial cycles, other studies have shown that the stratification boundary may have broken down in the late Quaternary at glacial terminations and during the early part of interglacials.
Phytoplankton side notes.
Dimethyl sulfide structure
Phytoplankton are restricted to the photo zone only. As its growth is completely dependent upon photosynthesis. This results in the 50–100 m water level inside the ocean. Growth can also come from land factors, for example minerals that are dissolved from rocks, mineral nutrients from generations of plants and animals ,that made its way into the photic zone.
Drawn image of a phytoplanktonAn increase in the amount of phytoplankton also creates an increase in zooplankton, the zooplankton feeds on the phytoplankton as they are at the bottom of the food chain.
Dimethylsulfide
Dimethylsulfide loss within the photic zone is controlled by microbial uptake and photochemical degradation. But what exactly is dimethylsulfide and why is it important? This compound (see the photo) helps regulate sulfur cycle and ecology within the ocean. Marine bacteria, algae, coral and most other organisms within the ocean release this, constituting a range of gene families.
However this compound can be toxic to humans if swallowed, absorbed through the skin and inhaled. Proteins within plants and animals depend on this compound. Making it a significant part of ecology, it's good to know that it lives in the photic zone as well.
See also
Electromagnetic absorption by water
Epipelagic fish
Mesophotic coral reef
References
^ "Photic zone | Marine Life, Photosynthesis & Light | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-11-27.
^ Evolution of primary producers in the sea. Fa2000lkowski, Paul G., Knoll, Andrew H. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-08-055051-0. OCLC 173661015.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Photic zone Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 14 August 2009.
^ "Trophic Levels of Coral Reefs". Sciencing. Retrieved 2019-11-22.
^ "Photic Zone - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2023-11-27.
^ "Photic Zone - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
^ Sheppard, Charles R. C. (1982). "Photic zone". Beaches and Coastal Geology. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. p. 636. doi:10.1007/0-387-30843-1_325. ISBN 978-0-87933-213-6.
^ Longhurst, Alan R.; Glen Harrison, W. (June 1988). "Vertical nitrogen flux from the oceanic photic zone by diel migrant zooplankton and nekton". Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers. 35 (6): 881–889. Bibcode:1988DSRA...35..881L. doi:10.1016/0198-0149(88)90065-9. ISSN 0198-0149.
^ Gundersen, K.; Mountain, C. W.; Taylor, Diane; Ohye, R.; Shen, J. (July 1972). "Some Chemical and Microbiological Observations in the Pacific Ocean off the Hawaiian Islands1". Limnology and Oceanography. 17 (4): 524–532. Bibcode:1972LimOc..17..524G. doi:10.4319/lo.1972.17.4.0524. ISSN 0024-3590.
^ Lee, ZhongPing; Weidemann, Alan; Kindle, John; Arnone, Robert; Carder, Kendall L.; Davis, Curtiss (2007). "Euphotic zone depth: Its derivation and implication to ocean-color remote sensing". Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 112 (C3): C03009. Bibcode:2007JGRC..112.3009L. doi:10.1029/2006JC003802. ISSN 2156-2202.
^ Ocean Explorer NOAA. Updated: 26 August 2010.
^ a b c d e f Webb, Paul (2019) Introduction to Oceanography, chapter 6.5 Light, Rebus Community, Roger Williams University, open textbook. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
^ "What Are "Proxy" Data? | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) formerly known as National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)". www.ncdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2020-10-20.
^ a b Swann, G. E. A.; Snelling, A. M. (2015-01-06). "Photic zone changes in the north-west Pacific Ocean from MIS 4–5e". Climate of the Past. 11 (1). Copernicus GmbH: 15–25. Bibcode:2015CliPa..11...15S. doi:10.5194/cp-11-15-2015. ISSN 1814-9332. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International License.
^ Sigman, Daniel M.; Jaccard, Samuel L.; Haug, Gerald H. (2004). "Polar ocean stratification in a cold climate". Nature. 428 (6978). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 59–63. Bibcode:2004Natur.428...59S. doi:10.1038/nature02357. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 14999278. S2CID 4329978.
^ a b Haug, Gerald H.; Ganopolski, Andrey; Sigman, Daniel M.; Rosell-Mele, Antoni; Swann, George E. A.; Tiedemann, Ralf; Jaccard, Samuel L.; Bollmann, Jörg; Maslin, Mark A.; Leng, Melanie J.; Eglinton, Geoffrey (2005). "North Pacific seasonality and the glaciation of North America 2.7 million years ago". Nature. 433 (7028). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 821–825. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..821H. doi:10.1038/nature03332. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 15729332. S2CID 24116155.
^ Swann, George E. A.; Maslin, Mark A.; Leng, Melanie J.; Sloane, Hilary J.; Haug, Gerald H. (2006-02-24). "Diatom δ18O evidence for the development of the modern halocline system in the subarctic northwest Pacific at the onset of major Northern Hemisphere glaciation". Paleoceanography. 21 (1). American Geophysical Union (AGU): n/a. Bibcode:2006PalOc..21.1009S. doi:10.1029/2005pa001147. ISSN 0883-8305.
^ Nie, Junsheng; King, John; Liu, Zhengyu; Clemens, Steve; Prell, Warren; Fang, Xiaomin (2008). "Surface-water freshening: A cause for the onset of North Pacific stratification from 2.75 Ma onward?". Global and Planetary Change. 64 (1–2). Elsevier BV: 49–52. Bibcode:2008GPC....64...49N. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.08.003. ISSN 0921-8181.
^ Swann, George E.A. (2010). "Salinity changes in the North West Pacific Ocean during the late Pliocene/early Quaternary from 2.73Ma to 2.52Ma" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 297 (1–2). Elsevier BV: 332–338. Bibcode:2010E&PSL.297..332S. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.06.035. ISSN 0012-821X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
^ Sarnthein, M.; Gebhardt, H.; Kiefer, T.; Kucera, M.; Cook, M.; Erlenkeuser, H. (2004). "Mid Holocene origin of the sea-surface salinity low in the subarctic North Pacific". Quaternary Science Reviews. 23 (20–22). Elsevier BV: 2089–2099. Bibcode:2004QSRv...23.2089S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.08.008. ISSN 0277-3791.
^ Jaccard, S.L.; Galbraith, E.D.; Sigman, D.M.; Haug, G.H. (2010). "A pervasive link between Antarctic ice core and subarctic Pacific sediment records over the past 800kyrs". Quaternary Science Reviews. 29 (1–2). Elsevier BV: 206–212. Bibcode:2010QSRv...29..206J. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.10.007. ISSN 0277-3791.
^ Galbraith, Eric D.; Kienast, Markus; Jaccard, Samuel L.; Pedersen, Thomas F.; Brunelle, Brigitte G.; Sigman, Daniel M.; Kiefer, Thorsten (2008-05-23). "Consistent relationship between global climate and surface nitrate utilization in the western subarctic Pacific throughout the last 500 ka". Paleoceanography. 23 (2). American Geophysical Union (AGU): n/a. Bibcode:2008PalOc..23.2212G. doi:10.1029/2007pa001518. ISSN 0883-8305. S2CID 4082469.
^ Brunelle, Brigitte G.; Sigman, Daniel M.; Jaccard, Samuel L.; Keigwin, Lloyd D.; Plessen, Birgit; Schettler, Georg; Cook, Mea S.; Haug, Gerald H. (2010). "Glacial/interglacial changes in nutrient supply and stratification in the western subarctic North Pacific since the penultimate glacial maximum". Quaternary Science Reviews. 29 (19–20). Elsevier BV: 2579–2590. Bibcode:2010QSRv...29.2579B. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.03.010. ISSN 0277-3791.
^ Kohfeld, Karen E.; Chase, Zanna (2011). "Controls on deglacial changes in biogenic fluxes in the North Pacific Ocean". Quaternary Science Reviews. 30 (23–24). Elsevier BV: 3350–3363. Bibcode:2011QSRv...30.3350K. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.08.007. ISSN 0277-3791.
^ a b "Accumulation". www.dnr.louisiana.gov. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
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Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"body of water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_of_water"},{"link_name":"sunlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight"},{"link_name":"phytoplankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplankton"},{"link_name":"photosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis"},{"link_name":"nutrients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient"},{"link_name":"water column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_column"},{"link_name":"aquatic life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem"},{"link_name":"primary production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_primary_production"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The photic zone (or euphotic zone, epipelagic zone, or sunlight zone) is the uppermost layer of a body of water that receives sunlight, allowing phytoplankton to perform photosynthesis. It undergoes a series of physical, chemical, and biological processes that supply nutrients into the upper water column. The photic zone is home to the majority of aquatic life due to the activity (primary production) of the phytoplankton. The thicknesses of the photic and euphotic zones vary with the intensity of sunlight as a function of season and latitude and with the degree of water turbidity. The bottommost, or aphotic, zone is the region of perpetual darkness that lies beneath the photic zone and includes most of the ocean waters.[1]","title":"Photic zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"solar energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy"},{"link_name":"primary producers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_producers"},{"link_name":"phytoplankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplankton"},{"link_name":"compensation point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compensation_point"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In the photic zone, the photosynthesis rate exceeds the respiration rate. This is due to the abundant solar energy which is used as an energy source for photosynthesis by primary producers such as phytoplankton. These phytoplankton grow extremely quickly because of sunlight's heavy influence, enabling it to be produced at a fast rate. In fact, ninety five percent of photosynthesis in the ocean occurs in the photic zone. Therefore, if we go deeper, beyond the photic zone, such as into the compensation point, there is little to no phytoplankton, because of insufficient sunlight.[2] The zone which extends from the base of the euphotic zone to the aphotic zone is sometimes called the dysphotic zone.[3]","title":"Photosynthesis in photic zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pelagiczone.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Light_penetration_zones_in_the_water_column.png"},{"link_name":"marine life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_life"},{"link_name":"dinoflagellates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinoflagellate"},{"link_name":"diatoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom"},{"link_name":"cyanobacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria"},{"link_name":"coccolithophores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccolithophore"},{"link_name":"cryptomonads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptomonad"},{"link_name":"zooplankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooplankton"},{"link_name":"carnivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivore"},{"link_name":"herbivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivorous"},{"link_name":"copepods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copepod"},{"link_name":"crustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean"},{"link_name":"nekton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekton"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Layers of the pelagic zoneZones of the water column as defined by the amount of light penetration. The mesopelagic is sometimes referred to as the dysphotic zone.Ninety percent of marine life lives in the photic zone, which is approximately two hundred meters deep. This includes phytoplankton (plants), including dinoflagellates, diatoms, cyanobacteria, coccolithophores, and cryptomonads. It also includes zooplankton, the consumers in the photic zone. There are carnivorous meat eaters and herbivorous plant eaters. Next, copepods are the small crustaceans distributed everywhere in the photic zone. Finally, there are nekton (animals that can propel themselves, like fish, squids, and crabs), which are the largest and the most obvious animals in the photic zone, but their quantity is the smallest among all the groups.[4] Phytoplankton are microscopic plants living suspended in the water column that have little or no means of motility. They are primary producers that use solar energy as a food source.[citation needed]Detritivores and scavengers are rare in the photic zone. Microbial decomposition of dead organisms begins here and continues once the bodies sink to the aphotic zone where they form the most important source of nutrients for deep sea organisms.[5] The depth of the photic zone depends on the transparency of the water. If the water is very clear, the photic zone can become very deep. If it is very murky, it can be only fifty feet (fifteen meters) deep.Animals within the photic zone use the cycle of light and dark as an important environmental signal, migration is directly linked to this fact, fishes use the concept of dusk and dawn when its time to migrate, the photic zone resembles this concept providing a sense of time. These animals can be herrings and sardines and other fishes that consistently live within the photic zone.[6]","title":"Life in the photic zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"spatial distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_distribution"},{"link_name":"turbulent flux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ekman transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekman_transport"}],"text":"Due to biological uptake, the photic zone has relatively low levels of nutrient concentrations. As a result, phytoplankton doesn't receive enough nutrients when there is high water-column stability.[7] The spatial distribution of organisms can be controlled by a number of factors. Physical factors include: temperature, hydrostatic pressure, turbulent mixing such as the upward turbulent flux of inorganic nitrogen across the nutricline.[8] Chemical factors include oxygen and trace elements. Biological factors include grazing and migrations.[9] Upwelling carries nutrients from the deep waters into the photic zone, strengthening phytoplankton growth. The remixing and upwelling eventually bring nutrient-rich wastes back into the photic zone. The Ekman transport additionally brings more nutrients to the photic zone. Nutrient pulse frequency affects the phytoplankton competition. Photosynthesis produces more of it. Being the first link in the food chain, what happens to phytoplankton creates a rippling effect for other species. Besides phytoplankton, many other animals also live in this zone and utilize these nutrients. The majority of ocean life occurs in the photic zone, the smallest ocean zone by water volume. The photic zone, although small, has a large impact on those who reside in it.","title":"Nutrient uptake in the photic zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Light_Penetration_Spectrum_in_Water_01.png"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"attenuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuation"},{"link_name":"turbid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidity"},{"link_name":"eutrophic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophic"},{"link_name":"ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean"},{"link_name":"phytoplankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplankton"},{"link_name":"primary production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_production"},{"link_name":"respiration rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_rate"},{"link_name":"food webs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_web"}],"text":"Depth of light penetrationThe depth is, by definition, where radiation is degraded down to 1% of its surface strength.[10] Accordingly, its thickness depends on the extent of light attenuation in the water column. As incoming light at the surface can vary widely, this says little about the net growth of phytoplankton. Typical euphotic depths vary from only a few centimetres in highly turbid eutrophic lakes, to around 200 meters in the open ocean. It also varies with seasonal changes in turbidity, which can be strongly driven by phytoplankton concentrations, such that the depth of the photic zone often decreases as primary production increases. Moreover, the respiration rate is actually greater than the photosynthesis rate. The reason why phytoplankton production is so important is because it plays a prominent role when interwoven with other food webs.","title":"Photic zone depth"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linear_visible_spectrum.svg"},{"link_name":"photosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis"},{"link_name":"photosynthetic pigments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic_pigment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NOAA_Deep_Light_diagram3.jpg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Webb2019-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Webb2019-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Webb2019-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cycling_of_marine_phytoplankton.png"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Webb2019-12"},{"link_name":"open ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_ocean"},{"link_name":"particulate matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulate_matter"},{"link_name":"coastal water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neritic_zone"},{"link_name":"silt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silt"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae"},{"link_name":"microscopic organisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_microorganism"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Webb2019-12"},{"link_name":"pelagic zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic_zone"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Webb2019-12"}],"text":"Phytoplankton growth is affected by the colour spectrum of light,and in the process called photosynthesis absorb lightin the blue and red range through photosynthetic pigmentsComparison of the depths which different colors of light penetrate open ocean waters and the murkier coastal waters. Water absorbs the warmer long wavelengths colours, like reds and oranges, and scatter the cooler short wavelength colours.[11]Most of the solar energy reaching the Earth is in the range of visible light, with wavelengths between about 400-700 nm. Each colour of visible light has a unique wavelength, and together they make up white light. The shortest wavelengths are on the violet and ultraviolet end of the spectrum, while the longest wavelengths are at the red and infrared end. In between, the colours of the visible spectrum comprise the familiar “ROYGBIV”; red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.[12]Water is very effective at absorbing incoming light, so the amount of light penetrating the ocean declines rapidly (is attenuated) with depth. At one metre depth only 45% of the solar energy that falls on the ocean surface remains. At 10 metres depth only 16% of the light is still present, and only 1% of the original light is left at 100 metres. No light penetrates beyond 1000 metres.[12]In addition to overall attenuation, the oceans absorb the different wavelengths of light at different rates. The wavelengths at the extreme ends of the visible spectrum are attenuated faster than those wavelengths in the middle. Longer wavelengths are absorbed first; red is absorbed in the upper 10 metres, orange by about 40 metres, and yellow disappears before 100 metres. Shorter wavelengths penetrate further, with blue and green light reaching the deepest depths.[12]Cycling of marine phytoplanktonThis is why things appear blue underwater. How colours are perceived by the eye depends on the wavelengths of light that are received by the eye. An object appears red to the eye because it reflects red light and absorbs other colours. So the only colour reaching the eye is red. Blue is the only colour of light available at depth underwater, so it is the only colour that can be reflected back to the eye, and everything has a blue tinge under water. A red object at depth will not appear red to us because there is no red light available to reflect off of the object. Objects in water will only appear as their real colours near the surface where all wavelengths of light are still available, or if the other wavelengths of light are provided artificially, such as by illuminating the object with a dive light.[12]Water in the open ocean appears clear and blue because it contains much less particulate matter, such as phytoplankton or other suspended particles, and the clearer the water, the deeper the light penetration. Blue light penetrates deeply and is scattered by the water molecules, while all other colours are absorbed; thus the water appears blue. On the other hand, coastal water often appears greenish. Coastal water contains much more suspended silt and algae and microscopic organisms than the open ocean. Many of these organisms, such as phytoplankton, absorb light in the blue and red range through their photosynthetic pigments, leaving green as the dominant wavelength of reflected light. Therefore the higher the phytoplankton concentration in water, the greener it appears. Small silt particles may also absorb blue light, further shifting the colour of water away from blue when there are high concentrations of suspended particles.[12]The ocean can be divided into depth layers depending on the amount of light penetration, as discussed in pelagic zone. The upper 200 metres is referred to as the photic or euphotic zone. This represents the region where enough light can penetrate to support photosynthesis, and it corresponds to the epipelagic zone. From 200 to 1000 metres lies the dysphotic zone, or the twilight zone (corresponding with the mesopelagic zone). There is still some light at these depths, but not enough to support photosynthesis. Below 1000 metres is the aphotic (or midnight) zone, where no light penetrates. This region includes the majority of the ocean volume, which exists in complete darkness.[12]","title":"Light attenuation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triceratium_morlandii_var._morlandii.jpg"},{"link_name":"diatom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom"},{"link_name":"diatoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatoms"},{"link_name":"microfossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfossils"},{"link_name":"Phytoplankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplankton"},{"link_name":"unicellular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicellular"},{"link_name":"microorganisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_microorganisms"},{"link_name":"ocean food chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_food_chain"},{"link_name":"diatoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom"},{"link_name":"frustules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frustule"},{"link_name":"seafloor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafloor"},{"link_name":"microfossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfossil"},{"link_name":"opal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opal"},{"link_name":"marine sediment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_sediment"},{"link_name":"Paleoclimatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoclimatology"},{"link_name":"Proxy data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_data"},{"link_name":"Paleoclimate proxies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoclimate_proxies"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"diatom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom"},{"link_name":"isotope records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_isotope_stage"},{"link_name":"δ13C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9413C"},{"link_name":"δ18O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9418O"},{"link_name":"δ30Si","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_silicon"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"biological pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pump"},{"link_name":"marine isotope stage 5e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Isotope_Stage_5#Marine_Isotope_Stage_(MIS)_5e"},{"link_name":"last interglacial period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eemian"},{"link_name":"halocline stratification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halocline"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swann2015-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ocean_changes_from_the_last_interglacial_to_the_modern_day_A.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ocean_changes_from_the_last_interglacial_to_the_modern_day_B.png"},{"link_name":"stratified water column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratification_(water)"},{"link_name":"Northern Hemisphere glaciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrm_glaciation"},{"link_name":"sea surface temperatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haug2005-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nie2008-18"},{"link_name":"abyssal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyssal"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haug2005-16"},{"link_name":"late Pliocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Pliocene"},{"link_name":"early Quaternary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelasian"},{"link_name":"glacial–interglacial cycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_cycle"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"late Quaternary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Quaternary"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swann2015-14"}],"text":"Intricate silicate (glass) shell, 32-40 million years old, of a diatom microfossilFurther information: diatoms and microfossilsPhytoplankton are unicellular microorganisms which form the base of the ocean food chains. They are dominated by diatoms, which grow silicate shells called frustules. When diatoms die their shells can settle on the seafloor and become microfossils. Over time, these microfossils become buried as opal deposits in the marine sediment. Paleoclimatology is the study of past climates. Proxy data is used in order to relate elements collected in modern-day sedimentary samples to climatic and oceanic conditions in the past. Paleoclimate proxies refer to preserved or fossilized physical markers which serve as substitutes for direct meteorological or ocean measurements.[13] An example of proxies is the use of diatom isotope records of δ13C, δ18O, δ30Si (δ13Cdiatom, δ18Odiatom, and δ30Sidiatom). In 2015, Swann and Snelling used these isotope records to document historic changes in the photic zone conditions of the north-west Pacific Ocean, including nutrient supply and the efficiency of the soft-tissue biological pump, from the modern day back to marine isotope stage 5e, which coincides with the last interglacial period. Peaks in opal productivity in the marine isotope stage are associated with the breakdown of the regional halocline stratification and increased nutrient supply to the photic zone.[14]The initial development of the halocline and stratified water column has been attributed to the onset of major Northern Hemisphere glaciation at 2.73 Ma, which increased the flux of freshwater to the region, via increased monsoonal rainfall and/or glacial meltwater, and sea surface temperatures.[15][16][17][18] The decrease of abyssal water upwelling associated with this may have contributed to the establishment of globally cooler conditions and the expansion of glaciers across the Northern Hemisphere from 2.73 Ma.[16] While the halocline appears to have prevailed through the late Pliocene and early Quaternary glacial–interglacial cycles,[19] other studies have shown that the stratification boundary may have broken down in the late Quaternary at glacial terminations and during the early part of interglacials.[20][21][22][23][24][14]","title":"Paleoclimatology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dimethyl_sulfide_structure.svg"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Accumulation-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phytopla.jpg"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Accumulation-25"}],"text":"Dimethyl sulfide structurePhytoplankton are restricted to the photo zone only. As its growth is completely dependent upon photosynthesis. This results in the 50–100 m water level inside the ocean. Growth can also come from land factors, for example minerals that are dissolved from rocks, mineral nutrients from generations of plants and animals ,that made its way into the photic zone.[25]Drawn image of a phytoplanktonAn increase in the amount of phytoplankton also creates an increase in zooplankton, the zooplankton feeds on the phytoplankton as they are at the bottom of the food chain.[25]","title":"Phytoplankton side notes."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/photic-zone"}],"text":"Dimethylsulfide loss within the photic zone is controlled by microbial uptake and photochemical degradation. But what exactly is dimethylsulfide and why is it important? This compound (see the photo) helps regulate sulfur cycle and ecology within the ocean. Marine bacteria, algae, coral and most other organisms within the ocean release this, constituting a range of gene families.However this compound can be toxic to humans if swallowed, absorbed through the skin and inhaled. Proteins within plants and animals depend on this compound. Making it a significant part of ecology, it's good to know that it lives in the photic zone as well. [1]","title":"Dimethylsulfide"}] | [{"image_text":"Layers of the pelagic zone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pelagiczone.svg/160px-Pelagiczone.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Zones of the water column as defined by the amount of light penetration. The mesopelagic is sometimes referred to as the dysphotic zone.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Light_penetration_zones_in_the_water_column.png/240px-Light_penetration_zones_in_the_water_column.png"},{"image_text":"Depth of light penetration","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Light_Penetration_Spectrum_in_Water_01.png/220px-Light_Penetration_Spectrum_in_Water_01.png"},{"image_text":"Phytoplankton growth is affected by the colour spectrum of light,and in the process called photosynthesis absorb lightin the blue and red range through photosynthetic pigments","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Linear_visible_spectrum.svg/440px-Linear_visible_spectrum.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Comparison of the depths which different colors of light penetrate open ocean waters and the murkier coastal waters. Water absorbs the warmer long wavelengths colours, like reds and oranges, and scatter the cooler short wavelength colours.[11]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/NOAA_Deep_Light_diagram3.jpg/240px-NOAA_Deep_Light_diagram3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cycling of marine phytoplankton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cycling_of_marine_phytoplankton.png/330px-Cycling_of_marine_phytoplankton.png"},{"image_text":"Intricate silicate (glass) shell, 32-40 million years old, of a diatom microfossil","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Triceratium_morlandii_var._morlandii.jpg/220px-Triceratium_morlandii_var._morlandii.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dimethyl sulfide structure","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Dimethyl_sulfide_structure.svg/220px-Dimethyl_sulfide_structure.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Drawn image of a phytoplankton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Phytopla.jpg/170px-Phytopla.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Electromagnetic absorption by water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_absorption_by_water"},{"title":"Epipelagic fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epipelagic_fish"},{"title":"Mesophotic coral reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesophotic_coral_reef"}] | [{"reference":"\"Photic zone | Marine Life, Photosynthesis & Light | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/science/photic-zone","url_text":"\"Photic zone | Marine Life, Photosynthesis & Light | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"Evolution of primary producers in the sea. Fa2000lkowski, Paul G., Knoll, Andrew H. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-08-055051-0. OCLC 173661015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-055051-0","url_text":"978-0-08-055051-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/173661015","url_text":"173661015"}]},{"reference":"\"Trophic Levels of Coral Reefs\". Sciencing. Retrieved 2019-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://sciencing.com/trophic-levels-coral-reefs-5523723.html","url_text":"\"Trophic Levels of Coral Reefs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Photic Zone - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics\". www.sciencedirect.com. 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A.; Tiedemann, Ralf; Jaccard, Samuel L.; Bollmann, Jörg; Maslin, Mark A.; Leng, Melanie J.; Eglinton, Geoffrey (2005). \"North Pacific seasonality and the glaciation of North America 2.7 million years ago\". Nature. 433 (7028). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 821–825. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..821H. doi:10.1038/nature03332. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 15729332. 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A.; Maslin, Mark A.; Leng, Melanie J.; Sloane, Hilary J.; Haug, Gerald H. (2006-02-24). \"Diatom δ18O evidence for the development of the modern halocline system in the subarctic northwest Pacific at the onset of major Northern Hemisphere glaciation\". Paleoceanography. 21 (1). American Geophysical Union (AGU): n/a. Bibcode:2006PalOc..21.1009S. doi:10.1029/2005pa001147. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Sants | Hector Sants | ["1 Education and personal life","2 Career","2.1 Phillips & Drew and UBS","2.2 DLJ and CSFB","2.3 FSA","2.4 Barclays","2.5 Oliver Wyman","2.6 Other appointments","3 Honours","4 References","5 External links"] | British investment banker and financial regulator
SirHector SantsSants in 2014Chief Executive Officer of the Financial Services AuthorityIn officeJuly 2007 (2007-07) – June 2012 (2012-06)Prime MinisterDavid CameronGordon BrownPreceded byJohn Tiner
Personal detailsBornHector William Hepburn Sants (1955-12-15) 15 December 1955 (age 68)NationalityBritishChildren3EducationClifton CollegeAlma materCorpus Christi College, Oxford (M.A.)OccupationInvestment bankerAwardsLangton Award for Community Service (2016)
Sir Hector William Hepburn Sants (born 15 December 1955) is a British investment banker. He was appointed Chief Executive Officer of the Financial Services Authority in July 2007 and stepped down in June 2012. He took up a new position with Barclays Bank at the end of January 2013, but resigned from the bank on 13 November 2013.
Education and personal life
Hector Sants was educated at Clifton College and Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
Sants is married to his wife Caroline and has three children.
Career
Phillips & Drew and UBS
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Sants joined the Research Department of the stockbroking partnership Phillips & Drew in 1977, and from 1978 to 1983 he was the Senior Analyst responsible for Food Manufacturing and Overseas Traders sectors. He became a partner in 1984.
In December 1984 he moved to New York where he was a director of Phillips & Drew International, the New York subsidiary. In 1985 he became Managing Director of that operation. Phillips & Drew International was subsequently acquired by Union Bank of Switzerland and Sants was appointed First Vice President, responsible for the international securities activities of UBS Securities.
In January 1988, Sants returned to London where he became responsible for the worldwide coordination of research for the UBS investment banking operation. In September 1988, he became Vice Chairman of UBS Phillips & Drew Securities Ltd, renamed UBS Limited in 1993, initially responsible for all equity and equity-linked secondary activities in London and later, from 1996, responsible for all equity business in Europe, Africa and the Middle Near East. In 1994, with the formation of the Global Equity Management Committee of which Sants was a founding member, he also took collective responsibility for UBS's worldwide equity operations. In December 1997 he became Global Head of Equities but continued to retain direct responsibility for the European product. From 1998 he was also on the Executive Management Committee for all UBS wholesale activities in Europe.
In March 1998, as a result of the merger of UBS with Swiss Bank Corporation, Sants became Joint Head of European Equities at investment bank Warburg Dillon Read, which itself had been created by SBC in 1997 as a result of acquisitions and mergers.
DLJ and CSFB
This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Hector Sants" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Sants left in July 1998 to join Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette. At DLJ he was global head of international (non-US) equities and chairman of Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette International Securities Ltd.
In October 2000, DLJ merged with Credit Suisse First Boston, and Sants became a vice chairman with responsibility for the equity businesses outside of the US. In November 2001 he became chief executive officer for the European, Middle East and Africa region and joined the executive board and the operating committee of Credit Suisse First Boston.
FSA
In May 2004, Sants joined the Financial Services Authority as the Managing Director responsible for Wholesale and Institutional Markets. He was appointed FSA Chief Executive in July 2007.
In December 2008, Sants appeared before a Treasury Select Committee inquiry about the FSA. Committee Chairman John McFall commented “Your long answers are not helping us”. At the end of the hearing, however, he added “you did very well”.
Barclays
In December 2012, it was announced that Sants would take up the position of Head of Compliance and Government and Regulatory Relations with Barclays Bank from January 2013. It had previously emerged that after Sants stepped down from the FSA in June, in the same month the FSA fined Barclays £59.5m for manipulating the interbank borrowing rate Libor (Libor scandal). In September 2012, Sants had released correspondence with Barclays to Andrew Tyrie MP, chairman of the Treasury Select Committee, in which Sants had raised profound concerns about the culture and governance arrangements at Barclays when Bob Diamond was appointed as the bank’s chief executive in 2010. Antony Jenkins, who replaced Diamond as Barclays CEO, was keen to recruit Sants to bolster the status of Barclays’ compliance and regulatory oversight functions and make it integral to the way the bank operates.
On 15 October 2013, Barclays announced that Sants was taking three months' sick leave as he was suffering from "exhaustion and stress", and he resigned from the bank on 13 November 2013.
Oliver Wyman
In July 2015, Sir Hector Sants joined Oliver Wyman, the international management consulting firm, as a Partner and Vice Chairman. In November 2015, Hector Sants led a review for the British Bankers Association (BBA) into the competitiveness of the UK banking industry
. In September, 2016, Sir Hector Sants co-led a research commissioned by TheCityUK on the potential impact of Brexit on the financial sector.
Other appointments
Concurrently with his main career, Sants has held non-executive directorships at organisations including the Securities and Futures Authority (no longer extant as such), the London Stock Exchange and LCH.Clearnet. He has also served on the Practitioners Panel of the FSA, the Securities and Investments Board, the initial committee to start up CREST, the Financial Law Panel, the Practitioner Investment Advisory Committee to the Public Trustee Office and the LIBA Chairman's Committee. Sants is also the former Chair of StepChange Debt Charity. On 1 January 2022 Sants took up the role of Chair of the Oxford Diocesan Board of Finance, the governing body of the finances of the Church of England's Diocese of Oxford.
Honours
Sants was knighted for services to financial services and regulation in the 2013 New Year Honours.
In 2016, he was awarded the Langton Award for Community Service by the Archbishop of Canterbury "for his contribution to the Church of England’s work for the common good in all communities".
Sir Hector Sants is a Bynum Tudor Visiting Fellow at Kellogg College, Oxford.
References
^ "Sir Hector Sants". Debrett's. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
^ Sants to be paid £500K plus benefits until end of year, Money Marketing
^ a b "Barclays hires former FSA boss Sats". Sky News. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
^ a b "Barclays' Sir Hector Sants resigns citing stress". BBC News. 13 November 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
^ "New Year Honours 2013". Oxford Today. 4 January 2013. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
^ Sahloul, Fareed (13 July 2007). "A brief biography of Hector Sants". Financial News. London, England. Retrieved 8 August 2022. He is married with three children and lives in Oxford.
^ "FSA chief's gift is bonus for charity". WalesOnline. Reach plc. 27 June 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2022. Mr Sants' wife, Caroline, worked as a volunteer with The Art Room for three years and the couple's sons, Arthur and Hector, have raised more than £20,000.
^ Hector Sants: Smooth Christian banker turned watchdog, The Guardian
^ Biography, FSA website, retrieved on 12 February 2010
^ Transcript of meeting 15 December 2008, UK Parliament publications website, retrieved on 15 January 2009
^ Patrick Jenkins (15 October 2013). "Barclays' Hector Sants goes on leave because of stress". Financial Times. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
^ Jill Treanor (16 December 2014). "Sir Hector Sants to join management consultancy firm". Guardian UK.
^ Steve Slater (13 November 2015). "Government urged to set up new body to help investment banking thrive".
^ "Claim 'hard Brexit' could cost UK £10bn in tax". Financial Times. 15 October 2016.
^ "Diocese of Oxford | Sir Hector Sants appointed new Chair of the Diocesan Board of Finance".
^ "Knights Bachelor" (PDF). Cabinet Office. 29 December 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
^ "No. 60367". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 2012. p. 1.
^ "The Archbishop of Canterbury's Awards: Lambeth Palace" (PDF). Archbishop of Canterbury. 31 March 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
^ "Sir Hector Sants". Kellogg College. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
External links
Article in The Guardian newspaper
Article in The Times newspaper
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At the end of the hearing, however, he added “you did very well”.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barclays Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays_Bank"},{"link_name":"Libor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libor"},{"link_name":"Libor scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libor_scandal"},{"link_name":"Andrew Tyrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Tyrie"},{"link_name":"Treasury Select Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_Select_Committee"},{"link_name":"Bob Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Diamond_(banker)"},{"link_name":"Antony Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SkyApt-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resign-4"}],"sub_title":"Barclays","text":"In December 2012, it was announced that Sants would take up the position of Head of Compliance and Government and Regulatory Relations with Barclays Bank from January 2013. 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Antony Jenkins, who replaced Diamond as Barclays CEO, was keen to recruit Sants to bolster the status of Barclays’ compliance and regulatory oversight functions and make it integral to the way the bank operates.[3]On 15 October 2013, Barclays announced that Sants was taking three months' sick leave as he was suffering from \"exhaustion and stress\",[11] and he resigned from the bank on 13 November 2013.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oliver Wyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wyman"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Oliver Wyman","text":"In July 2015, Sir Hector Sants joined Oliver Wyman, the international management consulting firm, as a Partner and Vice Chairman.[12] In November 2015, Hector Sants led a review for the British Bankers Association (BBA) into the competitiveness of the UK banking industry\n.[13] In September, 2016, Sir Hector Sants co-led a research commissioned by TheCityUK on the potential impact of Brexit on the financial sector. \n[14]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Securities and Futures Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Securities_and_Futures_Authority&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"London Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"LCH.Clearnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCH.Clearnet"},{"link_name":"Securities and Investments Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_and_Investments_Board"},{"link_name":"CREST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CREST_(securities_depository)"},{"link_name":"Financial Law Panel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial_Law_Panel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Public Trustee Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_Trustee_Office&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LIBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIBA"},{"link_name":"StepChange Debt Charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StepChange_Debt_Charity"},{"link_name":"Diocesan Board of Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocesan_Board_of_Finance"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Other appointments","text":"Concurrently with his main career, Sants has held non-executive directorships at organisations including the Securities and Futures Authority (no longer extant as such), the London Stock Exchange and LCH.Clearnet. He has also served on the Practitioners Panel of the FSA, the Securities and Investments Board, the initial committee to start up CREST, the Financial Law Panel, the Practitioner Investment Advisory Committee to the Public Trustee Office and the LIBA Chairman's Committee. Sants is also the former Chair of StepChange Debt Charity. On 1 January 2022 Sants took up the role of Chair of the Oxford Diocesan Board of Finance, the governing body of the finances of the Church of England's Diocese of Oxford.[15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"knighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"2013 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Langton Award for Community Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langton_Award_for_Community_Service"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Kellogg College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellogg_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Sants was knighted for services to financial services and regulation in the 2013 New Year Honours.[16][17]In 2016, he was awarded the Langton Award for Community Service by the Archbishop of Canterbury \"for his contribution to the Church of England’s work for the common good in all communities\".[18]Sir Hector Sants is a Bynum Tudor Visiting Fellow at Kellogg College, Oxford.[19]","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Sir Hector Sants\". Debrett's. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131113190853/http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/s/11632/Hector%20William%20Hepburn+SANTS.aspx","url_text":"\"Sir Hector Sants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debrett%27s","url_text":"Debrett's"},{"url":"http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/s/11632/Hector%20William%20Hepburn+SANTS.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Barclays hires former FSA boss Sats\". Sky News. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.sky.com/story/1024376/barclays-hires-former-fsa-boss-hector-sants","url_text":"\"Barclays hires former FSA boss Sats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News","url_text":"Sky News"}]},{"reference":"\"Barclays' Sir Hector Sants resigns citing stress\". BBC News. 13 November 2013. 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Financial Times. Retrieved 16 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/0762ae42-3586-11e3-b539-00144feab7de.html","url_text":"\"Barclays' Hector Sants goes on leave because of stress\""}]},{"reference":"Jill Treanor (16 December 2014). \"Sir Hector Sants to join management consultancy firm\". Guardian UK.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/dec/16/sir-hector-sants-joins-management-consultancy","url_text":"\"Sir Hector Sants to join management consultancy firm\""}]},{"reference":"Steve Slater (13 November 2015). \"Government urged to set up new body to help investment banking thrive\".","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-banking-competitive-idUKKCN0T200E20151113","url_text":"\"Government urged to set up new body to help investment banking thrive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Claim 'hard Brexit' could cost UK £10bn in tax\". Financial Times. 15 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/f60b2d44-8a51-11e6-8aa5-f79f5696c731","url_text":"\"Claim 'hard Brexit' could cost UK £10bn in tax\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diocese of Oxford | Sir Hector Sants appointed new Chair of the Diocesan Board of Finance\".","urls":[{"url":"https://oxford.anglican.org/sir-hector-sants-appointed-new-chair-of-the-diocesan-board-of-finance.php","url_text":"\"Diocese of Oxford | Sir Hector Sants appointed new Chair of the Diocesan Board of Finance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Knights Bachelor\" (PDF). Cabinet Office. 29 December 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/sites/default/files/resources/NY2013-list.pdf#page=3","url_text":"\"Knights Bachelor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Office","url_text":"Cabinet Office"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 60367\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 2012. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/60367/supplement/1","url_text":"\"No. 60367\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"The Archbishop of Canterbury's Awards: Lambeth Palace\" (PDF). Archbishop of Canterbury. 31 March 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/data/files/resources/5697/CITATIONS-PDF.pdf","url_text":"\"The Archbishop of Canterbury's Awards: Lambeth Palace\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sir Hector Sants\". Kellogg College. Retrieved 27 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kellogg.ox.ac.uk/discover/people/sir-hector-sants/","url_text":"\"Sir Hector Sants\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hector+Sants%22","external_links_name":"\"Hector Sants\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hector+Sants%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hector+Sants%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hector+Sants%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hector+Sants%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hector+Sants%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hector+Sants%22","external_links_name":"\"Hector 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equally_likely_outcomes | Outcome (probability) | ["1 Sets of outcomes: events","2 Probability of an outcome","3 Equally likely outcomes","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Possible result of an experiment or trial
Part of a series on statisticsProbability theory
Probability
Axioms
Determinism
System
Indeterminism
Randomness
Probability space
Sample space
Event
Collectively exhaustive events
Elementary event
Mutual exclusivity
Outcome
Singleton
Experiment
Bernoulli trial
Probability distribution
Bernoulli distribution
Binomial distribution
Exponential distribution
Normal distribution
Pareto distribution
Poisson distribution
Probability measure
Random variable
Bernoulli process
Continuous or discrete
Expected value
Variance
Markov chain
Observed value
Random walk
Stochastic process
Complementary event
Joint probability
Marginal probability
Conditional probability
Independence
Conditional independence
Law of total probability
Law of large numbers
Bayes' theorem
Boole's inequality
Venn diagram
Tree diagram
vte
For other uses, see Outcome.
In probability theory, an outcome is a possible result of an experiment or trial. Each possible outcome of a particular experiment is unique, and different outcomes are mutually exclusive (only one outcome will occur on each trial of the experiment). All of the possible outcomes of an experiment form the elements of a sample space.
For the experiment where we flip a coin twice, the four possible outcomes that make up our sample space are (H, T), (T, H), (T, T) and (H, H), where "H" represents a "heads", and "T" represents a "tails". Outcomes should not be confused with events, which are sets (or informally, "groups") of outcomes. For comparison, we could define an event to occur when "at least one 'heads'" is flipped in the experiment - that is, when the outcome contains at least one 'heads'. This event would contain all outcomes in the sample space except the element (T, T).
Sets of outcomes: events
Main article: Event (probability theory)
Since individual outcomes may be of little practical interest, or because there may be prohibitively (even infinitely) many of them, outcomes are grouped into sets of outcomes that satisfy some condition, which are called "events." The collection of all such events is a sigma-algebra.
An event containing exactly one outcome is called an elementary event. The event that contains all possible outcomes of an experiment is its sample space. A single outcome can be a part of many different events.
Typically, when the sample space is finite, any subset of the sample space is an event (that is, all elements of the power set of the sample space are defined as events). However, this approach does not work well in cases where the sample space is uncountably infinite (most notably when the outcome must be some real number). So, when defining a probability space it is possible, and often necessary, to exclude certain subsets of the sample space from being events.
Probability of an outcome
Outcomes may occur with probabilities that are between zero and one (inclusively). In a discrete probability distribution whose sample space is finite, each outcome is assigned a particular probability. In contrast, in a continuous distribution, individual outcomes all have zero probability, and non-zero probabilities can only be assigned to ranges of outcomes.
Some "mixed" distributions contain both stretches of continuous outcomes and some discrete outcomes; the discrete outcomes in such distributions can be called atoms and can have non-zero probabilities.
Under the measure-theoretic definition of a probability space, the probability of an outcome need not even be defined. In particular, the set of events on which probability is defined may be some σ-algebra on
S
{\displaystyle S}
and not necessarily the full power set.
Equally likely outcomes
Flipping a coin leads to two outcomes that are almost equally likely.
Up or down? Flipping a brass tack leads to two outcomes that are not equally likely.
In some sample spaces, it is reasonable to estimate or assume that all outcomes in the space are equally likely (that they occur with equal probability). For example, when tossing an ordinary coin, one typically assumes that the outcomes "head" and "tail" are equally likely to occur. An implicit assumption that all outcomes are equally likely underpins most randomization tools used in common games of chance (e.g. rolling dice, shuffling cards, spinning tops or wheels, drawing lots, etc.). Of course, players in such games can try to cheat by subtly introducing systematic deviations from equal likelihood (for example, with marked cards, loaded or shaved dice, and other methods).
Some treatments of probability assume that the various outcomes of an experiment are always defined so as to be equally likely. However, there are experiments that are not easily described by a set of equally likely outcomes— for example, if one were to toss a thumb tack many times and observe whether it landed with its point upward or downward, there is no symmetry to suggest that the two outcomes should be equally likely.
See also
Event (probability theory) – In statistics and probability theory, set of outcomes to which a probability is assigned
Sample space – Set of all possible outcomes or results of a statistical trial or experiment
Probability distribution – Mathematical function for the probability a given outcome occurs in an experiment
Probability space – Mathematical concept
Realization (probability) – Observed value of a random variable
References
^ "Outcome - Probability - Math Dictionary". HighPointsLearning. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
^ Albert, Jim (21 January 1998). "Listing All Possible Outcomes (The Sample Space)". Bowling Green State University. Archived from the original on 16 October 2000. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
^ Leon-Garcia, Alberto (2008). Probability, Statistics and Random Processes for Electrical Engineering. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. ISBN 9780131471221.
^ Pfeiffer, Paul E. (1978). Concepts of probability theory. Dover Publications. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-486-63677-1.
^ Kallenberg, Olav (2002). Foundations of Modern Probability (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 9. ISBN 0-387-94957-7.
^ Foerster, Paul A. (2006). Algebra and Trigonometry: Functions and Applications, Teacher's Edition (Classics ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 633. ISBN 0-13-165711-9.
External links
Media related to Outcome (probability) at Wikimedia Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Outcome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outcome_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"probability theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory"},{"link_name":"experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment_(probability_theory)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"mutually exclusive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutually_exclusive_events"},{"link_name":"sample space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_space"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_(probability_theory)"},{"link_name":"sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)"}],"text":"For other uses, see Outcome.In probability theory, an outcome is a possible result of an experiment or trial.[1] Each possible outcome of a particular experiment is unique, and different outcomes are mutually exclusive (only one outcome will occur on each trial of the experiment). All of the possible outcomes of an experiment form the elements of a sample space.[2]For the experiment where we flip a coin twice, the four possible outcomes that make up our sample space are (H, T), (T, H), (T, T) and (H, H), where \"H\" represents a \"heads\", and \"T\" represents a \"tails\". Outcomes should not be confused with events, which are sets (or informally, \"groups\") of outcomes. For comparison, we could define an event to occur when \"at least one 'heads'\" is flipped in the experiment - that is, when the outcome contains at least one 'heads'. This event would contain all outcomes in the sample space except the element (T, T).","title":"Outcome (probability)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_(probability_theory)"},{"link_name":"sigma-algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-algebra"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"elementary event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_event"},{"link_name":"sample space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_space"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"power set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_set"},{"link_name":"uncountably infinite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncountably_infinite"},{"link_name":"real number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_numbers"},{"link_name":"probability space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_space"}],"text":"Since individual outcomes may be of little practical interest, or because there may be prohibitively (even infinitely) many of them, outcomes are grouped into sets of outcomes that satisfy some condition, which are called \"events.\" The collection of all such events is a sigma-algebra.[3]An event containing exactly one outcome is called an elementary event. The event that contains all possible outcomes of an experiment is its sample space. A single outcome can be a part of many different events.[4]Typically, when the sample space is finite, any subset of the sample space is an event (that is, all elements of the power set of the sample space are defined as events). However, this approach does not work well in cases where the sample space is uncountably infinite (most notably when the outcome must be some real number). So, when defining a probability space it is possible, and often necessary, to exclude certain subsets of the sample space from being events.","title":"Sets of outcomes: events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"discrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_random_variable"},{"link_name":"sample space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_space"},{"link_name":"continuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_random_variable"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"measure-theoretic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_theory"},{"link_name":"probability space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_space"},{"link_name":"σ-algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-algebra"},{"link_name":"power set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_set"}],"text":"Outcomes may occur with probabilities that are between zero and one (inclusively). In a discrete probability distribution whose sample space is finite, each outcome is assigned a particular probability. In contrast, in a continuous distribution, individual outcomes all have zero probability, and non-zero probabilities can only be assigned to ranges of outcomes.Some \"mixed\" distributions contain both stretches of continuous outcomes and some discrete outcomes; the discrete outcomes in such distributions can be called atoms and can have non-zero probabilities.[5]Under the measure-theoretic definition of a probability space, the probability of an outcome need not even be defined. In particular, the set of events on which probability is defined may be some σ-algebra on \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n and not necessarily the full power set.","title":"Probability of an outcome"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coin_tossing.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brass_thumbtack.jpg"},{"link_name":"sample spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_space"},{"link_name":"probability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability"},{"link_name":"randomization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomization"},{"link_name":"games of chance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_of_chance"},{"link_name":"dice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dice"},{"link_name":"cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_card"},{"link_name":"lots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lottery"},{"link_name":"marked cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_marking"},{"link_name":"loaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dice#Loaded_dice"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"thumb tack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumb_tack"}],"text":"Flipping a coin leads to two outcomes that are almost equally likely.Up or down? Flipping a brass tack leads to two outcomes that are not equally likely.In some sample spaces, it is reasonable to estimate or assume that all outcomes in the space are equally likely (that they occur with equal probability). For example, when tossing an ordinary coin, one typically assumes that the outcomes \"head\" and \"tail\" are equally likely to occur. An implicit assumption that all outcomes are equally likely underpins most randomization tools used in common games of chance (e.g. rolling dice, shuffling cards, spinning tops or wheels, drawing lots, etc.). Of course, players in such games can try to cheat by subtly introducing systematic deviations from equal likelihood (for example, with marked cards, loaded or shaved dice, and other methods).Some treatments of probability assume that the various outcomes of an experiment are always defined so as to be equally likely.[6] However, there are experiments that are not easily described by a set of equally likely outcomes— for example, if one were to toss a thumb tack many times and observe whether it landed with its point upward or downward, there is no symmetry to suggest that the two outcomes should be equally likely.","title":"Equally likely outcomes"}] | [{"image_text":"Flipping a coin leads to two outcomes that are almost equally likely.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coin_tossing.JPG/220px-Coin_tossing.JPG"},{"image_text":"Up or down? Flipping a brass tack leads to two outcomes that are not equally likely.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Brass_thumbtack.jpg/220px-Brass_thumbtack.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Event (probability theory)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_(probability_theory)"},{"title":"Sample space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_space"},{"title":"Probability distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution"},{"title":"Probability space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_space"},{"title":"Realization (probability)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realization_(probability)"}] | [{"reference":"\"Outcome - Probability - Math Dictionary\". HighPointsLearning. Retrieved 25 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icoachmath.com/math_dictionary/outcome.html","url_text":"\"Outcome - Probability - Math Dictionary\""}]},{"reference":"Albert, Jim (21 January 1998). \"Listing All Possible Outcomes (The Sample Space)\". Bowling Green State University. Archived from the original on 16 October 2000. Retrieved June 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20001016182602/http://www-math.bgsu.edu/~albert/m115/probability/sample_space.html","url_text":"\"Listing All Possible Outcomes (The Sample Space)\""},{"url":"http://www-math.bgsu.edu/~albert/m115/probability/sample_space.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Leon-Garcia, Alberto (2008). Probability, Statistics and Random Processes for Electrical Engineering. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. ISBN 9780131471221.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GUJosCkbBywC","url_text":"Probability, Statistics and Random Processes for Electrical Engineering"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780131471221","url_text":"9780131471221"}]},{"reference":"Pfeiffer, Paul E. (1978). Concepts of probability theory. Dover Publications. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-486-63677-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_mayRBczVRwC&pg=PA18","url_text":"Concepts of probability theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-63677-1","url_text":"978-0-486-63677-1"}]},{"reference":"Kallenberg, Olav (2002). Foundations of Modern Probability (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 9. ISBN 0-387-94957-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L6fhXh13OyMC","url_text":"Foundations of Modern Probability"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-94957-7","url_text":"0-387-94957-7"}]},{"reference":"Foerster, Paul A. (2006). Algebra and Trigonometry: Functions and Applications, Teacher's Edition (Classics ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 633. ISBN 0-13-165711-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/algebratrigonome00paul_0/page/633","url_text":"Algebra and Trigonometry: Functions and Applications, Teacher's Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentice_Hall","url_text":"Prentice Hall"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/algebratrigonome00paul_0/page/633","url_text":"633"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-165711-9","url_text":"0-13-165711-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.icoachmath.com/math_dictionary/outcome.html","external_links_name":"\"Outcome - Probability - Math Dictionary\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20001016182602/http://www-math.bgsu.edu/~albert/m115/probability/sample_space.html","external_links_name":"\"Listing All Possible Outcomes (The Sample Space)\""},{"Link":"http://www-math.bgsu.edu/~albert/m115/probability/sample_space.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GUJosCkbBywC","external_links_name":"Probability, Statistics and Random Processes for Electrical Engineering"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_mayRBczVRwC&pg=PA18","external_links_name":"Concepts of probability theory"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L6fhXh13OyMC","external_links_name":"Foundations of Modern Probability"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/algebratrigonome00paul_0/page/633","external_links_name":"Algebra and Trigonometry: Functions and Applications, Teacher's Edition"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/algebratrigonome00paul_0/page/633","external_links_name":"633"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_CAF_Champions_League | 2014 CAF Champions League | ["1 Association team allocation","2 Teams","3 Schedule","4 Qualifying rounds","4.1 Preliminary round","4.2 First round","4.3 Second round","5 Group stage","5.1 Group A","5.2 Group B","6 Knockout stage","6.1 Bracket","6.2 Semi-finals","6.3 Final","7 Champions","8 Top scorers","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"] | 50th edition of Africa's premier club football tournament
2014 CAF Champions League2014 Orange CAF Champions LeagueThe Mustapha Tchaker Stadium host the second leg finalTournament detailsDates7 February – 1 November 2014Teams58 (from 47 associations)Final positionsChampions ES Sétif (2nd title)Runners-up AS Vita ClubTournament statisticsMatches played126Goals scored313 (2.48 per match)Top scorer(s) El Hedi Belameiri Haythem Jouini Ndombe Mubele Mrisho Ngasa(6 goals each)← 2013 2015 → International football competition
The 2014 CAF Champions League (also known as the 2014 Orange CAF Champions League for sponsorship reasons) was the 50th edition of Africa's premier club football tournament organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF), and the 18th edition under the current CAF Champions League format. The two-time defending champions Al-Ahly were eliminated in the second round by Al-Ahly Benghazi.
In the final, ES Sétif of Algeria defeated AS Vita Club of the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the away goals rule after drawing 3–3 on aggregate, to win their second title. They qualified for the 2014 FIFA Club World Cup, and earned the right to play in the 2015 CAF Super Cup.
Association team allocation
All 56 CAF member associations may enter the CAF Champions League, with the 12 highest-ranked associations according to their CAF 5-year ranking eligible to enter two teams in the competition. The title holders could also enter if they had not already qualified for the CAF Champions League. As a result, theoretically a maximum of 69 teams could enter the tournament – although this level has never been reached.
For the 2014 CAF Champions League, the CAF used the 2008–2012 CAF 5-year ranking, which calculated points for each entrant association based on their clubs’ performance over those 5 years in the CAF Champions League and CAF Confederation Cup. The criteria for points were the following:
CAF Champions League
CAF Confederation Cup
Winners
5 points
4 points
Runners-up
4 points
3 points
Losing semi-finalists
3 points
2 points
3rd place in groups
2 points
1 point
4th place in groups
1 point
1 point
The points were multiplied by a coefficient according to the year as follows:
2012 – 5
2011 – 4
2010 – 3
2009 – 2
2008 – 1
Teams
The following teams entered the competition. Teams in bold received a bye to the first round. The other teams entered the preliminary round.
Associations are shown according to their 2008–2012 CAF 5-year ranking – those with a ranking score have their rank and score indicated.
Association
Team(s)
Qualifying method
Associations eligible to enter two teams (ranked 1–12)
Tunisia(1st – 85 pts)
CS Sfaxien
2012–13 Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1 champions
Espérance de Tunis
2012–13 Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1 runners-up
Egypt(2nd – 70 pts)
Al-Ahly
Title holders (2013 CAF Champions League winners)2010–11 Egyptian Premier League champions
Zamalek
2010–11 Egyptian Premier League runners-up
Nigeria(3rd – 63 pts)
Kano Pillars
2013 Nigeria Premier League champions
Enyimba
2013 Nigeria Premier League runners-up
Sudan(4th – 54 pts)
Al-Merrikh
2013 Sudan Premier League champions
Al-Hilal
2013 Sudan Premier League runners-up
Morocco(5th – 53 pts)
Raja Casablanca
2012–13 Botola champions
FAR Rabat
2012–13 Botola runners-up
DR Congo(6th – 48 pts)
TP Mazembe
2013 Linafoot champions
AS Vita Club
2013 Linafoot runners-up
Algeria(7th – 40 pts)
ES Sétif(one entrant only)
2012–13 Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 champions
Mali(8th – 31 pts)
Stade Malien
2012–13 Malian Première Division champions
AS Real Bamako
2012–13 Malian Première Division runners-up
Congo(9th – 20 pts)
AC Léopards
2013 Congo Premier League champions
Diables Noirs
2013 Congo Premier League runners-up
Angola(10th – 18 pts)
Kabuscorp
2013 Girabola champions
Primeiro de Agosto
2013 Girabola runners-up
Cameroon(11th – 12 pts)
Coton Sport
2013 Elite One champions
Les Astres
2013 Elite One runners-up
Ghana(12th – 11 pts)
Asante Kotoko
2012–13 Ghanaian Premier League champions
Berekum Chelsea
2012–13 Ghanaian Premier League runners-up
Associations eligible to enter one team
Zimbabwe(13th – 8 pts)
Dynamos
2013 Zimbabwe Premier Soccer League champions
Zambia(14th – 7 pts)
Nkana
2013 Zambian Premier League champions
Ivory Coast(T-15th – 6 pts)
Séwé Sport
2012–13 Côte d'Ivoire Ligue 1 champions
Libya(T-15th – 6 pts)
Al-Ahly Benghazi
2013–14 Libyan Premier League Group B leaders after Round 7
Niger(17th – 3 pts)
AS Douanes Niamey
2012–13 Niger Premier League champions
Botswana
Mochudi Centre Chiefs
2012–13 Botswana Premier League champions
Burkina Faso
ASFA Yennenga
2013 Burkinabé Premier League champions
Burundi
Flambeau de l’Est
2012–13 Burundi Premier League champions
Chad
Foullah Edifice
2013 Ligue de N'Djaména champions
Comoros
Komorozine
2013 Comoros Premier League champions
Equatorial Guinea
Akonangui
2013 Equatoguinean Premier League champions
Ethiopia
Dedebit
2012–13 Ethiopian Premier League champions
Gabon
US Bitam
2012–13 Gabon Championnat National D1 champions
Gambia
Steve Biko
2013 GFA League First Division champions
Guinea
Horoya
2013 Guinée Championnat National champions
Guinea-Bissau
Os Balantas
2013 Campeonato Nacional da Guiné-Bissau champions
Kenya
Gor Mahia
2013 Kenyan Premier League champions
Lesotho
Lioli
2012–13 Lesotho Premier League champions
Liberia
Barrack Young Controllers
2013 Liberian Premier League champions
Madagascar
CNaPS Sport
2013 THB Champions League champions
Mauritania
FC Nouadhibou
2012–13 Mauritanian Premier League champions
Mozambique
Liga Muçulmana
2013 Moçambola champions
Namibia
Black Africa
2012–13 Namibia Premier League champions
Rwanda
Rayon Sports
2012–13 Primus National Football League champions
São Tomé and Príncipe
Sporting Praia Cruz
2013 São Tomé and Príncipe Championship champions
Senegal
Diambars
2013 Senegal Premier League champions
Seychelles
Côte d'Or
2013 Seychelles First Division champions
Sierra Leone
Diamond Stars
2013 Sierra Leone National Premier League champions
South Africa
Kaizer Chiefs
2012–13 Premier Soccer League champions
South Sudan
Atlabara
2013 South Sudan Football Championship champions
Swaziland
Mbabane Swallows
2012–13 Swazi Premier League champions
Tanzania
Young Africans
2012–13 Tanzanian Premier League champions
Togo
Anges de Notsè
2013 Togolese Championnat National champions
Uganda
Kampala City Council
2012–13 Uganda Super League champions
Zanzibar
KMKM
2012–13 Zanzibar Premier League champions
Notes
^ a b Algeria (ALG): USM El Harrach, the 2012–13 Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 runners-up, withdrew after the draw was held. Sporting Praia Cruz, the 2013 São Tomé and Príncipe Championship champions, were allowed by the CAF to replace them in the draw.
^ a b Egypt (EGY): The 2012–13 Egyptian Premier League champions and runners-up would originally represent Egypt in this tournament, but due to its cancellation, the 2010–11 Egyptian Premier League champions and runners-up (last completed season) were selected to represent Egypt instead.
The following associations did not enter a team:
Benin
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Djibouti
Eritrea
Malawi
Mauritius
Réunion
Somalia
Schedule
The schedule of the competition was as follows (all draws held at CAF headquarters in Cairo, Egypt unless otherwise stated).
Phase
Round
Draw date
First leg
Second leg
Qualifying
Preliminary round
16 December 2013(Marrakech, Morocco)
7–9 February 2014
14–16 February 2014
First round
28 February–2 March 2014
7–9 March 2014
Second round
21–23 March 2014
28–30 March 2014
Group stage
Matchday 1
29 April 2014
16–18 May 2014
Matchday 2
23–25 May 2014
Matchday 3
6–8 June 2014
Matchday 4
25–27 July 2014
Matchday 5
8–10 August 2014
Matchday 6
22–24 August 2014
Knock-out stage
Semi-finals
19–21 September 2014
26–28 September 2014
Final
24–26 October 2014
31 October–2 November 2014
Qualifying rounds
Main article: 2014 CAF Champions League qualifying rounds
The draw for the preliminary, first and second qualifying rounds was held on 16 December 2013.
Qualification ties were played on a home-and-away two-legged basis. If the sides were level on aggregate after the second leg, the away goals rule was applied, and if still level, the tie proceeded directly to a penalty shoot-out (no extra time was played).
Preliminary round
Team 1
Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
Young Africans
12–2
Komorozine
7–0
5–2
Berekum Chelsea
2–2 (3–0 p)
Atlabara
2–0
0–2
Al-Ahly Benghazi
4–2
Foullah Edifice
4–0
0–2
Gor Mahia
1–1 (4–2 p)
US Bitam
1–0
0–1
Enyimba
4–3
Anges de Notsè
3–1
1–2
FAR Rabat
3–3 (a)
AS Real Bamako
2–2
1–1
Les Astres
4–0
Akonangui
3–0
1–0
Asante Kotoko
2–2 (a)
Barrack Young Controllers
2–1
0–1
Séwé Sport
w/o
Os Balantas
—
—
Dedebit
3–2
KMKM
3–0
0–2
FC Nouadhibou
1–4
Horoya
1–1
0–3
Raja Casablanca
8–1
Diamond Stars
6–0
2–1
Diables Noirs
1–2
Flambeau de l’Est
0–1
1–1
ES Sétif
w/o
Steve Biko
—
—
Diambars
1–1 (2–4 p)
ASFA Yennenga
1–0
0–1
Sporting Praia Cruz
3–7
Stade Malien
3–2
0–5
AC Léopards
2–2 (a)
Rayon Sports
0–0
2–2
Primeiro de Agosto
3–2
Lioli
2–0
1–2
Kaizer Chiefs
4–1
Black Africa
3–0
1–1
Liga Muçulmana
1–0
CNaPS Sport
1–0
0–0
Dynamos
4–1
Mochudi Centre Chiefs
3–0
1–1
AS Vita Club
4–3
Kano Pillars
3–1
1–2
Zamalek
3–0
AS Douanes Niamey
2–0
1–0
Kabuscorp
7–2
Côte d'Or
5–1
2–1
Mbabane Swallows
4–5
Nkana
2–0
2–5
Al-Merrikh
2–3
Kampala City Council
0–2
2–1
Notes
^ Séwé Sport advanced to the first round after Os Balantas withdrew.
^ ES Sétif advanced to the first round after Steve Biko withdrew.
First round
Team 1
Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
Young Africans
1–1 (3–4 p)
Al-Ahly
1–0
0–1
Berekum Chelsea
1–3
Al-Ahly Benghazi
1–1
0–2
Gor Mahia
2–8
Espérance de Tunis
2–3
0–5
Enyimba
2–2 (a)
AS Real Bamako
1–2
1–0
Les Astres
1–4
TP Mazembe
1–1
0–3
Barrack Young Controllers
3–4
Séwé Sport
3–3
0–1
Dedebit
1–4
CS Sfaxien
1–2
0–2
Horoya
1–1 (5–4 p)
Raja Casablanca
1–0
0–1
Flambeau de l’Est
1–5
Coton Sport
1–0
0–5
ES Sétif
5–0
ASFA Yennenga
5–0
0–0
Stade Malien
0–2
Al-Hilal
0–0
0–2
AC Léopards
4–3
Primeiro de Agosto
4–1
0–2
Kaizer Chiefs
7–0
Liga Muçulmana
4–0
3–0
Dynamos
0–1
AS Vita Club
0–0
0–1
Zamalek
1–0
Kabuscorp
1–0
0–0
Nkana
4–3
Kampala City Council
2–2
2–1
Second round
Team 1
Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
Al-Ahly Benghazi
4–2
Al-Ahly
1–0
3–2
AS Real Bamako
1–4
Espérance de Tunis
1–1
0–3
Séwé Sport
2–2 (a)
TP Mazembe
2–1
0–1
Horoya
0–3
CS Sfaxien
0–1
0–2
ES Sétif
2–0
Coton Sport
1–0
1–0
AC Léopards
1–1 (a)
Al-Hilal
1–1
0–0
AS Vita Club
3–2
Kaizer Chiefs
3–0
0–2
Nkana
0–5
Zamalek
0–0
0–5
The losers of the second round entered the 2014 CAF Confederation Cup play-off round.
Group stage
Main article: 2014 CAF Champions League group stage
TP MazembeAl-HilalZamalekAS Vita ClubEspérance de TunisCS SfaxienES SétifAl-AhlyBenghaziclass=notpageimage| Location of teams of the 2014 CAF Champions League group stage. Group A Group B
The draw for the group stage was held on 29 April 2014. The eight teams were drawn into two groups of four. Each group was played on a home-and-away round-robin basis. The winners and runners-up of each group advanced to the semi-finals.
Tiebreakers
The teams are ranked according to points (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss). If tied on points, tiebreakers are applied in the following order:
Number of points obtained in games between the teams concerned
Goal difference in games between the teams concerned
Away goals scored in games between the teams concerned
Goal difference in all games
Goals scored in all games.
Group A
Pos
Teamvte
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
TPM
ASV
HIL
ZAM
1
TP Mazembe
6
3
2
1
5
2
+3
8
Advance to knockout stage
—
1–0
3–1
1–0
2
AS Vita Club
6
3
2
1
6
4
+2
8
0–0
—
2–1
2–1
3
Al-Hilal
6
2
1
3
7
9
−2
5
1–0
1–1
—
2–1
4
Zamalek
6
1
1
4
4
7
−3
3
0–0
0–1
2–1
—
Source: CAFRules for classification: Group stage tiebreakersNotes:
^ a b Tiebreakers: TP Mazembe and AS Vita Club are ranked on head-to-head record.
Group B
Pos
Teamvte
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
CSS
ESS
EST
AHB
1
CS Sfaxien
6
3
2
1
8
5
+3
11
Advance to knockout stage
—
1–1
1–0
3–1
2
ES Sétif
6
2
4
0
9
6
+3
10
1–1
—
2–2
1–1
3
Espérance de Tunis
6
2
1
3
8
9
−1
7
2–1
1–2
—
1–0
4
Al-Ahly Benghazi
6
1
1
4
5
10
−5
4
0–1
0–2
3–2
—
Source: CAFRules for classification: Group stage tiebreakers
Knockout stage
Main article: 2014 CAF Champions League knockout stage
Knock-out ties were played on a home-and-away two-legged basis. If the sides were level on aggregate after the second leg, the away goals rule was applied, and if still level, the tie proceeded directly to a penalty shoot-out (no extra time was played).
Bracket
Semi-finals
Final
1
AS Vita Club
2
2
4
4
CS Sfaxien
1
1
2
AS Vita Club
2
1
3
ES Sétif (a)
2
1
3
3
ES Sétif (a)
2
2
4
2
TP Mazembe
1
3
4
Semi-finals
In the semi-finals, the group A winners played the group B runners-up, and the group B winners played the group A runners-up, with the group winners hosting the second leg.
Team 1
Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
AS Vita Club
4–2
CS Sfaxien
2–1
2–1
ES Sétif
4–4 (a)
TP Mazembe
2–1
2–3
Final
Main article: 2014 CAF Champions League final
In the final, the order of legs was decided by a draw, held after the group stage draw.
26 October 201415:30 UTC+1
AS Vita Club 2–2 ES Sétif
Mabidi 45+3' (pen.), 77'
Report
Mubele 17' (o.g.)Djahnit 57'
Stade Tata Raphaël, KinshasaAttendance: 40,000Referee: Janny Sikazwe (Zambia)
1 November 201419:15 UTC+1
ES Sétif 1–1 AS Vita Club
Younès 50'
Report
Mabidi 54'
Stade Mustapha Tchaker, BlidaAttendance: 35,000Referee: Bakary Gassama (Gambia)
Champions
CAF Champions League2014 Winners
ES SétifSecond Title
Top scorers
Rank
Player
Team
Goals
1
El Hedi Belameiri
ES Sétif
6
Haythem Jouini
Espérance de Tunis
Ndombe Mubele
AS Vita Club
Mrisho Ngasa
Young Africans
5
Mouhcine Iajour
Raja Casablanca
5
Knowledge Musona
Kaizer Chiefs
Edward Sadomba
Al-Ahly Benghazi
8
Ahmed Akaïchi
Espérance de Tunis
4
Fakhreddine Ben Youssef
CS Sfaxien
Mudather Careca
Al-Hilal
Akram Djahnit
ES Sétif
Tady Etekiama
AS Vita Club
Lema Mabidi
AS Vita Club
Sofiane Younès
ES Sétif
Source:
See also
2014 CAF Confederation Cup
2014 FIFA Club World Cup
2015 CAF Super Cup
References
^ "Setif crowned African Champions for the second time". CAF. 1 November 2014.
^ a b c d e f g "Regulations of the CAF Champions League" (PDF). Confédération Africaine de Football. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
^ "CAF disowns club ranking published by some websites". Cafonline.com. 9 June 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
^ "Risque de lourdes sanctions pour l'USM El Harrach" (in French). La Tribune. 28 December 2013. Archived from the original on 2014-02-21. Retrieved 2014-02-05.
^ "Sporting Clube da Praia Cruz safou-se" (in Portuguese). Téla Nón. 16 January 2014.
^ "Ismaily to represent Egypt in Confederation Cup". Ahram Online. 28 November 2013.
^ "2014 Competitions Calendar" (PDF). Cafonline.com.
^ "Fixtures of 2014 Orange CAF Champions League". Cafonline.com. 16 December 2013.
^ "Playoff draw for April 1". Cafonline.com. 26 March 2014.
^ "Fixtures of 2014 Orange CAF Champions League" (PDF). Cafonline.com. 16 December 2013.
^ "Congolese and Tunisian clubs paired in CL group stage". Cafonline.com. 29 April 2014.
^ "Leading CAF Champions League scorers". Agence France-Presse. September 19, 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-12-05. Retrieved 2014-11-29.
External links
Orange CAF Champions League 2014, CAFonline.com
vteAfrican Cup of Champions Clubs and CAF Champions LeagueAfrican Champion Clubs' Cup era, 1964–1996Seasons
1964–65
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
Finals
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
CAF Champions League era, 1997–presentSeasons
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
Finals
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Finals
Records and statistics
Winning managers
vte2014 in African football (CAF) « 2013 2015 » Domestic leagues
Algeria
13–14
14–15
Angola
2013
2014
Burkina Faso
13–14
14–15
Burundi
13–14
14–15
Cameroon
Democratic Republic of Congo
13–14
14–15
Egypt
13–14
14–15
Ethiopia
13–14
14–15
Gabon
13–14
14–15
Ghana
13–14
Ivory Coast
13–14
14–15
Kenya
Liberia
13–14
Malawi
Mali
13–14
14–15
Mauritania
14-15
Morocco
13–14
14–15
Namibia
13–14
14–15
Nigeria
Rwanda
13–14
14–15
Somalia
13–14
South Africa
13–14
14–15
Sudan
Tunisia
13–14
14–15
Uganda
13–14
14–15
Domestic cups
Algeria
13–14
14–15
Angola
2014
Egypt
Kenya
South Africa
13–14
14–15
Tunisia
13–14
14–15
Uganda
13–14
14–15
Supercups
Algeria
Angola
Egypt
Kenya
Mauritania
Mali
Regional cups
CECAFA Nile Basin Cup
Kagame Interclub Cup
CECAFA Cup
COSAFA Cup
CAF competitions
CAF Champions League
qualifying rounds
group stage
knock-out stage
final
CAF Confederation Cup
qualifying rounds
group stage
knock-out stage
final
CAF Super Cup | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_S.A."},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Confederation of African Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Football"},{"link_name":"CAF Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAF_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Al-Ahly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Ahly_FC"},{"link_name":"Al-Ahly Benghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ahly_SC_(Benghazi)"},{"link_name":"final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_CAF_Champions_League_final"},{"link_name":"ES Sétif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ES_S%C3%A9tif"},{"link_name":"AS Vita Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Vita_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2014 FIFA Club World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_Club_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2015 CAF Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_CAF_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regulations-2"}],"text":"International football competitionThe 2014 CAF Champions League (also known as the 2014 Orange CAF Champions League for sponsorship reasons) was the 50th edition of Africa's premier club football tournament organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF), and the 18th edition under the current CAF Champions League format. 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The title holders could also enter if they had not already qualified for the CAF Champions League.[2] As a result, theoretically a maximum of 69 teams could enter the tournament – although this level has never been reached.For the 2014 CAF Champions League, the CAF used the 2008–2012 CAF 5-year ranking, which calculated points for each entrant association based on their clubs’ performance over those 5 years in the CAF Champions League and CAF Confederation Cup. The criteria for points were the following:[3]The points were multiplied by a coefficient according to the year as follows:2012 – 5\n2011 – 4\n2010 – 3\n2009 – 2\n2008 – 1","title":"Association team allocation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#First_round"},{"link_name":"preliminary round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Preliminary_round"},{"link_name":"2008–2012 CAF 5-year ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAF_5-year_ranking#Ranking_for_2014_CAF_competitions"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Note_ALG_1"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Note_ALG_2"},{"link_name":"USM El Harrach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USM_El_Harrach"},{"link_name":"2012–13 Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Algerian_Ligue_Professionnelle_1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sporting Praia Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Praia_Cruz"},{"link_name":"São Tomé and Príncipe Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_Championship"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Note_EGY_1"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Note_EGY_2"},{"link_name":"2012–13 Egyptian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Egyptian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2010–11 Egyptian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Egyptian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Football_Federation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Football_Federation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Football_Federation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti"},{"link_name":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djiboutian_Football_Federation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean_National_Football_Federation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association_of_Malawi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius_Football_Association"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union"},{"link_name":"Réunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9unionese_Football_League"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Football_Federation"}],"text":"The following teams entered the competition. 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If the sides were level on aggregate after the second leg, the away goals rule was applied, and if still level, the tie proceeded directly to a penalty shoot-out (no extra time was played).[2]","title":"Qualifying rounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_A_1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_B_1"}],"sub_title":"Preliminary round","text":"Notes^ Séwé Sport advanced to the first round after Os Balantas withdrew.\n^ ES Sétif advanced to the first round after Steve Biko withdrew.","title":"Qualifying rounds"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"First round","title":"Qualifying rounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2014 CAF Confederation Cup play-off round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_CAF_Confederation_Cup#Play-off_round"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regulations-2"}],"sub_title":"Second round","text":"The losers of the second round entered the 2014 CAF Confederation Cup play-off round.[2]","title":"Qualifying rounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"TP Mazembe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TP_Mazembe"},{"link_name":"Al-Hilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hilal_Club_(Omdurman)"},{"link_name":"Zamalek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamalek_SC"},{"link_name":"AS Vita Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Vita_Club"},{"link_name":"Espérance de Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%A9rance_Sportive_de_Tunis"},{"link_name":"CS Sfaxien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_Sfaxien"},{"link_name":"ES Sétif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ES_S%C3%A9tif"},{"link_name":"Al-AhlyBenghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ahly_SC_(Benghazi)"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_location_map.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_pog.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Green_pog.svg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"round-robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-robin_tournament"},{"link_name":"semi-finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Knockout_stage"}],"text":"TP MazembeAl-HilalZamalekAS Vita ClubEspérance de TunisCS SfaxienES SétifAl-AhlyBenghaziclass=notpageimage| Location of teams of the 2014 CAF Champions League group stage. Group A Group BThe draw for the group stage was held on 29 April 2014.[11] The eight teams were drawn into two groups of four. Each group was played on a home-and-away round-robin basis. The winners and runners-up of each group advanced to the semi-finals.","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/21steditionoftotalcafchampionsleague/standings"},{"link_name":"Group stage tiebreakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_CAF_Champions_League_group_stage#Tiebreakers"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_TPM0.21548929960257_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_TPM0.21548929960257_12-1"},{"link_name":"Tiebreakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tiebreakers"}],"sub_title":"Group A","text":"Source: CAFRules for classification: Group stage tiebreakersNotes:^ a b Tiebreakers: TP Mazembe and AS Vita Club are ranked on head-to-head record.","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/21steditionoftotalcafchampionsleague/standings"},{"link_name":"Group stage tiebreakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_CAF_Champions_League_group_stage#Tiebreakers"}],"sub_title":"Group B","text":"Source: CAFRules for classification: Group stage tiebreakers","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knock-out ties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament"},{"link_name":"two-legged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-legged_tie"},{"link_name":"away goals rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Away_goals_rule"},{"link_name":"penalty shoot-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regulations-2"}],"text":"Knock-out ties were played on a home-and-away two-legged basis. If the sides were level on aggregate after the second leg, the away goals rule was applied, and if still level, the tie proceeded directly to a penalty shoot-out (no extra time was played).[2]","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bracket","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regulations-2"}],"sub_title":"Semi-finals","text":"In the semi-finals, the group A winners played the group B runners-up, and the group B winners played the group A runners-up, with the group winners hosting the second leg.[2]","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UTC+1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B01:00"},{"link_name":"AS Vita Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Vita_Club"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"ES Sétif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ES_S%C3%A9tif"},{"link_name":"Mabidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikito_Lema_Mabidi"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/orangecafchampionsleague2014/MatchDetails?MatchId=rUEDc1bTWPf%2bKyjCdXfX7zJm0tegRpU9yvdioGEXA%2b0QRjiAC63kEO2NG8lXTPTB"},{"link_name":"Mubele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmin_Ndombe_Mubele"},{"link_name":"o.g.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Own_goal#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Djahnit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akram_Djahnit"},{"link_name":"Stade Tata Raphaël","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Tata_Rapha%C3%ABl"},{"link_name":"Kinshasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa"},{"link_name":"Janny Sikazwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janny_Sikazwe"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association_of_Zambia"},{"link_name":"UTC+1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B01:00"},{"link_name":"ES Sétif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ES_S%C3%A9tif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"AS Vita Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Vita_Club"},{"link_name":"Younès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofiane_Youn%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/orangecafchampionsleague2014/MatchDetails?MatchId=K2gAW9xGZRECgQUzgpnmdcxJ16%2fyOTkybNx8p9GGxd5Cs6pt46onTWXoZpED9Al6"},{"link_name":"Mabidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikito_Lema_Mabidi"},{"link_name":"Stade Mustapha Tchaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Mustapha_Tchaker"},{"link_name":"Blida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blida"},{"link_name":"Bakary Gassama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakary_Gassama"},{"link_name":"Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambia_Football_Association"}],"sub_title":"Final","text":"In the final, the order of legs was decided by a draw, held after the group stage draw.26 October 201415:30 UTC+1\nAS Vita Club 2–2 ES Sétif\nMabidi 45+3' (pen.), 77'\nReport\nMubele 17' (o.g.)Djahnit 57'\nStade Tata Raphaël, KinshasaAttendance: 40,000Referee: Janny Sikazwe (Zambia)1 November 201419:15 UTC+1\nES Sétif 1–1 AS Vita Club\nYounès 50'\nReport\nMabidi 54'\nStade Mustapha Tchaker, BlidaAttendance: 35,000Referee: Bakary Gassama (Gambia)","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Champions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Source:[12]","title":"Top scorers"}] | [] | [{"title":"2014 CAF Confederation Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_CAF_Confederation_Cup"},{"title":"2014 FIFA Club World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_Club_World_Cup"},{"title":"2015 CAF Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_CAF_Super_Cup"}] | [{"reference":"\"Setif crowned African Champions for the second time\". CAF. 1 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/orangecafchampionsleague2014/News/NewsDetails?id=7odBvOTf8v%2b2zAW0arG7bA%3d%3d","url_text":"\"Setif crowned African Champions for the second time\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regulations of the CAF Champions League\" (PDF). Confédération Africaine de Football. Retrieved 19 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cafonline.com/Portals/0/Regulations%20and%20Official%20Documents/Competitions%20Regulation/cl%20Eng.pdf","url_text":"\"Regulations of the CAF Champions League\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAF disowns club ranking published by some websites\". Cafonline.com. 9 June 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cafonline.com/football/news/10006-caf-disowns-club-ranking-published-by-some-websites.html","url_text":"\"CAF disowns club ranking published by some websites\""}]},{"reference":"\"Risque de lourdes sanctions pour l'USM El Harrach\" (in French). La Tribune. 28 December 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Smith | Carmen Smith | ["1 Early career","2 2012–present: The Voice Australia and disqualification","3 Discography","3.1 Studio Albums and EPs","3.2 Special Releases","3.3 Singles","4 References","5 External links"] | Australian singer-songwriter (born 1984)
For other people named Carmen Smith, see Carmen Smith (disambiguation).
Carmen SmithBackground informationBirth nameCarmen SmithOriginSydneyGenresPopOccupation(s)SingerInstrument(s)VocalsYears active2002–presentWebsiteOfficial websiteMusical artist
Carmen Smith (born 1984) is an Australian singer-songwriter who rose to prominence after appearing in the first season of The Voice Australia.
Early career
Since 2002, Smith has been a back-up singer for a number of Australian performers, including Guy Sebastian. She has released two of her own solo albums as well as written songs for singers Stan Walker and Jessica Mauboy.
In 2005, Carmen wrote "All I Ask" as the winner's single of New Zealand Idol, which was released by Rosita Vai. In 2010, Carmen was featured on "Mousetrap Heart" by Thirsty Merc.
2012–present: The Voice Australia and disqualification
In 2012, Smith appeared on the premiere episode of The Voice Australia's first season. She joined coach Joel Madden's team after singing the Alicia Keys song "How Come You Don't Call Me". For her Battle Round, she sang the song "We Found Love" by Rihanna with Michelle Serret-Cursio whom she won against. However, after her vocals appeared in Guy Sebastian's song "Gold", she was disqualified from the show by the show's producers after she appeared in the song's music video. The Voice producers said she had broken the "spirit" of the rules as the video would give her an unfair advantage over other contestants. Smith later stated that she had performed with Sebastian for years, and had a clause in her The Voice contract which allowed her to continue to perform and record with him. This is the first disqualification of a contestant in the history of the show's format.
After her disqualification from the show, Smith appeared alongside Sebastian singing a duet on rival show, Australia's Got Talent.
She then went on to join Sebastian on his Armageddon Tour, where she performed "Gold", and other features in his songs. The tour ran nationally throughout June and July 2012 to coincide with the release of his highly anticipated seventh album Armageddon. In 2013, Smith again toured with Sebastian featuring on songs as well as providing back vocals on this 46 date tour called the Get Along Tour.
Smith would later join Sebastian as a backup singer for the song "Tonight Again" as part of the 2015 edition of the Eurovision Song Contest. The song finished in fifth place with 196 points.
Smith appears as a vocal coach on the 2023 season of Australian Idol.
Discography
Studio Albums and EPs
Carmen Smith (2007)
Ever Known (2011)
They Don't Know Me (2012)
Special Releases
Polaroid (2012)
Singles
How Come You Don't Call Me (The Voice Performance) (2012)
We Found Love (The Voice Performance) (2012)
They Don't Know Me (2012)
Breaker of Hearts (2013)
Love's on the Run (2013)
References
^ "Carmen Smith for Team Joel". The Daily Telegraph. 26 April 2012.
^ a b McCabe, Kathy (13 May 2012). "Guy Sebastian's backing vocalist Carmen Smith sings on his new single Gold". The Courier-Mail.
^ Byrnes, Holly (15 April 2012). "The Voice Australia hits high note". The Daily Telegraph.
^ Anthony, (editor) (19 April 2012). "The Voice Australia highlights – Carmen Smith". realityravings.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2012. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
^ Lavergne, Max (8 May 2012). "The Voice recap: Week 4". thevine.com.au. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
^ Idato, Michael (17 May 2012). "The Voice sacking triggers The Conspiracy drama". The Sydney Morning Herald.
^ McCabe, Kathy (16 May 2012). "The Voice contestant Carmen Smith leaves TV show after singing on Guy Sebastian's new single Gold and being in video". The Daily Telegraph.
^ Knox, David (22 May 2012). "Carmen Smith sings on Australia's Got Talent". TV Tonight.
External links
Carmen Smith's channel on YouTube
Carmen Smith on X
Carmen Smith on Facebook
vteGuy Sebastian
Discography
Awards and nominations
Studio albums
Just as I Am
Beautiful Life
Closer to the Sun
The Memphis Album
Like It Like That
Armageddon
Madness
Conscious
T.R.U.T.H.
Compilation albums
Twenty Ten
Live albums/DVDs
The Memphis Tour
Extended plays
Your Song
Part 1
Singles
"Angels Brought Me Here"
"All I Need Is You"
"Out with My Baby"
"Kryptonite"
"Oh Oh"
"Taller, Stronger, Better"
"Elevator Love"
"Cover on My Heart"
"Like It Like That"
"Art of Love"
"All to Myself"
"Never Hold You Down"
"Who's That Girl"
"Don't Worry Be Happy"
"Gold"
"Battle Scars"
"Get Along"
"Like a Drum"
"Come Home with Me"
"Mama Ain't Proud"
"Linger"
"Candle"
"Set in Stone"
"Mind on You"
"High on Me"
"Bloodstone"
"Before I Go"
"Choir"
"Let Me Drink"
"Standing with You"
"Love on Display"
"Believer"
Featured singles
"All Night Long"
"Bed of Clouds"
"Spirit of the Anzacs"
"Desert"
"Siren"
Other songs
"Receive the Power"
"Message in a Bottle"
"Dare to Be Square"
"Tonight Again"
"Black & Blue"
Tours
Armageddon Tour
Get Along Tour
Madness Tour
vteThe Voice (Australia)Season
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Winners
Karise Eden
Harrison Craig
Anja Nissen
Ellie Drennan
Alfie Arcuri
Judah Kelly
Sam Perry
Diana Rouvas
Chris Sebastian
Bella Taylor Smith
Lachie Gill
Tarryn Stokes
Other finalists
Rachael Leahcar
Sarah De Bono
Luke Kennedy
Celia Pavey
Jackie Sannia
Joe Moore
Hoseah Partsch
Bella Paige
Aydan Calafiore
Matt Gresham
Winner's singles
"You Won't Let Me"
"Unconditional"
"Cruel"
"Count On Me"
"Trust Myself"
Other notable contestants
Matt Hetherington
Mahalia Barnes
Emma Birdsall
Fatai Veamatahau
Simone Stacey
Emma Pask
Tim Morrison
Ms Murphy
Lionel Cole
Matthew Garwood
Hayley Jensen
Jacob Lee
Hoseah Partsch
Nathan Foley
Michael Paynter
Carmen Smith
Jordan Anthony
Masha Mnjoyan
Henry Olonga
Related articles
Discography
The Voice Kids
The Voice: Generations | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carmen Smith (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Smith_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"first season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_(Australia_season_1)"},{"link_name":"The Voice Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other people named Carmen Smith, see Carmen Smith (disambiguation).Musical artistCarmen Smith (born 1984) is an Australian singer-songwriter who rose to prominence after appearing in the first season of The Voice Australia.[1]","title":"Carmen Smith"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guy Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Sebastian"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gold-2"},{"link_name":"Stan Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Walker"},{"link_name":"Jessica Mauboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Mauboy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"All I Ask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_I_Ask_(Rosita_Vai_song)"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Idol"},{"link_name":"Rosita Vai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosita_Vai"},{"link_name":"Mousetrap Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mousetrap_Heart_(song)"},{"link_name":"Thirsty Merc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirsty_Merc"}],"text":"Since 2002, Smith has been a back-up singer for a number of Australian performers, including Guy Sebastian.[2] She has released two of her own solo albums as well as written songs for singers Stan Walker and Jessica Mauboy.[3]In 2005, Carmen wrote \"All I Ask\" as the winner's single of New Zealand Idol, which was released by Rosita Vai. 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She joined coach Joel Madden's team after singing the Alicia Keys song \"How Come You Don't Call Me\".[4] For her Battle Round, she sang the song \"We Found Love\" by Rihanna with Michelle Serret-Cursio whom she won against.[5] However, after her vocals appeared in Guy Sebastian's song \"Gold\",[2] she was disqualified from the show by the show's producers after she appeared in the song's music video. The Voice producers said she had broken the \"spirit\" of the rules as the video would give her an unfair advantage over other contestants. 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TV Tonight.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2012/05/carmen-smith-sings-on-australias-got-talent.html","url_text":"\"Carmen Smith sings on Australia's Got Talent\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Tonight","url_text":"TV Tonight"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.carmensmithmusic.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/carmen-smith-of-sydney/story-e6frewyr-1226338998158","external_links_name":"\"Carmen Smith for Team Joel\""},{"Link":"http://www.couriermail.com.au/entertainment/confidential/guy-sebastians-backing-vocalist-carmen-smith-sings-on-his-new-single-gold/story-e6freq7o-1226354267370","external_links_name":"\"Guy Sebastian's backing vocalist Carmen Smith sings on his new single Gold\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/sydney-confidential/the-voice-australia-hits-high-note/story-e6frewz0-1226327078519","external_links_name":"\"The Voice Australia hits high note\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130624213505/http://www.realityravings.com/2012/04/19/the-voice-australia-highlights-carmen-smith/","external_links_name":"\"The Voice Australia highlights – Carmen Smith\""},{"Link":"http://www.realityravings.com/2012/04/19/the-voice-australia-highlights-carmen-smith/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120712163220/http://www.thevine.com.au/entertainment/tv/the-voice-recap---week-4/","external_links_name":"\"The Voice recap: Week 4\""},{"Link":"http://www.thevine.com.au/entertainment/tv/the-voice-recap---week-4/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/the-voice-sacking-triggers-the-conspiracy-drama-20120517-1ysdu.html","external_links_name":"\"The Voice sacking triggers The Conspiracy drama\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/sydney-confidential/the-voice-contestant-carmen-smith-leaves-tv-show-after-singing-on-guy-sebastians-new-single-gold-and-being-in-video/story-e6frewz0-1226358177820","external_links_name":"\"The Voice contestant Carmen Smith leaves TV show after singing on Guy Sebastian's new single Gold and being in video\""},{"Link":"http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2012/05/carmen-smith-sings-on-australias-got-talent.html","external_links_name":"\"Carmen Smith sings on Australia's Got Talent\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/user/CarmenSmithMusic","external_links_name":"Carmen Smith's channel"},{"Link":"https://x.com/CarmenSmithAU","external_links_name":"Carmen Smith"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/carmensmithmusic","external_links_name":"Carmen Smith"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albi%C3%A8res | Albières | ["1 Geography","1.1 Heraldry","2 Administration","3 Population","4 Sites and Monuments","5 Notable People linked to the commune","6 Associations","7 Events","8 See also","8.1 External links","9 References"] | Coordinates: 42°56′52″N 2°28′43″E / 42.9478°N 2.4786°E / 42.9478; 2.4786
Commune in Occitanie, France
Commune in Occitania, FranceAlbièresCommuneA general view of Albières
Coat of armsLocation of Albières
AlbièresShow map of FranceAlbièresShow map of OccitanieCoordinates: 42°56′52″N 2°28′43″E / 42.9478°N 2.4786°E / 42.9478; 2.4786CountryFranceRegionOccitaniaDepartmentAudeArrondissementNarbonneCantonLes CorbièresIntercommunalityRégion Lézignanaise, Corbières et MinervoisGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Yvon LacombeArea117.25 km2 (6.66 sq mi)Population (2021)115 • Density6.7/km2 (17/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code11007 /11330Elevation371–823 m (1,217–2,700 ft) (avg. 450 m or 1,480 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Albières (French pronunciation: ⓘ; Occitan: Albièras) is a commune in the Aude department in the Occitanie region of southern France.
Geography
An Albières street
Albières is a remote commune high in the mountains some 40 km south by south-east of Carcassonne and 40 km west by south west of Port-la-Nouvelle in a direct line. The road distance is substantially more. The D129 road running north-west from Pont d'Orbieau forms the north-eastern border of the commune but to enter the commune the D613 road branches off this road heading south-west to the village of Albières. The D613 continues west through the commune to Arques and is the only access route to the commune. There is quite an extensive network of small mountain roads in the commune. The commune is mountainous with alpine vegetation, no farming areas, and some forested areas.
There are many streams flowing through the commune with the Ruisseau d'Albières flowing through the village and north, joined by several other streams and joining L'Orbieu river which flows northwards to join the Aude near Saint-Nazaire-d'Aude.
Heraldry
Arms of Albières
Blazon:
Or, fess fusilly in gules and Or.
Administration
Albières Town Hall
List of Successive Mayors of Albières
Mayors from the French Revolution to 1938
From
To
Name
1791
1791
Blaise Calmont
1792
1793
Jean-Pierre Alquier
1794
1796
Jean-Pierre Villefranque
1797
1797
Barthélémy Alquier
1798
1798
Jean Villefranque
1799
1800
Amiel
1801
1802
Villefranque
1803
1804
Jean-Pierre Villefranque
1805
1805
Amiel
1806
1820
Magna
1821
1830
Féréol Malet
1831
1831
Jacques Auriol
1832
1838
Villefranque
1839
1846
Amiel
1847
1848
Pierre Villefranque
1849
1855
Amiel
1856
1856
Roques
1857
1862
Barthélémy Amiel
1863
1864
Joseph Roques
1865
1870
Jean-Baptiste Bascou
1870
1878
François Laffon
1878
1880
Célestin Villefranque
1881
1884
Etienne Azais
1885
1886
Jean-Baptiste Bascou
1887
1887
Martin Burgat
1887
1891
Auguste Malet
1892
1897
Constantin Guichou
1898
1903
Antoine Auriol
1904
1912
Léon Burgat
1912
1914
Raynaud
1914
1918
François Azais
1918
1918
Jean Raynaud
1919
1938
Ernest Rougé
Mayors from 1938
From
To
Name
Party
1938
1955
Bertin Pistre
1955
1971
Arthème Moulins
1971
1983
Léon Pistre
1983
1995
Marcel Floutie
1995
2020
Jacques Villefranque
PS
2020
Current
Yvon Lacombe
Population
The inhabitants of the commune are known as Albiérois or Albiéroises in French.
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 76— 1975 83+1.27%1982 50−6.98%1990 62+2.73%1999 73+1.83%2007 89+2.51%2012 104+3.16%2017 118+2.56%Source: INSEE
Albières Lavoir (Public Laundry)
Sites and Monuments
Albières Church
Ruins of a Medieval Castle and enclosure (castrum) of the old village
The Church of Saint Martin from the 17th century contains a Painting: the Assumption which is registered as an historical object.
The Oratory of Notre-Dame des Douleurs contains a Group Sculpture: Virgin of Pity which is registered as an historical object.
Notable People linked to the commune
Raymond Busquet whose paternal family is from Albières and neighbouring villages
Associations
The ACCA of Albières: Boar Hunting
The Paradis club: Club of the Third Age of Albières
The Committee of festivals of Albières
Events
A Local Festival around 14 July (organized by the Festival Committee)
The Festival of Albières of World Music at the end of July
The Bal-musette in late August (organized by the Paradis Club)
A Theatre during the All Saints' Day holidays
See also
Communes of the Aude department
External links
Albières on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website (in French)
Albieres on the 1750 Cassini Map
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ Google Maps
^ List of Mayors of France (in French)
^ Le nom des habitants du 11 - Aude, habitants.fr
^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
^ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM11000592 Painting: The Assumption (in French)
^ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM11002502 Group Sculpture: Virgin of Pity (in French)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Albières.
Places adjacent to Albières
Bouisse
Vignevieille
Arques
Albières
Mouthoumet
Sougraigne
Camps-sur-l'Agly
Soulatgé
vteCommunes of the Aude department
Aigues-Vives
Airoux
Ajac
Alaigne
Alairac
Albas
Albières
Alet-les-Bains
Alzonne
Antugnac
Aragon
Argeliers
Argens-Minervois
Armissan
Arques
Arquettes-en-Val
Artigues
Arzens
Aunat
Auriac
Axat
Azille
Badens
Bages
Bagnoles
Baraigne
Barbaira
Belcaire
Belcastel-et-Buc
Belflou
Belfort-sur-Rebenty
Bellegarde-du-Razès
Belpech
Belvèze-du-Razès
Belvianes-et-Cavirac
Belvis
Berriac
Bessède-de-Sault
La Bezole
Bizanet
Bize-Minervois
Blomac
Bouilhonnac
Bouisse
Bouriège
Bourigeole
Le Bousquet
Boutenac
Bram
Brézilhac
Brousses-et-Villaret
Brugairolles
Les Brunels
Bugarach
Cabrespine
Cahuzac
Cailhau
Cailhavel
Cailla
Cambieure
Campagna-de-Sault
Campagne-sur-Aude
Camplong-d'Aude
Camps-sur-l'Agly
Camurac
Canet
Capendu
Carcassonnepref
Carlipa
Cascastel-des-Corbières
La Cassaigne
Cassaignes
Les Cassés
Castans
Castelnaudary
Castelnau-d'Aude
Castelreng
Caudebronde
Caunes-Minervois
Caunettes-en-Val
Caunette-sur-Lauquet
Caux-et-Sauzens
Cavanac
Caves
Cazalrenoux
Cazilhac
Cenne-Monestiés
Cépie
Chalabre
Citou
Le Clat
Clermont-sur-Lauquet
Comigne
Comus
Conilhac-Corbières
Conques-sur-Orbiel
Corbières
Coudons
Couffoulens
Couiza
Counozouls
Cournanel
Coursan
Courtauly
La Courtète
Coustaussa
Coustouge
Cruscades
Cubières-sur-Cinoble
Cucugnan
Cumiès
Cuxac-Cabardès
Cuxac-d'Aude
Davejean
Dernacueillette
La Digne-d'Amont
La Digne-d'Aval
Donazac
Douzens
Duilhac-sous-Peyrepertuse
Durban-Corbières
Embres-et-Castelmaure
Escales
Escouloubre
Escueillens-et-Saint-Just-de-Bélengard
Espéraza
Espezel
Fabrezan
Fajac-en-Val
Fajac-la-Relenque
La Fajolle
Fanjeaux
Félines-Termenès
Fendeille
Fenouillet-du-Razès
Ferrals-les-Corbières
Ferran
Festes-et-Saint-André
Feuilla
Fitou
Fleury
Floure
Fontanès-de-Sault
Fontcouverte
Fonters-du-Razès
Fontiers-Cabardès
Fontiès-d'Aude
Fontjoncouse
La Force
Fournes-Cabardès
Fourtou
Fraisse-Cabardès
Fraissé-des-Corbières
Gaja-et-Villedieu
Gaja-la-Selve
Galinagues
Gardie
Generville
Gincla
Ginestas
Ginoles
Gourvieille
Gramazie
Granès
Greffeil
Gruissan
Homps
Hounoux
Les Ilhes
Issel
Jonquières
Joucou
Labastide-d'Anjou
Labastide-en-Val
Labastide-Esparbairenque
Labécède-Lauragais
Lacombe
Ladern-sur-Lauquet
Lafage
Lagrasse
Lairière
Lanet
Laprade
Laroque-de-Fa
Lasbordes
Lasserre-de-Prouille
Lastours
Laurabuc
Laurac
Lauraguel
Laure-Minervois
Lavalette
Lespinassière
Leuc
Leucate
Lézignan-Corbières
Lignairolles
Limousis
Limouxsubpr
Loupia
La Louvière-Lauragais
Luc-sur-Aude
Luc-sur-Orbieu
Magrie
Mailhac
Maisons
Malras
Malves-en-Minervois
Malviès
Marcorignan
Marquein
Marsa
Marseillette
Les Martys
Mas-Cabardès
Mas-des-Cours
Massac
Mas-Saintes-Puelles
Mayreville
Mayronnes
Mazerolles-du-Razès
Mazuby
Mérial
Mézerville
Miraval-Cabardes
Mirepeisset
Mireval-Lauragais
Missègre
Molandier
Molleville
Montauriol
Montazels
Montbrun-des-Corbières
Montclar
Montferrand
Montfort-sur-Boulzane
Montgaillard
Montgradail
Monthaut
Montirat
Montjardin
Montjoi
Montmaur
Montolieu
Montréal
Montredon-des-Corbières
Montséret
Monze
Moussan
Moussoulens
Mouthoumet
Moux
Narbonnesubpr
Nébias
Névian
Niort-de-Sault
Ornaisons
Orsans
Ouveillan
Padern
Palairac
Palaja
La Palme
Paraza
Pauligne
Payra-sur-l'Hers
Paziols
Pécharic-et-le-Py
Pech-Luna
Pennautier
Pépieux
Pexiora
Peyrefitte-du-Razès
Peyrefitte-sur-l'Hers
Peyrens
Peyriac-de-Mer
Peyriac-Minervois
Peyrolles
Pezens
Pieusse
Plaigne
Plavilla
La Pomarède
Pomas
Pomy
Portel-des-Corbières
Port-la-Nouvelle
Pouzols-Minervois
Pradelles-Cabardès
Preixan
Puginier
Puichéric
Puilaurens
Puivert
Quillan
Quintillan
Quirbajou
Raissac-d'Aude
Raissac-sur-Lampy
La Redorte
Rennes-le-Château
Rennes-les-Bains
Ribaute
Ribouisse
Ricaud
Rieux-en-Val
Rieux-Minervois
Rivel
Rodome
Roquecourbe-Minervois
Roquefère
Roquefeuil
Roquefort-de-Sault
Roquefort-des-Corbières
Roquetaillade-et-Conilhac
Roubia
Rouffiac-d'Aude
Rouffiac-des-Corbières
Roullens
Routier
Rustiques
Saint-Amans
Saint-André-de-Roquelongue
Saint-Benoît
Saint-Couat-d'Aude
Saint-Couat-du-Razès
Saint-Denis
Sainte-Camelle
Sainte-Colombe-sur-Guette
Sainte-Colombe-sur-l'Hers
Sainte-Eulalie
Sainte-Valière
Saint-Ferriol
Saint-Frichoux
Saint-Gaudéric
Saint-Hilaire
Saint-Jean-de-Barrou
Saint-Jean-de-Paracol
Saint-Julia-de-Bec
Saint-Julien-de-Briola
Saint-Just-et-le-Bézu
Saint-Laurent-de-la-Cabrerisse
Saint-Louis-et-Parahou
Saint-Marcel-sur-Aude
Saint-Martin-des-Puits
Saint-Martin-de-Villereglan
Saint-Martin-Lalande
Saint-Martin-le-Vieil
Saint-Martin-Lys
Saint-Michel-de-Lanès
Saint-Nazaire-d'Aude
Saint-Papoul
Saint-Paulet
Saint-Pierre-des-Champs
Saint-Polycarpe
Saint-Sernin
Saissac
Sallèles-Cabardès
Sallèles-d'Aude
Salles-d'Aude
Salles-sur-l'Hers
Salsigne
Salvezines
Salza
Seignalens
La Serpent
Serres
Serviès-en-Val
Sigean
Sonnac-sur-l'Hers
Sougraigne
Souilhanels
Souilhe
Soulatgé
Soupex
Talairan
Taurize
Termes
Terroles
Thézan-des-Corbières
La Tourette-Cabardès
Tournissan
Tourouzelle
Tourreilles
Trassanel
Trausse
Trèbes
Treilles
Tréville
Tréziers
Tuchan
Val-de-Dagne
Val-de-Lambronne
Val-du-Faby
Valmigère
Ventenac-Cabardès
Ventenac-en-Minervois
Véraza
Verdun-en-Lauragais
Verzeille
Vignevieille
Villalier
Villanière
Villardebelle
Villardonnel
Villar-en-Val
Villar-Saint-Anselme
Villarzel-Cabardès
Villarzel-du-Razès
Villasavary
Villautou
Villebazy
Villedaigne
Villedubert
Villefloure
Villefort
Villegailhenc
Villegly
Villelongue-d'Aude
Villemagne
Villemoustaussou
Villeneuve-la-Comptal
Villeneuve-les-Corbières
Villeneuve-lès-Montréal
Villeneuve-Minervois
Villepinte
Villerouge-Termenès
Villesèque-des-Corbières
Villesèquelande
Villesiscle
Villespy
Villetritouls
Vinassan
pref: prefecture
subpr: subprefecture
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[albjɛʁ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lepticed7-Albi%C3%A8res.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lepticed7-Albi%C3%A8res.wav.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Lepticed7-Albi%C3%A8res.wav"},{"link_name":"Occitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_language"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Aude_department"},{"link_name":"Aude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aude"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Occitanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitania_(administrative_region)"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Occitanie, FranceCommune in Occitania, FranceAlbières (French pronunciation: [albjɛʁ] ⓘ; Occitan: Albièras) is a commune in the Aude department in the Occitanie region of southern France.","title":"Albières"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albieres,_Street.JPG"},{"link_name":"Carcassonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcassonne"},{"link_name":"Port-la-Nouvelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-la-Nouvelle"},{"link_name":"Arques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arques,_Aude"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google-3"}],"text":"An Albières streetAlbières is a remote commune high in the mountains some 40 km south by south-east of Carcassonne and 40 km west by south west of Port-la-Nouvelle in a direct line. The road distance is substantially more. The D129 road running north-west from Pont d'Orbieau forms the north-eastern border of the commune but to enter the commune the D613 road branches off this road heading south-west to the village of Albières. The D613 continues west through the commune to Arques and is the only access route to the commune. There is quite an extensive network of small mountain roads in the commune. The commune is mountainous with alpine vegetation, no farming areas, and some forested areas.There are many streams flowing through the commune with the Ruisseau d'Albières flowing through the village and north, joined by several other streams and joining L'Orbieu river which flows northwards to join the Aude near Saint-Nazaire-d'Aude.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Heraldry","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albieres,_Mairie.JPG"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Albières Town HallList of Successive Mayors of Albières[4]Mayors from the French Revolution to 1938\n\n\n\nFrom\nTo\nName\n\n\n\n1791\n1791\nBlaise Calmont\n\n\n1792\n1793\nJean-Pierre Alquier\n\n\n1794\n1796\nJean-Pierre Villefranque\n\n\n1797\n1797\nBarthélémy Alquier\n\n\n1798\n1798\nJean Villefranque\n\n\n1799\n1800\nAmiel\n\n\n1801\n1802\nVillefranque\n\n\n1803\n1804\nJean-Pierre Villefranque\n\n\n1805\n1805\nAmiel\n\n\n1806\n1820\nMagna\n\n\n1821\n1830\nFéréol Malet\n\n\n1831\n1831\nJacques Auriol\n\n\n1832\n1838\nVillefranque\n\n\n1839\n1846\nAmiel\n\n\n1847\n1848\nPierre Villefranque\n\n\n1849\n1855\nAmiel\n\n\n1856\n1856\nRoques\n\n\n1857\n1862\nBarthélémy Amiel\n\n\n1863\n1864\nJoseph Roques\n\n\n1865\n1870\nJean-Baptiste Bascou\n\n\n1870\n1878\nFrançois Laffon\n\n\n1878\n1880\nCélestin Villefranque\n\n\n1881\n1884\nEtienne Azais\n\n\n1885\n1886\nJean-Baptiste Bascou\n\n\n1887\n1887\nMartin Burgat\n\n\n1887\n1891\nAuguste Malet\n\n\n1892\n1897\nConstantin Guichou\n\n\n1898\n1903\nAntoine Auriol\n\n\n1904\n1912\nLéon Burgat\n\n\n1912\n1914\nRaynaud\n\n\n1914\n1918\nFrançois Azais\n\n\n1918\n1918\nJean Raynaud\n\n\n1919\n1938\nErnest RougéMayors from 1938","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albieres,_Lavoir.JPG"}],"text":"The inhabitants of the commune are known as\tAlbiérois or Albiéroises in French.[5]Albières Lavoir (Public Laundry)","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albieres,_Church.JPG"},{"link_name":"castrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_monument_historique_-_noir_sans_texte.svg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_monument_historique_-_noir_sans_texte.svg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Albières ChurchRuins of a Medieval Castle and enclosure (castrum) of the old village\nThe Church of Saint Martin from the 17th century contains a Painting: the Assumption[7] which is registered as an historical object.\nThe Oratory of Notre-Dame des Douleurs contains a Group Sculpture: Virgin of Pity[8] which is registered as an historical object.","title":"Sites and Monuments"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Raymond Busquet whose paternal family is from Albières and neighbouring villages","title":"Notable People linked to the commune"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The ACCA of Albières: Boar Hunting\nThe Paradis club: Club of the Third Age of Albières\nThe Committee of festivals of Albières","title":"Associations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bal-musette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal-musette"},{"link_name":"All Saints' Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day"}],"text":"A Local Festival around 14 July (organized by the Festival Committee)\nThe Festival of Albières of World Music at the end of July\nThe Bal-musette in late August (organized by the Paradis Club)\nA Theatre during the All Saints' Day holidays","title":"Events"}] | [{"image_text":"An Albières street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Albieres%2C_Street.JPG/220px-Albieres%2C_Street.JPG"},{"image_text":"Arms of Albières","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Blason_de_la_ville_d%27Albi%C3%A8res_%2811%29.svg/120px-Blason_de_la_ville_d%27Albi%C3%A8res_%2811%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Albières Town Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Albieres%2C_Mairie.JPG/220px-Albieres%2C_Mairie.JPG"},{"image_text":"Albières Lavoir (Public Laundry)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Albieres%2C_Lavoir.JPG/220px-Albieres%2C_Lavoir.JPG"},{"image_text":"Albières Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Albieres%2C_Church.JPG/220px-Albieres%2C_Church.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Communes of the Aude department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Aude_department"}] | [{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-11007","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Albi%C3%A8res¶ms=42.9478_N_2.4786_E_type:city(115)_region:FR-11","external_links_name":"42°56′52″N 2°28′43″E / 42.9478°N 2.4786°E / 42.9478; 2.4786"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Albi%C3%A8res¶ms=42.9478_N_2.4786_E_type:city(115)_region:FR-11","external_links_name":"42°56′52″N 2°28′43″E / 42.9478°N 2.4786°E / 42.9478; 2.4786"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-11007","external_links_name":"11007"},{"Link":"http://www.geoportail.gouv.fr/accueil?c=2.4786,42.9478&z=7.92265E-5&l=GEOGRAPHICALGRIDSYSTEMS.MAPS.3D$GEOPORTAIL:OGC:WMTS@aggregate(1)&l=ADMINISTRATIVEUNITS.BOUNDARIES$GEOPORTAIL:OGC:WMTS(1)&permalink=yes","external_links_name":"Albières on Géoportail"},{"Link":"http://rumsey.geogarage.com/maps/cassinige.html?lat=42.9478&lon=2.4786&zoom=13","external_links_name":"Albieres on the 1750 Cassini Map"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-11007","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Albi%C3%A8res/@42.9430767,2.4505439,3337m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x12afd88e23e7df1f:0x4078821166d3380?hl=en","external_links_name":"Google Maps"},{"Link":"http://www.francegenweb.org/mairesgenweb/resultcommune.php?id=12780","external_links_name":"List of Mayors of France"},{"Link":"https://www.habitants.fr/aude-11","external_links_name":"Le nom des habitants du 11 - Aude"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-11007#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Population en historique depuis 1968"},{"Link":"https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/palissy/PM11000592","external_links_name":"PM11000592 Painting: The Assumption"},{"Link":"https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/palissy/PM11002502","external_links_name":"PM11002502 Group Sculpture: Virgin of Pity"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15246544g","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15246544g","external_links_name":"BnF data"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_peroxide | Organic peroxides | ["1 Types of organic peroxides","2 Properties","3 Biology","4 Industrial uses","4.1 In polymer chemistry","4.2 Bleaching and disinfecting agents","5 Preparation","5.1 From hydrogen peroxide","5.2 From O2","6 Reactions","6.1 Homolysis","6.2 Self-oxidation","6.3 Cumene process","6.4 Anthraquinone process","6.5 Reduction","6.6 Organic synthesis","7 Analysis of peroxides","7.1 Active oxygen in peroxides","8 Safety","9 See also","10 External links","11 References"] | Organic compounds of the form R–O–O–R’
The general structure of an organic peroxide
In organic chemistry, organic peroxides are organic compounds containing the peroxide functional group (R−O−O−R′). If the R′ is hydrogen, the compounds are called hydroperoxides, which are discussed in that article. The O−O bond of peroxides easily breaks, producing free radicals of the form RO• (the dot represents an unpaired electron). Thus, organic peroxides are useful as initiators for some types of polymerization, such as the acrylic, unsaturated polyester, and vinyl ester resins used in glass-reinforced plastics. MEKP and benzoyl peroxide are commonly used for this purpose. However, the same property also means that organic peroxides can explosively combust. Organic peroxides, like their inorganic counterparts, are often powerful bleaching agents.
Types of organic peroxides
Organic peroxides are classified (i) by the presence or absence of a hydroxyl (-OH) terminus and (ii) by the presence of alkyl vs acyl substituents.
Examples of organic peroxides
tert-Butyl hydroperoxide, a hydroperoxide (formula: ROOH), which is used to epoxide alkenes.
Dicumyl peroxide, a dialkyl peroxide (formula: ROOR), which is used to initiate polymerizations.
tert-butylperoxybenzoate, a peroxy ester (formula: RCO3R') that used as a radical initiator.
dibenzoyl peroxide, a diacyl peroxide (formula: (RCO2)2)) is also used as an initiator for polymerizations.
Peroxyacetic acid, a peroxycarboxylic acid (formula: (RCO3H), is a reagent in organic synthesis.
Prostaglandin G2, an endo peroxide, the precursor to other prostaglandins
One gap in the classes of organic peroxides is diphenyl peroxide. Quantum chemical calculations predict that it undergoes a nearly barrierless reaction akin to the benzidine rearrangement.
Properties
The O−O bond length in peroxides is about 1.45 Å, and the R−O−O angles (R = H, C) are about 110° (water-like). Characteristically, the C−O−O−R (R = H, C) dihedral angles are about 120°. The O−O bond is relatively weak, with a bond dissociation energy of 45–50 kcal/mol (190–210 kJ/mol), less than half the strengths of C−C, C−H, and C−O bonds.
Biology
The peroxide ascaridole, derived from terpinene.
Peroxides play important roles in biology. Hundreds of peroxides and hydroperoxides are known, being derived from fatty acids, steroids, and terpenes. The prostaglandins are biosynthesized by initial formation of a bicyclic peroxide ("endoperoxide") derived from arachidonic acid.
Many aspects of biodegradation or aging are attributed to the formation and decay of peroxides formed from oxygen in air. Countering these effects, an array of biological and artificial antioxidants destroy peroxides.
In fireflies, oxidation of luciferins, which is catalyzed by luciferases, yields a peroxy compound 1,2-dioxetane. The dioxetane is unstable and decays spontaneously to carbon dioxide and excited ketones, which release excess energy by emitting light (bioluminescence).
Loss of CO2 of a dioxetane, giving rise to an excited ketone, which relaxes by emitting light.
Industrial uses
In polymer chemistry
Many peroxides are used as a radical initiators, e.g., to enable polymerization of acrylates. Industrial resins based on acrylic and/or methacrylic acid esters are invariably produced by radical polymerization with organic peroxides at elevated temperatures. The polymerization rate is adjusted by suitable choice of temperature and type of peroxide.
Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, benzoyl peroxide and to a smaller degree acetone peroxide are used as initiators for radical polymerization of some thermosets, e.g. unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester resins, often encountered when making fiberglass or carbon fiber composites (CFRP), with examples including boats, RV units, bath tubs, pools, sporting equipment, wind turbine blades, and a variety of industrial applications.
Benzoyl peroxide, peroxyesters/peroxyketals, and alkylperoxy monocarbonates are used in production of polystyrene, expanded polystyrene, and High Impact Polystyrene, and benzoyl peroxide is utilized for many acrylate based adhesive applications.
Thermoplastic production techniques for many industrial polymerization applications include processes which are carried out in bulk, solution, or suspension type batches. Relevant polymers include:
polyvinyl chloride (PVC),
low-density polyethylene (LDPE),
high-density polyethylene (HDPE),
polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), Polystyrene, and
Polycarbonates.
Bleaching and disinfecting agents
Benzoyl peroxide and hydrogen peroxide are used as bleaching and "maturing" agents for treating flour to make its grain release gluten more easily; the alternative is letting the flour slowly oxidize by air, which is too slow for the industrialized era. Benzoyl peroxide is an effective topical medication for treating most forms of acne.
Preparation
From hydrogen peroxide
Dialkyl peroxides, e.g., dicumyl peroxide, are synthesized by addition of hydrogen peroxide to alkenes or by O-alkylation of hydroperoxides.
Diacyl peroxides are typically prepared by treating hydrogen peroxide with acid chlorides or acid anhydrides in the presence of base:
H2O2 + 2 RCOCl → (RCO2)2 + 2 HCl
H2O2 + (RCO)2O → (RCO2)2 + H2O
The reaction competes with hydrolysis of the acylating agent but the hydroperoxide anion is a superior nucleophile relative to hydroxide. Unsymmetrical diacyl peroxides can be produced by treating acyl chlorides with the peroxy acid.
Peresters, an example being tert-Butyl peroxybenzoate, are produced by treating acid anhydrides or acid chlorides with hydroperoxides.
From O2
Main article: Autoxidation
Cyclic peroxides can be obtained by cycloaddition of singlet oxygen (generated by UV radiation) to dienes. An important example is rubrene. Six-membered cyclic peroxides are called endo peroxides. The four-membered dioxetanes can be obtained by 2+2 cycloaddition of oxygen to alkenes.
The hazards associated with storage of ethers in air is attributed to the formation of hydroperoxides via the direct albeit slow reaction of triplet oxygen with C-H bonds.
Reactions
Homolysis
Organic peroxides are widely used to initiate polymerization of olefins, e.g. the formation of polyethylene. A key step is homolysis:
ROOR ⇌ 2 RO.
The tendency to homolyze is also exploited to modify polymers by grafting or visbreaking, or cross-link polymers to create a thermoset. When used for these purposes, the peroxide is highly diluted, so the heat generated by the exothermic decomposition is safely absorbed by the surrounding medium (e.g. polymer compound or emulsion).
Self-oxidation
Especially when in concentrated form, organic peroxides can decompose by self-oxidation, since organic peroxides contain both an oxidizer (the O-O bond) and fuel (C-H and C-C bonds). A "self-accelerating decomposition" occurs when the rate of peroxide decomposition generates heat at a faster rate than it can be dissipated to the environment. Temperature is the main factor in the rate of decomposition. The lowest temperature at which a packaged organic peroxide will undergo a self-accelerating decomposition within a week is defined as the self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT). A large fire at the Arkema Chemical Plant in Crosby, Texas (USA) in 2017 was caused by the decomposition of various organic peroxides following power failure and subsequent loss of cooling systems. This occurred due to extreme flooding from Hurricane Harvey, which destroyed main and back-up power generators at the site.
Cumene process
Hydroperoxides are intermediates or reagents in major commercial processes. In the cumene process, acetone and phenol are produced by decomposition of cumene hydroperoxide (Me = methyl):
C6H5CMe2(O2H) → C6H5OH + O=CMe2
Anthraquinone process
Anthrahydroquinone reacts spontaneously with oxygen to form anthraquinone and hydrogen peroxide, possibly through some organic peroxide intermediate. After extraktion of the hydrogen peroxide the anthraquinone is catalytically reduced to anthrahydroquinone and reused in the process. There are other hydroquinones reacting in a similar fashion.
Reduction
Organoperoxides can be reduced to alcohols with lithium aluminium hydride, as described in this idealized equation:
4 ROOH + LiAlH4 → LiAlO2 + 2 H2O + 4 ROH
The phosphite esters and tertiary phosphines also effect reduction:
ROOH + PR3 → P(OR)3 + ROH
Cleavage to ketones and alcohols occurs in the base-catalyzed Kornblum–DeLaMare rearrangement, which involves the breaking of bonds within peroxides to form these products.
Some peroxides are drugs, whose action is based on the formation of radicals at desired locations in the organism. For example, artemisinin and its derivatives, such as artesunate, possess the most rapid action of all current drugs against falciparum malaria. Artesunate is also efficient in reducing egg production in Schistosoma haematobium infection.
Organic synthesis
tert-Butyl hydroperoxide is used for epoxidation and hydroxylation reagents in conjunction with metal catalysts.
Analysis of peroxides
Iodine-starch test. Note the blackening (left) of initially yellowish (right) starch.
Several analytical methods are used for qualitative and quantitative determination of peroxides. A simple qualitative detection of peroxides is carried out with the iodine-starch reaction. Here peroxides, hydroperoxides or peracids oxidize the added potassium iodide into iodine, which reacts with starch producing a deep-blue color. Commercial paper indicators using this reaction are available. This method is also suitable for quantitative evaluation, but it can not distinguish between different types of peroxide compounds. Discoloration of various indigo dyes in presence of peroxides is used instead for this purpose. For example, the loss of blue color in leuco-methylene blue is selective for hydrogen peroxide.
Quantitative analysis of hydroperoxides can be performed using potentiometric titration with lithium aluminium hydride. Another way to evaluate the content of peracids and peroxides is the volumetric titration with alkoxides such as sodium ethoxide.
Active oxygen in peroxides
Each peroxy group is considered to contain one active oxygen atom. The concept of active oxygen content is useful for comparing the relative concentration of peroxy groups in formulations, which is related to the energy content. In general, energy content increases with active oxygen content, and thus the higher the molecular weight of the organic groups, the lower the energy content and, usually, the lower the hazard.
The term active oxygen is used to specify the amount of peroxide present in any organic peroxide formulation. One of the oxygen atoms in each peroxide group is considered "active". The theoretical amount of active oxygen can be described by the following equation:
A
[
O
]
theoretical
(
%
)
=
16
p
m
×
100
,
{\displaystyle A_{\text{theoretical}}(\%)=16{\frac {p}{m}}\times 100,}
where p is the number of peroxide groups in the molecule, and m is the molecular mass of the pure peroxide.
Organic peroxides are often sold as formulations that include one or more phlegmatizing agents. That is, for safety sake or performance benefits the properties of an organic peroxide formulation are commonly modified by the use of additives to phlegmatize (desensitize), stabilize, or otherwise enhance the organic peroxide for commercial use. Commercial formulations occasionally consist of mixtures of organic peroxides, which may or may not be phlegmatized.
Safety
The GHS transport pictogram for organic peroxides.
Peroxides are also strong oxidizers and easily react with skin, cotton and wood pulp. For safety reasons, peroxidic compounds are stored in a cool, opaque container, as heating and illumination accelerate their chemical reactions. Small amounts of peroxides, which emerge from storage or reaction vessels are neutralized using reducing agents such as iron(II) sulfate. Safety measures in industrial plants producing large amounts of peroxides include the following:
1) The equipment is located within reinforced concrete structures with foil windows, which would relieve pressure and not shatter in case of explosion.
2) The products are bottled in small containers and are moved to a cold place promptly after the synthesis.
3) The containers are made of non-reactive materials such as stainless steel, some aluminium alloys or dark glass.
For safe handling of concentrated organic peroxides, an important parameter is temperature of the sample, which should be maintained below the self accelerating decomposition temperature of the compound.
The shipping of organic peroxides is restricted. The US Department of Transportation lists organic peroxide shipping restrictions and forbidden materials in 49 CFR 172.101 Hazardous Materials Table based on the concentration and physical state of the material:
Chemical name
CAS Number
Prohibitions
Acetyl acetone peroxide
37187-22-7
> 9% by mass active oxygen
Acetyl benzoyl peroxide
644-31-5
solid, or > 40% in solution
Ascaridole
512-85-6
(organic peroxide)
tert-Butyl hydroperoxide
75-91-2
> 90% in solution (aqueous)
Di-(1-naphthoyl)peroxide
29903-04-6
Diacetyl peroxide
110-22-5
solid, or > 25% in solution
Ethyl hydroperoxide
3031-74-1
Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide
1338-23-4
> 9% by mass active oxygen in solution
Methyl isobutyl ketone peroxide
37206-20-5
> 9% by mass active oxygen in solution
See also
Alkenyl peroxides
Peroxyacyl nitrates
Ozonide
External links
Organic Peroxide Producers Safety Division
OSH Answers – organic peroxides
"The Perils of Peroxides". carolina.com. Burlington, NC: Carolina Biological Supply Company. Archived from the original on 2007-12-18.
European Organic Peroxide Safety Group
References
^ a b Klenk, Herbert; Götz, Peter H.; Siegmeier, Rainer; Mayr, Wilfried. "Peroxy Compounds, Organic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_199.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.
^ Saul Patai, ed. (1983). PATAI'S Chemistry of Functional Groups: Peroxides. Wiley. ISBN 9780470771730.
^ "Henry Rzepa's Blog: Why diphenyl peroxide does not exist".
^ Bach, Robert D.; Ayala, Philippe Y.; Schlegel, H. B. (1996). "A Reassessment of the Bond Dissociation Energies of Peroxides. An ab Initio Study". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118 (50): 12758–12765. doi:10.1021/ja961838i.
^ Otto Exner (1983). "Stereochemical and conformational aspects of peroxy compounds". In Saul Patai (ed.). PATAI'S Chemistry of Functional Groups. Wiley. pp. 85–96. doi:10.1002/9780470771730.ch2. ISBN 9780470771730.
^ D. A. Casteel (1992). "Peroxy Natural Products". Natural Product Reports. 9 (4): 289–312. doi:10.1039/np9920900289. PMID 1522977.
^ Rouzer, Carol A.; Marnett, Lawrence J. (2003). "Mechanism of Free Radical Oxygenation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids by Cyclooxygenases". Chemical Reviews. 103 (6): 2239–2304. doi:10.1021/cr000068x. PMID 12797830.
^ Aldo Roda Chemiluminescence and Bioluminescence: Past, Present and Future, p. 57, Royal Society of Chemistry, 2010, ISBN 1-84755-812-7
^ Thomas Brock, Michael Groteklaes, Peter Mischke Lehrbuch der Lacktechnologie, Vincentz Network GmbH & Co KG, 2000, ISBN 3-87870-569-7 p. 67
^ Organische Peroxide für die Polymerisation Archived 2016-06-29 at the Wayback Machine. pergan.com (in German)
^ Aubry, Jean-Marie; Pierlot, Christel; Rigaudy, Jean; Schmidt, Reinhard (2003). "Reversible Binding of Oxygen to Aromatic Compounds". Accounts of Chemical Research. 36 (9): 668–675. doi:10.1021/ar010086g. PMID 12974650.
^ Heinz G. O. Becker Organikum, Wiley-VCH, 2001, ISBN 3-527-29985-8, p. 323
^ Criegee, Rudolf; Müller, Gerhard (1956). "1.2-Dioxan". Chemische Berichte. 89 (2): 238. doi:10.1002/cber.19560890209.
^ a b USCSB. "Caught in the Storm: Extreme Weather Hazards". Youtube. USCSB. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
^ White NJ (1997). "Assessment of the pharmacodynamic properties of antimalarial drugs in vivo". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41 (7): 1413–22. doi:10.1128/AAC.41.7.1413. PMC 163932. PMID 9210658.
^ Boulangier D, Dieng Y, Cisse B, et al. (2007). "Antischistosomal efficacy of artesunate combination therapies administered as curative treatments for malaria attacks". Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 101 (2): 113–16. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.03.003. PMID 16765398. S2CID 1675813.
^ Zhu, Nengbo; Yao, Huijie; Zhang, Xiyu; Bao, Hongli (2024). "Metal-catalyzed asymmetric reactions enabled by organic peroxides". Chemical Society Reviews. 53 (5): 2326–2349. doi:10.1039/D3CS00735A. PMID 38259195.
^ Légrádi, L.; Légrádi, J. (1970). "Detection of peroxides, hydroperoxides and peracids". Microchimica Acta. 58: 119–122. doi:10.1007/BF01218105. S2CID 101877371.
^ Lea, C. H. (1931). "The Effect of Light on the Oxidation of Fats". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 108 (756): 175–189. Bibcode:1931RSPSB.108..175L. doi:10.1098/rspb.1931.0030.
^ Veibel, S. Analytik organischer Verbindungen, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1960, p. 262
^ Eiss, M. I.; Giesecke, Paul (1959). "Colorimetric Determination of Organic Peroxides". Analytical Chemistry. 31 (9): 1558. doi:10.1021/ac60153a038.
^ Higuchi, T.; Zuck, Donald Anton (1951). "Behaviors of Several Compounds as Indicators in Lithium Aluminum Hydride Titration of Functional Groups". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 73 (6): 2676. doi:10.1021/ja01150a073.
^ Martin, A. J. (1957). "Potentiometric titration of hydroperoxide and peracid in Anhydrous Ethylenediamine". Analytical Chemistry. 29: 79–81. doi:10.1021/ac60121a022.
^ "ASTM E298, Standard Test Methods for Assay of Organic Peroxides". ASTM. 2010.
^ Heinz G. O. Becker Organikum, Wiley-VCH, 2001, ISBN 3-527-29985-8 pp. 741–762
^ Ozonelab Peroxide compatibility
^ "Product Stewardship". American Chemistry Council. 2021-01-17. Retrieved 2022-01-03.
vteFunctional groupsHydrocarbons (only C and H)
Alkyl
Methyl
Ethyl
Propyl
Cyclopropyl
Butyl
Pentyl
Methylene
Bridge
Methine
Alkene
Vinyl
Allyl
1-Propenyl
Crotyl
Allene
Cumulene
Phenyl
Benzyl
Alkyne
Carbene
Only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (only C, H and O)R-O-R
Acetal
Alcohol
Alkoxy
Methoxy
Ether
Enol ether
Epoxide
Peroxy
Hydroperoxy
Dioxiranes
Ethylenedioxy
Methylenedioxy
carbonyl
Acyl
Acetyl
Acryloyl
Benzoyl
Aldehyde
Ketene
Ketone
Ynone
carboxy
Carboxyl
Acetoxy
Anhydride
Ester
Orthoester
Only one element, not being carbon, hydrogen, or oxygen (one element, not C, H or O)Nitrogen
Amine
Enamine
Ammonium
Hydrazo
Nitrene
Imine
Oxime
Hydrazone
Azo
Amide
Imidate
Amidine
Carbamate
Imide
Nitrile
Isonitrile
Cyanate
Isocyanate
Nitrate
Nitrite
Nitro
Nitroso
NONOate
Phosphorus
Phosphate
Phosphodiester
Phosphonate
Phosphite
Phosphonous
Phosphinate
Phosphine oxide
Phosphine
Phosphonium
Phosphaalkene
Phosphaalkyne
Phosphaallene
Sulfur
Thiol
Sulfide
Sulfonium
Persulfide
Disulfide
Sulfenic acid
Thiosulfinate
Sulfoxide
Thiosulfonate
Sulfinic acid
Sulfone
Sulfonic acid
Thioketone
Thial
Thioester
Thionoester
Thioxanthate
Xanthate
Boron
Boronic acid
Selenium
Selenol
Selenonic acid
Seleninic acid
Selenenic acid
Selone
Tellurium
Tellurol
Telluroketone
Halo
Haloalkane
Fluoroethyl
Trifluoromethyl
Trichloromethyl
Trifluoromethoxy
Hypervalent iodine
Vinyl halide
Iodide
Acyl halide
Chloride
Perchlorate
Other
Isothiocyanate
Phosphoramides
Sulfenyl chloride
Sulfonamide
Thiocyanate
See also
chemical classification
chemical nomenclature
inorganic
organic
Authority control databases: National
Germany
Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peroxy_general.svg"},{"link_name":"organic chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"organic compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound"},{"link_name":"peroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxide"},{"link_name":"functional group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_group"},{"link_name":"hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"hydroperoxides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroperoxide"},{"link_name":"free radicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_radical"},{"link_name":"unpaired electron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unpaired_electron"},{"link_name":"initiators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_initiator"},{"link_name":"polymerization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerization"},{"link_name":"acrylic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_resin"},{"link_name":"vinyl ester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl_ester"},{"link_name":"resins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin"},{"link_name":"glass-reinforced plastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass-reinforced_plastic"},{"link_name":"MEKP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_ethyl_ketone_peroxide"},{"link_name":"benzoyl peroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoyl_peroxide"},{"link_name":"bleaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleaching"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ullmann-1"}],"text":"The general structure of an organic peroxideIn organic chemistry, organic peroxides are organic compounds containing the peroxide functional group (R−O−O−R′). If the R′ is hydrogen, the compounds are called hydroperoxides, which are discussed in that article. The O−O bond of peroxides easily breaks, producing free radicals of the form RO• (the dot represents an unpaired electron). Thus, organic peroxides are useful as initiators for some types of polymerization, such as the acrylic, unsaturated polyester, and vinyl ester resins used in glass-reinforced plastics. MEKP and benzoyl peroxide are commonly used for this purpose. However, the same property also means that organic peroxides can explosively combust. Organic peroxides, like their inorganic counterparts, are often powerful bleaching agents.[1]","title":"Organic peroxides"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tert-Butyl_hydroperoxide_Structural_Formula_V2.svg"},{"link_name":"tert-Butyl hydroperoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tert-Butyl_hydroperoxide"},{"link_name":"hydroperoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroperoxide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dicumyl_peroxide.svg"},{"link_name":"Dicumyl peroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicumyl_peroxide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tert-Butylperoxybenzoat_Strukturformel.svg"},{"link_name":"tert-butylperoxybenzoate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tert-Butyl_peroxybenzoate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benzoyl-peroxide.svg"},{"link_name":"dibenzoyl peroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzoyl_peroxide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethaneperoxoic_acid_200.svg"},{"link_name":"Peroxyacetic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxyacetic_acid"},{"link_name":"peroxycarboxylic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxycarboxylic_acid"},{"link_name":"organic synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prostaglandin_G2.svg"},{"link_name":"Prostaglandin G2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin_G2"},{"link_name":"benzidine rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzidine_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Organic peroxides are classified (i) by the presence or absence of a hydroxyl (-OH) terminus and (ii) by the presence of alkyl vs acyl substituents.[2]Examples of organic peroxides\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\ttert-Butyl hydroperoxide, a hydroperoxide (formula: ROOH), which is used to epoxide alkenes.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDicumyl peroxide, a dialkyl peroxide (formula: ROOR), which is used to initiate polymerizations.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\ttert-butylperoxybenzoate, a peroxy ester (formula: RCO3R') that used as a radical initiator.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tdibenzoyl peroxide, a diacyl peroxide (formula: (RCO2)2)) is also used as an initiator for polymerizations.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPeroxyacetic acid, a peroxycarboxylic acid (formula: (RCO3H), is a reagent in organic synthesis.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tProstaglandin G2, an endo peroxide, the precursor to other prostaglandinsOne gap in the classes of organic peroxides is diphenyl peroxide. Quantum chemical calculations predict that it undergoes a nearly barrierless reaction akin to the benzidine rearrangement.[3]","title":"Types of organic peroxides"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bond length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_length"},{"link_name":"Å","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"bond dissociation energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_dissociation_energy"},{"link_name":"kcal/mol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilocalorie_per_mole"},{"link_name":"kJ/mol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule_per_mole"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The O−O bond length in peroxides is about 1.45 Å, and the R−O−O angles (R = H, C) are about 110° (water-like). Characteristically, the C−O−O−R (R = H, C) dihedral angles are about 120°. The O−O bond is relatively weak, with a bond dissociation energy of 45–50 kcal/mol (190–210 kJ/mol), less than half the strengths of C−C, C−H, and C−O bonds.[4][5]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ascaridol2.png"},{"link_name":"ascaridole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascaridole"},{"link_name":"terpinene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpinene"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"prostaglandins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin"},{"link_name":"arachidonic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachidonic_acid"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marnett-7"},{"link_name":"antioxidants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidant"},{"link_name":"fireflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly"},{"link_name":"luciferins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly_luciferin"},{"link_name":"luciferases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciferase"},{"link_name":"1,2-dioxetane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,2-dioxetane"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"ketones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone"},{"link_name":"bioluminescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioluminescence"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luciferin_principle.png"}],"text":"The peroxide ascaridole, derived from terpinene.Peroxides play important roles in biology. Hundreds of peroxides and hydroperoxides are known, being derived from fatty acids, steroids, and terpenes.[6] The prostaglandins are biosynthesized by initial formation of a bicyclic peroxide (\"endoperoxide\") derived from arachidonic acid.[7]Many aspects of biodegradation or aging are attributed to the formation and decay of peroxides formed from oxygen in air. Countering these effects, an array of biological and artificial antioxidants destroy peroxides.In fireflies, oxidation of luciferins, which is catalyzed by luciferases, yields a peroxy compound 1,2-dioxetane. The dioxetane is unstable and decays spontaneously to carbon dioxide and excited ketones, which release excess energy by emitting light (bioluminescence).[8]Loss of CO2 of a dioxetane, giving rise to an excited ketone, which relaxes by emitting light.","title":"Biology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Industrial uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radical initiators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_initiator"},{"link_name":"polymerization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerization"},{"link_name":"methacrylic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methacrylic_acid"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_ethyl_ketone_peroxide"},{"link_name":"benzoyl peroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoyl_peroxide"},{"link_name":"acetone peroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetone_peroxide"},{"link_name":"radical polymerization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_polymerization"},{"link_name":"thermosets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoset"},{"link_name":"unsaturated polyester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsaturated_polyester"},{"link_name":"vinyl ester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl_ester"},{"link_name":"carbon fiber composites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-fiber-reinforced_polymers"},{"link_name":"Benzoyl peroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoyl_peroxide"},{"link_name":"peroxyesters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peroxyester&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"peroxyketals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peroxyketal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"alkylperoxy monocarbonates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alkylperoxy_monocarbonates&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"polystyrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrene"},{"link_name":"expanded polystyrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_polystyrene"},{"link_name":"High Impact Polystyrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Impact_Polystyrene"},{"link_name":"polyvinyl chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride"},{"link_name":"low-density polyethylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_polyethylene"},{"link_name":"high-density polyethylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-density_polyethylene"},{"link_name":"polymethyl methacrylate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)"},{"link_name":"Polystyrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrene"},{"link_name":"Polycarbonates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarbonates"}],"sub_title":"In polymer chemistry","text":"Many peroxides are used as a radical initiators, e.g., to enable polymerization of acrylates. Industrial resins based on acrylic and/or methacrylic acid esters are invariably produced by radical polymerization with organic peroxides at elevated temperatures.[9] The polymerization rate is adjusted by suitable choice of temperature and type of peroxide.[10]Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, benzoyl peroxide and to a smaller degree acetone peroxide are used as initiators for radical polymerization of some thermosets, e.g. unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester resins, often encountered when making fiberglass or carbon fiber composites (CFRP), with examples including boats, RV units, bath tubs, pools, sporting equipment, wind turbine blades, and a variety of industrial applications.Benzoyl peroxide, peroxyesters/peroxyketals, and alkylperoxy monocarbonates are used in production of polystyrene, expanded polystyrene, and High Impact Polystyrene, and benzoyl peroxide is utilized for many acrylate based adhesive applications.Thermoplastic production techniques for many industrial polymerization applications include processes which are carried out in bulk, solution, or suspension type batches. Relevant polymers include:\npolyvinyl chloride (PVC),\nlow-density polyethylene (LDPE),\nhigh-density polyethylene (HDPE), \npolymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), Polystyrene, and\nPolycarbonates.","title":"Industrial uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benzoyl peroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoyl_peroxide"},{"link_name":"hydrogen peroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide"},{"link_name":"bleaching and \"maturing\" agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour_bleaching_agent"},{"link_name":"flour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour"},{"link_name":"gluten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluten"},{"link_name":"Benzoyl peroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoyl_peroxide"},{"link_name":"acne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne_vulgaris"}],"sub_title":"Bleaching and disinfecting agents","text":"Benzoyl peroxide and hydrogen peroxide are used as bleaching and \"maturing\" agents for treating flour to make its grain release gluten more easily; the alternative is letting the flour slowly oxidize by air, which is too slow for the industrialized era. Benzoyl peroxide is an effective topical medication for treating most forms of acne.","title":"Industrial uses"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Preparation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dicumyl peroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicumyl_peroxide"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ullmann-1"},{"link_name":"Peresters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perester"},{"link_name":"tert-Butyl peroxybenzoate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tert-Butyl_peroxybenzoate"}],"sub_title":"From hydrogen peroxide","text":"Dialkyl peroxides, e.g., dicumyl peroxide, are synthesized by addition of hydrogen peroxide to alkenes or by O-alkylation of hydroperoxides.Diacyl peroxides are typically prepared by treating hydrogen peroxide with acid chlorides or acid anhydrides in the presence of base:[1]H2O2 + 2 RCOCl → (RCO2)2 + 2 HCl\nH2O2 + (RCO)2O → (RCO2)2 + H2OThe reaction competes with hydrolysis of the acylating agent but the hydroperoxide anion is a superior nucleophile relative to hydroxide. Unsymmetrical diacyl peroxides can be produced by treating acyl chlorides with the peroxy acid.Peresters, an example being tert-Butyl peroxybenzoate, are produced by treating acid anhydrides or acid chlorides with hydroperoxides.","title":"Preparation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cycloaddition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloaddition"},{"link_name":"singlet oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singlet_oxygen"},{"link_name":"rubrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubrene"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"dioxetanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,2-dioxetane"},{"link_name":"cycloaddition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloaddition"},{"link_name":"alkenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkene"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"C-H bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-H_bond"}],"sub_title":"From O2","text":"Cyclic peroxides can be obtained by cycloaddition of singlet oxygen (generated by UV radiation) to dienes. An important example is rubrene. Six-membered cyclic peroxides are called endo peroxides.[11] The four-membered dioxetanes can be obtained by 2+2 cycloaddition of oxygen to alkenes.[12][13]The hazards associated with storage of ethers in air is attributed to the formation of hydroperoxides via the direct albeit slow reaction of triplet oxygen with C-H bonds.","title":"Preparation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polymerization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerization"},{"link_name":"olefins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olefin"},{"link_name":"polyethylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene"},{"link_name":"homolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homolysis_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"grafting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graft_polymer"},{"link_name":"visbreaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visbreaker"},{"link_name":"cross-link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-link"},{"link_name":"thermoset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoset"},{"link_name":"exothermic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exothermic"},{"link_name":"emulsion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsion"}],"sub_title":"Homolysis","text":"Organic peroxides are widely used to initiate polymerization of olefins, e.g. the formation of polyethylene. A key step is homolysis:ROOR ⇌ 2 RO.The tendency to homolyze is also exploited to modify polymers by grafting or visbreaking, or cross-link polymers to create a thermoset. When used for these purposes, the peroxide is highly diluted, so the heat generated by the exothermic decomposition is safely absorbed by the surrounding medium (e.g. polymer compound or emulsion).","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_rate"},{"link_name":"self-accelerating decomposition temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_accelerating_decomposition_temperature"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCSB-14"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCSB-14"}],"sub_title":"Self-oxidation","text":"Especially when in concentrated form, organic peroxides can decompose by self-oxidation, since organic peroxides contain both an oxidizer (the O-O bond) and fuel (C-H and C-C bonds). A \"self-accelerating decomposition\" occurs when the rate of peroxide decomposition generates heat at a faster rate than it can be dissipated to the environment. Temperature is the main factor in the rate of decomposition. The lowest temperature at which a packaged organic peroxide will undergo a self-accelerating decomposition within a week is defined as the self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT). A large fire at the Arkema Chemical Plant in Crosby, Texas (USA) in 2017 was caused by the decomposition of various organic peroxides following power failure and subsequent loss of cooling systems.[14] This occurred due to extreme flooding from Hurricane Harvey, which destroyed main and back-up power generators at the site.[14]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cumene process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumene_process"},{"link_name":"cumene hydroperoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumene_hydroperoxide"}],"sub_title":"Cumene process","text":"Hydroperoxides are intermediates or reagents in major commercial processes. In the cumene process, acetone and phenol are produced by decomposition of cumene hydroperoxide (Me = methyl):C6H5CMe2(O2H) → C6H5OH + O=CMe2","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydroquinones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroquinone"}],"sub_title":"Anthraquinone process","text":"Anthrahydroquinone reacts spontaneously with oxygen to form anthraquinone and hydrogen peroxide, possibly through some organic peroxide intermediate. After extraktion of the hydrogen peroxide the anthraquinone is catalytically reduced to anthrahydroquinone and reused in the process. There are other hydroquinones reacting in a similar fashion.","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alcohols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"lithium aluminium hydride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_aluminium_hydride"},{"link_name":"phosphite esters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphite_ester"},{"link_name":"Kornblum–DeLaMare rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornblum%E2%80%93DeLaMare_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug"},{"link_name":"artemisinin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisinin"},{"link_name":"artesunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artesunate"},{"link_name":"falciparum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum"},{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Schistosoma haematobium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistosoma_haematobium"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Reduction","text":"Organoperoxides can be reduced to alcohols with lithium aluminium hydride, as described in this idealized equation:4 ROOH + LiAlH4 → LiAlO2 + 2 H2O + 4 ROHThe phosphite esters and tertiary phosphines also effect reduction:ROOH + PR3 → P(OR)3 + ROHCleavage to ketones and alcohols occurs in the base-catalyzed Kornblum–DeLaMare rearrangement, which involves the breaking of bonds within peroxides to form these products.Some peroxides are drugs, whose action is based on the formation of radicals at desired locations in the organism. For example, artemisinin and its derivatives, such as artesunate, possess the most rapid action of all current drugs against falciparum malaria.[15] Artesunate is also efficient in reducing egg production in Schistosoma haematobium infection.[16]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Organic synthesis","text":"tert-Butyl hydroperoxide is used for epoxidation and hydroxylation reagents in conjunction with metal catalysts.[17]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jodprobe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Iodine-starch test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine_test"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"iodine-starch reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine_test"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"potassium iodide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_iodide"},{"link_name":"iodine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine"},{"link_name":"starch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch"},{"link_name":"indigo dyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_dye"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"methylene blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylene_blue"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"titration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titration"},{"link_name":"lithium aluminium hydride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_aluminium_hydride"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"alkoxides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoxide"},{"link_name":"sodium ethoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_ethoxide"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Iodine-starch test. Note the blackening (left) of initially yellowish (right) starch.Several analytical methods are used for qualitative and quantitative determination of peroxides.[18] A simple qualitative detection of peroxides is carried out with the iodine-starch reaction.[19] Here peroxides, hydroperoxides or peracids oxidize the added potassium iodide into iodine, which reacts with starch producing a deep-blue color. Commercial paper indicators using this reaction are available. This method is also suitable for quantitative evaluation, but it can not distinguish between different types of peroxide compounds. Discoloration of various indigo dyes in presence of peroxides is used instead for this purpose.[20] For example, the loss of blue color in leuco-methylene blue is selective for hydrogen peroxide.[21]Quantitative analysis of hydroperoxides can be performed using potentiometric titration with lithium aluminium hydride.[22] Another way to evaluate the content of peracids and peroxides is the volumetric titration with alkoxides such as sodium ethoxide.[23]","title":"Analysis of peroxides"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"concentration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"molecular weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_weight"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"molecular mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_mass"},{"link_name":"phlegmatizing agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegmatized"}],"sub_title":"Active oxygen in peroxides","text":"Each peroxy group is considered to contain one active oxygen atom. The concept of active oxygen content is useful for comparing the relative concentration of peroxy groups in formulations, which is related to the energy content. In general, energy content increases with active oxygen content, and thus the higher the molecular weight of the organic groups, the lower the energy content and, usually, the lower the hazard.The term active oxygen is used to specify the amount of peroxide present in any organic peroxide formulation. One of the oxygen atoms in each peroxide group is considered \"active\". The theoretical amount of active oxygen can be described by the following equation:[24]A\n [\n \n O\n \n \n ]\n \n theoretical\n \n \n (\n %\n )\n =\n 16\n \n \n p\n m\n \n \n ×\n 100\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A[\\mathrm {O} ]_{\\text{theoretical}}(\\%)=16{\\frac {p}{m}}\\times 100,}where p is the number of peroxide groups in the molecule, and m is the molecular mass of the pure peroxide.Organic peroxides are often sold as formulations that include one or more phlegmatizing agents. That is, for safety sake or performance benefits the properties of an organic peroxide formulation are commonly modified by the use of additives to phlegmatize (desensitize), stabilize, or otherwise enhance the organic peroxide for commercial use. Commercial formulations occasionally consist of mixtures of organic peroxides, which may or may not be phlegmatized.","title":"Analysis of peroxides"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UN_transport_pictogram_-_5.2_(white).svg"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"chemical reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction"},{"link_name":"iron(II) sulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfate"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"self accelerating decomposition temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_accelerating_decomposition_temperature"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-American_Chemistry_Council_2021-27"},{"link_name":"US Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Department_of_Transportation"}],"text":"The GHS transport pictogram for organic peroxides.Peroxides are also strong oxidizers and easily react with skin, cotton and wood pulp.[25] For safety reasons, peroxidic compounds are stored in a cool, opaque container, as heating and illumination accelerate their chemical reactions. Small amounts of peroxides, which emerge from storage or reaction vessels are neutralized using reducing agents such as iron(II) sulfate. Safety measures in industrial plants producing large amounts of peroxides include the following:1) The equipment is located within reinforced concrete structures with foil windows, which would relieve pressure and not shatter in case of explosion.2) The products are bottled in small containers and are moved to a cold place promptly after the synthesis.3) The containers are made of non-reactive materials such as stainless steel, some aluminium alloys or dark glass.[26]For safe handling of concentrated organic peroxides, an important parameter is temperature of the sample, which should be maintained below the self accelerating decomposition temperature of the compound.[27]The shipping of organic peroxides is restricted. The US Department of Transportation lists organic peroxide shipping restrictions and forbidden materials in 49 CFR 172.101 Hazardous Materials Table based on the concentration and physical state of the material:","title":"Safety"}] | [{"image_text":"The general structure of an organic peroxide","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Peroxy_general.svg/150px-Peroxy_general.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The peroxide ascaridole, derived from terpinene.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ascaridol2.png/220px-Ascaridol2.png"},{"image_text":"Loss of CO2 of a dioxetane, giving rise to an excited ketone, which relaxes by emitting light.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Luciferin_principle.png/450px-Luciferin_principle.png"},{"image_text":"Iodine-starch test. Note the blackening (left) of initially yellowish (right) starch.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jodprobe.jpg/220px-Jodprobe.jpg"},{"image_text":"The GHS transport pictogram for organic peroxides.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/UN_transport_pictogram_-_5.2_%28white%29.svg/220px-UN_transport_pictogram_-_5.2_%28white%29.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Alkenyl peroxides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkenyl_peroxides"},{"title":"Peroxyacyl nitrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxyacyl_nitrates"},{"title":"Ozonide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozonide"}] | [{"reference":"\"The Perils of Peroxides\". carolina.com. Burlington, NC: Carolina Biological Supply Company. 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Chemische Berichte. 89 (2): 238. doi:10.1002/cber.19560890209.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcber.19560890209","url_text":"10.1002/cber.19560890209"}]},{"reference":"USCSB. \"Caught in the Storm: Extreme Weather Hazards\". Youtube. USCSB. Retrieved 29 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtWyBMwRt-A&ab_channel=USCSB","url_text":"\"Caught in the Storm: Extreme Weather Hazards\""}]},{"reference":"White NJ (1997). \"Assessment of the pharmacodynamic properties of antimalarial drugs in vivo\". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41 (7): 1413–22. doi:10.1128/AAC.41.7.1413. PMC 163932. PMID 9210658.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC163932","url_text":"\"Assessment of the pharmacodynamic properties of antimalarial drugs in vivo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FAAC.41.7.1413","url_text":"10.1128/AAC.41.7.1413"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC163932","url_text":"163932"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9210658","url_text":"9210658"}]},{"reference":"Boulangier D, Dieng Y, Cisse B, et al. (2007). \"Antischistosomal efficacy of artesunate combination therapies administered as curative treatments for malaria attacks\". Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 101 (2): 113–16. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.03.003. PMID 16765398. S2CID 1675813.","urls":[{"url":"http://hal.ird.fr/ird-00177064","url_text":"\"Antischistosomal efficacy of artesunate combination therapies administered as curative treatments for malaria attacks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.trstmh.2006.03.003","url_text":"10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.03.003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16765398","url_text":"16765398"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1675813","url_text":"1675813"}]},{"reference":"Zhu, Nengbo; Yao, Huijie; Zhang, Xiyu; Bao, Hongli (2024). \"Metal-catalyzed asymmetric reactions enabled by organic peroxides\". Chemical Society Reviews. 53 (5): 2326–2349. doi:10.1039/D3CS00735A. PMID 38259195.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FD3CS00735A","url_text":"10.1039/D3CS00735A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38259195","url_text":"38259195"}]},{"reference":"Légrádi, L.; Légrádi, J. (1970). \"Detection of peroxides, hydroperoxides and peracids\". Microchimica Acta. 58: 119–122. doi:10.1007/BF01218105. S2CID 101877371.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01218105","url_text":"10.1007/BF01218105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:101877371","url_text":"101877371"}]},{"reference":"Lea, C. H. (1931). \"The Effect of Light on the Oxidation of Fats\". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 108 (756): 175–189. 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Analytical Chemistry. 31 (9): 1558. doi:10.1021/ac60153a038.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fac60153a038","url_text":"10.1021/ac60153a038"}]},{"reference":"Higuchi, T.; Zuck, Donald Anton (1951). \"Behaviors of Several Compounds as Indicators in Lithium Aluminum Hydride Titration of Functional Groups\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 73 (6): 2676. doi:10.1021/ja01150a073.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01150a073","url_text":"10.1021/ja01150a073"}]},{"reference":"Martin, A. J. (1957). \"Potentiometric titration of hydroperoxide and peracid in Anhydrous Ethylenediamine\". Analytical Chemistry. 29: 79–81. doi:10.1021/ac60121a022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fac60121a022","url_text":"10.1021/ac60121a022"}]},{"reference":"\"ASTM E298, Standard Test Methods for Assay of Organic Peroxides\". ASTM. 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.astm.org/Standards/E298.htm","url_text":"\"ASTM E298, Standard Test Methods for Assay of Organic Peroxides\""}]},{"reference":"\"Product Stewardship\". American Chemistry Council. 2021-01-17. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Astronomical_Journal | Irish Astronomical Society | ["1 Publications","2 History","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Irish Astronomical Society Irish: Cumann Réalteolaíocta na hÉireannAbbreviationIAS Irish: CRÉFormation1937PurposeFostering Interest in AstronomyLocationIrelandMembership Amateur and professional astronomersWebsitehttp://www.irishastrosoc.org/
The Irish Astronomical Society, the oldest astronomy club in Ireland, was founded in D'Olier Street, Dublin on 5 October 1937.
The society holds public stargazing events to raise interest in astronomy. Some members bring their telescopes to these events and have been nicknamed Dublin Sidewalk Astronomers. It is also one of the founding organisations of the Irish Federation of Astronomical Societies. Most members are amateur astronomers, with some professionals.
Publications
Orbit is published every two months containing articles by members and non-members. Sky-High is published annually. Both are free to members.
History
The Irish Astronomical Society was founded in October 1937. The core group in its formative years included Joseph MacDermott, Uinsionn S. Deiseach (Vincent Deasy), Lorcan O hUiginn, Veronica Burns, M. A. Magennis, H. A. Haughton, Muiris Mac Ionnraic, Mrs. M. Jones, William Farquharson and William R. Mackle. It was reorganised in 1947 to allow local centres to work under a central committee. It published the Irish Astronomical Journal every quarter from 1949 to 1959. Later, Dunsink Observatory and Armagh Observatory took over publication of the journal.
By 1974, only the Dublin and Belfast centres still existed, then the Belfast one left to form the Irish Astronomical Association. The society expanded rapidly between 1988 and 1990, leading to financial strains and disagreements about the direction of the society. This led to some members to leave to form Astronomy Ireland in 1990.
See also
List of astronomical societies
References
^ a b "History of the IAS". Old IAS Website. 2009. Retrieved 2020-09-06.
^ a b O'Connor, James (August 2, 2020). "A Brief History of the Society". IAS Website. Retrieved 2020-09-06.
^ A. G. Gunn and J. McFarland, "Fifty Years of the Irish Astronomical Journal," Irish Astronomical Journal 27(1)(2000): 7-12.
^ O'Connor, James (2006). Irish Astronomical Society - A History, 1937-2006. pp. 108–115.
External links
Society's website
Portals: Ireland Astronomy Stars Spaceflight Outer space Solar System Education Science
Authority control databases: National
Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"D'Olier Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Olier_Street"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-founding-details-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-article-2"},{"link_name":"astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy"},{"link_name":"telescopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope"},{"link_name":"Irish Federation of Astronomical Societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Federation_of_Astronomical_Societies"},{"link_name":"amateur astronomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_astronomy"}],"text":"The Irish Astronomical Society, the oldest astronomy club in Ireland, was founded in D'Olier Street, Dublin on 5 October 1937.[1][2]The society holds public stargazing events to raise interest in astronomy. Some members bring their telescopes to these events and have been nicknamed Dublin Sidewalk Astronomers. It is also one of the founding organisations of the Irish Federation of Astronomical Societies. Most members are amateur astronomers, with some professionals.","title":"Irish Astronomical Society"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Orbit is published every two months containing articles by members and non-members. Sky-High is published annually. Both are free to members.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Veronica Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_Burns"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-founding-details-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-article-2"},{"link_name":"Dunsink Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunsink_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Armagh Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagh_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Irish Astronomical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//irishastro.org.uk/"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Astronomy Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_Ireland"}],"text":"The Irish Astronomical Society was founded in October 1937. The core group in its formative years included Joseph MacDermott, Uinsionn S. Deiseach (Vincent Deasy), Lorcan O hUiginn, Veronica Burns, M. A. Magennis, H. A. Haughton, Muiris Mac Ionnraic, Mrs. M. Jones, William Farquharson and William R. Mackle.[1][2] It was reorganised in 1947 to allow local centres to work under a central committee. It published the Irish Astronomical Journal every quarter from 1949 to 1959. Later, Dunsink Observatory and Armagh Observatory took over publication of the journal.[3]By 1974, only the Dublin and Belfast centres still existed, then the Belfast one left to form the Irish Astronomical Association. The society expanded rapidly between 1988 and 1990, leading to financial strains and disagreements about the direction of the society.[4] This led to some members to leave to form Astronomy Ireland in 1990.","title":"History"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Irish_Astronomical_Society_Logo.jpg/150px-Irish_Astronomical_Society_Logo.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of astronomical societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomical_societies"}] | [{"reference":"\"History of the IAS\". Old IAS Website. 2009. Retrieved 2020-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://homepage.eircom.net/~irishas/misc/history/history.htm","url_text":"\"History of the IAS\""}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, James (August 2, 2020). \"A Brief History of the Society\". IAS Website. Retrieved 2020-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishastrosoc.org/orbit/articles/brief.htm","url_text":"\"A Brief History of the Society\""}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, James (2006). Irish Astronomical Society - A History, 1937-2006. pp. 108–115.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.irishastrosoc.org/","external_links_name":"http://www.irishastrosoc.org/"},{"Link":"http://irishastro.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Irish Astronomical Association"},{"Link":"http://homepage.eircom.net/~irishas/misc/history/history.htm","external_links_name":"\"History of the IAS\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishastrosoc.org/orbit/articles/brief.htm","external_links_name":"\"A Brief History of the Society\""},{"Link":"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2000IrAJ...27....7G","external_links_name":"A. G. Gunn and J. McFarland, \"Fifty Years of the Irish Astronomical Journal,\" Irish Astronomical Journal 27(1)(2000): 7-12."},{"Link":"http://www.irishastrosoc.org/","external_links_name":"Society's website"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20121210004&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hunt_(artist) | Henry Hunt (artist) | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Works","4 Death","5 Bibliography","6 References"] | Kwakwaka'wakw woodcarver, artist (1923–1985)
Henry HuntBorn16 October 1923Fort Rupert, British Columbia, CanadaDied13 March 1985(1985-03-13) (aged 61)Victoria, British Columbia, CanadaNationalityCanadianOccupationWoodcarverKnown forTotem pole carvingStyleKwakwakaʼwakw (Kwakiutl)SpouseHelen MartinRelativesGeorge HuntFamily
Henry Hunt, Jr.
Shirley Ford
Tony Hunt
Richard Hunt
Stanley C. Hunt
Henry Hunt (16 October 1923 – 13 March 1985) was a First Nations woodcarver and artist from the Kwakwaka'wakw (formerly "Kwakiutl") people of coastal British Columbia. He carved a number of totem poles which are on public display in Canada and internationally.
Early life
He was born in 1923 in the Kwakwaka'wakw community of Fort Rupert, B.C. He was a descendant of the renowned ethnologist George Hunt.
In 1954 he moved to Victoria and became Martin's chief assistant in the Thunderbird Park carving program.
Hunt was originally a logger and fishermen before he took up wood carving professionally. In 1939 he married Helen Martin, the adopted daughter of Kwakwaka'wakw artist Mungo Martin. Their children were the artists Henry, Jr., Shirley Ford, Tony Hunt, Richard Hunt, and Stanley C. Hunt.
Career
In 1954 Hunt went to work for his father-in-law in Victoria. Hunt took the post of Martin's chief assistant in the Thunderbird Park at the British Columbia Provincial Museum. At Thunderbird Park, Hunt studied traditional wood carving under Mungo Martin and Arthur Shaughnessy. He also worked in the museum's collections, helping to restore and preserve Aboriginal art. Mungo Martin died in 1962 and Hunt succeeded him as the park's Master Carver.
Henry Hunt trained his sons, Tony, Stanley and Richard, in the art of carving; all of them went on to establish careers as carvers. Tony became chief assistant carver to his father and together they created a series of important totem poles and other carvings. Henry Hunt remained at the museum for over 20 years until he retired in 1974, and his son Richard took over as Master Carver in the Thunderbird Park carving program.
Works
Hunt's totem pole at the Expo67 "Indians of Canada" Pavilion
Henry Hunt followed the Kwakwaka'wakw carving tradition, using minimum paint, deep cuts with traditional tools.
A number of Hunt's works can be seen at locations around Canada. Many of his totem poles and other ornamental objects can be seen on display at the Thunderbird Park in Victoria. He produced a totem pole for the Indians of Canada Pavilion at Expo67 in Montreal, and a pole for the Totem Marina at Shuswap Lake, BC.
A noted work by Henry and Richard Hunt is a 32-foot (9.8 m) memorial pole which was erected in 1970 in memory of Mungo Martin at Alert Bay. This pole is reputedly the world's tallest totem pole, standing at 9.75 metres (32.0 ft); the previous claim to the title was a pole carved by Henry Hunt, Mungo and David Martin standing at Beacon Hill Park in Victoria, depicting the legend of Geeksen, the first man in Kwakwaka'wakw mythology. Another of Hunt's poles stands at the Swartz Bay ferry terminal; this pole depicts the Kwakwaka'wakw mythological figures of Grizzly Bear and the Whale, and was awarded first prize in the Route of the Totems contest.
Other works by Hunt can be seen in Victoria, at Victoria Harbour and in the entrance of the Royal British Columbia Museum in Victoria; at the Maritime Museum of British Columbia in Vancouver, BC; at the Museum of Anthropology at UBC, Vancouver; and in Confederation Park, Ottawa, ON.
Hunt produced many smaller works including small presentation poles (approximately 45 cm long) which were presented as gifts to visiting heads of state and dignitaries; recipients have included prime minister Lester Pearson, US President Lyndon B. Johnson and Queen Elizabeth II.
Several of his works have been exhibited internationally. Henry Hunt totem poles are on display in the Plaza Canadá, Buenos Aires, Argentina, and in the town of Berkhamsted, England.
Works
Totem poles outside the Royal BC Museum in Victoria
Beacon Hill Park Story Pole, Victoria
Feast dish in the shape of Dzunukwa, Museum of Anthropology at UBC, Vancouver
Hok hok totem, Plaza Canadá, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Confederation Park, Ottawa
Totem pole in Berkhamsted, UK
Death
Henry Hunt died on 13 March 1985 in Victoria and was buried in Hatley Memorial Gardens, Hatley Park.
Bibliography
Hunt, Ross. (2007). "The Hunt Family's Trip to West Germany to Attend the Bundesgarten Show." Anthropology News, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 20–21.
Hawthorn, Audrey. (1988). Kwakiutl Art. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-88894-612-0.
Macnair, Peter L., Alan L. Hoover, and Kevin Neary. (1984). The Legacy: Tradition and Innovation in Northwest Coast Indian Art. Vancouver, B.C.: Douglas & McIntyre.
Stewart, Hilary (2009). Looking at Totem Poles. D & M Publishers. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-926706-35-1. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henry Hunt (sculptor).
^ Sheehan, Carol. "Henry Hunt". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
^ a b c d e f Stewart 2009, p. 94.
^ a b c "Henry Hunt". Royal British Columbia Museum. Archived from the original on 21 March 2014.
^ a b c d "Henry Hunt | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
^ Stewart 2009, p. 140.
^ Stewart 2009, p. 96.
^ Stewart 2009, p. 98.
^ Stewart 2009, p. 68.
^ "Collection Online | Museum of Anthropology at UBC". collection-online.moa.ubc.ca. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
^ Press, St James (1998). St. James Guide to Native North American Artists. St. James Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-55862-221-0.
^ Tearle, John (1998). Berkhamsted Totem Pole Paperback. Sherborne St John: Lillydown House. ISBN 9780952813118.
^ "Henry Hunt (1923-1985) - Find A Grave Memorial". www.findagrave.com. Retrieved 26 September 2020. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"woodcarver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_carving"},{"link_name":"Kwakwaka'wakw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwakwaka%27wakw"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"totem poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem_poles"}],"text":"Henry Hunt (16 October 1923 – 13 March 1985) was a First Nations woodcarver and artist from the Kwakwaka'wakw (formerly \"Kwakiutl\") people of coastal British Columbia.[1] He carved a number of totem poles which are on public display in Canada and internationally.","title":"Henry Hunt (artist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Rupert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Rupert,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"George Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hunt_(ethnologist)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart200994-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbc-3"},{"link_name":"Kwakwaka'wakw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwakwaka%27wakw"},{"link_name":"Mungo Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mungo_Martin"},{"link_name":"Tony Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hunt_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Richard Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hunt_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Stanley C. Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_C._Hunt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart200994-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbc-3"}],"text":"He was born in 1923 in the Kwakwaka'wakw community of Fort Rupert, B.C. He was a descendant of the renowned ethnologist George Hunt.\nIn 1954 he moved to Victoria and became Martin's chief assistant in the Thunderbird Park carving program.[2][3]Hunt was originally a logger and fishermen before he took up wood carving professionally. In 1939 he married Helen Martin, the adopted daughter of Kwakwaka'wakw artist Mungo Martin. Their children were the artists Henry, Jr., Shirley Ford, Tony Hunt, Richard Hunt, and Stanley C. Hunt.[2][3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Thunderbird Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbird_Park_(Victoria,_British_Columbia)"},{"link_name":"British Columbia Provincial Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Provincial_Museum"},{"link_name":"Arthur Shaughnessy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Shaughnessy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thecanadianencyclopedia-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart200994-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart200994-2"}],"text":"In 1954 Hunt went to work for his father-in-law in Victoria. Hunt took the post of Martin's chief assistant in the Thunderbird Park at the British Columbia Provincial Museum. At Thunderbird Park, Hunt studied traditional wood carving under Mungo Martin and Arthur Shaughnessy. He also worked in the museum's collections, helping to restore and preserve Aboriginal art. Mungo Martin died in 1962 and Hunt succeeded him as the park's Master Carver.[4][2]Henry Hunt trained his sons, Tony, Stanley and Richard, in the art of carving; all of them went on to establish careers as carvers. Tony became chief assistant carver to his father and together they created a series of important totem poles and other carvings. Henry Hunt remained at the museum for over 20 years until he retired in 1974, and his son Richard took over as Master Carver in the Thunderbird Park carving program.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Expo_67,_pavillon_Les_Indiens_du_Canada_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Expo67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo67"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbc-3"},{"link_name":"Indians of Canada Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indians_of_Canada_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"Expo67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo67"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Shuswap Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuswap_Lake"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thecanadianencyclopedia-4"},{"link_name":"Alert Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert_Bay"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thecanadianencyclopedia-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2009140-5"},{"link_name":"Beacon Hill Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Hill_Park"},{"link_name":"Kwakwaka'wakw mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwakwaka%27wakw_mythology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart200994-2"},{"link_name":"Swartz Bay ferry terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swartz_Bay_ferry_terminal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart200994-2"},{"link_name":"Victoria Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Harbour_(British_Columbia)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart200996-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart200998-7"},{"link_name":"Maritime Museum of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Museum_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart200968-8"},{"link_name":"Museum of Anthropology at UBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Anthropology_at_UBC"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Confederation Park, Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_Park,_Ottawa"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Lester Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Pearson"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thecanadianencyclopedia-4"},{"link_name":"Plaza Canadá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Canad%C3%A1_(Buenos_Aires)"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Berkhamsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkhamsted"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TotemPolesVictoriaBC-1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World%27s_Tallest_Totem_Pole,_Victoria,_British_Columbia.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_Nations_art_objects_UBC-2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dzunukwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzunukwa"},{"link_name":"Museum of Anthropology at UBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Anthropology_at_UBC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PlazaCanada.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kwakiutl_Totem_-_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berko00505.jpg"}],"text":"Hunt's totem pole at the Expo67 \"Indians of Canada\" PavilionHenry Hunt followed the Kwakwaka'wakw carving tradition, using minimum paint, deep cuts with traditional tools.[citation needed]A number of Hunt's works can be seen at locations around Canada. Many of his totem poles and other ornamental objects can be seen on display at the Thunderbird Park in Victoria.[3] He produced a totem pole for the Indians of Canada Pavilion at Expo67 in Montreal, and a pole for the Totem Marina at Shuswap Lake, BC.[4]A noted work by Henry and Richard Hunt is a 32-foot (9.8 m) memorial pole which was erected in 1970 in memory of Mungo Martin at Alert Bay.[4][5] This pole is reputedly the world's tallest totem pole, standing at 9.75 metres (32.0 ft); the previous claim to the title was a pole carved by Henry Hunt, Mungo and David Martin standing at Beacon Hill Park in Victoria, depicting the legend of Geeksen, the first man in Kwakwaka'wakw mythology.[2] Another of Hunt's poles stands at the Swartz Bay ferry terminal; this pole depicts the Kwakwaka'wakw mythological figures of Grizzly Bear and the Whale, and was awarded first prize in the Route of the Totems contest.[2]Other works by Hunt can be seen in Victoria, at Victoria Harbour[6] and in the entrance of the Royal British Columbia Museum in Victoria;[7] at the Maritime Museum of British Columbia in Vancouver, BC;[8] at the Museum of Anthropology at UBC, Vancouver;[9] and in Confederation Park, Ottawa, ON.[10]Hunt produced many smaller works including small presentation poles (approximately 45 cm long) which were presented as gifts to visiting heads of state and dignitaries; recipients have included prime minister Lester Pearson, US President Lyndon B. Johnson and Queen Elizabeth II.[4]Several of his works have been exhibited internationally. Henry Hunt totem poles are on display in the Plaza Canadá, Buenos Aires, Argentina, and in the town of Berkhamsted, England.[11]Works\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTotem poles outside the Royal BC Museum in Victoria\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBeacon Hill Park Story Pole, Victoria\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFeast dish in the shape of Dzunukwa, Museum of Anthropology at UBC, Vancouver\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHok hok totem, Plaza Canadá, Buenos Aires, Argentina\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tConfederation Park, Ottawa\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTotem pole in Berkhamsted, UK","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hatley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatley_Park,_Greater_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Henry Hunt died on 13 March 1985 in Victoria and was buried in Hatley Memorial Gardens, Hatley Park.[12]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88894-612-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88894-612-0"},{"link_name":"Looking at Totem Poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=WSueEr81v0IC&q=Henry%20Hunt%20totem&pg=PA94"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-926706-35-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-926706-35-1"}],"text":"Hunt, Ross. (2007). \"The Hunt Family's Trip to West Germany to Attend the Bundesgarten Show.\" Anthropology News, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 20–21.\nHawthorn, Audrey. (1988). Kwakiutl Art. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-88894-612-0.\nMacnair, Peter L., Alan L. Hoover, and Kevin Neary. (1984). The Legacy: Tradition and Innovation in Northwest Coast Indian Art. Vancouver, B.C.: Douglas & McIntyre.\nStewart, Hilary (2009). Looking at Totem Poles. D & M Publishers. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-926706-35-1. Retrieved 25 September 2020.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Hunt's totem pole at the Expo67 \"Indians of Canada\" Pavilion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Expo_67%2C_pavillon_Les_Indiens_du_Canada_%282%29.jpg/220px-Expo_67%2C_pavillon_Les_Indiens_du_Canada_%282%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Stewart, Hilary (2009). Looking at Totem Poles. D & M Publishers. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-926706-35-1. 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Archived from the original on 21 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/exhibits/tbird-park/html/late/ex18/carve2b.htm","url_text":"\"Henry Hunt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_British_Columbia_Museum","url_text":"Royal British Columbia Museum"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140321010142/http://www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/exhibits/tbird-park/html/late/ex18/carve2b.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Henry Hunt | The Canadian Encyclopedia\". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 25 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/henry-hunt","url_text":"\"Henry Hunt | The Canadian Encyclopedia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Collection Online | Museum of Anthropology at UBC\". collection-online.moa.ubc.ca. Retrieved 25 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://collection-online.moa.ubc.ca/search/person?person=1271","url_text":"\"Collection Online | Museum of Anthropology at UBC\""}]},{"reference":"Press, St James (1998). St. James Guide to Native North American Artists. St. James Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-55862-221-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b4NUAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"St. James Guide to Native North American Artists"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55862-221-0","url_text":"978-1-55862-221-0"}]},{"reference":"Tearle, John (1998). Berkhamsted Totem Pole Paperback. Sherborne St John: Lillydown House. ISBN 9780952813118.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780952813118","url_text":"9780952813118"}]},{"reference":"\"Henry Hunt (1923-1985) - Find A Grave Memorial\". www.findagrave.com. Retrieved 26 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/196070467/henry-hunt","url_text":"\"Henry Hunt (1923-1985) - Find A Grave Memorial\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WSueEr81v0IC&q=Henry%20Hunt%20totem&pg=PA94","external_links_name":"Looking at Totem Poles"},{"Link":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/henry-hunt","external_links_name":"\"Henry Hunt\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084724/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/henry-hunt/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/exhibits/tbird-park/html/late/ex18/carve2b.htm","external_links_name":"\"Henry Hunt\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140321010142/http://www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/exhibits/tbird-park/html/late/ex18/carve2b.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/henry-hunt","external_links_name":"\"Henry Hunt | The Canadian Encyclopedia\""},{"Link":"http://collection-online.moa.ubc.ca/search/person?person=1271","external_links_name":"\"Collection Online | Museum of Anthropology at UBC\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b4NUAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"St. James Guide to Native North American Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/196070467/henry-hunt","external_links_name":"\"Henry Hunt (1923-1985) - Find A Grave Memorial\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_hook_(disambiguation) | Tail hook | ["1 See also"] | Look up tailhook, tail-hook, or tail hook in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Tail hook or variant, may refer to:
Tailhook - used on carrier based aircraft as a means to slow or halt the plane.
Bondage tail hook
Tailhook Association, a U.S. association of carrier aircraft pilots
Tailhook scandal, a September 1991 scandal involving the Tailhook Association
See also
Search for "tailhook" or "tail-hook" on Wikipedia.
Hooktail (disambiguation)
All pages with titles containing tail-hook
All pages with titles beginning with Tail hook
All pages with titles containing Tail hook
Hook (disambiguation)
Tail (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Tail hook.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tailhook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tailhook"},{"link_name":"tail-hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tail-hook"},{"link_name":"tail hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tail_hook"},{"link_name":"Tailhook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailhook"},{"link_name":"Bondage tail hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondage_hook#Tail_hook"},{"link_name":"Tailhook Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailhook_Association"},{"link_name":"Tailhook scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailhook_scandal"}],"text":"Look up tailhook, tail-hook, or tail hook in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Tail hook or variant, may refer to:Tailhook - used on carrier based aircraft as a means to slow or halt the plane.\nBondage tail hook\nTailhook Association, a U.S. association of carrier aircraft pilots\nTailhook scandal, a September 1991 scandal involving the Tailhook Association","title":"Tail hook"}] | [] | [{"title":"\"tailhook\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&search=%22tailhook%22&ns0=1&fulltext=Search"},{"title":"\"tail-hook\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&search=%22tail-hook%22&ns0=1&fulltext=Search"},{"title":"Hooktail (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooktail_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"All pages with titles containing tail-hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22tail-hook%22"},{"title":"All pages with titles beginning with Tail hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Tail_hook"},{"title":"All pages with titles containing Tail hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22Tail_hook%22"},{"title":"Hook (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Tail (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Tail_hook&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&search=%22tailhook%22&ns0=1&fulltext=Search","external_links_name":"\"tailhook\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&search=%22tail-hook%22&ns0=1&fulltext=Search","external_links_name":"\"tail-hook\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Tail_hook&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_at_the_2016_Asian_Beach_Games | Philippines at the 2016 Asian Beach Games | ["1 Medalists","1.1 Gold","1.2 Silver","1.3 Bronze","2 Medal summary","2.1 By sports","2.2 By date","3 Beach basketball","3.1 Women's 3-on-3 basketball","4 Ju-jitsu","5 Beach kurash","6 Pencak silat","6.1 Seni","6.2 Tanding","7 Beach sepak takraw","7.1 Women's trio","8 References"] | This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2016)
Sporting event delegationPhilippines at the2016 Asian Beach GamesIOC codePHINOCPhilippine Olympic CommitteeWebsitewww.olympic.ph (in English)in Đà NẵngCompetitors65 in 11 sportsMedalsRanked 17thth
Gold
2
Silver
4
Bronze
15
Total
21
Asian Beach Games appearances20082010201220142016
The Philippines competed in the 2016 Asian Beach Games in Danang, Vietnam from September 24 to October 5, 2016. The delegation was bannered by 72 athletes in 11 sports including 3-on-3 basketball, marathon swimming, beach athletics, beach kurash, beach rowing, beach sepak takraw, beach volleyball, beach wrestling, jiu-jitsu, muay thai, and pencak silat. Marestella Torres of long jump and Jessie Lacuna of swimming, who were part of the national delegation in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in August 2016, were included in the Philippine team. Philippine Amateur Sepak Takraw Association President Karen Tanchanco-Caballero was named as the team's chef-de-mission.
Jujutsu practitioner, Margarita Ochoa bagged the country's first gold medal of the 2016 Asian Games. Annie Ramirez, also from Jujutsu, bagged the second gold medal in the women’s -55 kg division contest. Both received an incentive of ₱500 thousand from the Philippine Sports Commission for their feat.
Medalists
Gold
No.
Medal
Name
Sport
Event
Date
1
Gold
Margarita Ochoa
Ju-jitsu
Women's Ne-waza −45kg
25 Sep
2
Gold
Annie Ramirez
Ju-jitsu
Women's Ne-waza −55kg
26 Sep
Silver
No.
Medal
Name
Sport
Event
Date
1
Silver
Gian Taylor Dee
Ju-jitsu
Men's Ne-waza −62kg
25 Sep
2
Silver
Jaciren Abad
Pencak silat
Men's 55kg
1 Oct
3
Silver
Jefferson Rhey Loon
Pencak silat
Men's 65kg
1 Oct
4
Silver
Princess Lyn Enopia
Pencak silat
Women's 50kg
1 Oct
Bronze
No.
Medal
Name
Sport
Event
Date
1
Bronze
Mark Harry Diones
Beach Athletics
Men's Triple Jump
29 Sep
2
Bronze
Marestella Sunang
Beach Athletics
Women's Long Jump
26 Sep
3
Bronze
Jenina Kaila Napolis
Ju-jitsu
Women's Ne-waza −55kg
26 Sep
4
Bronze
Apryl Jessica Eppinger
Ju-jitsu
Women's Ne-waza −62kg
25 Sep
5
Bronze
Phillip Delarmino
Muay Thai
Men's Bantamweight 51–54kg
23 Sep
6
Bronze
Jonathan Polosan
Muay Thai
Men's Light welterweight 60–63.5kg
25 Sep
7
Bronze
Jay Harold Gregorio
Muay Thai
Men's Middleweight 71–75kg
25 Sep
8
Bronze
Lloyd Dennis Catipon
Beach Kurash
Men's −73kg
26 Sep
9
Bronze
Helen Dawa
Beach Kurash
Women's −52kg
25 Sep
10
Bronze
Jenielou Mosqueda
Beach Kurash
Women's −57kg
26 Sep
11
Bronze
Deseree AuthorGelyn EvoraJosefina Maat
Beach Sepak Takraw
Women's Trio
26 Sep
12
Bronze
Dines Dumaan
Pencak silat
Men's 50kg
29 Sep
13
Bronze
Rick Rod Ortega
Pencak silat
Men's 60kg
30 Sep
14
Bronze
Clyde Joy Baria
Pencak silat
Women's 60kg
30 Sep
15
Bronze
Noemi Tener
Beach Wrestling
Women's 60kg
30 Sep
Source:
Medal summary
By sports
Sport
Total
Beach Athletics
0
0
2
2
Ju-jitsu
2
1
2
5
Beach Kurash
0
0
3
3
Muay Thai
0
0
3
3
Pencak Silat
0
3
3
6
Beach Wrestling
0
0
1
1
Beach Sepak Takraw
0
0
1
1
Total
2
4
15
21
By date
Medals by date
Day
Date
Total
0
23 Sep 2016
0
0
1
1
1
24 Sep 2016
Opening Ceremony
2
25 Sep 2016
1
1
4
6
3
26 Sep 2016
1
0
5
0
4
27 Sep 2016
0
0
0
0
5
28 Sep 2016
0
0
0
0
6
29 Sep 2016
0
0
2
2
7
30 Sep 2016
0
0
3
3
8
1 Oct 2016
0
3
0
3
9
2 Oct 2016
0
0
0
0
10
3 Oct 2016
Closing Ceremony
Total
2
4
15
21
Beach basketball
Main article: 3-on-3 basketball at the 2016 Asian Beach Games
Women's 3-on-3 basketball
Philippine women's national beach 3x3 team roster
Pos.
#
Players
DOB
Height
C
0
Chovi Borja
September 6, 1985
1.72 m (5 ft 7+1⁄2 in)
F
4
Camilla Escoto
July 4, 1993
1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)
G
7
Maria Cecilia Junsay
November 2, 1991
1.68 m (5 ft 6 in)
F
18
Sarah Mercado
September 20, 1989
1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)
Preliminary
Group A
Team
Pld
W
L
PF
PA
PD
Pts
China
4
4
0
84
24
+60
8
Turkmenistan
4
3
1
57
40
+17
6
Philippines
4
2
2
50
62
-12
4
Mongolia
4
1
3
42
55
-13
2
Laos
4
0
4
24
76
-52
0
26 September
Philippines
17–12
Laos
Danang, Vietnam
26 September
China
21–9
Philippines
Danang, Vietnam
27 September
Philippines
8–18
Turkmenistan
Danang, Vietnam
27 September
Mongolia
11–16
Philippines
Danang, Vietnam
Quarterfinal
29 September
Chinese Taipei
21–6
Philippines
Danang, Vietnam
Final rank: 6
Ju-jitsu
Main article: Ju-jitsu at the 2016 Asian Beach Games
Men
Athlete
Event
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Finals
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
Opposition
Final Ranking
Gian Dee
Newaza −62 kg
Bye
Nursulton Bozorov (TJK)W w/o
Jarrah Al-Hazza (IOC)W 99–0
Sarawut Petsing (THA)W 2–2
Amir Yahya (IRQ)L 2–4
Open
—
Muhammad Abid (PAK)L 0–9
did not advance
Marc Lim
Newaza −69 kg
—
Lê Tiến Thành (VIE)W 2–0
Andrew Canday (IND)W 99–0
Talib Al-Kirbi (THA)L 2–6
Amir Hossein Khademian (IRI)L 2–99
4
Hansel Co
Newaza −77 kg
Ali Munfaredi (BRN)L 2–99
did not advance
Froilan Sarenas
Newaza −85 kg
Mohammad Al-Bilbaisi (JOR)L 0–3
did not advance
Marc Lim
Newaza −94 kg
—
Basel Fanous (JOR)L 0–99
did not advance
Women
Athlete
Event
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Finals
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
Opposition
Final Ranking
Margarita Ochoa
Newaza −45 kg
—
Đỗ Thu Hà (VIE)'W'99–0
Dinara Jumadurdiyeva (TKM)W 99–0
Sarawut Petsing (THA)W 99–4
Caroline Pajaron
Newaza −45 kg
Padcharaporn Posrikaew (THA)L 2–4
did not advance
Annie Ramirez
Newaza −55 kg
Bye
Angelina Filippova (TKM)'W'6–0
Lea Farhat (LIB)W 99–0
Siramol Deepudsa (THA)W 10–0
Open
Rana Qubbaj (JOR)L 2–4
did not advance
Kaila Napolis
Newaza −55 kg
Maryam (PAK)W 99–0
Siramol Deepudsa (THA)L 0–7
Pragya Joshi (IND)W 99–0
Lea Farhat (LIB)W 2–2
Open
Luma Qubbaj (JOR)L 0–99
did not advance
Apryl Eppinger
Newaza −62 kg
Nguyễn Thị Thanh Thủy (VIE)W 99–0
Roudha Yaqoob (UAE)W 19–0
Ruba Al-Sayegh (JOR)L 0–99
Kashaf Javed (PAK)W 16–0
Lou-Ann Jindani
Newaza −70 kg
Bhagyashree Bonde (IND)W 99–0
Caren Chammas (LIB)L 2–10
Onanong Sangsirichok (THA)L 0–99
did not advance
Beach kurash
Main article: Beach kurash at the 2016 Asian Beach Games
Athlete
Event
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Finals
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
Opposition
Final Ranking
Joaquin Fernandez
Men's 66 kg
—
Trịnh Thanh Nhựt (VIE)L 000–112
did not advance
Dennis Catipon
Men's 73 kg
Kunal Deswal (IND)W 013–000
Nopphasit Lertsirisombut (THA)W 001–000
Suhrob Hudoyberdiev (UZB)L 001–102
Did not advance
Gilbert Ramirez
Men's 81 kg
Muhammet Temirov (TKM)L 001–101
did not advance
Helen Dawa
Women's 52 kg
—
Mahima Tokas (IND)W 001–000
Nguyễn Thị Quỳnh (VIE)L 000–102
Did not advance
Jenielou Mosqueda
Women's 57 kg
—
Ayna Jumakuliyeva (TKM)W 100–000
Lê Thị Tình (VIE)L 010–100
Did not advance
Eunice Lucero
Women's 63 kg
Aarti (IND)W 101–002
Nguyễn Ngọc Diễm Phượng (VIE)L 000–100
did not advance
Pencak silat
Main article: Pencak silat at the 2016 Asian Beach Games
Seni
Men
Athlete(s)
Event
Score
Rank
Abdulnaseef Ishmael
Tunggal
446
5
Alfau Jan AbadAbdulnaseef Ishmael
Ganda
549
4
Tanding
Athlete
Event
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Finals
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
Opposition
Final Ranking
Dines Dumaan
Men's 50 kg
Bye
Nguyễn Thanh Trí (VIE)L 0–5
Did not advance
Jaciren Abad
Men's 55 kg
Bye
Bo Thammavongsa (LAO)W 3–2
Vũ Văn Kiên (VIE)L 0–5
Rick Rod Ortega
Men's 60 kg
Amit Vinod (IND)W TKO
Nguyễn Ngọc Toàn (VIE)L 0–5
Did not advance
Jeff Loon
Men's 65 kg
Bye
Nur Abdul Ghani Kamaruddin (SGP)W TKO
Pornteb Poolkaew (THA)L 0–5
Juanillio Ballesta
Men's 85 kg
Lê Sỹ Kiên (VIE)L 0–5
did not advance
Princess Lyn Enopia
Women's 50 kg
Bye
Nguyễn Thị Kim (VIE)W w/o
Firdao Duromae (THA)L 0–5
Mutmainna Asmad
Women's 55 kg
Olathay Sounthavong (LAO)L 1–4
did not advance
Clyde Joy Baria
Women's 60 kg
Kaewrudee Kamtakrapoom (THA)W 4–1
Siti Zubaidah Che Omar (MAS)L 0–5
Did not advance
Beach sepak takraw
Main article: Beach sepak takraw at the 2016 Asian Beach Games
Women's trio
Players
Deseree Author
Gelyn Evora
Josefina Maat
Preliminary
Group A
Team
Pld
W
L
SF
SA
Pts
Laos
2
2
0
4
0
4
Philippines
2
1
1
2
2
2
India
2
0
2
0
4
0
Date
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
25 Sep
Laos
2–0
Philippines
21–13
22–20
26 Sep
India
0–2
Philippines
8–21
2–21
Knockout round
Semifinals26 September
Gold medal match27 September
Laos
10
17
Myanmar
21
21
Myanmar
9
15
Vietnam
21
21
Vietnam
21
21
Philippines
11
11
Final rank:
References
^ David, Jean Russel V. (September 6, 2016). "Philippines all set for 2016 Asian Beach Games". The Manila Times. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
^ "Torres, Lacuna head PH beach team". Manila Standard. September 7, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
^ Terrado, Reuben (25 September 2016). "Petite jui-jitsu bet Meggie Ochoa hands PH first gold medal in Asian Beach Games". Sports Interactive Network Philippines. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
^ "Annie Ramirez delivers second jiu-jitsu gold for PH in Asian Beach Games". Sports Interactive Network Philippines. September 27, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
^ Giongco, Nick (7 July 2020). "PH bets in Asian Beach Games get P.5-M from PSC". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
^ "Medals - Philippines". 2016 Asian Beach Game. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
^ "Team Profile - 3x3 basketball - Philippines". 2016 Beach Games. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
^ "Athlete Information - Beach Sepak Takraw - Philippines". 2016 Beach Games. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
vteNations at the 2016 Asian Beach Games in Da Nang, Vietnam
Afghanistan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Chinese Taipei
East Timor
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Macau
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Philippines
Qatar
Singapore
South Korea
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Independent Olympic Athletes | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"2016 Asian Beach Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Asian_Beach_Games"},{"link_name":"Danang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danang"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Marestella Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marestella_Sunang"},{"link_name":"Jessie Lacuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_Lacuna"},{"link_name":"national delegation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Philippine Amateur Sepak Takraw Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Amateur_Sepak_Takraw_Association"},{"link_name":"Jujutsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujutsu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-firstgold-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Philippine Sports Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Sports_Commission"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Sporting event delegationThe Philippines competed in the 2016 Asian Beach Games in Danang, Vietnam from September 24 to October 5, 2016. 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Games"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gold","title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Silver","title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Bronze","text":"Source:[6]","title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines_at_the_2016_Asian_Beach_Games&action=edit§ion=6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Athletics_pictogram.svg"},{"link_name":"Beach Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_athletics_at_the_2016_Asian_Beach_Games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jujitsu_pictogram.svg"},{"link_name":"Ju-jitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju-jitsu_at_the_2016_Asian_Beach_Games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kurash_pictogram.svg"},{"link_name":"Beach Kurash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_kurash_at_the_2016_Asian_Beach_Games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muay_Thai_pictogram.svg"},{"link_name":"Muay Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muay_at_the_2016_Asian_Beach_Games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pencak_silat_pictogram.svg"},{"link_name":"Pencak Silat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencak_silat_at_the_2016_Asian_Beach_Games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beach_wrestling_pictogram.svg"},{"link_name":"Beach Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_wrestling_at_the_2016_Asian_Beach_Games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sepaktakraw_pictogram.svg"},{"link_name":"Beach Sepak Takraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_sepak_takraw_at_the_2016_Asian_Beach_Games"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines_at_the_2016_Asian_Beach_Games&action=edit§ion=7"}],"text":"By sports[edit]\n\n\n\n\nSport\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTotal\n\n\nBeach Athletics\n\n0\n\n0\n\n2\n\n2\n\n\nJu-jitsu\n\n2\n\n1\n\n2\n\n5\n\n\nBeach Kurash\n\n0\n\n0\n\n3\n\n3\n\n\nMuay Thai\n\n0\n\n0\n\n3\n\n3\n\n\nPencak Silat\n\n0\n\n3\n\n3\n\n6\n\n\nBeach Wrestling\n\n0\n\n0\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\nBeach Sepak Takraw\n\n0\n\n0\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\nTotal\n2\n4\n15\n21\n\n\n\n\n\nBy date[edit]\n\n\n\nMedals by date\n\n\nDay\n\nDate\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTotal\n\n\n0\n\n23 Sep 2016\n\n0\n\n0\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\n1\n\n24 Sep 2016\n\nOpening Ceremony\n\n\n2\n\n25 Sep 2016\n\n1\n\n1\n\n4\n\n6\n\n\n3\n\n26 Sep 2016\n\n1\n\n0\n\n5\n\n0\n\n\n4\n\n27 Sep 2016\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n\n5\n\n28 Sep 2016\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n\n6\n\n29 Sep 2016\n\n0\n\n0\n\n2\n\n2\n\n\n7\n\n30 Sep 2016\n\n0\n\n0\n\n3\n\n3\n\n\n8\n\n1 Oct 2016\n\n0\n\n3\n\n0\n\n3\n\n\n9\n\n2 Oct 2016\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n\n10\n\n3 Oct 2016\n\nClosing Ceremony\n\n\nTotal\n2\n4\n15\n21","title":"Medal summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Beach basketball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laos_women%27s_national_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Danang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danang"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Danang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danang"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Danang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danang"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Danang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danang"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Chinese Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Danang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danang"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"}],"sub_title":"Women's 3-on-3 basketball","text":"PreliminaryGroup A26 September\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPhilippines \n17–12\n Laos\n\n\n\nDanang, Vietnam26 September\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChina \n21–9\n Philippines\n\n\n\nDanang, Vietnam27 September\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPhilippines \n8–18\n Turkmenistan\n\n\n\nDanang, Vietnam27 September\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMongolia \n11–16\n Philippines\n\n\n\nDanang, VietnamQuarterfinal29 September\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChinese Taipei \n21–6\n Philippines\n\n\n\nDanang, VietnamFinal rank: 6","title":"Beach basketball"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"MenWomen","title":"Ju-jitsu"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Beach kurash"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pencak silat"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Seni","text":"Men","title":"Pencak silat"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tanding","title":"Pencak silat"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Beach sepak takraw"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Women's trio","text":"Players[8]Deseree Author\nGelyn Evora\nJosefina MaatPreliminary\nGroup AKnockout roundFinal rank:","title":"Beach sepak takraw"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"David, Jean Russel V. (September 6, 2016). \"Philippines all set for 2016 Asian Beach Games\". The Manila Times. Retrieved September 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manilatimes.net/philippines-all-set-for-2016-asian-beach-games/284348/","url_text":"\"Philippines all set for 2016 Asian Beach Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Manila_Times","url_text":"The Manila Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Torres, Lacuna head PH beach team\". Manila Standard. September 7, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://thestandard.com.ph/sports/215439/torres-lacuna-head-ph-beach-team.html","url_text":"\"Torres, Lacuna head PH beach team\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Standard","url_text":"Manila Standard"}]},{"reference":"Terrado, Reuben (25 September 2016). \"Petite jui-jitsu bet Meggie Ochoa hands PH first gold medal in Asian Beach Games\". Sports Interactive Network Philippines. Retrieved 26 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spin.ph/multi-sport-events/news/margarita-ochoa-gold-ju-jitsu-asian-beach-games-philippines","url_text":"\"Petite jui-jitsu bet Meggie Ochoa hands PH first gold medal in Asian Beach Games\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annie Ramirez delivers second jiu-jitsu gold for PH in Asian Beach Games\". Sports Interactive Network Philippines. September 27, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spin.ph/multi-sport-events/news/annie-ramirez-gold-jiu-jitsu-asian-beach-games-danang-vietnam","url_text":"\"Annie Ramirez delivers second jiu-jitsu gold for PH in Asian Beach Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Interactive_Network_Philippines","url_text":"Sports Interactive Network Philippines"}]},{"reference":"Giongco, Nick (7 July 2020). \"PH bets in Asian Beach Games get P.5-M from PSC\". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 7 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mb.com.ph/2020/07/07/ph-bets-in-asian-beach-games-get-p-5-m-from-psc/","url_text":"\"PH bets in Asian Beach Games get P.5-M from PSC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Medals - Philippines\". 2016 Asian Beach Game. Retrieved 3 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://info.abg2016.com/en/medal/menumedallists?rsc=&noc=PHI","url_text":"\"Medals - Philippines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Team Profile - 3x3 basketball - Philippines\". 2016 Beach Games. Retrieved 26 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://info.abg2016.com/en/biographies/teamprofile?teamadno=BKW400PHI01&noc=PHI&rsc=BK0000000","url_text":"\"Team Profile - 3x3 basketball - Philippines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Athlete Information - Beach Sepak Takraw - Philippines\". 2016 Beach Games. Retrieved 26 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://info.abg2016.com/en/biographies/athletesearch?rsc=SE0000000&noc=PHI","url_text":"\"Athlete Information - Beach Sepak Takraw - Philippines\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.olympic.ph/","external_links_name":"www.olympic.ph"},{"Link":"http://www.manilatimes.net/philippines-all-set-for-2016-asian-beach-games/284348/","external_links_name":"\"Philippines all set for 2016 Asian Beach Games\""},{"Link":"http://thestandard.com.ph/sports/215439/torres-lacuna-head-ph-beach-team.html","external_links_name":"\"Torres, Lacuna head PH beach team\""},{"Link":"http://www.spin.ph/multi-sport-events/news/margarita-ochoa-gold-ju-jitsu-asian-beach-games-philippines","external_links_name":"\"Petite jui-jitsu bet Meggie Ochoa hands PH first gold medal in Asian Beach Games\""},{"Link":"http://www.spin.ph/multi-sport-events/news/annie-ramirez-gold-jiu-jitsu-asian-beach-games-danang-vietnam","external_links_name":"\"Annie Ramirez delivers second jiu-jitsu gold for PH in Asian Beach Games\""},{"Link":"https://mb.com.ph/2020/07/07/ph-bets-in-asian-beach-games-get-p-5-m-from-psc/","external_links_name":"\"PH bets in Asian Beach Games get P.5-M from PSC\""},{"Link":"http://info.abg2016.com/en/medal/menumedallists?rsc=&noc=PHI","external_links_name":"\"Medals - Philippines\""},{"Link":"http://info.abg2016.com/en/biographies/teamprofile?teamadno=BKW400PHI01&noc=PHI&rsc=BK0000000","external_links_name":"\"Team Profile - 3x3 basketball - Philippines\""},{"Link":"http://info.abg2016.com/en/biographies/athletesearch?rsc=SE0000000&noc=PHI","external_links_name":"\"Athlete Information - Beach Sepak Takraw - Philippines\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVN_(Asian_TV_channel) | tvN (Asian TV channel) | ["1 History","1.1 tvN","1.2 tvN Movies","2 Programming","3 References","4 External links"] | Asian TV channel
For the original South Korean TV channel of the same name, see tvN (South Korean TV channel).
Television channel
tvNCountryHong Kong SAR ChinaBroadcast areaHong KongTaiwanSoutheast Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore)MaldivesHeadquartersHong Kong SAR, ChinaProgrammingLanguage(s)KoreanMandarinCantonese (Hong Kong and Malaysia only)Malay (Malaysia and Singapore)Indonesian (Indonesia)English (subtitled and in bumpers)Picture format1080i HDTVOwnershipOwnerCJ ENM HKSister channelstvN MoviestvN Movies Pinoy (Philippines only)HistoryLaunchedOctober 26, 2009 (2009-10-26)June 3, 2016 (2016-06-03) (rebrand as tvN)ClosedJuly 2, 2018 (2018-07-02) (Vietnam) October 1, 2023 (2023-10-01) (Thailand)Former namesChannel M (2012-2016)LinksWebsitetvnasia.net
tvN (formerly known as Channel M) is a Southeast Asian pay television channel managed by CJ ENM HK. It broadcasts a variety of South Korean TV series and shows from the CJ ENM TV networks (which includes the South Korean channel of the same name, as well as Mnet, OCN and others), with a number of original shows made for the Southeast Asian version.
History
tvN
The channel was firstly launched on October 26, 2009 as tvN and was later rebranded as Channel M on November 23, 2012, which serves K-POP and K-Variety. It reverted back to tvN on June 3, 2016, which also carried dramas from CJ E&M's sister channels.
The channel is available in the Philippines, where it is distributed by Creative Programs of ABS-CBN Corporation when their sister cable provider Sky Cable stopped airing the channel in the Philippines starting September 1, 2021. However, it's still available through PLDT's Cignal, Smart GigaPlay. (Smart GigaPlay got the Premium Feed before Cignal TV to replace their feed on November 1, 2023)
The channel was closed down in Vietnam on July 2, 2018 (as tvBlue, although the channel has relaunched with contents from other broadcasters).
tvN Movies
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2023)
The channel was firstly launched in Singapore through Starhub TV on January 1, 2017.
With the slogan "Home of Korean Blockbusters", they mostly aired K–Movies, with some titles premiered for the first time. Titles that has been aired on the channel includes Train to Busan, The Outlaws and its sequel The Roundup, Parasite (which the film won multiple Academy Awards), and most recently The Moon and Concrete Utopia.
Programming
Main article: List of programmes broadcast by tvN (Asia)
References
^ Cañete, Patrick (November 13, 2023). "tvN Movies Pinoy and tvN Premium channels launched with CignalTV". NoypiGeeks. Retrieved November 28, 2023.
^ "tvN Asia to Change to K-Culture Channel ′Channel M Asia′". Mnet. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
^ "tvN Asia Changes to Channel M Asia". Yahoo! OMG Philippines. November 21, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
^ tvN is COMING... YouTube. Channel M. May 4, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
^ "Fox, CJ Media To Launch Pan-Asian GE Channel". Asia Media Journal. Archived from the original on May 26, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
^ "TVN End of Broadcast". SKY - Cable TV and Fiber. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
^ Doo, Rumy (January 12, 2017). "TV channel to offer Korean movies in Southeast Asia". The Korea Herald. Retrieved December 31, 2023 – via The Jakarta Post.
External links
Official website
vte Pay-TV channels and networks based in the PhilippinesDomesticABS-CBN Corporation
ANC
Cine Mo!
Kapamilya Channel
Knowledge Channel
TeleRadyo Serbisyo1
The Filipino Channel
Creative Programs
Cinema One
Jeepney TV
Metro Channel
Myx
America
Solar Entertainment Corporation
Shop TV
Solar All Access
Solar Learning
Solar Sports
Viva Communications
PBO
TMC
Viva Cinema
PLDT(MediaQuest Holdings)TV5 Network
AksyonTV
International5
Kapatid Channel
Cignal TV
BuKo2
NBA TV Philippines1
PBA Rush
Sari-Sari Channel1
TVUP2
UAAP Varsity Channel2
One Network Media Group
One News2
One PH2
One Sports+2
GMA Network, Inc.
GMA Life TV
GMA News TV
International5
GMA Pinoy TV
Government of the Philippines(PCOO)
PCOO TV (RTVM)
Salaam TV
G Sat(Global Satellite Technology Services)
Golden Nation Network
Music Quest
Manila Jockey Club
Gametime TV
SLBN Sportsnet
TAP Digital Media Ventures
Premier Football
Premier Sports
Premier Sports 2
TAP Action Flix
TAP EDGE
TAP Movies
TAP Sports
TAP TV
InternationalThe Walt Disney Company
Star Bharat3
Star Gold3
StarPlus3
Paramount Global(PIN Philippines)
MTV 90s
MTV Live
Nickelodeon3
Nick Jr.3
Paramount Network3
Rock Entertainment Holdings
CinemaWorld
Global Trekker
Love Nature
Rock Action1
Rock Entertainment1
Rock Extreme1
ZooMoo3
A&E Networks Philippines
Crime & Investigation Network1
History1
Lifetime1
Celestial Tiger Entertainment Philippines
Celestial Classic Movies3
Celestial Movies Pinoy1
Kix3
Thrill3
Warner Bros. Discovery(Warner Bros. Discovery Philippines)WarnerMedia
Cartoon Network3
Cartoonito3
Cinemax3
CNN3
HBO3
HBO Family3
HBO Hits3
HBO Signature3
HLN
Warner TV3
Discovery Philippines
Animal Planet3
Asian Food Network3
Discovery Asia3
Discovery Channel3
Discovery Science
DMAX
Eurosport3
Eve
Food Network
HGTV3
Rugby Pass TV3
TLC3
JJ MediaWorks(Plus Media Networks)
Aniplus3
K-Plus3
Comcast(NBCUniversal Philippines)
CNBC Asia
DreamWorks Channel3
Golf Channel2
Sky News
KC Global Media
Animax3
AXN3
Gem TV3
One TV
beIN Media Group
beIN Sports 1
beIN Sports 2
beIN Sports 3
BBC Studios
BBC Earth
BBC Lifestyle
BBC News
CBeebies
Jungo TV
Front Row Channel2
Hallypop2
Scream Flix2
Mediahouse/Club TV
Health & Wellness3
Ginx TV3
Luxe & Life3
Motorvision TV3
My Cinema Europe3
Pet & Pal3
Rewind Networks
HITS3
HITS Movies3
HITS Now3
Mimyuni Media Entertainment
Chillayo
Cinemachi Action
Cinemachi Docu
Cinemachi Family
Cinemachi Xtra
Homey's
Lolly Kids
Planet Fun
Sportyfy
Wow!
Eclat Entertainment
SPOTV
SPOTV2
MiscellaneousReligious
3ABN
CMN Radio
Daystar TV
EWTN
GOOD TV
Great Commission Television
LifeTV
Mensahe TV
Oras Ng Himala Channel
SMNI
The Edge Radio
TBN Asia
TBN Inspire
TOP Channel
Truth Channel
TV Maria
Word of God Network
Regional
APM TV (Davao)
Bandera News TV (Palawan)
Brigada News TV (General Santos)
Cebu Living Channel (Cebu)
PEP TV (Pampanga)
Digicast Negros (Western Visayas)
DXDD Radio-Television (Ozamiz)
Forerunners Network (Davao)
Island Living Channel (Bacolod)
Lahi TV (Batangas, Quezon, Zambales)
Lambo MisOr TV (Cagayan de Oro)
My TV (Cebu)
Newsline Philippines (Davao and General Santos)
RNG (Luzon)
Royal Cable TV6 (Laguna)
Sibya TV (Cebu)
Others
Chinese Entertainment Channel3
DZRH News Television
DZRJ RadioVision
EZ Shop
Filipino TV
Karera Channel
MJCI-SLBN Sportsnet (San Lazaro)
PRCI (Santa Ana Park)
MetroTurf
KPOP HD
Living Asia Channel
Locale
NAIA
Pinoy Xtreme
Pilipinas HD
Pop Life TV
STV
Rock of Manila TV
RPN USA
SLTV
Telenovela Channel
TV Shop Philippines
tvQ2
ZIQ TeleVshop
Philippine-only feed
ANTV
Astro
BOO3
eGG Network
BabyFirst3
Bloomberg Asia3
CNA3
Da Vinci Kids3
Euronews
FashionTV3
Gone Viral TV
Mezzo Live HD
Moonbug Kids
Outdoor Channel3
Stingray Group
Stingray CMusic3
Stingray iConcerts3
Techstorm3
Trace Partners
Trace Sport Stars
Trace Urban
tvN3
Global-based feed
ABC Australia
ABP News3
Abu Dhabi TV
Al Jazeera English
Arirang TV
B4U Movies3
BabyTV
CCTV
CCTV-4
CGTN
China Times
CTI
CTV
CNC World
CTS
Doordarshan
DD National
DD Sports
DW-TV
EBC Taiwan
EBC Asia
EBC Drama
EBC Movie
EBC News
English Club TV3
Fox News
FTV
FTV News
Fight Sports3
France 24
Hunan Television
KBS World
Lotus Macau
NHK
NHK World-Japan
NHK World Premium
Phoenix Chinese Channel
Rai Italia
RT
Saudi 1
TRT World
TTV
TV5Monde
TVBS-Asia
TVE Internacional
Tzu Chi
USA Today
USA Today News3
USA Today Sports3
Voice of America
Xing Kong
YTN
Zee TV
Defunct/inactive
2nd Avenue
8TriTV
9TV
ABN
ABS-CBN
HD
ABS-CBN Regional Channel
ANteve
Asianovela Channel
AXN Beyond
Balls
BTV
BBC World News
BeTV
Bloomberg TV Philippines
Boomerang3
Bro
Blink Cinema/My Movie Channel
Catsup
CgeTV
CGMA
Chase
Channel V
Philippines
Colours
Comedy Central
CT
Cube iTV
C/S
C/S Origin
DepEd TV2
Discovery Turbo
Disney Channel3
Disney Junior3
Disney XD
Diva
Diva Universal
DYAB TeleRadyo (Cebu)
DXAB TeleRadyo (Davao)
E!
E! Philippines
EDGEsport
ESPN Philippines
Flip TV
Fox
Fox Action Movies3
Fox Crime
Fox Family Movies3
Fox Filipino
Fox Life
Fox Movies
Fox Sports
FX
FYI
Global Pinoy Cinema
GNN
H2
Hallmark Channel
Hero
Hillsong Channel
Home Popcorn Channel
Hyper
iChannel
Inquirer 990 Television
Isla
Jack City
Jack TV
Juan Sports Channel
K Movies Pinoy
Kapamilya Box Office
Karaoke Channel
English Karaoke Channel
Filipino Karaoke Channel
Lakbay TV
Lifestyle
Liga
Link TV
Makisig Network
MaxTV
Maxxx
Metro TV
MMDA TeleRadyo
Movie Central
MTV Asia3
MTVph
MTV Philippines
MTV Pinoy
National Geographic3
Nat Geo People3
Nat Geo Wild3
NBA Premium TV
O Shopping1
One Screen
Pinoy Blockbuster Channel
Pinoy Central TV
Premier Tennis
Real Cebu Television
Red by HBO3
S+A
HD
Global
Setanta Sports
Sarimanok Channel 37
Sarimanok News Network
Setanta Sports
SineBox
Shop @ Home
Shop Japan
Sky 1
Sky News
Sony Channel
Solar News Channel
Solar TV
Southspot
Sports Illustrated TV
Sports Plus
Star Chinese Channel3
Star Chinese Movies3
Star Movies
Star Sports
Star World
Stingray Classica
Tag
Talk TV
TAP Sports 1
TAP Sports 2
TAP W
TCM
TeleAsia
TGC
Toonami
Travelxp
TV Window Shop
Universal Channel
Value Vision
Velvet
VID-OK
Viva Prime Channel
Viva TV
WakuWaku Japan
Weather Information Network
Winner TV Shopping
WINS Channel
Yey!
Zee Sine
1 Joint venture.2 Partnership.3 Distribution.4 Continued broadcast on international and online.
vte Television in Hong Kong
List of television series
List of television stations
Regulatory agency
Communications Authority
Free-to-air channelsRTHK
RTHK TV 31
RTHK TV 32
RTHK TV 33
RTHK TV 34
RTHK TV 35
TVB
TVB Jade
TVB Plus
TVB News Channel
TVB Pearl
HKTVE
ViuTVsix
ViuTV
i-CABLE HOY
HOY International Business Channel
HOY TV
HOY Infotainment
Licensed pay-TV channelsNow TV
Viu Channel
Now Chinese Drama
Now Video Express
Now Jelli
Now Baogu Movies
Now Baogu Superstars
MOOV Music
Now Direct
Now News
Now BNC
Now Data
Watch n Learn
Now Shop
Now Sports
Now Sports 4K
Now Golf
Internet television & streaming platforms
Amazon Prime Video
Asia Television
Disney+
HBO Asia
HKJC TV
HMVOD
HOY
i-Cable Channel 18
MyTV Super
Netflix
Now E
Now Player
RTHK Screen
TV Most
Viu
ViuTV
Available premium channels (selection)
AXN
BeIN Sports
Phoenix Chinese Channel
Phoenix InfoNews
Phoenix Hong Kong
TVN (Asia)
Defunct television servicesFree-to-air
Commercial Television
Rediffusion Television→Asia Television
Licensed pay-TV
Cable Television
TVB Network Vision
TVB Finance, Sports & Information Channel
Mobile television
UTV→Hong Kong Television Network
Internet television
HKBN bbTV
Hong Kong Television Network
Related articles
Educational Television (Hong Kong)
Entertainment Expo Hong Kong
Media of Hong Kong
Television presenters | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tvN (South Korean TV channel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TvN_(South_Korean_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"pay television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_television"},{"link_name":"CJ ENM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJ_ENM"},{"link_name":"CJ ENM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJ_ENM_Entertainment_Division"},{"link_name":"South Korean channel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TvN_(South_Korean_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Mnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"OCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCN_(TV_channel)"}],"text":"For the original South Korean TV channel of the same name, see tvN (South Korean TV channel).Television channeltvN (formerly known as Channel M) is a Southeast Asian pay television channel managed by CJ ENM HK. It broadcasts a variety of South Korean TV series and shows from the CJ ENM TV networks (which includes the South Korean channel of the same name, as well as Mnet, OCN and others), with a number of original shows made for the Southeast Asian version.","title":"tvN (Asian TV channel)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Creative Programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Programs"},{"link_name":"ABS-CBN Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sky Cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Cable"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"PLDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLDT"},{"link_name":"Cignal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cignal"},{"link_name":"Smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Communications"}],"sub_title":"tvN","text":"The channel was firstly launched on October 26, 2009 as tvN and was later rebranded as Channel M on November 23, 2012, which serves K-POP and K-Variety.[2][3] It reverted back to tvN on June 3, 2016, which also carried dramas from CJ E&M's sister channels.[4]The channel is available in the Philippines, where it is distributed by Creative Programs of ABS-CBN Corporation[5] when their sister cable provider Sky Cable stopped airing the channel in the Philippines starting September 1, 2021.[6] However, it's still available through PLDT's Cignal, Smart GigaPlay. (Smart GigaPlay got the Premium Feed before Cignal TV to replace their feed on November 1, 2023)The channel was closed down in Vietnam on July 2, 2018 (as tvBlue, although the channel has relaunched with contents from other broadcasters).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Starhub TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starhub_TV"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"K–Movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Train to Busan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_to_Busan"},{"link_name":"The Outlaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outlaws_(2017_film)"},{"link_name":"The Roundup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roundup_(2022_film)"},{"link_name":"Parasite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"The Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moon_(2023_film)"},{"link_name":"Concrete Utopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_Utopia"}],"sub_title":"tvN Movies","text":"The channel was firstly launched in Singapore through Starhub TV on January 1, 2017.[7]With the slogan \"Home of Korean Blockbusters\", they mostly aired K–Movies, with some titles premiered for the first time. Titles that has been aired on the channel includes Train to Busan, The Outlaws and its sequel The Roundup, Parasite (which the film won multiple Academy Awards), and most recently The Moon and Concrete Utopia.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Programming"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Cañete, Patrick (November 13, 2023). \"tvN Movies Pinoy and tvN Premium channels launched with CignalTV\". NoypiGeeks. Retrieved November 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.noypigeeks.com/entertainment/tvn-movies-pinoy-premium-cignaltv/","url_text":"\"tvN Movies Pinoy and tvN Premium channels launched with CignalTV\""}]},{"reference":"\"tvN Asia to Change to K-Culture Channel ′Channel M Asia′\". Mnet. Retrieved November 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx=21599&idxType=News","url_text":"\"tvN Asia to Change to K-Culture Channel ′Channel M Asia′\""}]},{"reference":"\"tvN Asia Changes to Channel M Asia\". Yahoo! OMG Philippines. November 21, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://ph.omg.yahoo.com/news/tvn-asia-changes-to-channel-m-asia-022038406.html","url_text":"\"tvN Asia Changes to Channel M Asia\""}]},{"reference":"tvN is COMING... YouTube. Channel M. May 4, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5mYHb207EA","url_text":"tvN is COMING..."}]},{"reference":"\"Fox, CJ Media To Launch Pan-Asian GE Channel\". Asia Media Journal. Archived from the original on May 26, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130526180116/http://www.asiamediajournal.com/pressrelease.php?id=593","url_text":"\"Fox, CJ Media To Launch Pan-Asian GE Channel\""},{"url":"http://www.asiamediajournal.com/pressrelease.php?id=593","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"TVN End of Broadcast\". SKY - Cable TV and Fiber. Retrieved August 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mysky.com.ph/Bulacan/updates/1498/2021/08/18/tvn-end-of-broadcast","url_text":"\"TVN End of Broadcast\""}]},{"reference":"Doo, Rumy (January 12, 2017). \"TV channel to offer Korean movies in Southeast Asia\". The Korea Herald. Retrieved December 31, 2023 – via The Jakarta Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2017/01/12/tv-channel-to-offer-korean-movies-in-southeast-asia.html","url_text":"\"TV channel to offer Korean movies in Southeast Asia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Herald","url_text":"The Korea Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jakarta_Post","url_text":"The Jakarta Post"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://tvnmovies.net/","external_links_name":"tvN Movies"},{"Link":"http://tvnasia.net/","external_links_name":"tvnasia.net"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TvN_(Asian_TV_channel)&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.noypigeeks.com/entertainment/tvn-movies-pinoy-premium-cignaltv/","external_links_name":"\"tvN Movies Pinoy and tvN Premium channels launched with CignalTV\""},{"Link":"http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx=21599&idxType=News","external_links_name":"\"tvN Asia to Change to K-Culture Channel ′Channel M Asia′\""},{"Link":"http://ph.omg.yahoo.com/news/tvn-asia-changes-to-channel-m-asia-022038406.html","external_links_name":"\"tvN Asia Changes to Channel M Asia\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5mYHb207EA","external_links_name":"tvN is COMING..."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130526180116/http://www.asiamediajournal.com/pressrelease.php?id=593","external_links_name":"\"Fox, CJ Media To Launch Pan-Asian GE Channel\""},{"Link":"http://www.asiamediajournal.com/pressrelease.php?id=593","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.mysky.com.ph/Bulacan/updates/1498/2021/08/18/tvn-end-of-broadcast","external_links_name":"\"TVN End of Broadcast\""},{"Link":"https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2017/01/12/tv-channel-to-offer-korean-movies-in-southeast-asia.html","external_links_name":"\"TV channel to offer Korean movies in Southeast Asia\""},{"Link":"http://tvnasia.net/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Regents_of_the_University_System_of_Georgia | Georgia Board of Regents | ["1 History","2 Governing authority","3 Organization","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 33°44′51″N 84°23′25″W / 33.747434°N 84.390164°W / 33.747434; -84.390164The Georgia Board of Regents oversees the University System of Georgia as part of the state government of Georgia in the United States. The University System of Georgia is composed of all state public institutions of higher education in the state. The Board of Regents also preside over the Georgia Public Library Service.
History
The Board was organized on January 1, 1932, to create centralized control over all member institutions. The Board marked the first period that public institutions of higher education were governed and managed under a sole authority. The governor appoints members of the Board, each of whom serve seven years. Today the Board of Regents is composed of 19 members, five of whom are appointed from the state-at-large, and one from each of the state’s 14 congressional districts. The Board elects a chancellor who serves as its chief executive officer and the chief administrative officer of the University System.
Governing authority
The Board oversees 26 institutions of higher education: four research universities, four comprehensive universities, 9 state universities, and 9 state colleges. In fiscal 2003, there were 10,626 faculty positions and 241,878 students. Those numbers grew to 35,000 and 253,000, respectively, in 2006.
Public funding for member institutions is distributed by the Board. In fiscal year 2003, the Board dispensed $1,697,287,628 of funding, authorized by the Georgia General Assembly. In 2006, the budget grew to $5 billion.
Organization
The Board consists of 19 voting members, serving seven-year terms. The Governor appoints, subject to Senate confirmation, one from each Congressional district and five at-large members.
The Board appoints a chief executive for the system, known as a chancellor. Former Georgia Governor and United States Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue became the 14th Chancellor in 2022.
Previous chancellors include Charles Mercer Snelling (1932–1933), Steadman Vincent Sanford (1935-1945), Harmon White Caldwell (1948-1964), Erroll B. Davis, Jr. (2006-2011), and Hank Huckaby (2011-2017).
Each individual institution has its own President and senior staff. The system of 26 colleges and universities includes the University of Georgia, the state's flagship land-grant, sea-grant, space-grant, and sun-grant research university, Fort Valley State University, a historically black land-grant university, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, which specializes in coastal and marine environments and became part of the University of Georgia in 2013, the Georgia Institute of Technology, which has a strong emphasis in technology and engineering, Augusta University that includes the Medical College of Georgia, and the Georgia Public Library Service, which distributes state funding to 385 libraries in the state's 61 public library systems.
In 2024, Brian Kemp appointed David B. Dove, Dan Murphy, and Deep J. Shah to the board; Sarah-Elizabeth Langford and Jose R. Perez were appointed to the Georgia Board of Economic Development. Simultaneously, Smith was moved from an at-large district to the fifth district; Bradbury was moved from the eleventh to the sixth; and Evans from the sixth to the seventh.
Members of the Board (2024)
District
Dan Murphy
Thirteenth
Tom Bradbury
Sixth
Deep J. Shah
At-Large
W. Allen Gudenrath
Eighth
Erin Hames (Vice Chair)
At-Large
Samuel D. Holmes
At-Large
Bárbara Rivera Holmes
Second
C. Thomas Hopkins, Jr.
Third
James M. Hull
At-Large
Cade Joiner
Fourth
Patrick C. Jones
First
C. Everett Kennedy III
Twelfth
David B. Dove
Eleventh
Lowery Houston May
Fourteenth
Richard T. Evans
Seventh
Neil L. Pruitt, Jr.
At-Large
Harold Reynolds (Chair)
Tenth
T. Dallas Smith
Fifth
James K. Syfan, III
Ninth
See also
University System of Georgia
Student Advisory Council of Georgia
References
^ Reed, Thomas Walter (c. 1949). "History of the University of Georgia". University of Georgia. p. 2813. Retrieved 2007-03-20.
^ "Board of Regents". University System of Georgia. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
^ a b c Reid, S.A. (September 14, 2006). "New chancellor helps bolster financial aid". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Cox Enterprises. p. A4.
^ "Bylaws". Retrieved 2010-01-13.
^ "Sonny Perdue Named Chancellor of the University System of Georgia". University System of Georgia. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
^ Reed, p.2951
^ Fincher, p.35
^ Fincher, Cameron (2003). Historical Development of the University System of Georgia: 1932-2002 (2nd ed.). Athens, Georgia: Institute of Higher Education, University of Georgia. pp. 3. ISBN 1-880647-06-0.
^ Kloer, Phil (April 14, 2021). "Hank Huckaby, served in some of Georgia's highest offices, dies at 79". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
^ "Fort Valley State University". Retrieved 2010-01-13.
^ "Skidaway Institute of Oceanography". Retrieved 2010-01-13.
^ "Georgia Public Library Service". Retrieved 2010-01-13.
^ "Kemp reshuffles Georgia Board of Regents, adding three new members". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. April 19, 2024.
^ Douglas, Garrison (April 19, 2024). "Gov. Kemp Announces 41 Appointments to State Boards, Authorities, and Commissions". Office of the Governor.
^ "Members of the Board". University System of Georgia. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
External links
Official website
Student Advisory Council
vteUniversity System of GeorgiaResearch universities
Augusta University
Georgia State University
Georgia Tech
University of Georgia
Comprehensive universities
Georgia Southern University
Kennesaw State University
University of West Georgia
Valdosta State University
State universities
Albany State University
Clayton State University
Columbus State University
Fort Valley State University
Georgia College & State University
Georgia Southwestern State University
Middle Georgia State University
University of North Georgia
Savannah State University
State colleges
Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College
Atlanta Metropolitan State College
College of Coastal Georgia
Dalton State College
East Georgia State College
Georgia Gwinnett College
Georgia Highlands College
Gordon State College
South Georgia State College
Related
Board of Regents
Georgia Academy
Lapides case
Library Learning Online
Nexus degree
Public Library Service
Student Advisory Council
33°44′51″N 84°23′25″W / 33.747434°N 84.390164°W / 33.747434; -84.390164 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University System of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_System_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"state government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"University System of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_System_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgia Public Library Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Public_Library_Service"}],"text":"The Georgia Board of Regents oversees the University System of Georgia as part of the state government of Georgia in the United States. The University System of Georgia is composed of all state public institutions of higher education in the state. The Board of Regents also preside over the Georgia Public Library Service.","title":"Georgia Board of Regents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"member institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_System_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UGAReed_p2813-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Board was organized on January 1, 1932, to create centralized control over all member institutions.[1] The Board marked the first period that public institutions of higher education were governed and managed under a sole authority.[2] The governor appoints members of the Board, each of whom serve seven years. Today the Board of Regents is composed of 19 members, five of whom are appointed from the state-at-large, and one from each of the state’s 14 congressional districts. The Board elects a chancellor who serves as its chief executive officer and the chief administrative officer of the University System.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"research universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_universities"},{"link_name":"faculty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_(university)"},{"link_name":"students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReidAJC-3"},{"link_name":"fiscal year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_year"},{"link_name":"Georgia General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReidAJC-3"}],"text":"The Board oversees 26 institutions of higher education: four research universities, four comprehensive universities, 9 state universities, and 9 state colleges. In fiscal 2003, there were 10,626 faculty positions and 241,878 students.[citation needed] Those numbers grew to 35,000 and 253,000, respectively, in 2006.[3]Public funding for member institutions is distributed by the Board. In fiscal year 2003, the Board dispensed $1,697,287,628 of funding, authorized by the Georgia General Assembly. In 2006, the budget grew to $5 billion.[3]","title":"Governing authority"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(education)#United_States"},{"link_name":"Georgia Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"Sonny Perdue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Perdue"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Charles Mercer Snelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mercer_Snelling"},{"link_name":"Steadman Vincent Sanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steadman_Vincent_Sanford"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UGA_p2951-6"},{"link_name":"Harmon White Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmon_White_Caldwell"},{"link_name":"Erroll B. Davis, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erroll_Davis"},{"link_name":"Hank Huckaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Huckaby"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReidAJC-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistDevUSGp35-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistDevUSGp3-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"University of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Fort Valley State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Valley_State_University"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Skidaway Institute of Oceanography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidaway_Institute_of_Oceanography"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Augusta University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_University"},{"link_name":"Medical College of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_College_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgia Public Library Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Public_Library_Service"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sarah-Elizabeth Langford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah-Elizabeth_Langford"},{"link_name":"Georgia Board of Economic Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgia_Board_of_Economic_Development&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ajc-kemp-board-24-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kemp-apr-24-appts-14"}],"text":"The Board consists of 19 voting members, serving seven-year terms. The Governor appoints, subject to Senate confirmation, one from each Congressional district and five at-large members.[4]The Board appoints a chief executive for the system, known as a chancellor. Former Georgia Governor and United States Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue became the 14th Chancellor in 2022.[5]Previous chancellors include Charles Mercer Snelling (1932–1933), Steadman Vincent Sanford (1935-1945),[6] Harmon White Caldwell (1948-1964), Erroll B. Davis, Jr. (2006-2011), and Hank Huckaby (2011-2017).[3][7][8][9]Each individual institution has its own President and senior staff. The system of 26 colleges and universities includes the University of Georgia, the state's flagship land-grant, sea-grant, space-grant, and sun-grant research university, Fort Valley State University, a historically black land-grant university,[10] Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, which specializes in coastal and marine environments and became part of the University of Georgia in 2013,[11] the Georgia Institute of Technology, which has a strong emphasis in technology and engineering, Augusta University that includes the Medical College of Georgia, and the Georgia Public Library Service, which distributes state funding to 385 libraries in the state's 61 public library systems.[12]In 2024, Brian Kemp appointed David B. Dove, Dan Murphy, and Deep J. Shah to the board; Sarah-Elizabeth Langford and Jose R. Perez were appointed to the Georgia Board of Economic Development.[13] Simultaneously, Smith was moved from an at-large district to the fifth district; Bradbury was moved from the eleventh to the sixth; and Evans from the sixth to the seventh.[14]","title":"Organization"}] | [] | [{"title":"University System of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_System_of_Georgia"},{"title":"Student Advisory Council of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Advisory_Council_of_Georgia"}] | [{"reference":"Reed, Thomas Walter (c. 1949). \"History of the University of Georgia\". University of Georgia. p. 2813. Retrieved 2007-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/cgi-bin/ebind2html.pl/reed_c15?seq=449","url_text":"\"History of the University of Georgia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia","url_text":"University of Georgia"}]},{"reference":"\"Board of Regents\". University System of Georgia. Retrieved 22 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usg.edu/regents/","url_text":"\"Board of Regents\""}]},{"reference":"Reid, S.A. (September 14, 2006). \"New chancellor helps bolster financial aid\". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Cox Enterprises. p. A4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution","url_text":"The Atlanta Journal-Constitution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox_Enterprises","url_text":"Cox Enterprises"}]},{"reference":"\"Bylaws\". Retrieved 2010-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usg.edu/regents/bylaws/#membership","url_text":"\"Bylaws\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sonny Perdue Named Chancellor of the University System of Georgia\". University System of Georgia. Retrieved 2023-12-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usg.edu/news/release/sonny_perdue_named_chancellor_of_the_university_system_of_georgia","url_text":"\"Sonny Perdue Named Chancellor of the University System of Georgia\""}]},{"reference":"Fincher, Cameron (2003). Historical Development of the University System of Georgia: 1932-2002 (2nd ed.). Athens, Georgia: Institute of Higher Education, University of Georgia. pp. 3. ISBN 1-880647-06-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historicaldevelo0000finc","url_text":"Historical Development of the University System of Georgia: 1932-2002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens,_Georgia","url_text":"Athens, Georgia"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historicaldevelo0000finc/page/3","url_text":"3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880647-06-0","url_text":"1-880647-06-0"}]},{"reference":"Kloer, Phil (April 14, 2021). \"Hank Huckaby, served in some of Georgia's highest offices, dies at 79\". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianisation_of_Goa | Christianization of Goa | ["1 Pre-Portuguese Era","2 Conversion to Christianity","2.1 Name changes","2.2 New laws","3 Impact of Christianity on the caste system","3.1 Persistence of the caste system","4 Discrimination against native Christians","5 Re-conversion of Gaudas","6 Current status of Christianity","7 Further reading","8 See also","9 Citations","10 References"] | Conversion of Goan natives to Christianity
The indigenous population of the erstwhile Portuguese colony of Goa, Daman and Diu underwent Christianisation following the Portuguese conquest of Goa in 1510, which was followed by the Goa Inquisition from 1560 onwards. The converts in the Velhas Conquistas (Old Conquests) to Roman Catholicism were then granted full Portuguese citizenship. Almost all present-day Goan Catholics are descendants of these native converts; they constitute the largest Indian Christian community of Goa state and account for 25 percent of the population.
Chapel of Santa Catarina, built in Old Goa during Portuguese rule. It should not be confused with the Cathedral of Santa Catarina, also in Old Goa.
Many Kudali, Mangalorean & Karwari Catholics in present-day Karnataka and Maharashtra are also of Goan descent due to migration of the local population in the 16th and 17th centuries. Korlai and Bombay East Indian Catholics of the Konkan division, and the Damanese of Damaon, Diu & Silvassa have had Goan admixture and interactions in the Portuguese Bombay territory, which was ruled from the capital in Old Goa. Bombay East Indians were formerly Portuguese citizens until the seven islands of Bombay were taken over by the British East India Company, via the dowry of Catherine de Braganza in marriage to Charles II of England. Salsette islanders and Basseinites of the Bombay East Indian community were also Portuguese citizens, till the Mahratta Invasion of Bassein in 1739.
Pre-Portuguese Era
Main article: Pre-Portuguese Christianity in Goa
It has been said that prior to the en-masse Christianisation, there were a few communities of Eastern Christians (Nestorians) present in the age-old ports of Konkan that were caught up in the Spice trade and the Silk route. The conversion of the Indo-Parthian (Pahlavi) King Gondophares (abbreviated Gaspar) into the Thomasine Church, and the finding of a Persian Cross in Goa are subjects of ongoing debate and research.
Conversion to Christianity
Main article: Primate of the East Indies
The first converts to Christianity in Goa were native Goan women who married Portuguese men that arrived with Afonso de Albuquerque during the Portuguese conquest of Goa in 1510. Forced conversions lead to crypto-Hinduism and those accused of it were jailed and subsequently burnt to death.
Christian maidens of Goa meeting a Portuguese nobleman seeking a wife, from the Códice Casanatense (c. 1540)
During the mid-16th century, the city of Goa, was the center of Christianization in the East. Christianization in Goa was largely limited to the four concelhos (districts) of Bardez, Mormugao, Salcette, and Tiswadi. Furthermore, evangelisation activities were divided in 1555 by the Portuguese viceroy of Goa, Pedro Mascarenhas. He allotted Bardez to the Franciscans, Tiswadi to the Dominicans, and Salcette, together with fifteen southeastern villages of Tiswadi, including Chorão and Divar, to the Jesuits. The city of Old Goa was shared among all, since all the religious orders had their headquarters there. Prior to that, the Franciscans alone christianized Goa till 1542. Other less active orders that maintained a presence in Goa were the Augustines, Carmelites, and Theatines.
Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier taking leave of John III of Portugal before his departure to Goa in 1541, by Avelar Rebelo (1635)
The first mass conversions took place among the Brahmins of Divar, and the Kshatriyas of Carambolim. In Bardez, Mangappa Shenoy of Pilerne converted to Christianity in 1555, adopting the name Pero Ribeiro and thus becoming the first native Christian male convert of Bardez. His conversion was followed by that of his brother Panduranga and his uncle Balkrishna Shenoy, who is the direct patrilineal ancestor of Goan historian José Gerson da Cunha. In Salcette, Raia was the first village to have been Christianised, when its populace converted en masse to Christianity in 1560.
A view of the Se Cathedral
In 1534, Goa was made a diocese and in 1557 an archdiocese. The Archbishop of Goa was the most important ecclesiastic of the East, and was from 1572 called the "Primate of the East". The Portuguese rulers implemented state policies encouraging and even rewarding conversions among Hindu subjects, apart from the large number of conversions by force via the Goan Inquisition. Conversion was aided by the Portuguese economic and political control over the Hindus, who were vassals of the Portuguese crown.
Name changes
The process of Christianization was simultaneously accompanied by Lusitanization, as the Christian converts typically assumed a Portuguese veneer. The most visible aspect was the discarding of old Konkani Hindu names for new Portuguese Catholic names at the time of Baptism. The 1567 Provincial Council of Goa — under the presidency of the first Archbishop of Goa Gaspar Jorge de Leão Pereira, and then under the presidency of his successor Jorge Temudo — passed over 115 decrees. One of them declared that the Goan Catholics would henceforth not be permitted to use their former Hindu names.
The converts typically adopted the surnames of the Portuguese priest, governor, soldier or layman who stood as godfather for their baptism ceremony. For instance, the Boletim do Instituto Vasco da Gama lists the new names of some of the prominent ganvkars (Konkani: Freeholders). Rama Prabhu, son of Dado Vithal Prabhu from Benaulim, Salcette, became Francisco Fernandes; Mahabal Pai, son of Nara Pai, became Manuel Fernandes in 1596. Mahabal Kamat of Curtorim became Aleisco Menezes in 1607, while Chandrappa Naik of Gandaulim became António Dias in 1632. In 1595 Vittu Prabhu became Irmão de Diogo Soares and the son of Raulu Kamat became Manuel Pinto in Aldona, Bardez. Ram Kamat of Punola became Duarte Lobo in 1601, while Tados Irmaose of Anjuna became João de Souza in 1658.
Since in many cases, family members were not necessarily baptised at the same time, this would lead to them having different surnames. For instance in 1594, the son of Pero Parras, a ganvkar from Raia acquired at baptism the new name of Sebastião Barbosa. Later in 1609, another of his sons converted and took the name of João Rangel. As a result, members of the same vangodd (clan) who initially all shared a common Hindu surname ended up adopting divergent Lusitanian ones.
New laws
Various orders issued by the Goa Inquisition included:
All qadis were ordered out of Portuguese territory in 1567
Non-Christians were forbidden from occupying any public office, and only a Christian could hold such an office;
Hindus were forbidden from producing any Christian devotional objects or symbols;
Hindu children whose father had died were required to be handed over to the Jesuits for conversion to Christianity;
Hindu women who converted to Christianity could inherit all of the property of their parents;
Hindu clerks in all village councils were replaced with Christians;
Christian ganvkars (freeholders) could make village decisions without any Hindu ganvkars present, however Hindu ganvkars could not make any village decisions unless all Christian ganvkars were present; in Goan villages with Christian majorities, Hindus were forbidden from attending village assemblies.
Christian members were to sign first on any proceedings, Hindus later;
In legal proceedings, Hindus were unacceptable as witnesses, only statements from Christian witnesses were admissible.
Hindu temples were demolished in Portuguese Goa, and Hindus were forbidden from building new temples or repairing old ones. A temple demolition squad of Jesuits was formed which actively demolished pre-16th century temples, with a 1569 royal letter recording that all Hindu temples in Portuguese colonies in India have been demolished and burnt down (desfeitos e queimados);
Hindu priests were forbidden from entering Portuguese Goa to officiate Hindu weddings.
Impact of Christianity on the caste system
However, the converted Hindus retained Konkani as their mother tongue and their caste status even after becoming Christian. Based on their previous caste affiliations, the new converts were usually lumped into new Catholic castes. All Brahmin subcastes (Goud Saraswat Brahmins, Padyes, Daivadnyas), goldsmiths and even some rich merchants, were lumped into the Christian caste of Bamonns (Konkani: Brahmins). The converts from the Kshatriya and Vaishya Vani castes became lumped together as Chardos (Kshatriyas) and those Vaishyas who didn't become Chardos formed a new caste Gauddos. The converts from all the lower castes were grouped together as Sudirs, equivalent to Shudras. The Bamonns, Chardos, and Gauddos have been traditionally seen as the high castes in the Goan Catholic caste hierarchy.
Persistence of the caste system
A typical white Sant Khuris (Holy Cross), of a Goan Catholic family, constructed in the style of Portuguese architecture
The Portuguese attempted to abolish caste discrimination among the local converts and homogenise them into a single entity. Caste consciousness among the native converts was so intense that they even maintained separate Church confraternities. In church circles, the Bamonn and Chardo converts were rivals and frequently discriminated against each other. Caste discrimination even extended to the clergy. However, some non-Bamonn priests did achieve distinction. The Portuguese church authorities decided to recruit Gauddo and Sudir converts into the priesthood, to offset the increasing hostilities of the Bamonn and Chardo clerics. The church authorities initially used these native priests as Konkani interpreters in their parishes and missions.
Discrimination against native Christians
Since the 1510 conquest, the Portuguese had been intermarrying with the natives and created a Mestiço class in Goa that followed Portuguese culture. The Portuguese also desired a similar complete integration of the native Christians into Portuguese culture. The retention of the caste system and Hindu customs by the converts was contemptuously looked down upon by the Portuguese, who desired complete assimilation of the native Christians into their own culture.
Some Portuguese clergy bore racial prejudices against their Goan counterparts. In their letters, they made frequent references to the fact that the native clergy were dark skinned, and that the parishioners had no respect for them as a result. The Franciscan parish priest of Colvale Church, Frei António de Encarnação, excommunicated for striking a Goan assistant, wrote a bitter and virulent essay against the native clergy wherein he called them ' negros chamados curas ' (Portuguese: blacks called curates) and termed them as 'perverse' and 'insolent'. The Franciscans further expanded on the viceregal decree of 1606 regarding making the natives literate in Portuguese to qualify for the priesthood. However, the Archbishop of Goa Ignacio de Santa Theresa is known to have respected the native Goan clerics more than the Portuguese ones, whom he considered to be insolent and overbearing.
Re-conversion of Gaudas
Further information: Ghar WapsiIn the late 1920s in what was Portuguese Goa and Damaon, some prominent Hindu Goan Brahmins requested the Vinayak Maharaj Masurkar, a guru of an ashram in Masur, Satara district of British Bombay (present-day Maharashtra); to actively campaign for the 're-conversion' of Catholic Gauda and Kunbis to Vaishnavite Hinduism. Masurkar accepted, and together with his disciples, subsequently toured Gauda villages singing devotional bhakti songs and performing pujas. These means led a considerable number of Catholic Gaudas to declare willingness to come into the Hindu fold, and a Shuddhi ceremony was carefully prepared. Their efforts was met with success when on 23 February 1928, many Catholic Gaudas were converted en masse to Hinduism in a Shuddhi ceremony, notwithstanding the vehement opposition of the Roman Catholic Church and the Portuguese authorities. As part of their new religious identity, the converts were given Hindu names. However, the Portuguese government refused to grant them legal permission to change their names. Around 4,851 Catholic Gaudas from Tiswadi, 2,174 from Ponda, 250 from Bicholim and 329 from Sattari became Hindus in this ceremony. The total number of Gauda converts was 7,815. The existing Hindu Gauda community refused to accept these neo-Hindus back into their fold because their Catholic ancestors had not maintained caste purity, and the neo-Hindus were now alienated by their former Catholic coreligionists. These neo-Hindus developed into a separate endogamous community, and are now referred to as Nav-Hindu Gaudas (New Hindu Gaudas).
Current status of Christianity
According to the 1909 statistics in the Catholic Encyclopedia, the total Catholic population in Portuguese controlled Goa was 293,628 out of a total population of 365,291 (80.33%). Since 20th century, the percentage of the Christian population of Goa has been facing continual decline although the number of Christians has increased. This is caused by a combination of constant emigration of Christian Goans from Goa to cosmopolitan Indian cities and foreign countries (e.g. Portugal, United Kingdom) along with the mass immigration of non-Christians from the rest of India since the Annexation of Goa by India. (Ethnic Goans represent less than 50% of the state's residents.) Currently, Christians constitute 366,130 of the total population of 1,458,545 in Goa (25.10%) according to the 2011 census.
Further reading
Roger Crowley (2015). Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire. London: Faber and Faber.
Anthony D’Costa (1965). The Christianisation of the Goa Islands 1510-1567. Bombay: Heras Institute.
See also
Christianity in Goa
Christianity in India
Conspiracy of the Pintos
Cuncolim Massacre
Goa Inquisition
Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein
Violence against Christians in India
Citations
^ Holm 1989, p. 286
^ de Mendonça 2002, p. 55
^ Prabhu 1999, p. 154
^ Machado, Dolcy M (29 April 2011). History and military importance of medieval Bassein and its surroundings. University of Pune.
^ J. Cosme Costa (2009). Apostolic Christianity in Goa and in the West Coast. Goa: Xavierian Publication Society.
^ Crowley, Roger (2015). Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire. London: Faber & Faber.
^ Hannah Chapelle Wojciehowski (2011). Group Identity in the Renaissance World. Cambridge University Press. pp. 215–216 with footnotes 98–100. ISBN 978-1-107-00360-6.
^ Gustav Henningsen; Marisa Rey-Henningsen (1979). Inquisition and Interdisciplinary History. Dansk folkemindesamling. p. 125.
^ de Mendonça 2002, p. 67
^ Borges & Stubbe 2000, p. 304
^ a b c Meersman 1971, p. 107
^ de Mendonça 2002, p. 80
^ Prabhu 1999, p. 111
^ Gomes 1987, p. 64
^ a b Mascarenhas 2008
^ Prabhu 1999, p. 101
^ Padinjarekutt 2005, p. 99
^ de Mendonça 2002, p. 397
^ a b c Prabhu 1999, p. 133
^ a b de Sousa 2011, p. 69
^ Kudva 1972, p. 359
^ a b c do Carmo Costa 2003, p. 12 "Um fenómeno curioso aconteceu neste processo de conversão: por vezes, irmãos e pais convertidos, ou em momentos diferentes, ou por terem padrinhos diferentes, acabaram por adoptar apelidos diferentes. A título de exemplo, encontra-se numa escritura de 1594, como gancar da aldeia da Raia, Sebastião Barbosa, filho de Pero Parras; e num outro documento, de 1609, João Rangel, também gancar, filho do mesmo Pero Parras. Dois irmãos, um Rangel e um Barbosa, ambos filhos de um Parras." ("A curious thing happened in this process of conversion: sometimes siblings and parents converted, or at different times, or having different sponsors, and ended up adopting different last names. For example, there is a deed of 1594, when a ganvkar (villager) of Raia, Sebastião Barbosa, shows up as the son of Pero Parras. In another document, in 1609, João Rangel, also a ganvkar (villager), turns out to be the son of the same Pero Parras. Two brothers, one a Rangel and one a Barbosa, both sons of a Parras!")
^ a b c d Lauren Benton (2002). Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400-1900. Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–123. ISBN 978-0-521-00926-3. Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
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^ Teotonio R. De Souza (2016). The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais (PDF). Lisbon: Grupo Lusofona. pp. 28–30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
^ Teotonio R. De Souza (2016). The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais (PDF). Lisbon: Grupo Lusofona. pp. 28–30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
^ Teotonio R. De Souza (2016). The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais (PDF). Lisbon: Grupo Lusofona. pp. 28–30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
^ a b Gune & Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept 1979, p. 238
^ Gomes 1987, p. 78
^ e Sá 1997, p. 255
^ Muthukumaraswamy, University of Madras. Dept. of Anthropology & National Folklore Support Centre (India) 2006, p. 63
^ Gomes 1987, p. 79
^ Boxer 1963, p. 75
^ de Souza 1994, p. 144
^ a b de Souza 1989, p. 71
^ a b Pinto 1999, pp. 141–144
^ a b c d e de Souza 1989, p. 77
^ a b c Kreinath, Hartung & Deschner 2004, p. 163
^ Ghai 1990, p. 103
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^ Shirodkar & Mandal 1993, p. 23
^ Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France) & Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses 2001, p. 458
^ Ernest Hull (1909). "Archdiocese of Goa". Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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Shirodkar, Dr Prakashchandra; Mandal, H. K. (1993), Kumar Suresh Singh (ed.), Anthropological Survey of India, People of India, vol. 21: Goa, Popular Prakashan, ISBN 978-81-7154-760-9 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goa, Daman and Diu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa,_Daman_and_Diu"},{"link_name":"Christianisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianisation"},{"link_name":"Portuguese conquest of Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Goa"},{"link_name":"the Goa Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Goa_Inquisition"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Velhas Conquistas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velhas_Conquistas"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Goan Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goan_Catholics"},{"link_name":"Indian Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Christian"},{"link_name":"Goa state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_state"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Churcholdgoa_(64).JPG"},{"link_name":"Old Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Goa"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Santa Catarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Kudali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Maharashtra#Bardeskars"},{"link_name":"Mangalorean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholics"},{"link_name":"Karwari Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karwari_Catholics"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnataca"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Korlai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korlai_Portuguese_Creole"},{"link_name":"Bombay East Indian Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_East_Indian_Catholics"},{"link_name":"Konkan division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkan_division"},{"link_name":"Damanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Portuguese"},{"link_name":"Damaon, Diu & Silvassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaon,_Diu_%26_Silvassa"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Bombay"},{"link_name":"Old Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Goa"},{"link_name":"seven islands of Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_islands_of_Bombay"},{"link_name":"British East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"dowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Catherine de Braganza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Charles II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Salsette islanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsette_island"},{"link_name":"Basseinites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basseinite"},{"link_name":"Mahratta Invasion of Bassein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahratta_Invasion_of_Bassein"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The indigenous population of the erstwhile Portuguese colony of Goa, Daman and Diu underwent Christianisation following the Portuguese conquest of Goa in 1510, which was followed by the Goa Inquisition from 1560 onwards.[citation needed] The converts in the Velhas Conquistas (Old Conquests) to Roman Catholicism were then granted full Portuguese citizenship.[1] Almost all present-day Goan Catholics are descendants of these native converts; they constitute the largest Indian Christian community of Goa state and account for 25 percent of the population.[2]Chapel of Santa Catarina, built in Old Goa during Portuguese rule. It should not be confused with the Cathedral of Santa Catarina, also in Old Goa.Many Kudali, Mangalorean & Karwari Catholics in present-day Karnataka and Maharashtra are also of Goan descent due to migration of the local population in the 16th and 17th centuries.[3] Korlai and Bombay East Indian Catholics of the Konkan division, and the Damanese of Damaon, Diu & Silvassa have had Goan admixture and interactions in the Portuguese Bombay territory, which was ruled from the capital in Old Goa. Bombay East Indians were formerly Portuguese citizens until the seven islands of Bombay were taken over by the British East India Company, via the dowry of Catherine de Braganza in marriage to Charles II of England. Salsette islanders and Basseinites of the Bombay East Indian community were also Portuguese citizens, till the Mahratta Invasion of Bassein in 1739.[4]","title":"Christianization of Goa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Christians (Nestorians)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Christianity_in_the_Indian_Subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Spice trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_trade"},{"link_name":"Silk route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_route"},{"link_name":"Indo-Parthian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Parthian"},{"link_name":"Gondophares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondophares"},{"link_name":"Thomasine Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomasine_Church"},{"link_name":"Persian Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Crosses_in_India"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"It has been said that prior to the en-masse Christianisation, there were a few communities of Eastern Christians (Nestorians) present in the age-old ports of Konkan that were caught up in the Spice trade and the Silk route. The conversion of the Indo-Parthian (Pahlavi) King Gondophares (abbreviated Gaspar) into the Thomasine Church, and the finding of a Persian Cross in Goa are subjects of ongoing debate and research.[5]","title":"Pre-Portuguese Era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese conquest of Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Goa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"crypto-Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypto-Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wojciehowski2011p215-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg"},{"link_name":"Códice Casanatense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dice_Casanatense"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velha_Goa"},{"link_name":"Christianization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"concelhos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concelho"},{"link_name":"Bardez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardez"},{"link_name":"Mormugao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormugao"},{"link_name":"Salcette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salcette"},{"link_name":"Tiswadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiswadi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Pedro Mascarenhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Mascarenhas"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meersman-11"},{"link_name":"Bardez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardez"},{"link_name":"Franciscans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscans"},{"link_name":"Tiswadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiswadi"},{"link_name":"Dominicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"Salcette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salcette"},{"link_name":"Chorão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chor%C3%A3o_(Island)"},{"link_name":"Divar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divar"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meersman-11"},{"link_name":"Old Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Goa"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meersman-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Augustines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustines"},{"link_name":"Carmelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelites"},{"link_name":"Theatines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatines"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_(1635)_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png"},{"link_name":"Francis Xavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier"},{"link_name":"John III of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Avelar Rebelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Avelar_Rebelo"},{"link_name":"Brahmins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Kshatriyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshatriya"},{"link_name":"Carambolim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmali"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Divar-14"},{"link_name":"Pilerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilerne"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rib-15"},{"link_name":"José Gerson da Cunha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gerson_da_Cunha"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rib-15"},{"link_name":"Raia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raia_(village)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_-_Goa_-_006_-_The_Se_Cathedral_(342066113).jpg"},{"link_name":"Se Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"archdiocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Goa_and_Daman"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"Goan Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goan_Inquisition"},{"link_name":"Portuguese crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_crown"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The first converts to Christianity in Goa were native Goan women who married Portuguese men that arrived with Afonso de Albuquerque during the Portuguese conquest of Goa in 1510.[6] Forced conversions lead to crypto-Hinduism and those accused of it were jailed and subsequently burnt to death.[7][8]Christian maidens of Goa meeting a Portuguese nobleman seeking a wife, from the Códice Casanatense (c. 1540)During the mid-16th century, the city of Goa, was the center of Christianization in the East.[9] Christianization in Goa was largely limited to the four concelhos (districts) of Bardez, Mormugao, Salcette, and Tiswadi.[10] Furthermore, evangelisation activities were divided in 1555 by the Portuguese viceroy of Goa, Pedro Mascarenhas.[11] He allotted Bardez to the Franciscans, Tiswadi to the Dominicans, and Salcette, together with fifteen southeastern villages of Tiswadi, including Chorão and Divar, to the Jesuits.[11] The city of Old Goa was shared among all, since all the religious orders had their headquarters there.[11] Prior to that, the Franciscans alone christianized Goa till 1542.[12] Other less active orders that maintained a presence in Goa were the Augustines, Carmelites, and Theatines.[13]Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier taking leave of John III of Portugal before his departure to Goa in 1541, by Avelar Rebelo (1635)The first mass conversions took place among the Brahmins of Divar, and the Kshatriyas of Carambolim.[14] In Bardez, Mangappa Shenoy of Pilerne converted to Christianity in 1555, adopting the name Pero Ribeiro and thus becoming the first native Christian male convert of Bardez.[15] His conversion was followed by that of his brother Panduranga and his uncle Balkrishna Shenoy, who is the direct patrilineal ancestor of Goan historian José Gerson da Cunha.[15] In Salcette, Raia was the first village to have been Christianised, when its populace converted en masse to Christianity in 1560.[16]A view of the Se CathedralIn 1534, Goa was made a diocese and in 1557 an archdiocese. The Archbishop of Goa was the most important ecclesiastic of the East, and was from 1572 called the \"Primate of the East\".[17] The Portuguese rulers implemented state policies encouraging and even rewarding conversions among Hindu subjects, apart from the large number of conversions by force via the Goan Inquisition. Conversion was aided by the Portuguese economic and political control over the Hindus, who were vassals of the Portuguese crown.[18]","title":"Conversion to Christianity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChandrappaNaik-19"},{"link_name":"Baptism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChandrappaNaik-19"},{"link_name":"Gaspar Jorge de Leão Pereira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_Jorge_de_Le%C3%A3o_Pereira"},{"link_name":"Jorge Temudo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Temudo"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VittuPrabhu-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VittuPrabhu-20"},{"link_name":"baptism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChandrappaNaik-19"},{"link_name":"Konkani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_language"},{"link_name":"Benaulim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benaulim"},{"link_name":"Salcette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salcette"},{"link_name":"Curtorim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtorim"},{"link_name":"Aldona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldona"},{"link_name":"Bardez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardez"},{"link_name":"Anjuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjuna"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rangel-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rangel-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rangel-22"}],"sub_title":"Name changes","text":"The process of Christianization was simultaneously accompanied by Lusitanization, as the Christian converts typically assumed a Portuguese veneer.[19] The most visible aspect was the discarding of old Konkani Hindu names for new Portuguese Catholic names at the time of Baptism.[19] The 1567 Provincial Council of Goa — under the presidency of the first Archbishop of Goa Gaspar Jorge de Leão Pereira, and then under the presidency of his successor Jorge Temudo — passed over 115 decrees.[20] One of them declared that the Goan Catholics would henceforth not be permitted to use their former Hindu names.[20]The converts typically adopted the surnames of the Portuguese priest, governor, soldier or layman who stood as godfather for their baptism ceremony.[19] For instance, the Boletim do Instituto Vasco da Gama lists the new names of some of the prominent ganvkars (Konkani: Freeholders). Rama Prabhu, son of Dado Vithal Prabhu from Benaulim, Salcette, became Francisco Fernandes; Mahabal Pai, son of Nara Pai, became Manuel Fernandes in 1596. Mahabal Kamat of Curtorim became Aleisco Menezes in 1607, while Chandrappa Naik of Gandaulim became António Dias in 1632. In 1595 Vittu Prabhu became Irmão de Diogo Soares and the son of Raulu Kamat became Manuel Pinto in Aldona, Bardez. Ram Kamat of Punola became Duarte Lobo in 1601, while Tados Irmaose of Anjuna became João de Souza in 1658.[21]Since in many cases, family members were not necessarily baptised at the same time, this would lead to them having different surnames.[22] For instance in 1594, the son of Pero Parras, a ganvkar from Raia acquired at baptism the new name of Sebastião Barbosa. Later in 1609, another of his sons converted and took the name of João Rangel.[22] As a result, members of the same vangodd (clan) who initially all shared a common Hindu surname ended up adopting divergent Lusitanian ones.[22]","title":"Conversion to Christianity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"qadis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadis"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-benton123-23"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-souza2829-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-benton123-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-souza2829-24"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-souza2829-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-souza2829-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-souza2829-24"},{"link_name":"freeholders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freehold_(law)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-benton123-23"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-souza304-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-benton123-23"},{"link_name":"Hindu temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_temple"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-souza303-26"},{"link_name":"Hindu priests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_priest"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-souza302-27"}],"sub_title":"New laws","text":"Various orders issued by the Goa Inquisition included:All qadis were ordered out of Portuguese territory in 1567[23]\nNon-Christians were forbidden from occupying any public office, and only a Christian could hold such an office;[24][23]\nHindus were forbidden from producing any Christian devotional objects or symbols;[24]\nHindu children whose father had died were required to be handed over to the Jesuits for conversion to Christianity;[24]\nHindu women who converted to Christianity could inherit all of the property of their parents;[24]\nHindu clerks in all village councils were replaced with Christians;[24]\nChristian ganvkars (freeholders) could make village decisions without any Hindu ganvkars present, however Hindu ganvkars could not make any village decisions unless all Christian ganvkars were present; in Goan villages with Christian majorities, Hindus were forbidden from attending village assemblies.[23]\nChristian members were to sign first on any proceedings, Hindus later;[25]\nIn legal proceedings, Hindus were unacceptable as witnesses, only statements from Christian witnesses were admissible.[23]\nHindu temples were demolished in Portuguese Goa, and Hindus were forbidden from building new temples or repairing old ones. A temple demolition squad of Jesuits was formed which actively demolished pre-16th century temples, with a 1569 royal letter recording that all Hindu temples in Portuguese colonies in India have been demolished and burnt down (desfeitos e queimados);[26]\nHindu priests were forbidden from entering Portuguese Goa to officiate Hindu weddings.[27]","title":"Conversion to Christianity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Konkani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_language"},{"link_name":"caste status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste_system_in_India"},{"link_name":"Goud Saraswat Brahmins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goud_Saraswat_Brahmins"},{"link_name":"Padyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padye"},{"link_name":"Daivadnyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daivadnya"},{"link_name":"Bamonns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Brahmin"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bamonn-28"},{"link_name":"Kshatriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshatriya"},{"link_name":"Vaishya Vani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishya_Vani"},{"link_name":"Chardos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Kshatriya"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bamonn-28"},{"link_name":"Vaishyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishyas"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Shudras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shudra"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"However, the converted Hindus retained Konkani as their mother tongue and their caste status even after becoming Christian. Based on their previous caste affiliations, the new converts were usually lumped into new Catholic castes. All Brahmin subcastes (Goud Saraswat Brahmins, Padyes, Daivadnyas), goldsmiths and even some rich merchants, were lumped into the Christian caste of Bamonns (Konkani: Brahmins).[28] The converts from the Kshatriya and Vaishya Vani castes became lumped together as Chardos (Kshatriyas)[28] and those Vaishyas who didn't become Chardos formed a new caste Gauddos.[29] The converts from all the lower castes were grouped together as Sudirs, equivalent to Shudras.[30][31] The Bamonns, Chardos, and Gauddos have been traditionally seen as the high castes in the Goan Catholic caste hierarchy.[32]","title":"Impact of Christianity on the caste system"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christian_shrine_outside_Sarzora_Village,_Goa,_India.jpg"},{"link_name":"Holy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_cross"},{"link_name":"Portuguese architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_architecture"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"confraternities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confraternity"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gauddo-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gauddo-35"}],"sub_title":"Persistence of the caste system","text":"A typical white Sant Khuris (Holy Cross), of a Goan Catholic family, constructed in the style of Portuguese architectureThe Portuguese attempted to abolish caste discrimination among the local converts and homogenise them into a single entity.[33] Caste consciousness among the native converts was so intense that they even maintained separate Church confraternities. In church circles, the Bamonn and Chardo converts were rivals and frequently discriminated against each other.[34] Caste discrimination even extended to the clergy. However, some non-Bamonn priests did achieve distinction. The Portuguese church authorities decided to recruit Gauddo and Sudir converts into the priesthood, to offset the increasing hostilities of the Bamonn and Chardo clerics.[35] The church authorities initially used these native priests as Konkani interpreters in their parishes and missions.[35]","title":"Impact of Christianity on the caste system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fernandes-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fernandes-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colvale-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colvale-37"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colvale-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colvale-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colvale-37"}],"text":"Since the 1510 conquest, the Portuguese had been intermarrying with the natives and created a Mestiço class in Goa that followed Portuguese culture. The Portuguese also desired a similar complete integration of the native Christians into Portuguese culture.[36] The retention of the caste system and Hindu customs by the converts was contemptuously looked down upon by the Portuguese, who desired complete assimilation of the native Christians into their own culture.[36]Some Portuguese clergy bore racial prejudices against their Goan counterparts.[37] In their letters, they made frequent references to the fact that the native clergy were dark skinned, and that the parishioners had no respect for them as a result.[37] The Franciscan parish priest of Colvale Church, Frei António de Encarnação, excommunicated for striking a Goan assistant, wrote a bitter and virulent essay against the native clergy wherein he called them ' negros chamados curas ' (Portuguese: blacks called curates) and termed them as 'perverse' and 'insolent'.[37] The Franciscans further expanded on the viceregal decree of 1606 regarding making the natives literate in Portuguese to qualify for the priesthood.[37] However, the Archbishop of Goa Ignacio de Santa Theresa is known to have respected the native Goan clerics more than the Portuguese ones, whom he considered to be insolent and overbearing.[37]","title":"Discrimination against native Christians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ghar Wapsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghar_Wapsi"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Goa and Damaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Goa_and_Damaon"},{"link_name":"guru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru"},{"link_name":"ashram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashram"},{"link_name":"Masur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masur,_India"},{"link_name":"Satara district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satara_district"},{"link_name":"British Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Bombay"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Gauda and Kunbis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauda_and_Kunbi"},{"link_name":"Vaishnavite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavite"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masurkar-38"},{"link_name":"bhakti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti"},{"link_name":"pujas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masurkar-38"},{"link_name":"Shuddhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masurkar-38"},{"link_name":"Gaudas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauda_and_Kunbi"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shuddhi-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opo-40"},{"link_name":"Tiswadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiswadi"},{"link_name":"Ponda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponda,_Goa"},{"link_name":"Bicholim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicholim"},{"link_name":"Sattari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sattari"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-godbole-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gauda-43"}],"text":"Further information: Ghar WapsiIn the late 1920s in what was Portuguese Goa and Damaon, some prominent Hindu Goan Brahmins requested the Vinayak Maharaj Masurkar, a guru of an ashram in Masur, Satara district of British Bombay (present-day Maharashtra); to actively campaign for the 're-conversion' of Catholic Gauda and Kunbis to Vaishnavite Hinduism.[38] Masurkar accepted, and together with his disciples, subsequently toured Gauda villages singing devotional bhakti songs and performing pujas.[38] These means led a considerable number of Catholic Gaudas to declare willingness to come into the Hindu fold, and a Shuddhi ceremony was carefully prepared.[38] Their efforts was met with success when on 23 February 1928, many Catholic Gaudas were converted en masse to Hinduism in a Shuddhi ceremony, notwithstanding the vehement opposition of the Roman Catholic Church and the Portuguese authorities.[39] As part of their new religious identity, the converts were given Hindu names. However, the Portuguese government refused to grant them legal permission to change their names.[40] Around 4,851 Catholic Gaudas from Tiswadi, 2,174 from Ponda, 250 from Bicholim and 329 from Sattari became Hindus in this ceremony. The total number of Gauda converts was 7,815.[41] The existing Hindu Gauda community refused to accept these neo-Hindus back into their fold because their Catholic ancestors had not maintained caste purity, and the neo-Hindus were now alienated by their former Catholic coreligionists.[42] These neo-Hindus developed into a separate endogamous community, and are now referred to as Nav-Hindu Gaudas (New Hindu Gaudas).[43]","title":"Re-conversion of Gaudas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Annexation of Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rajesh_Ghadge_2015-46"},{"link_name":"Goans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goans"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THReligion-48"}],"text":"According to the 1909 statistics in the Catholic Encyclopedia, the total Catholic population in Portuguese controlled Goa was 293,628 out of a total population of 365,291 (80.33%).[44] Since 20th century, the percentage of the Christian population of Goa has been facing continual decline although the number of Christians has increased. This is caused by a combination of constant emigration of Christian Goans from Goa to cosmopolitan Indian cities and foreign countries (e.g. Portugal, United Kingdom)[45] along with the mass immigration of non-Christians from the rest of India since the Annexation of Goa by India.[46] (Ethnic Goans represent less than 50% of the state's residents.[47]) Currently, Christians constitute 366,130 of the total population of 1,458,545 in Goa (25.10%) according to the 2011 census.[48]","title":"Current status of Christianity"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Roger Crowley (2015). Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire. London: Faber and Faber.\nAnthony D’Costa (1965). The Christianisation of the Goa Islands 1510-1567. Bombay: Heras Institute.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Holm 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHolm1989"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"de Mendonça 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFde_Mendon%C3%A7a2002"},{"link_name":"55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC&pg=PA55"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Prabhu 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPrabhu1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"University of Pune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pune"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wojciehowski2011p215_7-0"},{"link_name":"Group Identity in the Renaissance World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=XRY6rgYan00C&pg=PA215"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-107-00360-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00360-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Inquisition and Interdisciplinary History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_AXXAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"de Mendonça 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFde_Mendon%C3%A7a2002"},{"link_name":"67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC&pg=PA67"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Borges & Stubbe 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBorgesStubbe2000"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Meersman_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Meersman_11-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Meersman_11-2"},{"link_name":"Meersman 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMeersman1971"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"de Mendonça 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFde_Mendon%C3%A7a2002"},{"link_name":"80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Prabhu 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPrabhu1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Divar_14-0"},{"link_name":"Gomes 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGomes1987"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rib_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rib_15-1"},{"link_name":"Mascarenhas 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cun"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Prabhu 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPrabhu1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Padinjarekutt 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPadinjarekutt2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"de Mendonça 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFde_Mendon%C3%A7a2002"},{"link_name":"397","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC&pg=PA397"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ChandrappaNaik_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ChandrappaNaik_19-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ChandrappaNaik_19-2"},{"link_name":"Prabhu 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPrabhu1999"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-VittuPrabhu_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-VittuPrabhu_20-1"},{"link_name":"de Sousa 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFde_Sousa2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Kudva 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKudva1972"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rangel_22-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rangel_22-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rangel_22-2"},{"link_name":"do Carmo Costa 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFdo_Carmo_Costa2003"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-benton123_23-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-benton123_23-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-benton123_23-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-benton123_23-3"},{"link_name":"Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400-1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=rZtjR9JnwYwC&pg=PA121"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-00926-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00926-3"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230801082726/https://books.google.com/books?id=rZtjR9JnwYwC&pg=PA121"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-souza2829_24-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-souza2829_24-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-souza2829_24-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-souza2829_24-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-souza2829_24-4"},{"link_name":"The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160505060958/http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-souza304_25-0"},{"link_name":"The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160505060958/http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-souza303_26-0"},{"link_name":"The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160505060958/http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-souza302_27-0"},{"link_name":"The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160505060958/http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bamonn_28-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bamonn_28-1"},{"link_name":"Gune & Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept 1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGuneGoa,_Daman_and_Diu_(India)._Gazetteer_Dept1979"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Gomes 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGomes1987"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"e Sá 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFe_S%C3%A11997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"Muthukumaraswamy, University of Madras. Dept. of Anthropology & National Folklore Support Centre (India) 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMuthukumaraswamyUniversity_of_Madras._Dept._of_AnthropologyNational_Folklore_Support_Centre_(India)2006"},{"link_name":"63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=lC6FCZ9VcaAC&pg=PA63"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Gomes 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGomes1987"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"Boxer 1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBoxer1963"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"de Souza 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFde_Souza1994"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gauddo_35-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gauddo_35-1"},{"link_name":"de Souza 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFde_Souza1989"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fernandes_36-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fernandes_36-1"},{"link_name":"Pinto 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPinto1999"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Colvale_37-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Colvale_37-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Colvale_37-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Colvale_37-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Colvale_37-4"},{"link_name":"de Souza 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFde_Souza1989"},{"link_name":"77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ruTu9oaUgUgC&pg=PA77"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Masurkar_38-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Masurkar_38-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Masurkar_38-2"},{"link_name":"Kreinath, Hartung & Deschner 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKreinathHartungDeschner2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-shuddhi_39-0"},{"link_name":"Ghai 1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGhai1990"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-opo_40-0"},{"link_name":"Ralhan 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRalhan1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-godbole_41-0"},{"link_name":"Godbole 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGodbole2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"Shirodkar & Mandal 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShirodkarMandal1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gauda_43-0"},{"link_name":"Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France) & Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCentre_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique_(France)Comiss%C3%A3o_Nacional_para_as_Comemora%C3%A7%C3%B5es_dos_Descobrimentos_Portugueses2001"},{"link_name":"458","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=e-0qpQGi0R4C&pg=PA458"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8166-4994-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4994-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rajesh_Ghadge_2015_46-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"\"Who belongs to Goa? This question resurfaces as the State battles the raging pandemic\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thehindu.com/society/who-belongs-to-goa-this-question-resurfaces-as-the-state-battles-the-raging-pandemic/article34554870.ece"},{"link_name":"The Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210602213112/https://www.thehindu.com/society/who-belongs-to-goa-this-question-resurfaces-as-the-state-battles-the-raging-pandemic/article34554870.ece"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-THReligion_48-0"},{"link_name":"\"India's religions by numbers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece"},{"link_name":"The Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160110201326/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece#"}],"text":"^ Holm 1989, p. 286\n\n^ de Mendonça 2002, p. 55\n\n^ Prabhu 1999, p. 154\n\n^ Machado, Dolcy M (29 April 2011). History and military importance of medieval Bassein and its surroundings. University of Pune.\n\n^ J. Cosme Costa (2009). Apostolic Christianity in Goa and in the West Coast. Goa: Xavierian Publication Society.\n\n^ Crowley, Roger (2015). Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire. London: Faber & Faber.\n\n^ Hannah Chapelle Wojciehowski (2011). Group Identity in the Renaissance World. Cambridge University Press. pp. 215–216 with footnotes 98–100. ISBN 978-1-107-00360-6.\n\n^ Gustav Henningsen; Marisa Rey-Henningsen (1979). Inquisition and Interdisciplinary History. Dansk folkemindesamling. p. 125.\n\n^ de Mendonça 2002, p. 67\n\n^ Borges & Stubbe 2000, p. 304\n\n^ a b c Meersman 1971, p. 107\n\n^ de Mendonça 2002, p. 80\n\n^ Prabhu 1999, p. 111\n\n^ Gomes 1987, p. 64\n\n^ a b Mascarenhas 2008\n\n^ Prabhu 1999, p. 101\n\n^ Padinjarekutt 2005, p. 99\n\n^ de Mendonça 2002, p. 397\n\n^ a b c Prabhu 1999, p. 133\n\n^ a b de Sousa 2011, p. 69\n\n^ Kudva 1972, p. 359\n\n^ a b c do Carmo Costa 2003, p. 12 \"Um fenómeno curioso aconteceu neste processo de conversão: por vezes, irmãos e pais convertidos, ou em momentos diferentes, ou por terem padrinhos diferentes, acabaram por adoptar apelidos diferentes. A título de exemplo, encontra-se numa escritura de 1594, como gancar da aldeia da Raia, Sebastião Barbosa, filho de Pero Parras; e num outro documento, de 1609, João Rangel, também gancar, filho do mesmo Pero Parras. Dois irmãos, um Rangel e um Barbosa, ambos filhos de um Parras.\" (\"A curious thing happened in this process of conversion: sometimes siblings and parents converted, or at different times, or having different sponsors, and ended up adopting different last names. For example, there is a deed of 1594, when a ganvkar (villager) of Raia, Sebastião Barbosa, shows up as the son of Pero Parras. In another document, in 1609, João Rangel, also a ganvkar (villager), turns out to be the son of the same Pero Parras. Two brothers, one a Rangel and one a Barbosa, both sons of a Parras!\")\n\n^ a b c d Lauren Benton (2002). Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400-1900. Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–123. ISBN 978-0-521-00926-3. Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2017.\n\n^ a b c d e Teotonio R. De Souza (2016). The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais (PDF). Lisbon: Grupo Lusofona. pp. 28–29. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2017.\n\n^ Teotonio R. De Souza (2016). The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais (PDF). Lisbon: Grupo Lusofona. pp. 28–30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2017.\n\n^ Teotonio R. De Souza (2016). The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais (PDF). Lisbon: Grupo Lusofona. pp. 28–30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2017.\n\n^ Teotonio R. De Souza (2016). The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais (PDF). Lisbon: Grupo Lusofona. pp. 28–30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2017.\n\n^ a b Gune & Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept 1979, p. 238\n\n^ Gomes 1987, p. 78\n\n^ e Sá 1997, p. 255\n\n^ Muthukumaraswamy, University of Madras. Dept. of Anthropology & National Folklore Support Centre (India) 2006, p. 63\n\n^ Gomes 1987, p. 79\n\n^ Boxer 1963, p. 75\n\n^ de Souza 1994, p. 144\n\n^ a b de Souza 1989, p. 71\n\n^ a b Pinto 1999, pp. 141–144\n\n^ a b c d e de Souza 1989, p. 77\n\n^ a b c Kreinath, Hartung & Deschner 2004, p. 163\n\n^ Ghai 1990, p. 103\n\n^ Ralhan 1998, pp. 304–305\n\n^ Godbole 2010, pp. 61–66\n\n^ Shirodkar & Mandal 1993, p. 23\n\n^ Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France) & Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses 2001, p. 458\n\n^ Ernest Hull (1909). \"Archdiocese of Goa\". Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.\n\n^ Saldhana, Arun (2007). Psychedelic White: Goa Trance and the Viscosity of Race. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-4994-5.\n\n^ Rajesh Ghadge (2015). The story of Goan Migration.\n\n^ Menezes, Vivek (15 May 2021). \"Who belongs to Goa? This question resurfaces as the State battles the raging pandemic\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2022.\n\n^ \"India's religions by numbers\". The Hindu (published 26 August 2015). 29 March 2016. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.","title":"Citations"}] | [{"image_text":"Chapel of Santa Catarina, built in Old Goa during Portuguese rule. It should not be confused with the Cathedral of Santa Catarina, also in Old Goa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Churcholdgoa_%2864%29.JPG/220px-Churcholdgoa_%2864%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Christian maidens of Goa meeting a Portuguese nobleman seeking a wife, from the Códice Casanatense (c. 1540)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg/220px-Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier taking leave of John III of Portugal before his departure to Goa in 1541, by Avelar Rebelo (1635)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png/250px-Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png"},{"image_text":"A view of the Se Cathedral","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/India_-_Goa_-_006_-_The_Se_Cathedral_%28342066113%29.jpg/220px-India_-_Goa_-_006_-_The_Se_Cathedral_%28342066113%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A typical white Sant Khuris (Holy Cross), of a Goan Catholic family, constructed in the style of Portuguese architecture","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Christian_shrine_outside_Sarzora_Village%2C_Goa%2C_India.jpg/220px-Christian_shrine_outside_Sarzora_Village%2C_Goa%2C_India.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Christianity in Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Goa"},{"title":"Christianity in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_India"},{"title":"Conspiracy of the Pintos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Pintos"},{"title":"Cuncolim Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuncolim_Massacre"},{"title":"Goa Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_Inquisition"},{"title":"Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sackings_of_Goa_and_Bombay-Bassein"},{"title":"Violence against Christians in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_against_Christians_in_India"}] | [{"reference":"Roger Crowley (2015). Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire. London: Faber and Faber.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Anthony D’Costa (1965). The Christianisation of the Goa Islands 1510-1567. Bombay: Heras Institute.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Machado, Dolcy M (29 April 2011). History and military importance of medieval Bassein and its surroundings. University of Pune.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pune","url_text":"University of Pune"}]},{"reference":"J. Cosme Costa (2009). Apostolic Christianity in Goa and in the West Coast. Goa: Xavierian Publication Society.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Crowley, Roger (2015). Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire. London: Faber & Faber.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hannah Chapelle Wojciehowski (2011). Group Identity in the Renaissance World. Cambridge University Press. pp. 215–216 with footnotes 98–100. ISBN 978-1-107-00360-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XRY6rgYan00C&pg=PA215","url_text":"Group Identity in the Renaissance World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00360-6","url_text":"978-1-107-00360-6"}]},{"reference":"Gustav Henningsen; Marisa Rey-Henningsen (1979). Inquisition and Interdisciplinary History. Dansk folkemindesamling. p. 125.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_AXXAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Inquisition and Interdisciplinary History"}]},{"reference":"Lauren Benton (2002). Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400-1900. Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–123. ISBN 978-0-521-00926-3. Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rZtjR9JnwYwC&pg=PA121","url_text":"Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400-1900"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00926-3","url_text":"978-0-521-00926-3"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230801082726/https://books.google.com/books?id=rZtjR9JnwYwC&pg=PA121","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Teotonio R. De Souza (2016). The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais (PDF). Lisbon: Grupo Lusofona. pp. 28–29. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf","url_text":"The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160505060958/http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Teotonio R. De Souza (2016). The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais (PDF). Lisbon: Grupo Lusofona. pp. 28–30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf","url_text":"The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160505060958/http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Teotonio R. De Souza (2016). The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais (PDF). Lisbon: Grupo Lusofona. pp. 28–30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf","url_text":"The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160505060958/http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Teotonio R. De Souza (2016). The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais (PDF). Lisbon: Grupo Lusofona. pp. 28–30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf","url_text":"The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160505060958/http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ernest Hull (1909). \"Archdiocese of Goa\". Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Saldhana, Arun (2007). Psychedelic White: Goa Trance and the Viscosity of Race. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-4994-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4994-5","url_text":"978-0-8166-4994-5"}]},{"reference":"Menezes, Vivek (15 May 2021). \"Who belongs to Goa? This question resurfaces as the State battles the raging pandemic\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/society/who-belongs-to-goa-this-question-resurfaces-as-the-state-battles-the-raging-pandemic/article34554870.ece","url_text":"\"Who belongs to Goa? This question resurfaces as the State battles the raging pandemic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213112/https://www.thehindu.com/society/who-belongs-to-goa-this-question-resurfaces-as-the-state-battles-the-raging-pandemic/article34554870.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"India's religions by numbers\". The Hindu (published 26 August 2015). 29 March 2016. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece","url_text":"\"India's religions by numbers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160110201326/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece#","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Borges, Charles J.; Stubbe, Hannes (2000). Borges, Charles J.; Stubbe, Hannes (eds.). Goa and Portugal: history and development. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-7022-867-7. Retrieved 14 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=diISslZgIAkC","url_text":"Goa and Portugal: history and development"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-867-7","url_text":"978-81-7022-867-7"}]},{"reference":"Boxer, Charles Ralph (1963). Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1415-1825. Clarendon Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rsRQAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1415-1825"}]},{"reference":"Bragança Pereira, A.B. (1920). O Sistema das Castas. Goa: Oriente Portuguese.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa","url_text":"Goa"}]},{"reference":"Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France); Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses (2001). Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France); Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses (eds.). Lusophonies asiatiques, Asiatiques en lusophonies. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 978-2-84586-146-6. Retrieved 3 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e-0qpQGi0R4C","url_text":"Lusophonies asiatiques, Asiatiques en lusophonies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84586-146-6","url_text":"978-2-84586-146-6"}]},{"reference":"da Cunha, José Gerson (1881). The Konkani language and literature. Asian Educational Services.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gerson_da_Cunha","url_text":"da Cunha, José Gerson"}]},{"reference":"de Sousa, Bernardo Elvino (2011). The Last Prabhu: A Hunt for Roots, DNA, Ancient Documents and Migration in Goa. Goa, 1556. ISBN 978-93-8073-915-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-8073-915-1","url_text":"978-93-8073-915-1"}]},{"reference":"de Souza, Teotonio R. (1994). Discoveries, missionary expansion, and Asian cultures. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-7022-497-6. Retrieved 3 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotonio_R._de_Souza","url_text":"de Souza, Teotonio R."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vtf1eRE8FC8C","url_text":"Discoveries, missionary expansion, and Asian cultures"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-497-6","url_text":"978-81-7022-497-6"}]},{"reference":"de Souza, Teotonio R. (1989). Essays in Goan history. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-7022-263-7. Retrieved 5 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotonio_R._de_Souza","url_text":"de Souza, Teotonio R."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ruTu9oaUgUgC","url_text":"Essays in Goan history"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-263-7","url_text":"978-81-7022-263-7"}]},{"reference":"de Souza, Teotonio R. (1990). Goa Through the Ages: An economic history. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-7022-259-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotonio_R._de_Souza","url_text":"de Souza, Teotonio R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-259-0","url_text":"978-81-7022-259-0"}]},{"reference":"de Souza, Teotonio R. (1979). Medieval Goa: a socio-economic history. Concept Publishing Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotonio_R._de_Souza","url_text":"de Souza, Teotonio R."}]},{"reference":"de Souza, Teotonio R. (1985). \"Spiritual Conquests of the East: A Critique of the Church History of Portuguese Asia (16th and 17th centuries)\". Indian Church History Review. 1. 19.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotonio_R._de_Souza","url_text":"de Souza, Teotonio R."}]},{"reference":"de Mendonça, Délio (2002). Conversions and citizenry: Goa under Portugal 1510–1610. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-7022-960-5. Retrieved 3 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC","url_text":"Conversions and citizenry: Goa under Portugal 1510–1610"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-960-5","url_text":"978-81-7022-960-5"}]},{"reference":"do Carmo Costa, Pedro (2003). \"Famílias Católicas Goesas: Entre Dois Mundos e Dois Referenciais de Nobreza\". Genealogia e Heráldica, n.o 9/10. Porto: Universidade Moderna do Porto.","urls":[]},{"reference":"e Sá, Mario Cabral (1997). Wind of Fire: The Music and Musicians of Goa. Promilla & Company. ISBN 978-81-85002-19-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fmefAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Wind of Fire: The Music and Musicians of Goa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85002-19-4","url_text":"978-81-85002-19-4"}]},{"reference":"Ghai, R.K. (1990). Shuddhi movement in India: a study of its socio-political dimensions. Commonwealth Publishers. ISBN 81-7169-042-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7169-042-4","url_text":"81-7169-042-4"}]},{"reference":"Godbole, Shriranga (2010). Govyatil margadarshak shuddhikarya. Pune: Sanskrutik Vartapatra. p. 112.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gomes, Olivinho (1987). Village Goa: a study of Goan social structure and change. S. Chand.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gune, Vithal Trimbak; Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept (1979). Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: district gazetteer, Volume 1. Gazetteer Dept., Govt. of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Holm, John A. (1989). Pidgins and Creoles: References survey. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35940-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35940-5","url_text":"978-0-521-35940-5"}]},{"reference":"Kreinath, Jens; Hartung, Constance; Deschner, Annette (2004). Kreinath, Jens; Hartung, Constance; Deschner, Annette (eds.). The dynamics of changing rituals: the transformation of religious rituals within their social and cultural context. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-6826-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-6826-6","url_text":"978-0-8204-6826-6"}]},{"reference":"Kudva, Venkataraya Narayan (1972). History of the Dakshinatya Saraswats. Samyukta Gowda Saraswata Sabha.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Muthukumaraswamy, M. D.; University of Madras. Dept. of Anthropology; National Folklore Support Centre (India) (2006). Muthukumaraswamy, M. D.; University of Madras. Dept. of Anthropology; National Folklore Support Centre (India) (eds.). Folklore as discourse. National Folklore Support Centre. ISBN 978-81-901481-6-0. Retrieved 25 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lC6FCZ9VcaAC","url_text":"Folklore as discourse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-901481-6-0","url_text":"978-81-901481-6-0"}]},{"reference":"Mascarenhas, Nascimento (6 August 2008), Establishing one's roots, Saligao Seranade, archived from the original on 6 October 2011, retrieved 15 April 2011","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111006053814/http://www.saligaoserenade.com/2008/08/06/establishing-ones-roots/","url_text":"Establishing one's roots"},{"url":"http://www.saligaoserenade.com/2008/08/06/establishing-ones-roots/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Meersman, Achilles (1971). The ancient Franciscan provinces in India, 1500–1835. Christian Literature Society Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Padinjarekutt, Isaac (2005). Christianity Through The Centuries. St Pauls BYB. ISBN 978-81-7109-727-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7109-727-2","url_text":"978-81-7109-727-2"}]},{"reference":"Pinto, Pius Fidelis (1999). History of Christians in coastal Karnataka, 1500–1763 A.D. Mangalore: Samanvaya Prakashan.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_Fidelis_Pinto","url_text":"Pinto, Pius Fidelis"}]},{"reference":"Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999). Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians. I.J.A. Publications. ISBN 978-81-86778-25-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86778-25-8","url_text":"978-81-86778-25-8"}]},{"reference":"Ralhan, Om Prakash (1998). Post-independence India: Indian National Congress, Volumes 33–50. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. ISBN 978-81-7488-865-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7488-865-5","url_text":"978-81-7488-865-5"}]},{"reference":"Shirodkar, Dr Prakashchandra; Mandal, H. K. (1993), Kumar Suresh Singh (ed.), Anthropological Survey of India, People of India, vol. 21: Goa, Popular Prakashan, ISBN 978-81-7154-760-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-760-9","url_text":"978-81-7154-760-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC&pg=PA55","external_links_name":"55"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XRY6rgYan00C&pg=PA215","external_links_name":"Group Identity in the Renaissance World"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_AXXAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Inquisition and Interdisciplinary History"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC&pg=PA67","external_links_name":"67"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC","external_links_name":"80"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC&pg=PA397","external_links_name":"397"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rZtjR9JnwYwC&pg=PA121","external_links_name":"Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400-1900"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230801082726/https://books.google.com/books?id=rZtjR9JnwYwC&pg=PA121","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf","external_links_name":"The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160505060958/http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf","external_links_name":"The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160505060958/http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf","external_links_name":"The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160505060958/http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf","external_links_name":"The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160505060958/http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/jspui/bitstream/10437/509/1/PortuGoa.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lC6FCZ9VcaAC&pg=PA63","external_links_name":"63"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ruTu9oaUgUgC&pg=PA77","external_links_name":"77"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e-0qpQGi0R4C&pg=PA458","external_links_name":"458"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/society/who-belongs-to-goa-this-question-resurfaces-as-the-state-battles-the-raging-pandemic/article34554870.ece","external_links_name":"\"Who belongs to Goa? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Renqiong | Song Renqiong | ["1 Biography","2 Death","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Bibliography"] | In this Chinese name, the family name is Song.
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Song Renqiong宋任穷Personal detailsBorn11 July 1909Liuyang, Hunan, ChinaDied8 January 2005 (aged 95)Beijing, ChinaAwards
Order of Bayi (First Class Medal)
Order of Independence and Freedom (First Class Medal)
Order of Liberation (First Class Medal)
Military serviceBranch/service People's Liberation ArmyRank General of People's Liberation Army
Song Renqiong (Chinese: 宋任穷; pinyin: Sòng Rènqióng; Wade–Giles: Sung Jen-ch'iung; 11 July 1909 – 8 January 2005), born Song Yunqin (Chinese: 宋韵琴; pinyin: Sòng Yùnqín), was a general in the People's Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and one of the Eight Elders of the Chinese Communist Party.
Biography
Song Renqiong was born in Liuyang, Hunan Province in 1909.
During the Second Sino-Japanese War, he was the vice director of the political department of the 129th Division. Toward the end of the Chinese Civil War, he was the vice political commissar of the Northeastern Field Army.
After the establishment of the PRC in 1949, he was the secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s committee in Yunnan Province, Vice Secretary of the Southwestern Bureau of the CCP, Vice Secretary-general of the CCP Central Committee, minister of No. 2, No. 3 and No. 7 Mechanical Industry Department, and No. 1 Secretary of the Northeastern Bureau of CCP. He was the Vice Chairman of the 4th and 5th National Political Consultative Conference. He was an alternative member of the Politburo of the 8th CCP Central Committee, a Secretary of the Central Secretariat of the 11th CCP Central Committee, and a Politburo member of the 12th. Like many others, he was purged during the Cultural Revolution and rehabilitated after Mao's death. He was the vice-chairman of the PRC's Central Advisory Committee and served under Deng Xiaoping. Although the commission was in theory a council of retired elders with no official power, members effectively held veto power over major policies and personnel affairs. During the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, Song was one of the most ardent supporters of Deng, who decided to use violence to crush the student movement. He was one of the influential Chinese leaders during the 80s and is considered to be one of the Eight Elders of the Chinese Communist Party.
Song Renqiong retired from politics after the Central Advisory Committee was abolished in October 1992.
Death
He died aged 95, on 8 January 2005 in Beijing, following an illness. Though Song Renqiong had died before Zhao Ziyang, he had requested that his floral wreath and elegiac couplet appear in Zhao's funeral. His funeral was held on 15 January. The highest Chinese officials, including Hu Jintao and Jiang Zemin, attended his funeral. The Chinese media reported Song as "an outstanding member of the Communist Party, a great Communist soldier, a remarkable proletarian revolutionary and a prominent leader of the party's political work."
See also
List of officers of the People's Liberation Army
References
Citations
^ Bartke 2012, p. 406.
Bibliography
Bartke, Wolfgang (2012) . "Biographies P-Z". Who was Who in the People's Republic of China: With more than 3100 Portraits. Vol. 2. Munich: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-096823-1.
Political offices
Preceded bynone
Secretary of the CCP Yunnan Committee 1950–1952
Succeeded byXie Fuzhi
Preceded byHu Yaobang
Head of CCP Central Organization Department 1978–1983
Succeeded byQiao Shi
vte12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (1982–1987)Standing Committee
Hu Yaobang (General Secretary until Jan 1987)
Ye Jianying (retired Sep 1985)
Deng Xiaoping
Zhao Ziyang (Acting General Secretary after Jan 1987)
Li Xiannian
Chen Yun
Other membersin surname stroke orderBefore 5th Plenum(Sep 1985)
Wan Li
Xi Zhongxun
Wang Zhen
Wei Guoqing
Ulanhu
Fang Yi
Deng Yingchao
Li Desheng
Yang Shangkun
Yang Dezhi
Yu Qiuli
Song Renqiong
Zhang Tingfa
Hu Qiaomu
Nie Rongzhen
Ni Zhifu
Xu Xiangqian
Peng Zhen
Liao Chengzhi (died June 1983)
After 5th Plenum
Wan Li
Xi Zhongxun
Fang Yi
Tian Jiyun
Qiao Shi
Li Peng
Yang Shangkun
Yang Dezhi
Wu Xueqian
Yu Qiuli
Hu Qiaomu
Hu Qili
Yao Yilin
Ni Zhifu
Peng Zhen
Alternate members
Yao Yilin (full member Sep 1985)
Qin Jiwei
Chen Muhua
7th→8th→9th→10th→11th→12th→13th→14th→15th→16th→17th→18th→19th→20th
vte8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (1956–1969)Before 11th Plenum(Aug 1966)Standing Committee(PSC)
Mao Zedong (Chairman)
Liu Shaoqi (Vice-Chairman)
Zhou Enlai (Vice-Chairman)
Zhu De (Vice-Chairman)
Chen Yun (Vice-Chairman)
Lin Biao (added May 1958, Vice-Chairman)
Deng Xiaoping (General Secretary)
Other membersin surname stroke order
Lin Boqu (died May 1960)
Lin Biao (to PSC May 1958)
Dong Biwu
Peng Zhen
Luo Ronghuan (died Dec 1963)
Chen Yi
Li Fuchun
Peng Dehuai
Liu Bocheng
He Long
Li Xiannian
Ke Qingshi (added May 1958, died Apr 1965)
Li Jingquan (added May 1958)
Tan Zhenlin (added May 1958)
Alternate members
Ulanhu
Zhang Wentian
Lu Dingyi
Chen Boda
Kang Sheng
Bo Yibo
After 11th PlenumStanding Committee
Mao Zedong (Chairman)
Lin Biao (Vice-Chairman)
Zhou Enlai
Tao Zhu (purged Jan 1967)
Chen Boda
Deng Xiaoping (purged Jan 1967)
Kang Sheng
Liu Shaoqi (purged Jan 1967)
Zhu De
Li Fuchun
Chen Yun
Other membersin surname stroke order
Dong Biwu
Chen Yi
Liu Bocheng
He Long (purged Sep 1967)
Li Xiannian
Li Jingquan (purged Jan 1967)
Tan Zhenlin (purged Aug 1967)
Xu Xiangqian
Nie Rongzhen
Ye Jianying
Alternate members
Ulanhu (purged Aug 1966)
Bo Yibo (purged Jan 1967)
Li Xuefeng
Song Renqiong (purged Aug 1967)
Xie Fuzhi
7th→8th→9th→10th→11th→12th→13th→14th→15th→16th→17th→18th→19th→20th
vteFounding generals of the People's Liberation Army
Chen Bojun
Chen Mingren (awarded 1955)
Chen Qihan
Chen Shiju (陈士榘)
Chen Xilian
Chen Zaidao
Deng Hua
Dong Qiwu
Fu Qiutao
Fu Zhong
Gan Siqi
Guo Tianmin
Han Xianchu
He Bingyan
Hong Xuezhi
Huang Yongsheng
Lai Chuanzhu
Li Da
Li Jukui (awarded 1958)
Li Kenong
Li Tao (李涛)
Li Tianyou
Li Zhimin
Liu Yalou
Liu Zhen
Lü Zhengcao
Peng Shaohui
Song Renqiong
Song Shilun
Su Zhenhua
Tang Liang
Tao Zhiyue
Ulanhu
Wang Hongkun (王宏坤)
Wang Jian'an (awarded 1956)
Wang Ping (王平)
Wang Xinting
Wang Zhen
Wei Guoqing
Xiao Hua
Xiao Ke
Xie Fuzhi
Xu Shiyou
Yan Hongyan
Yang Chengwu
Yang Dezhi
Yang Yong
Yang Zhicheng (杨至成)
Ye Fei
Zhang Aiping
Zhang Zongxun
Zhao Erlu
Zhong Qiguang (钟期光)
Zhou Chunquan
Zhou Huan (周桓)
Zhou Shidi
Zhu Liangcai
vteVice Chairpersons of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference1st(1949–1954)
Zhou Enlai
Li Jishen
Shen Junru
Guo Moruo
Chen Shutong
2nd(1954–1959)
Soong Ching-ling
Dong Biwu
Li Jishen
Zhang Lan
Guo Moruo
Peng Zhen
Shen Junru
Huang Yanpei
He Xiangning
Li Weihan
Li Siguang
Chen Shutong
Zhang Bojun (removed 1956)
Tan Kah Kee
Choekyi Gyaltsen, Panchen Erdeni
Burhan Shahidi (added 1958)
3rd(1959–1965)
Peng Zhen
Li Jishen
Guo Moruo
Shen Junru
Huang Yanpei
Li Weihan (removed 1964)
Li Siguang
Chen Shutong
Tan Kah Kee
Burhan Shahidi
Chen Yi
Kang Sheng
Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai
Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme
He Xiangning (added 1960)
4th(1965–1978)
Peng Zhen
Chen Yi
Ye Jianying
Huang Yanpei
Chen Shutong
Liu Lantao
Song Renqiong
Xu Bing
Gao Chongmin
Cai Tingkai
Wei Guoqing
Deng Zihui
Li Siguang
Fu Zuoyi
Teng Daiyuan
Xie Juezai
Mao Dun
Li Zhuchen
Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai
Xu Deheng
Li Dequan
Ma Xulun
5th(1978–1983)
Ulanhu
Wei Guoqing
Peng Chong
Zhao Ziyang
Guo Moruo
Song Renqiong
Mao Dun
Xu Deheng
Ouyang Qin
Shi Liang
Zhu Yunshan
Kang Keqing
Ji Fang
Wang Shoudao
Yang Jingren
Zhang Chong
Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai
Zhou Jianren
Zhuang Xiquan
Hu Zi'ang
Rong Yiren
Tong Dizhou
Liu Lantao (added; secretary-general)
Lu Dingyi (added)
Li Weihan (added)
Hu Yuzhi (added)
Wang Kunlun (added)
Choekyi Gyaltsen, Panchen Erdeni (added)
He Changgong (added)
Xiao Ke (added)
Cheng Zihua (added)
Yang Xiufeng (added)
Sha Qianli (added)
Burhan Shahidi (added)
Zhou Peiyuan (added)
Qian Changzhao (added)
Liu Fei (added)
Dong Qiwu (added)
6th(1983–1988)
Yang Jingren
Liu Lantao
Lu Dingyi
Cheng Zihua
Kang Keqing
Ji Fang
Zhuang Xiquan
Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai
Hu Zi'ang
Wang Kunlun
Qian Changzhao
Dong Qiwu
Tao Zhiyue
Zhou Shutao
Yang Chengwu
Xiao Hua
Chen Zaidao
Lü Zhengcao
Zhou Jianren
Zhou Peiyuan
Burhan Shahidi
Miao Yuntai
Wang Guangying
Deng Zhaoxiang
Fei Xiaotong
Zhao Puchu
Ye Shengtao
Qu Wu
Ba Jin
Ma Wenrui (added)
Mao Yisheng (added)
Liu Jingji (added)
Hua Luogeng (added)
Wang Enmao (added)
Qian Xuesen (added)
Lei Jieqiong (added)
Wang Feng (added)
Qian Weichang (added)
7th(1988–1993)
Wang Renzhong
Yan Mingfu
Fang Yi
Gu Mu
Yang Jingren
Kang Keqing
Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai
Hu Zi'ang
Qian Changzhao
Zhou Peiyuan
Miao Yuntai
Wang Guangying
Deng Zhaoxiang
Zhao Puchu
Qu Wu
Ba Jin
Ma Wenrui
Liu Jingji
Wang Enmao
Qian Xuesen
Qian Weichang
Hu Sheng
Sun Xiaocun
Cheng Siyuan
Lu Jiaxi
Qian Zhengying
Su Buqing
Ismail Amat
Hou Jingru (added)
K. H. Ting (added)
Hong Xuezhi (added)
Ye Xuanping (added)
8th(1993–1998)
Ye Xuanping
Wu Xueqian
Yang Rudai
Wang Zhaoguo
Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme
Saifuddin Azizi
Hong Xuezhi
Yang Jingren
Zhou Peiyuan
Deng Zhaoxiang
Zhao Puchu
Ba Jin
Liu Jingji
Qian Xuesen
Qian Weichang
Hu Sheng
Qian Zhengying
Su Buqing
Hou Jingru
K. H. Ting
Dong Yinchu
Sun Fuling
Ann Tse-kai
Henry Fok
Ma Man-kei
Zhu Guangya (added)
Wan Guoquan (added)
He Luli (added)
9th(1998–2003)
Ye Xuanping
Yang Rudai
Wang Zhaoguo
Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme
Zhao Puchu
Ba Jin
Qian Weichang
Lu Jiaxi
Ren Jianxin
Song Jian
Li Guixian
Chen Junsheng
Zhang Siqing
Qian Zhengying
K. H. Ting
Sun Fuling
Ann Tse-kai
Henry Fok
Ma Man-kei
Zhu Guangya
Wan Guoquan
Hu Qili
Chen Jinhua
Zhao Nanqi
Mao Zhiyong
Bai Lichen
Jing Shuping
Luo Haocai
Zhang Kehui
Zhou Tienong
Wang Wenyuan
10th(2003–2008)
Wang Zhongyu
Liao Hui
Liu Yandong
Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme
Ba Jin
Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai
Li Guixian
Zhang Siqing
K. H. Ting
Henry Fok
Ma Man-kei
Bai Lichen
Luo Haocai
Zhang Kehui
Zhou Tienong
Hao Jianxiu
Chen Kuiyuan
Ablet Abdureshit
Xu Kuangdi
Li Zhaozhuo
Huang Mengfu
Wang Xuan
Zhang Huaixi
Li Meng
Tung Chee-hwa (added 2005)
Zhang Meiying (added 2005)
Zhang Rongming (added 2005)
11th(2008–2013)
Wang Gang
Liao Hui
Du Qinglin
Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme
Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai
Ma Man-kei
Bai Lichen
Chen Kuiyuan
Ablet Abdureshit
Li Zhaozhuo
Huang Mengfu
Tung Chee-hwa
Zhang Meiying
Zhang Rongming
Qian Yunlu (secretary-general)
Sun Jiazheng
Li Jinhua
Zheng Wantong
Deng Pufang
Wan Gang
Lin Wenyi
Li Wuwei
Luo Fuhe
Chen Zongxing
Wang Zhizhen
Edmund Ho (added 2010)
12th(2013–2018)
Du Qinglin
Ling Jihua (removed 2015)
Han Qide
Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai
Tung Chee-hwa
Wan Gang
Lin Wenyi
Luo Fuhe
Edmund Ho
Zhang Qingli (secretary-general)
Li Haifeng
Su Rong (removed 2014)
Chen Yuan
Lu Zhangong
Zhou Xiaochuan
Wang Jiarui
Wang Zhengwei
Ma Biao
Qi Xuchun
Chen Xiaoguang
Ma Peihua
Liu Xiaofeng
Wang Qinmin
Leung Chun-ying (added 2017)
13th(2018–2023)
Zhang Qingli
Liu Qibao
Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai
Tung Chee-hwa
Wan Gang
Edmund Ho
Lu Zhangong
Wang Zhengwei
Ma Biao
Chen Xiaoguang
Leung Chun-ying
Xia Baolong (secretary-general)
Yang Chuantang
Li Bin (secretary-general)
Bagatur
Wang Yongqing
He Lifeng
Su Hui
Zheng Jianbang
Gu Shengzu
Liu Xincheng
He Wei
Shao Hong
Gao Yunlong
14th(2023–present)
Shi Taifeng
Hu Chunhua
Shen Yueyue
Wang Yong
Zhou Qiang
Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai
Edmund Ho
Leung Chun-ying
Bagatur
Su Hui
Shao Hong
Gao Yunlong
Chen Wu
Mu Hong
Xian Hui
Wang Dongfeng (secretary-general)
Jiang Xinzhi
Jiang Zuojun
He Baoxiang
Wang Guangqian
Qin Boyong
Zhu Yongxin
Yang Zhen
vtePolitical leaders of Yunnan since 1949Party CommitteeSecretaries
Song Renqiong
Xie Fuzhi
Yan Hongyan
Zhou Xing
Jia Qiyun
An Pingsheng
Pu Chaozhu
Gao Yan
Linghu An
Bai Enpei
Qin Guangrong
Li Jiheng
Chen Hao
Ruan Chengfa
Wang Ning
CongressChairpersons
An Pingsheng
Liu Minghui
Li Guiying
Yin Jun
Bai Enpei
Qin Guangrong
Li Jiheng
Chen Hao
Ruan Chengfa
Wang Ning
Governors
Chen Geng
Guo Yingqiu
Yu Yichuan
Zhou Xing
Tan Furen
Zhou Xing
Jia Qiyun
An Pingsheng
Liu Minghui
Pu Chaozhu
He Zhiqiang
Li Jiating
Xu Rongkai
Qin Guangrong
Li Jiheng
Chen Hao
Ruan Chengfa
Wang Yubo
ConferenceChairpersons
Xie Fuzhi
Liu Minghui
Yan Hongyan
An Pingsheng
Li Qiming
Zhu Jiabi
Liang Jia
Liu Shusheng
Linghu An
Yang Chonghui
Wang Xueren
Luo Zhengfu
Li Jiang
Liu Xiaokai
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Netherlands
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_(Chinese_surname)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Wade–Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China (PRC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Eight Elders of the Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Elders"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Song.Song Renqiong (Chinese: 宋任穷; pinyin: Sòng Rènqióng; Wade–Giles: Sung Jen-ch'iung; 11 July 1909 – 8 January 2005), born Song Yunqin (Chinese: 宋韵琴; pinyin: Sòng Yùnqín), was a general in the People's Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and one of the Eight Elders of the Chinese Communist Party.","title":"Song Renqiong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liuyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuyang"},{"link_name":"Hunan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartke2012406-1"},{"link_name":"Second Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Chinese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Party (CCP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Yunnan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan"},{"link_name":"Cultural Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Central Advisory Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Advisory_Committee"},{"link_name":"Deng Xiaoping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping"},{"link_name":"Tiananmen Square protests of 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989"},{"link_name":"Eight Elders of the Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Elders"},{"link_name":"Central Advisory Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Advisory_Committee"}],"text":"Song Renqiong was born in Liuyang, Hunan Province in 1909.[1]During the Second Sino-Japanese War, he was the vice director of the political department of the 129th Division. Toward the end of the Chinese Civil War, he was the vice political commissar of the Northeastern Field Army.After the establishment of the PRC in 1949, he was the secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s committee in Yunnan Province, Vice Secretary of the Southwestern Bureau of the CCP, Vice Secretary-general of the CCP Central Committee, minister of No. 2, No. 3 and No. 7 Mechanical Industry Department, and No. 1 Secretary of the Northeastern Bureau of CCP. He was the Vice Chairman of the 4th and 5th National Political Consultative Conference. He was an alternative member of the Politburo of the 8th CCP Central Committee, a Secretary of the Central Secretariat of the 11th CCP Central Committee, and a Politburo member of the 12th. Like many others, he was purged during the Cultural Revolution and rehabilitated after Mao's death. He was the vice-chairman of the PRC's Central Advisory Committee and served under Deng Xiaoping. Although the commission was in theory a council of retired elders with no official power, members effectively held veto power over major policies and personnel affairs. During the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, Song was one of the most ardent supporters of Deng, who decided to use violence to crush the student movement. He was one of the influential Chinese leaders during the 80s and is considered to be one of the Eight Elders of the Chinese Communist Party.Song Renqiong retired from politics after the Central Advisory Committee was abolished in October 1992.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Zhao Ziyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang"},{"link_name":"Hu Jintao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao"},{"link_name":"Jiang Zemin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin"}],"text":"He died aged 95, on 8 January 2005 in Beijing, following an illness. Though Song Renqiong had died before Zhao Ziyang, he had requested that his floral wreath and elegiac couplet appear in Zhao's funeral. His funeral was held on 15 January. The highest Chinese officials, including Hu Jintao and Jiang Zemin, attended his funeral. The Chinese media reported Song as \"an outstanding member of the Communist Party, a great Communist soldier, a remarkable proletarian revolutionary and a prominent leader of the party's political work.\"","title":"Death"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of officers of the People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_officers_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army"}] | [{"reference":"Bartke, Wolfgang (2012) [1997]. \"Biographies P-Z\". Who was Who in the People's Republic of China: With more than 3100 Portraits. Vol. 2. Munich: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-096823-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4XshAAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Who was Who in the People's Republic of China: With more than 3100 Portraits"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Gruyter","url_text":"Walter de Gruyter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-096823-1","url_text":"978-3-11-096823-1"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Song_Renqiong&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Song+Renqiong%22","external_links_name":"\"Song Renqiong\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Song+Renqiong%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Song+Renqiong%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Song+Renqiong%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Song+Renqiong%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Song+Renqiong%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4XshAAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Who was Who in the People's Republic of China: With more than 3100 Portraits"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/284118152","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfRBK3jhHGRpWbKjxQcyd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p292031920","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/242839037","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_Publishing | Lion Hudson | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lion Hudson" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Lion HudsonParent companySPCK GroupFounded2017FounderDavid DorricottCountry of originEnglandHeadquarters locationOxford, EnglandDistributionMarston Book Services (UK), Koorong, Trafalgar Square Publishing (US)Key peopleSuzanne Wilson-Higgins, Managing Director; Caroline Gregory, Finance & Shared Services Director.Publication typesChildren's Bible Retelling, books, literature, ebooks, audio booksNonfiction topicsReligion, ChristianityFiction genresLiteratureImprintsLion Books; Lion Scholar; Lion Children's Books; Lion Fiction; Candle Books; Monarch BooksNo. of employees27Official websitewww.lionhudson.com
Lion Hudson is UK's largest publisher of children's Christian books. It is based in Oxford, United Kingdom.
It had its origins as Lion Publishing (founded in 1971) and Hudson International (founded in 1977) which merged to become Lion Hudson PLC in 2003. The company became owned by the AFD Group in the Isle of Man in August 2017 upon the acquisition of the assets of "Lion Hudson PLC in administration" (now liquidated).
Lion Hudson was purchased by SPCK in 2021 and is now an imprint of SPCK.
See also
UK children's book publishers
Children's literature portal
References
^ "Marston Book Services". Retrieved 4 December 2017.
^ "Lion Hudson Ltd -".
^ "Lion Hudson". Independent Publishers Group.
^ "SPCK buys Lion Hudson's publishing business". The Bookseller.
^ "SPCK buys Lion Hudson's publishing business". The Bookseller.
External links
Official website
Authority control databases
VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"SPCK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Promoting_Christian_Knowledge"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Lion Hudson is UK's largest publisher of children's Christian books.[3][4] It is based in Oxford, United Kingdom.It had its origins as Lion Publishing (founded in 1971) and Hudson International (founded in 1977) which merged to become Lion Hudson PLC in 2003. The company became owned by the AFD Group in the Isle of Man in August 2017 upon the acquisition of the assets of \"Lion Hudson PLC in administration\" (now liquidated).Lion Hudson was purchased by SPCK in 2021[5] and is now an imprint of SPCK.","title":"Lion Hudson"}] | [] | [{"title":"UK children's book publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_children%27s_book_publishers"},{"title":"Children's literature portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Children%27s_literature"}] | [{"reference":"\"Marston Book Services\". Retrieved 4 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marston.co.uk/marston-client-list/","url_text":"\"Marston Book Services\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lion Hudson Ltd -\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lionhudson.com/page/international/","url_text":"\"Lion Hudson Ltd -\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lion Hudson\". Independent Publishers Group.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ipgbook.com/lion-hudson-publisher-LIP.php","url_text":"\"Lion Hudson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Publishers_Group","url_text":"Independent Publishers Group"}]},{"reference":"\"SPCK buys Lion Hudson's publishing business\". The Bookseller.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebookseller.com/news/spck-buys-lion-hudson-become-uks-biggest-publisher-1256461","url_text":"\"SPCK buys Lion Hudson's publishing business\""}]},{"reference":"\"SPCK buys Lion Hudson's publishing business\". The Bookseller.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebookseller.com/news/spck-buys-lion-hudson-become-uks-biggest-publisher-1256461","url_text":"\"SPCK buys Lion Hudson's publishing business\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lion+Hudson%22","external_links_name":"\"Lion Hudson\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lion+Hudson%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lion+Hudson%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lion+Hudson%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lion+Hudson%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lion+Hudson%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.lionhudson.com/","external_links_name":"www.lionhudson.com"},{"Link":"http://www.marston.co.uk/marston-client-list/","external_links_name":"\"Marston Book Services\""},{"Link":"http://www.lionhudson.com/page/international/","external_links_name":"\"Lion Hudson Ltd -\""},{"Link":"http://www.ipgbook.com/lion-hudson-publisher-LIP.php","external_links_name":"\"Lion Hudson\""},{"Link":"https://www.thebookseller.com/news/spck-buys-lion-hudson-become-uks-biggest-publisher-1256461","external_links_name":"\"SPCK buys Lion Hudson's publishing business\""},{"Link":"https://www.thebookseller.com/news/spck-buys-lion-hudson-become-uks-biggest-publisher-1256461","external_links_name":"\"SPCK buys Lion Hudson's publishing business\""},{"Link":"http://www.lionhudson.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/302348673","external_links_name":"VIAF"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trellix_(1995%E2%80%932004) | Trellix (1995–2004) | ["1 Trellix Web","2 Trellix Web Express","3 Interland","4 Notes","5 External links"] | Internet software company
This article is about the defunct web hosting company. For the cyber security company, see Trellix.
Trellix was a software company whose products allowed web users to set up personal websites with the use of online publishing tools.
Located in Concord, Massachusetts, the company was founded in 1997 and was purchased by Interland (now Web.com) in 2003.
In March, 2004 Interland closed the Trellix subsidiary.
Trellix Web
Founded in 1995 by software pioneer Dan Bricklin, Trellix's first product was Trellix, a program designed to allow companies to develop and manage information on corporate intranets. Many users of the program desired to use this same idea to create personal websites. This led to the creation of Trellix Web (codenamed "Brooklyn"), a downloadable, client-based software tool. Trellix offered several versions of Trellix Web software:
Free versions (2.0–2.7) that would publish only to specific web publishers with which Trellix had arranged business deals, such as Fortune City and Tripod. Dozens of co-branded versions of the free Trellix Web software were released for various business partners, the most popular of which was included with Dell and HP computers and with Corel's WordPerfect with v 2.0.
Paid versions. The paid versions were available online sold directly by Trellix, and sold with a book: Trellix Web Site Creation Kit book (with CD-ROM) had two different versions. Though similar, the publishing options were completely different.
Prentice Hall Edition of 2.7PA allowed the user to define a host (per page 121)
Prentice Hall Edition of 2.7 version, like the free version of the software, was tied to only certain hosts.
The only version of Trellix that was sold to consumers was 2.7 and only the Publish Anywhere (PA) version allowed the user to define the host. Version 2.7PA was not included in bundled software packages and it is the only version of Trellix that can still publish to new sites.
Eventually, Trellix completely abandoned development of "Trellix Web" in favor of "Trellix Web Express", the online software, selling the rights to "Trellix Web" to GlobalSCAPE, Inc. so the product could be sold under the name CuteSITE Builder (CSB). This software was sold as version 3, 4 and 5, but was discontinued June 30, 2006 which ended the line of PC installed Trellix software.
Support for the free and paid versions of the PC software is still available on free support sites and forums.
Trellix Web Express
In 2001, Trellix developed Trellix Web Express, a web-based version of the Trellix Web software, based in part on software purchased from Lycos' Tripod.com division. (This deal was structured such that Tripod, at the time one of the largest homepage providers online, would be the initial licensee of the new product.) Utilizing JavaScript and allowing published changes to be seen in real-time, Trellix Web Express was designed to be easy-to-use without having to download a fairly large client program. Some free Web portals still use Trellix Web Express, although it is often co-branded to remove the Trellix name from the product.
At its peak, Trellix developed the Web Express product in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. However, work on the non-English versions was not profitable and was discontinued after the 3.x release.
By 2003, EarthLink was offering use of Trellix Site Builder to its customers.
In 2007 Trellix Web Express appeared as "Site Builder" or "Trellix Site Builder". The corresponding web site www.trellix.com now links directly to the offers of Web.com.
Trellix also licensed the rights to Blogger, a popular blog-development tool, in April 2001.
Interland
In 2003, Web hosting company Interland, which changed its name to Web.com after buying the company with that name, purchased Trellix, and continues to use patented products of Trellix today. As of June 30, 2006, Web.com refused to continue the licensing arrangement with GlobalSCAPE for the PC installed version of the Trellix Web software, retitled CuteSITE Builder (CSB), per notice posted on the GlobalSCAPE support forum.
Notes
^ a b David F. Gallagher (April 16, 2001). "Popular Web Publishing Service to Get Help From Trellix". The New York Times. Dan Bricklin, the founder and chief technical officer of Trellix
^ a b c Larry Magid (December 18, 2003). "Setting Out the Welcome Mat at Your Home on the Web". The New York Times. .. to create .. web pages with a tool called Trellix Site Builder.
^ Soule, Alexander (March 22, 2004). "Interland sheds Bricklin's Trellix unit". Boston Business Journal. Retrieved July 24, 2007.
^ "Trellix vs CuteSite Builder". GlobalSCAPE. Retrieved July 24, 2007.
^ "Trellix Site Builder -vs- Globalscape's CuteSITE Builder". www.csbsupport.com. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
^ a b "CSB, in my humble opinion..." Conway, Samantha. Retrieved July 24, 2007.
^ "Trellix Site Builder Website Packages". Identity Website Hosting, Inc. Retrieved July 24, 2007. The site says in the META tag "description": "Do-It-Yourself Web Design. Be your own web designer with Trellix Site Builder powered by Trellix Web Express."
^ "Website, Web building, Website design made easy with Trellix from Web.com". Web.com. Retrieved July 24, 2007.
External links
Blogger/Trellix press release
Web.com
GlobalSCAPE
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Many users of the program desired to use this same idea to create personal websites. This led to the creation of Trellix Web (codenamed \"Brooklyn\"), a downloadable, client-based software tool. Trellix offered several versions of Trellix Web software:Free versions (2.0–2.7) that would publish only to specific web publishers with which Trellix had arranged business deals, such as Fortune City and Tripod. Dozens of co-branded versions of the free Trellix Web software were released for various business partners, the most popular of which was included with Dell and HP computers and with Corel's WordPerfect with v 2.0.\nPaid versions. The paid versions were available online sold directly by Trellix, and sold with a book: Trellix Web Site Creation Kit book (with CD-ROM) had two different versions. 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(This deal was structured such that Tripod, at the time one of the largest homepage providers online, would be the initial licensee of the new product.) Utilizing JavaScript and allowing published changes to be seen in real-time, Trellix Web Express was designed to be easy-to-use without having to download a fairly large client program. Some free Web portals still use Trellix Web Express, although it is often co-branded to remove the Trellix name from the product.At its peak, Trellix developed the Web Express product in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. However, work on the non-English versions was not profitable and was discontinued after the 3.x release.By 2003, EarthLink was offering use of Trellix Site Builder to its customers.[2]In 2007 Trellix Web Express appeared as \"Site Builder\" or \"Trellix Site Builder\".[2][7] The corresponding web site www.trellix.com now links directly to the offers of Web.com.[8]Trellix also licensed the rights to Blogger, a popular blog-development tool, in April 2001.","title":"Trellix Web Express"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trellix_(1995%E2%80%932004)&action=edit"}],"text":"In 2003, Web hosting company Interland, which changed its name to Web.com after buying the company with that name, purchased Trellix, and continues to use patented products of Trellix today. As of June 30, 2006[update], Web.com refused to continue the licensing arrangement with GlobalSCAPE for the PC installed version of the Trellix Web software, retitled CuteSITE Builder (CSB), per notice posted on the GlobalSCAPE support forum.","title":"Interland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Trell.NYT_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Trell.NYT_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Popular Web Publishing Service to Get Help From Trellix\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2001/04/16/technology/popular-web-publishing-service-to-get-help-from-trellix.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Trellix.BuildNYT_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Trellix.BuildNYT_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Trellix.BuildNYT_2-2"},{"link_name":"\"Setting Out the Welcome Mat at Your Home on the Web\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2003/12/18/technology/basics-setting-out-the-welcome-mat-at-your-home-on-the-web.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-INTERLAND_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"Interland sheds Bricklin's Trellix unit\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2004/03/22/story4.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GLOBALSCAPE_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Trellix vs CuteSite Builder\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//forums.globalscape.com/tm.aspx?m=229"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Trellix Site Builder -vs- Globalscape's CuteSITE Builder\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csbsupport.com/faq/id273.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAMISITE_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAMISITE_6-1"},{"link_name":"\"CSB, in my humble opinion...\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.samisite.com/csbreview.htm#csbonline"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-IDENTITY_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"Trellix Site Builder Website Packages\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.trellixsitebuilder.com"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TRELLIX_8-0"},{"link_name":"\"Website, Web building, Website design made easy with Trellix from Web.com\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.trellix.com"}],"text":"^ a b David F. Gallagher (April 16, 2001). \"Popular Web Publishing Service to Get Help From Trellix\". The New York Times. Dan Bricklin, the founder and chief technical officer of Trellix\n\n^ a b c Larry Magid (December 18, 2003). \"Setting Out the Welcome Mat at Your Home on the Web\". The New York Times. .. to create .. web pages with a tool called Trellix Site Builder.\n\n^ Soule, Alexander (March 22, 2004). \"Interland sheds Bricklin's Trellix unit\". Boston Business Journal. Retrieved July 24, 2007.\n\n^ \"Trellix vs CuteSite Builder\". GlobalSCAPE. Retrieved July 24, 2007.\n\n^ \"Trellix Site Builder -vs- Globalscape's CuteSITE Builder\". www.csbsupport.com. Retrieved 2018-04-13.\n\n^ a b \"CSB, in my humble opinion...\" Conway, Samantha. Retrieved July 24, 2007.\n\n^ \"Trellix Site Builder Website Packages\". Identity Website Hosting, Inc. Retrieved July 24, 2007. The site says in the META tag \"description\": \"Do-It-Yourself Web Design. Be your own web designer with Trellix Site Builder powered by Trellix Web Express.\"\n\n^ \"Website, Web building, Website design made easy with Trellix from Web.com\". Web.com. Retrieved July 24, 2007.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Trellix_Logo.png/250px-Trellix_Logo.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"David F. Gallagher (April 16, 2001). \"Popular Web Publishing Service to Get Help From Trellix\". The New York Times. Dan Bricklin, the founder and chief technical officer of Trellix","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/16/technology/popular-web-publishing-service-to-get-help-from-trellix.html","url_text":"\"Popular Web Publishing Service to Get Help From Trellix\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Larry Magid (December 18, 2003). \"Setting Out the Welcome Mat at Your Home on the Web\". 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Retrieved 2018-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.csbsupport.com/faq/id273.htm","url_text":"\"Trellix Site Builder -vs- Globalscape's CuteSITE Builder\""}]},{"reference":"\"CSB, in my humble opinion...\" Conway, Samantha. Retrieved July 24, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.samisite.com/csbreview.htm#csbonline","url_text":"\"CSB, in my humble opinion...\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trellix Site Builder Website Packages\". Identity Website Hosting, Inc. Retrieved July 24, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trellixsitebuilder.com/","url_text":"\"Trellix Site Builder Website Packages\""}]},{"reference":"\"Website, Web building, Website design made easy with Trellix from Web.com\". Web.com. Retrieved July 24, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trellix.com/","url_text":"\"Website, Web building, Website design made easy with Trellix from Web.com\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trellix_(1995%E2%80%932004)&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/16/technology/popular-web-publishing-service-to-get-help-from-trellix.html","external_links_name":"\"Popular Web Publishing Service to Get Help From Trellix\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/18/technology/basics-setting-out-the-welcome-mat-at-your-home-on-the-web.html","external_links_name":"\"Setting Out the Welcome Mat at Your Home on the Web\""},{"Link":"http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2004/03/22/story4.html","external_links_name":"\"Interland sheds Bricklin's Trellix unit\""},{"Link":"http://forums.globalscape.com/tm.aspx?m=229","external_links_name":"\"Trellix vs CuteSite Builder\""},{"Link":"http://www.csbsupport.com/faq/id273.htm","external_links_name":"\"Trellix Site Builder -vs- Globalscape's CuteSITE Builder\""},{"Link":"http://www.samisite.com/csbreview.htm#csbonline","external_links_name":"\"CSB, in my humble opinion...\""},{"Link":"http://www.trellixsitebuilder.com/","external_links_name":"\"Trellix Site Builder Website Packages\""},{"Link":"http://www.trellix.com/","external_links_name":"\"Website, Web building, Website design made easy with Trellix from Web.com\""},{"Link":"http://danbricklin.com/log/bloggerrelease.htm","external_links_name":"Blogger/Trellix press release"},{"Link":"http://www.web.com/","external_links_name":"Web.com"},{"Link":"http://www.globalscape.com/company","external_links_name":"GlobalSCAPE"},{"Link":"https://www.lgcmedia.co.uk/","external_links_name":"DIY Mobile Editing Tools"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_Chairs_(1975_TV_series) | Musical Chairs (1975 game show) | ["1 Gameplay","1.1 Changes","1.2 Bonus round","2 Episode status","3 References","4 External links"] | American TV series or program
Musical ChairsTitle card for the 1975 Musical Chairs.Created byDon KirshnerJerry SchnurPresented byAdam WadeNarrated byPat HernonCountry of originUnited StatesNo. of episodes95ProductionRunning time30 minutesProduction companyJerome Schnur/Don Kirshner ProductionsOriginal releaseNetworkCBSReleaseJune 16 (1975-06-16) –October 31, 1975 (1975-10-31)
Musical Chairs is an American game show that aired from June 16 to October 31, 1975, on CBS. Singer Adam Wade hosted, making him the first African-American game show host. Wade had three Billboard top ten hits in 1961. The game show was recorded at the Ed Sullivan Theater (CBS Studio 50) in New York City and sportscaster Pat Hernon was the announcer. The show was created by Don Kirshner.
Musical Chairs aired at 4:00 PM (3:00 Central Time), replacing Tattletales, which had moved to the morning, against NBC's Somerset and ABC's The Money Maze (and later You Don't Say!); it was not successful in the ratings against that competition. Give-n-Take replaced Chairs the following Monday for 4 weeks before Tattletales moved back to 4:00 PM.
Usually appearing on each episode were guest singers and musical groups, among them The Tokens, The Spinners, Larry Kert, Margaret Whiting, Sharon Vaughn, The New Christy Minstrels and Sister Sledge as well as up and coming singers and stars such as Alaina Reed, Kelly Garrett, Marilyn Sokol, Jane Olivor, and Irene Cara.
Gameplay
Four contestants competed, one usually a champion. Three rounds and nine songs were played. A singer (host Wade and/or one of the guest performers) would begin to sing a song, but stop at a certain point. The singer then sang three different lyrics for the next line of the song, only one of which was correct, which were all displayed on back-lit panels. The third panel occasionally contained humorous or absurd lyrics. The incorrect lyrics were written by songwriters/lyricists who were on the show's staff. Songwriter Bruce Sussman was the show's chief writer for its entire run. On occasion, the performers would sing an entire verse and/or chorus and Wade would ask a simple trivia question related to the song, with three possible answers. The players then picked which of the three options s/he thought was correct by pressing a button on their console.
For the first question in each round, the first three players to lock in the correct answer won the money for that question. On the second question, only the first two correct answers won the money, and for the third question, only the first correct answer won the money. The questions were worth $50 for the first round, $75 for the second round, and $100 for the third round. However, after each question in the third round, the player with the least money was eliminated from the game, although they did get to keep any winnings up to that point.
Changes
Later in the run, the first song in each round paid $50 each to the first three players to lock in with the right answer. The second song paid $75 to the first three players to be correct, and the last song paid $100 to the first three players with the correct song line. The player with the lowest score after each round would be eliminated from further play, but kept all winnings up to that point. In the second round, the first two players to lock in the correct answer won money.
The third round was played differently than the previous two. Once again, three songs were played with the money paying off to the first player to lock in the correct answer. If the leader rang in first and answered correctly on the third question, the game ended and he/she became the day's champion. If not, another song was played for $100. The game would then continue in this manner until the leader answered one more question or the opponent answered enough questions to overtake the leader. As before, the player with the most money after the final round won the game.
Bonus round
Originally, the contestant had to name each song that was sung (with the singer humming through any part that uses the song's title, much like the "Sing-A-Tune" round of Name That Tune). Getting a stated amount in 60 seconds won a bonus prize.
Later, the bonus round was dropped and the winning contestant simply had his/her main game total doubled.
Beginning in mid-September, a new bonus round was introduced – the day's winner chose one of three categories, then heard the melody of a song. The lyrics were then shown split into ten lines, albeit scrambled and had to be put in the proper order. Each time a line was correctly placed, the contestant won $100. Getting all 10 in the proper places within 30 seconds won $2,000.
Episode status
The show's status is unknown, as CBS had ceased wiping its daytime games in late 1972. One episode exists with musical guests Irene Cara, soap star Mary Stuart, and the Spinners.
A partial audio recording of an episode featuring musical guests Buddy Greco, Hattie Winston and Dick Roman is known to be in the collection of Roman's daughter, Miel.
Former contestant Arlene Dittamo uploaded two more episodes to YouTube in October 2017, which originally aired during the show's final week in October 1975. Bobby Rydell, Ernestine Jackson, Ralph Carter, Donna Cellini, Sister Sledge, Larry Kert, and Shari Lewis appear in the episodes.
References
^ a b c d Billboard Sep 13, 1975
^ a b c d e Short-Lived Television Series, 1948–1978: Thirty Years of More Than 1,000 Flops By Wesley Hyatt, page 235-36
^ Game Shows '75: Musical Chairs Archived 2009-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Musical Chairs on IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"game show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_show"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Adam Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Wade_(singer)"},{"link_name":"African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American"},{"link_name":"Ed Sullivan Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Sullivan_Theater"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Don Kirshner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Kirshner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Don-1"},{"link_name":"Tattletales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattletales"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"The Money Maze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Money_Maze"},{"link_name":"You Don't Say!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Don%27t_Say!"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Don2-2"},{"link_name":"Give-n-Take","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give-n-Take"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Don2-2"},{"link_name":"The Tokens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tokens"},{"link_name":"The Spinners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spinners_(American_group)"},{"link_name":"Larry Kert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Kert"},{"link_name":"Margaret Whiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Whiting"},{"link_name":"Sharon Vaughn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Vaughn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Don-1"},{"link_name":"The New Christy Minstrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Christy_Minstrels"},{"link_name":"Sister Sledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_Sledge"},{"link_name":"Alaina Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaina_Reed"},{"link_name":"Kelly Garrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Garrett_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Sokol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Sokol"},{"link_name":"Jane Olivor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Olivor"},{"link_name":"Irene Cara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Cara"}],"text":"Musical Chairs is an American game show that aired from June 16 to October 31, 1975, on CBS. Singer Adam Wade hosted, making him the first African-American game show host. Wade had three Billboard top ten hits in 1961. The game show was recorded at the Ed Sullivan Theater (CBS Studio 50) in New York City and sportscaster Pat Hernon was the announcer.[3] The show was created by Don Kirshner.[1]Musical Chairs aired at 4:00 PM (3:00 Central Time), replacing Tattletales, which had moved to the morning, against NBC's Somerset and ABC's The Money Maze (and later You Don't Say!); it was not successful in the ratings against that competition.[2] Give-n-Take replaced Chairs the following Monday for 4 weeks before Tattletales moved back to 4:00 PM.[2]Usually appearing on each episode were guest singers and musical groups, among them The Tokens, The Spinners, Larry Kert, Margaret Whiting, Sharon Vaughn,[1] The New Christy Minstrels and Sister Sledge as well as up and coming singers and stars such as Alaina Reed, Kelly Garrett, Marilyn Sokol, Jane Olivor, and Irene Cara.","title":"Musical Chairs (1975 game show)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bruce Sussman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Sussman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Don2-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Don2-2"}],"text":"Four contestants competed, one usually a champion. Three rounds and nine songs were played. A singer (host Wade and/or one of the guest performers) would begin to sing a song, but stop at a certain point. The singer then sang three different lyrics for the next line of the song, only one of which was correct, which were all displayed on back-lit panels. The third panel occasionally contained humorous or absurd lyrics. The incorrect lyrics were written by songwriters/lyricists who were on the show's staff. Songwriter Bruce Sussman was the show's chief writer for its entire run. On occasion, the performers would sing an entire verse and/or chorus and Wade would ask a simple trivia question related to the song, with three possible answers. The players then picked which of the three options s/he thought was correct by pressing a button on their console.[2]For the first question in each round, the first three players to lock in the correct answer won the money for that question. On the second question, only the first two correct answers won the money, and for the third question, only the first correct answer won the money. The questions were worth $50 for the first round, $75 for the second round, and $100 for the third round. However, after each question in the third round, the player with the least money was eliminated from the game, although they did get to keep any winnings up to that point.[2]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Changes","text":"Later in the run, the first song in each round paid $50 each to the first three players to lock in with the right answer. The second song paid $75 to the first three players to be correct, and the last song paid $100 to the first three players with the correct song line. The player with the lowest score after each round would be eliminated from further play, but kept all winnings up to that point. In the second round, the first two players to lock in the correct answer won money.The third round was played differently than the previous two. Once again, three songs were played with the money paying off to the first player to lock in the correct answer. If the leader rang in first and answered correctly on the third question, the game ended and he/she became the day's champion. If not, another song was played for $100. The game would then continue in this manner until the leader answered one more question or the opponent answered enough questions to overtake the leader. As before, the player with the most money after the final round won the game.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Name That Tune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_That_Tune"}],"sub_title":"Bonus round","text":"Originally, the contestant had to name each song that was sung (with the singer humming through any part that uses the song's title, much like the \"Sing-A-Tune\" round of Name That Tune). Getting a stated amount in 60 seconds won a bonus prize.Later, the bonus round was dropped and the winning contestant simply had his/her main game total doubled.Beginning in mid-September, a new bonus round was introduced – the day's winner chose one of three categories, then heard the melody of a song. The lyrics were then shown split into ten lines, albeit scrambled and had to be put in the proper order. Each time a line was correctly placed, the contestant won $100. Getting all 10 in the proper places within 30 seconds won $2,000.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wiping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_television_broadcast#Wiping"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Irene Cara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Cara"},{"link_name":"Mary Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Stuart_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Buddy Greco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Greco"},{"link_name":"Hattie Winston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattie_Winston"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Bobby Rydell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rydell"},{"link_name":"Ernestine Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernestine_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Ralph Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Carter"},{"link_name":"Sister Sledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_Sledge"},{"link_name":"Larry Kert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Kert"},{"link_name":"Shari Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shari_Lewis"}],"text":"The show's status is unknown, as CBS had ceased wiping its daytime games in late 1972.[citation needed] One episode exists with musical guests Irene Cara, soap star Mary Stuart, and the Spinners.A partial audio recording of an episode featuring musical guests Buddy Greco, Hattie Winston and Dick Roman is known to be in the collection of Roman's daughter, Miel.Former contestant Arlene Dittamo uploaded two more episodes to YouTube in October 2017, which originally aired during the show's final week in October 1975. Bobby Rydell, Ernestine Jackson, Ralph Carter, Donna Cellini, Sister Sledge, Larry Kert, and Shari Lewis appear in the episodes.","title":"Episode status"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.curtalliaume.com/musicalc.html","external_links_name":"Game Shows '75: Musical Chairs"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090305223137/http://www.curtalliaume.com/musicalc.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0198188/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_6","external_links_name":"Musical Chairs on IMDb"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gardner_(disambiguation) | William Gardner | ["1 Sport","2 Military","3 Others","4 See also"] | William or Bill Gardner may refer to:
Sport
Bill Gardner (baseball) (1868–1948), American baseball player
Bill Gardner (footballer) (1893–1973), English professional footballer
Bill Gardner (ice hockey) (born 1960), retired ice hockey player
Billy Gardner (born 1927), retired American baseball player
William Jennings Gardner (1884–1965), American football player and member of Eliot Ness's "Untouchables"
Bill Gardner (football hooligan) (born 1954), English football supporter, former football hooligan and co-author of books on football hooliganism
Military
William Linnæus Gardner (1771–1835), Indian officer
William M. Gardner (1824–1901), Confederate States Army brigadier general
William Gardner (sailor) (1832–?), American Civil War sailor and Medal of Honor recipient
William Gardner (VC) (1821–1897), Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross
Others
William Gardner (Australian settler) (1802–1860), pioneer and historian
William Gardner (coin designer) (1914–2000), English coin designer, engraver, calligrapher and writer
William Gardner (former slave) (1759–unknown), freedman who had been a slave of U.S. President James Madison
William Gardner (surgeon) (1846–1897), practised in South Australia and Victoria
William E. Gardner Jr. (1939–1991), president of Savannah State College
William Biscombe Gardner (1847–1919), English painter and wood-engraver
William James Gardner (1825–1874), British missionary in Jamaica
Bill Gardner (author), American author
Bill Gardner (politician) (born 1948), secretary of state for New Hampshire
Willie Gardner, Scottish rock musician
William Gardner, pseudonym of Peter Hope
William Gardner (Massachusetts judge) (1827–1888), justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
See also
William Gardner Hale (1849–1928), American classical scholar
William Gardner Smith (1927–1974), African-American novelist and journalist
William Gardiner (disambiguation)
William Gairdner (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"William Gardner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Gardner (baseball)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gardner_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Bill Gardner (footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gardner_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Bill Gardner (ice hockey)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gardner_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Billy Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Gardner"},{"link_name":"William Jennings Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Gardner"},{"link_name":"Bill Gardner (football hooligan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gardner_(football_hooligan)"}],"text":"Bill Gardner (baseball) (1868–1948), American baseball player\nBill Gardner (footballer) (1893–1973), English professional footballer\nBill Gardner (ice hockey) (born 1960), retired ice hockey player\nBilly Gardner (born 1927), retired American baseball player\nWilliam Jennings Gardner (1884–1965), American football player and member of Eliot Ness's \"Untouchables\"\nBill Gardner (football hooligan) (born 1954), English football supporter, former football hooligan and co-author of books on football hooliganism","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Linnæus Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Linn%C3%A6us_Gardner"},{"link_name":"William M. 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Gardner (1824–1901), Confederate States Army brigadier general\nWilliam Gardner (sailor) (1832–?), American Civil War sailor and Medal of Honor recipient\nWilliam Gardner (VC) (1821–1897), Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross","title":"Military"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Gardner (Australian settler)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gardner_(Australian_settler)"},{"link_name":"William Gardner (coin designer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gardner_(coin_designer)"},{"link_name":"William Gardner (former slave)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gardner_(former_slave)"},{"link_name":"William Gardner (surgeon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gardner_(surgeon)"},{"link_name":"William E. Gardner Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Gardner_Jr."},{"link_name":"William Biscombe Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Biscombe_Gardner"},{"link_name":"William James Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James_Gardner"},{"link_name":"Bill Gardner (author)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gardner_(author)"},{"link_name":"Bill Gardner (politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gardner_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Willie Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Gardner"},{"link_name":"Peter Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hope"},{"link_name":"William Gardner (Massachusetts judge)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gardner_(Massachusetts_judge)"}],"text":"William Gardner (Australian settler) (1802–1860), pioneer and historian\nWilliam Gardner (coin designer) (1914–2000), English coin designer, engraver, calligrapher and writer\nWilliam Gardner (former slave) (1759–unknown), freedman who had been a slave of U.S. President James Madison\nWilliam Gardner (surgeon) (1846–1897), practised in South Australia and Victoria\nWilliam E. Gardner Jr. (1939–1991), president of Savannah State College\nWilliam Biscombe Gardner (1847–1919), English painter and wood-engraver\nWilliam James Gardner (1825–1874), British missionary in Jamaica\nBill Gardner (author), American author\nBill Gardner (politician) (born 1948), secretary of state for New Hampshire\nWillie Gardner, Scottish rock musician\nWilliam Gardner, pseudonym of Peter Hope\nWilliam Gardner (Massachusetts judge) (1827–1888), justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court","title":"Others"}] | [] | [{"title":"William Gardner Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gardner_Hale"},{"title":"William Gardner Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gardner_Smith"},{"title":"William Gardiner (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gardiner_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"William Gairdner (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gairdner_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/William_Gardner&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/William_Gardner&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilha_Grande | Ilha Grande | ["1 Flora and fauna","2 Tourism industry","3 Gallery","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 23°09′S 44°14′W / 23.150°S 44.233°W / -23.150; -44.233For the city in Angra dos Reis, see Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro.
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Ilha GrandeView of Ilha Grande from the mainlandEnglish topographic map of Ilha GrandeGeographyLocationAtlantic OceanCoordinates23°09′S 44°14′W / 23.150°S 44.233°W / -23.150; -44.233Area193 km2 (75 sq mi)Highest elevation1,031 m (3383 ft)Highest pointPico da Pedra D'ÁguaAdministrationBrazilMunicipalityAngra dos ReisStateRio de JaneiroDemographicsPopulation~5000 (2014)
UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameParaty and Ilha Grande – Culture and BiodiversityCriteriaCultural and Natural: (v), (x)Designated2019 (43rd session)Reference no.1308RegionLatin America and the Caribbean
Ilha Grande (Portuguese pronunciation: ), or "big island", is a 193 km2 (75 sq mi) forested island located around 151 km (94 mi) off of the Atlantic coast of Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and about 450 km (280 mi) from São Paulo. A popular outdoor destination, the island remains largely undeveloped as much of the area falls within Ilha Grande State Park (Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande). Thus, the remainder of the island is subject to stringent development restrictions in order to preserve the natural environment; vehicles are not permitted and roads are virtually non-existent. For visitors, an hour-long, pre-paid boat excursion is the sole way to access the island. Several small villas and hamlets cater to researchers, tourists and nature-lovers, and around 2,000 people inhabit the largest town on the island, Vila do Abraão.
For almost a century, the Brazilian government declared the island off-limits, banning unauthorized entry, as it had contained an immigration quarantine station and, later, a maximum-security prison (Colônia Penal de Dois Rios, later known as Instituto Penal Cândido Mendes). The Cândido Mendes Penal Colony, which housed some of the most dangerous offenders in Brazil, was closed in 1994.
The highest point on Ilha Grande is the 1,031 m (3,383 ft) tall Pico da Pedra D'Água.
On 5 July 2019, Ilha Grande and Paraty were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Flora and fauna
Ilha Grande is one of the most pristine examples of Brazil's endangered Atlantic rainforest habitat, containing a multitude of species of plants and animals. A hotspot for biodiversity and conservation, Ilha Grande is home to at least 110 resident and migratory avian species, including Magellanic penguins, the red-ruffed fruitcrow and the red-browed amazon parrot. There are at least 20 species of mammals, from capybara and coatimundi to primates, such as common and black-tufted marmosets and brown howler monkeys. Smaller animals, such as rodents and carnivores, include gray slender and big-eared opossums, Brazilian squirrel, crab-eating fox and raccoon, red-rumped agouti and the hairy dwarf porcupine. Several species of bat also inhabit caves on the island, mainly from the Artibeus, Molossus and Saccopteryx genera, emerging at sunset to feed on swarms of flying insects. At least 40-50 species of reptiles and amphibians can be found on the island, including the Argentine black-and-white tegu, Brazilian torrent frog, Bocaina tree frog, broad-snouted caiman, chicken snakes, Chironius, Dipsas and Echinanthera snakes, garden tree boa, geckos, Imantodes snakes, Jackson's and Brazilian fathead anoles, lava lizards, mabuya, painted coralsnake, smallhead worm lizards and the venomous Yarará lancehead. Invertebrates and arthropods number in the hundreds, with at least 400-500 species identified on Ilha Grande.
The seas around the island, which are also a protected marine reserve, feature a unique convergence of tropical equatorial, subtropical and temperate currents, enabling one to see corals, tropical fish, sharks, hawksbill sea turtles and cetaceans, such as the southern right whale, humpback whale, Bryde's whale, orca and rough-toothed dolphins.
The islands are contained within the 12,400 hectares (31,000 acres) of Tamoios Environmental Protection Area (APA), created in 1982.
The main island (and APA) contains the Aventureiro Sustainable Development Reserve, created in 2014 from the former Aventureiro Marine State Park, which was integrated with the Praia do Sul Biological Reserve.
62.5% of the island is covered by the Ilha Grande State Park, giving a total of 87% of the island protected status.
Tourism industry
Most of the visitor facilities, lodging and the park headquarters are located at Vila do Abraão. The village may be reached from the mainland by local ferries. The island is an ecotourism destination. Although it has no roads and motorised vehicles are banned, the island has more than 150 km (93 mi) of hiking trails connecting the coastal villages and hamlets. A common activity for visitors is to trek to Lopes Mendes beach, about a two-hour hike from Vila do Abraão. Travel companies offer trips to see the island's various beaches, mountains trails and waterfalls.
On January 1, 2010, devastating mudslides killed at least 19 people on the island.
Gallery
Chouette (burrowing owl) on the island
Atlantic bottlenose dolphin nearby the island
Sea turtle swims in the ocean
References
^ Brown, Sarah (31 July 2017). "An Abandoned High-Security Prison Is Hiding in This Popular South American Island". The Culture Trip.
^ "Pico da Pedra D'Água, Brazil". Peakbagger. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
^ "Five sites inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List". UNESCO. 2019-07-05. Retrieved 2019-07-05.
^ a b c d e f g h "Observations iNaturalist". iNaturalist. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
^ Ilha Grande. Org. 2016. Baleias Jubartes na Ilha Grande - RJ. Retrieved on September 18, 2017
^ Lodi L.. 2016. Baleia-de-bryde: Navegando com as gigantes. Blog ECONSERV – Ecologia, Conservação e Serviços. Retrieved on September 18, 2017
^ Cruzeiro do Su (pt). 2015. Grupo de sete orcas é avistado em praia de Ubatuba Archived 2018-07-07 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on September 18, 2017
^ Ilha Grande. Com. Ilustres visitantes Archived 2019-03-17 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on September 18, 2017
^ APA de Tamoios (in Portuguese), INEA: Instituto Estadual do Ambiente, retrieved 2016-09-26
^ PES Marinho do Aventureiro (in Portuguese), ISA: Instituto Socioambiental, retrieved 2016-09-23
^ "Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande - Angra dos Reis - RJ", Ilhagrande.org (in Portuguese), retrieved 2016-09-23
^ "Mudslide in Brazil resort kills at least 19 people". BBC News. 2 January 2010.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ilha Grande.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ilha Grande.
Prefeitura de Angra dos Reis (in Portuguese)
Portal Turístico da Ilha Grande (in Portuguese)
O Caldeirão do Diabo
Ilha Grande Travel Guide in English
vteWorld Heritage Sites in BrazilNorth Region
Central Amazon Conservation Complex
Flag of Brasil Ruins of São Miguel das MissõesNortheast Region
Brazilian Atlantic Islands
Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves
Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves1
Historic Centre of São Luís
Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia
Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda
São Francisco Square in São Cristóvão
Serra da Capivara National Park
Central-West Region
Brasília
Cerrado Protected Areas
Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Park
Historic Centre of the Town of Goiás
Pantanal Conservation Area
Southeast Region
Atlantic Forest South-East Reserves1
Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves1
Historic Centre of the Town of Diamantina
Historic Town of Ouro Preto
Pampulha Modern Ensemble, Minas Gerais
Paraty and Ilha Grande – Culture and Biodiversity
Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea
Sanctuary of Bom Jesus de Matosinhos
Sítio Roberto Burle Marx
Valongo Wharf Archaeological Site
South Region
Atlantic Forest South-East Reserves1
Iguaçu National Park
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Ruins of São Miguel das Missões
1 Shared with other region/s
2 Shared with Argentina
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Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angra dos Reis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angra_dos_Reis"},{"link_name":"Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilha_Grande,_Rio_de_Janeiro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[ˈiʎɐ ˈɡɾɐ̃dʒi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Angra dos Reis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angra_dos_Reis"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"Ilha Grande State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilha_Grande_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Vila do Abraão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_do_Abra%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Brazilian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_government"},{"link_name":"immigration quarantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Paraty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraty"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unesco-3"}],"text":"For the city in Angra dos Reis, see Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro.Ilha Grande (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈiʎɐ ˈɡɾɐ̃dʒi]), or \"big island\", is a 193 km2 (75 sq mi) forested island located around 151 km (94 mi) off of the Atlantic coast of Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and about 450 km (280 mi) from São Paulo. 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turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawksbill_sea_turtle"},{"link_name":"cetaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacea"},{"link_name":"southern right whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_right_whale"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"humpback whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpback_whale"},{"link_name":"Bryde's whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryde%27s_whale"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"orca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orca"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"rough-toothed dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough-toothed_dolphin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tamoios Environmental Protection 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A hotspot for biodiversity and conservation, Ilha Grande is home to at least 110 resident and migratory avian species,[4] including Magellanic penguins, the red-ruffed fruitcrow and the red-browed amazon parrot. There are at least 20 species of mammals,[4] from capybara and coatimundi to primates,[4] such as common and black-tufted marmosets and brown howler monkeys.[4] Smaller animals, such as rodents and carnivores, include gray slender and big-eared opossums, Brazilian squirrel, crab-eating fox and raccoon, red-rumped agouti and the hairy dwarf porcupine.[4] Several species of bat also inhabit caves on the island, mainly from the Artibeus, Molossus and Saccopteryx genera,[4] emerging at sunset to feed on swarms of flying insects. At least 40-50 species of reptiles and amphibians can be found on the island, including the Argentine black-and-white tegu, Brazilian torrent frog, Bocaina tree frog, broad-snouted caiman, chicken snakes, Chironius, Dipsas and Echinanthera snakes, garden tree boa, geckos, Imantodes snakes, Jackson's and Brazilian fathead anoles, lava lizards, mabuya, painted coralsnake, smallhead worm lizards and the venomous Yarará lancehead.[4] Invertebrates and arthropods number in the hundreds,[4] with at least 400-500 species identified on Ilha Grande.The seas around the island, which are also a protected marine reserve, feature a unique convergence of tropical equatorial, subtropical and temperate currents, enabling one to see corals, tropical fish, sharks, hawksbill sea turtles and cetaceans, such as the southern right whale,[5] humpback whale, Bryde's whale,[6] orca[7] and rough-toothed dolphins.[8]The islands are contained within the 12,400 hectares (31,000 acres) of Tamoios Environmental Protection Area (APA), created in 1982.[9]\nThe main island (and APA) contains the Aventureiro Sustainable Development Reserve, created in 2014 from the former Aventureiro Marine State Park, which was integrated with the Praia do Sul Biological Reserve.[10]\n62.5% of the island is covered by the Ilha Grande State Park, giving a total of 87% of the island protected status.[11]","title":"Flora and fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ecotourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotourism"},{"link_name":"motorised vehicles are banned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carfree"},{"link_name":"mudslides killed at least 19 people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2010_Rio_de_Janeiro_floods_and_mudslides"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Most of the visitor facilities, lodging and the park headquarters are located at Vila do Abraão. The village may be reached from the mainland by local ferries. The island is an ecotourism destination. Although it has no roads and motorised vehicles are banned, the island has more than 150 km (93 mi) of hiking trails connecting the coastal villages and hamlets. A common activity for visitors is to trek to Lopes Mendes beach, about a two-hour hike from Vila do Abraão. Travel companies offer trips to see the island's various beaches, mountains trails and waterfalls.On January 1, 2010, devastating mudslides killed at least 19 people on the island.[12]","title":"Tourism industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coruja_em_Ilha_Grande-RJ_(1376056863).jpg"},{"link_name":"Chouette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Golfinho_que_acompanhou_nosso_barco_(1376042755).jpg"},{"link_name":"Atlantic bottlenose dolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_bottlenose_dolphin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tartaruga_Verde_ou_Aruan%C3%A3_-_Praia_de_Lopes_Mendes_-_Ilha_Grande_-_RJ.jpg"}],"text":"Chouette (burrowing owl) on the island\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAtlantic bottlenose dolphin nearby the island\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSea turtle swims in the ocean","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"Flag of Brasil","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/80px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Ruins of São Miguel das Missões","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ru%C3%ADnas_1.jpg/80px-Ru%C3%ADnas_1.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Brown, Sarah (31 July 2017). \"An Abandoned High-Security Prison Is Hiding in This Popular South American Island\". The Culture Trip.","urls":[{"url":"https://theculturetrip.com/south-america/brazil/articles/an-abandoned-high-security-prison-is-hiding-in-this-popular-south-american-island","url_text":"\"An Abandoned High-Security Prison Is Hiding in This Popular South American Island\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pico da Pedra D'Água, Brazil\". Peakbagger. Retrieved 5 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=64977","url_text":"\"Pico da Pedra D'Água, Brazil\""}]},{"reference":"\"Five sites inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List\". UNESCO. 2019-07-05. Retrieved 2019-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.unesco.org/news/five-sites-inscribed-unescos-world-heritage-list","url_text":"\"Five sites inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Observations iNaturalist\". iNaturalist. Retrieved 5 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=152574&view=species","url_text":"\"Observations iNaturalist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist","url_text":"iNaturalist"}]},{"reference":"APA de Tamoios (in Portuguese), INEA: Instituto Estadual do Ambiente, retrieved 2016-09-26","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/Portal/Agendas/BIODIVERSIDADEEAREASPROTEGIDAS/UnidadesdeConservacao/INEA_008608","url_text":"APA de Tamoios"}]},{"reference":"PES Marinho do Aventureiro (in Portuguese), ISA: Instituto Socioambiental, retrieved 2016-09-23","urls":[{"url":"https://uc.socioambiental.org/uc/590758","url_text":"PES Marinho do Aventureiro"}]},{"reference":"\"Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande - Angra dos Reis - RJ\", Ilhagrande.org (in Portuguese), retrieved 2016-09-23","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ilhagrande.org/pagina/parque-estadual-da-ilha-grande","url_text":"\"Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande - Angra dos Reis - RJ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mudslide in Brazil resort kills at least 19 people\". BBC News. 2 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/8437207.stm","url_text":"\"Mudslide in Brazil resort kills at least 19 people\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ilha_Grande¶ms=23_09_S_44_14_W_region:BR_type:isle","external_links_name":"23°09′S 44°14′W / 23.150°S 44.233°W / -23.150; -44.233"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ilha+Grande%22","external_links_name":"\"Ilha Grande\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ilha+Grande%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ilha+Grande%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ilha+Grande%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ilha+Grande%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ilha+Grande%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ilha_Grande¶ms=23_09_S_44_14_W_region:BR_type:isle","external_links_name":"23°09′S 44°14′W / 23.150°S 44.233°W / -23.150; -44.233"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1308","external_links_name":"1308"},{"Link":"https://theculturetrip.com/south-america/brazil/articles/an-abandoned-high-security-prison-is-hiding-in-this-popular-south-american-island","external_links_name":"\"An Abandoned High-Security Prison Is Hiding in This Popular South American Island\""},{"Link":"https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=64977","external_links_name":"\"Pico da Pedra D'Água, Brazil\""},{"Link":"https://en.unesco.org/news/five-sites-inscribed-unescos-world-heritage-list","external_links_name":"\"Five sites inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List\""},{"Link":"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=152574&view=species","external_links_name":"\"Observations iNaturalist\""},{"Link":"http://www.ilhagrande.org/pagina/baleias-jubartes-na-ilha-grande","external_links_name":"Baleias Jubartes na Ilha Grande - RJ"},{"Link":"https://econserv.wordpress.com/2016/02/04/baleia-de-bryde-navegando-com-as-gigantes/","external_links_name":"Baleia-de-bryde: Navegando com as gigantes"},{"Link":"http://www.jornalcruzeiro.com.br/materia/665272/grupo-de-sete-orcas-e-avistado-em-praia-de-ubatuba","external_links_name":"Grupo de sete orcas é avistado em praia de Ubatuba"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180707175046/https://www.jornalcruzeiro.com.br/materia/665272/grupo-de-sete-orcas-e-avistado-em-praia-de-ubatuba","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://br.ilhagrande.com/sys/content/view/448/1032/","external_links_name":"Ilustres visitantes"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190317203105/http://br.ilhagrande.com/sys/content/view/448/1032/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/Portal/Agendas/BIODIVERSIDADEEAREASPROTEGIDAS/UnidadesdeConservacao/INEA_008608","external_links_name":"APA de Tamoios"},{"Link":"https://uc.socioambiental.org/uc/590758","external_links_name":"PES Marinho do Aventureiro"},{"Link":"http://www.ilhagrande.org/pagina/parque-estadual-da-ilha-grande","external_links_name":"\"Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande - Angra dos Reis - RJ\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/8437207.stm","external_links_name":"\"Mudslide in Brazil resort kills at least 19 people\""},{"Link":"http://www.angra.rj.gov.br/","external_links_name":"Prefeitura de Angra dos Reis"},{"Link":"http://www.ilhagrande.org/","external_links_name":"Portal Turístico da Ilha Grande"},{"Link":"http://www.andrecypriano.com/#a=0&at=0&mi=2&pt=1&pi=10000&s=1&p=1","external_links_name":"O Caldeirão do Diabo"},{"Link":"https://travessiailhagrande.com/?lang=en","external_links_name":"Ilha Grande Travel Guide in English"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1318656/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315146631","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5852576","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007546686405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh90001013","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trackboyz | Trackboyz | ["1 Partial production discography","2 External links"] | TrackboyzOriginSt. Louis, Missouri, U.S.GenresHip hopOccupation(s)ProducersYears active2002–presentLabelsDef Jam RecordsMembersMark "Tarboy" WilliamsJoe "Capo" KentTravis "Tizzle" MillerMarlon "Tracmajor" ByrdRodrick "PubG" FinchDJ D-Rocc
The Trackboyz are an American hip hop production team consisting of Mark "Tarboy" Williams Joe "Capo" Kent, DJ D-Rocc, Jermaine White, Travis "Tizzle" Miller, Marlon "Tracmajor" Byrd, and Rodrick "PubG" Finch from St. Louis, Missouri. Among the hits they have engineered include Nelly's "Air Force Ones" (number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100), D12's 40 Oz., Nappy Roots "Po' Folks" (number 21) and J-Kwon's "Tipsy" (number 2). The Trackboyz signed with Def Jam Records. The newest project includes the song "Hips" from Adina Howard on her new release for the album Private Show.
Partial production discography
Year
Single
Peak positions
Album
US
UK
2002
"You Suella"
(performed by Pretty Willie)
—
—
Enter the Life of Suella
"Air Force Ones"
(performed by St. Lunatics)
3
—
Nellyville
"Breathe in, Breathe Out"
(performed by St. Lunatics)
—
—
Music from the Motion Picture Bad Company
"Po' Folks"
(performed by Nappy Roots and Anthony Hamilton)
21
—
Watermelon, Chicken & Gritz
"Start It Over"
(performed by Nappy Roots)
—
—
2003
"Favourite Things" (Trackboyz Remix)
(performed by Big Brovaz)
—
—
Nu-Flow
"Hustle"
(performed by Youngbloodz and Killer Mike)
—
—
Drankin' Patnaz
"Lean Low"
(performed by Youngbloodz and Backbone)
—
—
2004
"Hood Hop"
(performed by J-Kwon)
—
—
Hood Hop
"Tipsy"
(performed by J-Kwon)
2
4
"You & Me"
(performed by J-Kwon and Sadiyyah)
—
—
"40 Oz."
(performed by Bizarre, Eminem, Kuniva and Proof)
—
—
D12 World
"Weight a Minute"
(performed by Shawnna)
—
—
Worth tha Weight
2005
"La La"
(performed by Teairra Marí)
—
—
Roc-A-Fella Records Presents Teairra Marí
"Get XXX'd"
(performed by J-Kwon, Petey Pablo and Ebony Eyez)
—
—
×X×: State of the Union (Music from the Motion Picture)
"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released.
External links
LA Reid Signs Trackboyz To Def Jam
Cool Eh Mag interview
Authority control databases: Artists
Grammy Awards
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hip hop production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_production"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Nelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelly"},{"link_name":"Air Force Ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Ones_(song)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"D12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D12"},{"link_name":"Nappy Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nappy_Roots"},{"link_name":"Po' Folks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%27_Folks_(Nappy_Roots_song)"},{"link_name":"J-Kwon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-Kwon"},{"link_name":"Tipsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipsy_(song)"},{"link_name":"Def Jam Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Def_Jam_Recordings"},{"link_name":"Adina Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adina_Howard"},{"link_name":"Private Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Show_(album)"}],"text":"The Trackboyz are an American hip hop production team consisting of Mark \"Tarboy\" Williams Joe \"Capo\" Kent, DJ D-Rocc, Jermaine White, Travis \"Tizzle\" Miller, Marlon \"Tracmajor\" Byrd, and Rodrick \"PubG\" Finch from St. Louis, Missouri. Among the hits they have engineered include Nelly's \"Air Force Ones\" (number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100), D12's 40 Oz., Nappy Roots \"Po' Folks\" (number 21) and J-Kwon's \"Tipsy\" (number 2). The Trackboyz signed with Def Jam Records. The newest project includes the song \"Hips\" from Adina Howard on her new release for the album Private Show.","title":"Trackboyz"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Partial production discography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.undercover.com.au/news/2004/june04/20040608_trackboyz.html","external_links_name":"LA Reid Signs Trackboyz To Def Jam"},{"Link":"http://www.coolehmag.com/issue2_interview2.php","external_links_name":"Cool Eh Mag interview"},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/artists/trackboyz/10717","external_links_name":"Grammy Awards"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/c7212171-e40c-488c-83bc-43942d4c398b","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Moore_(musician) | William Moore (musician) | ["1 References","2 External links"] | American singer
For other people named William Moore, see William Moore (disambiguation).William MooreAlso known asBill MooreBorn(1893-03-03)March 3, 1893Dover, Georgia, U.S.DiedNovember 22, 1951(1951-11-22) (aged 58)Warrenton, Virginia, U.S.GenresBluesOccupation(s)MusicianInstrument(s)
Vocal
Guitar
Musical artist
William "Bill" Moore (March 3, 1893 – November 22, 1951) was an American blues singer and guitarist.
Moore was born in Dover, Georgia, and was raised in Tappahannock, Virginia. By 1917 he was working as a barber at South Amboy, New Jersey.
Described as "a facile, brilliant, and unusual guitarist", his style bridged ragtime and blues. He was the only Virginian country bluesman to record for Paramount Records, cutting sixteen sides for the label in 1928 in Chicago. His four 78-rpm records are sought by collectors and have been reissued on numerous LP and CD compilation albums. His songs (e.g., "Ragtime Millionaire", "Old Country Rock", "One Way Gal") have been covered by Lightnin' Wells, John Fahey, Stefan Grossman and Duck Baker, the Insect Trust and The Notting Hillbillies.
He died in Warrenton, Virginia.
References
^ Komara, Edward; Lee, Peter (2004). The Blues Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 706. ISBN 9781135958312.
^ a b c d Eagle, Bob; LeBlanc, Eric S. (2013). Blues - A Regional Experience. Santa Barbara: Praeger Publishers. p. 100. ISBN 978-0313344237.
^ a b "Illustrated William Moore discography". Wirz.de. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
^ "Bull Frog Blues - Lightnin' Wells | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
^ a b c "Let Go - John Fahey | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
^ "Search for "ragtime millionaire"". AllMusic. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
^ "Missing... Presumed Having a Good Time - The Notting Hillbillies | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
^ "Piedmont Blues". Lva.virginia.gov. 1928-11-02. Retrieved 2014-07-11.
^ "Listen to All Recordings". Lva.virginia.gov. 1929-10-13. Retrieved 2014-07-11.
External links
Fan Page of Bill "The Barber" Moore
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
This article about a United States singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a United States guitarist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Moore (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Moore_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bare-2"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"Dover, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Tappahannock, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tappahannock,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bare-2"},{"link_name":"barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barber"},{"link_name":"South Amboy, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Amboy,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bare-2"},{"link_name":"ragtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bare-2"},{"link_name":"Paramount Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Records"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wirz-3"},{"link_name":"compilation albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_album"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wirz-3"},{"link_name":"covered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"Lightnin' Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightnin%27_Wells"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"John Fahey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fahey_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"Stefan Grossman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Grossman"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"Duck Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_Baker"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"Insect Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Insect_Trust"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Notting Hillbillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Notting_Hillbillies"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Warrenton, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrenton,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"For other people named William Moore, see William Moore (disambiguation).Musical artistWilliam \"Bill\" Moore[1] (March 3, 1893 – November 22, 1951)[2] was an American blues singer and guitarist.Moore was born in Dover, Georgia, and was raised in Tappahannock, Virginia.[2] By 1917 he was working as a barber at South Amboy, New Jersey.[2]Described as \"a facile, brilliant, and unusual guitarist\", his style bridged ragtime and blues.[2] He was the only Virginian country bluesman to record for Paramount Records, cutting sixteen sides for the label in 1928 in Chicago.[3] His four 78-rpm records are sought by collectors and have been reissued on numerous LP and CD compilation albums.[3] His songs (e.g., \"Ragtime Millionaire\", \"Old Country Rock\", \"One Way Gal\") have been covered by Lightnin' Wells,[4] John Fahey,[5] Stefan Grossman[5] and Duck Baker,[5] the Insect Trust[6] and The Notting Hillbillies.[7]He died in Warrenton, Virginia.[8][9]","title":"William Moore (musician)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Komara, Edward; Lee, Peter (2004). The Blues Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 706. ISBN 9781135958312.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Hwk3AgAAQBAJ&dq=William%20Moore%20Encyclopedia%20of%20the%20Blues&pg=PA706","url_text":"The Blues Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135958312","url_text":"9781135958312"}]},{"reference":"Eagle, Bob; LeBlanc, Eric S. (2013). Blues - A Regional Experience. Santa Barbara: Praeger Publishers. p. 100. ISBN 978-0313344237.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313344237","url_text":"978-0313344237"}]},{"reference":"\"Illustrated William Moore discography\". Wirz.de. Retrieved 2021-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wirz.de/music/moorewil.htm","url_text":"\"Illustrated William Moore discography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bull Frog Blues - Lightnin' Wells | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2021-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/bull-frog-blues-mw0000179637","url_text":"\"Bull Frog Blues - Lightnin' Wells | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Let Go - John Fahey | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2021-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/let-go-mw0000319616","url_text":"\"Let Go - John Fahey | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Search for \"ragtime millionaire\"\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2021-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/search/all/ragtime+millionaire","url_text":"\"Search for \"ragtime millionaire\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Missing... Presumed Having a Good Time - The Notting Hillbillies | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2021-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/missing-presumed-having-a-good-time-mw0000203647","url_text":"\"Missing... Presumed Having a Good Time - The Notting Hillbillies | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Piedmont Blues\". Lva.virginia.gov. 1928-11-02. Retrieved 2014-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/rootsmusic/piedmont.htm","url_text":"\"Piedmont Blues\""}]},{"reference":"\"Listen to All Recordings\". Lva.virginia.gov. 1929-10-13. Retrieved 2014-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/rootsmusic/listen.htm","url_text":"\"Listen to All Recordings\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Hwk3AgAAQBAJ&dq=William%20Moore%20Encyclopedia%20of%20the%20Blues&pg=PA706","external_links_name":"The Blues Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"https://www.wirz.de/music/moorewil.htm","external_links_name":"\"Illustrated William Moore discography\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/bull-frog-blues-mw0000179637","external_links_name":"\"Bull Frog Blues - Lightnin' Wells | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/let-go-mw0000319616","external_links_name":"\"Let Go - John Fahey | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/search/all/ragtime+millionaire","external_links_name":"\"Search for \"ragtime millionaire\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/missing-presumed-having-a-good-time-mw0000203647","external_links_name":"\"Missing... Presumed Having a Good Time - The Notting Hillbillies | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""},{"Link":"http://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/rootsmusic/piedmont.htm","external_links_name":"\"Piedmont Blues\""},{"Link":"http://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/rootsmusic/listen.htm","external_links_name":"\"Listen to All Recordings\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080708190738/http://www.rroysters.com/billmoore.htm","external_links_name":"Fan Page of Bill \"The Barber\" Moore"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000041330453","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/48406713","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmP3D9xBpfggJg9pkkJjC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91063092","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/2633e969-f923-4d48-86fd-e8431645efe7","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Moore_(musician)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Moore_(musician)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_region | Southern Region, Papua New Guinea | ["1 Subdivision","2 See also","3 References"] | Coordinates: 7°55′S 145°50′E / 7.917°S 145.833°E / -7.917; 145.833Region in Papua New GuineaSouthern RegionRegionCoordinates: 7°55′S 145°50′E / 7.917°S 145.833°E / -7.917; 145.833Country Papua New GuineaLargest cityPort MoresbyArea • Total202,542 km2 (78,202 sq mi)Population (2011 Census) • Total1,456,250 • Density7.2/km2 (19/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+10 (AEST)
Southern Region (formerly Papua Region) is one of four regions of Papua New Guinea. The region includes the national capital Port Moresby.
Subdivision
The Region is administratively divided into six provinces:
Central
Gulf
Milne Bay
Oro (Northern)
Western (Fly River)
National Capital District (Port Moresby)
See also
Papua (disambiguation)
Provinces of Papua New Guinea
Territory of Papua
Territory of Papua and New Guinea
References
^ Papua New Guinea National Statistical Office (November 2013). "2011 National Population & Housing Census: Final Figures Booklet". Retrieved 10 June 2018.
^ "Census Figures by Wards - Southern Region". www.nso.gov.pg. 2011 National Population and Housing Census: Ward Population Profile. Port Moresby: National Statistical Office, Papua New Guinea. 2014.
vteRegions of Papua New Guinea
Highlands
Islands
Momase
Southern
This Papua New Guinea–related geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"}],"text":"Region in Papua New GuineaSouthern Region (formerly Papua Region) is one of four regions of Papua New Guinea. The region includes the national capital Port Moresby.","title":"Southern Region, Papua New Guinea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Southern-2011-2"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Province_(Papua_New_Guinea)"},{"link_name":"Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Province"},{"link_name":"Milne Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milne_Bay_Province"},{"link_name":"Oro (Northern)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro_Province"},{"link_name":"Western (Fly River)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Province_(Papua_New_Guinea)"},{"link_name":"National Capital District (Port Moresby)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"}],"text":"The Region is administratively divided into six provinces:[2]Central\nGulf\nMilne Bay\nOro (Northern)\nWestern (Fly River)\nNational Capital District (Port Moresby)","title":"Subdivision"}] | [] | [{"title":"Papua (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Provinces of Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Papua_New_Guinea"},{"title":"Territory of Papua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Papua"},{"title":"Territory of Papua and New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea"}] | [{"reference":"Papua New Guinea National Statistical Office (November 2013). \"2011 National Population & Housing Census: Final Figures Booklet\". Retrieved 10 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nso.gov.pg/index.php/document-library","url_text":"\"2011 National Population & Housing Census: Final Figures Booklet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census Figures by Wards - Southern Region\". www.nso.gov.pg. 2011 National Population and Housing Census: Ward Population Profile. Port Moresby: National Statistical Office, Papua New Guinea. 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nso.gov.pg/index.php/document-library?view=download&fileId=64","url_text":"\"Census Figures by Wards - Southern Region\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Southern_Region,_Papua_New_Guinea¶ms=7_55_S_145_50_E_type:adm1st_source:itwiki_region:PG","external_links_name":"7°55′S 145°50′E / 7.917°S 145.833°E / -7.917; 145.833"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Southern_Region,_Papua_New_Guinea¶ms=7_55_S_145_50_E_type:adm1st_source:itwiki_region:PG","external_links_name":"7°55′S 145°50′E / 7.917°S 145.833°E / -7.917; 145.833"},{"Link":"http://www.nso.gov.pg/index.php/document-library","external_links_name":"\"2011 National Population & Housing Census: Final Figures Booklet\""},{"Link":"https://www.nso.gov.pg/index.php/document-library?view=download&fileId=64","external_links_name":"\"Census Figures by Wards - Southern Region\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Region,_Papua_New_Guinea&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendel_Ehrlich | Kendel Ehrlich | ["1 Early life","2 First lady","3 Subsequent activities","4 References"] | American government official (born 1961)
Kendel EhrlichEhrlich in 2022Deputy Director of the Office of National Drug Control PolicyIn officeAugust 2019 – February 2020PresidentDonald TrumpFirst Lady of MarylandIn roleJanuary 15, 2003 – January 17, 2007Preceded byJennifer GlendeningSucceeded byKatie O'Malley
Personal detailsBornKendel Sibiski (1961-10-08) October 8, 1961 (age 62)Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.Political partyRepublicanSpouse
Robert Ehrlich (m. 1993)Children2 sonsAlma materUniversity of Delaware (1983), University of Baltimore School of Law (1987)OccupationAssistant Public Defender (1990–1995); County Prosecutor (4 years); Cable television Lawyer, Consultant, Producer (1997–2007); Bank Director (from 2007)ProfessionAttorney (licensed 1987)
Kendel Sibiski Ehrlich (born 1961) is a former First Lady of Maryland, having served from 2003 to 2007 during the administration of Maryland Governor Robert Ehrlich. She is the first woman of Polish descent to have been Maryland's First Lady.
From 2019 to 2020, she served as the deputy director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy, and from March 2020 to 2021 as the director of the Justice Department's Office of Sex Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending, Registering, and Tracking (SMART).
Early life
Ehrlich was born in 1961 to parents Walt and Jane Sibiski and raised in Arbutus and Lutherville, Maryland, respectively southwest and north of the city of Baltimore. She attended Dulaney High School, where she was a co-captain of the lacrosse team, and received a B.A. degree in criminal justice from the University of Delaware in 1983 and LL.B. degree from the University of Baltimore School of Law in 1987. She married Robert Ehrlich, then a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, on July 24, 1993.
From 1990 to 1995, Ehrlich was an Assistant Public Defender in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. She also served for four years as a prosecutor with Harford County, Maryland. From 1997 to 2007, Ehrlich worked for Comcast Cable in various capacities, initially as a lawyer, then part-time as a consultant and later a television show producer.
First lady
On October 3, 2003, during her first year as first lady, Mrs. Ehrlich spoke at a domestic violence function and made the statement, "You know, really, if I had an opportunity to shoot Britney Spears, I think I would." She apologized to Spears, and a spokesperson later said that the incident "inadvertently used a figure of speech."
In July 2004, Baltimore magazine published an article on the Ehrlichs' move into Government House, in which the first lady commented on the adjustment involved for the family, and the changes that were made.
Ehrlich joined a steering committee in September 2004 on Underage Drinking Research and Prevention, sponsored by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
In April 2005, Ehrlich and her husband spoke out against newspapers, particularly The Baltimore Sun and The Washington Post, as being biased and unfair.
The Washington Post reported in June 2005 that the first lady had played a very active role in decisions such as "appointments and policy initiatives". Asked about her advisory influence in 2003, Ehrlich's response was summarized as its only being on the issue of "loyalty within his administration".
Subsequent activities
Ehrlich in 2015
After her husband left office, Ehrlich took a job as a director for BankAnnapolis. She and her husband have also hosted a Saturday radio show on WBAL-AM. By mid-2009, rumors began to surface regarding the prospect of Kendel Ehrlich's running for elected office herself. Her husband was defeated by Martin O'Malley in the 2006 and 2010 Maryland gubernatorial races.
On March 2, 2015, longtime U.S. Senator Barbara Mikulski announced that she would not seek re-election in 2016. Former First Lady Kendel Ehrlich had been mentioned as a potential Republican candidate for the open seat in the 2016 Senate election, though she did not run for the office. In October 2015, Ehrlich was sworn in as an assistant state's attorney in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, and left the position in 2018.
On July 31, 2019, President Trump announced his intention to appoint Ehrlich to be Deputy Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy. On February 28, 2020, Trump announced he would nominate her to lead the DOJ's Office of Sex Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending, Registering, and Tracking (SMART) within the Office of Justice Programs; she was sworn in as the director on March 16, 2020, and was succeeded by an acting director in early 2021.
References
^ a b Poremski, Richard P. (November 7, 2006). "Kendel Sibiski Ehrlich – Maryland's 1st Polish First Lady". Polish Culture. Jagoda Urban-Klaehn. Archived from the original on March 30, 2009. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
^ "CPWN Newsletter" (PDF). cpwnet.org. Chesapeake Professional Women's Network. September 2006. Retrieved August 16, 2009.
^ Nitkin, David (April 23, 2004). "For baby Ehrlich, gifts of glitterati". mcall.com. The Morning Call. Retrieved August 16, 2009.
^ a b c Canavan, Kathy (2003). "At home in the governor's mansion". UD Messenger. University of Delaware. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
^ "Putting the Bully Pulpit to Good Use". University of Baltimore Alumni Magazine. University of Baltimore. Spring 2003. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
^ a b c d Smitherman, Laura (August 9, 2009). "Kendel Ehrlich Weighing Run?". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved August 16, 2009. She served five years as a public defender in Anne Arundel County
^ a b Green, Andrew A. (March 8, 2006). "Kendel Ehrlich Reveals Salary". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved October 8, 2022.
^ a b "BankAnnapolis :: Officers & Directors :: Kendel S. Ehrlich". snl.com. SNL Financial. Archived from the original on February 13, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
^ "BankAnnapolis Names Kendel Ehrlich to Board of Directors". AllBusiness.com. Gale Group. January 22, 2007. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
^ "Kendel Sibiski Ehrlich". Avvo. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
^ a b Mosk, Matthew (June 26, 2005). "A Light-as-Air Image Veils Kendel Ehrlich's Political Heft". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
^ "2006 Speakers" (PDF). mdfamilies.org. Association of Maryland Families. 2006. pp. 8–9. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
^ "Kendel Sibiski Ehrlich". Maryland State Archives. January 19, 2018. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
^ a b Marion, Jane (July 2004). "To The Manor Elected". Baltimore. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
^ Funk, Deborah (July 29, 1992). "'Car Trouble' Robber Pleads Guilty, Gets Drug Treatment". hometownannapolis.com. The Capital. Retrieved August 16, 2009.
^ "Kendel S. Ehrlich Profile". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2009.
^ "Mrs. Ehrlich: I Really Regret Making Britney Statement". WBAL TV. Internet Broadcasting Systems. October 9, 2003. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
^ "Research and Policy Experts Meet to Address Underage Drinking" (Press release). National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. September 17, 2004. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
^ "Kendel Ehrlich joins husband in fight against newspapers". The Baltimore Sun. Associated Press. April 26, 2005. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
^ Hyslop, Margie (August 8, 2003). "First lady finding her feet". The Gazette. Retrieved February 29, 2020 – via Maryland State Archives.
^ Wagner, John (March 18, 2007). "Ehrlich Out of Office but Not Out of Sight". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 16, 2009.
^ "Robert and Kendel Ehrlich Show". radiotime.com. RadioTime. Archived from the original on October 10, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2009.
^ Wenger, Yvonne (March 2, 2015). "Who are the candidates to succeed Barbara Mikulski?". Capital Gazette. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
^ Levinson, Alexis (March 2, 2015). "Long List of Possible Barbara Mikulski Successors". Roll Call. Archived from the original on March 6, 2015. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
^ Witte, Brian (October 29, 2015). "Kendel Ehrlich, former first lady of Maryland, sworn in as an assistant state's attorney". The Washington Times. Associated Press. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
^ San Felice, Selene (July 31, 2019). "Trump appoints Sean Spicer to Naval Academy, Kendel Ehrlich to White House". Capital Gazette. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
^ "President Donald J. Trump Announces Intent to Nominate and Appoint Individuals to Key Administration Posts". whitehouse.gov. July 31, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2019 – via National Archives.
^ Mordock, Jeff (February 28, 2020). "Trump to nominate former Maryland first lady for key DOJ post". The Washington Times. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
^ "SMART Leadership". U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 19, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "SMART Leadership". U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021. Retrieved February 10, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
Honorary titles
Preceded byJennifer Crawford Glendening
First Lady of Maryland January 15, 2003 – January 17, 2007
Succeeded byKatie O'Malley | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_First_Spouses_of_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Robert Ehrlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ehrlich"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mosk-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polish-1"},{"link_name":"Office of National Drug Control Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy"},{"link_name":"Justice Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Justice_Programs"}],"text":"Kendel Sibiski Ehrlich (born 1961) is a former First Lady of Maryland, having served from 2003 to 2007 during the administration of Maryland Governor Robert Ehrlich.[11][12] She is the first woman of Polish descent to have been Maryland's First Lady.[1]From 2019 to 2020, she served as the deputy director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy, and from March 2020 to 2021 as the director of the Justice Department's Office of Sex Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending, Registering, and Tracking (SMART).","title":"Kendel Ehrlich"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arbutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbutus,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Lutherville, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutherville,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Dulaney High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulaney_High_School"},{"link_name":"lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrosse"},{"link_name":"B.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"University of Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"LL.B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"University of Baltimore School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Baltimore_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Maryland House of Delegates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_House_of_Delegates"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bmag-14"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UD-4"},{"link_name":"Public Defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Defender"},{"link_name":"Anne Arundel County, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Arundel_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aug2009-6"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-July1992-15"},{"link_name":"prosecutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecutor#United_States"},{"link_name":"Harford County, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harford_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aug2009-6"},{"link_name":"Comcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes-16"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-salary-7"}],"text":"Ehrlich was born in 1961 to parents Walt and Jane Sibiski and raised in Arbutus and Lutherville, Maryland, respectively southwest and north of the city of Baltimore. She attended Dulaney High School, where she was a co-captain of the lacrosse team, and received a B.A. degree in criminal justice from the University of Delaware in 1983 and LL.B. degree from the University of Baltimore School of Law in 1987. She married Robert Ehrlich, then a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, on July 24, 1993.[13][14]From 1990 to 1995,[4] Ehrlich was an Assistant Public Defender in Anne Arundel County, Maryland.[6][15] She also served for four years as a prosecutor with Harford County, Maryland.[6] From 1997 to 2007, Ehrlich worked for Comcast Cable in various capacities,[16] initially as a lawyer, then part-time as a consultant and later a television show producer.[7]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"domestic violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violence"},{"link_name":"Britney Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Baltimore magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Government 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\"You know, really, if I had an opportunity to shoot Britney Spears, I think I would.\" She apologized to Spears, and a spokesperson later said that the incident \"inadvertently used a figure of speech.\"[17]In July 2004, Baltimore magazine published an article on the Ehrlichs' move into Government House, in which the first lady commented on the adjustment involved for the family, and the changes that were made.[14]Ehrlich joined a steering committee in September 2004 on Underage Drinking Research and Prevention, sponsored by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.[18]In April 2005, Ehrlich and her husband spoke out against newspapers, particularly The Baltimore Sun and The Washington Post, as being biased and unfair.[19]The Washington Post reported in June 2005 that the first lady had played a very active role in decisions such as \"appointments and policy initiatives\".[11] Asked about her advisory influence in 2003, Ehrlich's response was summarized as its only being on the issue of \"loyalty within his administration\".[20]","title":"First lady"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KendelSEhrlich.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-director-8"},{"link_name":"WBAL-AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBAL_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afteroffice-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radiotime-22"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aug2009-6"},{"link_name":"Martin O'Malley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_O%27Malley"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senator"},{"link_name":"Barbara Mikulski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski"},{"link_name":"2016 Senate election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-capgazette-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rollcall-24"},{"link_name":"state's attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%27s_attorney"},{"link_name":"Anne Arundel County, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Arundel_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"President Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Trump"},{"link_name":"Office of National Drug Control Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"DOJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Office of Justice Programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Justice_Programs"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Ehrlich in 2015After her husband left office, Ehrlich took a job as a director for BankAnnapolis.[8] She and her husband have also hosted a Saturday radio show on WBAL-AM.[21][22] By mid-2009, rumors began to surface regarding the prospect of Kendel Ehrlich's running for elected office herself.[6] Her husband was defeated by Martin O'Malley in the 2006 and 2010 Maryland gubernatorial races.On March 2, 2015, longtime U.S. Senator Barbara Mikulski announced that she would not seek re-election in 2016. Former First Lady Kendel Ehrlich had been mentioned as a potential Republican candidate for the open seat in the 2016 Senate election, though she did not run for the office.[23][24] In October 2015, Ehrlich was sworn in as an assistant state's attorney in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, and left the position in 2018.[25][26]On July 31, 2019, President Trump announced his intention to appoint Ehrlich to be Deputy Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy.[27] On February 28, 2020, Trump announced he would nominate her to lead the DOJ's Office of Sex Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending, Registering, and Tracking (SMART) within the Office of Justice Programs;[28] she was sworn in as the director on March 16, 2020,[29] and was succeeded by an acting director in early 2021.[30]","title":"Subsequent activities"}] | [{"image_text":"Ehrlich in 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/KendelSEhrlich.jpg/220px-KendelSEhrlich.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Poremski, Richard P. (November 7, 2006). \"Kendel Sibiski Ehrlich – Maryland's 1st Polish First Lady\". Polish Culture. Jagoda Urban-Klaehn. Archived from the original on March 30, 2009. Retrieved July 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090330211502/http://culture.polishsite.us/articles/art398fr.htm","url_text":"\"Kendel Sibiski Ehrlich – Maryland's 1st Polish First Lady\""},{"url":"http://culture.polishsite.us/articles/art398fr.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CPWN Newsletter\" (PDF). cpwnet.org. Chesapeake Professional Women's Network. September 2006. Retrieved August 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cpwnet.org/newsletters/September%202006%20CPWN%20Newsletter%208%20x%2011.pdf","url_text":"\"CPWN Newsletter\""}]},{"reference":"Nitkin, David (April 23, 2004). \"For baby Ehrlich, gifts of glitterati\". mcall.com. The Morning Call. Retrieved August 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mcall.com/topic/bal-te.md.gifts23apr23,0,3682652.story","url_text":"\"For baby Ehrlich, gifts of glitterati\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Morning_Call","url_text":"The Morning Call"}]},{"reference":"Canavan, Kathy (2003). \"At home in the governor's mansion\". UD Messenger. University of Delaware. Retrieved July 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.udel.edu/PR/Messenger/03/2/athome.html","url_text":"\"At home in the governor's mansion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Putting the Bully Pulpit to Good Use\". University of Baltimore Alumni Magazine. University of Baltimore. Spring 2003. Retrieved July 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ubalt.edu/glance/ur_portfolio/alumni_mag/spring_03/features/bully.html","url_text":"\"Putting the Bully Pulpit to Good Use\""}]},{"reference":"Smitherman, Laura (August 9, 2009). \"Kendel Ehrlich Weighing Run?\". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved August 16, 2009. She served five years as a public defender in Anne Arundel County","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2009-08-09-0908080107-story.html","url_text":"\"Kendel Ehrlich Weighing Run?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun","url_text":"The Baltimore Sun"}]},{"reference":"Green, Andrew A. (March 8, 2006). \"Kendel Ehrlich Reveals Salary\". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved October 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2006-03-08-0603080077-story.html","url_text":"\"Kendel Ehrlich Reveals Salary\""}]},{"reference":"\"BankAnnapolis :: Officers & Directors :: Kendel S. Ehrlich\". snl.com. SNL Financial. Archived from the original on February 13, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120213152736/http://www2.snl.com/irweblinkx/bio.aspx?IID=1022858&PID=332360&AIP=1706&PersonSection=12687","url_text":"\"BankAnnapolis :: Officers & Directors :: Kendel S. Ehrlich\""},{"url":"http://www2.snl.com/irweblinkx/bio.aspx?IID=1022858&PID=332360&AIP=1706&PersonSection=12687","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BankAnnapolis Names Kendel Ehrlich to Board of Directors\". AllBusiness.com. Gale Group. January 22, 2007. Retrieved July 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allbusiness.com/services/business-services/4017893-1.html","url_text":"\"BankAnnapolis Names Kendel Ehrlich to Board of Directors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kendel Sibiski Ehrlich\". Avvo. Retrieved July 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.avvo.com/attorneys/21401-md-kendel-ehrlich-1542545/experience.html","url_text":"\"Kendel Sibiski Ehrlich\""}]},{"reference":"Mosk, Matthew (June 26, 2005). \"A Light-as-Air Image Veils Kendel Ehrlich's Political Heft\". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/25/AR2005062501274.html","url_text":"\"A Light-as-Air Image Veils Kendel Ehrlich's Political Heft\""}]},{"reference":"\"2006 Speakers\" (PDF). mdfamilies.org. Association of Maryland Families. 2006. pp. 8–9. Retrieved July 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mdfamilies.org/forms/speakers2006.pdf","url_text":"\"2006 Speakers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kendel Sibiski Ehrlich\". Maryland State Archives. January 19, 2018. Retrieved February 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/014000/014016/html/14016bio.html","url_text":"\"Kendel Sibiski Ehrlich\""}]},{"reference":"Marion, Jane (July 2004). \"To The Manor Elected\". Baltimore. Retrieved February 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoremagazine.com/2004/6/13/the-ehrlich-government-house","url_text":"\"To The Manor Elected\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_(magazine)","url_text":"Baltimore"}]},{"reference":"Funk, Deborah (July 29, 1992). \"'Car Trouble' Robber Pleads Guilty, Gets Drug Treatment\". hometownannapolis.com. The Capital. Retrieved August 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hometownannapolis.com/news/top/1992/07/29-25","url_text":"\"'Car Trouble' Robber Pleads Guilty, Gets Drug Treatment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kendel S. Ehrlich Profile\". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130123102041/http://people.forbes.com/profile/kendel-s-ehrlich/6192","url_text":"\"Kendel S. Ehrlich Profile\""},{"url":"https://people.forbes.com/profile/kendel-s-ehrlich/6192","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mrs. Ehrlich: I Really Regret Making Britney Statement\". WBAL TV. Internet Broadcasting Systems. October 9, 2003. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716094851/http://www.wbaltv.com/news/2537146/detail.html","url_text":"\"Mrs. Ehrlich: I Really Regret Making Britney Statement\""},{"url":"http://www.wbaltv.com/news/2537146/detail.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Research and Policy Experts Meet to Address Underage Drinking\" (Press release). National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. September 17, 2004. Retrieved February 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/research-and-policy-experts-meet-address-underage-drinking","url_text":"\"Research and Policy Experts Meet to Address Underage Drinking\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kendel Ehrlich joins husband in fight against newspapers\". The Baltimore Sun. Associated Press. April 26, 2005. Retrieved February 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/bal-md.kendal26apr26-story.html","url_text":"\"Kendel Ehrlich joins husband in fight against newspapers\""}]},{"reference":"Hyslop, Margie (August 8, 2003). \"First lady finding her feet\". The Gazette. Retrieved February 29, 2020 – via Maryland State Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/014000/014016/html/gaz8aug2003.html","url_text":"\"First lady finding her feet\""}]},{"reference":"Wagner, John (March 18, 2007). \"Ehrlich Out of Office but Not Out of Sight\". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/17/AR2007031701112.html","url_text":"\"Ehrlich Out of Office but Not Out of Sight\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robert and Kendel Ehrlich Show\". radiotime.com. RadioTime. Archived from the original on October 10, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101010041803/http://radiotime.com/program/p_138726/Robert_and_Kendel_Ehrlich_Show.aspx","url_text":"\"Robert and Kendel Ehrlich Show\""},{"url":"http://radiotime.com/program/p_138726/Robert_and_Kendel_Ehrlich_Show.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wenger, Yvonne (March 2, 2015). \"Who are the candidates to succeed Barbara Mikulski?\". Capital Gazette. Retrieved March 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.capitalgazette.com/bal-who-are-the-candidates-to-succeed-barbara-mikulski-20150302,0,3339980.story","url_text":"\"Who are the candidates to succeed Barbara Mikulski?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Capital","url_text":"Capital Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Levinson, Alexis (March 2, 2015). \"Long List of Possible Barbara Mikulski Successors\". Roll Call. Archived from the original on March 6, 2015. Retrieved March 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150306042243/http://atr.rollcall.com/long-list-barbara-mikulski-maryland/?dcz=","url_text":"\"Long List of Possible Barbara Mikulski Successors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll_Call","url_text":"Roll Call"},{"url":"http://atr.rollcall.com/long-list-barbara-mikulski-maryland/?dcz=","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Witte, Brian (October 29, 2015). \"Kendel Ehrlich, former first lady of Maryland, sworn in as an assistant state's attorney\". The Washington Times. Associated Press. Retrieved February 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/oct/29/former-first-lady-ehrlich-to-be-sworn-in-to-drug-c/","url_text":"\"Kendel Ehrlich, former first lady of Maryland, sworn in as an assistant state's attorney\""}]},{"reference":"San Felice, Selene (July 31, 2019). \"Trump appoints Sean Spicer to Naval Academy, Kendel Ehrlich to White House\". Capital Gazette. Retrieved October 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.capitalgazette.com/education/naval-academy/ac-cn-spicer-usna-0801-20190731-qn6zjn3cxjb2blchnnxajvwrl4-story.html","url_text":"\"Trump appoints Sean Spicer to Naval Academy, Kendel Ehrlich to White House\""}]},{"reference":"\"President Donald J. Trump Announces Intent to Nominate and Appoint Individuals to Key Administration Posts\". whitehouse.gov. July 31, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2019 – via National Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/president-donald-j-trump-announces-intent-nominate-appoint-individuals-key-administration-posts-15/","url_text":"\"President Donald J. Trump Announces Intent to Nominate and Appoint Individuals to Key Administration Posts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov","url_text":"whitehouse.gov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NARA","url_text":"National Archives"}]},{"reference":"Mordock, Jeff (February 28, 2020). \"Trump to nominate former Maryland first lady for key DOJ post\". The Washington Times. Retrieved February 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/feb/28/kendel-s-ehrlich-former-maryland-first-lady-eyed-t/","url_text":"\"Trump to nominate former Maryland first lady for key DOJ post\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Times","url_text":"The Washington Times"}]},{"reference":"\"SMART Leadership\". U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200419142204/https://www.ojp.gov/about/offices/office-sex-offender-sentencing-monitoring-apprehending-registering-and-tracking-smart","url_text":"\"SMART Leadership\""}]},{"reference":"\"SMART Leadership\". U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021. Retrieved February 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210211183338/https://www.ojp.gov/about/offices/office-sex-offender-sentencing-monitoring-apprehending-registering-and-tracking-smart","url_text":"\"SMART Leadership\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090330211502/http://culture.polishsite.us/articles/art398fr.htm","external_links_name":"\"Kendel Sibiski Ehrlich – Maryland's 1st Polish First Lady\""},{"Link":"http://culture.polishsite.us/articles/art398fr.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cpwnet.org/newsletters/September%202006%20CPWN%20Newsletter%208%20x%2011.pdf","external_links_name":"\"CPWN Newsletter\""},{"Link":"http://www.mcall.com/topic/bal-te.md.gifts23apr23,0,3682652.story","external_links_name":"\"For baby Ehrlich, gifts of glitterati\""},{"Link":"http://www.udel.edu/PR/Messenger/03/2/athome.html","external_links_name":"\"At home in the governor's mansion\""},{"Link":"http://www.ubalt.edu/glance/ur_portfolio/alumni_mag/spring_03/features/bully.html","external_links_name":"\"Putting the Bully Pulpit to Good Use\""},{"Link":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2009-08-09-0908080107-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Kendel Ehrlich Weighing Run?\""},{"Link":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2006-03-08-0603080077-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Kendel Ehrlich Reveals Salary\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120213152736/http://www2.snl.com/irweblinkx/bio.aspx?IID=1022858&PID=332360&AIP=1706&PersonSection=12687","external_links_name":"\"BankAnnapolis :: Officers & Directors :: Kendel S. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrienne_Kolb | Adrienne Kolb | ["1 Education and career","2 Books","3 Personal life","4 References"] | American historian of science
Adrienne W. Kolb is an American historian of science who worked for many years as the archivist and historian at Fermilab.
Education and career
Kolb studied history at the University of New Orleans, graduating in 1972. She came to Fermilab as an assistant to Lillian Hoddeson in 1983, and retired in 2015.
Books
With Hoddeson and Catherine Westfall, Kolb is the coauthor of the book Fermilab: Physics, the Frontier, and Megascience (University of Chicago Press, 2008).
With Hoddeson and Michael Riordan, Kolb is the coauthor of Tunnel Visions: The Rise and Fall of the Superconducting Super Collider (University of Chicago Press, 2015).
Personal life
Kolb is married to Edward ("Rocky") Kolb, a professor of physics at the University of Chicago.
References
^ a b Matthews, Jermey N. A. (March 2016), "Questions and answers with Adrienne Kolb", Physics Today, {AIP} Publishing, doi:10.1063/pt.5.3034
^ a b c Higgins, Valerie (June 23, 2015), Adrienne Kolb retires, Fermilab
^ "Adrienne W. Kolb (Fermilab)", Inspire, retrieved 2020-06-26
^ Reviews of Fermilab:
Scholberg, Kate (January–February 2009), "Particles on the prairie", American Scientist, 97 (1): 79–81, doi:10.1511/2009.76.79, JSTOR 27859280
Seidel, Robert W. (March 2009), "Giant ring on the prairie", Science, 323 (5920): 1430–1431, doi:10.1126/science.1170899, S2CID 152529939
Domokos, Gabor (July 2009), American Journal of Physics, 77 (7): 671–672, Bibcode:2009AmJPh..77..671D, doi:10.1119/1.3098334{{citation}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Roser, Robert (August 2009), "From prairie to energy frontier", Physics World, 22 (8): 36–37, Bibcode:2009PhyW...22h..36R, doi:10.1088/2058-7058/22/08/35
Thorpe, Charles (November 2009), Physics Today, 62 (11): 51, doi:10.1063/1.3265237{{citation}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Mody, Cyrus M. (January 2010), Technology and Culture, 51 (1): 279–280, JSTOR 40647030{{citation}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Bussey, Peter J. (March 2010), Contemporary Physics, 51 (2): 190, doi:10.1080/00107510903109312, S2CID 122819708{{citation}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Jones‐Imhotep, Edward (March 2010), Isis, 101 (1): 259–260, doi:10.1086/653913, JSTOR 10.1086/653913{{citation}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Hamblin, Jacob Darwin (Spring 2010), "Science and technology for every man, woman, and child", Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences, 40 (2): 259–267, doi:10.1525/hsns.2010.40.2.259, JSTOR 10.1525/hsns.2010.40.2.259
^ Reviews of Tunnel Visions:
Pisano, Raffaele (November 2015), Centaurus, 57 (4): 271–273, doi:10.1111/1600-0498.12107{{citation}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Pronskikh, Vitaly (2016), "Dreams of a super collider", Endeavour, 40 (2): 136, doi:10.1016/j.endeavour.2016.04.001
Westfall, Catherine (2016), Technology and Culture, 57 (4): 1036–1037, doi:10.1353/tech.2016.0138, S2CID 114859448{{citation}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Moskowitz, Clara (February 2016), "Review", Scientific American
Dylla, H. Frederick (March 2016), Physics Today, 69 (3): 52, doi:10.1063/pt.3.3109{{citation}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Weart, Spencer (April 2016), American Journal of Physics, 84 (4): 318–319, doi:10.1119/1.4941930{{citation}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Hallonsten, Olof (October 2016), Science and Public Policy, 44 (1): 149–150, doi:10.1093/scipol/scw041{{citation}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Benson, Keith R. (November 2016), The Journal of American History, 103 (3): 853–854, doi:10.1093/jahist/jaw487{{citation}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Fisher, Amy (March 2017), Isis, 108 (1): 234–236, doi:10.1086/690929{{citation}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
Celnik, Leib (2018), Scientia Canadensis: Canadian Journal of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine, 40 (1): 111, doi:10.7202/1048931ar{{citation}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historian of science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science"},{"link_name":"Fermilab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermilab"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qa-1"}],"text":"Adrienne W. Kolb is an American historian of science who worked for many years as the archivist and historian at Fermilab.[1]","title":"Adrienne Kolb"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retire-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inspire-3"},{"link_name":"Lillian Hoddeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Hoddeson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qa-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retire-2"}],"text":"Kolb studied history at the University of New Orleans,[2] graduating in 1972.[3] She came to Fermilab as an assistant to Lillian Hoddeson in 1983, and retired in 2015.[1][2]","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catherine Westfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Westfall"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fermi-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tunnel-5"}],"text":"With Hoddeson and Catherine Westfall, Kolb is the coauthor of the book Fermilab: Physics, the Frontier, and Megascience (University of Chicago Press, 2008).[4]With Hoddeson and Michael Riordan, Kolb is the coauthor of Tunnel Visions: The Rise and Fall of the Superconducting Super Collider (University of Chicago Press, 2015).[5]","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward (\"Rocky\") Kolb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Kolb"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retire-2"}],"text":"Kolb is married to Edward (\"Rocky\") Kolb, a professor of physics at the University of Chicago.[2]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Matthews, Jermey N. 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Frederick (March 2016), Physics Today, 69 (3): 52, doi:10.1063/pt.3.3109","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_Today","url_text":"Physics Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2Fpt.3.3109","url_text":"10.1063/pt.3.3109"}]},{"reference":"Weart, Spencer (April 2016), American Journal of Physics, 84 (4): 318–319, doi:10.1119/1.4941930","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_R._Weart","url_text":"Weart, Spencer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physics","url_text":"American Journal of Physics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.4941930","url_text":"10.1119/1.4941930"}]},{"reference":"Hallonsten, Olof (October 2016), Science and Public Policy, 44 (1): 149–150, doi:10.1093/scipol/scw041","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Public_Policy","url_text":"Science and Public Policy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fscipol%2Fscw041","url_text":"10.1093/scipol/scw041"}]},{"reference":"Benson, Keith R. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kora-kora | Kora kora | ["1 Etymology","2 Descriptions","3 In popular culture","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading"] | Traditional Indonesian canoe
Kora-kora fleet from Ternate and Tidore bound for Ambon. 1817.
A kora-kora or kora kora or coracora is a traditional canoe from the Maluku (Moluccas) Islands, Indonesia. They are naval boat for carrying men on raids for plunder or for slaves. In Maritime Southeast Asia, raiding for slaves was an honourable way of making a living, and the kora kora was needed for defence against raids as well as for forays. Large kora-kora is called juanga or joanga.
Etymology
The origin of the name is unknown, but it has been proposed that it may have been derived from the Arabic "قُرقور" qorqora, the plural of qarâqir, meaning "large merchant ship". It is also likely that the origin of the names are native, with the meaning lost through time, as other Austronesian vessels with no contact with Arab traders also bear similar names like the Ivatan karakuhan and the Marshallese korkor. The term may also comes from Spanish or Portuguese carraca, but in the oldest Portuguese and Spanish accounts of the Moluccas reports caracora, coracora, carcoa, but never carraca. De Morga not only says expressly that it is a word used by the Tagalog people of Mindoro, Marinduque, and Luzon, but that it is also a true Malayo-Polynesian word: In the Malay Peninsula: kolek (a small fishing boat); Amboina: kolekole, Mota (Banks Islands): kora, San Cristoval (South Solomons): ora.
Descriptions
A Dutch kora-kora with mainsail.
It is approximately ten metres long and very narrow, quite open, very low, and weighs about four tons. It had outriggers of bamboo about five feet off each side, which supported a bamboo platform extending the whole length of the vessel. On the extreme outside of this sit the twenty rowers (overall it needs 40 paddlers), while within was a convenient passage fore and aft. The middle portion of the boat is covered with a thatch-house, in which baggage and passengers are stowed. The gunwale is not more than a foot above water, and suffer the great top and side weight.
This boat is used for both trade and warfare. Bigger kora-koras were used as war vessels during the war with the Dutch in the Banda Islands during the 17th century. Since ancient times the steerer and paddlers of these traditional Moluccan rowing boats yelled "Mena Muria", to synchronise their strokes during off shore expeditions. This literally means 'Front - Back', but is also translated to "I go - We follow" or "One for all - All for One".
Some of the bigger rowing boats could have over 100 rowers and when used on the maritime war path, during for instance a so-called hongitocht (war expeditions for the Dutch East India Company during the 17th century), the approach of the kora kora struck fear in the hearts of the villagers from the attacked coastal village.
According to Robert Dick-Read, every leader in the Maluku region has its own ship, the leader's status depends on the number of slaves, who come from a distant island, which he captures and collects. Each ship is rowed by 300 rowers, supported by men armed with spears, blowgun, arrows, and swords in a higher fighting platform called balai. The vessel has two steering wheels on the side, a tall pole in the stern and bow that decorated with ribbons. In the past, these poles were adorned with conquered enemy heads.
In popular culture
Kora-Kora, a swinging ship ride in Dunia Fantasi theme park at Ancol Dreamland, Jakarta is named after the canoe, and become the metonym of any such ride in Indonesia.
Gallery
King of Ternate's kora-kora with 7 cannons. The king's luxury bed can be seen.
A kora-kora from Halmahera, Maluku Islands (c. 1920) with a tanja sail
1863 illustration of a kora-kora warship in Maluku
A 1726 depiction of a large kora-kora from Nusa Laut
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kora kora.
Orembai
Karakoa, similar warships from the Philippines
Borobudur ship
Pinisi
Kakap
Culture of Indonesia
References
^ Horridge (1982). p. 36.
^ Horridge (1982). p. 37 and 70.
^ Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis - VOC-Glossarium bezocht 5 juli 2008
^ Charles P.G. Scott (1896). "The Malayan Words in English (First Part)". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 17: 93–144.
^ Raymond Arveiller (1999). Max Pfister (ed.). Addenda au FEW XIX (Orientalia). Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie. Vol. 298. Max Niemeyer. p. 174. ISBN 9783110927719.
^ Folkard, H. C. (1901). The Sailing Boat 5th edition. London: Edward Stanford.
^ (in Dutch) National archive
^ a b c d "Authorama". Archived from the original on 2008-06-08. Retrieved 2007-11-30.
^ Spice Islands voyage
^ Clive Moore, New Guinea: Crossing Boundaries and History, University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu, pp. 97-98
^ Dick-Read, Robert (2008). Penjelajah Bahari: pengaruh peradaban Nusantara di Afrika. PT Mizan Publika. p. 67.
^ Budi, Candra Setia (2019). "5 Fakta di Balik Jatuhnya Wahana Kora-kora, 1 Orang Tewas hingga Operator Ditetapkan Tersangka". Kompas.com. Retrieved 11 February 2021. "Wahana Kora-kora" (Kora-kora attraction) refers to a swinging ship ride.
Further reading
The Lashed-lug Boat of the Eastern Archipelagoes, the Alcina MS and the Lomblen Whaling Boats. By G. Adrian Horridge. Greenwich, London: National Maritime Museum. Maritime Monographs and Reports No. 54, 1982. Illustrations, Notes, References.
vteAustronesian shipsShip typesTaiwanKavalan
Mangka
Thao
Ruza
Tao
Ipanitika
Tatara
IslandSoutheast AsiaBrunei
Bajak
Bangkong
Gubang
Jong
Kakap
Penjajap
Tongkang
Indonesia
Abak
Bagan
Bago
Bajak
Bangkong
Banting
Benawa
Borobudur ship
Cerucuh
Chialoup
Eloha
Fakatora
Ghali
Ghurab
Golekan
Janggolan
Jellore
Jong
Jongkong
Juanga
Jukung
Jukung tambangan
Kakap
Kalulis
Kelulus
Kolay
Kolekole
Knabat bogolu
Kora kora
Kotta mara
K'un-lun po
Lancang
Lancaran
Lepa
Lepa-Lepa
Leti leti
Lis-alis
Londe
Malangbang
Mayang
Orembai
Padewakang
Paduwang
Pajala
Paledang
Penjajap
Pangkur
Patorani
Pelang
Pencalang
Perahu
Pinisi
Lambo
Palari
Sampan
Sampan panjang
Sandeq
Sarua
Sekong
Solu
Teneh
Tongkang
Toop
Malaysia
Bajak
Bangkong
Banting
Bedar
Buggoh
Birau
Cerucuh
Ghali
Ghurab
Jong
Juanga
Kakap
Kolek
Lancang
Lancaran
Lepa
Pelang
Pencalang
Penjajap
Perahu payang
Perahu tambangan
Pinas
Sampan
Sampan panjang
Tongkang
Moken
Kabang
Philippines
Armadahan
Avang
Awang
Balación
Balangay (Barangay)
Baloto
Bangka
Bangka anak-anak
Basnigan
Batil
Bigiw
Bilo
Birau
Biray
Biroko (Birok, Bidok)
Buggoh
Casco
Chinarem
Chinedkeran
Dinahit
Djenging (Balutu)
Falua
Garay
Guilalo
Juanga
Junkun
Junkung
Karakoa
Kulibo
Lanong
Lapis
Lepa (Kumpit, Pidlas)
Ontang
Owong
Panineman
Pasaplap
Pangayaw
Paraw
Salambaw
Salisipan
Sapyaw
Seberen
Tapake
Tataya
Tempel
Tilimbao (Tinimbao)
Tiririt (Buti)
Vinta (Dapang, Pilang)
Singapore
Sampan panjang
Tongkang
IslandMelanesiaAdmiralty Islands
Endrol
Kel
Fiji
Camakau
Drua (Waqa tabu)
Takia
Green Islands
Kǒp
Tsǐne
Papua New Guinea
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Sandeq | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Molukken-Kora_kora_vloot_uit_Ternate_en_Tidore_voor_Ambon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maluku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Maritime Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"juanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanga_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Kora-kora fleet from Ternate and Tidore bound for Ambon. 1817.A kora-kora or kora kora or coracora is a traditional canoe from the Maluku (Moluccas) Islands, Indonesia. They are naval boat for carrying men on raids for plunder or for slaves. In Maritime Southeast Asia, raiding for slaves was an honourable way of making a living, and the kora kora was needed for defence against raids as well as for forays.[1] Large kora-kora is called juanga or joanga.[2]","title":"Kora kora"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ivatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivatan_people"},{"link_name":"karakuhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakuhan"},{"link_name":"Marshallese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallese_people"},{"link_name":"korkor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korkor_(boat)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ave-5"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"carraca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrack"},{"link_name":"Tagalog people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_people"},{"link_name":"Marinduque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinduque"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"Malay Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Amboina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambon_Island"},{"link_name":"Banks Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banks_Islands"},{"link_name":"South Solomons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Solomons"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The origin of the name is unknown, but it has been proposed that it may have been derived from the Arabic \"قُرقور\" qorqora, the plural of qarâqir,[3] meaning \"large merchant ship\". It is also likely that the origin of the names are native, with the meaning lost through time, as other Austronesian vessels with no contact with Arab traders also bear similar names like the Ivatan karakuhan and the Marshallese korkor.[4][5] The term may also comes from Spanish or Portuguese carraca, but in the oldest Portuguese and Spanish accounts of the Moluccas reports caracora, coracora, carcoa, but never carraca. De Morga not only says expressly that it is a word used by the Tagalog people of Mindoro, Marinduque, and Luzon, but that it is also a true Malayo-Polynesian word: In the Malay Peninsula: kolek (a small fishing boat); Amboina: kolekole, Mota (Banks Islands): kora, San Cristoval (South Solomons): ora.[6]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Een_kora-kora_met_grootzeil.jpeg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-authorama-8"},{"link_name":"outriggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outriggers"},{"link_name":"bamboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-authorama-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-authorama-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spice-9"},{"link_name":"gunwale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunwale"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-authorama-8"},{"link_name":"war vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warships"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Banda Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Islands"},{"link_name":"Dutch East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"A Dutch kora-kora with mainsail.It is approximately ten metres long and very narrow,[7] quite open, very low, and weighs about four tons.[8] It had outriggers of bamboo about five feet off each side, which supported a bamboo platform extending the whole length of the vessel.[8] On the extreme outside of this sit the twenty rowers (overall it needs 40 paddlers),[8][9] while within was a convenient passage fore and aft. The middle portion of the boat is covered with a thatch-house, in which baggage and passengers are stowed. The gunwale is not more than a foot above water, and suffer the great top and side weight.[8]This boat is used for both trade and warfare. Bigger kora-koras were used as war vessels during the war with the Dutch in the Banda Islands during the 17th century. Since ancient times the steerer and paddlers of these traditional Moluccan rowing boats yelled \"Mena Muria\", to synchronise their strokes during off shore expeditions. This literally means 'Front - Back', but is also translated to \"I go - We follow\" or \"One for all - All for One\".Some of the bigger rowing boats could have over 100 rowers and when used on the maritime war path, during for instance a so-called hongitocht (war expeditions for the Dutch East India Company during the 17th century), the approach of the kora kora struck fear in the hearts of the villagers from the attacked coastal village.[10]According to Robert Dick-Read, every leader in the Maluku region has its own ship, the leader's status depends on the number of slaves, who come from a distant island, which he captures and collects. Each ship is rowed by 300 rowers, supported by men armed with spears, blowgun, arrows, and swords in a higher fighting platform called balai. The vessel has two steering wheels on the side, a tall pole in the stern and bow that decorated with ribbons. In the past, these poles were adorned with conquered enemy heads.[11]","title":"Descriptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"swinging ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_ship_(ride)"},{"link_name":"Ancol Dreamland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancol_Dreamland"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"metonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonym"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Kora-Kora, a swinging ship ride in Dunia Fantasi theme park at Ancol Dreamland, Jakarta is named after the canoe, and become the metonym of any such ride in Indonesia.[12]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kora_kora_of_the_King_of_Ternate.jpg"},{"link_name":"cannons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Halmahera_Pakata_Tobelo_(voorgrond)_en_rorehe_TMnr_10010571.jpg"},{"link_name":"Halmahera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmahera"},{"link_name":"Maluku Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands"},{"link_name":"tanja sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanja_sail"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moluccan_Corcora_ship_(1863).png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De_Cora-Cora_van_Titaway.png"},{"link_name":"Nusa Laut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusa_Laut"}],"text":"King of Ternate's kora-kora with 7 cannons. The king's luxury bed can be seen.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA kora-kora from Halmahera, Maluku Islands (c. 1920) with a tanja sail\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1863 illustration of a kora-kora warship in Maluku\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 1726 depiction of a large kora-kora from Nusa Laut","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Austronesian_ships"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Austronesian_ships"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian_ships"},{"link_name":"Austronesian ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_ships"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Kavalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavalan_people"},{"link_name":"Mangka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangka_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thao_people"},{"link_name":"Ruza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruza_(canoe)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_people"},{"link_name":"Ipanitika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipanitika"},{"link_name":"Tatara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatara_(ship)"},{"link_name":"IslandSoutheast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"Bajak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajak"},{"link_name":"Bangkong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkong"},{"link_name":"Gubang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gubang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jong_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Kakap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakap_(boat)"},{"link_name":"Penjajap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penjajap"},{"link_name":"Tongkang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongkang"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Abak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abak_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagan_(fishing)"},{"link_name":"Bago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bago_(boat)"},{"link_name":"Bajak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajak"},{"link_name":"Bangkong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkong"},{"link_name":"Banting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banting_(boat)"},{"link_name":"Benawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benawa"},{"link_name":"Borobudur ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur_ship"},{"link_name":"Cerucuh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerucuh"},{"link_name":"Chialoup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chialoup"},{"link_name":"Eloha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eloha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fakatora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fakatora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ghali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghali_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Ghurab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurab"},{"link_name":"Golekan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golekan"},{"link_name":"Janggolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janggolan"},{"link_name":"Jellore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellore"},{"link_name":"Jong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jong_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Jongkong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jongkong"},{"link_name":"Juanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanga_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Jukung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukung"},{"link_name":"Jukung tambangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukung_tambangan"},{"link_name":"Kakap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakap_(boat)"},{"link_name":"Kalulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalulis"},{"link_name":"Kelulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelulus"},{"link_name":"Kolay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolay_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kolekole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolekole&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Knabat bogolu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knabat_bogolu"},{"link_name":"Kora kora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Kotta mara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotta_mara"},{"link_name":"K'un-lun po","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27un-lun_po"},{"link_name":"Lancang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancang_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Lancaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaran_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Lepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepa_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Lepa-Lepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepa-lepa_(dugout_canoe)"},{"link_name":"Leti leti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leti_leti"},{"link_name":"Lis-alis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lis-alis"},{"link_name":"Londe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londe"},{"link_name":"Malangbang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malangbang"},{"link_name":"Mayang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayang_(boat)"},{"link_name":"Orembai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orembai"},{"link_name":"Padewakang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padewakang"},{"link_name":"Paduwang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paduwang"},{"link_name":"Pajala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajala_(boat)"},{"link_name":"Paledang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paledang"},{"link_name":"Penjajap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penjajap"},{"link_name":"Pangkur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pangkur_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Patorani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patorani"},{"link_name":"Pelang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelang"},{"link_name":"Pencalang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencalang"},{"link_name":"Perahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perahu"},{"link_name":"Pinisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinisi"},{"link_name":"Lambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambo_(boat)"},{"link_name":"Palari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palari_(boat)"},{"link_name":"Sampan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampan"},{"link_name":"Sampan 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po","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27un-lun_po"},{"link_name":"Lancang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancang_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Perahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proa"},{"link_name":"Sampan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampan"},{"link_name":"Benawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benawa"},{"link_name":"Ghurab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurab"},{"link_name":"Jongkong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jongkong"},{"link_name":"Kelulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelulus"},{"link_name":"Lancaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaran_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Malangbang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malangbang"},{"link_name":"Pelang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelang"},{"link_name":"Tongkang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongkang"},{"link_name":"Pencalang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencalang"},{"link_name":"Banting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banting_(boat)"},{"link_name":"Ghali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghali_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Juanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanga_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Kalulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalulis"},{"link_name":"Lepa-lepa (dugout canoe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepa-lepa_(dugout_canoe)"},{"link_name":"Londe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londe"},{"link_name":"Penjajap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penjajap"},{"link_name":"Knabat bogolu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knabat_bogolu"},{"link_name":"Kora kora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Kotta mara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotta_mara"},{"link_name":"Orembai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orembai"},{"link_name":"Chialoup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chialoup"},{"link_name":"Jukung tambangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukung_tambangan"},{"link_name":"Lepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepa_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Padewakang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padewakang"},{"link_name":"Toop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toop_(boat)"},{"link_name":"Bajak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajak"},{"link_name":"Bangkong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkong"},{"link_name":"Golekan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golekan"},{"link_name":"Janggolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janggolan"},{"link_name":"Jellore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellore"},{"link_name":"Lambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambo_(boat)"},{"link_name":"Leti leti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leti_leti"},{"link_name":"Lis-alis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lis-alis"},{"link_name":"Palari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palari_(boat)"},{"link_name":"Sampan panjang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampan_panjang"},{"link_name":"Solu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solu"},{"link_name":"Bagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagan_(fishing)"},{"link_name":"Bago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bago_(boat)"},{"link_name":"Jukung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukung"},{"link_name":"Kakap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakap_(boat)"},{"link_name":"Mayang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayang_(boat)"},{"link_name":"Paduwang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paduwang"},{"link_name":"Pajala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajala_(boat)"},{"link_name":"Paledang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paledang"},{"link_name":"Patorani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patorani"},{"link_name":"Sandeq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandeq"}],"text":"The Lashed-lug Boat of the Eastern Archipelagoes, the Alcina MS and the Lomblen Whaling Boats. By G. Adrian Horridge. Greenwich, London: National Maritime Museum. Maritime Monographs and Reports No. 54, 1982. Illustrations, Notes, References.vteAustronesian shipsShip typesTaiwanKavalan\nMangka\nThao\nRuza\nTao\nIpanitika\nTatara\nIslandSoutheast AsiaBrunei\nBajak\nBangkong\nGubang\nJong\nKakap\nPenjajap\nTongkang\nIndonesia\nAbak\nBagan\nBago\nBajak\nBangkong\nBanting\nBenawa\nBorobudur ship\nCerucuh\nChialoup\nEloha\nFakatora\nGhali\nGhurab\nGolekan\nJanggolan\nJellore\nJong\nJongkong\nJuanga\nJukung\nJukung tambangan\nKakap\nKalulis\nKelulus\nKolay\nKolekole\nKnabat bogolu\nKora kora\nKotta mara\nK'un-lun po\nLancang\nLancaran\nLepa\nLepa-Lepa\nLeti leti\nLis-alis\nLonde\nMalangbang\nMayang\nOrembai\nPadewakang\nPaduwang\nPajala\nPaledang\nPenjajap\nPangkur\nPatorani\nPelang\nPencalang\nPerahu\nPinisi\nLambo\nPalari\nSampan\nSampan panjang\nSandeq\nSarua\nSekong\nSolu\nTeneh\nTongkang\nToop\nMalaysia\nBajak\nBangkong\nBanting\nBedar\nBuggoh\nBirau\nCerucuh\nGhali\nGhurab\nJong\nJuanga\nKakap\nKolek\nLancang\nLancaran\nLepa\nPelang\nPencalang\nPenjajap\nPerahu payang\nPerahu tambangan\nPinas\nSampan\nSampan panjang\nTongkang\nMoken\nKabang\nPhilippines\nArmadahan\nAvang\nAwang\nBalación\nBalangay (Barangay)\nBaloto\nBangka\nBangka anak-anak\nBasnigan\nBatil\nBigiw\nBilo\nBirau\nBiray\nBiroko (Birok, Bidok)\nBuggoh\nCasco\nChinarem\nChinedkeran\nDinahit\nDjenging (Balutu)\nFalua\nGaray\nGuilalo\nJuanga\nJunkun\nJunkung\nKarakoa\nKulibo\nLanong\nLapis\nLepa (Kumpit, Pidlas)\nOntang\nOwong\nPanineman\nPasaplap\nPangayaw\nParaw\nSalambaw\nSalisipan\nSapyaw\nSeberen\nTapake\nTataya\nTempel\nTilimbao (Tinimbao)\nTiririt (Buti)\nVinta (Dapang, Pilang)\nSingapore\nSampan panjang\nTongkang\nIslandMelanesiaAdmiralty Islands\nEndrol\nKel\nFiji\nCamakau\nDrua (Waqa tabu)\nTakia\nGreen Islands\nKǒp\nTsǐne\nPapua New Guinea\nLakatoi\nSolomon Islands\nBinabina\nLisi (Solima)\nTepukei\nTomako (Mon, Ora)\nVanuatu\nAka\nAngga\nWangga\nMicronesiaCaroline Islands\nWa\nWahr\nWaserak\nKiribati\nBaurua\nMarshall Islands\nKorkor\nTipnol\nWalap\nNorthern Marianas\nDuding\nDuduli\nGalaideʻ (Agaraide)\nLadjak\nLelek\nPanga\nSakman (Flying proa)\nPalau\nKaep\nWa\nYap\nChugpin\nPopow\nWa\nPolynesiaCook Islands\nVaka\nVaka katea\nHawaii\nMālia\nWaʻa\nWaʻa kaulua\nMarquesas\nVaka touʻua\nNew Zealand\nWaka\nWaka hourua\nWaka taua\nWaka tīwai\nSamoa\nʻalia\nAmatasi\nFautasi\nLaʻau\nLualua (Foulua)\nPaopao\nVaʻa\nVaʻa-alo\nVaʻa-tele\nSociety Islands\nIvahah\nPahi\nTipairua\nVaʻa\nTonga\nHamatafua\nKalia\nPōpao\nTongiaki\nTuvalu\nPaopao\nMadagascarMalagasy\nLakana\nSakalava\nLaka fiara\nIpanitikaWa'a kauluaParawWaPadewakangShip construction & sailingRigging\nCrab claw sail\nJunk rig\nPinisi rig\nTanja sail\nHull\nCatamaran\nLashed-lug boat\nMultihull\nOutrigger\nOutrigger boat\nPolynesian multihull terminology\nProa\nSewn boat\nTrimaran\nNavigation\nFanuankuwel\nFealofani Bruun\nHipour\nKafeŕoor\nList of Māori waka\nMakassan contact with Australia\nMāori migration canoes\nMarshall Islands stick chart\nMau Piailug\nPolynesian navigation\nRapwi\nTākitimu\nWeriyeng\nYapese navigation\nTrade\nAustronesian maritime trade network\nHiri trade cycle\nKula ring\nLapita trade network\nLingling-o\nMaritime Silk Road\nSa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere\nSepik Coast exchange\nSpice trade\nTrepanging\nArchaeology\nBalangay (Butuan boats)\nBorobudur ship\nCirebon shipwreck\nOther\nApilan\nBurulan\nDaramba\nKota mara\nShip replicasCook Islands\nMaire Nui\nMarumaru Atua\nTe Au o Tonga\nFederated States of Micronesia\nHalametaw\nQuest\nSailoam\nFrench Polynesia\nFaʻafaite\nTahiti Nui\nGuam\nSaina\nHawaii\nAlingano Maisu\nHawaiʻiloa\nHikianalia\nHōkūleʻa\nHokualakai\nIosepa\nMakali'i\nIndonesia\nAlfred Wallace\nHati Marege\nNur Al Marege\nSamudra Raksa\nSpirit of Majapahit\nMalaysia\nNaga Pelangi\nNew Zealand\nAotearoa One\nHaunui\nNgahiraka Mai Tawhiti\nPūmaiterangi\nTe Aurere\nPhilippines\nBalatik\nDiwata ng Lahi\nLahi ng Maharlika\nMasawa Hong Butuan\nRaya Kolambu\nRaya Siyagu\nSama Tawi-Tawi\nSarimanok\nSultan sin Sulu\nSamoa\nGaualofa\n\nSee also:\nLapita culture\nDomesticated plants and animals of AustronesiavteTypes of sailing vessels and rigsOverviews\nAge of Sail\nMaritime history\nAge of Discovery\nNavigation\nSailing rigs\nBermuda rig\nCrab claw\nFore-and-aft rig\nGaff rig\nGunter rig\nJunk rig\nLateen rig\nLjungström rig\nLug rig\nMast aft rig\nPinisi rig\nSquare rig\nTanja rig\nBy sailing rigs\nBarque\nBarquentine\nBrig\nBrigantine\nCatboat\nCutter\nFull-rigged ship\nJackass-barque\nKetch\nMistico\nSchooner\nSloop\nSnow\nYawl\nMultihull vessels\nʻalia\nAmatasi\nBaurua\nBigiw\nCamakau\nCatamaran\nDrua\nGuilalo\nJukung\nKaep\nKalia\nKarakoa\nKora kora\nLakatoi\nLanong\nOutrigger canoe\nPahi\nParaw\nPentamaran\nProa\nQuadrimaran\nTakia\nTepukei\nTipairua\nTongiaki\nTrimaran\nUngalawa\nVa'a-tele\nVaka katea\nVinta\nWa\nNaval and merchantsailing shipsand other vessels (by origin date)Ancient\nBalangay\nBoita\nBorobudur ship\nDhow\nFire ship\nGalley\nPenteconter\nBireme\nTrireme\nQuadriremes\nTessarakonteres\nDromon\nJunk\nK'un-lun po\nLepa\nMtepe\nUru\nPost-classical\nBalinger\nBenawa\nBirlinn\nBomb vessel\nCog\nHulk\nJong\nKnarr\nKoch\nKondura\nLongship\nMalangbang\nShitik\nTongkang\nZabra\n15th c.\nCarrack\nChinese treasure ship\nCaravel\nGhurab\nLancaran\nHoy\nTrabaccolo\n16th c.\nCrommesteven\nGaliot\nGalleon\nGalleass\nGhali\nFlyboat\nFluyt\nFull-rigged pinnace\nLorcha\nMan-of-war\nManchua\nPatache\nSperonara\nSquare-rigged caravel (round or de armada)\nXebec\n17th c.\nBermuda sloop\nCorvette\nEast Indiaman\nFrigate\nGaleas\nKoff\nPink\nPolacca\nShip of the line\n18th c.\nBilander\nChialoup\nClipper (Baltimore Clipper)\nGallivat\nGaray\nGrab\nGundalow\nLanong\nPadewakang\nPost ship\n74-gun\nShip of the line\nSloop-of-war\nToop\nTrincadour\n19th c.\nBlackwall frigate\nDown Easter\nGolekan\nIron-hulled sailing ship\nWarship\nJanggolan\nLambo\nLeti leti\nPalari\nTamar\nWest Country\nWindjammer\n20th c.\nMontagu whaler\nFishing vessels\nBagan\nBago\nBarca-longa\nFalkuša\nFelucca\nFifie\nGableboat\nHerring buss\nJangada\nJukung\nLugger\nMasula\nMayang\nPatorani\nNordland\nSixareen\nSgoth\nSmack\nTartane\nWell smack\nYoal\nRecreational vessels\nDinghy\nLjungström sailboat\nMast aft rig\nPocket cruiser\nSailing hydrofoil\nSailing yacht\nSportsboat\nTrailer sailer\nWharrams\nWindsurfer\nYacht\nSpecial terms\nInflatable\nLashed lug\nRazee\nSewn\nTall ship\nTreenailed\nULDB\nOther types\nBristol Channel pilot cutter\nFloating restaurant\nFusta\nMersey flat\nNorfolk punt\nNorfolk wherry\nPausik\nPinnace (ship's boat)\nPram\nScow\nThames sailing barge\nWherry\nRelated\nNautical operationsvteIndonesian traditional vessels and sailsType of sails and rigging\nJunk sail\nLete sail\nNade sail\nPinisi rig\nTanja sail\nNaval & merchant vessels (by origin date)Ancient\nBorobudur ship\nCerucuh\nJong\nK'un-lun po\nLancang\nPerahu\nSampan\n14th c.\nBenawa\nGhurab\nJongkong\nKelulus\nLancaran\nMalangbang\nPelang\nTongkang\n15th c.\nPencalang\n16th c.\nBanting\nGhali\nJuanga\nKalulis\nLepa-lepa (dugout canoe)\nLonde\nPenjajap\n17th c.\nKnabat bogolu\nKora kora\nKotta mara\nOrembai\n18th c.\nChialoup\nJukung tambangan\nLepa\nPadewakang\nToop\n19th c.\nBajak\nBangkong\nGolekan\nJanggolan\nJellore\nLambo\nLeti leti\nLis-alis\nPalari\nSampan panjang\nSolu\nFishing vessels\nBagan\nBago\nJukung\nKakap\nMayang\nPaduwang\nPajala\nPaledang\nPatorani\nSandeq","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Kora-kora fleet from Ternate and Tidore bound for Ambon. 1817.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Molukken-Kora_kora_vloot_uit_Ternate_en_Tidore_voor_Ambon.jpg/220px-Molukken-Kora_kora_vloot_uit_Ternate_en_Tidore_voor_Ambon.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Dutch kora-kora with mainsail.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Een_kora-kora_met_grootzeil.jpeg/220px-Een_kora-kora_met_grootzeil.jpeg"}] | [{"title":"Kora kora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kora_kora"},{"title":"Orembai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orembai"},{"title":"Karakoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoa"},{"title":"Borobudur ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur_ship"},{"title":"Pinisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinisi"},{"title":"Kakap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakap_(boat)"},{"title":"Culture of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia"}] | [{"reference":"Charles P.G. Scott (1896). \"The Malayan Words in English (First Part)\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 17: 93–144.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9MJBAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"\"The Malayan Words in English (First Part)\""}]},{"reference":"Raymond Arveiller (1999). Max Pfister (ed.). Addenda au FEW XIX (Orientalia). Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie. Vol. 298. Max Niemeyer. p. 174. ISBN 9783110927719.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8p7yCQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Addenda au FEW XIX (Orientalia)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110927719","url_text":"9783110927719"}]},{"reference":"Folkard, H. C. (1901). The Sailing Boat 5th edition. London: Edward Stanford.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Authorama\". Archived from the original on 2008-06-08. Retrieved 2007-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080608135435/http://www.authorama.com/malay-archipelago-2-4.html","url_text":"\"Authorama\""},{"url":"http://www.authorama.com/malay-archipelago-2-4.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Budi, Candra Setia (2019). \"5 Fakta di Balik Jatuhnya Wahana Kora-kora, 1 Orang Tewas hingga Operator Ditetapkan Tersangka\". Kompas.com. Retrieved 11 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://regional.kompas.com/read/2019/07/26/05430001/5-fakta-di-balik-jatuhnya-wahana-kora-kora-1-orang-tewas-hingga-operator?page=all","url_text":"\"5 Fakta di Balik Jatuhnya Wahana Kora-kora, 1 Orang Tewas hingga Operator Ditetapkan Tersangka\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/VocGlossarium/vocoutp","external_links_name":"Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis - VOC-Glossarium"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9MJBAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"\"The Malayan Words in English (First Part)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8p7yCQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Addenda au FEW XIX (Orientalia)"},{"Link":"http://www.nationaalarchief.nl/AMH/detail.aspx?page=dafb&lang=nl&id=5968","external_links_name":"National archive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080608135435/http://www.authorama.com/malay-archipelago-2-4.html","external_links_name":"\"Authorama\""},{"Link":"http://www.authorama.com/malay-archipelago-2-4.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.iol.ie/~spice/mayquest.htm","external_links_name":"Spice Islands voyage"},{"Link":"https://regional.kompas.com/read/2019/07/26/05430001/5-fakta-di-balik-jatuhnya-wahana-kora-kora-1-orang-tewas-hingga-operator?page=all","external_links_name":"\"5 Fakta di Balik Jatuhnya Wahana Kora-kora, 1 Orang Tewas hingga Operator Ditetapkan Tersangka\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia_at_the_Summer_Olympics | Australasia at the Olympics | ["1 Participation","1.1 Timeline of participation","2 Medal tables","2.1 Medals by Summer Games","2.2 Medals by sport","3 List of medalists","4 References","5 External links"] | See also: Australia at the Olympics and New Zealand at the Olympics
Sporting event delegationAustralasia at theOlympicsAustralasian Olympic FlagIOC codeANZMedalsRanked 78th
Gold
3
Silver
4
Bronze
5
Total
12
Summer appearances19081912Other related appearances Australia (1896–1904, 1920–) New Zealand (1920–)
Australasia was a combined team of athletes from Australia and the Dominion of New Zealand that competed together at the 1908 and 1912 Summer Olympics. When the Olympic Games resumed in 1920 after World War I, the two nations sent separate teams to the Games, and have done so ever since.
Participation
Timeline of participation
Date
Team
1900–1904
Australia (AUS)
1908–1912
Australasia (ANZ)
1920–
Australia (AUS)
New Zealand (NZL)
Medal tables
Medals by Summer Games
Games
Athletes
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Rank
1908 London
32
1
2
2
5
11
1912 Stockholm
26
2
2
3
7
12
Total
3
4
5
12
78
Medals by sport
Sport
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Swimming
2
3
3
8
Rugby union
1
0
0
1
Boxing
0
1
0
1
Athletics
0
0
1
1
Tennis
0
0
1
1
Total
3
4
5
12
List of medalists
The Australasia team won a total of twelve medals in the two Olympiads in which they competed, mostly in swimming. One New Zealander won a medal in 1908 (Harry Kerr a bronze in athletics), and two New Zealanders (Malcolm Champion a gold in swimming, Anthony Wilding a bronze in tennis) won medals in 1912; all other medalists for Australasia were Australians.
Medal
Name
Games
Sport
Event
Gold
Australia national team1
1908 London
Rugby union
Men's competition
Silver
Snowy Baker
1908 London
Boxing
Men's middleweight
Silver
Frank Beaurepaire
1908 London
Swimming
Men's 400 m freestyle
Bronze
Harry Kerr
1908 London
Athletics
Men's 3500 m walk
Bronze
Frank Beaurepaire
1908 London
Swimming
Men's 1500 m freestyle
Gold
Fanny Durack
1912 Stockholm
Swimming
Women's 100 m freestyle
Gold
Cecil HealyMalcolm ChampionLeslie BoardmanHarold Hardwick
1912 Stockholm
Swimming
Men's 4 × 200 m freestyle relay
Silver
Cecil Healy
1912 Stockholm
Swimming
Men's 100 m freestyle
Silver
Mina Wylie
1912 Stockholm
Swimming
Women's 100 m freestyle
Bronze
Harold Hardwick
1912 Stockholm
Swimming
Men's 1500 m freestyle
Bronze
Harold Hardwick
1912 Stockholm
Swimming
Men's 400 m freestyle
Bronze
Anthony Wilding
1912 Stockholm
Tennis
Men's indoor singles
1 Rugby players who competed at the 1908 Games: Phil Carmichael, Charles Russell, Daniel Carroll, Jack Hickey, Frank Smith, Chris McKivat, Arthur McCabe, Thomas Griffen, Jumbo Barnett, Patrick McCue, Sydney Middleton, Tom Richards, Malcolm McArthur, Charles McMurtrie, Robert Craig
References
^ "Harry Kerr". New Zealand Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
^ "Malcolm Champion". New Zealand Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
^ "Anthony Wilding". New Zealand Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
External links
"Olympic Results". International Olympic Committee.
"Australasia". Olympedia.com.
"Olympic Analytics/ANZ". olympanalyt.com.
Medal Count for ANZ at DatabaseOlympics.com
vteNational Olympic Committees that have competed at the Olympic Games
Nations at the Summer Olympics
Nations at the Winter Olympics
tropical nations
Africa
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
DR Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
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One New Zealander won a medal in 1908 (Harry Kerr a bronze in athletics[1]), and two New Zealanders (Malcolm Champion a gold in swimming,[2] Anthony Wilding a bronze in tennis[3]) won medals in 1912; all other medalists for Australasia were Australians.1 Rugby players who competed at the 1908 Games: Phil Carmichael, Charles Russell, Daniel Carroll, Jack Hickey, Frank Smith, Chris McKivat, Arthur McCabe, Thomas Griffen, Jumbo Barnett, Patrick McCue, Sydney Middleton, Tom Richards, Malcolm McArthur, Charles McMurtrie, Robert Craig","title":"List of medalists"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Harry Kerr\". New Zealand Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taisuke_Itagaki | Itagaki Taisuke | ["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Meiji statesman to liberal agitator","1.3 Leadership of the Liberal Party","1.4 After Liberal Party","1.5 Legacy","2 Honors","2.1 Peerages","2.2 Decorations","3 Family crest of Itagaki clan","4 Genealogy","5 Family","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"] | Japanese politician (1837–1919)
In this Japanese name, the surname is Itagaki.
CountItagaki Taisuke 板垣 退助Taisuke Itagaki c. 1906 (70 years old.)Born(1837-05-21)May 21, 1837Tosa Domain, JapanDiedJuly 16, 1919(1919-07-16) (aged 82)Tokyo, JapanNationalityJapaneseOccupation(s)Politician, Cabinet MinisterJapanese nameKanji板垣 退助Hiraganaいたがき たいすけKatakanaイタガキ タイスケTranscriptionsRomanizationItagaki Taisuke
Count Itagaki Taisuke (板垣 退助, 21 May 1837 – 16 July 1919) was a Japanese politician. He was a leader of the "Freedom and People's Rights Movement" and founded Japan's first political party, the Liberal Party.
Biography
Early life
1880 (44 years old)
Itagaki Taisuke was born into a middle-ranking samurai family in Tosa Domain, (present day Kōchi Prefecture), After studies in Kōchi and in Edo, he was appointed as sobayonin (councillor) to Tosa daimyō Yamauchi Toyoshige, and was in charge of accounts and military matters at the domain's Edo residence in 1861. He disagreed with the domain's official policy of kōbu gattai (reconciliation between the Imperial Court and the Tokugawa shogunate), and in 1867–1868, he met with Saigō Takamori of the Satsuma Domain, and agreed to pledge Tosa's forces in the effort to overthrow the shōgun in the upcoming Meiji Restoration. During the Boshin War, he emerged as the principal political figure from Tosa domain as a leader of the Jinshotai assault force, and claimed a place in the new Meiji government after the Tokugawa defeat.
Meiji statesman to liberal agitator
Monument of Satsu Do Toubaku no Mitsuyaku (Gion, Kyoto, Japan)
Itagaki was appointed a Councilor of State in 1869, and was involved in several key reforms, such as the abolition of the han system in 1871. As a sangi (councillor), he ran the government temporarily during the absence of the Iwakura Mission.
Portrait of Itagaki Nobukata(Painted by Matsumoto Fūko, Calligraphy by Itagaki Taisuke)
However, Itagaki resigned from the Meiji government in 1873 over disagreement with the government's policy of restraint toward Korea (Seikanron) and, more generally, in opposition to the Chōshū-Satsuma domination of the new government.
In 1874, together with Gotō Shōjirō of Tosa and Etō Shinpei and Soejima Taneomi of Hizen, he formed the Aikoku Kōtō (Public Party of Patriots), declaring, "We, the thirty millions of people in Japan are all equally endowed with certain definite rights, among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring and possessing property, and obtaining a livelihood and pursuing happiness. These rights are by Nature bestowed upon all men, and, therefore, cannot be taken away by the power of any man." This anti-government stance appealed to the discontented remnants of the samurai class and the rural aristocracy (who resented centralized taxation) and peasants (who were discontented with high prices and low wages). Itagaki's involvement in liberalism lent it political legitimacy in Japan, and he became a leader of the push for democratic reform.
Itagaki and his associations created a variety of organizations to fuse samurai ethos with western liberalism and to agitate for a national assembly, written constitution and limits to arbitrary exercise of power by the government. These included the Risshisha (Self-Help Movement) and the Aikokusha (Society of Patriots) in 1875. After funding issues led to initial stagnation, the Aikokusha was revived in 1878 and agitated with increasing success as part of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement. The Movement drew the ire of the government and its supporters.
Leadership of the Liberal Party
around 1906 (about 70 years old)
Itagaki may die, but liberty never!(Calligraphy by Abe Shinzo)
On the old 50-sen note
On the old 100-yen note
Government leaders met at the Osaka Conference of 1875, to which seven schools created under Itagaki's influence sent delegations, and the various delegates entered into an agreement by which they pledged themselves to the principle of a constitutional monarchy and a legislative assembly. They enticed Itagaki to return as a sangi (councilor): however, he resigned after a couple of months to oppose what he viewed as excessive concentration of power in the Genrōin. Itagaki criticized the government at the same time as it was under threat by the 1877 Satsuma Rebellion, which turned the cabinet against him. Legislation was then created restraining free speech and association.
In response, Itagaki created the Liberal Party (Jiyuto) together with Numa Morikazu in 1881, which, along with the Rikken Kaishintō, led the nationwide popular discontent of 1880–1884. During this period, a rift developed in the movement between the lower class members and the aristocratic leadership of the party. Itagaki became embroiled in controversy when he took a trip to Europe believed by many to have been funded by the government. The trip turned out to have been provided by the Mitsui Company, but suspicions that Itagaki was being won over to the government side persisted. Consequently, radical splinter groups proliferated, undermining the unity of the party and the Movement. Itagaki was offered the title of Count (Hakushaku) in 1884, as the new peerage system known as kazoku was formed, but he accepted only on the condition that the title not be passed on to his heirs. In 1882, Itagaki was almost assassinated by a right-wing militant, to whom he allegedly said, "Itagaki may die, but liberty never!"
The Liberal Party dissolved itself on 29 October 1884. It was reestablished shortly before the opening of the Imperial Diet in 1890 as the Rikken Jiyūtō.
In April 1896, Itagaki joined the second Itō administration as Home Minister. In 1898, Itagaki joined with Ōkuma Shigenobu of the Shimpotō to form the Kenseitō, and Japan's first party government. Ōkuma became Prime Minister, and Itagaki continued serving as Home Minister. The Cabinet collapsed after four months of squabbling between the factions, demonstrating the immaturity of parliamentary democracy at the time in Japan.
Itagaki retired from public life in 1900 and spent the rest of his days writing. He died of natural causes in 1919.
After Liberal Party
In the Freedom and People's Rights Movement in Okinawa, Itagaki supported Jahana Noboru. In the Petition Movement for the Establishment of a Taiwanese Parliament, Itagaki and Lin Hsien-tang established The Taiwan Assimilation Society in 1914. Tugaki Taisuke was sympathetic to the colonial policy in Taiwan toward the Taiwanese people and insisted that the rights and treatment of Taiwanese be the same as those of the Japanese and that discrimination be eliminated.
Legacy
Statue of Itagaki Taisuke in Kochi castle.
Itagaki is credited as being the first Japanese party leader and an important force for liberalism in Meiji Japan. His portrait has appeared on the 50-sen and 100-yen banknotes issued by the Bank of Japan.
Honors
From the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia
Peerages
Count (9 May 1887; life peerage)
Decorations
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (29 September 1896)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers (16 July 1919; posthumous)
Family crest of Itagaki clan
Jigurobishi
Kayanouchi Jumonji
Tosa kiri
Genealogy
Inui family (Itagaki family) Their clan name is Minamoto(Seiwa-Genji).
In this house, Edo period was a samurai in the Tosa clan from generation to generation.
Knight (senior samurai). Original Itagaki used "Jiguro-bishi (Kage-hanabishi)" for the family
crest with Takeda of the effect for the same family. However, Inui used "Kayanouchi Jumonji" (Azuchi Period to Meiji Period), "Tosa Kiri" (Meiji Period to now).
∴
1Itagaki Kanenobu
Itagaki Yoritoki2Itagaki Yorishige
3Itagaki YorikaneItagaki NobuyoriItagaki SanekaneTakeda Nagakane
4Itagaki YukiyoriTakeda Nobusada
5Itagaki NagayoriNakamura Kanekuni
6Itagaki SaburozaemonNakamura Kanesada
7Itagaki SaburozaemonItagaki Shiro
8Itagaki Kanemitsu
9Itagaki Harimanokami
10Itagaki Shokei
11Itagaki Gan-ami
12Itagaki Zenmanbo
13Itagaki Bisyu14Itagaki Nobuyasu
Itagaki Hokinokami15Itagaki NobukataMorozumi Genbanojowoman
16①Itagaki NobunoriSakayori Masamitsu17Itagaki Nobuyasuwife of Itagaki Nobuyasu
②Itagaki MasanobuItagaki Masatorawoman18Itagaki SurinosukeItagaki Hayato
③Inui MasayukiItagaki MasayoshiSakayori Masayoshi
④Inui Masasuke1Inui MasanaoInui Tomomasa
⑤Inui MasakataInui Jujiro2Inui MasafusaInui Muichi
Inui Kasuke⑥Inui Masakiyowife of Kondo MichikataInui Jusuke3Inui Yoshikatsu
⑦Inui NaotakeInui NaokowaNakayama HidenobuInui Kowamasa4Inui MasafusaInui Masanaru
⑧Inui Masa-akira5Inui Masahisa
⑨Inui NobutakeNomoto Nobuteruwoman6Inui MasaharuMotoyama Shigeyoshi
⑩Inui Masashigewife of Hirai Masazanewife of Nagaya HikodayuInui Masakatsu7Inui Masa-atsuInui Masa-atsu
⑪Itagaki TaisukeInui Kyubawife of Hino Shigeyoshiwomanwoman8Inui Seishi
Itagaki Hokotaro8Inui SeishiItagaki MagozaburoItagaki MasamiInui MuichiKataoka HyokoMiyaji GunkoOgawa EnkoAsano ChiyokoOyama Ryoko
Itagaki Takeo⑫Itagaki Morimasa⑬Itagaki MasatsuraKawase MiyoshiNakamura Choshi9Inui IchiroMiyaji ShigeakiMotoyama NobukoAsano KazuharuAsano FusakoOyama Tomomitsu
Ozaki TadashiMishima TakukoItagaki Masa-akiAkiyama Noriko⑭Itagaki TaitaroItagaki NaomaroKawase KatsuyoSugisaki MitsuyoNakamura Junko10Takaoka MarikoOyama Tomokazu
Ozaki KimimasaAkiyama TakeoAkiyama TakeshiAkiyama YuriItagaki YukoItagaki AkihiroNakamura NaotakaNakamura KazutakaIbuka MikaTakaoka KoutaroOyama TomoakiOyama Tomohide
Source
"Kai Kokushi". Matsudaira Sadayoshi. 1814. Japan.(Aduchi-Momoyama period part)
"Kwansei-choshu Shokafu". Hotta Masaatsu, Hayashi jyussai. 1799. Japan.(Aduchi-Momoyama period part)
"Osamuraichu Senzogaki-keizucho"(Edo period part)
Family
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Wife 1:(daughter of Tosa domain samurai) Hayashi Masunojo Masamori's younger sister. (Name unknown)
Wife 2:(2nd daughter of Tosa domain samurai Nakayama Yaheiji Hidemasa) (Name unknown)
Wife 3: Rin (daughter of Tosa domain samurai Kotani Zengoro) Born on September 10, 1840. Marriage in 1859. Died on June 28, 1885.
Wife 4: Kinuko, adopted daughter of Viscount Fukuoka Takachika. Araki Isoji's 7th daughter. (Born on June 8, 1859. Married on March 6, 1889. Died on April 13, 1938.
Eldest son:Itagaki Hokotaro - Born on July 4, 1868. His mother's family name is Kotani.
2nd son :Inui Seishi - Born on April 18, 1868. His mother was Doctor Hagiwara Fukusai's daughter, Yaku.
3rd son :Araki Magozaburo - Born on October 6, 1885. His mother was Araki Isoji's 7th daughter Kinu. (He was born before his mother married Itagaki.)
4th son:Itagaki Masami - Born on April 4, 1889. His mother's family name was Fukuoka. (He had same mother as Magozaburo.)
5th son:Inui Muichi - Born on November 14, 1897. His mother's family name was Fukuoka.
Eldest daughter:Hyo - She married Kataoka Kumanosuke. Born on August 4, 1860. Her mother's family name was Kotani.
2nd daughter:Gun - She married Miyaji Shigeharu. Born on April 20, 1864. Her mother's family name was Kotani.
3rd daughter:Yen - She divorced the first Yasukawa Jinichi. After that, she remarried to photographer Ogawa Kazuma. Born on May 16, 1872. Her mother's family name was Kotani.
4th daughter:Chiyoko - She married Asano Taijiro (Asano Souichiro Jr.). Born on April 12, 1893. Her mother's family name was Fukuoka.
5th daughter:Ryoko - She married Oyama Tomoe. Born on January 1, 1895. Her mother's family name was Fukuoka.
Notes
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
^ a b Chisholm 1911, p. 887.
^ Chisholm 1911, pp. 887–888.
^ Chisholm 1911, p. 888.
^ Jansen, Marius (2000). The Making of Modern Japan, p. 381.
^ Perceptions of the "Meiji Restoration" in Colonial Taiwan 1 , yang su xia - Ritsumeikan University
^ Tosa-han(official document) Japan(1826). Osamuraichu Senzogaki-keizucho. Kochi prefectural library, Japan.
^ Takakuwa Komakichi, Yoda Kiichiro, Narikawa Eijiro. Koutei-zoho Azumakagami. Dainippontosho, Japan(1896).
^ Taisuke Itagaki's grave. Sinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
^ 板垣信方の娘婿。実は於曾氏。永祿元年（1558年）、武田信玄の命に依って、板垣家を再興
^ 永原一照次男
^ 板垣退助五男、絶家再興
^ 乾正春の養子となる
^ 板垣退助次男
^ 乾正厚の養子となる
^ 乾友正家の絶家再興
References
Beasley, William G. (1995). The Rise of Modern Japan: Political, Economic and Social Change Since 1850. New York: Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-12751-0
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Itagaki, Taisuke, Count" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 887–888.
Jansen, Marius B. and Gilbert Rozman, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition: from Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691054599; OCLC 12311985
Totten, George O. (compiled by). (1966). Democracy in Prewar Japan: Groundwork or Facade?. Boston: D.C. Heath and Company. OCLC 255863
Itagaki Taisuke Honouring Association (2019). The Mind of Count Itagaki Taisuke. ISBN 978-4-86522-183 1 C0023
External links
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Itagaki Taisuke (category)
Draft letter of resignation from the Cabinet by Itagaki in 1898 Archived 2013-02-12 at the Wayback Machine
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Preceded byYoshikawa Akimasa
Home Minister 14 April 1896 – 20 September 1896
Succeeded byKabayama Sukenori
Preceded byYoshikawa Akimasa
Home Minister 30 June 1898 – 8 November 1898
Succeeded bySaigō Tsugumichi
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count"},{"link_name":"Freedom and People's Rights Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_and_People%27s_Rights_Movement"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Japan,_1881)"}],"text":"In this Japanese name, the surname is Itagaki.Count Itagaki Taisuke (板垣 退助, 21 May 1837 – 16 July 1919) was a Japanese politician. He was a leader of the \"Freedom and People's Rights Movement\" and founded Japan's first political party, the Liberal Party.","title":"Itagaki Taisuke"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Itagaki_Taisuke_young.jpg"},{"link_name":"samurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai"},{"link_name":"Tosa Domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosa_Domain"},{"link_name":"Kōchi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dchi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Kōchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dchi,_K%C5%8Dchi"},{"link_name":"Edo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo"},{"link_name":"daimyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"kōbu gattai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dbu_gattai"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa shogunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate"},{"link_name":"Saigō Takamori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saig%C5%8D_Takamori"},{"link_name":"Satsuma Domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsuma_Domain"},{"link_name":"shōgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun"},{"link_name":"Meiji Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restoration"},{"link_name":"Boshin War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boshin_War"},{"link_name":"Meiji government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"1880 (44 years old)Itagaki Taisuke was born into a middle-ranking samurai family in Tosa Domain, (present day Kōchi Prefecture), After studies in Kōchi and in Edo, he was appointed as sobayonin (councillor) to Tosa daimyō Yamauchi Toyoshige, and was in charge of accounts and military matters at the domain's Edo residence in 1861. He disagreed with the domain's official policy of kōbu gattai (reconciliation between the Imperial Court and the Tokugawa shogunate), and in 1867–1868, he met with Saigō Takamori of the Satsuma Domain, and agreed to pledge Tosa's forces in the effort to overthrow the shōgun in the upcoming Meiji Restoration. During the Boshin War, he emerged as the principal political figure from Tosa domain as a leader of the Jinshotai assault force, and claimed a place in the new Meiji government after the Tokugawa defeat.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monument_of_Satsu_Do_Toubaku_no_Mitsuyaku.jpg"},{"link_name":"abolition of the han system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolition_of_the_han_system"},{"link_name":"Iwakura Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwakura_Mission"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Itagaki_Nobukata.jpg"},{"link_name":"Itagaki Nobukata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itagaki_Nobukata"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Seikanron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seikanron"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911887-1"},{"link_name":"Chōshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Domain"},{"link_name":"Satsuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsuma_Province"},{"link_name":"Gotō Shōjirō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Got%C5%8D_Sh%C5%8Djir%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Etō Shinpei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C5%8D_Shinpei"},{"link_name":"Soejima Taneomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soejima_Taneomi"},{"link_name":"Aikoku Kōtō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikoku_K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"samurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai"},{"link_name":"liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"political legitimacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_legitimacy"},{"link_name":"democratic reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratization"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911887-1"},{"link_name":"liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"national assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan#Establishment_of_a_national_assembly"},{"link_name":"constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution"},{"link_name":"Aikokusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikokusha"},{"link_name":"Freedom and People's Rights Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_and_People%27s_Rights_Movement"}],"sub_title":"Meiji statesman to liberal agitator","text":"Monument of Satsu Do Toubaku no Mitsuyaku (Gion, Kyoto, Japan)Itagaki was appointed a Councilor of State in 1869, and was involved in several key reforms, such as the abolition of the han system in 1871. As a sangi (councillor), he ran the government temporarily during the absence of the Iwakura Mission.Portrait of Itagaki Nobukata(Painted by Matsumoto Fūko, Calligraphy by Itagaki Taisuke)However, Itagaki resigned from the Meiji government in 1873 over disagreement with the government's policy of restraint toward Korea (Seikanron)[1] and, more generally, in opposition to the Chōshū-Satsuma domination of the new government.In 1874, together with Gotō Shōjirō of Tosa and Etō Shinpei and Soejima Taneomi of Hizen, he formed the Aikoku Kōtō (Public Party of Patriots), declaring, \"We, the thirty millions of people in Japan are all equally endowed with certain definite rights, among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring and possessing property, and obtaining a livelihood and pursuing happiness. These rights are by Nature bestowed upon all men, and, therefore, cannot be taken away by the power of any man.\" This anti-government stance appealed to the discontented remnants of the samurai class and the rural aristocracy (who resented centralized taxation) and peasants (who were discontented with high prices and low wages). Itagaki's involvement in liberalism lent it political legitimacy in Japan, and he became a leader of the push for democratic reform.[1]Itagaki and his associations created a variety of organizations to fuse samurai ethos with western liberalism and to agitate for a national assembly, written constitution and limits to arbitrary exercise of power by the government. These included the Risshisha (Self-Help Movement) and the Aikokusha (Society of Patriots) in 1875. After funding issues led to initial stagnation, the Aikokusha was revived in 1878 and agitated with increasing success as part of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement. The Movement drew the ire of the government and its supporters.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ITAGAKI_Taisuke.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Itagaki_shisutomo_jiyu_ha_shisezu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Abe Shinzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Shinzo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_government_small-face-value_paper_money_50_Sen_(Series_B)_-_front.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SeriesB100Yen_Bank_of_Japan_note.jpg"},{"link_name":"Osaka Conference of 1875","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Conference_of_1875"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911887%E2%80%93888-2"},{"link_name":"Genrōin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genr%C5%8Din"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Satsuma Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911888-3"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Japan_(1881)"},{"link_name":"Numa Morikazu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Morikazu"},{"link_name":"Rikken Kaishintō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikken_Kaishint%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Mitsui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsui"},{"link_name":"kazoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazoku"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Imperial Diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Rikken Jiyūtō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rikken_Jiy%C5%ABt%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"second Itō administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi"},{"link_name":"Home Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Ministry_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Ōkuma Shigenobu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ckuma_Shigenobu"},{"link_name":"Shimpotō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimpot%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Kenseitō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenseit%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan"}],"sub_title":"Leadership of the Liberal Party","text":"around 1906 (about 70 years old)Itagaki may die, but liberty never!(Calligraphy by Abe Shinzo)On the old 50-sen noteOn the old 100-yen noteGovernment leaders met at the Osaka Conference of 1875, to which seven schools created under Itagaki's influence sent delegations, and the various delegates entered into an agreement by which they pledged themselves to the principle of a constitutional monarchy and a legislative assembly.[2] They enticed Itagaki to return as a sangi (councilor): however, he resigned after a couple of months to oppose what he viewed as excessive concentration of power in the Genrōin.[citation needed] Itagaki criticized the government at the same time as it was under threat by the 1877 Satsuma Rebellion, which turned the cabinet against him. Legislation was then created restraining free speech and association.[3]In response, Itagaki created the Liberal Party (Jiyuto) together with Numa Morikazu in 1881, which, along with the Rikken Kaishintō, led the nationwide popular discontent of 1880–1884. During this period, a rift developed in the movement between the lower class members and the aristocratic leadership of the party. Itagaki became embroiled in controversy when he took a trip to Europe believed by many to have been funded by the government. The trip turned out to have been provided by the Mitsui Company, but suspicions that Itagaki was being won over to the government side persisted. Consequently, radical splinter groups proliferated, undermining the unity of the party and the Movement. Itagaki was offered the title of Count (Hakushaku) in 1884, as the new peerage system known as kazoku was formed, but he accepted only on the condition that the title not be passed on to his heirs.[citation needed] In 1882, Itagaki was almost assassinated by a right-wing militant, to whom he allegedly said, \"Itagaki may die, but liberty never!\"[4]The Liberal Party dissolved itself on 29 October 1884. It was reestablished shortly before the opening of the Imperial Diet in 1890 as the Rikken Jiyūtō.In April 1896, Itagaki joined the second Itō administration as Home Minister. In 1898, Itagaki joined with Ōkuma Shigenobu of the Shimpotō to form the Kenseitō, and Japan's first party government. Ōkuma became Prime Minister, and Itagaki continued serving as Home Minister. The Cabinet collapsed after four months of squabbling between the factions, demonstrating the immaturity of parliamentary democracy at the time in Japan.\nItagaki retired from public life in 1900 and spent the rest of his days writing. He died of natural causes in 1919.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jahana Noboru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahana_Noboru"},{"link_name":"Petition Movement for the Establishment of a Taiwanese Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petition_Movement_for_the_Establishment_of_a_Taiwanese_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Lin Hsien-tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Hsien-tang"},{"link_name":"Taiwan Assimilation Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_Assimilation_Society&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"After Liberal Party","text":"In the Freedom and People's Rights Movement in Okinawa, Itagaki supported Jahana Noboru. In the Petition Movement for the Establishment of a Taiwanese Parliament, Itagaki and Lin Hsien-tang established The Taiwan Assimilation Society in 1914. Tugaki Taisuke was sympathetic to the colonial policy in Taiwan toward the Taiwanese people and insisted that the rights and treatment of Taiwanese be the same as those of the Japanese and that discrimination be eliminated.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Itagaki_Taisuke_statue.JPG"},{"link_name":"liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"Bank of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Japan"}],"sub_title":"Legacy","text":"Statue of Itagaki Taisuke in Kochi castle.Itagaki is credited as being the first Japanese party leader and an important force for liberalism in Meiji Japan. His portrait has appeared on the 50-sen and 100-yen banknotes issued by the Bank of Japan.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"From the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Peerages","text":"Count (9 May 1887; life peerage)","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of the Rising Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun"}],"sub_title":"Decorations","text":"Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (29 September 1896)\nGrand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers (16 July 1919; posthumous)","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Family crest of Itagaki clan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Inui family (Itagaki family) Their clan name is Minamoto(Seiwa-Genji).In this house, Edo period was a samurai in the Tosa clan from generation to generation.\nKnight (senior samurai).[6] Original Itagaki used \"Jiguro-bishi (Kage-hanabishi)\" for the family \ncrest with Takeda of the effect for the same family.[7] However, Inui used \"Kayanouchi Jumonji\" (Azuchi Period to Meiji Period), \"Tosa Kiri\" (Meiji Period to now).[8]Source\n\"Kai Kokushi\". Matsudaira Sadayoshi. 1814. Japan.(Aduchi-Momoyama period part)\n\"Kwansei-choshu Shokafu\". Hotta Masaatsu, Hayashi jyussai. 1799. Japan.(Aduchi-Momoyama period part)\n\"Osamuraichu Senzogaki-keizucho\"(Edo period part)","title":"Genealogy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Viscount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka Takachika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka_Takachika"},{"link_name":"Ogawa Kazuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogawa_Isshin"},{"link_name":"Asano Souichiro Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asano_S%C5%8Dichir%C5%8D"}],"text":"Wife 1:(daughter of Tosa domain samurai) Hayashi Masunojo Masamori's younger sister. (Name unknown)Wife 2:(2nd daughter of Tosa domain samurai Nakayama Yaheiji Hidemasa) (Name unknown)Wife 3: Rin (daughter of Tosa domain samurai Kotani Zengoro) Born on September 10, 1840. Marriage in 1859. Died on June 28, 1885.Wife 4: Kinuko, adopted daughter of Viscount Fukuoka Takachika. Araki Isoji's 7th daughter. (Born on June 8, 1859. Married on March 6, 1889. Died on April 13, 1938.Eldest son:Itagaki Hokotaro - Born on July 4, 1868. His mother's family name is Kotani.2nd son :Inui Seishi - Born on April 18, 1868. His mother was Doctor Hagiwara Fukusai's daughter, Yaku.3rd son :Araki Magozaburo - Born on October 6, 1885. His mother was Araki Isoji's 7th daughter Kinu. (He was born before his mother married Itagaki.)4th son:Itagaki Masami - Born on April 4, 1889. His mother's family name was Fukuoka. (He had same mother as Magozaburo.)5th son:Inui Muichi - Born on November 14, 1897. His mother's family name was Fukuoka.Eldest daughter:Hyo - She married Kataoka Kumanosuke. Born on August 4, 1860. Her mother's family name was Kotani.2nd daughter:Gun - She married Miyaji Shigeharu. Born on April 20, 1864. Her mother's family name was Kotani.3rd daughter:Yen - She divorced the first Yasukawa Jinichi. After that, she remarried to photographer Ogawa Kazuma. Born on May 16, 1872. Her mother's family name was Kotani.4th daughter:Chiyoko - She married Asano Taijiro (Asano Souichiro Jr.). Born on April 12, 1893. Her mother's family name was Fukuoka.5th daughter:Ryoko - She married Oyama Tomoe. Born on January 1, 1895. Her mother's family name was Fukuoka.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911887_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911887_1-1"},{"link_name":"Chisholm 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChisholm1911"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911887%E2%80%93888_2-0"},{"link_name":"Chisholm 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChisholm1911"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911888_3-0"},{"link_name":"Chisholm 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChisholm1911"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Perceptions of the \"Meiji Restoration\" in Colonial Taiwan 1 , yang su xia - Ritsumeikan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/re/ssrc/result/memoirs/kiyou44/44-02.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"永祿","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E7%A6%84"},{"link_name":"1558年","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1558%E5%B9%B4&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"武田信玄","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E7%94%B0%E4%BF%A1%E7%8E%84"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"永原一照","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B8%E5%8E%9F%E4%B8%80%E7%85%A7&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"}],"text":"^ a b Chisholm 1911, p. 887.\n\n^ Chisholm 1911, pp. 887–888.\n\n^ Chisholm 1911, p. 888.\n\n^ Jansen, Marius (2000). The Making of Modern Japan, p. 381.\n\n^ Perceptions of the \"Meiji Restoration\" in Colonial Taiwan 1 , yang su xia - Ritsumeikan University\n\n^ Tosa-han(official document) Japan(1826). Osamuraichu Senzogaki-keizucho. Kochi prefectural library, Japan.\n\n^ Takakuwa Komakichi, Yoda Kiichiro, Narikawa Eijiro. Koutei-zoho Azumakagami. Dainippontosho, Japan(1896).\n\n^ Taisuke Itagaki's grave. Sinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.\n\n^ 板垣信方の娘婿。実は於曾氏。永祿元年（1558年）、武田信玄の命に依って、板垣家を再興\n\n^ 永原一照次男\n\n^ 板垣退助五男、絶家再興\n\n^ 乾正春の養子となる\n\n^ 板垣退助次男\n\n^ 乾正厚の養子となる\n\n^ 乾友正家の絶家再興","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"1880 (44 years old)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Itagaki_Taisuke_young.jpg/150px-Itagaki_Taisuke_young.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monument of Satsu Do Toubaku no Mitsuyaku (Gion, Kyoto, Japan)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Monument_of_Satsu_Do_Toubaku_no_Mitsuyaku.jpg/250px-Monument_of_Satsu_Do_Toubaku_no_Mitsuyaku.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Itagaki Nobukata(Painted by Matsumoto Fūko, Calligraphy by Itagaki Taisuke)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Portrait_of_Itagaki_Nobukata.jpg/250px-Portrait_of_Itagaki_Nobukata.jpg"},{"image_text":"around 1906 (about 70 years old)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/ITAGAKI_Taisuke.jpg/250px-ITAGAKI_Taisuke.jpg"},{"image_text":"Itagaki may die, but liberty never!(Calligraphy by Abe Shinzo)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Itagaki_shisutomo_jiyu_ha_shisezu.jpg/250px-Itagaki_shisutomo_jiyu_ha_shisezu.jpg"},{"image_text":"On the old 50-sen note","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Japanese_government_small-face-value_paper_money_50_Sen_%28Series_B%29_-_front.jpg/250px-Japanese_government_small-face-value_paper_money_50_Sen_%28Series_B%29_-_front.jpg"},{"image_text":"On the old 100-yen note","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/SeriesB100Yen_Bank_of_Japan_note.jpg/250px-SeriesB100Yen_Bank_of_Japan_note.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Itagaki Taisuke in Kochi castle.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Itagaki_Taisuke_statue.JPG/200px-Itagaki_Taisuke_statue.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Itagaki, Taisuke, Count\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 887–888.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Itagaki,_Taisuke,_Count","url_text":"\"Itagaki, Taisuke, Count\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/re/ssrc/result/memoirs/kiyou44/44-02.pdf","external_links_name":"Perceptions of the \"Meiji Restoration\" in Colonial Taiwan 1 , yang su xia - Ritsumeikan University"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Itagaki,_Taisuke,_Count","external_links_name":"\"Itagaki, Taisuke, Count\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12311985","external_links_name":"OCLC 12311985"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/255863","external_links_name":"255863"},{"Link":"http://www.ndl.go.jp/site_nippon/kenseie/shiryou/simage/Gazou_11_1.html","external_links_name":"Draft letter of resignation from the Cabinet by Itagaki in 1898"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130212203225/http://ndl.go.jp/site_nippon/kenseie/shiryou/simage/Gazou_11_1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/10.html?c=3","external_links_name":"National Diet Library biography & photo"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/165598/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000008215859X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/30981211","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvXmQ7CF3pw9MJ4XdMXVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17903502g","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17903502g","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1118634047","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007348266605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85227146","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00022055","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04517868?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/166004553","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Davies_(rugby_league) | Brian Davies (rugby league) | ["1 Club career","2 Representative career","3 Accolades","4 Representative matches played","5 References","6 Sources"] | Australia international rugby league footballer
Brian DaviesPersonal informationBorn(1930-05-16)16 May 1930Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaDied14 November 2012(2012-11-14) (aged 82)Mitchelton, QueenslandPlaying informationPositionSecond-row
Club
Years
Team
Pld
T
G
FG
P
1948–58
Brothers (Brisbane)
1959–62
Canterbury-Bankstown
59
7
89
0
199
1963
St. George (Qld.)
1964
Brothers (Brisbane)
Total
59
7
89
0
199
Representative
Years
Team
Pld
T
G
FG
P
1950–58
Queensland
31
8
14
0
52
1951–58
Australia
33
5
7
0
29
Source:
Brian Davies (16 May 1930 – 14 November 2012) was a Queensland state and Australian national representative rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s. He played in 27 Tests between 1951 and 1958 as captain on 3 occasions. He played at both Prop forward and as a Second rower and was a noted goal-kicker. His club career was played in both the Brisbane and Sydney domestic competitions. He is considered one of the nation's finest footballers of the 20th century.
Club career
Davies was born in Brisbane, Queensland, and did not begin playing rugby league until he was eighteen. He was recruited purely on the basis of his size by Brisbane Brothers identity Bert Fraser to trial with Brothers in 1948. He became a regular first grader in 1950. He won a Brisbane premiership with Brothers in 1956 and captained the side to a second premiership in 1958.
In 1959 he moved to Sydney and signed on as captain with Canterbury-Bankstown where he played four seasons. He returned to Queensland in 1963 as captain-coach of the St. George district side in 1963 and his final playing year in 1964 as captain-coach was back with the Brisbane Brothers club where his career had started.
Representative career
Before Davies begun playing rugby league, he played for Queensland's first ever representative water polo team. He played for Queensland at the 1948 Australian Championships, which was held at North Sydney Pool.
Davies made his state representative debut for Queensland in the same year he debuted in club first grade and in that year 1950, also played for Queensland against a touring Great Britain side.
He made his Test debut against France in 1951 and played in all three Tests of that series at home. He was selected on the 1952 Kangaroo tour and played in all six Tests and eighteen minor tour matches. In 1953 he also made a three Test tour against New Zealand. He made further Test appearances in the 1954 Ashes series, the 1954 World Cup, in Australia's 1955 series loss to France and in 1956 Tests against New Zealand. He made a second Kangaroo Tour in 1956 appearing in three Tests and nine tour matches and also played in the 1957 World Cup. He is listed on the Australian Players Register as Kangaroo No.282.
His first appearance as captain of the Kangaroos was in the 1958 jubilee year of rugby league in the Ashes series against the visiting British Lions. Davies was captain-coach of Australia in all three matches of the series which was lost 2 Tests to one. The Second Test in Brisbane is remembered for the heroic performance of Lion's captain Alan Prescott who played 76 minutes of the match with a broken-arm, refusing to come off with his side already down to twelve men having lost five-eighth Dave Bolton with a broken collar-bone. Against all odds the British side won 25–18.
In 1980 in the inaugural Rugby League State of Origin series along with fellow Queensland legend Duncan Hall, Davies was invited to be manager of the Queensland Maroons.
Accolades
In February 2008, Davies was named in the list of Australia's 100 Greatest Players (1908–2007) which was commissioned by the NRL and ARL to celebrate the code's centenary year in Australia. In June 2008, he was chosen in the Queensland Rugby League's Team of the Century at second-row.
In 2009 Davies was inducted into the Queensland Sport Hall of Fame.
Representative matches played
Team
Matches
Years
Queensland
38
1950–1958
Australia (Tests)
27
1951–1958
Australia (World Cup)
6
1954 & 1957
References
^ Rugby League Project
^ Century's Top 100 Players Archived 25 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ Water Warriors, page 127
^ ARL Annual Report 2005, page 53
^ "Centenary of Rugby League – The Players". NRL & ARL. 23 February 2008. Archived from the original on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 23 February 2008.
^ Ricketts, Steve (10 June 2008). "Locky named No.1 but Wal's still King". The Courier-Mail. Archived from the original on 2 July 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
^ "Mr Brian Davies". Queensland Sport Hall of Fame. qsport.org.au. Archived from the original on 26 January 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
Sources
Whiticker, Alan (2004) Captaining the Kangaroos, New Holland, Sydney
Andrews, Malcolm (2006) The ABC of Rugby League Austn Broadcasting Corpn, Sydney
Queensland Team of the Century named – article at nz.leagueunlimited.com
Preceded byDick Poole
Australian national rugby league captain 1958
Succeeded byBrian Carlson
vteThe Queensland Rugby League Team of the Century 1908–2007
1. Darren Lockyer
2. Cecil Aynsley
3. Tom Gorman
4. Mal Meninga
5. Denis Flannery
6. Wally Lewis (c)
7. Allan Langer
8. Duncan Hall
9. Noel Kelly
10. Peter Madsen
11. Arthur Beetson
12. Brian Davies
13. Bob Lindner
14. Jimmy Craig
15. Duncan Thompson
16. Gene Miles
17. Herb Steinohrt
Coach: Wayne Bennett
Manager: Dick Turner
vteAustralia squad – 1954 Rugby League World Cup
Harold Crocker
Ken Kearney
Peter Diversi
Roy Bull
Norm Provan
Keith Holman
Noel Pidding
Harry Wells
Ian Moir
Greg Hawick
Clive Churchill (c)
Duncan Hall
Kel O'Shea
Brian Davies
Ken McCaffery
Bob Banks
Alex Watson
Denis Flannery
Coach: Vic Hey
vteAustralia squad – 1957 Rugby League World Cup Champions (1st Title)
Dick Poole (Ca./Co.)
Keith Barnes
Brian Carlson
Brian Clay
Brian Davies
Greg Hawick
Keith Holman
Ken Kearney
Ken McCaffery
Bill Marsh
Ian Moir
Kel O'Shea
Norm Provan
Ray Ritchie
Don Schofield
Tom Tyquin
Alex Watson
Harry Wells | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queensland state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Australian national","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Prop forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Prop_forward"},{"link_name":"Second rower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Second-row_forward"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Brian Davies (16 May 1930 – 14 November 2012) was a Queensland state and Australian national representative rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s. He played in 27 Tests between 1951 and 1958 as captain on 3 occasions. He played at both Prop forward and as a Second rower and was a noted goal-kicker. His club career was played in both the Brisbane and Sydney domestic competitions. He is considered one of the nation's finest footballers of the 20th century.[2]","title":"Brian Davies (rugby league)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Canterbury-Bankstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury-Bankstown_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"St. George district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George,_Quensland"}],"text":"Davies was born in Brisbane, Queensland, and did not begin playing rugby league until he was eighteen. He was recruited purely on the basis of his size by Brisbane Brothers identity Bert Fraser to trial with Brothers in 1948. He became a regular first grader in 1950. He won a Brisbane premiership with Brothers in 1956 and captained the side to a second premiership in 1958.In 1959 he moved to Sydney and signed on as captain with Canterbury-Bankstown where he played four seasons. He returned to Queensland in 1963 as captain-coach of the St. George district side in 1963 and his final playing year in 1964 as captain-coach was back with the Brisbane Brothers club where his career had started.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Rugby_League_team"},{"link_name":"Kangaroo tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_tour"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_Ashes"},{"link_name":"1954 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kangaroos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"British Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Alan Prescott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Prescott"},{"link_name":"Rugby League State of Origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_State_of_Origin"},{"link_name":"Duncan Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Hall"},{"link_name":"Queensland Maroons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Rugby_League_team"}],"text":"Before Davies begun playing rugby league, he played for Queensland's first ever representative water polo team. He played for Queensland at the 1948 Australian Championships, which was held at North Sydney Pool.[3]Davies made his state representative debut for Queensland in the same year he debuted in club first grade and in that year 1950, also played for Queensland against a touring Great Britain side.He made his Test debut against France in 1951 and played in all three Tests of that series at home. He was selected on the 1952 Kangaroo tour and played in all six Tests and eighteen minor tour matches. In 1953 he also made a three Test tour against New Zealand. He made further Test appearances in the 1954 Ashes series, the 1954 World Cup, in Australia's 1955 series loss to France and in 1956 Tests against New Zealand. He made a second Kangaroo Tour in 1956 appearing in three Tests and nine tour matches and also played in the 1957 World Cup. He is listed on the Australian Players Register as Kangaroo No.282.[4]His first appearance as captain of the Kangaroos was in the 1958 jubilee year of rugby league in the Ashes series against the visiting British Lions. Davies was captain-coach of Australia in all three matches of the series which was lost 2 Tests to one. The Second Test in Brisbane is remembered for the heroic performance of Lion's captain Alan Prescott who played 76 minutes of the match with a broken-arm, refusing to come off with his side already down to twelve men having lost five-eighth Dave Bolton with a broken collar-bone. Against all odds the British side won 25–18.In 1980 in the inaugural Rugby League State of Origin series along with fellow Queensland legend Duncan Hall, Davies was invited to be manager of the Queensland Maroons.","title":"Representative career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"100 Greatest Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_rugby_league%27s_100_greatest_players"},{"link_name":"NRL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"ARL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Queensland Rugby League's Team of the Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Rugby_League%27s_Team_of_the_Century"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In February 2008, Davies was named in the list of Australia's 100 Greatest Players (1908–2007) which was commissioned by the NRL and ARL to celebrate the code's centenary year in Australia.[5] In June 2008, he was chosen in the Queensland Rugby League's Team of the Century at second-row.[6]In 2009 Davies was inducted into the Queensland Sport Hall of Fame.[7]","title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Representative matches played"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whiticker, Alan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Whiticker"},{"link_name":"Queensland Team of the Century named – article at 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Meninga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_Meninga"},{"link_name":"Denis Flannery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Flannery"},{"link_name":"Wally Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Allan Langer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Langer"},{"link_name":"Duncan Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Hall"},{"link_name":"Noel Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Kelly_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Peter Madsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Madsen"},{"link_name":"Arthur Beetson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Beetson"},{"link_name":"Brian Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Bob Lindner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Lindner"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Craig_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Duncan Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Gene Miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Miles"},{"link_name":"Herb Steinohrt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Steinohrt"},{"link_name":"Wayne Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Bennett_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Dick Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Turner"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Australia_1954_Rugby_League_World_Cup_squad"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Australia_1954_Rugby_League_World_Cup_squad"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australia_1954_Rugby_League_World_Cup_squad"},{"link_name":"Australia squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"1954 Rugby League World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Harold Crocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Crocker"},{"link_name":"Ken 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Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ken McCaffery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_McCaffery"},{"link_name":"Bob Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Banks"},{"link_name":"Alex Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Watson_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Denis Flannery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Flannery"},{"link_name":"Vic Hey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Hey"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Australia_squad_1957_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Australia_squad_1957_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australia_squad_1957_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Australia squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"1957 Rugby League World Cup Champions (1st Title)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Dick Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Poole_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Keith Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Brian Carlson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Carlson"},{"link_name":"Brian Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Clay"},{"link_name":"Brian Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Greg Hawick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Hawick"},{"link_name":"Keith Holman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Holman"},{"link_name":"Ken Kearney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Kearney"},{"link_name":"Ken McCaffery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_McCaffery"},{"link_name":"Bill Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Marsh_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Ian Moir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Moir"},{"link_name":"Kel O'Shea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kel_O%27Shea"},{"link_name":"Norm Provan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_Provan"},{"link_name":"Ray Ritchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Ritchie"},{"link_name":"Don Schofield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Schofield"},{"link_name":"Tom Tyquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Tyquin"},{"link_name":"Alex Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Watson_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Harry Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Wells_(rugby_league)"}],"text":"Whiticker, Alan (2004) Captaining the Kangaroos, New Holland, Sydney\nAndrews, Malcolm (2006) The ABC of Rugby League Austn Broadcasting Corpn, Sydney\nQueensland Team of the Century named – article at nz.leagueunlimited.comvteThe Queensland Rugby League Team of the Century 1908–2007\n1. Darren Lockyer\n2. Cecil Aynsley\n3. Tom Gorman\n4. Mal Meninga\n5. Denis Flannery\n6. Wally Lewis (c)\n7. Allan Langer\n8. Duncan Hall\n9. Noel Kelly\n10. Peter Madsen\n11. Arthur Beetson\n12. Brian Davies\n13. Bob Lindner\n14. Jimmy Craig\n15. Duncan Thompson\n16. Gene Miles\n17. Herb Steinohrt\nCoach: Wayne Bennett\nManager: Dick TurnervteAustralia squad – 1954 Rugby League World Cup\nHarold Crocker\nKen Kearney\nPeter Diversi\nRoy Bull\nNorm Provan\nKeith Holman\nNoel Pidding\nHarry Wells\nIan Moir\nGreg Hawick\nClive Churchill (c)\nDuncan Hall\nKel O'Shea\nBrian Davies\nKen McCaffery\nBob Banks\nAlex Watson\nDenis Flannery\nCoach: Vic HeyvteAustralia squad – 1957 Rugby League World Cup Champions (1st Title)\n Dick Poole (Ca./Co.)\n Keith Barnes\n Brian Carlson\n Brian Clay\n Brian Davies\n Greg Hawick\n Keith Holman\n Ken Kearney\n Ken McCaffery\n Bill Marsh\n Ian Moir\n Kel O'Shea\n Norm Provan\n Ray Ritchie\n Don Schofield\n Tom Tyquin\n Alex Watson\n Harry Wells","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Centenary of Rugby League – The Players\". NRL & ARL. 23 February 2008. Archived from the original on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 23 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080226180521/http://www.centenaryofrugbyleague.com.au/site/the-players.aspx?cat=3&list=true","url_text":"\"Centenary of Rugby League – The Players\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_League","url_text":"NRL"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Rugby_League","url_text":"ARL"},{"url":"http://www.centenaryofrugbyleague.com.au/site/the-players.aspx?cat=3&list=true","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ricketts, Steve (10 June 2008). \"Locky named No.1 but Wal's still King\". The Courier-Mail. Archived from the original on 2 July 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,23843448-10389,00.html","url_text":"\"Locky named No.1 but Wal's still King\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Mail","url_text":"The Courier-Mail"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080702003008/http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,23843448-10389,00.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr Brian Davies\". Queensland Sport Hall of Fame. qsport.org.au. Archived from the original on 26 January 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140126083251/http://www.qsport.org.au/qshof/biography.asp?ID=45","url_text":"\"Mr Brian Davies\""},{"url":"http://www.qsport.org.au/qshof/biography.asp?ID=45","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/brian-davies/summary.html","external_links_name":"Rugby League Project"},{"Link":"http://www.livenews.com.au/Articles/2008/02/22/Controversy_reigns_as_NRL_releases_top_100_players","external_links_name":"Century's Top 100 Players"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080225164807/http://www.livenews.com.au/Articles/2008/02/22/Controversy_reigns_as_NRL_releases_top_100_players","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080226180521/http://www.centenaryofrugbyleague.com.au/site/the-players.aspx?cat=3&list=true","external_links_name":"\"Centenary of Rugby League – The Players\""},{"Link":"http://www.centenaryofrugbyleague.com.au/site/the-players.aspx?cat=3&list=true","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,23843448-10389,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Locky named No.1 but Wal's still King\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080702003008/http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,23843448-10389,00.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140126083251/http://www.qsport.org.au/qshof/biography.asp?ID=45","external_links_name":"\"Mr Brian Davies\""},{"Link":"http://www.qsport.org.au/qshof/biography.asp?ID=45","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140114111429/http://nz.leagueunlimited.com/news.php?newsid=16380","external_links_name":"Queensland Team of the Century named – article at nz.leagueunlimited.com"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganddal_Station | Ganddal Station | ["1 History","2 References"] | Coordinates: 58°49′24″N 5°43′0″E / 58.82333°N 5.71667°E / 58.82333; 5.71667Railway station in Sandnes, Norway
GanddalGeneral informationLocationGanddal, SandnesNorwayCoordinates58°49′24″N 5°43′0″E / 58.82333°N 5.71667°E / 58.82333; 5.71667Elevation22.5 m (74 ft) AMSLOwned byBane NOROperated byGo-Ahead NorgeLine(s)Sørlandet LineÅlgård LineDistance580.55 km (360.74 mi)Platforms2HistoryOpened1880
Ganddal Station (Norwegian: Ganddal stasjon) is a railway station in the western part of the municipality of Sandnes in Rogaland county, Norway. The station is located just south of the centre of the city of Sandnes in the Ganddal borough. It sits along the Sørlandet Line with long-distance service to Stavanger to the north and Kristiansand to the southeast. The station is also served by the Jæren Commuter Rail with local service between Stavanger and Egersund. The station is 18.49 kilometers (11.49 mi) south of Stavanger. The station is simply a shelter and it has no bathrooms, food services, or ticket counters.
History
The Ålgård Line splits off from the main Sørlandet Line at Ganddal, but passenger traffic was terminated in 1955 and freight traffic ended in 1988. The station has been in use here since 1 March 1878 when the Sørlandet Line opened. The station was first named Høiland from 1 March 1878 until 1 July 1917 when it was renamed Ganddalen. In April 1921, it was shortened to Ganddal.
References
^ "Ganddal Station". NSB. Retrieved 2016-03-17.
^ "Ganddal stasjon" (in Norwegian). Jernbaneverket. Retrieved 2016-03-17.
^ "Ganddal" (in Norwegian). Norsk Jernbaneklubb. Retrieved 2016-03-17.
Preceding station
Following station
SandnesBrualand
Sørlandet Line
ØksnevadportenSkjæveland
Preceding station
Local trains
Following station
Sandnes
Jæren Commuter Rail
Øksnevadporten
vteJæren Commuter RailStations
Stavanger
Paradis
Hillevåg
Mariero
Jåttå
Jåttåvågen
Gausel
Sandnes Sentrum
Sandnes
Ganddal
Øksnevadporten
Klepp
Bryne
Nærbø
Varhaug
Vigrestad
Brusand
Ogna
Sirevåg
Hellvik
Egersund
This Norwegian railway station-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"Sandnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandnes"},{"link_name":"Rogaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogaland"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"city of Sandnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandnes_(town)"},{"link_name":"Ganddal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganddal"},{"link_name":"Sørlandet Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8rlandet_Line"},{"link_name":"Stavanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger"},{"link_name":"Kristiansand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand"},{"link_name":"Jæren Commuter Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A6ren_Commuter_Rail"},{"link_name":"Stavanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger"},{"link_name":"Egersund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egersund"},{"link_name":"Stavanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Railway station in Sandnes, NorwayGanddal Station (Norwegian: Ganddal stasjon) is a railway station in the western part of the municipality of Sandnes in Rogaland county, Norway. The station is located just south of the centre of the city of Sandnes in the Ganddal borough. It sits along the Sørlandet Line with long-distance service to Stavanger to the north and Kristiansand to the southeast. The station is also served by the Jæren Commuter Rail with local service between Stavanger and Egersund. The station is 18.49 kilometers (11.49 mi) south of Stavanger. The station is simply a shelter and it has no bathrooms, food services, or ticket counters.[1]","title":"Ganddal Station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ålgård Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85lg%C3%A5rd_Line"},{"link_name":"Ganddal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganddal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Ålgård Line splits off from the main Sørlandet Line at Ganddal, but passenger traffic was terminated in 1955 and freight traffic ended in 1988. The station has been in use here since 1 March 1878 when the Sørlandet Line opened. The station was first named Høiland from 1 March 1878 until 1 July 1917 when it was renamed Ganddalen. In April 1921, it was shortened to Ganddal.[2][3]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ganddal Station\". NSB. Retrieved 2016-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nsb.no/en/our-destinations/stations/ganddal-station?id=2225","url_text":"\"Ganddal Station\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vy","url_text":"NSB"}]},{"reference":"\"Ganddal stasjon\" (in Norwegian). Jernbaneverket. Retrieved 2016-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jernbaneverket.no/Jernbanen/Stasjonssok/-G-/Ganddal/","url_text":"\"Ganddal stasjon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jernbaneverket","url_text":"Jernbaneverket"}]},{"reference":"\"Ganddal\" (in Norwegian). Norsk Jernbaneklubb. Retrieved 2016-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://forsk.njk.no/stdb/index.php?Stnr=5111&aut=0&mod=st&sid=1901","url_text":"\"Ganddal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_Jernbaneklubb","url_text":"Norsk Jernbaneklubb"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ganddal_Station¶ms=58_49_24_N_5_43_0_E_type:railwaystation_region:NO","external_links_name":"58°49′24″N 5°43′0″E / 58.82333°N 5.71667°E / 58.82333; 5.71667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ganddal_Station¶ms=58_49_24_N_5_43_0_E_type:railwaystation_region:NO","external_links_name":"58°49′24″N 5°43′0″E / 58.82333°N 5.71667°E / 58.82333; 5.71667"},{"Link":"https://www.nsb.no/en/our-destinations/stations/ganddal-station?id=2225","external_links_name":"\"Ganddal Station\""},{"Link":"http://www.jernbaneverket.no/Jernbanen/Stasjonssok/-G-/Ganddal/","external_links_name":"\"Ganddal stasjon\""},{"Link":"http://forsk.njk.no/stdb/index.php?Stnr=5111&aut=0&mod=st&sid=1901","external_links_name":"\"Ganddal\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganddal_Station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Gorham | Paula Gorham | ["1 Career","2 References"] | The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Paula Gorham" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Irish footballer
Paula GorhamPersonal informationPosition(s)
ForwardSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)
Dundalk
International career1973-1978
Republic of Ireland
11
(3)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Paula Gorham is a former Irish football player who played for Dundalk F.C. and the Ireland women's national team. She played in the Republic of Ireland's official international debut, scoring a hat-trick against Wales.
Career
Gorham, one of eleven siblings, began playing competitively at age 11 at the Dundalk Maytime Festival. She played on a women's side representing the local shoe factory. She could play with either her left or her right foot.
Gorham played for Dundalk Ladies. Dundalk, a new team, hadn't lost a game in two years in Ireland's unofficial women's national league when they travelled to Wales in 1970. Dundalk was to play Corinthians Nomads in what The Guardian called "effectively an Ireland v England women's match." Gorham was sixteen at the time. The game was played at Prestatyn Raceway as women's football was banned from association-affiliated football grounds. Corinthians won 7-1 in front of a crowd of 4,000 with Gorham scoring the sole goal for Dundalk. Thanks to her performance, Gorham also was given an award at the North London Sports Awards and was the only woman featured.
Gorham was offered a professional contract from Stade de Reims as a teenager but turned it down.
On 13 May, 1973, the Republic of Ireland made their official international debut with Gorham scoring a hat-trick, securing a 3–2 win in an away friendly game against Wales. Gorham went on to represent the Republic of Ireland eleven times, including the day after her honeymoon and several months pregnant. Gorham only received an official international cap from the FAI in 2016.
In 2021, Gorham was inducted into the FAI Hall of Fame for her "unique contribution to Irish football."
References
^ a b Ryan, Eoin (10 May 2020). "Trailblazers – When Dundalk Ladies represented Ireland". RTÉ Sport. Retrieved 29 August 2020. When the WFAI was established in 1973, almost a full three years after the Corinthians clash, Gorham scored a hat-trick in the Republic of Ireland's first officially recognised women's international – a 3–2 victory away to Wales.
^ a b c O'Brien, Brendan (20 September 2021). "Paula Gorham: 'If I had been a man I'd have definitely made it in England'". Irish Examiner. Archived from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
^ a b Wrack, Suzanne (12 May 2020). "We were shocked, stunned': 50 years since Dundalk v Corinthians Nomads". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
^ a b Ryan, Eoin (10 May 2020). "Trailblazers - When Dundalk Ladies represented Ireland". RTÉ. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
^ McLaughlin, Gavin (September 1, 2021). "PAULA INDUCTED INTO FAI HALL OF FAME". Dundalk Football Club.
This biographical article related to women's association football in the Republic of Ireland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dundalk F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundalk_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ireland women's national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_women%27s_national_football_team"}],"text":"Irish footballerPaula Gorham is a former Irish football player who played for Dundalk F.C. and the Ireland women's national team. She played in the Republic of Ireland's official international debut, scoring a hat-trick against Wales.","title":"Paula Gorham"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Dundalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundalk_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"Stade de Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_de_Reims_F%C3%A9minines"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"hat-trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat-trick#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"FAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Gorham, one of eleven siblings, began playing competitively at age 11 at the Dundalk Maytime Festival. She played on a women's side representing the local shoe factory. She could play with either her left or her right foot.[2]Gorham played for Dundalk Ladies. Dundalk, a new team, hadn't lost a game in two years in Ireland's unofficial women's national league when they travelled to Wales in 1970.[2] Dundalk was to play Corinthians Nomads in what The Guardian called \"effectively an Ireland v England women's match.\"[3] Gorham was sixteen at the time. The game was played at Prestatyn Raceway as women's football was banned from association-affiliated football grounds.[3] Corinthians won 7-1 in front of a crowd of 4,000 with Gorham scoring the sole goal for Dundalk.[4] Thanks to her performance, Gorham also was given an award at the North London Sports Awards and was the only woman featured.Gorham was offered a professional contract from Stade de Reims as a teenager but turned it down.[2]On 13 May, 1973, the Republic of Ireland made their official international debut with Gorham scoring a hat-trick, securing a 3–2 win in an away friendly game against Wales.[1] Gorham went on to represent the Republic of Ireland eleven times, including the day after her honeymoon and several months pregnant. Gorham only received an official international cap from the FAI in 2016.[4]In 2021, Gorham was inducted into the FAI Hall of Fame for her \"unique contribution to Irish football.\"[5]","title":"Career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Ryan, Eoin (10 May 2020). \"Trailblazers – When Dundalk Ladies represented Ireland\". RTÉ Sport. Retrieved 29 August 2020. When the WFAI was established in 1973, almost a full three years after the Corinthians clash, Gorham scored a hat-trick in the Republic of Ireland's first officially recognised women's international – a 3–2 victory away to Wales.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2020/0509/1137449-trailblazers-when-dundalk-ladies-represented-ireland/","url_text":"\"Trailblazers – When Dundalk Ladies represented Ireland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_Sport","url_text":"RTÉ Sport"}]},{"reference":"O'Brien, Brendan (20 September 2021). \"Paula Gorham: 'If I had been a man I'd have definitely made it in England'\". Irish Examiner. Archived from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230521171350/https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/soccer/arid-40701548.html","url_text":"\"Paula Gorham: 'If I had been a man I'd have definitely made it in England'\""},{"url":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/soccer/arid-40701548.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wrack, Suzanne (12 May 2020). \"We were shocked, stunned': 50 years since Dundalk v Corinthians Nomads\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220819211702/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/may/12/we-were-shocked-stunned-50-years-since-dundalk-v-corinthians-nomads","url_text":"\"We were shocked, stunned': 50 years since Dundalk v Corinthians Nomads\""},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/may/12/we-were-shocked-stunned-50-years-since-dundalk-v-corinthians-nomads","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Eoin (10 May 2020). \"Trailblazers - When Dundalk Ladies represented Ireland\". RTÉ. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221228203526/https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2020/0509/1137449-trailblazers-when-dundalk-ladies-represented-ireland/","url_text":"\"Trailblazers - When Dundalk Ladies represented Ireland\""},{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2020/0509/1137449-trailblazers-when-dundalk-ladies-represented-ireland/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McLaughlin, Gavin (September 1, 2021). \"PAULA INDUCTED INTO FAI HALL OF FAME\". Dundalk Football Club.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dundalkfc.com/paula-inducted-into-fai-hall-of-fame/","url_text":"\"PAULA INDUCTED INTO FAI HALL OF FAME\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Paula+Gorham%22","external_links_name":"\"Paula Gorham\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Paula+Gorham%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Paula+Gorham%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Paula+Gorham%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Paula+Gorham%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Paula+Gorham%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2020/0509/1137449-trailblazers-when-dundalk-ladies-represented-ireland/","external_links_name":"\"Trailblazers – When Dundalk Ladies represented Ireland\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230521171350/https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/soccer/arid-40701548.html","external_links_name":"\"Paula Gorham: 'If I had been a man I'd have definitely made it in England'\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/soccer/arid-40701548.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220819211702/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/may/12/we-were-shocked-stunned-50-years-since-dundalk-v-corinthians-nomads","external_links_name":"\"We were shocked, stunned': 50 years since Dundalk v Corinthians Nomads\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/may/12/we-were-shocked-stunned-50-years-since-dundalk-v-corinthians-nomads","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221228203526/https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2020/0509/1137449-trailblazers-when-dundalk-ladies-represented-ireland/","external_links_name":"\"Trailblazers - When Dundalk Ladies represented Ireland\""},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2020/0509/1137449-trailblazers-when-dundalk-ladies-represented-ireland/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dundalkfc.com/paula-inducted-into-fai-hall-of-fame/","external_links_name":"\"PAULA INDUCTED INTO FAI HALL OF FAME\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paula_Gorham&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informational_self-determination | Informational self-determination | ["1 Views from Germany and the Czech Republic","2 Privacy notices","3 American perspective","4 See also","5 References"] | The term informational self-determination was first used in the context of a German constitutional ruling relating to personal information collected during the 1983 census. The German term is informationelle Selbstbestimmung. It is formally defined as "the authority of the individual to decide himself, on the basis of the idea of self-determination, when and within what limits information about his private life should be communicated to others." Freedom of speech, protection of privacy, right to active private life, right to education, protection of personal data, and the right to public sector information all fall under the umbrella of informational self-determination.
On that occasion, the German Federal Constitutional Court ruled that: “ in the context of modern data processing, the protection of the individual against unlimited collection, storage, use and disclosure of his/her personal data is encompassed by the general personal rights of the German constitution. This basic right warrants in this respect the capacity of the individual to determine in principle the disclosure and use of his/her personal data. Limitations to this informational self-determination are allowed only in case of overriding public interest.”
Informational self-determination is often considered similar to the right to privacy but has unique characteristics that distinguish it from the "right to privacy" in the United States tradition. Informational self-determination reflects Westin's description of privacy: “The right of the individual to decide what information about himself should be communicated to others and under what circumstances” (Westin, 1970). In contrast, the "right to privacy" in the United States legal tradition is commonly considered to originate in Warren and Brandeis' article, which focuses on the right to "solitude" (i.e., being "left alone") and in the Constitution's Fourth Amendment, which protects persons and their belongings from warrantless search.
Views from Germany and the Czech Republic
The German Federal Constitutional Court Population Census Decision comprises a foundation in the improvement of federal data protection laws and is even alluded to as "the very key to the German view on data protection". In this decision, the Court invented the right to informational self-determination as a new constitutional right, which can be viewed as the constitutional basis for the right to be forgotten. The right to be forgotten can be viewed as a component of the right to informational self-determination. As this privilege just produces coordinate results when an official authority is involved, the different inquiries concerning private parties and their claims to delete data in the hands of different privates remain unanswered. Furthermore, there is no explicit definition of a right to be forgotten because it is nearly impossible for something on the internet to be forgotten. Neither the legislator nor the high courts use the term of a right to be forgotten the way, for instance, the new Draft Data Protection Regulation does. This makes it difficult to give a definite answer to the response to the subject of whether such a privilege can be found in German law.
In the age of information, countries like the Czech Republic have resorted to a form of public administration that can be accessed through the internet called eGovernment. The purpose of eGovernment is to help regulatory procedures, enhance the nature of the administrations and increments inside open division productivity. Additionally, advanced open administrations diminish the authoritative weight on organizations and residents by making their cooperation with open organizations quicker and effective, more advantageous and straightforward, and less expensive. Likewise, utilizing advanced advances as an incorporated piece of governments' modernization methodologies can open further monetary and social advantages for society overall.
Privacy notices
Privacy notices are instruments that are used to educate people of the handling of their own personal data, their rights as data subjects, and provide any other information required by data protection or privacy laws. Contrary to popular belief, European Union data protection laws do not require organizations to display a privacy notice on their websites. Although, such notices seem to be logical by-products of data protection and privacy laws, which requires that people are sufficiently informed about the processing of their personal data, these notices are not legally required.
American perspective
In the United States, there is regularly a more prominent accentuation on the liberty of speech and the freedom of press, than the right to informational self-determination.
See also
Data sovereignty
Digital citizenship
Digital identity
Digital integrity
Digital self-determination
References
^ a b Reinventing data protection?. Gutwirth, Serge. : Springer. 2009. ISBN 9781402094989. OCLC 424513781.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ a b Kodde, Claudia (2016-01-02). "Germany's 'Right to be forgotten' – between the freedom of expression and the right to informational self-determination". International Review of Law, Computers & Technology. 30 (1–2): 17–31. doi:10.1080/13600869.2015.1125154. ISSN 1360-0869. S2CID 61675096.
^ Sovová, Olga; Sova, Miroslav; Fiala, Zdeněk (2017-12-01). "Privacy protection and e-document management in public administration". Juridical Tribune. 7 (2). ISSN 2247-7195.
^ Van Alsenoy, Brendan; Kosta, Eleni; Dumortier, Jos (2013-07-05). "Privacy notices versus informational self-determination: Minding the gap". International Review of Law, Computers & Technology. 28 (2): 185–203. doi:10.1080/13600869.2013.812594. ISSN 1360-0869. S2CID 62764655.
^ SZABÓ, Anna Barbara (January 1, 2016). "THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF DATA PRIVACY". Acta Technica Corvininesis - Bulletin of Engineering. 9 (1): 101–104 – via Academic Search Complete.
Ruling of the German Constitutional Court (in German) defining informational self-determination.
Westin, A., Privacy and Freedom, New York: Atheneum, 1970.
"The Right to Privacy" (Warren and Brandeis) the seminal law review article for U.S. privacy law.
Authority control databases: National
Germany
This human rights-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German Federal Constitutional Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Federal_Constitutional_Court"},{"link_name":"German constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_constitution"},{"link_name":"self-determination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-determination"},{"link_name":"right to privacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_privacy"},{"link_name":"Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_D._Warren_(US_attorney)"},{"link_name":"Brandeis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Brandeis"},{"link_name":"Fourth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"}],"text":"On that occasion, the German Federal Constitutional Court ruled that: “[...] in the context of modern data processing, the protection of the individual against unlimited collection, storage, use and disclosure of his/her personal data is encompassed by the general personal rights of the German constitution. 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In contrast, the \"right to privacy\" in the United States legal tradition is commonly considered to originate in Warren and Brandeis' article, which focuses on the right to \"solitude\" (i.e., being \"left alone\") and in the Constitution's Fourth Amendment, which protects persons and their belongings from warrantless search.","title":"Informational self-determination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"right to be forgotten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_be_forgotten"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"right to be forgotten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_be_forgotten"},{"link_name":"right to be forgotten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_be_forgotten"},{"link_name":"right to be forgotten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_be_forgotten"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"eGovernment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-government"},{"link_name":"eGovernment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-government"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The German Federal Constitutional Court Population Census Decision comprises a foundation in the improvement of federal data protection laws and is even alluded to as \"the very key to the German view on data protection\". 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This makes it difficult to give a definite answer to the response to the subject of whether such a privilege can be found in German law.[2]In the age of information, countries like the Czech Republic have resorted to a form of public administration that can be accessed through the internet called eGovernment. The purpose of eGovernment is to help regulatory procedures, enhance the nature of the administrations and increments inside open division productivity. Additionally, advanced open administrations diminish the authoritative weight on organizations and residents by making their cooperation with open organizations quicker and effective, more advantageous and straightforward, and less expensive. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankyu_Kyoto_Line | Hankyu Kyoto Main Line | ["1 Definition","2 History","2.1 Proposed connecting line","3 Service types","3.1 Regular operations","3.2 Extra services","4 Stations","5 Rolling stock","5.1 Former","6 References"] | Japanese railway line
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Hankyu Kyoto Main LineA pair of 9300 series EMU on limited express servicesOverviewNative name阪急京都本線LocaleKansaiTerminiJūsōKyoto-kawaramachiStations26ServiceOperator(s)Hankyu RailwayDepot(s)ShōjakuKatsuraRolling stockHankyu 1300 seriesHankyu 3300 seriesHankyu 5300 seriesHankyu 6300 seriesHankyu 7300 seriesHankyu 8300 seriesHankyu 9300 seriesTechnicalLine length45.3 km (28.1 mi)Number of tracksDoubleTrack gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)Electrification1,500 V DC, overhead lineOperating speed115 km/h (70 mph)
Route map
Hankyu Kyoto Main Line
Legend
Umeda (first)
Tokaido Line, Osaka Loop Line
2.4
Osaka-umeda (second) for connections, see below
Osaka Subway: Midōsuji Line
Hanshin Kita-Osaka Line
Umeda Freight Line
Nakatsu
Shin-Yodogawa
abandoned in 1926
Yodo River
0.0
Jūsō
Hankyu Kobe Line
Hankyu Takarazuka Line
Osaka Subway: Midōsuji Line
Nishinakajima-Minamigata
1.9
Minamikata
Tokaido Line (JR Kyoto Line)
Tokaido Line old route
3.2
Sōzenji
Hankyu Senri Line for Tenjimbashisuji Rokuchōme and Tengachaya
4.2
Awaji
Joto Freight Line
Senri Line / Tokaido Line old route
Tōkaidō Shinkansen
6.3
Kami-Shinjō
7.2
Aikawa
Kanzaki River
Higashi-Suita Signal Box
Osaka Municipal Subway Higashi-Suita Depot
9.4
Shōjaku
Shojaku Workshop
10.9
Settsu-shi
12.9
Minami-Ibaraki
Osaka Monorail Main Line
Tōkaidō Line Freight Branch
14.8
Ibaraki-shi
16.8
Sōjiji
17.3
Tonda
20.6
Takatsuki-shi
22.2
Higashi-Takatsuki Signal Box (Temporary) -1993
Tōkaidō Shinkansen
24.9
Kammaki
25.7
Minase
Osaka/Kyoto
27.7
Ōyamazaki
Tōkaidō Line (JR Kyōto Line)
30.2
Nishiyama Tennozan
31.7
Nagaoka-Tenjin
33.6
Nishi-Mukō
35.0
Higashi-Mukō
Mozume 1946-1948
36.3
Rakusaiguchi
38.0
Katsura/Katsura Depot
Hankyu Arashiyama Line
Katsura River
40.1
Nishi-Kyōgoku
Kyoto Tram Nishioji Line
41.9
Saiin
Keifuku Arashiyama Main Line
Sai
Sanin Main Line (Sagano Line)
Shijō-Ōmiya
43.3
Ōmiya
Kyoto Subway: Karasuma Line (Shijō)
Kyoto Tram Karasuma Line
44.4
Karasuma
45.3
Kyoto-kawaramachi
Kyoto Tram Kawaramachi Line
Kamo River
Keihan Main Line (Gion-Shijō)
Connections at Osaka-umeda
Tōkaidō Main Line (JR Kyoto Line)
Subway: Tanimachi Line
Osaka Loop Line
Umeda /Subway: Higashi-Umeda
Subway: Midōsuji Line (Umeda)
JR-W: Ōsaka/Hanshin Umeda/JR-W: Kitashinchi
Subway: Yotsubashi Line (Nishi-Umeda)
(Extension planned)
Tōkaidō Main Line (JR Kobe Line, JR Takarazuka Line)
Hanshin Main Line
Osaka Loop Line, JR Tōzai Line
The Hankyu Kyoto Main Line (阪急京都本線, Hankyū Kyōto Honsen) is a railway line in Japan operated by the private railway operator Hankyu Railway. It connects Osaka-umeda Station in Osaka and Kyoto-kawaramachi Station in Kyoto.
Definition
The Kyoto Main Line is often called the Kyoto Line (京都線, Kyōto-sen) for short, and in a broader sense its two branch lines, the Senri Line and the Arashiyama Line, are included to the Kyoto Line by historical, geographical and structural reasons. The other two sections of Hankyu, the Kobe Line and the Takarazuka Line are called the Shinpōsen (神宝線) as a whole.
Officially, the Kyoto Main Line is from Jūsō to Kyoto-kawaramachi, however, all trains run beyond Jūsō to Osaka-umeda terminal, using the eastern tracks of the section exclusively. Hankyu treats the Kyoto Main Line in the same way as the passengers do, i.e. as the line between Osaka-umeda and Kyoto-kawaramachi (except for special circumstances such as governmental procedures).
History
This section needs expansion with: Historical events. You can help by adding to it. (October 2022)
The Kyoto Main Line was constructed in the following phases:
1 April 1, 1921: Jūsō – Awaji (by Kita-Osaka Electric Railway)
16 January 1928: Awaji – Takatsuki-machi (present-day Takatsuki-shi) (by Shin-Keihan Railway)
1 November 1928: Takatsuki-machi – Kyoto-Saiin (present-day Saiin) (by Shin-Keihan Railway)
31 March 1931: Saiin – Keihan-Kyoto (present-day Ōmiya) (by Keihan Electric Railway)
18 February 1959: The additional double tracks of the Takarazuka Main Line between Umeda (present-day Osaka-umeda) and Jūso now used exclusively by the Kyoto Main Line
17 June 1963: Ōmiya – Kawaramachi (now Kyoto-kawaramachi)
Prior to the merger of Hankyu Railway (then Hanshin Kyūkō Railway) and Keihan Electric Railway in 1943, the line and its branches were owned by the latter and called the Shin-Keihan (New Keihan) Line. In the breakup of the merger in 1949, the line was not ceded to Keihan and became a competitor of the Keihan Main Line.
Construction has been in progress since 2012 to elevate a 3.3 km (2.1 mi) section of track from Sōzenji Station to Kami-Shinjō Station including the junction with the Senri Line at Awaji Station. Originally projected for a 2020 completion, various delays have pushed back the start of operations on the new tracks to 2031.
Station numbering was introduced to all Hankyu stations on 21 December 2013.
Proposed connecting line
A loop line from Juso to Awaji via Shin-Osaka Station, to provide a direct connection to the Shinkansen has been proposed, but is not currently scheduled for construction.
Service types
Regular operations
As of the December 2022 timetable, trains are classified as follows:
Local (普通, futsū)
Local trains stop at all stations on the Kyoto and Senri lines. During the day they operate between Osaka Umeda or Tengachaya and Takatsuki-shi or Kita Senri. During early mornings, rush hours, and late nights, some services are extended to Kyoto-Kawaramachi and other short turn services are operated as well.
Semi-Express (準急, junkyū)
All day except early morning and late nights between Osaka-Umeda and Kyoto-Kawaramachi. Additional services operate through to Tengachaya during weekday rush hours and weekends. Limited stops between Osaka-Umeda and Takatsuki-shi, then all stops to Kyoto-Kawaramachi.
Express (急行, kyūkou)
Late nights from Osaka-Umeda to Kyoto-Kawaramachi and weekday early mornings towards Osaka-Umeda.
Semi-Limited Express (準特急, juntokkyū)
Early mornings and evenings and weekday rush hours, both directions.
Commuter Limited Express (通勤特急, tsūkin tokkyū)
Weekday morning rush hours only, both directions. Car number 5 is for women only.
Limited Express (特急, tokkyū)
Operates during the daytime when other express and limited express services are not running.
Rapid Limited Express (快速特急, kaisoku tokkyū)
Weekends only, using special 6 car trains.
Extra services
Rapid Limited Express (快速特急, kaisoku tokkyū)
Osaka-umeda - Arashiyama: "Sagano (さがの, named after the district in Ukyo-ku, Kyoto)"
Kyoto-kawaramachi - Arashiyama: "Ogura (おぐら, named after Mount Ogura)"
Direct Limited Express (直通特急, chokutsū tokkyū) - Through services to Arashiyama Line, Osaka Metro Sakaisuji Line, Takarazuka Main Line and the Kobe Main Line.
Kosoku Kobe - Arashiyama: "Atago (あたご, named after Mount Atago)"
Takarazuka - Arashiyama (via the Imazu Line): "Togetsu (とげつ, named after Togetsukyo Bridge)"
Tengachaya - Arashiyama: "Hozu (ほづ, named after the Hozu River)" (seasonal service)
On the Kyoto Main Line, these extra limited express stop at the same stations as the regular Rapid Limited Express.
Stations
Legends:
● : Trains stop.
| : Trains pass.
Local trains stop at all stations.
No trains stop at Nakatsu which is served by Local trains on the Kobe Main Line and the Takarazuka Main Line, because of the absence of any platforms on this line. Thus, in operation, Nakatsu Station is not listed on the Kyoto Line.
The starting point of the distances (km) shown is Jūsō Station, which is officially the starting point of the Kyoto Main Line.
Line name
No.
Station
Distance (km)
Semi-Express
Express
Semi Ltd. Exp.
Commuter Ltd. Exp.
Ltd. Exp.
Rapid Ltd. Exp.
Transfers
Location
Through services:
From Awaji:
Local / Semi-Express ー From Kyoto-Kawaramachi to Tengachaya via the Senri Line and Osaka Metro Sakaisuji Line
Local — From Osaka-Umeda to Kita-Senri via the Senri Line
Takarazuka Main Line
HK-01
Osaka-umeda
大阪梅田
(2.4)
●
●
●
●
●
●
Hanshin Electric Railway Main Line (HS 01)
Osaka Metro
Midosuji Line (M16)
Tanimachi Line (T20: Higashi-Umeda Station)
Yotsubashi Line (Y11: Nishi-Umeda Station)
JR West (Ōsaka Station)
Tōkaidō Main Line
JR Kyoto Line (JR-A47)
JR Kobe Line (JR-A47)
JR Takarazuka Line (JR-G47)
Osaka Higashi Line (JR-F01)
Osaka Loop Line (JR-O11)
JR Tōzai Line (JR-H44: Kitashinchi Station)
Kita-ku, Osaka
Osaka Prefecture
HK-03
Jūsō
十三
0.0
●
●
●
●
●
●
Hankyu Kobe Main Line
Hankyu Takarazuka Main Line
Yodogawa-ku, Osaka
Kyoto Main Line
HK-61
Minamikata
南方
1.9
●
●
|
|
|
|
Osaka Metro Midosuji Line (M14: Nishinakajima-Minamigata Station)
HK-62
Sōzenji
崇禅寺
3.2
|
|
|
|
|
|
Higashiyodogawa-ku, Osaka
HK-63
Awaji
淡路
4.2
●
●
●
|
●
●
Hankyū Senri Line (through service, see above)
JR West Osaka Higashi Line (JR-F04:JR-Awaji Station)
HK-64
Kami-Shinjō
上新庄
6.3
●
●
|
|
|
|
HK-65
Aikawa
相川
7.2
|
|
|
|
|
|
HK-66
Shōjaku
正雀
9.4
|
|
|
|
|
|
Settsu
HK-67
Settsu-shi
摂津市
10.9
|
|
|
|
|
|
HK-68
Minami-Ibaraki
南茨木
12.9
●
●
|
|
|
|
■ Osaka Monorail Main Line (19)
Ibaraki
HK-69
Ibaraki-shi
茨木市
14.8
●
●
●
●
●
|
HK-70
Sōjiji
総持寺
16.8
|
|
|
|
|
|
HK-71
Tonda
富田
17.3
|
|
|
|
|
|
Takatsuki
HK-72
Takatsuki-shi
高槻市
20.6
●
●
●
●
●
|
HK-73
Kammaki
上牧
24.9
●
|
|
|
|
|
HK-74
Minase
水無瀬
25.7
●
|
|
|
|
|
Shimamoto
HK-75
Ōyamazaki
大山崎
27.7
●
|
|
|
|
|
Ōyamazaki
Kyoto Prefecture
HK-76
Nishiyama Tennozan
西山天王山
30.2
●
|
|
|
|
|
Nagaokakyō
HK-77
Nagaoka-Tenjin
長岡天神
31.7
●
●
●
●
●
|
HK-78
Nishi-Mukō
西向日
33.6
●
|
|
|
|
|
Mukō
HK-79
Higashi-Mukō
東向日
35.0
●
|
|
|
|
|
HK-80
Rakusaiguchi
洛西口
36.3
●
|
|
|
|
|
Nishikyō-ku, Kyoto
HK-81
Katsura
桂
38.0
●
●
●
●
●
●
Hankyu Arashiyama Line
HK-82
Nishi-Kyōgoku
西京極(西京極総合運動公園前)
40.1
●
●
|
|
|
|
Ukyō-ku, Kyoto
HK-83
Saiin
西院
41.9
●
●
●
●
|
|
Keifuku Electric Railroad Arashiyama Main Line (A02)
HK-84
Ōmiya
大宮
43.3
●
●
●
●
|
|
Keifuku Electric Railroad Arashiyama Main Line (A01: Shijō-Ōmiya Station)
Nakagyō-ku, Kyoto
HK-85
Karasuma
烏丸
44.4
●
●
●
●
●
●
Kyoto Municipal Subway Karasuma Line (K09: Shijō Station)
Shimogyō-ku, Kyoto
HK-86
Kyoto-kawaramachi
京都河原町
45.3
●
●
●
●
●
●
Keihan Main Line (KH39: Gion-Shijō Station)
Rolling stock
Hankyu 6300 series EMU on a limited express service
1300 series EMU (from 30 March 2014)
3300 series EMU
5300 series EMU
7000 series(Kyō-Train Garaku)
7300 series EMU
8300 series EMU
9300 series EMU
Osaka Municipal Subway 66 series (Awaji - Takatsuki-shi)
Former
1300 series EMU (1957)
2000 series EMU (Temporary)
2300 series EMU
2800 series EMU
5100 series EMU (Temporary)
6300 series EMU (Kyō-Train)
Osaka Municipal Subway 60 series EMU (Awaji - Takatsuki-shi)
References
This article incorporates material from the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia
^ a b Hankyu Corporation & Morokawa, Hisashi (1990). 日本の私鉄7 阪急 (in Japanese). Hoikusha. p. 147. ISBN 4-586-50796-9.
^ "阪急電鉄京都線・千里線（淡路駅付近）連続立体交差事業" . Osaka City Online (in Japanese). 28 June 2019. Archived from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
^ "阪急立体交差事業で690億円増 大阪市試算" . Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 10 March 2022. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
^ "「西山天王山」駅開業にあわせて、「三宮」「服部」「中山」「松尾」４駅の駅名を変更し、全駅で駅ナンバリングを導入します" (PDF). Hankyu Corporation Online (in Japanese). 30 April 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
^ "なにわ筋・新大阪連絡線、実現へ一歩 阪急などが協議へ" . Asahi Shimbun Online (in Japanese). 23 October 2019. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
^ Hankyu Corporation (2022-10-12). "２０２２年１２月１７日（土）初発より阪急全線（神戸線・宝塚線・京都線）でダイヤ改正を実施" (PDF). Hankyu Railway. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
^ Hankyu Corporation (September 20, 2013). "西山天王山駅の開業にあわせて 京都線のダイヤ改正を実施します" (PDF) (Press release) (in Japanese).
^ City of Nagaokakyō; Hankyu Corporation (March 30, 2012). "阪急京都本線大山崎駅～長岡天神駅間で建設中の新駅の名称を『西山天王山』駅に決定しました" (PDF) (Press release) (in Japanese).
vteTransit in Keihanshin (Greater Keihanshin)Shinkansen lines
Tōkaidō Shinkansen
San'yō Shinkansen
Hokuriku Shinkansen (planned)
Chūō Shinkansen (planned)
JR West lines("Urban network")
A Hokuriku/Tōkaidō/San'yō
Biwako
JR Kyoto
JR Kobe
N Akō
Wadamisaki
B Kosei
C Kusatsu
D Nara
Sanin
Sagano
F Osaka Higashi
G JR Takarazuka (Fukuchiyama)
H Gakkentoshi (Katamachi)/JR Tozai
I Kakogawa
J Bantan
K Kishin
L Maizuru
O Osaka Loop
P JR Yumesaki (Sakurajima)
Q Yamatoji
Kansai
R Hanwa (Hagoromo)
S Kansai Airport
T Wakayama
U Man-yo Mahoroba (Sakurai)
V Kansai
W Kisei
Naniwasuji (under construction)
Urban rail transit systems Osaka Metro(list of stations)
Midōsuji Line
Tanimachi Line
Yotsubashi Line
Chūō Line
Sennichimae Line
Sakaisuji Line
Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line
Imazatosuji Line
Nankō Port Town Line
Kobe Municipal Subway
Seishin-Yamate Line
Kaigan Line
Hokushin Line
Kyoto Municipal Subway
Karasuma Line
Tōzai Line
Osaka Monorail
Main
Saito
Hankai Tramway
Hankai
Uemachi
Kobe New Transit
Port Island Line
Rokkō Island Line
Keifuku Electric Railroad (Randen)
Arashiyama Line
Kitano Line
Eizan Electric Railway (Eiden)
Eizan Main Line
Kurama Line
Five majorprivate rail operators Hankyu
Hankyu Kobe Main
Itami
Imazu
Koyo
Hankyu Takarazuka Main
Minoo
Hankyu Kyoto Main
Senri
Arashiyama
Hanshin
Hanshin Main
Namba
Mukogawa
Keihan
Keihan Main
Oto
Nakanoshima
Katano
Uji
Otsu Lines
■ Keishin
■ Ishiyama Sakamoto
Nankai
Nankai Main
Takashinohama
Airport
Tanagawa
Kada
Wakayamako
Koya
Shiomibashi
Naniwasuji (under construction)
Kintetsu Railway
A Namba/Nara
G Ikoma
B Kyoto/Kashihara
H Tenri
I Tawaramoto
C Keihanna
D Osaka
J Shigi
F Minami Osaka/Yoshino
N Domyoji
O Nagano
P Gose
Four semi-majorprivate rail operators Semboku Rapid
Semboku Rapid Railway
Kitakyu
Namboku Line
Kōbe Rapid
Tōzai Line
Namboku Line
Sanyo
Sanyo Main Line
Aboshi Line
Other railways
Chizu Express
Shintetsu
Arima
Sanda
Kōen-Toshi
Ao
Kobe Kosoku
Wakayama Railway Kishigawa Line
Noseden
Myoken Line
Nissei Line
Ohmi Railway
Main
Yōkaichi
Taga
Mizuma Railway Mizuma Line
Shigaraki Kohgen Railway
Cable car and aerial tramways
Keihan Cable Car
Kintetsu
Y Ikoma Cable Car
Z Nishi-Shigi Cable Car
Katsuragisan Ropeway
Kōyasan Cable Car
Eizan Cable Car
Eizan Ropeway
Mount Rokko Cable Car & Tourism Company
Rokko Cable Line
Terminals
Rail
Osaka/Umeda/Nishi-Umeda/Higashi-Umeda/Kitashinchi
Tennoji/Osaka Abenobashi
Nankai Namba/Osaka Namba/JR Namba
Kyōbashi
Shin-Osaka
Osaka Uehommachi
Tsuruhashi
Kyōto
Kyoto-kawaramachi/Gion-Shijō
Sanjo
Sannomiya
JR West
others
Kintetsu Nara
Airports
Itami
Kansai/Wing Shuttle
Kobe
Tokushima Airport
Ports
Port of Kobe
Port of Osaka
Sakai
Himeji
Miscellaneous
Ferry Operators
Kanko Kisen
Hankyu Ferry
Nankai Ferry
Akashi-Awaji Ferry
Cards
ICOCA
PiTaPa
Rail transport in Japan
Osaka City Air Terminal (& Bus)
Japan transit: Tokyo
Keihanshin
Nagoya
Fukuoka
Hakone Fuji Izu
Hokkaido
Aomori
Sendai
Akita
Niigata
Toyama
Nagano
Okayama
Hiroshima
Shikoku
Metro systems
Shinkansen
trams (list)
aerial lifts (list)
vteStations of the Hankyu Kyoto Main Line
Osaka-umeda
Jūsō
Minamikata
Sōzenji
(for Tenjimbashisuji Rokuchōme, Tengachaya <<) Awaji (>> for Kita-Senri)
Kami-Shinjō
Aikawa
Shōjaku
Settsu-shi
Minami-Ibaraki
Ibaraki-shi
Sōjiji
Tonda
Takatsuki-shi
Kammaki
Minase
Ōyamazaki
Nishiyama Tennozan
Nagaoka-Tenjin
Nishi-Mukō
Higashi-Mukō
Rakusaiguchi
Katsura
Nishi-Kyōgoku
Saiin
Ōmiya
Karasuma
Kyoto-kawaramachi | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hankyu Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankyu_Railway"},{"link_name":"Osaka-umeda Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka-umeda_Station"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"Kyoto-kawaramachi Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto-kawaramachi_Station"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"}],"text":"The Hankyu Kyoto Main Line (阪急京都本線, Hankyū Kyōto Honsen) is a railway line in Japan operated by the private railway operator Hankyu Railway. It connects Osaka-umeda Station in Osaka and Kyoto-kawaramachi Station in Kyoto.","title":"Hankyu Kyoto Main Line"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Senri Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankyu_Senri_Line"},{"link_name":"Arashiyama Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankyu_Arashiyama_Line"}],"text":"The Kyoto Main Line is often called the Kyoto Line (京都線, Kyōto-sen) for short, and in a broader sense its two branch lines, the Senri Line and the Arashiyama Line, are included to the Kyoto Line by historical, geographical and structural reasons. The other two sections of Hankyu, the Kobe Line and the Takarazuka Line are called the Shinpōsen (神宝線) as a whole.Officially, the Kyoto Main Line is from Jūsō to Kyoto-kawaramachi, however, all trains run beyond Jūsō to Osaka-umeda terminal, using the eastern tracks of the section exclusively. Hankyu treats the Kyoto Main Line in the same way as the passengers do, i.e. as the line between Osaka-umeda and Kyoto-kawaramachi (except for special circumstances such as governmental procedures).","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoikusha-1"},{"link_name":"Keihan Electric Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keihan_Electric_Railway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoikusha-1"},{"link_name":"Sōzenji Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dzenji_Station"},{"link_name":"Kami-Shinjō Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kami-Shinj%C5%8D_Station"},{"link_name":"Awaji Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awaji_Station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Kyoto Main Line was constructed in the following phases:[1]1 April 1, 1921: Jūsō – Awaji (by Kita-Osaka Electric Railway)\n16 January 1928: Awaji – Takatsuki-machi (present-day Takatsuki-shi) (by Shin-Keihan Railway)\n1 November 1928: Takatsuki-machi – Kyoto-Saiin (present-day Saiin) (by Shin-Keihan Railway)\n31 March 1931: Saiin – Keihan-Kyoto (present-day Ōmiya) (by Keihan Electric Railway)\n18 February 1959: The additional double tracks of the Takarazuka Main Line between Umeda (present-day Osaka-umeda) and Jūso now used exclusively by the Kyoto Main Line\n17 June 1963: Ōmiya – Kawaramachi (now Kyoto-kawaramachi)Prior to the merger of Hankyu Railway (then Hanshin Kyūkō Railway) and Keihan Electric Railway in 1943, the line and its branches were owned by the latter and called the Shin-Keihan (New Keihan) Line. In the breakup of the merger in 1949, the line was not ceded to Keihan and became a competitor of the Keihan Main Line.[1]Construction has been in progress since 2012 to elevate a 3.3 km (2.1 mi) section of track from Sōzenji Station to Kami-Shinjō Station including the junction with the Senri Line at Awaji Station.[2] Originally projected for a 2020 completion, various delays have pushed back the start of operations on the new tracks to 2031.[3]Station numbering was introduced to all Hankyu stations on 21 December 2013.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shin-Osaka Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin-Osaka_Station"},{"link_name":"Shinkansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Proposed connecting line","text":"A loop line from Juso to Awaji via Shin-Osaka Station, to provide a direct connection to the Shinkansen has been proposed, but is not currently scheduled for construction.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Service types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Regular operations","text":"As of the December 2022 timetable,[6] trains are classified as follows:Local (普通, futsū)Local trains stop at all stations on the Kyoto and Senri lines. During the day they operate between Osaka Umeda or Tengachaya and Takatsuki-shi or Kita Senri. During early mornings, rush hours, and late nights, some services are extended to Kyoto-Kawaramachi and other short turn services are operated as well.Semi-Express (準急, junkyū)All day except early morning and late nights between Osaka-Umeda and Kyoto-Kawaramachi. Additional services operate through to Tengachaya during weekday rush hours and weekends. Limited stops between Osaka-Umeda and Takatsuki-shi, then all stops to Kyoto-Kawaramachi.Express (急行, kyūkou)Late nights from Osaka-Umeda to Kyoto-Kawaramachi and weekday early mornings towards Osaka-Umeda.Semi-Limited Express (準特急, juntokkyū)Early mornings and evenings and weekday rush hours, both directions.Commuter Limited Express (通勤特急, tsūkin tokkyū)Weekday morning rush hours only, both directions. Car number 5 is for women only.Limited Express (特急, tokkyū)Operates during the daytime when other express and limited express services are not running.Rapid Limited Express (快速特急, kaisoku tokkyū)Weekends only, using special 6 car trains.","title":"Service types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arashiyama Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankyu_Arashiyama_Line"},{"link_name":"Osaka Metro Sakaisuji Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakaisuji_Line"},{"link_name":"Takarazuka Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankyu_Takarazuka_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Kobe Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanky%C5%AB_K%C5%8Dbe_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Togetsukyo Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togetsukyo_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Hozu River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hozu_River"}],"sub_title":"Extra services","text":"Rapid Limited Express (快速特急, kaisoku tokkyū)\nOsaka-umeda - Arashiyama: \"Sagano (さがの, named after the district in Ukyo-ku, Kyoto)\"\nKyoto-kawaramachi - Arashiyama: \"Ogura (おぐら, named after Mount Ogura)\"\nDirect Limited Express (直通特急, chokutsū tokkyū) - Through services to Arashiyama Line, Osaka Metro Sakaisuji Line, Takarazuka Main Line and the Kobe Main Line.\nKosoku Kobe - Arashiyama: \"Atago (あたご, named after Mount Atago)\"\nTakarazuka - Arashiyama (via the Imazu Line): \"Togetsu (とげつ, named after Togetsukyo Bridge)\"\nTengachaya - Arashiyama: \"Hozu (ほづ, named after the Hozu River)\" (seasonal service)\nOn the Kyoto Main Line, these extra limited express stop at the same stations as the regular Rapid Limited Express.","title":"Service types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nakatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakatsu_Station_(Hankyu)"},{"link_name":"Kobe Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanky%C5%AB_K%C5%8Dbe_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Takarazuka Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankyu_Takarazuka_Main_Line"}],"text":"Legends:● : Trains stop.\n| : Trains pass.Local trains stop at all stations.No trains stop at Nakatsu which is served by Local trains on the Kobe Main Line and the Takarazuka Main Line, because of the absence of any platforms on this line. Thus, in operation, Nakatsu Station is not listed on the Kyoto Line.The starting point of the distances (km) shown is Jūsō Station, which is officially the starting point of the Kyoto Main Line.","title":"Stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hankyu-6354F_kyotrain.JPG"},{"link_name":"1300 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankyu_1300_series"},{"link_name":"3300 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hankyu_3300_series&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"5300 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankyu_5300_series"},{"link_name":"7000 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankyu_7000_series"},{"link_name":"7300 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankyu_7300_series"},{"link_name":"8300 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankyu_8300_series"},{"link_name":"9300 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankyu_9300_series"},{"link_name":"Osaka Municipal Subway 66 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Municipal_Subway_66_series"}],"text":"Hankyu 6300 series EMU on a limited express service1300 series EMU (from 30 March 2014)\n3300 series EMU\n5300 series EMU\n7000 series(Kyō-Train Garaku)\n7300 series EMU\n8300 series EMU\n9300 series EMU\nOsaka Municipal Subway 66 series (Awaji - Takatsuki-shi)","title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1300 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankyu_1300_series_(1957)"},{"link_name":"2000 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankyu_2000_series"},{"link_name":"2300 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankyu_2300_series"},{"link_name":"2800 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hankyu_2800_series&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"5100 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hankyu_5100_series&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"6300 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankyu_6300_series"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"1300 series EMU (1957)\n2000 series EMU (Temporary)\n2300 series EMU\n2800 series EMU\n5100 series EMU (Temporary)\n6300 series EMU (Kyō-Train)\nOsaka Municipal Subway 60 series EMU (Awaji - Takatsuki-shi)","title":"Rolling stock"}] | [{"image_text":"Hankyu 6300 series EMU on a limited express service","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hankyu-6354F_kyotrain.JPG/220px-Hankyu-6354F_kyotrain.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Hankyu Corporation & Morokawa, Hisashi (1990). 日本の私鉄7 阪急 (in Japanese). Hoikusha. p. 147. ISBN 4-586-50796-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-586-50796-9","url_text":"4-586-50796-9"}]},{"reference":"\"阪急電鉄京都線・千里線（淡路駅付近）連続立体交差事業\" [Hankyu Railway Kyoto Line / Senri Line (near Awaji Station) continuous grade crossing project]. Osaka City Online (in Japanese). 28 June 2019. Archived from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/kensetsu/page/0000160751.html","url_text":"\"阪急電鉄京都線・千里線（淡路駅付近）連続立体交差事業\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220330032555/https://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/kensetsu/page/0000160751.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"阪急立体交差事業で690億円増 大阪市試算\" [69 billion yen increase in Hankyu grade crossing project]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 10 March 2022. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220408235603/https://www.sankei.com/article/20220310-XSTNGESZQRPP7CUMIB5K2ARS7I/","url_text":"\"阪急立体交差事業で690億円増 大阪市試算\""},{"url":"https://www.sankei.com/article/20220310-XSTNGESZQRPP7CUMIB5K2ARS7I/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"「西山天王山」駅開業にあわせて、「三宮」「服部」「中山」「松尾」４駅の駅名を変更し、全駅で駅ナンバリングを導入します\" [\"Sannomiya\" \"Hattori\" \"Nakayama\" \"Matsuo\" along with the opening of \"Nishiyama Tennozan\" station. We will change the station names of 4 stations and introduce station numbering at all stations.] (PDF). Hankyu Corporation Online (in Japanese). 30 April 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://megalodon.jp/ref/2013-1215-0920-39/holdings.hankyu-hanshin.co.jp/ir/data/ER201304306N1.pdf","url_text":"\"「西山天王山」駅開業にあわせて、「三宮」「服部」「中山」「松尾」４駅の駅名を変更し、全駅で駅ナンバリングを導入します\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160427234925/http://megalodon.jp/ref/2013-1215-0920-39/holdings.hankyu-hanshin.co.jp/ir/data/ER201304306N1.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"なにわ筋・新大阪連絡線、実現へ一歩 阪急などが協議へ\" [Naniwasuji / Shin-Osaka connecting line, one step toward realization Hankyu and others to talk]. Asahi Shimbun Online (in Japanese). 23 October 2019. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASMBR4H5GMBRPLFA006.html?iref=ogimage_rek","url_text":"\"なにわ筋・新大阪連絡線、実現へ一歩 阪急などが協議へ\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191102221754/https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASMBR4H5GMBRPLFA006.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hankyu Corporation (2022-10-12). \"２０２２年１２月１７日（土）初発より阪急全線（神戸線・宝塚線・京都線）でダイヤ改正を実施\" (PDF). Hankyu Railway. Retrieved 2023-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hankyu-hanshin.co.jp/release/docs/dd2e3f9dbc4759095b47e378f4d54e59336a79ac.pdf","url_text":"\"２０２２年１２月１７日（土）初発より阪急全線（神戸線・宝塚線・京都線）でダイヤ改正を実施\""}]},{"reference":"Hankyu Corporation (September 20, 2013). \"西山天王山駅の開業にあわせて 京都線のダイヤ改正を実施します\" [We will revise the schedule of the Kyoto Line in line with the opening of Nishiyama Tennoyama Station] (PDF) (Press release) (in Japanese).","urls":[{"url":"http://holdings.hankyu-hanshin.co.jp/ir/data/ER201309202N1.pdf","url_text":"\"西山天王山駅の開業にあわせて 京都線のダイヤ改正を実施します\""}]},{"reference":"City of Nagaokakyō; Hankyu Corporation (March 30, 2012). \"阪急京都本線大山崎駅～長岡天神駅間で建設中の新駅の名称を『西山天王山』駅に決定しました\" [The name of the new station under construction between Oyamazaki Station and Nagaoka Tenjin Station on the Hankyu Kyoto Main Line has been decided as \"Nishiyama Tennoyama\" Station.] (PDF) (Press release) (in Japanese).","urls":[{"url":"http://holdings.hankyu-hanshin.co.jp/ir/data/ER201203303N2.pdf","url_text":"\"阪急京都本線大山崎駅～長岡天神駅間で建設中の新駅の名称を『西山天王山』駅に決定しました\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hankyu+Kyoto+Main+Line%22","external_links_name":"\"Hankyu Kyoto Main Line\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hankyu+Kyoto+Main+Line%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hankyu+Kyoto+Main+Line%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hankyu+Kyoto+Main+Line%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hankyu+Kyoto+Main+Line%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hankyu+Kyoto+Main+Line%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hankyu_Kyoto_Main_Line&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/kensetsu/page/0000160751.html","external_links_name":"\"阪急電鉄京都線・千里線（淡路駅付近）連続立体交差事業\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220330032555/https://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/kensetsu/page/0000160751.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220408235603/https://www.sankei.com/article/20220310-XSTNGESZQRPP7CUMIB5K2ARS7I/","external_links_name":"\"阪急立体交差事業で690億円増 大阪市試算\""},{"Link":"https://www.sankei.com/article/20220310-XSTNGESZQRPP7CUMIB5K2ARS7I/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://megalodon.jp/ref/2013-1215-0920-39/holdings.hankyu-hanshin.co.jp/ir/data/ER201304306N1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"「西山天王山」駅開業にあわせて、「三宮」「服部」「中山」「松尾」４駅の駅名を変更し、全駅で駅ナンバリングを導入します\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160427234925/http://megalodon.jp/ref/2013-1215-0920-39/holdings.hankyu-hanshin.co.jp/ir/data/ER201304306N1.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASMBR4H5GMBRPLFA006.html?iref=ogimage_rek","external_links_name":"\"なにわ筋・新大阪連絡線、実現へ一歩 阪急などが協議へ\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191102221754/https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASMBR4H5GMBRPLFA006.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hankyu-hanshin.co.jp/release/docs/dd2e3f9dbc4759095b47e378f4d54e59336a79ac.pdf","external_links_name":"\"２０２２年１２月１７日（土）初発より阪急全線（神戸線・宝塚線・京都線）でダイヤ改正を実施\""},{"Link":"http://holdings.hankyu-hanshin.co.jp/ir/data/ER201309202N1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"西山天王山駅の開業にあわせて 京都線のダイヤ改正を実施します\""},{"Link":"http://holdings.hankyu-hanshin.co.jp/ir/data/ER201203303N2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"阪急京都本線大山崎駅～長岡天神駅間で建設中の新駅の名称を『西山天王山』駅に決定しました\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroBasket_Women_2023_squads | EuroBasket Women 2023 squads | ["1 Group A","1.1 Greece","1.2 Latvia","1.3 Montenegro","1.4 Spain","2 Group B","2.1 Belgium","2.2 Czech Republic","2.3 Israel","2.4 Italy","3 Group C","3.1 France","3.2 Germany","3.3 Great Britain","3.4 Slovenia","4 Group D","4.1 Hungary","4.2 Serbia","4.3 Slovakia","4.4 Turkey","5 References","6 External links"] | Main article: EuroBasket Women 2023
This article displays the rosters for the teams competing at the EuroBasket Women 2023. Each team had to submit 12 players.
Group A
Greece
A 16-player roster was announced on 4 May. The final squad was revealed on 12 June.
Greece women's national basketball team roster
Players
Coaches
Pos.
No.
Name
Age – Date of birth
Height
Club
Ctr.
PG
4
Anna Niki Stamolamprou
27 – (1995-08-26)26 August 1995
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Olympiacos
F
5
Eleni Bosgana
19 – (2003-12-04)4 December 2003
1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)
Stanford Cardinal
PG
6
Dionysia Alexandri
33 – (1989-10-24)24 October 1989
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Panathinaikos
PG
8
Pinelopi Pavlopoulou
27 – (1996-03-03)3 March 1996
1.72 m (5 ft 8 in)
Panathinaikos
G
10
Elena Tsineke
23 – (1999-07-11)11 July 1999
1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)
Gorzów Wielkopolski
PF
12
Katerina Sotiriou (C)
39 – (1984-01-03)3 January 1984
1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)
Panathinaikos
PF
15
Artemis Spanou
30 – (1993-01-01)1 January 1993
1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)
Tango Bourges Basket
SF
21
Eleanna Christinaki
26 – (1996-12-16)16 December 1996
1.84 m (6 ft 0 in)
Olympiacos
SG
26
Ioanna Diela
33 – (1990-06-02)2 June 1990
1.81 m (5 ft 11 in)
Olympiacos
C
34
Mariella Fasoula
25 – (1997-09-02)2 September 1997
1.92 m (6 ft 4 in)
CB Avenida
SF
44
Zafeirenia Karlafti
25 – (1998-06-08)8 June 1998
1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)
Olympiacos
SG
55
Evdokia Stamati
38 – (1984-08-02)2 August 1984
1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)
Olympiacos
Head coach
Petros Prekas
Assistant coach(es)
Dimitra Kalentzou
Georgios Tsemperis
Legend
(C) Team captain
Club – describes lastclub before the tournament
Age – describes ageon 15 June 2023
Latvia
A 19-player roster was announced on 2 May. It was reduced to 14 players on 28 May. The final squad was revealed on 14 June.
Latvia women's national basketball team roster roster
Players
Coaches
Pos.
No.
Name
Age – Date of birth
Height
Club
Ctr.
PF
4
Paula Strautmane
26 – (1997-03-23)23 March 1997
1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)
AE Sedis Bàsquet
SG
6
Ketija Vihmane
22 – (2001-03-05)5 March 2001
1.69 m (5 ft 7 in)
Saarlouis Royals
PF
10
Karlīne Pilābere
32 – (1990-11-16)16 November 1990
1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)
Alma Basket Patti
PF
11
Aija Jurjāne
35 – (1988-01-15)15 January 1988
1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)
Galatasaray
C
12
Anete Šteinberga (C)
33 – (1990-01-29)29 January 1990
1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)
Tango Bourges Basket
SG
15
Ieva Pulvere
32 – (1990-07-22)22 July 1990
1.72 m (5 ft 8 in)
Galatasaray
PG
16
Ilze Jākobsone
29 – (1994-04-19)19 April 1994
1.68 m (5 ft 6 in)
TTT Riga
F
21
Vanesa Jasa
19 – (2003-07-09)9 July 2003
1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)
TTT Riga
PF
23
Aleksa Gulbe
23 – (2000-02-05)5 February 2000
1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)
CB Avenida
C
25
Marta Miščenko
27 – (1995-11-27)27 November 1995
1.96 m (6 ft 5 in)
TTT Riga
SF
33
Kitija Laksa
27 – (1996-05-21)21 May 1996
1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)
Virtus Bologna
SF
35
Kate Krēsliņa
27 – (1996-04-14)14 April 1996
1.84 m (6 ft 0 in)
TTT Riga
Head coach
Gundars Vētra
Assistant coach(es)
Mārtiņš Zībarts
Ainars Zvirgzdiņš
Legend
(C) Team captain
Club – describes lastclub before the tournament
Age – describes ageon 15 June 2023
Montenegro
A 17-player roster was announced on 9 May. On 29 May, Jelena Dubljević withdrew due to an injury. The final squad was revealed on 12 June.
Montenegro women's national basketball team roster
Players
Coaches
Pos.
No.
Name
Age – Date of birth
Height
Club
Ctr.
C
2
Natasha Mack
25 – (1997-11-03)3 November 1997
1.93 m (6 ft 4 in)
AZS UMCS Lublin
PF
3
Bojana Kovačević
26 – (1996-10-16)16 October 1996
1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)
AE Sedis Bàsquet
PG
4
Sofija Živaljević
25 – (1997-12-24)24 December 1997
1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)
Arka Gdynia
F
5
Jovana Pašić
31 – (1992-05-12)12 May 1992
1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)
ASA Jerusalem
SG
7
Zorana Radonjić
21 – (2002-06-13)13 June 2002
1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)
ŽKK Budućnost Podgorica
SG
8
Dragana Živković
22 – (2001-01-23)23 January 2001
1.79 m (5 ft 10 in)
ŽKK Budućnost Podgorica
PG
11
Božica Mujović
27 – (1996-01-07)7 January 1996
1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)
Slávia Banská Bystrica
C
21
Maja Bigović
20 – (2002-09-24)24 September 2002
1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)
ŽKK Budućnost Podgorica
SG
23
Jelena Vučetić
29 – (1993-09-14)14 September 1993
1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)
BC Castors Braine
PF
24
Ksenija Šćepanović
20 – (2002-12-21)21 December 2002
1.91 m (6 ft 3 in)
ŽKK Budućnost Podgorica
PG
25
Marija Leković
19 – (2003-07-21)21 July 2003
1.66 m (5 ft 5 in)
ŽKK Budućnost Podgorica
F
35
Milica Jovanović (C)
33 – (1989-08-14)14 August 1989
1.89 m (6 ft 2 in)
Diósgyőri VTK
Head coach
Jelena Škerović
Assistant coach(es)
Arkadiusz Rusin
Miroslav Škara
Legend
(C) Team captain
Club – describes lastclub before the tournament
Age – describes ageon 15 June 2023
Spain
A 17-player roster was announced on 3 May. On 5 June, the group was reduced to 13-players. The final squad was revealed on 11 June.
Spain women's national basketball team roster
Players
Coaches
Pos.
No.
Name
Age – Date of birth
Height
Club
Ctr.
PG
5
Cristina Ouviña
32 – (1990-09-18)18 September 1990
1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)
Valencia Basket
G
6
Silvia Domínguez (C)
36 – (1987-01-31)31 January 1987
1.65 m (5 ft 5 in)
CB Avenida
SF
7
Alba Torrens
33 – (1989-08-30)30 August 1989
1.92 m (6 ft 4 in)
Valencia Basket
SF
9
Queralt Casas
30 – (1992-11-18)18 November 1992
1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)
Valencia Basket
SG
11
Leonor Rodríguez
31 – (1991-10-21)21 October 1991
1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)
CB Avenida
PG
12
Maite Cazorla
25 – (1997-06-18)18 June 1997
1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)
USK Praha
C
14
Raquel Carrera
21 – (2001-10-31)31 October 2001
1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)
Valencia Basket
C
20
Paula Ginzo
25 – (1998-02-16)16 February 1998
1.89 m (6 ft 2 in)
CB Santfeliuenc
C
21
Lola Pendande
23 – (2000-03-29)29 March 2000
1.89 m (6 ft 2 in)
CB Santfeliuenc
SF
22
María Conde
26 – (1997-01-14)14 January 1997
1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)
USK Praha
PF
24
Laura Gil
31 – (1992-04-24)24 April 1992
1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)
CB Avenida
SF
33
Laura Quevedo
27 – (1996-04-15)15 April 1996
1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)
ASVEL Basket
Head coach
Miguel Méndez
Assistant coach(es)
Luis Rey
Madelen Urieta
Legend
(C) Team captain
Club – describes lastclub before the tournament
Age – describes ageon 15 June 2023
Group B
Belgium
A 19-player roster was announced on 28 April. The final squad was revealed on 9 June.
Belgium women's national basketball team roster
Players
Coaches
Pos.
No.
Name
Age – Date of birth
Height
Club
Ctr.
PG
4
Elise Ramette
24 – (1998-11-03)3 November 1998
1.77 m (5 ft 10 in)
AE Sedis Bàsquet
SF
6
Antonia Delaere
28 – (1994-08-01)1 August 1994
1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)
CB Avenida
SF
10
Laure Résimont
25 – (1998-01-29)29 January 1998
1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)
Kangoeroes Basket Mechelen
PF
11
Emma Meesseman (C)
30 – (1993-05-13)13 May 1993
1.93 m (6 ft 4 in)
Fenerbahçe
C
13
Kyara Linskens
26 – (1996-11-13)13 November 1996
1.93 m (6 ft 4 in)
Lattes Montpellier
SF
22
Bethy Mununga
25 – (1997-07-22)22 July 1997
1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)
ACS Sepsi SIC
C
23
Serena-Lynn Geldof
26 – (1997-03-02)2 March 1997
1.96 m (6 ft 5 in)
Basket Zaragoza
C
25
Becky Massey
23 – (2000-03-21)21 March 2000
1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)
IDK Euskotren
SF
31
Maxuelle Lisowa-Mbaka
22 – (2001-05-14)14 May 2001
1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)
Basketball Club Lucca
C
34
Billie Massey
23 – (2000-03-21)21 March 2000
1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)
CB Estudiantes
PG
35
Julie Vanloo
30 – (1993-02-10)10 February 1993
1.68 m (5 ft 6 in)
Lattes Montpellier
PG
55
Julie Allemand
26 – (1996-07-07)7 July 1996
1.74 m (5 ft 9 in)
Chicago Sky
Head coach
Rachid Méziane
Assistant coach(es)
Pascal Angills
Jill Lorent
Legend
(C) Team captain
Club – describes lastclub before the tournament
Age – describes ageon 15 June 2023
Czech Republic
A 23-player roster was announced on 8 May. Julie Reisingerové withdrew on 24 May due to an injury. The final squad was revealed on 12 June.
Czech Republic women's national basketball team roster
Players
Coaches
Pos.
No.
Name
Age – Date of birth
Height
Club
Ctr.
C
0
Renáta Březinová (C)
33 – (1990-01-06)6 January 1990
1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)
Polisportiva Galli
PG
1
Kateřina Zeithammerová
21 – (2002-04-17)17 April 2002
1.60 m (5 ft 3 in)
USK Praha
SF
4
Gabriela Andělová
27 – (1996-03-21)21 March 1996
1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)
Piešťanské Čajky
C
5
Natálie Stoupalová
24 – (1998-07-13)13 July 1998
1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)
BK Brno
SF
7
Dominika Paurová
18 – (2005-03-22)22 March 2005
1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)
Sokol HK
SG
8
Veronika Voráčková
23 – (1999-06-21)21 June 1999
1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)
USK Praha
PG
10
Eliška Hamzová
22 – (2001-01-10)10 January 2001
1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)
BK Brno
SF
12
Tereza Vyoralová
29 – (1994-01-16)16 January 1994
1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)
USK Praha
SG
13
Petra Holešinská
26 – (1997-03-12)12 March 1997
1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)
Basket Zaragoza
G
21
Veronika Šípová
24 – (1999-03-20)20 March 1999
1.81 m (5 ft 11 in)
USK Praha
PF
22
Emma Čechová
18 – (2004-07-12)12 July 2004
1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)
BK Brno
SF
55
Simona Sklenářová
23 – (2000-05-20)20 May 2000
1.81 m (5 ft 11 in)
USK Praha
Head coach
Romana Ptáčková
Assistant coach(es)
Petr Treml
Legend
(C) Team captain
Club – describes lastclub before the tournament
Age – describes ageon 15 June 2023
Israel
A 13-player roster was announced on 22 May. The final squad was revealed on 13 June.
Israël women's national basketball team roster
Players
Coaches
Pos.
No.
Name
Age – Date of birth
Height
Club
Ctr.
SG
1
Alyssa Baron
31 – (1992-04-16)16 April 1992
1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)
Elitzur Ramla
G
4
Eden Rotberg (C)
24 – (1998-07-01)1 July 1998
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Elitzur Ramla
C
5
Alexandra Cohen
30 – (1993-06-01)1 June 1993
1.96 m (6 ft 5 in)
Maccabi Bnot Ashdod
SG
7
Gili Eisner
21 – (2001-08-06)6 August 2001
1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)
Maccabi Haifa
PG
8
Daniel Karsh
22 – (2001-04-04)4 April 2001
1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)
Ramat-Hasharon
F
10
Yarden Garzon
19 – (2003-11-23)23 November 2003
1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)
Indiana Hoosiers
F
12
Lior Garzon
21 – (2001-12-16)16 December 2001
1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)
Oklahoma State Cowgirls
F
13
Eden Zipel
20 – (2002-12-27)27 December 2002
1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)
Hapoel Rishon LeZion
PF
22
Tal Sahar
26 – (1997-03-31)31 March 1997
1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)
Maccabi Bnot Ashdod
F
24
Daniel Raber
26 – (1996-09-05)5 September 1996
1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)
Elitzur Holon
F
55
Tslil Vaturi
24 – (1998-06-21)21 June 1998
1.74 m (5 ft 9 in)
Maccabi Ironi Ramat Gan
F
77
Jennie Simms
29 – (1994-04-21)21 April 1994
1.84 m (6 ft 0 in)
Elitzur Holon
Head coach
Sharon Drucker
Assistant coach(es)
Netanel Dahan
Roee Lazare
Legend
(C) Team captain
Club – describes lastclub before the tournament
Age – describes ageon 15 June 2023
Italy
A 16-player roster was announced on 13 May. The final squad was revealed on 12 June.
Italy women's national basketball team roster
Players
Coaches
Pos.
No.
Name
Age – Date of birth
Height
Club
Ctr.
PF
0
Jasmine Keys
25 – (1997-10-08)8 October 1997
1.87 m (6 ft 2 in)
PF Schio
PG
2
Matilde Villa
18 – (2004-12-09)9 December 2004
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Reyer Venezia
C
4
Martina Bestagno (C)
32 – (1990-08-14)14 August 1990
1.89 m (6 ft 2 in)
PF Schio
SG
8
Costanza Verona
23 – (1999-08-06)6 August 1999
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
PF Schio
SF
9
Cecilia Zandalasini
27 – (1996-03-16)16 March 1996
1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)
Virtus Bologna
SG
11
Francesca Pan
26 – (1997-05-27)27 May 1997
1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)
Reyer Venezia
PF
12
Valeria Trucco
23 – (1999-11-01)1 November 1999
1.93 m (6 ft 4 in)
Geas Basket
C
13
Lorela Cubaj
24 – (1999-01-08)8 January 1999
1.92 m (6 ft 4 in)
Reyer Venezia
PG
18
Mariella Santucci
25 – (1997-06-18)18 June 1997
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Reyer Venezia
SG
19
Martina Fassina
24 – (1999-04-07)7 April 1999
1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)
Reyer Venezia
C
22
Olbis André
24 – (1998-12-25)25 December 1998
1.92 m (6 ft 4 in)
Virtus Bologna
SF
23
Laura Spreafico
31 – (1991-06-19)19 June 1991
1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)
Gernika KESB
Head coach
Lino Lardo
Assistant coach(es)
Massimo Romano
Cinzia Zanotti
Legend
(C) Team captain
Club – describes lastclub before the tournament
Age – describes ageon 15 June 2023
Group C
France
A 15-player roster was announced on 25 May. On 27 May, Caroline Hériaud withdrew due to injury. The final squad was revealed on 10 June.
France women's national basketball team roster
Players
Coaches
Pos.
No.
Name
Age – Date of birth
Height
Club
Ctr.
SF
2
Marie-Paule Foppossi
25 – (1998-01-28)28 January 1998
1.89 m (6 ft 2 in)
Tarbes GB
PG
4
Marine Fauthoux
22 – (2001-01-23)23 January 2001
1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)
Basket Landes
PF
6
Alexia Chartereau
24 – (1998-09-05)5 September 1998
1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)
ASVEL Féminin
C
7
Sandrine Gruda
35 – (1987-06-25)25 June 1987
1.93 m (6 ft 4 in)
ASVEL Féminin
SG
10
Sarah Michel (C)
34 – (1989-01-10)10 January 1989
1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)
Bourges Basket
SF
11
Valériane Vukosavljević
29 – (1994-04-29)29 April 1994
1.84 m (6 ft 0 in)
USK Praha
C
12
Iliana Rupert
21 – (2001-07-12)12 July 2001
1.94 m (6 ft 4 in)
Virtus Bologna
F
13
Janelle Salaun
21 – (2001-09-05)5 September 2001
1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)
Villeneuve d'Ascq
C
22
Marième Badiane
28 – (1994-11-24)24 November 1994
1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)
BLMA
SG
28
Mamignan Touré
28 – (1994-12-19)19 December 1994
1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)
BLMA
G
42
Leila Lacan
19 – (2004-06-02)2 June 2004
1.81 m (5 ft 11 in)
Angers UFAB 49
PG
47
Romane Bernies
29 – (1993-06-27)27 June 1993
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
BLMA
Head coach
Jean-Aimé Toupane
Assistant coach(es)
David Gautier
Catherine Melain
Legend
(C) Team captain
Club – describes lastclub before the tournament
Age – describes ageon 15 June 2023
Germany
A 18-player roster was announced on 8 May. On 22 May, Rachel Arthur and Theresa Simon withdrew due to injury and Lina Sontag was called up. The final roster was revealed on 7 June.
Germany women's national basketball team roster
Players
Coaches
Pos.
No.
Name
Age – Date of birth
Height
Club
Ctr.
G
3
Alexandra Wilke
26 – (1996-09-29)29 September 1996
1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)
Rutronik Stars Keltern
PG
7
Jennifer Crowder
27 – (1996-04-10)10 April 1996
1.64 m (5 ft 5 in)
BG Göttingen
PF
11
Marie Gülich
29 – (1994-05-28)28 May 1994
1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)
Valencia Basket
SG
13
Leonie Fiebich
23 – (2000-01-10)10 January 2000
1.92 m (6 ft 4 in)
Basket Zaragoza
PF
14
Sonja Greinacher
30 – (1992-07-01)1 July 1992
1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)
Arka Gdynia
C
15
Luisa Geiselsöder
23 – (2000-02-10)10 February 2000
1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)
Roche Vendée BC
SF
16
Alina Hartmann
27 – (1995-10-23)23 October 1995
1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)
CD Zamarat
G
21
Svenja Brunckhorst (C)
31 – (1991-10-19)19 October 1991
1.79 m (5 ft 10 in)
TSV 1880 Wasserburg
SF
22
Emily Bessoir
21 – (2001-11-19)19 November 2001
1.92 m (6 ft 4 in)
UCLA Bruins
G
24
Lina Sontag
19 – (2003-11-24)24 November 2003
1.91 m (6 ft 3 in)
UCLA Bruins
PF
25
Ama Degbeon
27 – (1995-12-16)16 December 1995
1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)
BKG Prima Akademia
SG
42
Emma Stach
26 – (1996-10-04)4 October 1996
1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)
Niki Lefkadas
Head coach
Lisa Thomaidis
Assistant coach(es)
Claire Meadows
Sidney Parsons
Legend
(C) Team captain
Club – describes lastclub before the tournament
Age – describes ageon 15 June 2023
Great Britain
A 15-player roster was announced on 23 May. The final squad was revealed on 12 June.
Great Britain women's national basketball team roster
Players
Coaches
Pos.
No.
Name
Age – Date of birth
Height
Club
Ctr.
G
0
Nicolette Fairley
31 – (1992-04-14)14 April 1992
1.65 m (5 ft 5 in)
Sheffield Hatters
F
4
Erin McGarrachan
31 – (1992-04-27)27 April 1992
1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)
Caledonia Gladiators
G
6
Holly Winterburn
22 – (2000-10-01)1 October 2000
1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)
London Lions
SG
7
Georgia Gayle
26 – (1997-06-02)2 June 1997
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Sheffield Hatters
PF
12
Savannah Wilkinson
24 – (1998-10-31)31 October 1998
1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)
London Lions
F
13
Harriett Ottewill-Soulsby
27 – (1995-08-14)14 August 1995
1.93 m (6 ft 4 in)
Durham Palatinates
C
14
Temi Fagbenle
30 – (1992-09-08)8 September 1992
1.93 m (6 ft 4 in)
London Lions
G
17
Hannah Robb
25 – (1998-04-28)28 April 1998
1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)
Leicester Riders
F
21
Mikiah Herbert Harrigan
24 – (1998-08-21)21 August 1998
1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)
Galatasaray
G
23
Sydney Wallace
29 – (1993-12-06)6 December 1993
1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)
KSC Szekszárd
F
25
Ire Ozzy-Momodu
24 – (1999-01-28)28 January 1999
1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)
Eastern Michigan Eagles
C
31
Kristine Anigwe
26 – (1997-03-31)31 March 1997
1.93 m (6 ft 4 in)
Chicago Sky
Head coach
Chema Buceta
Assistant coach(es)
Stef Collins
Vanessa Ellis
Legend
(C) Team captain
Club – describes lastclub before the tournament
Age – describes ageon 15 June 2023
Slovenia
A 16-player roster was announced on 26 May. The final squad was revealed on 13 June.
Slovenia women's national basketball team roster
Players
Coaches
}
Pos.
No.
Name
Age – Date of birth
Height
Club
Ctr.
C
1
Eva Lisec
27 – (1995-06-17)17 June 1995
1.92 m (6 ft 4 in)
Nika Syktyvkar
SG
3
Teja Oblak (C)
32 – (1990-12-20)20 December 1990
1.72 m (5 ft 8 in)
USK Praha
SG
5
Tina Cvijanovič
25 – (1998-03-04)4 March 1998
1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)
Faenza Futura Basket
PF
9
Hana Ivanusa
18 – (2004-09-06)6 September 2004
1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)
ŽKD Ježica
PF
10
Tina Jakovina
30 – (1992-08-11)11 August 1992
1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)
Crvena zvezda
SG
11
Eva Rupnik
30 – (1992-10-18)18 October 1992
1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)
Namur
SG
13
Zala Friškovec
23 – (1999-10-10)10 October 1999
1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)
CCC Polkowice
C
14
Lara Kozina Bubnič
23 – (1999-08-02)2 August 1999
1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)
KK Triglav Kranj
SF
17
Ajša Sivka
17 – (2005-11-23)23 November 2005
1.92 m (6 ft 4 in)
PF Schio
SG
20
Lea Debeljak
21 – (2001-10-25)25 October 2001
1.77 m (5 ft 10 in)
ŽKK Celje
F
21
Gala Kramzar
24 – (1999-03-30)30 March 1999
1.81 m (5 ft 11 in)
KK Triglav Kranj
PG
55
Blaza Ceh
19 – (2003-12-09)9 December 2003
1.81 m (5 ft 11 in)
ŽKK Celje
Head coach
George Dikeoulakos
Assistant coach(es)
Tomaz Fartek
Styliani Kaltsidou
Legend
(C) Team captain
Club – describes lastclub before the tournament
Age – describes ageon 15 June 2023
Group D
Hungary
A 17-player roster was announced on 15 May. The final squad was revealed on 10 June.
Hungary women's national basketball team roster
Players
Coaches
Pos.
No.
Name
Age – Date of birth
Height
Club
Ctr.
C
2
Virág Kiss
25 – (1998-04-12)12 April 1998
1.94 m (6 ft 4 in)
PEAC-Pécs
SF
4
Debora Dubei (C)
26 – (1997-01-04)4 January 1997
1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)
UNI Győr
PG
7
Veronika Kányási
24 – (1999-05-27)27 May 1999
1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)
DVTK
C
8
Cyesha Goree
29 – (1993-08-04)4 August 1993
1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)
KSC Szekszárd
G
9
Ágnes Studer
24 – (1998-09-10)10 September 1998
1.68 m (5 ft 6 in)
KSC Szekszárd
PG
11
Nina Aho
25 – (1997-06-24)24 June 1997
1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)
DVTK
SF
13
Ágnes Török
25 – (1998-01-23)23 January 1998
1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)
UNI Győr
SF
18
Aliz Varga
22 – (2001-03-17)17 March 2001
1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)
Sopron Basket
SG
21
Réka Lelik
24 – (1999-04-14)14 April 1999
1.79 m (5 ft 10 in)
BC Castors Braine
PG
23
Bernadett Horváth
26 – (1996-08-27)27 August 1996
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Ludovika Csata
C
44
Bernadett Határ
28 – (1994-08-24)24 August 1994
2.08 m (6 ft 10 in)
Sopron Basket
PG
88
Dóra Ruff-Nagy
28 – (1995-02-02)2 February 1995
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
UNI Győr
Head coach
Norbert Székely
Assistant coach(es)
László Cziczás
Dalma Iványi
Legend
(C) Team captain
Club – describes lastclub before the tournament
Age – describes ageon 15 June 2023
Serbia
A 22-player roster was announced on 12 May. The final squad was revealed on 13 June.
Serbia women's national basketball team roster
Players
Coaches
Pos.
No.
Name
Age – Date of birth
Height
Club
Ctr.
PF
1
Ivana Raca
23 – (1999-09-10)10 September 1999
1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)
Fenerbahçe
SG
6
Saša Čađo
33 – (1989-07-13)13 July 1989
1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)
CCC Polkowice
SG
8
Nevena Jovanović
32 – (1990-06-30)30 June 1990
1.79 m (5 ft 10 in)
Nika Syktyvkar
PF
11
Aleksandra Crvendakić
27 – (1996-03-17)17 March 1996
1.87 m (6 ft 2 in)
Çukurova Basketbol
PG
12
Yvonne Anderson
33 – (1990-03-08)8 March 1990
1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)
Bourges
C
14
Dragana Stanković
28 – (1995-01-18)18 January 1995
1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)
Sopron Basket
SF
17
Jovana Nogić
25 – (1997-12-17)17 December 1997
1.81 m (5 ft 11 in)
CB Avenida
F
20
Kristina Topuzović
28 – (1994-08-23)23 August 1994
1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)
Herner TC
SF
25
Maša Janković
23 – (2000-02-01)1 February 2000
1.87 m (6 ft 2 in)
Leganés
C
33
Tina Krajišnik (C)
32 – (1991-01-12)12 January 1991
1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)
UMMC Ekaterinburg
PG
40
Ivana Katanić
24 – (1999-04-16)16 April 1999
1.74 m (5 ft 9 in)
PEAC-Pécs
PF
51
Mina Đorđević
24 – (1999-02-23)23 February 1999
1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)
Fenerbahçe
Head coach
Marina Maljković
Assistant coach(es)
Filip Bencić
Ljubica Drljača
Legend
(C) Team captain
Club – describes lastclub before the tournament
Age – describes ageon 15 June 2023
Slovakia
A 15-player roster was announced on 16 May. The final squad was revealed on 12 June.
Slovakia women's national basketball team roster
Players
Coaches
Pos.
No.
Name
Age – Date of birth
Height
Club
Ctr.
C
3
Ivana Jakubcová
28 – (1994-08-20)20 August 1994
1.97 m (6 ft 6 in)
Angers UFAB 49
PG
5
Radka Stašová
26 – (1997-05-14)14 May 1997
1.69 m (5 ft 7 in)
Al-Qazeres
SF
7
Stella Tarkovičová
23 – (1999-07-16)16 July 1999
1.81 m (5 ft 11 in)
GiroLive Panthers Osnabrück
SF
9
Terézia Páleníková
27 – (1995-08-16)16 August 1995
1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)
Uni Girona CB
PF
11
Sabína Oroszová
30 – (1993-06-05)5 June 1993
1.92 m (6 ft 4 in)
Slávia Banská Bystrica
C
16
Alica Moravčíková
28 – (1994-12-05)5 December 1994
1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)
Piešťanské Čajky
SG
17
Alexandra Buknová
23 – (1999-10-28)28 October 1999
1.77 m (5 ft 10 in)
MBK Ružomberok
PF
34
Tereza Sedláková
26 – (1997-05-30)30 May 1997
1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)
CD Talent
G
38
Miroslava Mištinová
26 – (1997-06-02)2 June 1997
1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)
CTL Zagłębie Sosnowiec
PG
41
Barbora Wrzesiński (C)
28 – (1994-12-15)15 December 1994
1.79 m (5 ft 10 in)
Arka Gdynia
PG
77
Nikola Dudášová
28 – (1995-03-17)17 March 1995
1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)
KSC Szekszárd
SG
88
Natália Martišková
23 – (1999-06-24)24 June 1999
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Slávia Banská Bystrica
Head coach
Juraj Suja
Assistant coach(es)
Peter Jankovič
Miloslav Michálik
Legend
(C) Team captain
Club – describes lastclub before the tournament
Age – describes ageon 15 June 2023
Turkey
A 20-player roster was announced on 5 May. The final squad was revealed on 12 June.
Turkey women's national basketball team roster
Players
Coaches
Pos.
No.
Name
Age – Date of birth
Height
Club
Ctr.
SG
2
Sevgi Uzun
25 – (1997-11-25)25 November 1997
1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)
Botaş SK
SF
3
Feride Akalan
21 – (2001-10-14)14 October 2001
1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)
Nesibe Aydın GSK
PG
4
Olcay Çakır (C)
29 – (1993-07-13)13 July 1993
1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)
Fenerbahçe
SF
6
Gökşen Fitik
21 – (2001-08-11)11 August 2001
1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)
Çukurova Basketbol
C
7
Teaira McCowan
26 – (1996-09-28)28 September 1996
2.04 m (6 ft 8 in)
Galatasaray
PG
10
Alperi Onar
27 – (1996-01-02)2 January 1996
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Fenerbahçe
PF
11
Elif Bayram
21 – (2001-09-18)18 September 2001
1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)
Beşiktaş
PG
14
Derin Erdogan
20 – (2002-06-28)28 June 2002
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Northeastern Huskies
PF
15
Tilbe Şenyürek
28 – (1995-04-26)26 April 1995
1.92 m (6 ft 4 in)
Gorzów
PF
23
Meltem Yıldızhan
23 – (1999-08-05)5 August 1999
1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)
Galatasaray
C
28
İlayda Güner
23 – (1999-11-05)5 November 1999
1.92 m (6 ft 4 in)
Nesibe Aydın GSK
C
33
Esra Ural
31 – (1991-08-18)18 August 1991
1.98 m (6 ft 6 in)
Çukurova Basketbol
Head coach
Ekrem Memnun
Assistant coach(es)
Osman Olcay Orak
Nevriye Yılmaz
Legend
(C) Team captain
Club – describes lastclub before the tournament
Age – describes ageon 15 June 2023
References
^ "Roster Tracker". FIBA. 23 May 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
^ "Slovenia to host EuroBasket Women 2023". sloveniatimes.com. 13 June 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
^ "Dare to Dream: FIBA Women's EuroBasket 2023 ready for action with rosters confirmed". FIBA. 14 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
^ "Γυναικών: Κλήση για προετοιμασία" (in Greek). basket.gr. 4 May 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
^ "Γυναικών: Η 12άδα για το Ευρωμπάσκετ" (in Greek). basket.gr. 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
^ "Team Roster: Greece" (PDF). fiba.basketball. 15 June 2023. p. 6. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
^ "Sieviešu valstsvienība: 19 kandidātes startam Eiropas čempionātā; paldies Elīnai par enerģiju, rekordiem un emocijām" (in Latvian). latvijas.basket.lv. 2 May 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
^ "Sieviešu valstsvienība: Turcijas turnīrā uzvaras pār Čehijas un Vācijas izlasēm" (in Latvian). latvijas.basket.lv. 28 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
^ "Sieviešu valstsvienība pirms starta EuroBasket2023: desmit odziņas" (in Latvian). latvijas.basket.lv. 14 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
^ "Team Roster: Latvia" (PDF). fiba.basketball. 15 June 2023. p. 10. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
^ "Košarkašice počele pripreme, devet provjera za Eurobasket" (in Montenegrin). kscg.me. 9 May 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
^ "Bez Jelene Dubljević na Eurobasketu" (in Montenegrin). kscg.me. 29 May 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
^ "Sve spremno za Eurobasket: Košarkašice žele da se pokažu u Tel Avivu" (in Montenegrin). kscg.me. 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
^ "Team Roster: Montenegro" (PDF). fiba.basketball. 15 June 2023. p. 11. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
^ "17 jugadoras convocadas para preparar el Eurobasket 2023" (in Spanish). seleccionfemenina.feb.es. 3 May 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
^ "Nerea Hermosa y Andrea Vilaró, descartes para el Eurobasket" (in Spanish). feb.es. 5 June 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
^ "Definida la lista de 12 jugadoras para el Eurobasket 2023" (in Spanish). feb.es. 11 June 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
^ "Team Roster: Spain" (PDF). fiba.basketball. 15 June 2023. p. 11. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
^ "Les Belgian Cats débutent la préparation pour le FIBA Women's EuroBasket 2023" (in French). basketballbelgium.be. 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
^ "Voici la sélection des Belgian Cats pour FIBA Women's EuroBasket 2023" (in French). basketballbelgium.be. 9 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
^ "Team Roster: Belgium" (PDF). fiba.basketball. 15 June 2023. p. 1. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
^ "Začal odpočet do ME" (in Czech). cz.basketball. 8 May 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
^ "EuroBasket bez Reisingerové" (in Czech). cz.basketball. 24 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
^ "První zápas bude klíčový" (in Czech). cz.basketball. 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
^ "Team Roster: Czech Republic" (PDF). fiba.basketball. 15 June 2023. p. 2. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
^ "13 שחקניות יוצאות למשחקי ההכנה בסלובקיה ויוון" (in Hebrew). ibasketball.co.il. 22 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
^ "צליל וטורי וטל סהר בפנים, אמי רינת בחוץ" (in Hebrew). mako.co.il. 13 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
^ "Team Roster: Israel" (PDF). fiba.basketball. 15 June 2023. p. 8. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
^ "Women's EuroBasket, le 16 convocate per il raduno del 16 maggio a Roma" (in Italian). fip.it. 13 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
^ "EuroBasket Women, le 12 Azzurre scelte da coach Lardo" (in Italian). fip.it. 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
^ "Team Roster: Italy" (PDF). fiba.basketball. 15 June 2023. p. 9. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
^ "15 joueuses pour poursuivre la préparation" (in French). ffbb.com. 25 May 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
^ "Caroline Heriaud forfait" (in French). ffbb.com. 27 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
^ "Les 12 joueuses retenues pour l'Euro" (in French). ffbb.com. 10 June 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
^ "Team Roster: France" (PDF). fiba.basketball. 15 June 2023. p. 3. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
^ "DBB-Damen: Thomaidis nominiert 18 Spielerinnen" (in German). basketball-bund.de. 8 May 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
^ "Update zu den DBB-Damen" (in German). basketball-bund.de. 22 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
^ "Thomaidis nominiert Kader für Women's EuroBasket" (in German). basketball-bund.de. 7 June 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
^ "Team Roster: Germany" (PDF). fiba.basketball. 15 June 2023. p. 4. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
^ "Chema Buceta confirms training camp roster for women's EuroBasket campaign". gb.basketball. 23 May 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
^ "Chema Buceta confirms 12-player Women's EuroBasket roster". gb.basketball. 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
^ "Team Roster: Great Britain" (PDF). fiba.basketball. 15 June 2023. p. 5. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
^ "#rakete v Mariboru zakorakale v četrti cikel priprav na EuroBasket" (in Slovenian). kzs.si. 26 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
^ "Znana dvanajsterica Slovenk za EuroBasket" (in Slovenian). kzs.si. 13 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
^ "Team Roster: Slovenia" (PDF). fiba.basketball. 15 June 2023. p. 14. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
^ "Megérkezett Szlovéniába a női válogatott" (in Hungarian). hunbasket.hu. 15 May 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
^ "Székely Norbert kihirdette a magyar női kosárválogatott Eb-keretét" (in Hungarian). origo.hu. 10 June 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
^ "Team Roster: Hungary" (PDF). fiba.basketball. 15 June 2023. p. 7. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
^ "Кошаркашице стигле на Златибор" (in Serbian). kss.rs. 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
^ "Кошаркашице стигле у Љубљану" (in Serbian). kss.rs. 13 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
^ "Team Roster: Serbia" (PDF). fiba.basketball. 15 June 2023. p. 12. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
^ "Slovenky odštartovali v Piešťanoch prípravu na ME" (in Slovak). slovakbasket.sk. 16 May 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
^ "Reprezentácia Slovenska ide na majstrovstvá Európy s ambíciami, Suja: Hráme lepší basketbal ako na minulom šampionáte" (in Slovak). slovakbasket.sk. 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
^ "Team Roster: Slovakia" (PDF). fiba.basketball. 15 June 2023. p. 13. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
^ "A Kadın Milli Takımımız, Slovenya'da Kampa Girdi" (in Turkish). fanatik.com.tr. 5 May 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
^ "Millilerimizin 12 Kişilik Avrupa Şampiyonası Kadrosu Belli Oldu" (in Turkish). tbf.org.tr. 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
^ "Team Roster: Turkey" (PDF). fiba.basketball. 15 June 2023. p. 16. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
External links
Official website
vteEuroBasket WomenTournaments
Italy 1938
Hungary 1950
USSR 1952
Yugoslavia 1954
Czechoslovakia 1956
Poland 1958
Bulgaria 1960
France 1962
Hungary 1964
Romania 1966
Italy 1968
Nederlands 1970
Bulgaria 1972
Italy 1974
France 1976
Poland 1978
Yugoslavia 1980
Italy 1981
Hungary 1983
Italy 1985
Spain 1987
Bulgaria 1989
Israel 1991
Italy 1993
Czech Republic 1995
Hungary 1997
Poland 1999
France 2001
Greece 2003
Turkey 2005
Italy 2007
Latvia 2009
Poland 2011
France 2013
Hungary / Romania 2015
Czech Republic 2017
Serbia / Latvia 2019
France / Spain 2021
Slovenia / Israel 2023
Czech Republic / Germany / Greece / Italy 2025
Lithuania / Finland 2027
Qualification
1938
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2023
2025
Finals
1956
1962
1964
1966
1970
1980
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2023
Squads
1938
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2023
Small Countries
Luxembourg 1989
Gibraltar 1991
Cyprus 1993
Malta 1996
Austria 1998
Macedonia 2000
Andorra 2002
Andorra 2004
Malta 2006
Luxembourg 2008
Armenia 2010
Macedonia 2012
Austria 2014
Gibraltar 2016
Ireland 2018
Cyprus 2021
Cyprus 2022
Kosovo 2024
All-Tournament Team
Most Valuable Player
Winning head coaches | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EuroBasket Women 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroBasket_Women_2023"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This article displays the rosters for the teams competing at the EuroBasket Women 2023. Each team had to submit 12 players.[1][2][3]","title":"EuroBasket Women 2023 squads"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Group A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Greece","text":"A 16-player roster was announced on 4 May.[4] The final squad was revealed on 12 June.[5]","title":"Group A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Latvia","text":"A 19-player roster was announced on 2 May.[7] It was reduced to 14 players on 28 May.[8] The final squad was revealed on 14 June.[9]","title":"Group A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Jelena Dubljević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_Dubljevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Montenegro","text":"A 17-player roster was announced on 9 May.[11] On 29 May, Jelena Dubljević withdrew due to an injury.[12] The final squad was revealed on 12 June.[13]","title":"Group A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Spain","text":"A 17-player roster was announced on 3 May.[15] On 5 June, the group was reduced to 13-players.[16] The final squad was revealed on 11 June.[17]","title":"Group A"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Group B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Belgium","text":"A 19-player roster was announced on 28 April.[19] The final squad was revealed on 9 June.[20]","title":"Group B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Julie Reisingerové","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julie_Reisingerov%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Czech Republic","text":"A 23-player roster was announced on 8 May.[22] Julie Reisingerové withdrew on 24 May due to an injury.[23] The final squad was revealed on 12 June.[24]","title":"Group B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Israel","text":"A 13-player roster was announced on 22 May.[26] The final squad was revealed on 13 June.[27]","title":"Group B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Italy","text":"A 16-player roster was announced on 13 May.[29] The final squad was revealed on 12 June.[30]","title":"Group B"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Group C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"A 15-player roster was announced on 25 May.[32] On 27 May, Caroline Hériaud withdrew due to injury.[33] The final squad was revealed on 10 June.[34]","title":"Group C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Rachel Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Arthur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Theresa Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theresa_Simon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lina Sontag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lina_Sontag&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Germany","text":"A 18-player roster was announced on 8 May.[36] On 22 May, Rachel Arthur and Theresa Simon withdrew due to injury and Lina Sontag was called up.[37] The final roster was revealed on 7 June.[38]","title":"Group C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Great Britain","text":"A 15-player roster was announced on 23 May.[40] The final squad was revealed on 12 June.[41]","title":"Group C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Slovenia","text":"A 16-player roster was announced on 26 May.[43] The final squad was revealed on 13 June.[44]","title":"Group C"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Group D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Hungary","text":"A 17-player roster was announced on 15 May.[46] The final squad was revealed on 10 June.[47]","title":"Group D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Serbia","text":"A 22-player roster was announced on 12 May.[49] The final squad was revealed on 13 June.[50]","title":"Group D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Slovakia","text":"A 15-player roster was announced on 16 May.[52] The final squad was revealed on 12 June.[53]","title":"Group D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Turkey","text":"A 20-player roster was announced on 5 May.[55] The final squad was revealed on 12 June.[56]","title":"Group D"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Roster Tracker\". FIBA. 23 May 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fiba.basketball/womenseurobasket/2023/news/roster-tracker","url_text":"\"Roster Tracker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Slovenia to host EuroBasket Women 2023\". sloveniatimes.com. 13 June 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sloveniatimes.com/slovenia-to-host-eurobasket-women-2023/","url_text":"\"Slovenia to host EuroBasket Women 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dare to Dream: FIBA Women's EuroBasket 2023 ready for action with rosters confirmed\". FIBA. 14 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fiba.basketball/womenseurobasket/2023/news/dare-to-dream-fiba-women-s-eurobasket-2023-ready-for-action-with-rosters-confirmed","url_text":"\"Dare to Dream: FIBA Women's EuroBasket 2023 ready for action with rosters confirmed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Γυναικών: Κλήση για προετοιμασία\" (in Greek). basket.gr. 4 May 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basket.gr/nat-teams/gynaikon-klisi-gia-proetoimasia-3/","url_text":"\"Γυναικών: Κλήση για προετοιμασία\""}]},{"reference":"\"Γυναικών: Η 12άδα για το Ευρωμπάσκετ\" (in Greek). basket.gr. 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basket.gr/nat-teams/gynaikon-i-12ada-gia-to-eyrompasket/","url_text":"\"Γυναικών: Η 12άδα για το Ευρωμπάσκετ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Team Roster: Greece\" (PDF). fiba.basketball. 15 June 2023. p. 6. Retrieved 15 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://reports.fiba.basketball/reports/2023/FIBA%20Women%27s%20EuroBasket/rosters.pdf","url_text":"\"Team Roster: Greece\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sieviešu valstsvienība: 19 kandidātes startam Eiropas čempionātā; paldies Elīnai par enerģiju, rekordiem un emocijām\" (in Latvian). latvijas.basket.lv. 2 May 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://latvijas.basket.lv/sieviesu-valstsvieniba-7/","url_text":"\"Sieviešu valstsvienība: 19 kandidātes startam Eiropas čempionātā; paldies Elīnai par enerģiju, rekordiem un emocijām\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sieviešu valstsvienība: Turcijas turnīrā uzvaras pār Čehijas un Vācijas izlasēm\" (in Latvian). latvijas.basket.lv. 28 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://latvijas.basket.lv/sieviesu-valstsvieniba-turcijas-turnira-uzvara-par-cehijas-izlasi/","url_text":"\"Sieviešu valstsvienība: Turcijas turnīrā uzvaras pār Čehijas un Vācijas izlasēm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sieviešu valstsvienība pirms starta EuroBasket2023: desmit odziņas\" (in Latvian). latvijas.basket.lv. 14 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://latvijas.basket.lv/sieviesu/","url_text":"\"Sieviešu valstsvienība pirms starta EuroBasket2023: desmit odziņas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Team Roster: Latvia\" (PDF). fiba.basketball. 15 June 2023. p. 10. Retrieved 15 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://reports.fiba.basketball/reports/2023/FIBA%20Women%27s%20EuroBasket/rosters.pdf","url_text":"\"Team Roster: Latvia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Košarkašice počele pripreme, devet provjera za Eurobasket\" (in Montenegrin). kscg.me. 9 May 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kscg.me/vijesti/zenske-reprezentacije/kosarkasice-pocele-pripreme-devet-provjera-za-eurobasket","url_text":"\"Košarkašice počele pripreme, devet provjera za Eurobasket\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bez Jelene Dubljević na Eurobasketu\" (in Montenegrin). kscg.me. 29 May 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kscg.me/vijesti/zenske-reprezentacije/bez-jelene-dubljevic-na-eurobasketu","url_text":"\"Bez Jelene Dubljević na Eurobasketu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sve spremno za Eurobasket: Košarkašice žele da se pokažu u Tel Avivu\" (in Montenegrin). kscg.me. 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kscg.me/vijesti/zenske-reprezentacije/sve-spremno-za-eurobasket-kosarkasice-zele-da-se-pokazu-u-tel-avivu","url_text":"\"Sve spremno za Eurobasket: Košarkašice žele da se pokažu u Tel Avivu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Team Roster: Montenegro\" (PDF). fiba.basketball. 15 June 2023. p. 11. Retrieved 15 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://reports.fiba.basketball/reports/2023/FIBA%20Women%27s%20EuroBasket/rosters.pdf","url_text":"\"Team Roster: Montenegro\""}]},{"reference":"\"17 jugadoras convocadas para preparar el Eurobasket 2023\" (in Spanish). seleccionfemenina.feb.es. 3 May 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://seleccionfemenina.feb.es/2023/5/3/baloncesto/jugadoras-convocadas-para-preparar-eurobasket-2023/93734.aspx","url_text":"\"17 jugadoras convocadas para preparar el Eurobasket 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nerea Hermosa y Andrea Vilaró, descartes para el Eurobasket\" (in Spanish). feb.es. 5 June 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.feb.es/2023/6/5/baloncesto/nerea-hermosa-andrea-vilaro-descartes-para-eurobasket/94123.aspx","url_text":"\"Nerea Hermosa y Andrea Vilaró, descartes para el Eurobasket\""}]},{"reference":"\"Definida la lista de 12 jugadoras para el Eurobasket 2023\" (in Spanish). feb.es. 11 June 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.feb.es/2023/6/11/baloncesto/definida-lista-jugadoras-para-eurobasket-2023/94209.aspx","url_text":"\"Definida la lista de 12 jugadoras para el Eurobasket 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Team Roster: Spain\" (PDF). fiba.basketball. 15 June 2023. p. 11. Retrieved 15 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://reports.fiba.basketball/reports/2023/FIBA%20Women%27s%20EuroBasket/rosters.pdf","url_text":"\"Team Roster: Spain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Les Belgian Cats débutent la préparation pour le FIBA Women's EuroBasket 2023\" (in French). basketballbelgium.be. 28 April 2023. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamed_stockings | Fully fashioned stockings | ["1 Description","2 Manufacturing","3 History","4 References"] | Characteristics of fully fashioned nylon stockings
Fully fashioned stockings (FFS), are stockings with characteristic reinforcements on the heel and top, a so-called keyhole at the back of the top, and a stitched back seam in between. They are made to be worn with a garter belt and are today considered a vintage design of hosiery after largely having been replaced by seamless stockings and pantyhose from the 1960s onwards. Fully fashioned stockings are usually made from nylon and thus have very little stretch compared with modern stockings and pantyhose.
Description
Fully-fashioned Point Heel stockings with the welt, shadow welt, keyhole, seam and heel reinforcement clearly visible
Fully fashioned stockings are usually knitted from sheer nylon yarn. To support the attachment of suspenders, they have a darker section of double fabric at the top, called the welt. This is followed by a lighter transitional section called the shadow welt. The keyhole is visible in the middle of the seam at the back of the welt. The back seam is an integral part of the stocking and not sewn on afterwards.
Fully fashioned stockings are sized to the height and shoe size (generally) of the wearer and have little or no stretch in them as they have no lycra (spandex) contained within the yarn.
In addition to the distinctive seam they also come in a number of heel designs. The most common are the French or Point Heel, where the reinforcement ends in a sharp point, and the Cuban Heel, which ends in a truncated point.
Manufacturing
Fully fashioned knitting means that a garment is shaped by increasing and decreasing the number of stitches in a row.
Fully fashioned stockings are made from sections of nylon fabric that are knitted flat from the top down in the shape of a profile view of a leg. These are then sewn together in the back forming the seam. The top is folded and sewn back on itself forming the welt and the shadow welt, with a finishing loop applied, forming the keyhole, to allow the needle sewing the seam to be withdrawn. Additional layers of nylon are added to reinforce the sole and heel.
Fully fashioned stockings are becoming increasingly rare; only a handful of manufacturers worldwide now make them regularly.
History
Fully fashioned stockings rose to prominence in the market during the 1940s (peaking in the 1950s) with the introduction of Nylon, with over 780,000 pairs sold on the first day and 64 million in the first year of North American sales alone. They remained popular until the introduction of Lycra in 1958 and mini-skirts shortly after.
Heel styles now vary from the original French (pyramidal) or point heel which was made most famous by the Aristoc Point Heel design to the Cuban and Havana heels – darkened reinforced heel design finishing in a square top rather than pointed top – the Cuban heel being defined by being much thinner and finishing higher up the calf than the Havana heel.
References
^ a b "The Story of Nylon Stockings - DreamDate: Vintage slips for sale online". Retrieved 2020-09-25.
^ a b c d Spencer (2001). Knitting Technology: A Comprehensive Handbook and Practical Guide. CRC Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-58716-121-6.
^ Freeth (2005). Made in America: From Levi's to Barbie to Google. MBI Publishing Company. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-7603-2270-3.
^ Hallett, Clive; Johnston, Amanda (2014-02-03). Fabric for Fashion: The Complete Guide: Natural and Man-made Fibres. Laurence King Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78067-421-6.
^ a b c Lockhart, Mary (2000-02-05). "Working a seam". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 2014-06-10. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
^ a b Brown, Jonathan (2007-07-19). "Sales Shock: A Last Glimpse of Stockings". Belfast Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2014-06-10. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
^ Cicolini, Alice (2005-01-01). "Stockings, Women's". Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion. Archived from the original on 2014-06-10. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
vteHosieryLower leg
Bobby socks
Bootee
Knee highs
Leg warmer
Loose socks
Socks
Tabi
Toe socks
Crew sock
Dress socks
Anklet
Low cut
Full leg
Leggings
Legskin
Fully fashioned stockings
Hold-ups
Garter
Pantyhose
RHT stockings
Stocking
Tights
Yoga pants
Full body
Bodystocking
Historical
Boothose
Hose
Brands
Aristoc
Bonds
Calzedonia
Edoo
Frederick's of Hollywood
Gerbe
Gunze
Hanes
HUE
Coopers
L'eggs
Levante
Lululemon Athletica
No Nonsense
Pretty Polly
Spanx
Victoria's Secret
Wigwam
Wolford | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stockings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockings"},{"link_name":"heel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel"},{"link_name":"vintage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_clothing"},{"link_name":"hosiery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosiery"},{"link_name":"pantyhose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantyhose"},{"link_name":"1960s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960s_in_fashion"},{"link_name":"nylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon"},{"link_name":"stretch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretch_fabric"}],"text":"Fully fashioned stockings (FFS), are stockings with characteristic reinforcements on the heel and top, a so-called keyhole at the back of the top, and a stitched back seam in between. They are made to be worn with a garter belt and are today considered a vintage design of hosiery after largely having been replaced by seamless stockings and pantyhose from the 1960s onwards. 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To support the attachment of suspenders, they have a darker section of double fabric at the top, called the welt. This is followed by a lighter transitional section called the shadow welt. The keyhole is visible in the middle of the seam at the back of the welt.[1] The back seam is an integral part of the stocking and not sewn on afterwards.[2]Fully fashioned stockings are sized to the height and shoe size (generally) of the wearer and have little or no stretch in them as they have no lycra (spandex) contained within the yarn.[3]In addition to the distinctive seam they also come in a number of heel designs. The most common are the French or Point Heel, where the reinforcement ends in a sharp point, and the Cuban Heel, which ends in a truncated point.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fully fashioned knitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fully_fashioned_knitting"},{"link_name":"stitches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stitch_(textile_arts)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"seam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam_(sewing)"},{"link_name":"needle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewing_needle"},{"link_name":"sole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole_(foot)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"manufacturers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spencer2001-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hb_Lockhart-5"}],"text":"Fully fashioned knitting means that a garment is shaped by increasing and decreasing the number of stitches in a row.[4]Fully fashioned stockings are made from sections of nylon fabric that are knitted flat from the top down in the shape of a profile view of a leg. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alagappa_Chettiar | Alagappa Chettiar | ["1 Early life","2 Business career","3 Philanthropy","3.1 Notable donations and institutions[citation needed]","4 Death","5 References","6 External links"] | Indian businessman and philanthropist
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Alagappa ChettiarChettiar on a 2007 stamp of IndiaBornAlagappa Chettiar(1909-04-06)6 April 1909Kottaiyur, (Sivagangai District) Madras Presidency, British India(in present-day Tamil Nadu, India)Died5 April 1957(1957-04-05) (aged 47)Vepery, Madras, Tamil Nadu, IndiaOccupation(s)Businessman, philanthropistSpouseMathushri Lakshmi
Sir Alagappa Chettiar (6 April 1909 – 5 April 1957) was an Indian businessman and philanthropist. He received the Padma Bhushan award (the third highest civilian award in India) in 1956.
Early life
Chettiar was born in Kottaiyur in the Sivaganga District of Tamil Nadu to K.V.AL. Ramanathan Chettiar and Umayal Achi. He attended Presidency College at Chennai, where he became friendly with Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, a teacher who later became President of India. In 1930 at the age of 21 he was the first person to earn an M.A. (English Language and Literature) from the community of Nattukottai Nagarathars.
After his graduation he went to England to study law. He qualified for the Bar at Middle Temple, London, in England in 1933 and became a 'Bar-at-Law' in Chettinad, India. During that time he also earned a pilot certificate at Croydon, London, and became the first Indian trainee in the Standard Chartered Bank, London.
Business career
Chettiar's activities as a business entrepreneur were acknowledged by the British Government when he was knighted in the 1946 New Year Honours at the age of 37; however, he renounced using the title of the knighthood when India attained independence. The President of India on 26 January 1956 conferred the distinction of Padma Bhushan onto him.
Chettiar launched his career by pioneering in textiles. In 1937 he started Cochin Textiles, later Alagappa Textiles at Alagappa Nagar near Thrissur in Kerala. The township for Cochin textile staff was named "Alagappa Nagar" in his memory. He held a diverse portfolio including rubber plantations, tin mines, textile mills, insurance companies, hotels, theatres, a stock exchange company and a private airline.
Philanthropy
Chettiar believed that education is needed for a human being to become productive, wholesome and humane. In 1943 he donated one lakh (100,000) rupees for the installation and development of the Tamil Department of Travancore University.
In 1947 at the Annie Besant centenary celebrations he answered the call for industrialists to help educate India by spontaneously offering to start an Arts College in Karaikudi. This college, Alagappa Arts College started at Gandhi Maleghai, opened three days later. His generous donations led to the establishment of a string of educational institutions, which formed the basis for the foundation of the Alagappa University in 1985 by the Government of Tamil Nadu.
He convinced Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to house one of the Government's National Research Institutes in the heart of the Alagappa campus. At the inauguration of the Central Electro Chemical Research Institute (CECRI) on 14 January 1953, the then vice-president of India Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan surmised: The magnificent gift of 300 acres of land and fifteen lakhs of rupees by Alagappa Chettiar helped the Government of India to select Karaikudi as the seat of Electro Chemical Research Institute. Being a businessman himself, Dr. Alagappa Chettiar is aware of the industrial possibilities of our country and the need for scientific, technical and technological education. In his lifetime he has built a monument for himself and you have only to look around.
Alagappa Chettiar pioneered the centre of excellence "A.C.College of Technology" (named after him) at Guindy, Chennai, which offers specialised Engineering & Technology courses including Chemical Engineering, Petroleum Refining & Petrochemicals, Textile Engineering, Leather Technology, Industrial Biotechnology, Ceramic Technology, Pharmaceutical Technology, Food Technology, etc. Presently it comes under the governance of Anna University. His gave away his own palatial residence in Kottaiyur to start a women's college.
Notable donations and institutions
Dr. Alagappa Chettiar
His other foundations and charitable donations included:
Alagappa Chettiar College of Technology,(Now known as Alagappa College of Technology Campus- Anna University Chennai)
Alagappa Chettiar Government College of Engineering & Technology (ACCET) at Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu. (Now an autonomous government institution)
Alagappa Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Alagappa Arts College, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu
Alagappa College of Polytechnic, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu
Alagappa Physical Education College, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu
Alagappa Primary School, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu
Alagappa Montessori School, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu
Alagappa Preparatory School, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu (this is a private school managed by his daughter founded after him)
Alagappa Matriculation School, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu (this is a private school managed by his daughter founded after him)
Alagappa Model Higher Secondary School at his birthplace, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu
A ladies' hostel at Vepery, Chennai
A gift for the development of the township infrastructure of Kottaiyur
A gift for the Meenakshi club at Kandanur, Tamil Nadu
A donation for the H.M.I.S Fund
Foundation of an engineering college at Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu
Foundation of a college of technology at Madras University, subsequently named Alagappa Chettiar College of Technology, Guindy, Chennai
A donation to establish higher education in Malaysia
A donation to establish the South Indian Educational Society at New Delhi in 1948
A donation to the Lady Doak College at Madurai
A donation for constructing "Alagappa Mandapam" at Thakkar Baba Vidyalaya in 1946 – the Foundation Stone was laid by M.K.Gandhi
A donation for publishing Tamil Kalangiyam
A donation to the Cochin Cyclone Relief fund
A donation for geological research by the Travancore government
A donation for establishing a maternity hospital and childcare centre in Cochin
A donation for indigenous medicine research by Ernakulam Maharaja College
A donation to fund students from Cochin to study abroad
Funding the morning food scheme for Cochin children
Establishing the South Indian chamber of commerce in Cochin
Death
At the age of 48, Chettiar succumbed to his illness. He was treated for cancer in 1955. After a brief recovery, his health worsened and died on 5 April 1957 at his residence in Vepery, Madras (now Chennai).
References
^ a b c "Dr. Alagappa Chettiar Passes Away". The Indian Express. 6 April 1957. pp. 1, 8.
^ "Padma Awards" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
^ London Gazette, 1 January 1946
^ a b onlinevoice. "A Chettinad Gem and Visionary: Dr. RM. Alagappa Chettiar | onlinevoice". Retrieved 2 November 2020.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alagappa Chettiar.
http://www.alagappa.org/ Official Website,Alagappa Group of Educational Institutions
http://www.alagappaalumni.com/ Official Website,Alagappa Global Alumni Association
vtePadma Bhushan award recipients (1954–1959)1954
Homi J. Bhabha
Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar
Mahadeva Iyer Ganapati
Jnan Chandra Ghosh
Maithili Sharan Gupt
Amarnath Jha
Ajudhiya Nath Khosla
Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan
Hussain Ahmed Madani
Josh Malihabadi
Vaikunthbhai Mehta
Vallathol Narayana Menon
A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar
Palden Thondup Namgyal
V. Narahari Rao
Jamini Roy
Sukumar Sen
M. S. Subbulakshmi
Kodandera Subayya Thimayya
1955
Fateh Chand Badhwar
Lalit Mohan Banerjee
Suniti Kumar Chatterji
Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay
V. R. Khanolkar
Sunder Das Khungar
Rameshwari Nehru
Prana Krushna Parija
Madapati Hanumantha Rao
Maneklal Sankalchand Thacker
1956
Rukmini Devi Arundale
Rajshekhar Basu
Dhyan Chand
Zain Yar Jung
C. K. Nayudu
Muthulakshmi Reddi
Kanwar Sen
Vir Singh
K. Srinivasan
Mahadevi Varma
1957
Bhikhan Lal Atreya
Balasaraswati
Alagappa Chettiar
Hazari Prasad Dwivedi
Abid Hussain
Mushtaq Hussain Khan
Lakshmi N. Menon
Radha Kumud Mukherjee
Andal Venkatasubba Rao
Shrikrishna Narayan Ratanjankar
Shyam Nandan Sahay
Govind Sakharam Sardesai
K. A. Nilakanta Sastri
Basiswar Sen
Siddheshwar Varma
1958
Salim Ali
Vijaya Anand
D. P. Roy Choudhury
Jeahangir Ghandy
N. S. Hardikar
Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar
Allauddin Khan
K. P. S. Menon
A. C. N. Nambiar
Kuvempu
Poola Tirupati Raju
Kamalendumati Shah
Rao Raja Hanut Singh
Rustom Jal Vakil
Surya Narayan Vyas
Darashaw Nosherwan Wadia
1959
Sisir Bhaduri
Ramdhari Singh Dinkar
Ali Yavar Jung
Hansa Jivraj Mehta
Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar
Tiruppattur R. Venkatachala Murthi
Tenzing Norgay
Bhaurao Patil
Dhanvanthi Rama Rau
Nirmal Kumar Sidhanta
Mysore Vasudevachar
Bhargavaram Viththal Varerkar
Ghulam Yazdani
# Posthumous conferral
1954–1959
1960–1969
1970–1979
1980–1989
1990–1999
2000–2009
2010–2019
2020–2029
vteChettinadTowns
Devakottai
Karaikudi
Villages
Aranmanai Siruvayal
Alavakkottai
Amaravathiputhur
Arimalam
Ariyakkudi
Athangudi
Attangudi Muthupattinam
Athikadu Thekkur
Avinipatti
Chockalingampudur
Chockanathapuram
Kadiapatty
Kalaiyarmangalam
Kallal
Kalluppatti
Kanadukathan
Kandanur
Kandaramanickam
Kandavarayanpatti
Kilapungudi
Kilasevalpatti
Konapattu
Koppanapatti
Kothamangalam Lakshmanipuram
Kottaiyur
Kulipirai
Kuruvikondanpatti
Madagupatti (Chockalingapuram)
Mahibalanpatti
Managiri
Melasivapuri
Mithilaipatti
Mudalaipatti
Nachandupatti
Nachiapuram
Natarajapuram
Nattarasankottai
Neikonam
Nemathanpatti
Nerkuppai
O. Siruvayal
Okkur
P.Alagapuri
P. Karungulam
Paganeri
Palavangudi
Pallathur
Panagudi
Panayapatti
Pattamangalam
Ponnamaravathi
Pudupatti
Puduvayal
Pulangkurichi
Ramachandrapuram
Rangiem
Rayavaram
Sakkanthi
Sembanur
Sevvur
Shanmuganathapuram
Siravayal
Sirukudalpatti
Solapuram
Thanichavoorani
Thenipatti
Ulagampatti
Valayapatti
Vegupatti
Venthanpatti
Vetriyur
Virachilai (V. Lakshmipuram)
Viramathi
Temples
Ilayathakudi
Iluppaikkudi
Iraniyur
Mathur
Nemam
Pillayarpatti
Soorakudi
Vairavan
Velangudi
Notable Chettiars
Alagappa Chettiar
A. M. M. Murugappa Chettiar
Annamalai Chettiar
A. V. Meiyappan
Kannadasan
Karumuttu Thiagarajan Chettiar
A._R._Lakshmanan
Lena Chettiar
M. A. Muthiah Chettiar
M. Ct. M. Chidambaram Chettyar
P. Chidambaram
Panchu Arunachalam
Ramaswami Chettiar
Related
Chettinad cuisine
Nagarathar
Nagarathar Kavadi
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"businessman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businessperson"},{"link_name":"philanthropist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropy"},{"link_name":"Padma Bhushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Bhushan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Padma_Awards-2"}],"text":"Sir Alagappa Chettiar (6 April 1909 – 5 April 1957) was an Indian businessman and philanthropist. He received the Padma Bhushan award (the third highest civilian award in India) in 1956.[2]","title":"Alagappa Chettiar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kottaiyur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kottaiyur"},{"link_name":"Sivaganga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivaganga"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Presidency College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_College,_Chennai"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan"},{"link_name":"President of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_India"},{"link_name":"Nattukottai Nagarathars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nattukottai_Nagarathar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death-1"},{"link_name":"Chettinad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chettinad"},{"link_name":"Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon"},{"link_name":"Standard Chartered Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chartered_Bank"}],"text":"Chettiar was born in Kottaiyur in the Sivaganga District of Tamil Nadu to K.V.AL. Ramanathan Chettiar and Umayal Achi. He attended Presidency College at Chennai, where he became friendly with Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, a teacher who later became President of India. In 1930 at the age of 21 he was the first person to earn an M.A. (English Language and Literature) from the community of Nattukottai Nagarathars.After his graduation he went to England to study law. He qualified for the Bar at Middle Temple, London, in England in 1933[1] and became a 'Bar-at-Law' in Chettinad, India. During that time he also earned a pilot certificate at Croydon, London, and became the first Indian trainee in the Standard Chartered Bank, London.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"knighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight"},{"link_name":"1946 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Alagappa Nagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alagappa_Nagar"},{"link_name":"Thrissur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrissur"},{"link_name":"plantations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation"},{"link_name":"tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin"},{"link_name":"textile mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_mill"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Chettiar's activities as a business entrepreneur were acknowledged by the British Government when he was knighted in the 1946 New Year Honours at the age of 37;[3] however, he renounced using the title of the knighthood when India attained independence. The President of India on 26 January 1956 conferred the distinction of Padma Bhushan onto him.Chettiar launched his career by pioneering in textiles. In 1937 he started Cochin Textiles, later Alagappa Textiles at Alagappa Nagar near Thrissur in Kerala. The township for Cochin textile staff was named \"Alagappa Nagar\" in his memory. He held a diverse portfolio including rubber plantations, tin mines, textile mills, insurance companies, hotels, theatres, a stock exchange company and a private airline. [citation needed]","title":"Business career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Travancore University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Annie Besant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant"},{"link_name":"Karaikudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaikudi"},{"link_name":"Alagappa Arts College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alagappa_Arts_College"},{"link_name":"Gandhi Maleghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gandhi_Maleghai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alagappa University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alagappa_University"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru"},{"link_name":"Central Electro Chemical Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Electro_Chemical_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan"},{"link_name":"Guindy, Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guindy"},{"link_name":"Anna University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_University"}],"text":"Chettiar believed that education is needed for a human being to become productive, wholesome and humane.[4] In 1943 he donated one lakh (100,000) rupees for the installation and development of the Tamil Department of Travancore University.[4]In 1947 at the Annie Besant centenary celebrations he answered the call for industrialists to help educate India by spontaneously offering to start an Arts College in Karaikudi. This college, Alagappa Arts College started at Gandhi Maleghai, opened three days later. His generous donations led to the establishment of a string of educational institutions, which formed the basis for the foundation of the Alagappa University in 1985 by the Government of Tamil Nadu.He convinced Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to house one of the Government's National Research Institutes in the heart of the Alagappa campus. At the inauguration of the Central Electro Chemical Research Institute (CECRI) on 14 January 1953, the then vice-president of India Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan surmised:The magnificent gift of 300 acres of land and fifteen lakhs of rupees by Alagappa Chettiar helped the Government of India to select Karaikudi as the seat of Electro Chemical Research Institute. Being a businessman himself, Dr. Alagappa Chettiar is aware of the industrial possibilities of our country and the need for scientific, technical and technological education. In his lifetime he has built a monument for himself and you have only to look around.Alagappa Chettiar pioneered the centre of excellence \"A.C.College of Technology\" (named after him) at Guindy, Chennai, which offers specialised Engineering & Technology courses including Chemical Engineering, Petroleum Refining & Petrochemicals, Textile Engineering, Leather Technology, Industrial Biotechnology, Ceramic Technology, Pharmaceutical Technology, Food Technology, etc. Presently it comes under the governance of Anna University. His gave away his own palatial residence in Kottaiyur to start a women's college.","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_Of_Alagappa_Chettiar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alagappa College of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alagappa_College_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Anna University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_University"},{"link_name":"Vepery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vepery"},{"link_name":"Kandanur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandanur"},{"link_name":"Annamalai University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annamalai_University"},{"link_name":"Chidambaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chidambaram"},{"link_name":"Madras University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_University"},{"link_name":"Guindy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guindy"},{"link_name":"Madurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai"},{"link_name":"Thakkar Baba Vidyalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thakkar_Baba_Vidyalaya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"M.K.Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Travancore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore"},{"link_name":"Cochin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochin"}],"sub_title":"Notable donations and institutions[citation needed]","text":"Dr. Alagappa ChettiarHis other foundations and charitable donations included:Alagappa Chettiar College of Technology,(Now known as Alagappa College of Technology Campus- Anna University Chennai)\nAlagappa Chettiar Government College of Engineering & Technology (ACCET) at Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu. (Now an autonomous government institution)\nAlagappa Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Chennai, Tamil Nadu\nAlagappa Arts College, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu\nAlagappa College of Polytechnic, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu\nAlagappa Physical Education College, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu\nAlagappa Primary School, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu\nAlagappa Montessori School, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu\nAlagappa Preparatory School, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu (this is a private school managed by his daughter founded after him)\nAlagappa Matriculation School, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu (this is a private school managed by his daughter founded after him)\nAlagappa Model Higher Secondary School at his birthplace, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu\nA ladies' hostel at Vepery, Chennai\nA gift for the development of the township infrastructure of Kottaiyur\nA gift for the Meenakshi club at Kandanur, Tamil Nadu\nA donation for the H.M.I.S Fund\nFoundation of an engineering college at Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu\nFoundation of a college of technology at Madras University, subsequently named Alagappa Chettiar College of Technology, Guindy, Chennai\nA donation to establish higher education in Malaysia\nA donation to establish the South Indian Educational Society at New Delhi in 1948\nA donation to the Lady Doak College at Madurai\nA donation for constructing \"Alagappa Mandapam\" at Thakkar Baba Vidyalaya in 1946 – the Foundation Stone was laid by M.K.Gandhi\nA donation for publishing Tamil Kalangiyam\nA donation to the Cochin Cyclone Relief fund\nA donation for geological research by the Travancore government\nA donation for establishing a maternity hospital and childcare centre in Cochin\nA donation for indigenous medicine research by Ernakulam Maharaja College\nA donation to fund students from Cochin to study abroad\nFunding the morning food scheme for Cochin children\nEstablishing the South Indian chamber of commerce in Cochin","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"Vepery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vepery"},{"link_name":"Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death-1"}],"text":"At the age of 48, Chettiar succumbed to his illness. He was treated for cancer in 1955. After a brief recovery, his health worsened and died on 5 April 1957 at his residence in Vepery, Madras (now Chennai).[1]","title":"Death"}] | [{"image_text":"Dr. Alagappa Chettiar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Statue_Of_Alagappa_Chettiar.jpg/220px-Statue_Of_Alagappa_Chettiar.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Dr. Alagappa Chettiar Passes Away\". The Indian Express. 6 April 1957. pp. 1, 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Padma Awards\" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf","url_text":"\"Padma Awards\""},{"url":"http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"onlinevoice. \"A Chettinad Gem and Visionary: Dr. RM. Alagappa Chettiar | onlinevoice\". Retrieved 2 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://onlinevoice.info/2015/10/20/a-chettinad-gem-and-visionary-dr-rm-alagappa-chettiar/","url_text":"\"A Chettinad Gem and Visionary: Dr. RM. Alagappa Chettiar | onlinevoice\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Padma Awards\""},{"Link":"http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/37407/pages/4","external_links_name":"London Gazette, 1 January 1946"},{"Link":"http://onlinevoice.info/2015/10/20/a-chettinad-gem-and-visionary-dr-rm-alagappa-chettiar/","external_links_name":"\"A Chettinad Gem and Visionary: Dr. RM. Alagappa Chettiar | onlinevoice\""},{"Link":"http://www.alagappa.org/","external_links_name":"http://www.alagappa.org/"},{"Link":"http://www.alagappaalumni.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.alagappaalumni.com/"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/452397/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000050309859","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/2015333","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm97xpQPTBfkC9TGWmfMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1056103957","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no00070302","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faliro_metro_station | Faliro metro station | ["1 Tram stops","2 Station layout","3 References"] | Coordinates: 37°56′42″N 23°39′55″E / 37.944960°N 23.665285°E / 37.944960; 23.665285Athens Metro station and tram stop
Νέο ΦάληροNeo FaliroΓήπεδο ΚαραϊσκάκηGipedo Karaiskaki
Στάδιο Ειρήνης & ΦιλίαςStadio Irinis & FiliasMetro station platformsGeneral informationOther namesNeo FaliroLocationNeo FaliroPiraeusGreeceCoordinates37°56′42″N 23°39′55″E / 37.944960°N 23.665285°E / 37.944960; 23.665285Managed bySTASYLine(s) Platforms3 ESP sol. (Line 1)4 island (Tram, SEF)1 side (Tram, Gipedo Karaiskaki)Tracks8Connections ConstructionStructure typeAt-gradePlatform levels2AccessibleYesHistoryElectrified1904 (Line 1)Key dates27 February 1869Line 1 opened9 August 1882Line 1 station opened16 February 1887Line 1 station resited14 June 2004Line 1 station rebuilt19 July 2004SEF tram stop opened28 November 2019Gipedo tram stop openedServices
Preceding station
Athens Metro
Following station
PiraeusTerminus
Line 1
Moschatotowards Kifissia
Preceding station
Athens Tram
Following station
Mikras Asiastowards Agia Triada
Line 7Loop westbound only
Neo Falirotowards Asklepieio Voulas
Omiridou SkylitsiOne-way operation
Line 7Loop eastbound only
Location
Faliro (Greek: Φάληρο), also known as Neo Faliro (Greek: Νέο Φάληρο) on signage and maps, is a station on Athens Metro Line 1. It is near the Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex (Peace and Friendship Stadium and the Karaiskakis Stadium). The station is also adjacent to a rolling stock depot.
Tram stops
Two tram stops serve Faliro metro station, both of which are located next to Poseidonos Avenue:
Gipedo Karaiskaki (Greek: Γήπεδο Καραϊσκάκη) serves westbound Line 7 trams heading towards Agia Triada in Piraeus, and is connected to the metro station via a pedestrian subway.
Stadio Irinis & Filias (Greek: Στάδιο Ειρήνης & Φιλίας), abbreviated to as SEF, serves eastbound Line 7 trams heading towards Asklepieio Voulas, and is connected to the metro station with a footbridge over Poseidonos Avenue.
Stadio Irinis & Filias opened on 19 July 2004, as the western terminus of the initial network for the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. Gipedo Karaiskaki opened on 28 November 2019, originally as an alighting point for trams heading towards the Port of Piraeus. Both stops were closed from 16 March 2020 to 21 January 2021, due to realignment works associated with the Faliro Waterfront regeneration project.
Stadio Irinis & Filias consists of two island platforms and four tracks, and has a set of crossovers to the east, allowing trams to turn back in case of disruption on the Piraeus loop: the crossovers were also in regular use when Stadio Irinis & Filias was the terminus.
Station layout
LevelL1
Platform 1
→ out of order
Island platform, outbound or interchange to
Platform 2
← towards Piraeus (Terminus)
Island platform, inbound
Platform 3
→ towards Kifissia (Moschato) →
Side platform, outbound or interchange to
Ground/ConcourseG/C
Customer service
TicketsExits
Poseidonos Avenue
Platform 4
out of order
Island platform, out of order
Platform 5
out of order
Platform 6A/6B
→ towards Syntagma/Asklpiio Voulas →
Island platform, doors will open on the left
Platform 7A/7B
→ towards Syntagma/Asklpiio Voulas →
References
^ a b "Stations". Athens Piraeus Electric Railways (in Greek). Athens. 17 January 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
^ a b "Tramway: Historical Data". STASY. Athens. 13 June 2013. Archived from the original on 13 June 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
^ a b "The Gipedo Karaiskaki stop is delivered". Athens Transport (in Greek). 27 November 2019. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
^ "Metro and Tram Map" (PDF). STASY S.A. (in Greek). Athens. 11 October 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
^ "Route Map". Tram S.A. (in Greek). Athens. 22 July 2004. Archived from the original on 22 July 2004. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
^ "The Tram returned to SEF after 10 months". Athens Transport (in Greek). 21 January 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questa_o_quella | Rigoletto | ["1 Composition history","2 Performance history","2.1 19th-century productions","2.2 20th century and beyond","3 Roles","4 Synopsis","4.1 Act 1","4.2 Act 2","4.3 Act 3","5 Instrumentation","6 Music","7 Critical reception","8 Recordings and adaptations","9 Soundtrack For The Game Counter Strike 1.6 CSCZ CSS And CS-Extrime Maps cs_italy","10 Notes and references","11 Further reading","12 External links"] | Opera by Giuseppe Verdi
This article is about the opera. For the film based on the original opera, see Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto Story. For other uses, see Rigoletto (disambiguation).
RigolettoOpera by Giuseppe VerdiSet design by Philippe Chaperon.LibrettistFrancesco Maria PiaveLanguageItalianBased onLe roi s'amuseby Victor HugoPremiere11 March 1851 (1851-03-11)La Fenice, Venice
Rigoletto is an opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi. The Italian libretto was written by Francesco Maria Piave based on the 1832 play Le roi s'amuse by Victor Hugo. Despite serious initial problems with the Austrian censors who had control over northern Italian theatres at the time, the opera had a triumphant premiere at La Fenice in Venice on 11 March 1851.
The work, Verdi's sixteenth in the genre, is widely considered to be the first of the operatic masterpieces of Verdi's middle-to-late career. Its tragic story revolves around the licentious Duke of Mantua, his hunch-backed court jester Rigoletto, and Rigoletto's daughter Gilda. The opera's original title, La maledizione (The Curse), refers to a curse placed on both the Duke and Rigoletto by the Count Monterone, whose daughter the Duke has seduced with Rigoletto's encouragement. The curse comes to fruition when Gilda falls in love with the Duke and sacrifices her life to save him from the assassin hired by her father.
Composition history
Verdi around 1850
La Fenice of Venice commissioned Verdi in 1850 to compose a new opera. He was prominent enough by this time to enjoy some freedom in choosing texts to set to music. He initially asked Francesco Maria Piave (with whom he had already created Ernani, I due Foscari, Macbeth, Il corsaro and Stiffelio) to examine the play Kean by Alexandre Dumas, père, but soon came to believe that they needed to find a more energetic subject.
That came in the form of Victor Hugo's controversial five-act play Le roi s'amuse ("The king amuses himself"). Verdi later explained that "The subject is grand, immense, and there is a character that is one of the greatest creations that the theatre can boast of, in any country and in all history." However, Hugo's depiction of a venal, cynical, womanizing king (Francis I of France) was considered unacceptably scandalous. The play had been banned in France following its premiere nearly twenty years earlier (not to be staged again until 1882); now it was to come before the Austrian Board of Censors (as Austria at that time directly controlled much of Northern Italy.)
From the beginning, both composer and librettist knew this step would not be easy. As Verdi wrote in a letter to Piave: "Use four legs, run through the town and find me an influential person who can obtain the permission for making Le Roi s'amuse." Guglielmo Brenna, secretary of La Fenice, promised the duo that they would not have problems with the censors. He was wrong, and rumours began to spread in early summer that the production would be forbidden. In August, Verdi and Piave retired to Busseto, Verdi's hometown, to prepare a defensive scheme as they continued work on the opera. Despite their best efforts, including frantic correspondence with La Fenice, the Austrian censor De Gorzkowski emphatically denied consent to the production of "La Maledizione" (its working title) in a December 1850 letter, calling the opera "a repugnant immorality and obscene triviality."
La Fenice's poster for the world premiere of Rigoletto
Piave set to work revising the libretto, eventually pulling from it another opera, Il Duca di Vendome, in which the sovereign was a duke and both the hunchback and the curse disappeared. Verdi was completely against this proposed solution, preferring to negotiate directly with the censors over each and every point of the work. Brenna, La Fenice's sympathetic secretary, mediated the dispute by showing the Austrians some letters and articles depicting the bad character, but great value, of the artist. By January 1851 the parties had settled on a compromise: the action of the opera would be moved, and some of the characters would be renamed. In the new version, the Duke would preside over Mantua and belong to the Gonzaga family. (The House of Gonzaga had long been extinct by the mid-19th century, and the Dukedom of Mantua no longer existed.) The scene in which he retired to Gilda's bedroom would be deleted, and his visit to the Taverna (inn) would no longer be intentional, but the result of a trick. The hunchbacked jester (originally called Triboulet) was renamed Rigoletto (from the French word rigoler) from a parody of a comedy by Jules-Édouard Alboize de Pujol: Rigoletti, ou Le dernier des fous (Rigoletti, or The last of the fools) of 1835. By 14 January, the opera's definitive title had become Rigoletto.
Verdi finally completed the composition on 5 February 1851, a little more than a month before the premiere. Piave had already arranged for the sets to be designed while Verdi was still working on the final stages of act 3. The singers were given some of their music to learn on 7 February. However, Verdi kept at least a third of the score at Busseto. He brought it with him when he arrived in Venice for the rehearsals on 19 February, and would continue refining the orchestration throughout the rehearsal period. For the première, La Fenice had cast Felice Varesi as Rigoletto, the tenor Raffaele Mirate as the Duke, and Teresa Brambilla as Gilda (although Verdi would have preferred Teresa De Giuli Borsi). Due to a high risk of unauthorised copying, Verdi demanded extreme secrecy from all his singers and musicians, particularly Mirate: the "Duke" had the use of his score for only a few evenings before the première, and was made to swear that he would not sing or even whistle the tune of "La donna è mobile" except during rehearsal.
Performance history
Felice Varesi, the first Rigoletto
Teresa Brambilla, the first Gilda
19th-century productions
Rigoletto premiered on 11 March 1851 in a sold-out La Fenice as the first part of a double bill with Giacomo Panizza's ballet Faust. Gaetano Mares conducted, and the sets were designed and executed by Giuseppe Bertoja and Francesco Bagnara. The opening night was a complete triumph, especially the scena drammatica and the Duke's cynical aria, "La donna è mobile", which was sung in the streets the next morning (Verdi had maximised the aria's impact by only revealing it to the cast and orchestra a few hours before the premiere, and forbidding them to sing, whistle or even think of the melody outside of the theatre). Many years later, Giulia Cora Varesi, the daughter of Felice Varesi (the original Rigoletto), described her father's performance at the premiere. Varesi was very uncomfortable with the false hump he had to wear; he was so uncertain that, even though he was quite an experienced singer, he had a panic attack when it was his turn to enter the stage. Verdi immediately realised he was paralysed and roughly pushed him on the stage, so he appeared with a clumsy tumble. The audience, thinking it was an intentional gag, was very amused.
Rigoletto was a great box-office success for La Fenice and Verdi's first major Italian triumph since the 1847 premiere of Macbeth in Florence. It initially had a run of 13 performances and was revived in Venice the following year, and again in 1854. Despite a rather disastrous production in Bergamo shortly after its initial run at La Fenice, the opera soon entered the repertory of Italian theatres. By 1852, it had premiered in all the major cities of Italy, although sometimes under different titles due to the vagaries of censorship (e.g. as Viscardello, Lionello, and Clara de Perth). From 1852, it also began to be performed in major cities worldwide, reaching as far afield as Alexandria and Constantinople in 1854 and both Montevideo and Havana in 1855. The UK premiere took place on 14 May 1853 at what is now the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in London with Giovanni Matteo Mario as the Duke of Mantua and Giorgio Ronconi as Rigoletto. In the US, the opera was first seen on 19 February 1855 at New York's Academy of Music in a performance by the Max Maretzek Italian Opera Company.
20th century and beyond
Several modern productions have radically changed the original setting. These include Jonathan Miller's 1982 production for the English National Opera, which is set amongst the Mafia in New York City's Little Italy during the 1950s; Doris Dörrie's 2005 production for the Bavarian State Opera, where the Court of Mantua became The Planet of the Apes; director Linda Brovsky's production for Seattle Opera, placing the story in Mussolini's fascist Italy, in 2004 (repeated in 2014); and Michael Mayer's 2013 production for the Metropolitan Opera, which is set in a casino in 1960s Las Vegas. Different characters portray different archetypes from the Rat Pack era, with the Duke becoming a Frank Sinatra-type character and Rigoletto becoming Don Rickles. In March 2014, Lindy Hume, artistic director of Australia's Opera Queensland staged the opera set in the party-going world of disgraced former Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi.
Roles
Costumes for the Duke of Mantua and Gilda published by Casa Ricordi shortly after the 1851 premiere
Roles, voice types, premiere cast
Role
Voice type
Premiere cast, 11 March 1851Conductor: Gaetano Mares
Rigoletto, the Duke's jester
baritone
Felice Varesi
Gilda, his daughter
soprano
Teresa Brambilla
Duke of Mantua
tenor
Raffaele Mirate
Sparafucile, a murderer for hire
bass
Paolo Damini
Maddalena, his sister
contralto
Annetta Casaloni
Giovanna, Gilda's Nurse
mezzo-soprano
Laura Saini
Count Ceprano
bass
Andrea Bellini
Countess Ceprano, his wife
mezzo-soprano
Luigia Morselli
Matteo Borsa, a courtier
tenor
Angelo Zuliani
Count Monterone
baritone
Feliciano Ponz
Marullo
baritone
Francesco De Kunnerth
A Court Usher
bass
Giovanni Rizzi
A Page
mezzo-soprano
Annetta Modes Lovati
Male Chorus: the Duke's courtiers and guests
Synopsis
Place: Mantua
Time: the sixteenth century
Act 1
Scene 1: Mantua. A magnificent hall in the ducal palace. Doors at the back open into other rooms, splendidly lit up. A crowd of lords and ladies in grand costumes are seen walking about in the rear rooms; page boys come and go. The festivities are at their height. Music is heard from offstage. The Duke and Borsa enter from a door in the back.
Act 1, scene 1: Victor Hugo's Le Roi s'amuse
At a ball in his palace, the Duke sings of a life of pleasure with as many women as possible, and mentions that he particularly enjoys cuckolding his courtiers: "Questa o quella" ("This woman or that"). He mentions to Borsa that he has seen an unknown beauty in church and desires to possess her, but he also wishes to seduce the Countess of Ceprano. Rigoletto, the Duke's hunchbacked court jester, mocks the husbands of the ladies to whom the Duke is paying attention, including the Count Ceprano. He humorously advises the Duke to get rid of Count Ceprano by prison, exile, or death. The Duke laughs indulgently, but Ceprano is not amused. Marullo, one of the guests at the ball, informs the courtiers that Rigoletto has a "lover", which astonishes them. (Marullo is not aware that the "lover" is actually Rigoletto's daughter.) The courtiers, at Ceprano's suggestion, resolve to take vengeance on Rigoletto for making fun of them. The festivities are interrupted by the arrival of the elderly Count Monterone, whose daughter the Duke had seduced. Rigoletto provokes him further by making fun of his helplessness to avenge his daughter's honor. Monterone confronts the Duke, and is immediately arrested by the Duke's guards. Before being led off to prison, Monterone curses both the Duke for the attack on his daughter and Rigoletto for having mocked his righteous anger. The curse terrifies Rigoletto, who believes the popular superstition that an old man's curse has real power.
Act 1, scene 2 stage set by Giuseppe Bertoja for the world premiere of Rigoletto
Scene 2: The end of a dead-end street. On the left, a house of discreet appearance with one small courtyard surrounded by walls. In the yard there is one tall tree and a marble seat; in the wall, a door that leads to the street; above the wall, a terrace supported by arches. The second floor door opens on to the said terrace, which can also be reached by a staircase in front. To the right of the street is the very high wall of the garden and a side of the Ceprano palace. It is night.
Preoccupied with the old man's curse, Rigoletto approaches the house where he is concealing his daughter from the world and is accosted by the assassin Sparafucile, who walks up to him and offers his services. Rigoletto declines for the moment, but leaves open the possibility of hiring Sparafucile later, should the need arise. Sparafucile wanders off, after repeating his own name a few times. Rigoletto contemplates the similarities between the two of them: "Pari siamo!" ("We are alike!"); Sparafucile kills men with his sword, and Rigoletto uses "a tongue of malice" to stab his victims. Rigoletto opens a door in the wall and embraces his daughter Gilda. They greet each other warmly: "Figlia!" "Mio padre!" ("Daughter!" "My father!"). Rigoletto has been concealing his daughter from the Duke and the rest of the city, and she does not know her father's occupation. Since he has forbidden her to appear in public, she has been nowhere except to church and does not even know her own father's name.
When Rigoletto has gone, the Duke appears and overhears Gilda confess to her nurse Giovanna that she feels guilty for not having told her father about a young man she had met at the church. She says that she fell in love with him, but that she would love him even more if he were a student and poor. As she declares her love, the Duke enters, overjoyed. Gilda, alarmed, calls for Giovanna, unaware that the Duke had given her money to go away. Pretending to be a student, the Duke convinces Gilda of his love: "È il sol dell'anima" ("Love is the sunshine of the soul"). When she asks for his name, he hesitantly calls himself Gualtier Maldè. Hearing sounds and fearing that her father has returned, Gilda sends the Duke away after they quickly trade vows of love: "Addio, addio" ("Farewell, farewell"). Alone, Gilda meditates on her love for the Duke, who she believes is a student: "Gualtier Maldè!... Caro nome che il mio cor" ("Dearest name").
Later, Rigoletto returns: "Riedo!... perché?" ("I've returned!... why?"), while the hostile courtiers outside the walled garden (believing Gilda to be the jester's mistress, unaware she is his daughter) get ready to abduct the helpless girl. They tell Rigoletto that they are actually abducting the Countess Ceprano. He sees that they are masked and asks for a mask for himself; while they are tying the mask onto his face, they also blindfold him. Blindfolded and deceived, he holds the ladder steady while they climb up to Gilda's room: Chorus: "Zitti, zitti" ("Softly, softly"). With her father's unknowing assistance Gilda is carried away by the courtiers. Left alone, Rigoletto removes his mask and blindfold, and realizes that it was in fact Gilda who was carried away. He collapses in despair, remembering the old man's curse.
Act 2
Set design for Rigoletto act 1, scene 2 (1903)
"Cortigiani, vil razza dannata""
Sung by Titta Ruffo
Problems playing this file? See media help.
A room in the ducal palace. There are doors on both sides as well as a larger one at the far end by the sides of which hang full length portraits of the Duke and his wife. There is one high-backed chair at a table covered with velvet and other furnishings.
The Duke is concerned that Gilda has disappeared: "Ella mi fu rapita!" ("She was stolen from me!") and "Parmi veder le lagrime" ("I seem to see tears"). The courtiers then enter and inform him that they have captured Rigoletto's mistress: Chorus: "Scorrendo uniti" ("We went together at nightfall"). By their description, he recognizes it to be Gilda and rushes off to the room where she is held: "Possente amor mi chiama" ("Mighty love beckons me"). Rigoletto enters singing and feigning nonchalance, but also looking anxiously for any trace of Gilda, who he fears may have fallen into the hands of the Duke. The courtiers pretend not to notice his anxiety, but quietly laugh at him with each other. A page boy arrives with a message from the Duke's wife – the Duchess wishes to speak to her husband – but the courtiers reply suggestively that the Duke cannot be disturbed at the moment. Rigoletto realizes this must mean that Gilda is with the Duke. To the courtiers' surprise, he reveals that Gilda is his daughter. He first demands, then tearfully pleads with the courtiers to return her to him: "Cortigiani, vil razza dannata" ("Accursed race of courtiers"). Rigoletto attempts to run into the room in which Gilda is being held, but the courtiers block his way. After a time, Gilda enters, and Rigoletto orders the courtiers to leave him alone with her. The courtiers leave the room, believing Rigoletto has gone mad. Gilda describes to her father what has happened to her in the palace: "Tutte le feste al tempio" ("On all the holy days") and he attempts to console her. Monterone is led across the room on the way to prison and pauses in front of the portrait of the Duke to regret that his curse on the libertine has had no effect. As the guards lead Monterone away, Rigoletto mutters that the old man is mistaken; he, Rigoletto, the dishonored buffoon, shall make thunder and lightning rain from heaven onto the offender's head. He repeats this vow as Gilda pleads for mercy for her lover the Duke: Duet:"Sì! Vendetta, tremenda vendetta!" ("Yes! Revenge, terrible revenge!").
Act 3
The right bank of the river Mincio. On the left is a two-story house, half ruined. Through a large arch on the ground floor a rustic tavern can be seen as well as a rough stone staircase that leads to an attic room with a small bed which is in full view as there are no shutters. In the wall downstairs that faces the street is a door that opens to the inside. The wall is so full of holes and cracks that everything that happens inside is easily seen from the exterior. At the back of the stage are deserted areas by the river which flows behind a parapet that has half collapsed into ruins. Beyond the river is Mantua. It is night. Gilda and Rigoletto, both uneasy, are standing in the road; Sparafucile is seated at a table in the tavern.
"La donna è mobile"
Enrico Caruso singing "La donna è mobile" (C. 1906)
"Bella figlia dell'amore"
Enrico Caruso, Bessie Abott, Louise Homer and Antonio Scotti's 1907 Victor Records recording
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A portion of Sparafucile's house is seen, with two rooms open to the view of the audience. Rigoletto and Gilda arrive outside. The Duke's voice can be heard from inside, singing "La donna è mobile" ("Woman is fickle"). Sparafucile's sister, Maddalena, has lured him to the house. Rigoletto and Gilda listen from outside as the Duke flirts with Maddalena. Gilda laments that the Duke is unfaithful; Rigoletto assures her that he is arranging revenge: "Bella figlia dell'amore" ("Beautiful daughter of love").
Rigoletto orders Gilda to put on a man's clothes to prepare to leave for Verona and tells her that he plans to follow later. After she leaves, he completes his bargain with the assassin, who is ready to murder his guest for 20 scudi. Rigoletto then withdraws.
With falling darkness, a thunderstorm approaches and the Duke decides to spend the rest of the night in the house. Sparafucile directs him to the upstairs sleeping quarters, resolving to kill him in his sleep.
Gilda, who still loves the Duke despite knowing him to be unfaithful, returns dressed as a man and stands outside the house. Maddalena, who is smitten with the Duke, begs Sparafucile to spare his life: "È amabile invero cotal giovinotto/ Ah, più non ragiono!". Sparafucile, a man of his word, is reluctant but promises her that if by midnight another victim can be found, he will kill the other instead of the Duke. Gilda, overhearing this exchange, resolves to sacrifice herself for the Duke, and enters the house: "Trio: Se pria ch'abbia il mezzo la notte toccato". Sparafucile stabs her and she collapses, mortally wounded.
At midnight, when Rigoletto arrives with money, he receives a corpse wrapped in a sack, and rejoices in his triumph. Weighting it with stones, he is about to cast the sack into the river when he hears the voice of the Duke, sleepily singing a reprise of his "La donna è mobile" aria. Bewildered, Rigoletto opens the sack and, to his despair, discovers his dying daughter. For a moment, she revives and declares she is glad to die for her beloved: "V'ho ingannato" ("Father, I deceived you"). She dies in his arms. Rigoletto cries out in horror: "La maledizione!" ("The curse!")
Instrumentation
The orchestra calls for 2 flutes (Flute 2 doubles piccolo), 2 oboes (Oboe 2 doubles English horn), 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 4 horns in Eb, D, C, Ab, G, and F, 2 trumpets in C, D, and Eb, 3 trombones, cimbasso, timpani, bass drum and cymbals, strings.
Offstage: Banda, bass drum, 2 bells, thunder machine
Onstage: Violins I and II, violas, and contrabasses
Music
"Bella figlia dell'amore" scene, depicted by Roberto Focosi in an early edition of the vocal score
The short orchestral preludio is based on the theme of the curse, intoned quietly on brass at first and building in intensity until it bursts into a passionate outcry by the full orchestra, subsiding once more and ending with repeated drum rolls alternating with brass, cumulatively increasing in volume to come to a somber conclusion. At curtain rise, great contrast is immediately felt as jolly dance music is played by an offstage band while the Duke and his courtiers have a lighthearted conversation. The Duke sings the cynical "Questa o quella" to a flippant tune and then further contrast is again achieved as he attempts to seduce the Countess Ceprano while the strings of a chamber orchestra onstage play an elegant minuet. The off stage dance music resumes as an ensemble builds between Rigoletto, the angry courtiers and the Duke, interrupted by the furious entry of Monterone. Slithery effects in the strings accompany Rigoletto as he brutally mocks the old man, who responds with his curse, leading to a final dramatic ensemble.
In its great variety of tone and texture, its use of instrumental resources (the orchestra in the pit, an offstage band, and a chamber ensemble of strings on the stage), its dramatic pacing and the way the music is continuous rather than consisting of one "number" after another, this concise opening scene is unprecedented in Italian opera.
The duet between Rigoletto and Sparafucile that opens the second scene of the first act is also unprecedented in its structure, being a free-ranging dialogue with melodies not in the voices but in the orchestra, on a solo cello, solo bass, and low woodwinds to create a distinctive sinister atmosphere.
The famous quartet in act three is actually a double duet with each of the characters given a musical identity—the ardent wooing of the Duke, with the main melody, as Maddalena laughingly puts him off, while outside Gilda has a sobbing figure in her vocal line and her father implacably urges revenge.
Victor Hugo resented his play, which had been banned in France, being transformed into an Italian opera and considered it plagiarism (there were no copyright restrictions against this at the time). When Hugo attended a performance of the opera in Paris, however, he marveled at the way Verdi's music in the quartet allowed the emotions of the four different characters to be heard together and yet distinguished clearly from each other at the same time and wished that he could achieve such an effect in a spoken drama.
The section following the quartet, marked "Scena e Terzetto Tempesta" (scene and storm trio) is also, as Julian Budden has written,"without any antecedent". Very different from the storm music that can be heard in Rossini's Il barbiere di Siviglia or La Cenerentola, that of the storm in Rigoletto is not an interlude between acts or scenes, but is totally integrated into the unfolding of the plot, with its strings in the bass register, its interventions of oboe and piccolo, and especially the male chorus behind the scenes humming through closed mouths to create the sound of the wind, a completely original effect. Composer and professor of experimental music Dieter Schnebel (1930–2018) wrote of this scene
The central storm scene is, so to speak, a film with sound, whose moving images show an exterior and interior drama. The furtive encounters between people in the darkness, irregularly broken by lightning, are exposed by the empty fifths, the tremolos of strings, the brief breakthroughs of the wind instruments, the thunderclaps and the sinister sighs of the chorus, which express as well an external process that is internal: death arrives with thunderclaps. The music always passes in this scene from jerky recitatives to fluid arias...
Musicologist Julian Budden regards the opera as "revolutionary", just as Beethoven' Eroica Symphony was: "the barriers between formal melody and recitative are down as never before. In the whole opera, there is only one conventional double aria no concerted act finales." Verdi used that same word—"revolutionary"—in a letter to Piave, and Budden also refers to a letter which Verdi wrote in 1852 in which the composer states that "I conceived Rigoletto almost without arias, without finales but only an unending string of duets."
Budden's conclusions about this opera and its place in Verdi's output are summed up by noting that:
Just after 1850 at the age of 38 Verdi closed the door on a period of Italian opera with Rigoletto. The so-called ottocento in music is finished. Verdi will continue to draw on certain of its forms for the next few operas, but in a totally new spirit.
Critical reception
Although immensely successful with audiences from the beginning, many critics in various countries condemned the work for its dark and bitterly tragic plot combined with a succession of mere popular tunes, as they thought of the music. After the first performance in Venice in 1851 the Gazzetta ufficiale di Venezia deplored the fact that in his opinion the libretto was inspired by "the Satanic school" and Verdi and Piave had sought beauty from the "deformed and repulsive".
Typical of critical reaction in Britain, Austria and Germany was the review in the Frankfurter Nachrichten of July 24, 1859: "It is well known that this shoddy work presents all the vices and virtues of Verdi's music: light music, pleasant dance rhythms for frightful scenes; that death and corruption are represented as in all the works of this composer by galops and party favours."
In the second half of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first, Rigoletto has received high praise even from avant-garde and experimental composers such as Luigi Dallapiccola, Luciano Berio and Ernst Krenek. Igor Stravinsky wrote "I say that in the aria 'La donna è mobile', for example, which the elite thinks only brilliant and superficial, there is more substance and feeling than in the whole of Wagner's Ring cycle."
Recordings and adaptations
Main article: Rigoletto discography
Enrico Caruso in the role of the Duke
There have been dozens of commercial recordings of Rigoletto. The earliest ones include the 1912 performance in French with François Ruhlmann conducting the orchestra and chorus of the Opéra Comique (Pathé) and the 1916 performance in Italian with Lorenzo Molajoli conducting the orchestra and chorus of La Scala (Columbia Records). The first LP edition of Rigoletto (also the first opera recording on LP) was released by RCA Victor in 1950 conducted by Renato Cellini and featured Leonard Warren in the title role. The opera has also been recorded in German with Wilhelm Schüchter conducting the orchestra and chorus of the Berlin State Opera in a 1953 recording for EMI Records and in English with Mark Elder conducting the orchestra and chorus of the English National Opera in a 1983 recording for EMI. In the 21st century there have been several live performances released on DVD including a 2001 performance from London's Royal Opera House with Paolo Gavanelli as Rigoletto and Marcelo Álvarez as the Duke (BBC/Opus Arte) and a 2006 performance at the Opernhaus Zürich with Leo Nucci as Rigoletto and Piotr Beczała as The Duke (ArtHaus Musik). The Duke of Mantua's arias, particularly "La donna è mobile" and "Questa o quella", have long been showcases for the tenor voice and appear on numerous recital discs. Amongst Enrico Caruso's earliest recordings are both these arias, recorded with piano accompaniment in 1902 and again in 1908 with orchestra. Luciano Pavarotti, who has recorded the arias for several recital discs, also sings the role of the Duke on three complete studio recordings of the opera: Decca (1971) conducted by Richard Bonynge; Decca (1989) conducted by Riccardo Chailly and Deutsche Grammophon (1993) conducted by James Levine.
Rigoletto has been a popular subject for movies since the silent film era. On 15 April 1923, Lee de Forest presented 18 short films in his sound-on-film process Phonofilm, including an excerpt of act 2 of Rigoletto with Eva Leoni and Company. One of the most famous films based on the opera is the 1987 film by Jean-Pierre Ponnelle starring Luciano Pavarotti as The Duke and Ingvar Wixell as Rigoletto. Some film versions are based on the opera's plot, but do not use Verdi's music. Curtiss Clayton's 2003 film Rick, set in modern-day New York, has a plot based on Rigoletto, but apart from "La donna è mobile" heard in the background during a restaurant scene, does not include any other music from the opera. In the 21st century, the opera was filmed as Rigoletto Story directed by Vittorio Sgarbi with costumes by Vivienne Westwood. First screened at the Venice Biennale in 2004, it subsequently received two Grammy nominations. In September 2010, RAI Television filmed the opera on location in Mantua with the court scenes taking place in the Palazzo Te. The film faithfully followed Verdi's original specification for the action to take place over two days, and each act was performed at the time of day indicated in the libretto. Broadcast live to 148 countries, the film starred Plácido Domingo in the title role, and Vittorio Grigolo as The Duke. The plot of the film Quartet revolves around the quartet "Bella figlia dell'amore", with which the film concludes.
Adaptations of the opera's music include Franz Liszt's Rigoletto Paraphrase, a piano transcription of "Bella figlia dell'amore" (the famous quartet from act 3) and a Fantasia on Rigoletto (Op.82) by Sigismond Thalberg which was published in Paris in the 1860s.
Soundtrack For The Game Counter Strike 1.6 CSCZ CSS And CS-Extrime Maps cs_italy
the song entitled Rigoletto, Act I - E il sol dell'anima (Live in Turin, 1967) sung by Luciano Pavarotti is popular and is used in the online-offline pc computer game Counter Strike. 1.6 2003 .Counter Strike Condition Zero.Counter Strike Source.dan.Counter Strike Extrime.Maps CS_italy on Radio 00-89 era wooden cupboard model near 2 hostages in the 2nd floor hostage house near the terror spawn field and guarded by 5 terrorists. but the short version of the radio is played twice and 5:59 is not the long version
Notes and references
Notes
^ Some scores, such as the Schirmer piano-vocal score, present the opera in four acts, with the two scenes which normally constitute act 1 appearing as separate acts.
^ "Rigolo" is a French word meaning "funny"
^ The opera was performed as Viscardello in Bologna and as both Lionello and Clara de Perth in Naples.
References
^ Phillips-Matz (1993), p. 265
^ a b Verdi to Piave, 28 April 1850, in Phillips-Matz (1993), p. 265
^ Hugo (1863), pp. 163–164.
^ Phillips-Matz (1993), p. 270.
^ Phillips-Matz (1993), p. 272.
^ Phillips-Matz (1993), p. 273.
^ Phillips-Matz (1993), pp. 278, 281, 283.
^ Budden (1984), p. 482.
^ Downes (1918), p. 38.
^ a b Casaglia (2005).
^ a b Downes (1918), pp. 38–39
^ Rahim, Sameer (3 April 2012). "The opera novice: Rigoletto by Giuseppe Verdi". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ Kimbell (1985), p. 279.
^ Kimbell (2001), p. 991.
^ Phillips-Matz (1993), p. 286.
^ Martin (2011), p. 81.
^ Loomis (2005).
^ O'Connor (1989).
^ Lindy Hume, "Verdi's Rigoletto plays right into the hands of a Silvio fox", The Guardian (London), 19 March 2014
^ List of singers taken from Budden (1984), p. 476. See also San Diego Opera Operapaedia – Rigoletto (Cast) Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine
^ The synopsis is based partly on Melitz (1913) with updated English for clarity.
^ a b c d e Parker (2001)
^ a b c d Brandenburg, Daniel (2012). Verdi:Rigoletto. Bärenreiter. ISBN 978-3-7618-2225-8.
^ a b Csampai, Attila (1982). Giuseppe Verdi, Rigoletto: Texte, Materialien, Kommentare. Rowohlt. ISBN 978-3-499-17487-2.
^ Schwarm, Betsy. "Rigoletto". Britannica.com. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
^ Budden (1984), p. .
^ Budden (1984), pp. 483–487
^ Verdi to Piave, October 1854, in Budden (1984), p. 484
^ Verdi to Borsi, in Budden (1984), p. 483
^ Budden (1984), p. 510.
^ Engler, Günter (2000). Über Verdi (in German). Ditzingen: Reclam. ISBN 978-3-15-018090-7.
^ a b Rigoletto Discography on operadis-opera-discography.org.uk. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
^ Martin (2011), p. 211.
^ Rigoletto (1987) at IMDb
^ Ozorio (2010).
Sources
Budden, Julian (1984). The Operas of Verdi. Vol. 1: From Oberto to Rigoletto. London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-31058-1.
Casaglia, Gherardo (2005). "Rigoletto". L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia (in Italian).
Downes, Olin (1918). The Lure of Music: Depicting the Human Side of Great Composers. New York: Harper & Brothers. ISBN 978-1417928965.
Hugo, Adèle (1863). Victor Hugo. Translated by Charles Edwin Wilbour. New York: Carleton.
Kimbell, David (1985). Verdi in the Age of Italian Romanticism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Archive. ISBN 0-521-31678-2.
Kimbell, David (2001). Holden, Amanda (ed.). The New Penguin Opera Guide. New York: Penguin Putnam. ISBN 0-14-029312-4.
Loomis, George (29 June 2005). "The Peter Jonas touch: A home for 'interpretive' opera in Munich". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 2014-06-10. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
Martin, George Whitney (2011). Verdi in America: Oberto Through Rigoletto. Rochester: University of Rochester Press. ISBN 978-1-58046-388-1.
Melitz, Leo (1913). The Opera Goer's Complete Guide. New York: Dodd, Mead.
O'Connor, John (23 February 1989). "Jonathan Miller's Mafia Rigoletto". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
Ozorio, Anne (8 September 2010). "Unique Rigoletto live from Mantua". Opera Today. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
Parker, Roger (2001). "Rigoletto". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5.
Phillips-Matz, Mary Jane (1993). Verdi: A Biography. London & New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-313204-4.
Further reading
Baldini, Gabriele (1970) (trans. Roger Parker, 1980), The Story of Giuseppe Verdi: Oberto to Un Ballo in Maschera. Cambridge, et al.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29712-5
Chusid, Martin (ed.) (1997), Verdi's Middle Period, 1849 to 1859, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-10658-6, 0-226-10659-4.
De Van, Gilles (trans. Gilda Roberts) (1998), Verdi's Theater: Creating Drama Through Music. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-14369-4 (hardback), ISBN 0-226-14370-8
Gossett, Philip (2006), Divas and Scholar: Performing Italian Opera, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-30482-5
Martin, George, Verdi: His Music, Life and Times (1983), New York: Dodd, Mead. ISBN 0-396-08196-7
Osborne, Charles (1969), The Complete Opera of Verdi, New York: Da Capo Press, ISBN 0-306-80072-1
Parker, Roger (2007), The New Grove Guide to Verdi and His Operas, Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-531314-7
Pistone, Danièle (1995), Nineteenth-Century Italian Opera: From Rossini to Puccini, Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. ISBN 0-931340-82-9
Toye, Francis (1931), Giuseppe Verdi: His Life and Works, New York: Knopf
Walker, Frank, The Man Verdi (1982), New York: Knopf, 1962, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-87132-0.
Warrack, John and West, Ewan, The Oxford Dictionary of Opera. New York: Oxford University Press: 1992 ISBN 0-19-869164-5.
Werfel, Franz and Stefan, Paul (1973), Verdi: The Man and His Letters, New York, Vienna House. ISBN 0-8443-0088-8
External links
Libretto in Italian and English
Verdi: "The story" and "History" Archived 2013-12-22 at the Wayback Machine on giuseppeverdi.it
Rigoletto: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
Rigoletto piano vocal score from Indiana University's Online Opera Scores Database
Libretto in the original Italian and in English translation
San Diego OperaTalk! with Nick Reveles: Verdi's Rigoletto Archived 2008-12-22 at the Wayback Machine (video)
Rigoletto at IMDb
Rigoletto, Act Two (1923 DeForest version) at SilentEra
"CS_Italy" (1999-now sountrack cs_Italy Version)
vteGiuseppe Verdi's RigolettoSource
Le roi s'amuse by Victor Hugo
Films
Rigoletto (1956)
Rigoletto (1982)
Rick (2003)
Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto Story (2005)
Rigoletto... in Bluegrass (2006)
Music
"Caro nome che il mio cor"
"Bella figlia dell'amore"
"La donna è mobile"
Related
Rigoletto discography
"Here"
"Juanita Banana"
vteLe roi s'amuse by Victor Hugo (1832)Characters
Francis I of France
Triboulet
Clément Marot
Films
A Fool's Revenge (1909)
Rigoletto (1918)
The King's Jester (1941)
Other
Rigoletto (Verdi opera)
vteGiuseppe VerdiList of compositionsOperas
Oberto, Conte di San Bonifacio (1839)
Un giorno di regno (1840)
Nabucco (1842)
I Lombardi alla prima crociata (1843)
Ernani (1844)
I due Foscari (1844)
Giovanna d'Arco (1845)
Alzira (1845)
Attila (1846)
Macbeth (1847/65)
I masnadieri (1847)
Jérusalem (1847)
Il corsaro (1848)
La battaglia di Legnano (1849)
Luisa Miller (1849)
Stiffelio (1850)
Rigoletto (1851)
Il trovatore (1853)
La traviata (1853)
Les vêpres siciliennes (June 1855)
I vespri siciliani (December 1855)
Simon Boccanegra (1857/81)
Aroldo (1857)
Un ballo in maschera (1859)
La forza del destino (1862/69)
Don Carlos (1867/84)
Aida (1871)
Otello (1887)
Falstaff (1893)
Opera excerpts
"Anvil Chorus"
"Bella figlia dell'amore"
"Celeste Aida"
"Di quella pira"
"La donna è mobile"
"Libiamo ne' lieti calici"
"Un dì, felice, eterea"
"Va, pensiero"
Opera discographies
Aida
Don Carlos
Falstaff
La forza del destino
Macbeth
Otello
Rigoletto
Il trovatore
La traviata
Un ballo in maschera
Other compositions
Suona la tromba (1848)
Inno delle nazioni (1862)
String Quartet in E minor (1873)
Messa da Requiem (1874)
Quattro pezzi sacri (1889–1897)
Recognitions
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Cultural depictions
Portrait of Giuseppe Verdi (1886)
Giuseppe Verdi (1938 film)
Verdi, the King of Melody (1953 film)
The Life of Verdi (1982 miniseries)
After Aida (1985 play)
Risorgimento! (2011 opera)
Film adaptations
Otello (1906)
Aida (1953)
La Traviata (1983)
Otello (1986)
Macbeth (1987)
Aida (1987)
Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto Story (2005)
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MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi%27s_Rigoletto_Story"},{"link_name":"Rigoletto (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigoletto_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Verdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi"},{"link_name":"libretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto"},{"link_name":"Francesco Maria Piave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Piave"},{"link_name":"Le roi s'amuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_roi_s%27amuse"},{"link_name":"Victor Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo"},{"link_name":"La Fenice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fenice"},{"link_name":"Duke of Mantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua"},{"link_name":"jester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jester"}],"text":"This article is about the opera. For the film based on the original opera, see Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto Story. For other uses, see Rigoletto (disambiguation).Rigoletto is an opera in three acts[a] by Giuseppe Verdi. The Italian libretto was written by Francesco Maria Piave based on the 1832 play Le roi s'amuse by Victor Hugo. Despite serious initial problems with the Austrian censors who had control over northern Italian theatres at the time, the opera had a triumphant premiere at La Fenice in Venice on 11 March 1851.The work, Verdi's sixteenth in the genre, is widely considered to be the first of the operatic masterpieces of Verdi's middle-to-late career. Its tragic story revolves around the licentious Duke of Mantua, his hunch-backed court jester Rigoletto, and Rigoletto's daughter Gilda. The opera's original title, La maledizione (The Curse), refers to a curse placed on both the Duke and Rigoletto by the Count Monterone, whose daughter the Duke has seduced with Rigoletto's encouragement. The curse comes to fruition when Gilda falls in love with the Duke and sacrifices her life to save him from the assassin hired by her father.","title":"Rigoletto"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Verdi-1850s.jpg"},{"link_name":"La Fenice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fenice"},{"link_name":"Francesco Maria Piave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Piave"},{"link_name":"Ernani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernani"},{"link_name":"I due Foscari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_due_Foscari"},{"link_name":"Macbeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)"},{"link_name":"Il corsaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_corsaro"},{"link_name":"Stiffelio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiffelio"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Dumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PM265-2"},{"link_name":"Victor Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo"},{"link_name":"Le roi s'amuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_roi_s%27amuse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VtoP1850-3"},{"link_name":"Francis I of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHugo1863163%E2%80%93164-4"},{"link_name":"Censors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censors"},{"link_name":"at that time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Austria#The_Nineteenth_Century(1815-1918)"},{"link_name":"controlled much of Northern Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VtoP1850-3"},{"link_name":"Busseto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busseto"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993270-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rigoletto_premiere_poster.jpg"},{"link_name":"La Fenice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fenice"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993272-6"},{"link_name":"Mantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantua"},{"link_name":"Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Gonzaga"},{"link_name":"Triboulet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triboulet"},{"link_name":"Jules-Édouard Alboize de Pujol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules-%C3%89douard_Alboize_de_Pujol"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993273-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993278,_281,_283-9"},{"link_name":"Felice Varesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felice_Varesi"},{"link_name":"Raffaele Mirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaele_Mirate"},{"link_name":"Teresa Brambilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Brambilla"},{"link_name":"Teresa De Giuli Borsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_De_Giuli_Borsi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudden1984482-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDownes191838-11"}],"text":"Verdi around 1850La Fenice of Venice commissioned Verdi in 1850 to compose a new opera. He was prominent enough by this time to enjoy some freedom in choosing texts to set to music. He initially asked Francesco Maria Piave (with whom he had already created Ernani, I due Foscari, Macbeth, Il corsaro and Stiffelio) to examine the play Kean by Alexandre Dumas, père, but soon came to believe that they needed to find a more energetic subject.[1]That came in the form of Victor Hugo's controversial five-act play Le roi s'amuse (\"The king amuses himself\"). Verdi later explained that \"The subject is grand, immense, and there is a character that is one of the greatest creations that the theatre can boast of, in any country and in all history.\"[2] However, Hugo's depiction of a venal, cynical, womanizing king (Francis I of France) was considered unacceptably scandalous. The play had been banned in France following its premiere nearly twenty years earlier (not to be staged again until 1882);[3] now it was to come before the Austrian Board of Censors (as Austria at that time directly controlled much of Northern Italy.)From the beginning, both composer and librettist knew this step would not be easy. As Verdi wrote in a letter to Piave: \"Use four legs, run through the town and find me an influential person who can obtain the permission for making Le Roi s'amuse.\"[2] Guglielmo Brenna, secretary of La Fenice, promised the duo that they would not have problems with the censors. He was wrong, and rumours began to spread in early summer that the production would be forbidden. In August, Verdi and Piave retired to Busseto, Verdi's hometown, to prepare a defensive scheme as they continued work on the opera. Despite their best efforts, including frantic correspondence with La Fenice, the Austrian censor De Gorzkowski emphatically denied consent to the production of \"La Maledizione\" (its working title) in a December 1850 letter, calling the opera \"a repugnant [example of] immorality and obscene triviality.\"[4]La Fenice's poster for the world premiere of RigolettoPiave set to work revising the libretto, eventually pulling from it another opera, Il Duca di Vendome, in which the sovereign was a duke and both the hunchback and the curse disappeared. Verdi was completely against this proposed solution, preferring to negotiate directly with the censors over each and every point of the work.[5] Brenna, La Fenice's sympathetic secretary, mediated the dispute by showing the Austrians some letters and articles depicting the bad character, but great value, of the artist. By January 1851 the parties had settled on a compromise: the action of the opera would be moved, and some of the characters would be renamed. In the new version, the Duke would preside over Mantua and belong to the Gonzaga family. (The House of Gonzaga had long been extinct by the mid-19th century, and the Dukedom of Mantua no longer existed.) The scene in which he retired to Gilda's bedroom would be deleted, and his visit to the Taverna (inn) would no longer be intentional, but the result of a trick. The hunchbacked jester (originally called Triboulet) was renamed Rigoletto (from the French word rigoler) from a parody of a comedy by Jules-Édouard Alboize de Pujol: Rigoletti, ou Le dernier des fous (Rigoletti, or The last of the fools) of 1835.[b] By 14 January, the opera's definitive title had become Rigoletto.[6]Verdi finally completed the composition on 5 February 1851, a little more than a month before the premiere. Piave had already arranged for the sets to be designed while Verdi was still working on the final stages of act 3. The singers were given some of their music to learn on 7 February. However, Verdi kept at least a third of the score at Busseto. He brought it with him when he arrived in Venice for the rehearsals on 19 February, and would continue refining the orchestration throughout the rehearsal period.[7] For the première, La Fenice had cast Felice Varesi as Rigoletto, the tenor Raffaele Mirate as the Duke, and Teresa Brambilla as Gilda (although Verdi would have preferred Teresa De Giuli Borsi).[8] Due to a high risk of unauthorised copying, Verdi demanded extreme secrecy from all his singers and musicians, particularly Mirate: the \"Duke\" had the use of his score for only a few evenings before the première, and was made to swear that he would not sing or even whistle the tune of \"La donna è mobile\" except during rehearsal.[9]","title":"Composition history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Felice_Varesi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Felice Varesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felice_Varesi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Teresa_Brambilla_1845.jpg"},{"link_name":"Teresa Brambilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Brambilla"}],"text":"Felice Varesi, the first RigolettoTeresa Brambilla, the first Gilda","title":"Performance history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giacomo Panizza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Panizza"},{"link_name":"Gaetano Mares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Mares"},{"link_name":"Francesco Bagnara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Bagnara"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasaglia2005-12"},{"link_name":"aria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria"},{"link_name":"La donna è mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_donna_%C3%A8_mobile"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Downes-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Downes-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimbell1985279-15"},{"link_name":"Macbeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)"},{"link_name":"Bergamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergamo"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"Royal Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Matteo Mario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Matteo_Mario"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Ronconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Ronconi"},{"link_name":"Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Music_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"Max Maretzek Italian Opera Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Maretzek_Italian_Opera_Company"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimbell2001991-17"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasaglia2005-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993286-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin201181-19"}],"sub_title":"19th-century productions","text":"Rigoletto premiered on 11 March 1851 in a sold-out La Fenice as the first part of a double bill with Giacomo Panizza's ballet Faust. Gaetano Mares conducted, and the sets were designed and executed by Giuseppe Bertoja and Francesco Bagnara.[10] The opening night was a complete triumph, especially the scena drammatica and the Duke's cynical aria, \"La donna è mobile\", which was sung in the streets the next morning[11] (Verdi had maximised the aria's impact by only revealing it to the cast and orchestra a few hours before the premiere, and forbidding them to sing, whistle or even think of the melody outside of the theatre).[11][12] Many years later, Giulia Cora Varesi, the daughter of Felice Varesi (the original Rigoletto), described her father's performance at the premiere. Varesi was very uncomfortable with the false hump he had to wear; he was so uncertain that, even though he was quite an experienced singer, he had a panic attack when it was his turn to enter the stage. Verdi immediately realised he was paralysed and roughly pushed him on the stage, so he appeared with a clumsy tumble. The audience, thinking it was an intentional gag, was very amused.[13]Rigoletto was a great box-office success for La Fenice and Verdi's first major Italian triumph since the 1847 premiere of Macbeth in Florence. It initially had a run of 13 performances and was revived in Venice the following year, and again in 1854. Despite a rather disastrous production in Bergamo shortly after its initial run at La Fenice, the opera soon entered the repertory of Italian theatres. By 1852, it had premiered in all the major cities of Italy, although sometimes under different titles due to the vagaries of censorship (e.g. as Viscardello, Lionello, and Clara de Perth).[c] From 1852, it also began to be performed in major cities worldwide, reaching as far afield as Alexandria and Constantinople in 1854 and both Montevideo and Havana in 1855. The UK premiere took place on 14 May 1853 at what is now the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in London with Giovanni Matteo Mario as the Duke of Mantua and Giorgio Ronconi as Rigoletto. In the US, the opera was first seen on 19 February 1855 at New York's Academy of Music in a performance by the Max Maretzek Italian Opera Company.[14][10][15][16]","title":"Performance history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jonathan Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Miller"},{"link_name":"English National Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_National_Opera"},{"link_name":"Mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mafia"},{"link_name":"Little Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Italy,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Doris Dörrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_D%C3%B6rrie"},{"link_name":"Bavarian State Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_State_Opera"},{"link_name":"The Planet of the Apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes_(1968_film)"},{"link_name":"Michael Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mayer_(director)"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Rat Pack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_Pack"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Don Rickles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Rickles"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoomis2005-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor1989-21"},{"link_name":"Lindy Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindy_Hume"},{"link_name":"Opera Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Silvio Berlusconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"20th century and beyond","text":"Several modern productions have radically changed the original setting. These include Jonathan Miller's 1982 production for the English National Opera, which is set amongst the Mafia in New York City's Little Italy during the 1950s; Doris Dörrie's 2005 production for the Bavarian State Opera, where the Court of Mantua became The Planet of the Apes; director Linda Brovsky's production for Seattle Opera, placing the story in Mussolini's fascist Italy, in 2004 (repeated in 2014); and Michael Mayer's 2013 production for the Metropolitan Opera, which is set in a casino in 1960s Las Vegas. Different characters portray different archetypes from the Rat Pack era, with the Duke becoming a Frank Sinatra-type character and Rigoletto becoming Don Rickles.[17][18] In March 2014, Lindy Hume, artistic director of Australia's Opera Queensland staged the opera set in the party-going world of disgraced former Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi.[19]","title":"Performance history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rigoletto_premiere_costumes_for_the_Duke_and_Gilda.jpg"},{"link_name":"Casa Ricordi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Ricordi"}],"text":"Costumes for the Duke of Mantua and Gilda published by Casa Ricordi shortly after the 1851 premiere","title":"Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantua"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Place: Mantua\nTime: the sixteenth century[21]","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roi_s%27amuse-Hugo.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rigoletto_premiere_stage_set_for_Act_1,_Scene_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Caro nome che il mio cor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caro_nome_che_il_mio_cor"}],"sub_title":"Act 1","text":"Scene 1: Mantua. A magnificent hall in the ducal palace. Doors at the back open into other rooms, splendidly lit up. A crowd of lords and ladies in grand costumes are seen walking about in the rear rooms; page boys come and go. The festivities are at their height. Music is heard from offstage. The Duke and Borsa enter from a door in the back.Act 1, scene 1: Victor Hugo's Le Roi s'amuseAt a ball in his palace, the Duke sings of a life of pleasure with as many women as possible, and mentions that he particularly enjoys cuckolding his courtiers: \"Questa o quella\" (\"This woman or that\"). He mentions to Borsa that he has seen an unknown beauty in church and desires to possess her, but he also wishes to seduce the Countess of Ceprano. Rigoletto, the Duke's hunchbacked court jester, mocks the husbands of the ladies to whom the Duke is paying attention, including the Count Ceprano. He humorously advises the Duke to get rid of Count Ceprano by prison, exile, or death. The Duke laughs indulgently, but Ceprano is not amused. Marullo, one of the guests at the ball, informs the courtiers that Rigoletto has a \"lover\", which astonishes them. (Marullo is not aware that the \"lover\" is actually Rigoletto's daughter.) The courtiers, at Ceprano's suggestion, resolve to take vengeance on Rigoletto for making fun of them. The festivities are interrupted by the arrival of the elderly Count Monterone, whose daughter the Duke had seduced. Rigoletto provokes him further by making fun of his helplessness to avenge his daughter's honor. Monterone confronts the Duke, and is immediately arrested by the Duke's guards. Before being led off to prison, Monterone curses both the Duke for the attack on his daughter and Rigoletto for having mocked his righteous anger. The curse terrifies Rigoletto, who believes the popular superstition that an old man's curse has real power.Act 1, scene 2 stage set by Giuseppe Bertoja for the world premiere of RigolettoScene 2: The end of a dead-end street. On the left, a house of discreet appearance with one small courtyard surrounded by walls. In the yard there is one tall tree and a marble seat; in the wall, a door that leads to the street; above the wall, a terrace supported by arches. The second floor door opens on to the said terrace, which can also be reached by a staircase in front. To the right of the street is the very high wall of the garden and a side of the Ceprano palace. It is night.Preoccupied with the old man's curse, Rigoletto approaches the house where he is concealing his daughter from the world and is accosted by the assassin Sparafucile, who walks up to him and offers his services. Rigoletto declines for the moment, but leaves open the possibility of hiring Sparafucile later, should the need arise. Sparafucile wanders off, after repeating his own name a few times. Rigoletto contemplates the similarities between the two of them: \"Pari siamo!\" (\"We are alike!\"); Sparafucile kills men with his sword, and Rigoletto uses \"a tongue of malice\" to stab his victims. Rigoletto opens a door in the wall and embraces his daughter Gilda. They greet each other warmly: \"Figlia!\" \"Mio padre!\" (\"Daughter!\" \"My father!\"). Rigoletto has been concealing his daughter from the Duke and the rest of the city, and she does not know her father's occupation. Since he has forbidden her to appear in public, she has been nowhere except to church and does not even know her own father's name.When Rigoletto has gone, the Duke appears and overhears Gilda confess to her nurse Giovanna that she feels guilty for not having told her father about a young man she had met at the church. She says that she fell in love with him, but that she would love him even more if he were a student and poor. As she declares her love, the Duke enters, overjoyed. Gilda, alarmed, calls for Giovanna, unaware that the Duke had given her money to go away. Pretending to be a student, the Duke convinces Gilda of his love: \"È il sol dell'anima\" (\"Love is the sunshine of the soul\"). When she asks for his name, he hesitantly calls himself Gualtier Maldè. Hearing sounds and fearing that her father has returned, Gilda sends the Duke away after they quickly trade vows of love: \"Addio, addio\" (\"Farewell, farewell\"). Alone, Gilda meditates on her love for the Duke, who she believes is a student: \"Gualtier Maldè!... Caro nome che il mio cor\" (\"Dearest name\").Later, Rigoletto returns: \"Riedo!... perché?\" (\"I've returned!... why?\"), while the hostile courtiers outside the walled garden (believing Gilda to be the jester's mistress, unaware she is his daughter) get ready to abduct the helpless girl. They tell Rigoletto that they are actually abducting the Countess Ceprano. He sees that they are masked and asks for a mask for himself; while they are tying the mask onto his face, they also blindfold him. Blindfolded and deceived, he holds the ladder steady while they climb up to Gilda's room: Chorus: \"Zitti, zitti\" (\"Softly, softly\"). With her father's unknowing assistance Gilda is carried away by the courtiers. Left alone, Rigoletto removes his mask and blindfold, and realizes that it was in fact Gilda who was carried away. He collapses in despair, remembering the old man's curse.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L%27estremit%C3%A0_di_una_via_cieca._Casa_di_Gilda,_bozzetto_di_Mario_Sala_per_Rigoletto_(1903)_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON000120_B.jpg"},{"link_name":"\"Cortigiani, vil razza dannata\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ICBSA_Verdi_-_Rigoletto,_Cortigiani_vil_razza.ogg"},{"link_name":"Titta Ruffo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titta_Ruffo"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"page boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_(servant)"}],"sub_title":"Act 2","text":"Set design for Rigoletto act 1, scene 2 (1903)\"Cortigiani, vil razza dannata\"\"\n\nSung by Titta Ruffo\nProblems playing this file? See media help.A room in the ducal palace. There are doors on both sides as well as a larger one at the far end by the sides of which hang full length portraits of the Duke and his wife. There is one high-backed chair at a table covered with velvet and other furnishings.The Duke is concerned that Gilda has disappeared: \"Ella mi fu rapita!\" (\"She was stolen from me!\") and \"Parmi veder le lagrime\" (\"I seem to see tears\"). The courtiers then enter and inform him that they have captured Rigoletto's mistress: Chorus: \"Scorrendo uniti\" (\"We went together at nightfall\"). By their description, he recognizes it to be Gilda and rushes off to the room where she is held: \"Possente amor mi chiama\" (\"Mighty love beckons me\"). Rigoletto enters singing and feigning nonchalance, but also looking anxiously for any trace of Gilda, who he fears may have fallen into the hands of the Duke. The courtiers pretend not to notice his anxiety, but quietly laugh at him with each other. A page boy arrives with a message from the Duke's wife – the Duchess wishes to speak to her husband – but the courtiers reply suggestively that the Duke cannot be disturbed at the moment. Rigoletto realizes this must mean that Gilda is with the Duke. To the courtiers' surprise, he reveals that Gilda is his daughter. He first demands, then tearfully pleads with the courtiers to return her to him: \"Cortigiani, vil razza dannata\" (\"Accursed race of courtiers\"). Rigoletto attempts to run into the room in which Gilda is being held, but the courtiers block his way. After a time, Gilda enters, and Rigoletto orders the courtiers to leave him alone with her. The courtiers leave the room, believing Rigoletto has gone mad. Gilda describes to her father what has happened to her in the palace: \"Tutte le feste al tempio\" (\"On all the holy days\") and he attempts to console her. Monterone is led across the room on the way to prison and pauses in front of the portrait of the Duke to regret that his curse on the libertine has had no effect. As the guards lead Monterone away, Rigoletto mutters that the old man is mistaken; he, Rigoletto, the dishonored buffoon, shall make thunder and lightning rain from heaven onto the offender's head. He repeats this vow as Gilda pleads for mercy for her lover the Duke: Duet:\"Sì! Vendetta, tremenda vendetta!\" (\"Yes! Revenge, terrible revenge!\").","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mincio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mincio"},{"link_name":"\"La donna è mobile\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Donna_E_Mobile_Rigoletto.ogg"},{"link_name":"Enrico Caruso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Caruso"},{"link_name":"\"Bella figlia dell'amore\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enrico_Caruso,_Bessie_Abott,_Louise_Homer,_Antonio_Scotti,_Giuseppe_Verdi,_Bella_figlia_dell%27_amore_(Rigoletto).ogg"},{"link_name":"Enrico Caruso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Caruso"},{"link_name":"Bessie Abott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessie_Abott"},{"link_name":"Louise Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Homer"},{"link_name":"Antonio Scotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Scotti"},{"link_name":"Victor Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Records"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"La donna è mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_donna_%C3%A8_mobile"},{"link_name":"Bella figlia dell'amore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_figlia_dell%27amore"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona"},{"link_name":"scudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scudi"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-25"}],"sub_title":"Act 3","text":"The right bank of the river Mincio. On the left is a two-story house, half ruined. Through a large arch on the ground floor a rustic tavern can be seen as well as a rough stone staircase that leads to an attic room with a small bed which is in full view as there are no shutters. In the wall downstairs that faces the street is a door that opens to the inside. The wall is so full of holes and cracks that everything that happens inside is easily seen from the exterior. At the back of the stage are deserted areas by the river which flows behind a parapet that has half collapsed into ruins. Beyond the river is Mantua. It is night. Gilda and Rigoletto, both uneasy, are standing in the road; Sparafucile is seated at a table in the tavern.\"La donna è mobile\"\n\nEnrico Caruso singing \"La donna è mobile\" (C. 1906)\n\"Bella figlia dell'amore\"\n\nEnrico Caruso, Bessie Abott, Louise Homer and Antonio Scotti's 1907 Victor Records recording\nProblems playing these files? See media help.A portion of Sparafucile's house is seen, with two rooms open to the view of the audience. Rigoletto and Gilda arrive outside. The Duke's voice can be heard from inside, singing \"La donna è mobile\" (\"Woman is fickle\"). Sparafucile's sister, Maddalena, has lured him to the house. Rigoletto and Gilda listen from outside as the Duke flirts with Maddalena. Gilda laments that the Duke is unfaithful; Rigoletto assures her that he is arranging revenge: \"Bella figlia dell'amore\" (\"Beautiful daughter of love\").Rigoletto orders Gilda to put on a man's clothes to prepare to leave for Verona and tells her that he plans to follow later. After she leaves, he completes his bargain with the assassin, who is ready to murder his guest for 20 scudi. Rigoletto then withdraws.With falling darkness, a thunderstorm approaches and the Duke decides to spend the rest of the night in the house. Sparafucile directs him to the upstairs sleeping quarters, resolving to kill him in his sleep.Gilda, who still loves the Duke despite knowing him to be unfaithful, returns dressed as a man and stands outside the house. Maddalena, who is smitten with the Duke, begs Sparafucile to spare his life: \"È amabile invero cotal giovinotto/ Ah, più non ragiono!\". Sparafucile, a man of his word, is reluctant but promises her that if by midnight another victim can be found, he will kill the other instead of the Duke. Gilda, overhearing this exchange, resolves to sacrifice herself for the Duke, and enters the house: \"Trio: Se pria ch'abbia il mezzo la notte toccato\". Sparafucile stabs her and she collapses, mortally wounded.At midnight, when Rigoletto arrives with money, he receives a corpse wrapped in a sack, and rejoices in his triumph. Weighting it with stones, he is about to cast the sack into the river when he hears the voice of the Duke, sleepily singing a reprise of his \"La donna è mobile\" aria. Bewildered, Rigoletto opens the sack and, to his despair, discovers his dying daughter. For a moment, she revives and declares she is glad to die for her beloved: \"V'ho ingannato\" (\"Father, I deceived you\"). She dies in his arms. Rigoletto cries out in horror: \"La maledizione!\" (\"The curse!\")[22]","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"piccolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccolo"},{"link_name":"English horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_horn"},{"link_name":"horns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_horn"},{"link_name":"cimbasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimbasso"},{"link_name":"timpani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpani"},{"link_name":"bass drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_drum"},{"link_name":"cymbals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbal"},{"link_name":"strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_section"},{"link_name":"Banda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_(opera)"},{"link_name":"bass drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_drum"},{"link_name":"bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell"},{"link_name":"thunder machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_machine"},{"link_name":"contrabasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrabass"}],"text":"The orchestra calls for 2 flutes (Flute 2 doubles piccolo), 2 oboes (Oboe 2 doubles English horn), 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 4 horns in Eb, D, C, Ab, G, and F, 2 trumpets in C, D, and Eb, 3 trombones, cimbasso, timpani, bass drum and cymbals, strings.Offstage: Banda, bass drum, 2 bells, thunder machine\nOnstage: Violins I and II, violas, and contrabasses","title":"Instrumentation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Verdi,_Rigoletto,_Vocal_score_illustration_by_Roberto_Focosi_-_Restoration.jpg"},{"link_name":"preludio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelude_(music)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-25"},{"link_name":"band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_(opera)"},{"link_name":"minuet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuet"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brandenburg-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Csampai-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Julian Budden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Budden"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudden1984[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2020]]%3Csup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22%3E[%3Ci%3E[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|%3Cspan_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. (July_2020)%22%3Epage needed%3C/span%3E]]%3C/i%3E]%3C/sup%3E-29"},{"link_name":"Rossini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossini"},{"link_name":"Il barbiere di Siviglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_barbiere_di_Siviglia"},{"link_name":"La Cenerentola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cenerentola"},{"link_name":"Dieter Schnebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Schnebel"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Csampai-27"},{"link_name":"Musicologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicologist"},{"link_name":"Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethoven"},{"link_name":"Eroica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Beethoven)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BUDD483-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudden1984510-33"}],"text":"\"Bella figlia dell'amore\" scene, depicted by Roberto Focosi in an early edition of the vocal scoreThe short orchestral preludio is based on the theme of the curse, intoned quietly on brass at first and building in intensity until it bursts into a passionate outcry by the full orchestra, subsiding once more and ending with repeated drum rolls alternating with brass, cumulatively increasing in volume to come to a somber conclusion.[22] At curtain rise, great contrast is immediately felt as jolly dance music is played by an offstage band while the Duke and his courtiers have a lighthearted conversation. The Duke sings the cynical \"Questa o quella\" to a flippant tune and then further contrast is again achieved as he attempts to seduce the Countess Ceprano while the strings of a chamber orchestra onstage play an elegant minuet.[22] The off stage dance music resumes as an ensemble builds between Rigoletto, the angry courtiers and the Duke, interrupted by the furious entry of Monterone. Slithery effects in the strings accompany Rigoletto as he brutally mocks the old man, who responds with his curse, leading to a final dramatic ensemble.In its great variety of tone and texture, its use of instrumental resources (the orchestra in the pit, an offstage band, and a chamber ensemble of strings on the stage), its dramatic pacing and the way the music is continuous rather than consisting of one \"number\" after another, this concise opening scene is unprecedented in Italian opera.[22]The duet between Rigoletto and Sparafucile that opens the second scene of the first act is also unprecedented in its structure, being a free-ranging dialogue with melodies not in the voices but in the orchestra, on a solo cello, solo bass, and low woodwinds to create a distinctive sinister atmosphere.[22]The famous quartet in act three is actually a double duet with each of the characters given a musical identity—the ardent wooing of the Duke, with the main melody, as Maddalena laughingly puts him off, while outside Gilda has a sobbing figure in her vocal line and her father implacably urges revenge.[23]Victor Hugo resented his play, which had been banned in France, being transformed into an Italian opera and considered it plagiarism (there were no copyright restrictions against this at the time).[24] When Hugo attended a performance of the opera in Paris, however, he marveled at the way Verdi's music in the quartet allowed the emotions of the four different characters to be heard together and yet distinguished clearly from each other at the same time and wished that he could achieve such an effect in a spoken drama.[25]The section following the quartet, marked \"Scena e Terzetto Tempesta\" (scene and storm trio) is also, as Julian Budden has written,\"without any antecedent\".[26] Very different from the storm music that can be heard in Rossini's Il barbiere di Siviglia or La Cenerentola, that of the storm in Rigoletto is not an interlude between acts or scenes, but is totally integrated into the unfolding of the plot, with its strings in the bass register, its interventions of oboe and piccolo, and especially the male chorus behind the scenes humming through closed mouths to create the sound of the wind, a completely original effect. Composer and professor of experimental music Dieter Schnebel (1930–2018) wrote of this sceneThe central storm scene is, so to speak, a film with sound, whose moving images show an exterior and interior drama. The furtive encounters between people in the darkness, irregularly broken by lightning, are exposed by the empty fifths, the tremolos of strings, the brief breakthroughs of the wind instruments, the thunderclaps and the sinister sighs of the chorus, which express as well an external process that is internal: death arrives with thunderclaps. The music always passes in this scene from jerky recitatives to fluid arias...[24]Musicologist Julian Budden regards the opera as \"revolutionary\", just as Beethoven' Eroica Symphony was: \"the barriers between formal melody and recitative are down as never before. In the whole opera, there is only one conventional double aria [...and there are...] no concerted act finales.\"[27] Verdi used that same word—\"revolutionary\"—in a letter to Piave,[28] and Budden also refers to a letter which Verdi wrote in 1852 in which the composer states that \"I conceived Rigoletto almost without arias, without finales but only an unending string of duets.\"[29]Budden's conclusions about this opera and its place in Verdi's output are summed up by noting that:Just after 1850 at the age of 38 Verdi closed the door on a period of Italian opera with Rigoletto. The so-called ottocento in music is finished. Verdi will continue to draw on certain of its forms for the next few operas, but in a totally new spirit.[30]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brandenburg-26"},{"link_name":"galops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galop"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"Luigi Dallapiccola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Dallapiccola"},{"link_name":"Luciano Berio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Berio"},{"link_name":"Ernst Krenek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Krenek"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brandenburg-26"},{"link_name":"Igor Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Ring cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brandenburg-26"}],"text":"Although immensely successful with audiences from the beginning, many critics in various countries condemned the work for its dark and bitterly tragic plot combined with a succession of mere popular tunes, as they thought of the music. After the first performance in Venice in 1851 the Gazzetta ufficiale di Venezia deplored the fact that in his opinion the libretto was inspired by \"the Satanic school\" and Verdi and Piave had sought beauty from the \"deformed and repulsive\".[23]Typical of critical reaction in Britain, Austria and Germany was the review in the Frankfurter Nachrichten of July 24, 1859: \"It is well known that this shoddy work presents all the vices and virtues of Verdi's music: light music, pleasant dance rhythms for frightful scenes; that death and corruption are represented as in all the works of this composer by galops and party favours.\"[31]In the second half of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first, Rigoletto has received high praise even from avant-garde and experimental composers such as Luigi Dallapiccola, Luciano Berio and Ernst Krenek.[23] Igor Stravinsky wrote \"I say that in the aria 'La donna è mobile', for example, which the elite thinks only brilliant and superficial, there is more substance and feeling than in the whole of Wagner's Ring cycle.\"[23]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caruso_as_Rigoletto-sans_Theatre.png"},{"link_name":"Enrico Caruso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Caruso"},{"link_name":"François Ruhlmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ruhlmann"},{"link_name":"Opéra Comique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_Comique"},{"link_name":"Pathé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"La Scala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Scala"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"RCA Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Victor"},{"link_name":"Renato Cellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Cellini"},{"link_name":"Leonard Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Warren"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Schüchter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Sch%C3%BCchter"},{"link_name":"Berlin State Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera"},{"link_name":"EMI Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI_Records"},{"link_name":"Mark Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Elder"},{"link_name":"English National Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_National_Opera"},{"link_name":"Royal Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Paolo Gavanelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Gavanelli"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Álvarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_%C3%81lvarez"},{"link_name":"Opernhaus Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opernhaus_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Leo Nucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Nucci"},{"link_name":"Piotr Beczała","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Becza%C5%82a"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OD-35"},{"link_name":"La donna è mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_donna_%C3%A8_mobile"},{"link_name":"Enrico Caruso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Caruso"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2011211-36"},{"link_name":"Luciano Pavarotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti"},{"link_name":"Decca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"},{"link_name":"Richard Bonynge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bonynge"},{"link_name":"Riccardo Chailly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Chailly"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Grammophon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon"},{"link_name":"James Levine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Levine"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OD-35"},{"link_name":"silent film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"Lee de Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_de_Forest"},{"link_name":"Phonofilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonofilm"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Ponnelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Ponnelle"},{"link_name":"Luciano Pavarotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti"},{"link_name":"Ingvar Wixell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingvar_Wixell"},{"link_name":"Rick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_(film)"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Sgarbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Sgarbi"},{"link_name":"Vivienne Westwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood"},{"link_name":"Venice Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Grammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy"},{"link_name":"RAI Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAI_Television"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Te","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_del_Te"},{"link_name":"Plácido Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Grigolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Grigolo"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOzorio2010-38"},{"link_name":"Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartet_(2012_film)"},{"link_name":"Bella figlia dell'amore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_figlia_dell%27amore"},{"link_name":"Franz Liszt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt"},{"link_name":"Rigoletto Paraphrase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigoletto_Paraphrase"},{"link_name":"piano transcription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_transcription"},{"link_name":"Fantasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasia_(music)"},{"link_name":"Sigismond Thalberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg"}],"text":"Enrico Caruso in the role of the DukeThere have been dozens of commercial recordings of Rigoletto. The earliest ones include the 1912 performance in French with François Ruhlmann conducting the orchestra and chorus of the Opéra Comique (Pathé) and the 1916 performance in Italian with Lorenzo Molajoli conducting the orchestra and chorus of La Scala (Columbia Records). The first LP edition of Rigoletto (also the first opera recording on LP) was released by RCA Victor in 1950 conducted by Renato Cellini and featured Leonard Warren in the title role. The opera has also been recorded in German with Wilhelm Schüchter conducting the orchestra and chorus of the Berlin State Opera in a 1953 recording for EMI Records and in English with Mark Elder conducting the orchestra and chorus of the English National Opera in a 1983 recording for EMI. In the 21st century there have been several live performances released on DVD including a 2001 performance from London's Royal Opera House with Paolo Gavanelli as Rigoletto and Marcelo Álvarez as the Duke (BBC/Opus Arte) and a 2006 performance at the Opernhaus Zürich with Leo Nucci as Rigoletto and Piotr Beczała as The Duke (ArtHaus Musik).[32] The Duke of Mantua's arias, particularly \"La donna è mobile\" and \"Questa o quella\", have long been showcases for the tenor voice and appear on numerous recital discs. Amongst Enrico Caruso's earliest recordings are both these arias, recorded with piano accompaniment in 1902 and again in 1908 with orchestra.[33] Luciano Pavarotti, who has recorded the arias for several recital discs, also sings the role of the Duke on three complete studio recordings of the opera: Decca (1971) conducted by Richard Bonynge; Decca (1989) conducted by Riccardo Chailly and Deutsche Grammophon (1993) conducted by James Levine.[32]\nRigoletto has been a popular subject for movies since the silent film era. On 15 April 1923, Lee de Forest presented 18 short films in his sound-on-film process Phonofilm, including an excerpt of act 2 of Rigoletto with Eva Leoni and Company. One of the most famous films based on the opera is the 1987 film[34] by Jean-Pierre Ponnelle starring Luciano Pavarotti as The Duke and Ingvar Wixell as Rigoletto. Some film versions are based on the opera's plot, but do not use Verdi's music. Curtiss Clayton's 2003 film Rick, set in modern-day New York, has a plot based on Rigoletto, but apart from \"La donna è mobile\" heard in the background during a restaurant scene, does not include any other music from the opera. In the 21st century, the opera was filmed as Rigoletto Story directed by Vittorio Sgarbi with costumes by Vivienne Westwood. First screened at the Venice Biennale in 2004, it subsequently received two Grammy nominations. In September 2010, RAI Television filmed the opera on location in Mantua with the court scenes taking place in the Palazzo Te. The film faithfully followed Verdi's original specification for the action to take place over two days, and each act was performed at the time of day indicated in the libretto. Broadcast live to 148 countries, the film starred Plácido Domingo in the title role, and Vittorio Grigolo as The Duke.[35] The plot of the film Quartet revolves around the quartet \"Bella figlia dell'amore\", with which the film concludes.Adaptations of the opera's music include Franz Liszt's Rigoletto Paraphrase, a piano transcription of \"Bella figlia dell'amore\" (the famous quartet from act 3) and a Fantasia on Rigoletto (Op.82) by Sigismond Thalberg which was published in Paris in the 1860s.","title":"Recordings and adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luciano Pavarotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti"},{"link_name":"Counter Strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_Strike"}],"text":"the song entitled Rigoletto, Act I - E il sol dell'anima (Live in Turin, 1967) sung by Luciano Pavarotti is popular and is used in the online-offline pc computer game Counter Strike. 1.6 2003 .Counter Strike Condition Zero.Counter Strike Source.dan.Counter Strike Extrime.Maps CS_italy on Radio 00-89 era wooden cupboard model near 2 hostages in the 2nd floor hostage house near the terror spawn field and guarded by 5 terrorists. but the short version of the radio is played twice and 5:59 is not the long version","title":"Soundtrack For The Game Counter Strike 1.6 CSCZ CSS And CS-Extrime Maps cs_italy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PM265_2-0"},{"link_name":"Phillips-Matz (1993)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPhillips-Matz1993"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-VtoP1850_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-VtoP1850_3-1"},{"link_name":"Phillips-Matz 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Roger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Parker"},{"link_name":"Sadie, Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sadie"},{"link_name":"Tyrrell, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)"},{"link_name":"The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians"},{"link_name":"Macmillan Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-56159-239-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5"},{"link_name":"Phillips-Matz, Mary Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Jane_Phillips-Matz"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-313204-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-313204-4"}],"text":"Notes^ Some scores, such as the Schirmer piano-vocal score, present the opera in four acts, with the two scenes which normally constitute act 1 appearing as separate acts.\n\n^ \"Rigolo\" is a French word meaning \"funny\"\n\n^ The opera was performed as Viscardello in Bologna and as both Lionello and Clara de Perth in Naples.References^ Phillips-Matz (1993), p. 265\n\n^ a b Verdi to Piave, 28 April 1850, in Phillips-Matz (1993), p. 265\n\n^ Hugo (1863), pp. 163–164.\n\n^ Phillips-Matz (1993), p. 270.\n\n^ Phillips-Matz (1993), p. 272.\n\n^ Phillips-Matz (1993), p. 273.\n\n^ Phillips-Matz (1993), pp. 278, 281, 283.\n\n^ Budden (1984), p. 482.\n\n^ Downes (1918), p. 38.\n\n^ a b Casaglia (2005).\n\n^ a b Downes (1918), pp. 38–39\n\n^ Rahim, Sameer (3 April 2012). \"The opera novice: Rigoletto by Giuseppe Verdi\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 9 March 2013.\n\n^ Kimbell (1985), p. 279.\n\n^ Kimbell (2001), p. 991.\n\n^ Phillips-Matz (1993), p. 286.\n\n^ Martin (2011), p. 81.\n\n^ Loomis (2005).\n\n^ O'Connor (1989).\n\n^ Lindy Hume, \"Verdi's Rigoletto plays right into the hands of a Silvio fox\", The Guardian (London), 19 March 2014\n\n^ List of singers taken from Budden (1984), p. 476. See also San Diego Opera Operapaedia – Rigoletto (Cast) Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ The synopsis is based partly on Melitz (1913) with updated English for clarity.\n\n^ a b c d e Parker (2001)\n\n^ a b c d Brandenburg, Daniel (2012). Verdi:Rigoletto. Bärenreiter. ISBN 978-3-7618-2225-8.\n\n^ a b Csampai, Attila (1982). Giuseppe Verdi, Rigoletto: Texte, Materialien, Kommentare. Rowohlt. ISBN 978-3-499-17487-2.\n\n^ Schwarm, Betsy. \"Rigoletto\". Britannica.com. Retrieved 12 September 2018.\n\n^ Budden (1984), p. [page needed].\n\n^ Budden (1984), pp. 483–487\n\n^ Verdi to Piave, October 1854, in Budden (1984), p. 484\n\n^ Verdi to Borsi, in Budden (1984), p. 483\n\n^ Budden (1984), p. 510.\n\n^ Engler, Günter (2000). Über Verdi (in German). Ditzingen: Reclam. ISBN 978-3-15-018090-7.\n\n^ a b Rigoletto Discography on operadis-opera-discography.org.uk. Retrieved 20 April 2012.\n\n^ Martin (2011), p. 211.\n\n^ Rigoletto (1987) at IMDb \n\n^ Ozorio (2010).SourcesBudden, Julian (1984). The Operas of Verdi. Vol. 1: From Oberto to Rigoletto. London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-31058-1.\nCasaglia, Gherardo (2005). \"Rigoletto\". L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia (in Italian).\nDownes, Olin (1918). The Lure of Music: Depicting the Human Side of Great Composers. New York: Harper & Brothers. ISBN 978-1417928965.\nHugo, Adèle (1863). Victor Hugo. Translated by Charles Edwin Wilbour. New York: Carleton.\nKimbell, David (1985). Verdi in the Age of Italian Romanticism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Archive. ISBN 0-521-31678-2.\nKimbell, David (2001). Holden, Amanda (ed.). The New Penguin Opera Guide. New York: Penguin Putnam. ISBN 0-14-029312-4.\nLoomis, George (29 June 2005). \"The Peter Jonas touch: A home for 'interpretive' opera in Munich\". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 2014-06-10. Retrieved 20 April 2012.\nMartin, George Whitney (2011). Verdi in America: Oberto Through Rigoletto. Rochester: University of Rochester Press. ISBN 978-1-58046-388-1.\nMelitz, Leo (1913). The Opera Goer's Complete Guide. New York: Dodd, Mead.\nO'Connor, John (23 February 1989). \"Jonathan Miller's Mafia Rigoletto\". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 April 2012.\nOzorio, Anne (8 September 2010). \"Unique Rigoletto live from Mantua\". Opera Today. Retrieved 20 April 2012.\nParker, Roger (2001). \"Rigoletto\". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5.\nPhillips-Matz, Mary Jane (1993). Verdi: A Biography. London & New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-313204-4.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Parker"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-29712-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29712-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-226-10658-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-10658-6"},{"link_name":"0-226-10659-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-10659-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-226-14369-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-14369-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-226-14370-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-14370-8"},{"link_name":"Gossett, Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Gossett"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-226-30482-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-30482-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-396-08196-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-396-08196-7"},{"link_name":"Osborne, Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Osborne_(music_writer)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-306-80072-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80072-1"},{"link_name":"Parker, Roger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Parker"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-531314-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531314-7"},{"link_name":"Pistone, Danièle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani%C3%A8le_Pistone"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-931340-82-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931340-82-9"},{"link_name":"Toye, Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Toye"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-226-87132-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-87132-0"},{"link_name":"Warrack, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Warrack"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-869164-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-869164-5"},{"link_name":"Werfel, Franz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Werfel"},{"link_name":"Stefan, Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Stefan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8443-0088-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8443-0088-8"}],"text":"Baldini, Gabriele (1970) (trans. Roger Parker, 1980), The Story of Giuseppe Verdi: Oberto to Un Ballo in Maschera. Cambridge, et al.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29712-5\nChusid, Martin (ed.) (1997), Verdi's Middle Period, 1849 to 1859, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-10658-6, 0-226-10659-4.\nDe Van, Gilles (trans. Gilda Roberts) (1998), Verdi's Theater: Creating Drama Through Music. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-14369-4 (hardback), ISBN 0-226-14370-8\nGossett, Philip (2006), Divas and Scholar: Performing Italian Opera, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-30482-5\nMartin, George, Verdi: His Music, Life and Times (1983), New York: Dodd, Mead. ISBN 0-396-08196-7\nOsborne, Charles (1969), The Complete Opera of Verdi, New York: Da Capo Press, ISBN 0-306-80072-1\nParker, Roger (2007), The New Grove Guide to Verdi and His Operas, Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-531314-7\nPistone, Danièle (1995), Nineteenth-Century Italian Opera: From Rossini to Puccini, Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. ISBN 0-931340-82-9\nToye, Francis (1931), Giuseppe Verdi: His Life and Works, New York: Knopf\nWalker, Frank, The Man Verdi (1982), New York: Knopf, 1962, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-87132-0.\nWarrack, John and West, Ewan, The Oxford Dictionary of Opera. New York: Oxford University Press: 1992 ISBN 0-19-869164-5.\nWerfel, Franz and Stefan, Paul (1973), Verdi: The Man and His Letters, New York, Vienna House. ISBN 0-8443-0088-8","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Verdi around 1850","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Verdi-1850s.jpg/220px-Verdi-1850s.jpg"},{"image_text":"La Fenice's poster for the world premiere of Rigoletto","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rigoletto_premiere_poster.jpg/330px-Rigoletto_premiere_poster.jpg"},{"image_text":"Felice Varesi, the first Rigoletto","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Felice_Varesi.jpg/120px-Felice_Varesi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Teresa Brambilla, the first Gilda","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Teresa_Brambilla_1845.jpg/120px-Teresa_Brambilla_1845.jpg"},{"image_text":"Costumes for the Duke of Mantua and Gilda published by Casa Ricordi shortly after the 1851 premiere","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/87/Rigoletto_premiere_costumes_for_the_Duke_and_Gilda.jpg/290px-Rigoletto_premiere_costumes_for_the_Duke_and_Gilda.jpg"},{"image_text":"Act 1, scene 1: Victor Hugo's Le Roi s'amuse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Roi_s%27amuse-Hugo.png/220px-Roi_s%27amuse-Hugo.png"},{"image_text":"Act 1, scene 2 stage set by Giuseppe Bertoja for the world premiere of Rigoletto","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rigoletto_premiere_stage_set_for_Act_1%2C_Scene_2.jpg/260px-Rigoletto_premiere_stage_set_for_Act_1%2C_Scene_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Set design for Rigoletto act 1, scene 2 (1903)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/L%27estremit%C3%A0_di_una_via_cieca._Casa_di_Gilda%2C_bozzetto_di_Mario_Sala_per_Rigoletto_%281903%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON000120_B.jpg/220px-L%27estremit%C3%A0_di_una_via_cieca._Casa_di_Gilda%2C_bozzetto_di_Mario_Sala_per_Rigoletto_%281903%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON000120_B.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"\"Bella figlia dell'amore\" scene, depicted by Roberto Focosi in an early edition of the vocal score","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Giuseppe_Verdi%2C_Rigoletto%2C_Vocal_score_illustration_by_Roberto_Focosi_-_Restoration.jpg/290px-Giuseppe_Verdi%2C_Rigoletto%2C_Vocal_score_illustration_by_Roberto_Focosi_-_Restoration.jpg"},{"image_text":"Enrico Caruso in the role of the Duke","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Caruso_as_Rigoletto-sans_Theatre.png/220px-Caruso_as_Rigoletto-sans_Theatre.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Rahim, Sameer (3 April 2012). \"The opera novice: Rigoletto by Giuseppe Verdi\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameer_Rahim","url_text":"Rahim, Sameer"},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/opera/9183265/The-opera-novice-Rigoletto-by-Giuseppe-Verdi.html","url_text":"\"The opera novice: Rigoletto by Giuseppe Verdi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Brandenburg, Daniel (2012). Verdi:Rigoletto. Bärenreiter. ISBN 978-3-7618-2225-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7618-2225-8","url_text":"978-3-7618-2225-8"}]},{"reference":"Csampai, Attila (1982). Giuseppe Verdi, Rigoletto: Texte, Materialien, Kommentare. Rowohlt. 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ISBN 0-304-31058-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Budden","url_text":"Budden, Julian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-31058-1","url_text":"0-304-31058-1"}]},{"reference":"Casaglia, Gherardo (2005). \"Rigoletto\". L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia (in Italian).","urls":[{"url":"https://almanac-gherardo-casaglia.com/index.php?Testo=Rigoletto&Parola=Stringa","url_text":"\"Rigoletto\""}]},{"reference":"Downes, Olin (1918). The Lure of Music: Depicting the Human Side of Great Composers. New York: Harper & Brothers. 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Retrieved 20 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140610193603/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-110558249.html","url_text":"\"The Peter Jonas touch: A home for 'interpretive' opera in Munich\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune","url_text":"International Herald Tribune"},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-110558249.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Martin, George Whitney (2011). Verdi in America: Oberto Through Rigoletto. Rochester: University of Rochester Press. ISBN 978-1-58046-388-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vEYA8_RARL0C&pg=PA211","url_text":"Verdi in America: Oberto Through Rigoletto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-388-1","url_text":"978-1-58046-388-1"}]},{"reference":"Melitz, Leo (1913). The Opera Goer's Complete Guide. New York: Dodd, Mead.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/operagoerscomple00meliuoft","url_text":"The Opera Goer's Complete Guide"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, John (23 February 1989). \"Jonathan Miller's Mafia Rigoletto\". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._O%27Connor_(journalist)","url_text":"O'Connor, John"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/23/arts/review-television-jonathan-miller-s-mafia-rigoletto.html","url_text":"\"Jonathan Miller's Mafia Rigoletto\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Ozorio, Anne (8 September 2010). \"Unique Rigoletto live from Mantua\". Opera Today. Retrieved 20 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.operatoday.com/content/2010/09/rigoletto_live_.php","url_text":"\"Unique Rigoletto live from Mantua\""}]},{"reference":"Parker, Roger (2001). \"Rigoletto\". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Parker","url_text":"Parker, Roger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sadie","url_text":"Sadie, Stanley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)","url_text":"Tyrrell, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians","url_text":"The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers","url_text":"Macmillan Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5","url_text":"978-1-56159-239-5"}]},{"reference":"Phillips-Matz, Mary Jane (1993). Verdi: A Biography. London & New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-313204-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Jane_Phillips-Matz","url_text":"Phillips-Matz, Mary Jane"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-313204-4","url_text":"0-19-313204-4"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/opera/9183265/The-opera-novice-Rigoletto-by-Giuseppe-Verdi.html","external_links_name":"\"The opera novice: Rigoletto by Giuseppe Verdi\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/australia-culture-blog/2014/mar/19/verdis-rigoletto-plays-right-into-the-hands-of-a-silvio-fox","external_links_name":"\"Verdi's Rigoletto plays right into the hands of a Silvio fox\""},{"Link":"http://www.sdopera.com/Operapaedia/Rigoletto","external_links_name":"Operapaedia – Rigoletto (Cast)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604034608/http://sdopera.com/Operapaedia/Rigoletto","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rigoletto","external_links_name":"\"Rigoletto\""},{"Link":"http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLVERIGO.HTM","external_links_name":"Rigoletto Discography"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253590/","external_links_name":"Rigoletto (1987)"},{"Link":"https://almanac-gherardo-casaglia.com/index.php?Testo=Rigoletto&Parola=Stringa","external_links_name":"\"Rigoletto\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dc2U6MjW5nAC","external_links_name":"The Lure of Music: Depicting the Human Side of Great Composers"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/victorhugo01unkngoog/page/n165","external_links_name":"Victor Hugo"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SWs7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA278","external_links_name":"Verdi in the Age of Italian Romanticism"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140610193603/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-110558249.html","external_links_name":"\"The Peter Jonas touch: A home for 'interpretive' opera in Munich\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-110558249.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vEYA8_RARL0C&pg=PA211","external_links_name":"Verdi in America: Oberto Through Rigoletto"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/operagoerscomple00meliuoft","external_links_name":"The Opera Goer's Complete Guide"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/23/arts/review-television-jonathan-miller-s-mafia-rigoletto.html","external_links_name":"\"Jonathan Miller's Mafia Rigoletto\""},{"Link":"http://www.operatoday.com/content/2010/09/rigoletto_live_.php","external_links_name":"\"Unique Rigoletto live from Mantua\""},{"Link":"http://murashev.com/opera/Rigoletto_libretto_Italian_English","external_links_name":"Libretto in Italian and English"},{"Link":"http://www.giuseppeverdi.it/visInglese/page.asp?IDCategoria=3648&IDSezione=25435","external_links_name":"Verdi: \"The story\" and \"History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131222013207/http://www.giuseppeverdi.it/visInglese/page.asp?IDCategoria=3648","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/variations/scores/bhr8278/large/index.html","external_links_name":"Rigoletto piano vocal score"},{"Link":"http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/variations/scores/scores.html","external_links_name":"Online Opera Scores Database"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rigoletto00verd","external_links_name":"Libretto"},{"Link":"http://www.uctv.tv/search-details.asp?showID=5760","external_links_name":"San Diego OperaTalk! with Nick Reveles: Verdi's Rigoletto"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081222095336/http://www.uctv.tv/search-details.asp?showID=5760","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/find?q=Rigoletto&s=all","external_links_name":"Rigoletto at IMDb"},{"Link":"http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/R/RigolettoActTwo1923.html","external_links_name":"Rigoletto, Act Two (1923 DeForest version) at SilentEra"},{"Link":"https://counterstrike.fandom.com/wiki/Italy","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/177752833","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13920581r","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13920581r","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058524876306706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/300166222","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007583567105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82152343","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/jgvxxbm21k2nzqv","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/2dc7fb62-ae9b-4e0d-9296-42c9234923f5","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I_count_in_Wormsgau | Robert I, Count of Hesbaye | ["1 Primary sources","2 References","3 Sources"] | Count or duke in Hasbania
Robert I or Rupert (697 – 758), was a count or duke in the Hesbaye region. His father's name is known to be Lambert.
It has been proposed that this is the same Robert who married Williswinda who founded Lorsch Abbey. This Williswinda had three children:
Count Cancor (d. 771).
Anselm (killed in battle in Roncesvalles, Spain, 778), Count Palatine.
Thuringbert
Primary sources
In a charter of 741/2 which exists in several versions, wherein a Robert, son of Lambert, Count or Duke of the "pago Hasbaniensi et Masuarinsi", the land of Hasbanians and Masuarians, granted lands near Diest to Sint-Truiden Abbey.
The third continuation of the Gesta Abbatum Trudonensium, in its report of the charter, describes Robert as Robertus comes vel dux Hasbanie ("count or Duke of Hasbania").
This Robert, the Gesta says, is also the one mentioned as a Duke in the medieval biography (Vita) of Bishop Eucherius of Orléans. When Charles Martel exiled Eucherius to Cologne this was under the custody of the said Duke Robert of Hasbania (Hasbanio Chrodoberto duce).
The connection to Williswinda has been proposed by some historians because her late husband had the name Robert, as is mentioned only once in the Necrology of Lorsch abbey.
References
^ a b c d e Bouchard 2015, p. 186.
^ Despy (1961) gives a critical review of this document and its versions.
^ Gesta Abbatum Trudonensium MGH version, (p.371)
^ Vita Eucherii episcopi Aurelianensis MGM Script. rer. mer. VII, 1920 pp.50-51
^ See Bouchard p.188 and p.307: footnote 55. Primary source for this: Lorsch necrology under 18 February: "Ruperti comitis. Hic fuit maritus domne Williswinde" .
Sources
Despy, G (1961), "La charte de 741-742 du comte Robert de Hesbaye pour l'abbaye de Saint-Trond" (PDF), Annales du XXXVIIe Congrès de la Fédération Archéologique et Historique de Belgique, Bruxelles, 24-30 Août 1958: 82–91
Bouchard, Constance Brittain (2015). Rewriting Saints and Ancestors: Memory and Forgetting in France, 500-1200. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812290080. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouchard2015186-1"},{"link_name":"count or duke in the Hesbaye region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Hesbaye"},{"link_name":"Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert,_Count_of_Hesbaye"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouchard2015186-1"},{"link_name":"Lorsch Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorsch_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouchard2015186-1"},{"link_name":"Cancor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouchard2015186-1"},{"link_name":"Roncesvalles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roncesvalles"},{"link_name":"Count Palatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_palatine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Thuringbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringbert,_Count_of_Hesbaye"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouchard2015186-1"}],"text":"Robert I or Rupert (697 – 758[1]), was a count or duke in the Hesbaye region. His father's name is known to be Lambert.[1]It has been proposed that this is the same Robert who married Williswinda who founded Lorsch Abbey.[1] This Williswinda had three children:Count Cancor (d. 771).[1]\nAnselm (killed in battle in Roncesvalles, Spain, 778), Count Palatine.[citation needed]\nThuringbert[1]","title":"Robert I, Count of Hesbaye"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diest"},{"link_name":"Sint-Truiden Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Truiden_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Eucherius of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucherius_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Charles Martel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Martel"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Necrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrology"},{"link_name":"Lorsch abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorsch_abbey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In a charter of 741/2 which exists in several versions, wherein a Robert, son of Lambert, Count or Duke of the \"pago Hasbaniensi et Masuarinsi\", the land of Hasbanians and Masuarians, granted lands near Diest to Sint-Truiden Abbey.[2]The third continuation of the Gesta Abbatum Trudonensium, in its report of the charter, describes Robert as Robertus comes vel dux Hasbanie (\"count or Duke of Hasbania\").[3]This Robert, the Gesta says, is also the one mentioned as a Duke in the medieval biography (Vita) of Bishop Eucherius of Orléans. When Charles Martel exiled Eucherius to Cologne this was under the custody of the said Duke Robert of Hasbania (Hasbanio Chrodoberto duce).[4]The connection to Williswinda has been proposed by some historians because her late husband had the name Robert, as is mentioned only once in the Necrology of Lorsch abbey.[5]","title":"Primary sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"La charte de 741-742 du comte Robert de Hesbaye pour l'abbaye de Saint-Trond\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/a/a144569.pdf"},{"link_name":"Rewriting Saints and Ancestors: Memory and Forgetting in France, 500-1200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ZsNKBAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780812290080","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812290080"}],"text":"Despy, G (1961), \"La charte de 741-742 du comte Robert de Hesbaye pour l'abbaye de Saint-Trond\" (PDF), Annales du XXXVIIe Congrès de la Fédération Archéologique et Historique de Belgique, Bruxelles, 24-30 Août 1958: 82–91\nBouchard, Constance Brittain (2015). Rewriting Saints and Ancestors: Memory and Forgetting in France, 500-1200. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812290080.","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Despy, G (1961), \"La charte de 741-742 du comte Robert de Hesbaye pour l'abbaye de Saint-Trond\" (PDF), Annales du XXXVIIe Congrès de la Fédération Archéologique et Historique de Belgique, Bruxelles, 24-30 Août 1958: 82–91","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/a/a144569.pdf","url_text":"\"La charte de 741-742 du comte Robert de Hesbaye pour l'abbaye de Saint-Trond\""}]},{"reference":"Bouchard, Constance Brittain (2015). Rewriting Saints and Ancestors: Memory and Forgetting in France, 500-1200. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812290080.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsNKBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Rewriting Saints and Ancestors: Memory and Forgetting in France, 500-1200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812290080","url_text":"9780812290080"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb00000874_00380.html?sortIndex=010%3A050%3A0010%3A010%3A00%3A00&sort=score&order=desc&context=hasbania&hl=false&fulltext=hasbania","external_links_name":"p.371"},{"Link":"http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb00000754_00060.html?sortIndex=010%3A020%3A0007%3A010%3A00%3A00&sort=score&order=desc&zoom=0.75&context=hasbania&hl=false&fulltext=hasbania","external_links_name":"pp.50-51"},{"Link":"https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/gloeckner1929bd1/0277/image","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/a/a144569.pdf","external_links_name":"\"La charte de 741-742 du comte Robert de Hesbaye pour l'abbaye de Saint-Trond\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsNKBAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Rewriting Saints and Ancestors: Memory and Forgetting in France, 500-1200"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson%27s_War | Thompson's War | ["1 Background","2 Militia mobilized","3 Aftermath","4 References"] | 1775 incident during the American Revolution
Thompson's WarPart of Boston CampaignDateMay 1775LocationFalmouth, Massachusetts BayResult
Capture of HMS Canceaux aborted but the vessel was forced to leave Casco Bay,Retaliatory burning of Falmouth later that yearBelligerents
Patriot militia
Loyalists Great BritainCommanders and leaders
Samuel Thompson
Henry MowatvteBoston campaign 1774–1776
1774
Powder Alarm
Suffolk Resolves
1775
Lexington and Concord
Lexington Alarm
Siege of Boston
Thompson's War
Menotomy
Fairhaven
Chelsea Creek
Machias
Bunker Hill
Gloucester
Saint John
Falmouth
Charlottetown
1776
Knox artillery train
Dorchester Heights
Thompson's War was an early American Revolutionary War confrontation between Samuel Thompson's patriot militia and loyalists supported by HMS Canceaux. The confrontation ended without fatalities, but provoked the retaliatory Burning of Falmouth five months later. Falmouth is now known as Portland, Maine, but Maine was part of Massachusetts at the time.
Background
Brunswick, Maine tavern owner Samuel Thompson had been elected to the Brunswick Board of selectmen in 1768, 1770, and 1771. He was elected commander of the Brunswick militia in 1774 and headed the local enforcement committee for the Continental Association created by the First Continental Congress to boycott all goods from Great Britain. The Continental Association attempted to enforce the boycott on 2 March 1775 against a shipload of sail, rope, and rigging for loyalist shipbuilder Captain Samuel Coulson of Portland by demanding the delivery ship leave port. Coulson requested delay while the English sloop completed needed repairs after its trans-Atlantic voyage. HMS Canceaux was dispatched from Boston while the repairs were in progress; and, following its arrival on March 29, Coulson proceeded to offload his British goods under the protection of the British warship. The battles of Lexington and Concord took place 90 miles (150 km) to the south while Canceaux lay at anchor in Casco Bay. When news of the battle reached Brunswick on April 21, the Brunswick militia laid plans to capture Canceaux.
Militia mobilized
Spruce trees carried in the boats of Samuel Thompson's militia inspired this Naval Ensign of Massachusetts.
Fifty Brunswick militiamen wearing a sprig of spruce in their hats as a uniform arrived in Portland secretly aboard small boats carrying a spruce tree with the lower branches cleared away as a battle ensign. Canceaux was prepared to prevent the small boats from boarding; but Thompson's militia captured the warship's captain, Lieutenant Henry Mowat, on 9 May 1775 while he was ashore arranging church services for his crew. The first lieutenant aboard Canceaux discharged two cannon salutes (gunpowder charges without shot) toward Portland and threatened to shell Portland unless the captain was released. Six hundred militiamen from surrounding communities gathered as Portland residents negotiated to prevent their community from becoming a battleground. Mowat was allowed to return to his ship, but his demand to arrest Thompson was refused, and the assembled militia forced Canceaux to leave port on May 15.
Aftermath
Disappointed militiamen vented their frustration by looting the homes of Coulson and loyalist Sheriff Tyng before returning to their inland communities. News of Thompson's attempt encouraged Machias, Maine militiamen to capture the British armed schooner Margaretta a month later in the Battle of Machias. Mowat brought Canceaux back to Portland in October to set fires which left Portland's population homeless as winter approached. The Massachusetts House of Representatives promoted Samuel Thompson to Brigadier of the Cumberland County, Maine militia on 8 February 1776 in recognition of his initiative following the battles of Lexington and Concord; and the spruce trees his men carried provided inspiration for adoption of the Pine Tree Flag as the Massachusetts naval ensign in April 1776.
Thompson moved to Topsham, Maine in 1783, and was regularly elected to the Massachusetts General Court until his death in 1798 at the age of 63. Thompson donated part of his significant real estate holdings to Bowdoin College when the school was chartered in 1794.
References
^ a b Leamon, James S. Revolution Downeast: The War for American Independence in Maine (1995) University of Massachusetts Press pp.62-67
^ a b Goold, William The Burning of Falmouth 19 February 1873
^ Norton, Lewis Arthur Bowdoin's Revolutionary War Benefactor in Bowdoinsider Winter, 2007 p.11 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Falmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay"},{"link_name":"Patriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Loyalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Henry Mowat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Mowat"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_Boston"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_Boston"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_Boston"},{"link_name":"Boston campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_campaign"},{"link_name":"Powder Alarm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_Alarm"},{"link_name":"Suffolk Resolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves"},{"link_name":"Lexington and Concord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord"},{"link_name":"Lexington Alarm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Alarm"},{"link_name":"Siege of Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Boston"},{"link_name":"Thompson's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Menotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Menotomy"},{"link_name":"Fairhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_off_Fairhaven"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chelsea_Creek"},{"link_name":"Machias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Machias"},{"link_name":"Bunker Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gloucester_(1775)"},{"link_name":"Saint John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Saint_John"},{"link_name":"Falmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_Falmouth"},{"link_name":"Charlottetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Charlottetown_(1775)"},{"link_name":"Knox artillery train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_train_of_artillery"},{"link_name":"Dorchester Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortification_of_Dorchester_Heights"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"patriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"loyalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"HMS Canceaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Canceaux_(1764)"},{"link_name":"Burning of Falmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_Falmouth"},{"link_name":"Portland, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"}],"text":"Thompson's WarPart of Boston CampaignDateMay 1775LocationFalmouth, Massachusetts BayResult\nCapture of HMS Canceaux aborted but the vessel was forced to leave Casco Bay,Retaliatory burning of Falmouth later that yearBelligerents\n Patriot militia\n Loyalists Great BritainCommanders and leaders\n Samuel Thompson\n Henry MowatvteBoston campaign 1774–1776\n1774\nPowder Alarm\nSuffolk Resolves\n1775\nLexington and Concord\nLexington Alarm\nSiege of Boston\nThompson's War\nMenotomy\nFairhaven\nChelsea Creek\nMachias\nBunker Hill\nGloucester\nSaint John\nFalmouth\nCharlottetown\n1776\nKnox artillery train\nDorchester HeightsThompson's War was an early American Revolutionary War confrontation between Samuel Thompson's patriot militia and loyalists supported by HMS Canceaux. The confrontation ended without fatalities, but provoked the retaliatory Burning of Falmouth five months later. Falmouth is now known as Portland, Maine, but Maine was part of Massachusetts at the time.","title":"Thompson's War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brunswick, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Board of selectmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_selectmen"},{"link_name":"militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia"},{"link_name":"Continental Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Association"},{"link_name":"First Continental Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Continental_Congress"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leamon-1"},{"link_name":"battles of Lexington and Concord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goold-2"}],"text":"Brunswick, Maine tavern owner Samuel Thompson had been elected to the Brunswick Board of selectmen in 1768, 1770, and 1771. He was elected commander of the Brunswick militia in 1774 and headed the local enforcement committee for the Continental Association created by the First Continental Congress to boycott all goods from Great Britain. The Continental Association attempted to enforce the boycott on 2 March 1775 against a shipload of sail, rope, and rigging for loyalist shipbuilder Captain Samuel Coulson of Portland by demanding the delivery ship leave port. Coulson requested delay while the English sloop completed needed repairs after its trans-Atlantic voyage. HMS Canceaux was dispatched from Boston while the repairs were in progress; and, following its arrival on March 29, Coulson proceeded to offload his British goods under the protection of the British warship.[1] The battles of Lexington and Concord took place 90 miles (150 km) to the south while Canceaux lay at anchor in Casco Bay. When news of the battle reached Brunswick on April 21, the Brunswick militia laid plans to capture Canceaux.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_Massachusetts.svg"},{"link_name":"spruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruce"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goold-2"},{"link_name":"Henry Mowat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Mowat"},{"link_name":"gunpowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leamon-1"}],"text":"Spruce trees carried in the boats of Samuel Thompson's militia inspired this Naval Ensign of Massachusetts.Fifty Brunswick militiamen wearing a sprig of spruce in their hats as a uniform arrived in Portland secretly aboard small boats carrying a spruce tree with the lower branches cleared away as a battle ensign.[2] Canceaux was prepared to prevent the small boats from boarding; but Thompson's militia captured the warship's captain, Lieutenant Henry Mowat, on 9 May 1775 while he was ashore arranging church services for his crew. The first lieutenant aboard Canceaux discharged two cannon salutes (gunpowder charges without shot) toward Portland and threatened to shell Portland unless the captain was released. Six hundred militiamen from surrounding communities gathered as Portland residents negotiated to prevent their community from becoming a battleground. Mowat was allowed to return to his ship, but his demand to arrest Thompson was refused, and the assembled militia forced Canceaux to leave port on May 15.[1]","title":"Militia mobilized"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"looting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looting"},{"link_name":"Machias, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machias,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Battle of Machias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Machias"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Brigadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier"},{"link_name":"Cumberland County, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Pine Tree Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Tree_Flag"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts naval ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Massachusetts#Naval_and_maritime_flag"},{"link_name":"Topsham, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsham,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts General Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court"},{"link_name":"Bowdoin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowdoin_College"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Disappointed militiamen vented their frustration by looting the homes of Coulson and loyalist Sheriff Tyng before returning to their inland communities. News of Thompson's attempt encouraged Machias, Maine militiamen to capture the British armed schooner Margaretta a month later in the Battle of Machias. Mowat brought Canceaux back to Portland in October to set fires which left Portland's population homeless as winter approached. The Massachusetts House of Representatives promoted Samuel Thompson to Brigadier of the Cumberland County, Maine militia on 8 February 1776 in recognition of his initiative following the battles of Lexington and Concord; and the spruce trees his men carried provided inspiration for adoption of the Pine Tree Flag as the Massachusetts naval ensign in April 1776.Thompson moved to Topsham, Maine in 1783, and was regularly elected to the Massachusetts General Court until his death in 1798 at the age of 63. Thompson donated part of his significant real estate holdings to Bowdoin College when the school was chartered in 1794.[3]","title":"Aftermath"}] | [{"image_text":"Spruce trees carried in the boats of Samuel Thompson's militia inspired this Naval Ensign of Massachusetts.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Naval_Ensign_of_Massachusetts.svg/220px-Naval_Ensign_of_Massachusetts.svg.png"}] | null | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Skate_Canada_International | 2023 Skate Canada International | ["1 Entries","2 Changes to preliminary assignments","3 Results","3.1 Men's singles","3.2 Women's singles","3.3 Pairs","3.4 Ice dance","4 References","5 External links"] | Figure skating competition
2023 Skate Canada InternationalType:Grand PrixDate:October 27 – 29Season:2023–24Location:Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaHost:Skate CanadaVenue:Thunderbird Sports CentreChampionsMen's singles: Sōta YamamotoWomen's singles: Kaori SakamotoPairs: Deanna Stellato-Dudek / Maxime DeschampsIce dance: Piper Gilles / Paul PoirierNavigationPrevious: 2022 Skate Canada InternationalNext: 2024 Skate Canada InternationalPrevious GP: 2023 Skate AmericaNext GP: 2023 Grand Prix de France
The 2023 Skate Canada International was the second event of the 2023–24 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating: a senior-level international invitational competition series. It was held at the Doug Mitchell Thunderbird Sports Centre in Vancouver, British Columbia, from October 27–29. Medals were awarded in men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance. Skaters also earned points toward qualifying for the 2023–24 Grand Prix Final.
Entries
The International Skating Union announced the preliminary assignments on June 28, 2023.
Country
Men
Women
Pairs
Ice dance
Australia
Anastasia Golubeva / Hektor Giotopoulos Moore
Canada
Wesley ChiuConrad OrzelAleksa Rakic
Sara-Maude DupuisKaiya RuiterMadeline Schizas
Kelly Ann Laurin / Loucas ÉthierBrooke McIntosh / Benjamin MimarDeanna Stellato-Dudek & Maxime Deschamps
Alicia Fabbri / Paul AyerPiper Gilles / Paul PoirierMolly Lanaghan / Dmitre Razgulajevs
China
Wang Shiyue / Liu Xinyu
Estonia
Mihhail Selevko
France
Maé-Bérénice Méité
Germany
Letizia Roscher / Luis Schuster
Jennifer Janse van Rensburg / Benjamin Steffan
Great Britain
Lilah Fear / Lewis Gibson
Hungary
Maria Pavlova / Alexei Sviatchenko
Israel
Mark Gorodnitsky
Italy
Matteo Rizzo
Lara Naki Gutmann
Lucrezia Beccari / Matteo Guarise
Japan
Kao MiuraKazuki TomonoSōta Yamamoto
Rino MatsuikeKaori SakamotoRinka Watanabe
Kazakhstan
Mikhail Shaidorov
Lithuania
Allison Reed / Saulius Ambrulevičius
Netherlands
Daria Danilova / Michel Tsiba
South Korea
Cha Jun-hwan
Kim Chae-yeon
United States
Liam Kapeikis
Starr AndrewsAudrey ShinLindsay Thorngren
Oona Brown / Gage BrownEva Pate / Logan ByeEmilea Zingas / Vadym Kolesnik
Changes to preliminary assignments
Discipline
Withdrew
Added
Notes
Ref.
Date
Skater(s)
Date
Skater(s)
Women
August 24
Nicole Schott
August 31
Maé-Bérénice Méité
Break from competition
September 28
Rika Kihira
September 29
Rino Matsuike
Injury
Men
October 13
Roman Sadovsky
October 16
Aleksa Rakic
Results
Men's singles
Rank
Skater
Nation
Total points
SP
FS
Sōta Yamamoto
Japan
258.42
1
89.56
3
168.86
Kao Miura
Japan
257.89
4
80.80
1
177.09
Matteo Rizzo
Italy
246.01
8
74.99
2
171.02
4
Kazuki Tomono
Japan
245.12
3
81.63
5
163.49
5
Mikhail Shaidorov
Kazakhstan
241.65
5
79.18
4
165.47
6
Mark Gorodnitsky
Israel
225.35
11
70.69
6
156.66
7
Wesley Chiu
Canada
221.54
7
76.94
8
144.60
8
Liam Kapeikis
United States
220.15
10
71.59
7
148.56
9
Cha Jun-hwan
South Korea
216.61
2
86.18
11
130.43
10
Conrad Orzel
Canada
213.22
6
77.68
10
135.44
11
Mihhail Selevko
Estonia
210.78
12
70.18
9
140.60
12
Aleksa Rakic
Canada
189.38
9
72.56
12
116.82
Women's singles
Rank
Skater
Nation
Total points
SP
FS
Kaori Sakamoto
Japan
226.13
1
75.13
1
151.00
Kim Chae-yeon
South Korea
201.15
2
70.31
4
130.84
Rino Matsuike
Japan
198.62
3
66.29
3
132.33
4
Madeline Schizas
Canada
189.91
8
57.44
2
132.47
5
Lindsay Thorngren
United States
189.52
5
61.99
5
127.53
6
Rinka Watanabe
Japan
182.08
7
57.52
6
124.56
7
Audrey Shin
United States
177.14
4
65.19
9
111.95
8
Starr Andrews
United States
174.82
6
61.07
8
113.75
9
Lara Naki Gutmann
Italy
165.73
11
50.00
7
115.73
10
Kaiya Ruiter
Canada
155.44
9
55.82
11
99.62
11
Sara-Maude Dupuis
Canada
151.95
10
52.17
10
99.78
12
Maé-Bérénice Méité
France
121.13
12
41.65
12
79.48
Pairs
Rank
Team
Nation
Total points
SP
FS
Deanna Stellato-Dudek / Maxime Deschamps
Canada
214.64
1
72.25
1
142.39
Maria Pavlova / Alexei Sviatchenko
Hungary
187.78
4
62.22
2
125.56
Lucrezia Beccari / Matteo Guarise
Italy
181.42
2
65.83
4
115.59
4
Anastasia Golubeva / Hektor Giotopoulos Moore
Australia
179.61
3
62.80
3
116.81
5
Kelly Ann Laurin / Loucas Éthier
Canada
168.12
7
57.14
5
110.98
6
Brooke McIntosh / Benjamin Mimar
Canada
166.00
5
59.83
7
106.17
7
Daria Danilova / Michel Tsiba
Netherlands
165.01
6
57.17
6
107.84
8
Letizia Roscher / Luis Schuster
Germany
137.54
8
52.07
8
85.47
Ice dance
Rank
Team
Nation
Total points
RD
FD
Piper Gilles / Paul Poirier
Canada
219.01
1
87.55
1
131.46
Lilah Fear / Lewis Gibson
Great Britain
209.55
2
83.51
2
126.04
Allison Reed / Saulius Ambrulevičius
Lithuania
192.01
3
75.60
3
116.41
4
Oona Brown / Gage Brown
United States
187.62
4
73.91
4
113.71
5
Emilea Zingas / Vadym Kolesnik
United States
184.96
5
72.25
5
112.71
6
Eva Pate / Logan Bye
United States
181.46
6
72.12
6
109.34
7
Alicia Fabbri / Paul Ayer
Canada
173.34
7
68.31
8
105.03
8
Jennifer Janse van Rensburg / Benjamin Steffan
Germany
172.52
8
66.14
7
106.38
9
Molly Lanaghan / Dmitre Razgulajevs
Canada
168.79
9
65.97
9
102.82
10
Wang Shiyue / Liu Xinyu
China
160.61
10
64.66
10
95.95
References
^ "2023 Skate Canada International". Skate Canada. June 23, 2023.
^ Anything GOEs (June 28, 2023). "2023/24 Grand Prix Assignments" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ a b "ISU GP Skate Canada International 2023 - Men: Entries". International Skating Union.
^ a b "ISU GP Skate Canada International 2023 - Women: Entries". International Skating Union.
^ "ISU GP Skate Canada International 2023 - Pairs: Entries". International Skating Union.
^ "ISU GP Skate Canada International 2023 - Ice Dance: Entries". International Skating Union.
^ "ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating 2023/24 - Women: As of August 31, 2023". International Skating Union. August 31, 2023.
^ "ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating 2023/24 - Women". International Figure Skating. September 28, 2023.
^ Kihira Rika (September 28, 2023). "皆様いつも応援ありがとうございます。" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ @AnythingGOE (October 16, 2023). "🇨🇦 Aleksa Rakic has been assigned to Skate Canada" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
External links
Official website
vteSkate Canada International
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vte2023–24 figure skating seasonISU Championships
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Junior competitions
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National championships
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vteISU Grand Prix of Figure SkatingSeasons
1995–96
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Active events
Cup of China
Finlandia Trophy
Grand Prix de France
NHK Trophy
Skate America
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Grand Prix Final
Former events
Bofrost Cup on Ice
Gran Premio d'Italia
MK John Wilson Trophy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_nebrascensis | Carex nebrascensis | ["1 Distribution","2 Description","3 Uses","4 References","5 External links"] | Species of sedge
Carex nebrascensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Monocots
Clade:
Commelinids
Order:
Poales
Family:
Cyperaceae
Genus:
Carex
Subgenus:
Carex subg. Carex
Section:
Carex sect. Phacocystis
Species:
C. nebrascensis
Binomial name
Carex nebrascensisDewey
Synonyms
Carex jamesii var. nebrascensis (Dewey) L.H.Bailey
Carex jamesii var. ultriformis (L.H.Bailey) Kük.
Carex nebrascensis var. eruciformis Suksd.
Carex nebrascensis var. praevia L.H.Bailey
Carex nebrascensis var. ultriformis L.H.Bailey
Carex nebrascensis is a species of sedge known as Nebraska sedge.
Distribution
This sedge is native to the central and Western United States and north into central Canada. It grows in wetlands at various elevations, including the Sierra Nevada and Mojave Desert sky islands. Carex nebrascensis tolerates alkaline soils and submersion for long periods of time.
Description
Carex nebrascensis produces upright, angled, spongy stems up to about 90 centimeters tall. The waxy, bluish leaves form tufts around the base of each stem. The root system is a very dense network of rhizomes. The inflorescence includes a few narrow staminate spikes above some wider pistillate spikes on short peduncles. The fruit is covered in a tough, slightly inflated sac called a perigynium which sometimes has a pattern of red spotting.
Uses
Uses for this sedge, Carex nebrascensis, include:
Forage for livestock and wildlife
Ornamental grass ("grasslike") plant in natural, native plant, and habitat gardens
Erosion control and soil compaction remediation.
Restoration ecology
Riparian zone restoration
Stream restoration
Wetland restoration
Phytoremediation in natural and constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment by bioremediation.
References
^ "Carex nebrascensis". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. Retrieved 2018-11-20.
^ "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
^ Wetland Plant Fact Sheet Archived March 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
External links
Jepson Manual Treatment - Carex nebrascensis
Carex nebrascensis - Photo gallery at Calphotos
Taxon identifiersCarex nebrascensis
Wikidata: Q5039106
Wikispecies: Carex nebrascensis
BOLD: 159498
Calflora: 1600
CoL: 8WS74
EoL: 1123844
EPPO: CRXNB
FNA: 242357353
GBIF: 6417561
GRIN: 9090
iNaturalist: 76081
IPNI: 46706-2
IRMNG: 10206068
ITIS: 39711
IUCN: 64272375
NatureServe: 2.154663
NCBI: 657483
Open Tree of Life: 963301
Plant List: tro-9901652
PLANTS: CANE2
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:46706-2
Tropicos: 9901652
VASCAN: 4998
WisFlora: 8867 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex"}],"text":"Carex nebrascensis is a species of sedge known as Nebraska sedge.","title":"Carex nebrascensis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States"},{"link_name":"wetlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sierra Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Mojave Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_Desert"},{"link_name":"sky islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_island"},{"link_name":"alkaline soils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_soil"}],"text":"This sedge is native to the central and Western United States and north into central Canada. It grows in wetlands[2] at various elevations, including the Sierra Nevada and Mojave Desert sky islands. 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The fruit is covered in a tough, slightly inflated sac called a perigynium which sometimes has a pattern of red spotting.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Forage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forage"},{"link_name":"wildlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife"},{"link_name":"Ornamental grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_grass"},{"link_name":"natural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_landscaping"},{"link_name":"native plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_native_plants"},{"link_name":"habitat gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_garden"},{"link_name":"Erosion control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion_control"},{"link_name":"soil compaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_compaction"},{"link_name":"Restoration ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_ecology"},{"link_name":"Riparian zone restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparian_zone_restoration"},{"link_name":"Stream restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_restoration"},{"link_name":"Wetland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland"},{"link_name":"Phytoremediation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoremediation"},{"link_name":"constructed wetlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_wetland"},{"link_name":"wastewater treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment"},{"link_name":"bioremediation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Uses for this sedge, Carex nebrascensis, include:Forage for livestock and wildlife\nOrnamental grass (\"grasslike\") plant in natural, native plant, and habitat gardens\nErosion control and soil compaction remediation.\nRestoration ecology\nRiparian zone restoration\nStream restoration\nWetland restoration\nPhytoremediation in natural and constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment by bioremediation.[3]","title":"Uses"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Carex nebrascensis\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Thornton | Ray Thornton | ["1 Life and career","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | American judge
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ray Thornton" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Ray ThorntonAssociate Justice of the Arkansas Supreme CourtIn office1997–2004Preceded byRobert H. DudleySucceeded byJim GunterMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Arkansas's 2nd districtIn officeJanuary 3, 1991 – January 1, 1997Preceded byTommy F. RobinsonSucceeded byVic SnyderMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Arkansas's 4th districtIn officeJanuary 3, 1973 – January 3, 1979Preceded byDavid PryorSucceeded byBeryl Anthony Jr.48th Attorney General of ArkansasIn officeJanuary 12, 1971 – January 9, 1973GovernorDale BumpersPreceded byJoe PurcellSucceeded byJim Guy Tucker
Personal detailsBornRaymond Hoyt Thornton Jr.(1928-07-16)July 16, 1928Conway, Arkansas, U.S.DiedApril 13, 2016(2016-04-13) (aged 87)Little Rock, Arkansas, U.S.Political partyDemocraticAlma materYale University
Raymond Hoyt Thornton Jr. (July 16, 1928 – April 13, 2016) was an American attorney and politician. He was a Democratic U.S. Representative for Arkansas's 4th congressional district from 1973 to 1979 and the 2nd district from 1991 to 1997. He served as an associate justice on the Arkansas Supreme Court from 1997 to 2004.
Life and career
Thornton was born in Conway, Arkansas, on July 16, 1928, to Wilma Stephens and Raymond Thornton. A graduate of Sheridan High School, Thornton earned a degree in political science from Yale University and, later, a Juris Doctor from the University of Arkansas School of Law at Fayetteville, Arkansas. He served in the United States Navy during the Korean War, including service on the aircraft carrier USS Philippine Seat (CV-47), and reached the rank of lieutenant.
Thornton returned to law school after returning from Korea and graduated in 1956, the same year he married Betty Jo Mann of Sheridan, Arkansas, his wife for 60 years. For more than 13 years, Thornton served as General Counsel for Stephens Inc. and Arkansas Louisiana Gas Co., businesses owned by his maternal uncle Wilton (Witt) Stephens. He left the private sector to seek public office and was elected as Arkansas Attorney General in 1970. He was elected two years later to Congress. He defeated fellow Democrats Richard S. Arnold of Texarkana and Richard Mays, El Dorado in the primary, with no Republican in the race. All three were lawyers and remained lifelong friends. Thornton went on to serve three terms in the House. He distinguished himself as a member of the Judiciary Committee, which considered articles of impeachment against U.S. President Richard Nixon. He was among three southern Democrats and four moderate Republicans who drafted the articles adopted by the committee.
Thornton did not run for a fourth term in the House. Instead, he ran for the Senate but narrowly lost a runoff berth in the Democratic primary to his colleague from the Second District, Jim Guy Tucker, and his colleague from the Fourth District who had also served two terms as Arkansas Governor, David Pryor, with Governor Pryor prevailing in the primary and without Republican opposition in November.
After his defeat in the Senate race, Thornton became involved in education, leading a consortium for cooperative academics at Henderson State University and Ouachita Baptist University, located side-by-side in Arkadelphia, Arkansas. Then he served from 1980 to 1984 as the seventh President of Arkansas State University and then President of the University of Arkansas System from 1984 to 1990. In 1990, Thornton ran for Congress in the Little Rock-based Second District, which included his birthplace of Conway, and won by a 61.5% margin over the Republican nominee, Jim Keet, then a state representative and the subsequent unsuccessful 2010 GOP gubernatorial nominee against Mike Beebe. In January 1997, after another three terms with only nominal opposition, Thornton left Congress, seeking a seat as an associate justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court, for which he was unopposed.
Thornton was elected as a justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court, serving from January 1997 to January 2005. After retiring from the court, he became the first public service fellow for the William H. Bowen School of Law at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock. In 2009, he became the first chairman of the Arkansas Lottery Commission after his appointment to a six-year term. Ready for retirement, Thornton resigned that post after serving a year, during which the Commission supervised the establishment of the Arkansas Scholarship Lottery.
Thornton died in Little Rock on April 13, 2016, at the age of 87.
See also
U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton – in 1995, this case overturned term limits for U.S. Senators and Representatives.
Portals: United States Law Politics Education Christianity
References
Image and Reflection: A Pictorial History of the University of Arkansas; Ethel Simpson. U of Ark. Press, 1991
^ a b c Jacob Kauffman, Chris Hickey (April 13, 2016). "Former Congressman Ray Thornton Of Arkansas Dies".
^ a b c "Raymond (Ray) Hoyt Thornton Jr. (1928–) - Encyclopedia of Arkansas".
^ a b c d Arkansas Courts, A Self-Guided Tour of Justice Building Portraits (2016), p. 11.
^ "Encyclopedia of Arkansas". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
^ "Members of Arkansas Lottery Commission". Archived from the original on February 21, 2015. Retrieved October 4, 2009.
^ "Thornton remembered as 'pillar of political and educational life in Arkansas'". Arkansas Online. April 13, 2016.
External links
United States Congress. "Ray Thornton (id: T000243)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on 2008-03-31
Appearances on C-SPAN
Legal offices
Preceded byJoe Purcell
Attorney General of Arkansas 1971–1973
Succeeded byJim Guy Tucker
Preceded byRobert H. Dudley
Associate Justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court 1997–2005
Succeeded byJim Gunter
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byDavid Pryor
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Arkansas's 4th congressional district January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1979
Succeeded byBeryl Anthony Jr.
Preceded byTommy F. Robinson
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Arkansas's 2nd congressional district January 3, 1991 – January 1, 1997
Succeeded byVic Snyder
Academic offices
Preceded byJames E. Martin
President of the University of Arkansas System 1984–1990
Succeeded byB. Alan Sugg
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States
People
US Congress
Other
SNAC
vteMembers of the U.S. House of Representatives from ArkansasTerritory
Bates
Conway
Sevier
At-large
Yell
Cross
Yell
Newton
Johnson
Hynes
Breckinridge
1st district
Greenwood
Hindman
Roots
Hanks
Hodges
Gause
Dunn
Cate
Featherstone
Cate
McCulloch
Macon
Caraway
Driver
Gathings
Alexander
Lincoln
Berry
Crawford
2nd district
Warren
Rust
Warren
Rust
Hinds
Elliott
A. A. C. Rogers
O. P. Snyder
Slemons
Jones
Breckinridge
Little
Brundidge
W. Oldfield
P. Oldfield
Miller
Mills
Tucker
Bethune
T. Robinson
Thornton
V. Snyder
Griffin
Hill
3rd district
Boles
Edwards
Boles
Wilshire
Gunter
Wilshire
J. Cravens
J. H. Rogers
McRae
Dinsmore
Floyd
Tillman
Fuller
Ellis
Fulbright
Trimble
Hammerschmidt
T. Hutchinson
A. Hutchinson
Boozman
Womack
4th district
Gunter
Peel
J. H. Rogers
W. Terry
Reid
Little
W. B. Cravens
O. Wingo
E. Wingo
W. B. Cravens
W. F. Cravens
Tackett
Harris
Pryor
Thornton
Anthony
Dickey
Ross
Cotton
Westerman
5th district
Peel
Dinsmore
Reid
Jacoway
Ragon
D. Terry
Hays
Alford
6th district
Neill
Brundidge
J. Robinson
S. Taylor
C. Taylor
Sawyer
Reed
Glover
McClellan
W. Norrell
C. Norrell
7th district
Wallace
Goodwin
Parks
Kitchens
Harris | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UALR-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EOA-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Portraits-3"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Arkansas's 4th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"2nd district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EOA-2"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Raymond Hoyt Thornton Jr. (July 16, 1928 – April 13, 2016)[1][2][3] was an American attorney and politician. 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A graduate of Sheridan High School, Thornton earned a degree in political science from Yale University and, later, a Juris Doctor from the University of Arkansas School of Law at Fayetteville, Arkansas.[1][2] He served in the United States Navy during the Korean War, including service on the aircraft carrier USS Philippine Seat (CV-47), and reached the rank of lieutenant.[1]Thornton returned to law school after returning from Korea and graduated in 1956, the same year he married Betty Jo Mann of Sheridan, Arkansas, his wife for 60 years. For more than 13 years, Thornton served as General Counsel for Stephens Inc. and Arkansas Louisiana Gas Co., businesses owned by his maternal uncle Wilton (Witt) Stephens. He left the private sector to seek public office and was elected as Arkansas Attorney General in 1970.[3] He was elected two years later to Congress. He defeated fellow Democrats Richard S. Arnold of Texarkana and Richard Mays, El Dorado in the primary, with no Republican in the race. All three were lawyers and remained lifelong friends. Thornton went on to serve three terms in the House. He distinguished himself as a member of the Judiciary Committee, which considered articles of impeachment against U.S. President Richard Nixon. He was among three southern Democrats and four moderate Republicans who drafted the articles adopted by the committee.Thornton did not run for a fourth term in the House. Instead, he ran for the Senate but narrowly lost a runoff berth in the Democratic primary to his colleague from the Second District, Jim Guy Tucker, and his colleague from the Fourth District who had also served two terms as Arkansas Governor, David Pryor, with Governor Pryor prevailing in the primary and without Republican opposition in November.After his defeat in the Senate race, Thornton became involved in education, leading a consortium for cooperative academics at Henderson State University and Ouachita Baptist University, located side-by-side in Arkadelphia, Arkansas. Then he served from 1980 to 1984 as the seventh President of Arkansas State University and then President of the University of Arkansas System from 1984 to 1990. 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In 2009, he became the first chairman of the Arkansas Lottery Commission after his appointment to a six-year term.[3] Ready for retirement, Thornton resigned that post after serving a year, during which the Commission supervised the establishment of the Arkansas Scholarship Lottery.[5]Thornton died in Little Rock on April 13, 2016, at the age of 87.[6]","title":"Life and career"}] | [] | [{"title":"U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_One_Where_Everybody_Finds_Out | The One Where Everybody Finds Out | ["1 Plot","2 Production","3 Reception","4 References"] | 14th episode of the 5th season of Friends
"The One Where Everybody Finds Out"Friends episodeEpisode no.Season 5Episode 14Directed byMichael LembeckWritten byAlexa JungeProduction code467664Original air dateFebruary 11, 1999 (1999-02-11)Guest appearances
Michael Ensign as Dr. Ledbetter
Jon Haugen as Ugly Naked Guy (uncredited)
Episode chronology
← Previous"The One with Joey's Bag"
Next →"The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey"
Friends season 5List of episodes
"The One Where Everybody Finds Out" is the fourteenth episode of Friends' fifth season. It first aired on the NBC network in the United States on February 11, 1999. In the episode, Phoebe Buffay discovers that Monica Geller and Chandler Bing are secretly dating, and decides to "mess" with them by pretending to flirt with Chandler. Meanwhile, Ross Geller learns that "Ugly Naked Guy" is subletting his apartment and applies for it. The episode ends on a cliffhanger, with Ross witnessing Monica and Chandler having sex through a window, which would be resolved in the next episode.
At the 51st Primetime Emmy Awards, it received three nominations for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series, Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series and Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series.
Plot
The gang observes that "Ugly Naked Guy", who lives across the street from them, is moving out. Ross (David Schwimmer), who has lived in Joey (Matt LeBlanc) and Chandler's (Matthew Perry) apartment since his botched wedding with Emily, wonders if he should try to get Ugly Naked Guy's apartment. He, Rachel (Jennifer Aniston) and Phoebe (Lisa Kudrow) visit it, and Ross is enthralled, but while he goes for an application, the girls see Chandler and Monica (Courteney Cox) having sex in Monica's apartment. Though initially shocked, Phoebe calms down after Joey and Rachel reveal the two have been together since hooking up at Ross' wedding. Joey, who has been keeping the secret for several months, is relieved that almost everyone knows. However, Rachel and Phoebe want revenge, and decide to mess with the duo by having Phoebe pretend to be attracted to Chandler. Chandler later informs a skeptical Monica that Phoebe was flirting with him.
Upon discovering that Ugly Naked Guy is subletting the apartment himself, Ross attempts to bribe him with a basket of mini-muffins. However, many people have bribed him with extravagant gifts such as a pinball machine and a mountain bike. Ross eventually acquires the apartment after he and Ugly Naked Guy share the mini-muffins whilst nude.
Monica overhears Phoebe flirting with Chandler, and realizes he was telling the truth. However, she also realizes that Phoebe knows about their relationship and is just trying to mess with them. They confront Joey, who inadvertently reveals Rachel knows as well. Chandler and Monica decide to turn the tables by having Chandler reciprocate Phoebe's advances; to which Rachel and Phoebe realize what the couple are doing and proceed to up the stakes. The game of chicken between the two culminates with Chandler and Phoebe going on a tense date in Chandler and Joey's apartment while Monica hides in the bathroom and Rachel and Joey eavesdrop in the hallway. After Phoebe and Chandler share an awkward kiss, Chandler finally breaks down and reveals he is in love with Monica. Monica reveals that she is also in love with Chandler, shocking Phoebe who thought they were only in a casual relationship. Joey is relieved that he no longer has to keep their relationship a secret. However, the others inform him that they still have to keep it a secret from Ross, much to his chagrin.
In the closing credits scene, Ross shows his new apartment to his boss, Dr. Ledbetter, to try convince him that he no longer suffers from anger management issues. However, he then sees Monica and Chandler kissing through the window, causing him to angrily yell "Get off my sister!"
Production
What sticks out to me, was trying to write it and see how many twists we could make without getting confused.
-Marta Kauffman
Monica and Chandler's relationship was first introduced in "The One with Ross's Wedding". The audience reaction to the plot twist was unexpectedly positive, with the studio audience applauding the twist for 27 seconds. Creator Marta Kauffman stated that, "When we were shooting the scene in London where we find out that Monica and Chandler have slept together, we were in front of a live audience and the reaction was so stunning.... We didn't expect applause to last for two minutes. We kind of went, "Huh, this is such an unexpected duo, let's play with it for a little while."
For the scene in which Joey opens Phoebe's top, Lembeck commented that "As Matt talked through what he wanted to do, it became a technical exercise: Show the costumer what you want to do and see if she can rig the dress."
Reception
At the 51st Primetime Emmy Awards, the episode received three nominations – Kudrow was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, Lembeck for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series and Junge for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series. At the 52nd Writers Guild of America Awards, the episode was nominated for Episodic Comedy.
Entertainment Weekly gave the episode an A−, saying "although the group discovery would have been riveting enough, the ensuing rondelet of one-upmanship between Monica and Chandler and Rachel and Phoebe is pure genius". IGN described the scene in which Chandler and Phoebe kiss as a "gold star Friends moment." HuffPost praised it for being "gooey and romantic and slapstick-y all at once." They also called the line "They don't know we know they know we know", spoken by Phoebe, the best in the episode. The A.V. Club wrote that while it was "not the most natural point of entry for a first-time Friends viewer, given how much it leans on backstory", it was "as expertly crafted as anything in the show's 10-season run" and "builds to a frenzy, locking Phoebe and Chandler in a cruel game of chicken to see how far he and Monica will go to conceal their relationship."
Various websites have deemed it one of the show's best episodes. Digital Spy ranked it the third best episode of the show, praising Perry and Kudrow's performances as a "tour de force". Radio Times named it the fourth-funniest Friends episode. GamesRadar+ regarded it as the show's fifth-best episode, as they felt it delivered "huge laughs every step of the way." They called the line "What are you doing? Get off my sister!" the best of the episode. Purple Clover chose the episode as one of the 20 funniest episodes of Friends. Den of Geek ranked it the second best episode of Friends.
The episode holds a 9.7 rating on IMDb, making it the highest rated episode of the entire series, tied with "The Last One, Part 2".
References
^ Luling, Todd Van (May 31, 2016). "The Identity Of Ugly Naked Guy On 'Friends' Is Finally Revealed". HuffPost. Archived from the original on August 26, 2023. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
^ a b "Emmys.com list of 1999 Nominees & Winners". Television Academy. Archived from the original on October 31, 2017. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
^ a b c "'Friends': An Oral History of 'The One Where Everybody Finds Out'". EW.com. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2019.
^ Perry, Matthew (2005). Friends: Final Thoughts (DVD). New Wave DVD and Warner Home Entertainment.
^ "Friends | EW.com". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2019.
^ Fowler, Matt (September 24, 2014). "The Top 10 Friends Episodes". IGN.com. Archived from the original on September 25, 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2019.
^ Goodman, Jessica (January 1, 2015). "14 Best 'Friends' Episodes To Binge Watch Right Now". HuffPost. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2019.
^ Joshua Alston (May 1, 2019). "Could you be any more excited to watch these 5 episodes of Friends?". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
^ Wightman, Catriona (October 15, 2016). "Friends: The 25 best episodes EVER, ranked". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2019.
^ "The 15 funniest Friends episodes on Netflix, ranked". Radio Times. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2019.
^ "The 25 best Friends episodes you WILL rewatch again and again and..." gamesradar. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2019.
^ "20 Funniest Episodes of 'Friends'". Archived from the original on January 15, 2019. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
^ "Den of Geek". Den of Geek. Retrieved April 27, 2019.
^ ""Friends" The One Where Everybody Finds Out (TV Episode 1999)". IMDb. February 11, 1999. Archived from the original on February 6, 2024. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
vteFriends episodesSeason 1
"The Pilot"
"The One with the Sonogram at the End"
"The One with the Thumb"
"The One with George Stephanopoulos"
"The One with the Blackout"
"The One with the Monkey"
"The One Where the Monkey Gets Away"
"The One with the Fake Monica"
"The One Where Rachel Finds Out"
Season 2
"The One with Ross's New Girlfriend"
"The One with Russ"
"The One with the Lesbian Wedding"
"The One After the Superbowl"
"The One with the Prom Video"
"The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies"
"The One with Barry and Mindy's Wedding"
Season 3
"The One with the Princess Leia Fantasy"
"The One Where No One's Ready"
"The One with the Flashback"
"The One with the Football"
"The One with the Morning After"
"The One at the Beach"
Season 4
"The One with the Jellyfish"
"The One with the Cat"
"The One with the Embryos"
"The One with Ross's Wedding"
Season 5
"The One After Ross Says Rachel"
"The One Hundredth"
"The One with All the Thanksgivings"
"The One Where Everybody Finds Out"
"The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey"
"The One with the Cop"
"The One Where Rachel Smokes"
"The One Where Ross Can't Flirt"
"The One with the Ride-Along"
"The One with Joey's Big Break"
"The One in Vegas"
Season 6
"The One After Vegas"
"The One Where Ross Got High"
"The One with the Apothecary Table"
"The One with Unagi"
"The One with the Proposal"
Season 7
"The One with Monica's Thunder"
"The One with All the Candy"
"The One with All the Cheesecakes"
"The One Where They're Up All Night"
"The One with Ross and Monica's Cousin"
"The One with Monica and Chandler's Wedding"
Season 8
"The One After 'I Do'"
"The One with Rachel's Date"
"The One with the Halloween Party"
"The One with the Rumor"
"The One Where Rachel Has a Baby"
Season 9
"The One Where No One Proposes"
"The One with Ross's Inappropriate Song"
"The One with Rachel's Other Sister"
"The One in Barbados"
Season 10
"The One After Joey and Rachel Kiss"
"The One Where Ross Is Fine"
"The One with Ross's Tan"
"The One with Phoebe's Wedding"
"The Last One"
Specials
Friends: The Reunion | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends"},{"link_name":"fifth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_season_5"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Phoebe Buffay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebe_Buffay"},{"link_name":"Monica Geller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Geller"},{"link_name":"Chandler Bing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandler_Bing"},{"link_name":"Ross Geller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Geller"},{"link_name":"51st Primetime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Directing_for_a_Comedy_Series"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Writing_for_a_Comedy_Series"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actress_in_a_Comedy_Series"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emmy-2"}],"text":"14th episode of the 5th season of Friends\"The One Where Everybody Finds Out\" is the fourteenth episode of Friends' fifth season. It first aired on the NBC network in the United States on February 11, 1999. In the episode, Phoebe Buffay discovers that Monica Geller and Chandler Bing are secretly dating, and decides to \"mess\" with them by pretending to flirt with Chandler. Meanwhile, Ross Geller learns that \"Ugly Naked Guy\" is subletting his apartment and applies for it. The episode ends on a cliffhanger, with Ross witnessing Monica and Chandler having sex through a window, which would be resolved in the next episode.At the 51st Primetime Emmy Awards, it received three nominations for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series, Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series and Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series.[2]","title":"The One Where Everybody Finds Out"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Geller"},{"link_name":"David Schwimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Schwimmer"},{"link_name":"Joey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Tribbiani"},{"link_name":"Matt LeBlanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_LeBlanc"},{"link_name":"Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandler_Bing"},{"link_name":"Matthew Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Perry"},{"link_name":"Rachel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Green"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Aniston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Aniston"},{"link_name":"Phoebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebe_Buffay"},{"link_name":"Lisa Kudrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Kudrow"},{"link_name":"Monica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Geller"},{"link_name":"Courteney Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courteney_Cox"},{"link_name":"hooking up at Ross' wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_One_with_Ross%27_Wedding"},{"link_name":"casual relationship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casual_sex"}],"text":"The gang observes that \"Ugly Naked Guy\", who lives across the street from them, is moving out. Ross (David Schwimmer), who has lived in Joey (Matt LeBlanc) and Chandler's (Matthew Perry) apartment since his botched wedding with Emily, wonders if he should try to get Ugly Naked Guy's apartment. He, Rachel (Jennifer Aniston) and Phoebe (Lisa Kudrow) visit it, and Ross is enthralled, but while he goes for an application, the girls see Chandler and Monica (Courteney Cox) having sex in Monica's apartment. Though initially shocked, Phoebe calms down after Joey and Rachel reveal the two have been together since hooking up at Ross' wedding. Joey, who has been keeping the secret for several months, is relieved that almost everyone knows. However, Rachel and Phoebe want revenge, and decide to mess with the duo by having Phoebe pretend to be attracted to Chandler. Chandler later informs a skeptical Monica that Phoebe was flirting with him.Upon discovering that Ugly Naked Guy is subletting the apartment himself, Ross attempts to bribe him with a basket of mini-muffins. However, many people have bribed him with extravagant gifts such as a pinball machine and a mountain bike. Ross eventually acquires the apartment after he and Ugly Naked Guy share the mini-muffins whilst nude.Monica overhears Phoebe flirting with Chandler, and realizes he was telling the truth. However, she also realizes that Phoebe knows about their relationship and is just trying to mess with them. They confront Joey, who inadvertently reveals Rachel knows as well. Chandler and Monica decide to turn the tables by having Chandler reciprocate Phoebe's advances; to which Rachel and Phoebe realize what the couple are doing and proceed to up the stakes. The game of chicken between the two culminates with Chandler and Phoebe going on a tense date in Chandler and Joey's apartment while Monica hides in the bathroom and Rachel and Joey eavesdrop in the hallway. After Phoebe and Chandler share an awkward kiss, Chandler finally breaks down and reveals he is in love with Monica. Monica reveals that she is also in love with Chandler, shocking Phoebe who thought they were only in a casual relationship. Joey is relieved that he no longer has to keep their relationship a secret. However, the others inform him that they still have to keep it a secret from Ross, much to his chagrin.In the closing credits scene, Ross shows his new apartment to his boss, Dr. Ledbetter, to try convince him that he no longer suffers from anger management issues. However, he then sees Monica and Chandler kissing through the window, causing him to angrily yell \"Get off my sister!\"","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marta Kauffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marta_Kauffman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW-3"},{"link_name":"The One with Ross's Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_One_with_Ross%27s_Wedding"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Marta Kauffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marta_Kauffman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW-3"}],"text":"What sticks out to me, was trying to write it and see how many twists we could make without getting confused.\n\n\n-Marta Kauffman[3]Monica and Chandler's relationship was first introduced in \"The One with Ross's Wedding\". The audience reaction to the plot twist was unexpectedly positive, with the studio audience applauding the twist for 27 seconds.[4] Creator Marta Kauffman stated that, \"When we were shooting the scene in London where we find out that Monica and Chandler have slept together, we were in front of a live audience and the reaction was so stunning.... We didn't expect applause to last for two minutes. We kind of went, \"Huh, this is such an unexpected duo, let's play with it for a little while.\"[3]For the scene in which Joey opens Phoebe's top, Lembeck commented that \"As Matt talked through what he wanted to do, it became a technical exercise: Show the costumer what you want to do and see if she can rig the dress.\"[3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"51st Primetime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actress_in_a_Comedy_Series"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Directing_for_a_Comedy_Series"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Writing_for_a_Comedy_Series"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emmy-2"},{"link_name":"52nd Writers Guild of America Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Awards_1999"},{"link_name":"Episodic Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Television:_Episodic_Comedy"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"HuffPost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Digital Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Radio Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"GamesRadar+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Purple Clover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Clover"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The Last One, Part 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_One_(Friends)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"At the 51st Primetime Emmy Awards, the episode received three nominations – Kudrow was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, Lembeck for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series and Junge for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series.[2] At the 52nd Writers Guild of America Awards, the episode was nominated for Episodic Comedy.Entertainment Weekly gave the episode an A−, saying \"although the group discovery would have been riveting enough, the ensuing rondelet of one-upmanship between Monica and Chandler and Rachel and Phoebe is pure genius\".[5] IGN described the scene in which Chandler and Phoebe kiss as a \"gold star Friends moment.\"[6] HuffPost praised it for being \"gooey and romantic and slapstick-y all at once.\" They also called the line \"They don't know we know they know we know\", spoken by Phoebe, the best in the episode.[7] The A.V. Club wrote that while it was \"not the most natural point of entry for a first-time Friends viewer, given how much it leans on backstory\", it was \"as expertly crafted as anything in the show's 10-season run\" and \"builds to a frenzy, locking Phoebe and Chandler in a cruel game of chicken to see how far he and Monica will go to conceal their relationship.\"[8]Various websites have deemed it one of the show's best episodes. Digital Spy ranked it the third best episode of the show, praising Perry and Kudrow's performances as a \"tour de force\".[9] Radio Times named it the fourth-funniest Friends episode.[10] GamesRadar+ regarded it as the show's fifth-best episode, as they felt it delivered \"huge laughs every step of the way.\" They called the line \"What are you doing? Get off my sister!\" the best of the episode.[11] Purple Clover chose the episode as one of the 20 funniest episodes of Friends.[12] Den of Geek ranked it the second best episode of Friends.[13]The episode holds a 9.7 rating on IMDb, making it the highest rated episode of the entire series, tied with \"The Last One, Part 2\".[14]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Luling, Todd Van (May 31, 2016). \"The Identity Of Ugly Naked Guy On 'Friends' Is Finally Revealed\". HuffPost. Archived from the original on August 26, 2023. Retrieved May 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ugly-naked-guy-friends_n_573caa4ae4b0ef86171cef1f","url_text":"\"The Identity Of Ugly Naked Guy On 'Friends' Is Finally Revealed\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230826233852/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ugly-naked-guy-friends_n_573caa4ae4b0ef86171cef1f","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Emmys.com list of 1999 Nominees & Winners\". Television Academy. Archived from the original on October 31, 2017. Retrieved May 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1999","url_text":"\"Emmys.com list of 1999 Nominees & Winners\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171031211355/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1999","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Friends': An Oral History of 'The One Where Everybody Finds Out'\". EW.com. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/tv/2017/04/03/friends-untold-story-phoebe-everybody-finds-out/","url_text":"\"'Friends': An Oral History of 'The One Where Everybody Finds Out'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190427104133/https://ew.com/tv/2017/04/03/friends-untold-story-phoebe-everybody-finds-out/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Perry, Matthew (2005). Friends: Final Thoughts (DVD). New Wave DVD and Warner Home Entertainment.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Friends | EW.com\". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ew.com/article/2001/09/15/friends-3?iid=sr-link9","url_text":"\"Friends | EW.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160915010023/http://www.ew.com/article/2001/09/15/friends-3?iid=sr-link9","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fowler, Matt (September 24, 2014). \"The Top 10 Friends Episodes\". IGN.com. Archived from the original on September 25, 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/09/24/the-top-10-friends-episodes","url_text":"\"The Top 10 Friends Episodes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140925162012/https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/09/24/the-top-10-friends-episodes","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goodman, Jessica (January 1, 2015). \"14 Best 'Friends' Episodes To Binge Watch Right Now\". HuffPost. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/best-friends-episodes_n_6397222","url_text":"\"14 Best 'Friends' Episodes To Binge Watch Right Now\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190427102800/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/best-friends-episodes_n_6397222","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Joshua Alston (May 1, 2019). \"Could you be any more excited to watch these 5 episodes of Friends?\". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://tv.avclub.com/could-you-be-any-more-excited-to-watch-these-5-episodes-1798275452","url_text":"\"Could you be any more excited to watch these 5 episodes of Friends?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210228012057/https://tv.avclub.com/could-you-be-any-more-excited-to-watch-these-5-episodes-1798275452","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wightman, Catriona (October 15, 2016). \"Friends: The 25 best episodes EVER, ranked\". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/g24315/friends-the-25-best-episodes-ever-ranked/","url_text":"\"Friends: The 25 best episodes EVER, ranked\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190427104152/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/g24315/friends-the-25-best-episodes-ever-ranked/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The 15 funniest Friends episodes on Netflix, ranked\". Radio Times. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/news/on-demand/2019-04-26/friends-funniest-episodes-netflix/","url_text":"\"The 15 funniest Friends episodes on Netflix, ranked\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190427104133/https://www.radiotimes.com/news/on-demand/2019-04-26/friends-funniest-episodes-netflix/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The 25 best Friends episodes you WILL rewatch again and again and...\" gamesradar. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesradar.com/best-friends-tv-episodes-netflix/2/","url_text":"\"The 25 best Friends episodes you WILL rewatch again and again and...\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190427104134/https://www.gamesradar.com/best-friends-tv-episodes-netflix/2/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"20 Funniest Episodes of 'Friends'\". Archived from the original on January 15, 2019. Retrieved February 6, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.purpleclover.com/entertainment/8723-20-friends-episodes/item/140920210442-10-friends-everyone-finds-out-horizontal-large-gallery/","url_text":"\"20 Funniest Episodes of 'Friends'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190115075736/https://www.purpleclover.com/entertainment/8723-20-friends-episodes/item/140920210442-10-friends-everyone-finds-out-horizontal-large-gallery/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Den of Geek\". Den of Geek. Retrieved April 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denofgeek.us/us","url_text":"\"Den of Geek\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Friends\" The One Where Everybody Finds Out (TV Episode 1999)\". IMDb. February 11, 1999. Archived from the original on February 6, 2024. Retrieved May 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0583452/","url_text":"\"\"Friends\" The One Where Everybody Finds Out (TV Episode 1999)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240206074543/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0583452/","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ugly-naked-guy-friends_n_573caa4ae4b0ef86171cef1f","external_links_name":"\"The Identity Of Ugly Naked Guy On 'Friends' Is Finally Revealed\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230826233852/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ugly-naked-guy-friends_n_573caa4ae4b0ef86171cef1f","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1999","external_links_name":"\"Emmys.com list of 1999 Nominees & Winners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171031211355/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1999","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ew.com/tv/2017/04/03/friends-untold-story-phoebe-everybody-finds-out/","external_links_name":"\"'Friends': An Oral History of 'The One Where Everybody Finds Out'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190427104133/https://ew.com/tv/2017/04/03/friends-untold-story-phoebe-everybody-finds-out/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ew.com/article/2001/09/15/friends-3?iid=sr-link9","external_links_name":"\"Friends | EW.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160915010023/http://www.ew.com/article/2001/09/15/friends-3?iid=sr-link9","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/09/24/the-top-10-friends-episodes","external_links_name":"\"The Top 10 Friends Episodes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140925162012/https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/09/24/the-top-10-friends-episodes","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/best-friends-episodes_n_6397222","external_links_name":"\"14 Best 'Friends' Episodes To Binge Watch Right Now\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190427102800/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/best-friends-episodes_n_6397222","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://tv.avclub.com/could-you-be-any-more-excited-to-watch-these-5-episodes-1798275452","external_links_name":"\"Could you be any more excited to watch these 5 episodes of Friends?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210228012057/https://tv.avclub.com/could-you-be-any-more-excited-to-watch-these-5-episodes-1798275452","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/g24315/friends-the-25-best-episodes-ever-ranked/","external_links_name":"\"Friends: The 25 best episodes EVER, ranked\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190427104152/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/g24315/friends-the-25-best-episodes-ever-ranked/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.radiotimes.com/news/on-demand/2019-04-26/friends-funniest-episodes-netflix/","external_links_name":"\"The 15 funniest Friends episodes on Netflix, ranked\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190427104133/https://www.radiotimes.com/news/on-demand/2019-04-26/friends-funniest-episodes-netflix/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamesradar.com/best-friends-tv-episodes-netflix/2/","external_links_name":"\"The 25 best Friends episodes you WILL rewatch again and again and...\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190427104134/https://www.gamesradar.com/best-friends-tv-episodes-netflix/2/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.purpleclover.com/entertainment/8723-20-friends-episodes/item/140920210442-10-friends-everyone-finds-out-horizontal-large-gallery/","external_links_name":"\"20 Funniest Episodes of 'Friends'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190115075736/https://www.purpleclover.com/entertainment/8723-20-friends-episodes/item/140920210442-10-friends-everyone-finds-out-horizontal-large-gallery/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.denofgeek.us/us","external_links_name":"\"Den of Geek\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0583452/","external_links_name":"\"\"Friends\" The One Where Everybody Finds Out (TV Episode 1999)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240206074543/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0583452/","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encs | Encs | ["1 History","2 Twin towns – sister cities","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 48°19′50″N 21°07′19″E / 48.33068°N 21.12188°E / 48.33068; 21.12188For the district, see Encs District. For the chemical database, see Japanese Existing and New Chemical Substances.
Town in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, HungaryEncsTownEncs Church
FlagCoat of armsEncsLocation of EncsCoordinates: 48°19′50″N 21°07′19″E / 48.33068°N 21.12188°E / 48.33068; 21.12188Country HungaryCountyBorsod-Abaúj-ZemplénDistrictEncsArea • Total31.13 km2 (12.02 sq mi)Population (2001) • Total7,052 • Density226.53/km2 (586.7/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code3860Area code(+36) 46Websitewww.encs.hu
Encs is a small town in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county, Northern Hungary, 30 kilometers from the county capital Miskolc.
History
The area has been inhabited for at least 6,000 years. After the Hungarians occupied the area, it became part of Újvár comitatus (later Abaúj county). The first recorded mention of the village was in 1219.
The railway line reached the village in 1860. In 1880 Encs had about 1,000 residents. After the treaty of Trianon Encs was the most important village of the parts of Abaúj-Torna county that remained in Hungary. The next few decades brought prosperity. In 1962 it became the centre of the unified districts of Encs, Abaújszántó and Szikszó, and gained town status in 1984.
Twin towns – sister cities
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Hungary
Encs is twinned with:
Bad Dürrenberg, Germany
Ghelința, Romania
Kępno, Poland
Moldava nad Bodvou, Slovakia
References
^ "Testvérvárosok". encs.hu (in Hungarian). Encs. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Encs.
Official website in Hungarian
Encs travel guide from Wikivoyage
vteTowns and villages of Encs DistrictTown (1)
Encs (district seat)
Villages (27)
Alsógagy
Baktakék
Beret
Büttös
Csenyéte
Csobád
Detek
Fáj
Fancsal
Felsőgagy
Forró
Fulókércs
Gagyapáti
Garadna
Hernádpetri
Hernádszentandrás
Hernádvécse
Ináncs
Kány
Keresztéte
Krasznokvajda
Litka
Méra
Novajidrány
Perecse
Pusztaradvány
Szalaszend
Szemere
vteBorsod-Abaúj-Zemplén CountyCity with county rights
Miskolc (county seat)
Towns
Abaújszántó
Alsózsolca
Borsodnádasd
Cigánd
Edelény
Emőd
Encs
Felsőzsolca
Gönc
Kazincbarcika
Mezőcsát
Mezőkeresztes
Mezőkövesd
Nyékládháza
Onga
Ózd
Pálháza
Putnok
Rudabánya
Sajóbábony
Sajószentpéter
Sárospatak
Sátoraljaújhely
Szendrő
Szerencs
Szikszó
Tiszaújváros
Tokaj
Large villages
Arló
Izsófalva
Múcsony
Ricse
Szentistván
Szirmabesenyő
Taktaharkány
Tiszalúc
Villages
Abaújalpár
Abaújkér
Abaújlak
Abaújszolnok
Abaújvár
Abod
Aggtelek
Alacska
Alsóberecki
Alsódobsza
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Encs District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encs_District"},{"link_name":"Japanese Existing and New Chemical Substances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Existing_and_New_Chemical_Substances"},{"link_name":"Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borsod-Aba%C3%BAj-Zempl%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Miskolc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miskolc"}],"text":"For the district, see Encs District. For the chemical database, see Japanese Existing and New Chemical Substances.Town in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, HungaryEncs is a small town in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county, Northern Hungary, 30 kilometers from the county capital Miskolc.","title":"Encs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abaúj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abov"},{"link_name":"railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway"},{"link_name":"treaty of Trianon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon"},{"link_name":"Abaúj-Torna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aba%C3%BAj-Torna"},{"link_name":"Abaújszántó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aba%C3%BAjsz%C3%A1nt%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Szikszó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sziksz%C3%B3"}],"text":"The area has been inhabited for at least 6,000 years. After the Hungarians occupied the area, it became part of Újvár comitatus (later Abaúj county). The first recorded mention of the village was in 1219.The railway line reached the village in 1860. In 1880 Encs had about 1,000 residents. After the treaty of Trianon Encs was the most important village of the parts of Abaúj-Torna county that remained in Hungary. The next few decades brought prosperity. In 1962 it became the centre of the unified districts of Encs, Abaújszántó and Szikszó, and gained town status in 1984.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Hungary"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Bad Dürrenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_D%C3%BCrrenberg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Ghelința","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghelin%C8%9Ba"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Kępno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_K%C4%99pno"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Moldava nad Bodvou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldava_nad_Bodvou"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in HungaryEncs is twinned with:[1]Bad Dürrenberg, Germany\n Ghelința, Romania\n Kępno, Poland\n Moldava nad Bodvou, Slovakia","title":"Twin towns – sister cities"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Testvérvárosok\". encs.hu (in Hungarian). Encs. Retrieved 2021-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encs.hu/?module=news&action=show&nid=8771","url_text":"\"Testvérvárosok\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Encs¶ms=48.33068_N_21.12188_E_region:HU_type:city(7052)","external_links_name":"48°19′50″N 21°07′19″E / 48.33068°N 21.12188°E / 48.33068; 21.12188"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Encs¶ms=48.33068_N_21.12188_E_region:HU_type:city(7052)","external_links_name":"48°19′50″N 21°07′19″E / 48.33068°N 21.12188°E / 48.33068; 21.12188"},{"Link":"http://www.encs.hu/","external_links_name":"www.encs.hu"},{"Link":"http://www.encs.hu/?module=news&action=show&nid=8771","external_links_name":"\"Testvérvárosok\""},{"Link":"http://www.encs.hu/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/137225603","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562003105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82040696","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton_Highlands_National_Park | Cape Breton Highlands National Park | ["1 Recreation","2 Wildlife","3 Geology","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References"] | Coordinates: 46°44′00″N 60°38′30″W / 46.73333°N 60.64167°W / 46.73333; -60.64167National park in Nova Scotia, Canada
Cape Breton Highlands National ParkIUCN category II (national park)Autumn colours in the parkLocation of Cape Breton HighlandsShow map of CanadaLocation of Cape Breton HighlandsShow map of Nova ScotiaLocationIngonish, Nova Scotia, CanadaCoordinates46°44′00″N 60°38′30″W / 46.73333°N 60.64167°W / 46.73333; -60.64167Area949 km2 (366 sq mi)Established1936Visitors277,203 (in 2022–23)Governing bodyParks CanadaWebsitehttp://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/ns/cbreton/
Panorama from the Freshwater Lake Lookoff
Cape Breton Highlands National Park is a Canadian national park on northern Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia. The park was the first national park in the Atlantic provinces of Canada and covers an area of 948 square kilometres (366 sq mi). It is one of 42 in Canada's system of national parks.
It consists of mountains, valleys, waterfalls, rocky coastlines and the Cape Breton Highlands, a tundra-esque plateau. Forest types include Acadian and Boreal. The park includes the highest point in Nova Scotia, White Hill, at 533.5 m (1,750 ft) above sea level.
Rivers in the park include the Chéticamp River and the North Aspy River.
In 2014, Parks Canada started a four-year project with the Unama'ki Institute of Natural Resources, among other partners, to begin regional boreal forest restorations within this park.
Recreation
One-third of the Cabot Trail passing through the park features ocean and mountain views. The park is known for its "steep cliffs and deep river canyons that carve into a forested plateau bordering the Atlantic Ocean".
The park contains 26 marked hiking trails, including the Skyline Trail.
At the western entrance of the park is the Acadian village of Chéticamp on the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and a park information centre. On the eastern side of the park are campsites as well as beaches at Ingonish on the Atlantic Ocean. Also on the east side of the park located in Ingonish at the Keltic Lodge resort is Highlands Links, an 18-hole golf course designed by Stanley Thompson. Golf Magazine ranked it as one of the top 100 courses in the world and the best public course in Canada. George Knudson suggested leaving clubs behind and just walking the course. The course has been certified by the Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Program, a program aimed at conserving wildlife habitat in spaces used for other purposes.
There are five main salt water ocean beaches in the park and two freshwater lakes. The ocean beaches include Ingonish Beach, North Bay Beach, Broad Cove Beach, Black Brook Beach and La Bloc Beach. The two freshwater beaches include Freshwater Lake and Warren Lake. Freshwater Lake and Ingonish Beach are both supervised with a lifeguard during the summer months. There are very strong currents at Black Brook and Ingonish Beach which must be considered when bringing small children to these two beaches.
Wildlife
Birds visible from this park include three species of hawk, two species of owl, northern gannets, kestrel, Bicknell's thrush, and the bald eagle. The first nest records of boreal owl for Nova Scotia were found in the southwestern corner of this park in 2004. This park is listed as an Important Bird Area.
Mammals include white-tailed deer, marten, lynx, muskrat, snowshoe hare, beaver, mink, bobcat, river otter, stoat, red fox, raccoon, moose, black bear, skunk, and coyote. The Gaspé shrew, the local name for a smallish variety of the long-tailed shrew, Sorex dispar, can be found on rocky slopes in the park.
Aquatic life visible from this park includes North Atlantic right whales, humpback whales, fin whales, minke whales, sei whales pilot whales, Atlantic white-sided dolphins, harbor seals, harp seals, and grey seals.
Reptiles include garter snake, red belly snake, ring-necked snake, smooth green snake, wood turtle and leatherback sea turtle.
Parks Canada transferred eighteen western moose (nine bulls, nine cows) from Alberta's Elk Island National Park to this national park between 1947 and 1948.
In late October 2009, country folk singer Taylor Mitchell died as a result of her injuries and blood loss due to coyotes attacking her while she was hiking by herself on the Skyline Trail. This incident became the only recorded fatal coyote assault on an adult as well as a Canadian.
Geology
Barrier beach in front of Freshwater Lake showing well rounded boulders. Note the height above sea level.
Glacial debris on the north side of Freshwater Lake.
Most of the park resides within what is called the Ganderia Terrane, sometimes referred to as the Bras d'Or or Aspy Terrane. This was originally part of Gondwana, referred to as peri-Gondwanan Terrane, and through seafloor spreading, separated from Gondwana and collided with Laurentia during the Salinic Orogeny. The evidence of this collision, the closing of the Iapetus Ocean and the formation of the Iapetus Suture, is seen in the northwest part of the park where the Ganderia Terrane is connected with the Blair River Inlier, itself a remnant of the Laurentia continental margin, referred to as peri-Laurentian Terrane. Other terrane collisions followed, including the Avalonia Terrane during the Acadian orogeny, and the Meguma Terrane during the Neoacadian Orogeny. Then, between 340 and 300 Ma, Gondwana collided with Laurentia, forming Pangea. Rifting started about 200 Ma eventually forming the Atlantic Ocean.
Along the Cabot Trail between the park headquarters at Ingonish Beach and Ingonish, a 402 Ma old Early Devonian granodiorite is exposed, the Cameron Brook Pluton, while the Keltic Lodge, on Middle Head, sits on a 493 Ma old Early Ordovician granite and a 550 Ma old Neoproterozoic diorite. The beach in front of Freshwater Lake is a classic shingle beach, a barrier beach with boulders well rounded and polished from wave action. Glacial debris is evident along the trail at the north end of the lake. A similar bar cuts across Ingonish Harbor.: 90
A Middle to 375 Ma Late Devonian granite is seen along the Cabot Trail between Ingonish and where it leaves the park near South Harbor, while a 403 Ma Early Devonian orthogneiss is exposed at Neils Harbour northward. From Cape North, the Cabot Trail follows the Aspy Fault southwards, where the Early Carboniferous Windsor Group and Horton Group outcrops, until it reenters the park at Big Intervale. These groups of rocks consist of limestone, mudstone, anhydrite, gypsum, halite, siltstone, fluvial sandstone, shale, and conglomerate. The Windsor Group is also exposed at Ingonish and Ingonish Beach.
The Cabot Trail then doglegs to the north, crossing the Wilkie Brook Fault Zone, and entering the southernmost extent of the Blair River Inlier. The inlier is bounded by the Wilkie Brook Fault Zone on the east and the Red River Fault Zone on the southwest near Lone Shieling. The fault zones are marked by a zone of sheared rocks characterized by mylonite. Between these zones are outcrops of Silurian Fox Back Ridge diorite and granodiorite, as well as the Red River Anorthosite Suite of Middle Proterozoic age.
The Cabot Trail then follows the Grande Anse River westwards, with exposed Horton Group until it reaches the coast at Pleasant Bay. This is the location of the 364 Ma Late Devonian granite of the Pleasant Bay Pluton. Moving south along the trail, the 433 Ma Ordovician-Silurian Belle Cote Road orthogneiss is encountered, followed by another granite (Proterozoic-Devonian in age).
As the trail loops west to follow the coastline, rocks of the 439 Ma Ordovician-Silurian Jumping Brook Metamorphic Suite are exposed. This suite consists of metamorphosed siltstone, wacke, conglomerate, arkose, and minor rhyolite. In the midst of this suite may be found the 379 Ma Devonian granite of the Gillanders Mountain Pluton. The trail encounters a 439 Ma Cambrian granite before it exists the park at La Rigoueche.
Gallery
The Cabot Trail viewed from the Skyline Hiking Trail
A moose resting in the park
Part of the Skyline Hiking Trail
Black Brook Beach
Long-finned pilot whales spyhopping off Cape Breton
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cape Breton Highlands National Park.
National Parks of Canada
List of National Parks of Canada
List of parks in Nova Scotia
References
^ Canada, Parks. "Parks Canada attendance 2022_23 - Parks Canada attendance 2022_23 - Open Government Portal". open.canada.ca. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
^ "Geographical Names of Canada - Cape Breton Highlands National Park of Canada". Government of Canada. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
^ "Cape Breton Highlands National Park, Cabot Trail". Archived from the original on 2000-04-13. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
^ Finkelstein, Maxwell W. (9 February 2010). "Cape Breton Highlands National Park". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
^ a b "Cape Breton Highlands National Park". Parks Canada. 24 March 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
^ "Cape Breton Highlands National Park". Government of Canada. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
^ "Cheticamp - Cape Breton Island - Nova Scotia". Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
^ Lauff, R.F. (2010). "First nest record of the Boreal Owl Aegolius funereus in Nova Scotia". Ardea. 97 (4): 497–502. doi:10.5253/078.097.0414. S2CID 86525931.
^ Lauff, Randolph F. (Oct–Nov 2007). Johnson, D.H.; Van Nieuwenhuyse, D.; Duncan, J.R. (eds.). First nest records of the Boreal Owl Aegolius funereus in Nova Scotia, Canada (PDF). Proc. Fourth World Owl Conf. Project Owl Net. Vol. 97, no. 4. Groningen, The Netherlands: Ardea. pp. 497–502. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
^ "IBA Site Listing". www.ibacanada.org. Retrieved 2021-02-03.
^ "Eastern coyote - Cape Breton Highlands National Park". 20 November 2018.
^ "Saltwire | Halifax".
^ "Moose - Cape Breton Highlands National Park". 20 November 2018.
^ "Woman airlifted after attack by coyotes in Cape Breton". CTV News. Sydney, Nova Scotia. Canadian Press. 27 October 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
^ "Cape Breton coyote attack kills touring folk singer". CTV News. 28 October 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
^ a b Hild, Martha; Barr, Sandra (2015). Geology of Nova Scotia. Portugal Cove: Boulder Publications. pp. 18–21. ISBN 9781927099438.
^ Williams, Harold (1995). Geology of the Appalachian-Caledonian Orogen in Canada and Greenland, Geology of Canada, no. 6. Canada: Geological Survey of Canada. pp. 51, 59. ISBN 0-660-13134-X.
^ a b c d e Keppie, J.D. (compiler) (2000). Geological Map of the Province of Nova Scotia, Map ME 2000-1, scale 1:500 000. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Minerals and Energy Branch.
^ Baird, David (1971). Cape Breton Highlands National Park, where the mountains meet the sea, Misc. Report 5. Ottawa: The Geological Survey of Canada, Dept. of Mines and Technical Surveys. pp. 28–32.
^ Dawson, William (1891). The Geology of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island, or Acadian Geology. London: MacMillan and Co. pp. 71, 83.
^ Miller, Brent (1997). Geology, Geochronology, and Tectonic Significance of the Blair River Inlier, Northern Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Halifax: Dalhousie University.
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Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NS_CapeBretonHighlands1_tango7174.jpg"},{"link_name":"national park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Parks_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Cape Breton Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-id=FBHWX-2"},{"link_name":"Atlantic provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Maritimes"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cak-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cape Breton Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton_Highlands"},{"link_name":"tundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra"},{"link_name":"plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau"},{"link_name":"Acadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England/Acadian_forests"},{"link_name":"Boreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_forest_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"White Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Hill_(Nova_Scotia)"},{"link_name":"Chéticamp River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9ticamp_River"},{"link_name":"Aspy River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspy_River"},{"link_name":"Parks Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_Canada"},{"link_name":"Unama'ki Institute of Natural Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unama%27ki_Institute_of_Natural_Resources"}],"text":"National park in Nova Scotia, CanadaPanorama from the Freshwater Lake LookoffCape Breton Highlands National Park is a Canadian national park on northern Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia.[2] The park was the first national park in the Atlantic provinces of Canada[3] and covers an area of 948 square kilometres (366 sq mi).[4] It is one of 42 in Canada's system of national parks.It consists of mountains, valleys, waterfalls, rocky coastlines and the Cape Breton Highlands, a tundra-esque plateau. Forest types include Acadian and Boreal. The park includes the highest point in Nova Scotia, White Hill, at 533.5 m (1,750 ft) above sea level.Rivers in the park include the Chéticamp River and the North Aspy River.In 2014, Parks Canada started a four-year project with the Unama'ki Institute of Natural Resources, among other partners, to begin regional boreal forest restorations within this park.","title":"Cape Breton Highlands National Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cabot Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabot_Trail"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parks_Canada-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Skyline Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyline_Trail_(Cape_Breton_Highlands_National_Park)"},{"link_name":"Acadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadian"},{"link_name":"Chéticamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9ticamp,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Saint Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Ingonish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingonish,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Keltic Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltic_Lodge"},{"link_name":"Highlands Links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlands_Links"},{"link_name":"golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"Stanley Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Golf Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_Magazine"},{"link_name":"George Knudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Knudson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parks_Canada-5"}],"text":"One-third of the Cabot Trail passing through the park features ocean and mountain views. The park is known for its \"steep cliffs and deep river canyons that carve into a forested plateau bordering the Atlantic Ocean\".[5]The park contains 26 marked hiking trails,[6] including the Skyline Trail.At the western entrance of the park is the Acadian village of Chéticamp[7] on the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and a park information centre. On the eastern side of the park are campsites as well as beaches at Ingonish on the Atlantic Ocean. Also on the east side of the park located in Ingonish at the Keltic Lodge resort is Highlands Links, an 18-hole golf course designed by Stanley Thompson. Golf Magazine ranked it as one of the top 100 courses in the world and the best public course in Canada. George Knudson suggested leaving clubs behind and just walking the course. The course has been certified by the Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Program, a program aimed at conserving wildlife habitat in spaces used for other purposes.There are five main salt water ocean beaches in the park and two freshwater lakes. The ocean beaches include Ingonish Beach, North Bay Beach, Broad Cove Beach, Black Brook Beach and La Bloc Beach. The two freshwater beaches include Freshwater Lake and Warren Lake. Freshwater Lake and Ingonish Beach are both supervised with a lifeguard during the summer months. There are very strong currents at Black Brook and Ingonish Beach which must be considered when bringing small children to these two beaches.[5]","title":"Recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk"},{"link_name":"owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl"},{"link_name":"northern gannets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_gannet"},{"link_name":"kestrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_kestrel"},{"link_name":"Bicknell's thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicknell%27s_thrush"},{"link_name":"bald eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_eagle"},{"link_name":"boreal owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_owl"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Important Bird Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Important_Bird_Area"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"white-tailed deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_deer"},{"link_name":"marten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_marten"},{"link_name":"lynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_lynx"},{"link_name":"muskrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskrat"},{"link_name":"snowshoe hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowshoe_hare"},{"link_name":"beaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_beaver"},{"link_name":"mink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_mink"},{"link_name":"bobcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobcat"},{"link_name":"river otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_river_otter"},{"link_name":"stoat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoat"},{"link_name":"red fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_fox"},{"link_name":"raccoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raccoon"},{"link_name":"moose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_moose"},{"link_name":"black bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_black_bear"},{"link_name":"skunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_skunk"},{"link_name":"coyote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_coyote"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"long-tailed shrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-tailed_shrew"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic right whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_right_whale"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"humpback whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpback_whale"},{"link_name":"fin whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin_whale"},{"link_name":"minke whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minke_whale"},{"link_name":"sei whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sei_whale"},{"link_name":"pilot whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_whale"},{"link_name":"Atlantic white-sided dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_white-sided_dolphin"},{"link_name":"harbor seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor_seal"},{"link_name":"harp seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harp_seal"},{"link_name":"grey seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_seal"},{"link_name":"garter snake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garter_snake"},{"link_name":"red belly snake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storeria"},{"link_name":"ring-necked snake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-necked_snake"},{"link_name":"smooth green snake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_green_snake"},{"link_name":"wood turtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_turtle"},{"link_name":"leatherback sea turtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherback_sea_turtle"},{"link_name":"western moose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_moose"},{"link_name":"Elk Island National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk_Island_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Taylor Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coy-15"}],"text":"Birds visible from this park include three species of hawk, two species of owl, northern gannets, kestrel, Bicknell's thrush, and the bald eagle. The first nest records of boreal owl for Nova Scotia were found in the southwestern corner of this park in 2004.[8][9] This park is listed as an Important Bird Area.[10]Mammals include white-tailed deer, marten, lynx, muskrat, snowshoe hare, beaver, mink, bobcat, river otter, stoat, red fox, raccoon, moose, black bear, skunk, and coyote.[11] The Gaspé shrew, the local name for a smallish variety of the long-tailed shrew, Sorex dispar, can be found on rocky slopes in the park.Aquatic life visible from this park includes North Atlantic right whales,[12] humpback whales, fin whales, minke whales, sei whales pilot whales, Atlantic white-sided dolphins, harbor seals, harp seals, and grey seals.Reptiles include garter snake, red belly snake, ring-necked snake, smooth green snake, wood turtle and leatherback sea turtle.Parks Canada transferred eighteen western moose (nine bulls, nine cows) from Alberta's Elk Island National Park to this national park between 1947 and 1948.[13]In late October 2009, country folk singer Taylor Mitchell died as a result of her injuries and blood loss due to coyotes attacking her while she was hiking by herself on the Skyline Trail. This incident became the only recorded fatal coyote assault on an adult as well as a Canadian.[14][15]","title":"Wildlife"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cape_Breton_HIghlands_National_Park_Freshwater_Lake_barrier_beach.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cape_Breton_HIghlands_National_Park_Freshwater_Lake_glacial_debris.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ganderia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganderia"},{"link_name":"Terrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrane"},{"link_name":"Gondwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana"},{"link_name":"seafloor spreading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafloor_spreading"},{"link_name":"Laurentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentia"},{"link_name":"Orogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orogeny"},{"link_name":"Iapetus Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapetus_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Iapetus Suture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapetus_Suture"},{"link_name":"Inlier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inlier"},{"link_name":"Avalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalonia"},{"link_name":"Acadian orogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadian_orogeny"},{"link_name":"Meguma Terrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meguma_terrane"},{"link_name":"Ma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myr"},{"link_name":"Pangea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea"},{"link_name":"Rifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifting"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hild-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-17"},{"link_name":"Cabot Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabot_Trail"},{"link_name":"Early Devonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Devonian"},{"link_name":"granodiorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granodiorite"},{"link_name":"Pluton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluton"},{"link_name":"Early Ordovician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Ordovician"},{"link_name":"granite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"Neoproterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoproterozoic"},{"link_name":"diorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorite"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keppie-18"},{"link_name":"shingle beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingle_beach"},{"link_name":"barrier beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrier_beach"},{"link_name":"boulders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder"},{"link_name":"Glacial debris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_debris"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hild-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Late Devonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Devonian"},{"link_name":"Early Devonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Devonian"},{"link_name":"orthogneiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogneiss"},{"link_name":"Aspy Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspy_Fault"},{"link_name":"Early Carboniferous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Carboniferous"},{"link_name":"outcrops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outcrop"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"mudstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudstone"},{"link_name":"anhydrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhydrite"},{"link_name":"gypsum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum"},{"link_name":"halite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halite"},{"link_name":"siltstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltstone"},{"link_name":"fluvial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvial"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale"},{"link_name":"conglomerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keppie-18"},{"link_name":"Fault Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_Zone"},{"link_name":"Lone Shieling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Shieling"},{"link_name":"sheared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_(geology)"},{"link_name":"mylonite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylonite"},{"link_name":"Silurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian"},{"link_name":"Anorthosite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorthosite"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keppie-18"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-21"},{"link_name":"Late Devonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Devonian"},{"link_name":"Ordovician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keppie-18"},{"link_name":"metamorphosed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphosed"},{"link_name":"siltstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltstone"},{"link_name":"wacke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacke"},{"link_name":"arkose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkose"},{"link_name":"rhyolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyolite"},{"link_name":"Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keppie-18"}],"text":"Barrier beach in front of Freshwater Lake showing well rounded boulders. Note the height above sea level.Glacial debris on the north side of Freshwater Lake.Most of the park resides within what is called the Ganderia Terrane, sometimes referred to as the Bras d'Or or Aspy Terrane. This was originally part of Gondwana, referred to as peri-Gondwanan Terrane, and through seafloor spreading, separated from Gondwana and collided with Laurentia during the Salinic Orogeny. The evidence of this collision, the closing of the Iapetus Ocean and the formation of the Iapetus Suture, is seen in the northwest part of the park where the Ganderia Terrane is connected with the Blair River Inlier, itself a remnant of the Laurentia continental margin, referred to as peri-Laurentian Terrane. Other terrane collisions followed, including the Avalonia Terrane during the Acadian orogeny, and the Meguma Terrane during the Neoacadian Orogeny. Then, between 340 and 300 Ma, Gondwana collided with Laurentia, forming Pangea. Rifting started about 200 Ma eventually forming the Atlantic Ocean.[16][17]Along the Cabot Trail between the park headquarters at Ingonish Beach and Ingonish, a 402 Ma old Early Devonian granodiorite is exposed, the Cameron Brook Pluton, while the Keltic Lodge, on Middle Head, sits on a 493 Ma old Early Ordovician granite and a 550 Ma old Neoproterozoic diorite.[18] The beach in front of Freshwater Lake is a classic shingle beach, a barrier beach with boulders well rounded and polished from wave action. Glacial debris is evident along the trail at the north end of the lake. A similar bar cuts across Ingonish Harbor.[16]: 90 [19][20]A Middle to 375 Ma Late Devonian granite is seen along the Cabot Trail between Ingonish and where it leaves the park near South Harbor, while a 403 Ma Early Devonian orthogneiss is exposed at Neils Harbour northward. From Cape North, the Cabot Trail follows the Aspy Fault southwards, where the Early Carboniferous Windsor Group and Horton Group outcrops, until it reenters the park at Big Intervale. These groups of rocks consist of limestone, mudstone, anhydrite, gypsum, halite, siltstone, fluvial sandstone, shale, and conglomerate. The Windsor Group is also exposed at Ingonish and Ingonish Beach.[18]The Cabot Trail then doglegs to the north, crossing the Wilkie Brook Fault Zone, and entering the southernmost extent of the Blair River Inlier. The inlier is bounded by the Wilkie Brook Fault Zone on the east and the Red River Fault Zone on the southwest near Lone Shieling. The fault zones are marked by a zone of sheared rocks characterized by mylonite. Between these zones are outcrops of Silurian Fox Back Ridge diorite and granodiorite, as well as the Red River Anorthosite Suite of Middle Proterozoic age.[18][21]The Cabot Trail then follows the Grande Anse River westwards, with exposed Horton Group until it reaches the coast at Pleasant Bay. This is the location of the 364 Ma Late Devonian granite of the Pleasant Bay Pluton. Moving south along the trail, the 433 Ma Ordovician-Silurian Belle Cote Road orthogneiss is encountered, followed by another granite (Proterozoic-Devonian in age).[18]As the trail loops west to follow the coastline, rocks of the 439 Ma Ordovician-Silurian Jumping Brook Metamorphic Suite are exposed. This suite consists of metamorphosed siltstone, wacke, conglomerate, arkose, and minor rhyolite. In the midst of this suite may be found the 379 Ma Devonian granite of the Gillanders Mountain Pluton. The trail encounters a 439 Ma Cambrian granite before it exists the park at La Rigoueche.[18]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cabot_trail_2009k.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cape_breton_highlands_national_park_moose.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cape_breton_highlands_national_park_skyline_hike.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NS_CapeBretonHighlands2_tango7174.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pilot_whale_spyhop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Long-finned pilot whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-finned_pilot_whale"},{"link_name":"spyhopping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacean_surfacing_behavior"}],"text":"The Cabot Trail viewed from the Skyline Hiking Trail\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA moose resting in the park\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPart of the Skyline Hiking Trail\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBlack Brook Beach\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLong-finned pilot whales spyhopping off Cape Breton","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"Panorama from the Freshwater Lake Lookoff","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/NS_CapeBretonHighlands1_tango7174.jpg/290px-NS_CapeBretonHighlands1_tango7174.jpg"},{"image_text":"Barrier beach in front of Freshwater Lake showing well rounded boulders. Note the height above sea level.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Cape_Breton_HIghlands_National_Park_Freshwater_Lake_barrier_beach.jpg/220px-Cape_Breton_HIghlands_National_Park_Freshwater_Lake_barrier_beach.jpg"},{"image_text":"Glacial debris on the north side of Freshwater Lake.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Cape_Breton_HIghlands_National_Park_Freshwater_Lake_glacial_debris.jpg/220px-Cape_Breton_HIghlands_National_Park_Freshwater_Lake_glacial_debris.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Cape Breton Highlands National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cape_Breton_Highlands_National_Park"},{"title":"National Parks of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Parks_of_Canada"},{"title":"List of National Parks of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Parks_of_Canada"},{"title":"List of parks in Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parks_in_Nova_Scotia"}] | [{"reference":"Canada, Parks. \"Parks Canada attendance 2022_23 - Parks Canada attendance 2022_23 - Open Government Portal\". open.canada.ca. Retrieved 2024-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/57c69cfc-fc85-495b-9eef-555a08404034/resource/020bfd16-2079-4fa7-839f-f4cc8c19851c","url_text":"\"Parks Canada attendance 2022_23 - Parks Canada attendance 2022_23 - Open Government Portal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geographical Names of Canada - Cape Breton Highlands National Park of Canada\". Government of Canada. Retrieved 16 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique.php?id=FBHWX","url_text":"\"Geographical Names of Canada - Cape Breton Highlands National Park of Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cape Breton Highlands National Park, Cabot Trail\". Archived from the original on 2000-04-13. Retrieved 2011-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000413075307/http://www.cabottrail.com/info/park.htm","url_text":"\"Cape Breton Highlands National Park, Cabot Trail\""},{"url":"http://www.cabottrail.com/info/park.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Finkelstein, Maxwell W. (9 February 2010). \"Cape Breton Highlands National Park\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/cape-breton-highlands-national-park","url_text":"\"Cape Breton Highlands National Park\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180111102136/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/cape-breton-highlands-national-park/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cape Breton Highlands National Park\". Parks Canada. 24 March 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/pn-np/ns/cbreton/index.aspx","url_text":"\"Cape Breton Highlands National Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cape Breton Highlands National Park\". Government of Canada. Retrieved 24 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/ns/cbreton/activ/randonnee-hiking","url_text":"\"Cape Breton Highlands National Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cheticamp - Cape Breton Island - Nova Scotia\". Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110524111659/http://cheticampns.com/loc-e.html","url_text":"\"Cheticamp - Cape Breton Island - Nova Scotia\""},{"url":"http://cheticampns.com/loc-e.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lauff, R.F. (2010). \"First nest record of the Boreal Owl Aegolius funereus in Nova Scotia\". Ardea. 97 (4): 497–502. doi:10.5253/078.097.0414. S2CID 86525931.","urls":[{"url":"http://ardea.nou.nu/ardea_show_article.php?nr=3961","url_text":"\"First nest record of the Boreal Owl Aegolius funereus in Nova Scotia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5253%2F078.097.0414","url_text":"10.5253/078.097.0414"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86525931","url_text":"86525931"}]},{"reference":"Lauff, Randolph F. (Oct–Nov 2007). Johnson, D.H.; Van Nieuwenhuyse, D.; Duncan, J.R. (eds.). First nest records of the Boreal Owl Aegolius funereus in Nova Scotia, Canada (PDF). Proc. Fourth World Owl Conf. Project Owl Net. Vol. 97, no. 4. Groningen, The Netherlands: Ardea. pp. 497–502. Retrieved 26 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.projectowlnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Lauff-2009-Ardea.pdf","url_text":"First nest records of the Boreal Owl Aegolius funereus in Nova Scotia, Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"IBA Site Listing\". www.ibacanada.org. Retrieved 2021-02-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibacanada.org/site.jsp?siteID=NS061","url_text":"\"IBA Site Listing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eastern coyote - Cape Breton Highlands National Park\". 20 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/ns/cbreton/decouvrir-discover/faune-animals/mammiferes-mammals/coyote","url_text":"\"Eastern coyote - Cape Breton Highlands National Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saltwire | Halifax\".","urls":[{"url":"http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/1312707-right-whales-off-cape-breton-going-the-wrong-way-for-shipping-fishing","url_text":"\"Saltwire | Halifax\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moose - Cape Breton Highlands National Park\". 20 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/ns/cbreton/decouvrir-discover/faune-animals/mammiferes-mammals/orignal-moose","url_text":"\"Moose - Cape Breton Highlands National Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Woman airlifted after attack by coyotes in Cape Breton\". CTV News. Sydney, Nova Scotia. Canadian Press. 27 October 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://toronto.ctvnews.ca/woman-airlifted-after-attack-by-coyotes-in-cape-breton-1.447983","url_text":"\"Woman airlifted after attack by coyotes in Cape Breton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTV_News","url_text":"CTV News"}]},{"reference":"\"Cape Breton coyote attack kills touring folk singer\". CTV News. 28 October 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ctvnews.ca/cape-breton-coyote-attack-kills-touring-folk-singer-1.448501","url_text":"\"Cape Breton coyote attack kills touring folk singer\""}]},{"reference":"Hild, Martha; Barr, Sandra (2015). Geology of Nova Scotia. Portugal Cove: Boulder Publications. pp. 18–21. ISBN 9781927099438.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781927099438","url_text":"9781927099438"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Harold (1995). Geology of the Appalachian-Caledonian Orogen in Canada and Greenland, Geology of Canada, no. 6. Canada: Geological Survey of Canada. pp. 51, 59. ISBN 0-660-13134-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-660-13134-X","url_text":"0-660-13134-X"}]},{"reference":"Keppie, J.D. (compiler) (2000). Geological Map of the Province of Nova Scotia, Map ME 2000-1, scale 1:500 000. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Minerals and Energy Branch.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Baird, David (1971). Cape Breton Highlands National Park, where the mountains meet the sea, Misc. Report 5. Ottawa: The Geological Survey of Canada, Dept. of Mines and Technical Surveys. pp. 28–32.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dawson, William (1891). The Geology of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island, or Acadian Geology. London: MacMillan and Co. pp. 71, 83.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Miller, Brent (1997). Geology, Geochronology, and Tectonic Significance of the Blair River Inlier, Northern Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Halifax: Dalhousie University.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cape_Breton_Highlands_National_Park¶ms=46_44_00_N_60_38_30_W_region:CA_type:forest_dim:30km","external_links_name":"46°44′00″N 60°38′30″W / 46.73333°N 60.64167°W / 46.73333; -60.64167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cape_Breton_Highlands_National_Park¶ms=46_44_00_N_60_38_30_W_region:CA_type:forest_dim:30km","external_links_name":"46°44′00″N 60°38′30″W / 46.73333°N 60.64167°W / 46.73333; -60.64167"},{"Link":"http://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/ns/cbreton/","external_links_name":"http://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/ns/cbreton/"},{"Link":"https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/57c69cfc-fc85-495b-9eef-555a08404034/resource/020bfd16-2079-4fa7-839f-f4cc8c19851c","external_links_name":"\"Parks Canada attendance 2022_23 - Parks Canada attendance 2022_23 - Open Government Portal\""},{"Link":"http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique.php?id=FBHWX","external_links_name":"\"Geographical Names of Canada - Cape Breton Highlands National Park of Canada\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000413075307/http://www.cabottrail.com/info/park.htm","external_links_name":"\"Cape Breton Highlands National Park, Cabot Trail\""},{"Link":"http://www.cabottrail.com/info/park.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/cape-breton-highlands-national-park","external_links_name":"\"Cape Breton Highlands National Park\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180111102136/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/cape-breton-highlands-national-park/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/pn-np/ns/cbreton/index.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Cape Breton Highlands National Park\""},{"Link":"https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/ns/cbreton/activ/randonnee-hiking","external_links_name":"\"Cape Breton Highlands National Park\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110524111659/http://cheticampns.com/loc-e.html","external_links_name":"\"Cheticamp - Cape Breton Island - Nova Scotia\""},{"Link":"http://cheticampns.com/loc-e.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ardea.nou.nu/ardea_show_article.php?nr=3961","external_links_name":"\"First nest record of the Boreal Owl Aegolius funereus in Nova Scotia\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5253%2F078.097.0414","external_links_name":"10.5253/078.097.0414"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86525931","external_links_name":"86525931"},{"Link":"http://www.projectowlnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Lauff-2009-Ardea.pdf","external_links_name":"First nest records of the Boreal Owl Aegolius funereus in Nova Scotia, Canada"},{"Link":"https://www.ibacanada.org/site.jsp?siteID=NS061","external_links_name":"\"IBA Site Listing\""},{"Link":"https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/ns/cbreton/decouvrir-discover/faune-animals/mammiferes-mammals/coyote","external_links_name":"\"Eastern coyote - Cape Breton Highlands National Park\""},{"Link":"http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/1312707-right-whales-off-cape-breton-going-the-wrong-way-for-shipping-fishing","external_links_name":"\"Saltwire | Halifax\""},{"Link":"https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/ns/cbreton/decouvrir-discover/faune-animals/mammiferes-mammals/orignal-moose","external_links_name":"\"Moose - Cape Breton Highlands National Park\""},{"Link":"http://toronto.ctvnews.ca/woman-airlifted-after-attack-by-coyotes-in-cape-breton-1.447983","external_links_name":"\"Woman airlifted after attack by coyotes in Cape Breton\""},{"Link":"http://www.ctvnews.ca/cape-breton-coyote-attack-kills-touring-folk-singer-1.448501","external_links_name":"\"Cape Breton coyote attack kills touring folk singer\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/135958795","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7553255-4","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_Philip | Volvo Philip | [] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Volvo Philip" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Motor vehicle
Volvo PhilipVolvo Philip at the Volvo Museum (April 2014)OverviewManufacturerVolvo CarsProduction1952DesignerJan WilsgaardBody and chassisBody style4-door sedanLayoutFR layoutPowertrainEngine3.6 L B8B V8
The Volvo Philip was a concept car built by Volvo in 1952. It was designed especially for the United States market, and so was fitted with a prototype V8 engine called the B8B, which produced 120 hp (89 kW) at 4000 rpm along with whitewall tires and a hint of tailfins.
The design was inspired by American cars and was similar to the 1951 Kaiser. The designer was Jan Wilsgaard, who also designed the Volvo Amazon. However, it was cancelled by the board and never reached production, with only one car being made. That car was used for several years by the board at Bolinder-Munktell in Eskilstuna and is now preserved at the Volvo Museum in Gothenburg.
This vehicle was hand built under extreme secrecy and was subjected to thorough testing. However, the V8 engine entered production in 1956 and was used for a truck, the Volvo Snabbe, as well as for boats. It was known for being strong and reliable but also for high fuel consumption. Production of the engine had ceased by 1973.
vteVolvo CarsParent
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This article about a classic post-war automobile produced between 1945 and 1975 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"concept car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_car"},{"link_name":"Volvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_Cars"},{"link_name":"V8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_engine"},{"link_name":"B8B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_B36_engine"},{"link_name":"whitewall tires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewall_tires"},{"link_name":"tailfins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_tailfin"},{"link_name":"Kaiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Motors"},{"link_name":"Jan Wilsgaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Wilsgaard"},{"link_name":"Volvo Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_Amazon"},{"link_name":"Bolinder-Munktell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolinder-Munktell"},{"link_name":"Eskilstuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskilstuna"},{"link_name":"Volvo 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It was designed especially for the United States market, and so was fitted with a prototype V8 engine called the B8B, which produced 120 hp (89 kW) at 4000 rpm along with whitewall tires and a hint of tailfins.The design was inspired by American cars and was similar to the 1951 Kaiser. The designer was Jan Wilsgaard, who also designed the Volvo Amazon. However, it was cancelled by the board and never reached production, with only one car being made. That car was used for several years by the board at Bolinder-Munktell in Eskilstuna and is now preserved at the Volvo Museum in Gothenburg.This vehicle was hand built under extreme secrecy and was subjected to thorough testing. However, the V8 engine entered production in 1956 and was used for a truck, the Volvo Snabbe, as well as for boats. It was known for being strong and reliable but also for high fuel consumption. 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You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Volvo Philip"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Volvo+Philip%22","external_links_name":"\"Volvo Philip\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Volvo+Philip%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Volvo+Philip%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Volvo+Philip%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Volvo+Philip%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Volvo+Philip%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volvo_Philip&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarlyk | Jarlig | ["1 Contemporary use","2 See also","3 References","4 Bibliography"] | Historical Mongol government edict
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Jarlig of Temür Qutlugh khan (copy), 1397.
A jarlig (comes from a Turkic word yarlıq) also transliterated yarlyk in Russian and Turkic, is an edict, permission, license or written commandant of Mongol and Chinggisid rulers' "formal diplomas". It was one of three types of non-fundamental law pronouncements that had the effect of a regulation or ordinance, the other two being debter (a record of precedence cases for administration and judicial decisions) and billing (maxims or sayings attributed to Genghis Khan). The jarliq provide important information about the running of the Mongol Empire.
Ögedei Khagan prohibited the nobility from issuing gergees (tablet that gave the bearer authority to demand goods and services from civilian populations) and jarliqs in the 1230s.
From the mid-13th to mid-15th centuries, all princes of Northeastern Rus received jarliq authorizing their rule. The issuing of jarlyk on governing of Rus finalized the establishment of the title of Grand Duke of Vladimir
(Grand Prince). Initially, those jarliq came from the qaghan in Karakorum, but after Batu established the khanate of the Golden Horde (c. 1227), they came from Sarai. None of these jarliq, however, is extant. In the mid-fifteenth century, Grand Duke Basil II of Moscow began forbidding other Rus princes from receiving the jarliq from Mongol khans, thus establishing the right of the Moscow grand prince to authorize local princely rule. Mongol leaders gave the jarliq to emissaries, travelers, monks and merchants to give them free passage, exemptions from taxes and imposts and security.
Kublai Khan began the practice of having the four great aristocrats in his kheshig sign all jarliqs (decrees), a practice that spread to all other Mongol khanates in 1280.
Ghazan reformed the issuance of jarliqs (edicts), creating set forms and graded seals, ordering that all jarliqs be kept on file at court in Persia. Jarliqs older than 30 years were to be cancelled, along with old paizas (Mongol seals of authority).
Even after 1260, the Yuan Dynasty in China still considered jarlig must be issued by only Qa'an/Khagan (Emperor) but linkji by khans (princes) of three western khanates. However, some high-ranking officials continued to issue jarligs under the name of a khan or Emperor in Central Asia.
The Rus' metropolitan archive preserves six jarliq (constituting the so-called Short Collection) considered to be translations into Russian of authentic patents issued from the Qipchaq Khanate:
from Khan Tiuliak (Tulunbek) of Mamai's Horde to Metropolitan Mikhail (Mitia) (1379)
from Khatun Taydula to the Rus' princes (1347)
from Khan Mengu-Timur to Metropolitan Peter (1308)
from Khatun Taydula to Metropolitan Feognost (1343)
from Khan Berdibeg to Metropolitan Alexius (Alexei) (1357)
from Khatun Taydula to Metropolitan Alexius (1354)
A seventh jarliq, which purports to be from Khan Özbeg to Metropolitan Peter (found in the so-called full collection) has been determined to be a sixteenth-century forgery. The jarliq to the metropolitans affirm the freedom of the Church from taxes and tributes, and declare that the Church's property should be protected from expropriation or damage as long as Rus' churchmen pray for the well-being of the khan and his family.
Contemporary use
In modern Mongolian the term (Mongolian: зарлиг, romanized: zarlig) is used to refer to official edicts.
In Russian culture the word means a label, rarely a price tag. An icon shortcut in modern graphical user interfaces is also called this way.
As an example of a reborrowing, the word also re-entered the Mongolian language with the Russian meaning and pronunciation.
See also
Firman
References
^ "Большой Энциклопедический Словарь". www.vedu.ru. Archived from the original on 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2019-12-10.
^ Георгиева Н. Г. , Георгиев В. А. , Орлов А.С (2016). Иллюстрированный исторический словарь. Проспект. ISBN 978-5-392-23221-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Бунимович Н. Т., Макаренко В. А. (2002). Словарь современных понятий и терминов. Республика. p. 523.
^ Kołodziejczyk 2011, p. 3.
^ Enerelt Enkhbold (2019) The role of the ortoq in the Mongol Empire in forming business partnerships, Central Asian Survey, DOI: 10.1080/02634937.2019.1652799
^ Reuven Amitai, Michal Biran Mongols, Turks, and others: Eurasian nomads and the sedentary world, p. 342
^ Dai Mastui "A Mongolian Decree from the Chaghataid Khanate Discovered at Dunhuang", in: P. Zieme (ed.), Aspects of Research into Central Asian Buddhism: In Memoriam Kōgi Kudara, Turnhout (Belgium), Brepols, 2008, pp. 160
Bibliography
Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz (2011). The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th-18th Century). A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004191907. Archived from the original on 2017-06-30. Retrieved 2016-01-23.
vteMongol EmpireTerminologyTitles
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Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
Khanates
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Major cities
Almalik
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CampaignsBattlesAsiaCentral
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PeopleGreat Khans
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Timeline of the Mongol Empire | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jarlig_Temur_Qutlugh_copy_1_GIM.jpg"},{"link_name":"Temür Qutlugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tem%C3%BCr_Qutlugh"},{"link_name":"Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mongol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire"},{"link_name":"Chinggisid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinggisid"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKo%C5%82odziejczyk20113-4"},{"link_name":"law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"Genghis Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan"},{"link_name":"Mongol Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ögedei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96gedei"},{"link_name":"gergees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiza"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke of Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Vladimir"},{"link_name":"qaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khagan"},{"link_name":"Karakorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakorum"},{"link_name":"Batu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Khan"},{"link_name":"khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate"},{"link_name":"Sarai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarai_(city)"},{"link_name":"Basil II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_II_of_Muscovy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kublai Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Khan"},{"link_name":"Ghazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazan"},{"link_name":"Yuan Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"Qipchaq Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qipchaq_Khanate"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mamai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamai"},{"link_name":"Khatun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khatun"},{"link_name":"Mengu-Timur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengu-Timur"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Berdibeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berdibeg"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Alexius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Alexius"},{"link_name":"Khan Özbeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_%C3%96zbeg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Jarlig of Temür Qutlugh khan (copy), 1397.A jarlig (comes from a Turkic word yarlıq)[1][2][3] also transliterated yarlyk in Russian and Turkic, is an edict, permission, license or written commandant of Mongol and Chinggisid rulers' \"formal diplomas\".[4] It was one of three types of non-fundamental law pronouncements that had the effect of a regulation or ordinance, the other two being debter (a record of precedence cases for administration and judicial decisions) and billing (maxims or sayings attributed to Genghis Khan). The jarliq provide important information about the running of the Mongol Empire.Ögedei Khagan prohibited the nobility from issuing gergees (tablet that gave the bearer authority to demand goods and services from civilian populations) and jarliqs in the 1230s.From the mid-13th to mid-15th centuries, all princes of Northeastern Rus received jarliq authorizing their rule. The issuing of jarlyk on governing of Rus finalized the establishment of the title of Grand Duke of Vladimir\n(Grand Prince). Initially, those jarliq came from the qaghan in Karakorum, but after Batu established the khanate of the Golden Horde (c. 1227), they came from Sarai. None of these jarliq, however, is extant. In the mid-fifteenth century, Grand Duke Basil II of Moscow began forbidding other Rus princes from receiving the jarliq from Mongol khans, thus establishing the right of the Moscow grand prince to authorize local princely rule. Mongol leaders gave the jarliq to emissaries, travelers, monks and merchants to give them free passage, exemptions from taxes and imposts and security.[5]Kublai Khan began the practice of having the four great aristocrats in his kheshig sign all jarliqs (decrees), a practice that spread to all other Mongol khanates in 1280.Ghazan reformed the issuance of jarliqs (edicts), creating set forms and graded seals, ordering that all jarliqs be kept on file at court in Persia. Jarliqs older than 30 years were to be cancelled, along with old paizas (Mongol seals of authority).Even after 1260, the Yuan Dynasty in China still considered jarlig must be issued by only Qa'an/Khagan (Emperor) but linkji by khans (princes) of three western khanates.[6] However, some high-ranking officials continued to issue jarligs under the name of a khan or Emperor in Central Asia.[7]The Rus' metropolitan archive[which?] preserves six jarliq (constituting the so-called Short Collection) considered to be translations into Russian of authentic patents issued from the Qipchaq Khanate:[citation needed]from Khan Tiuliak (Tulunbek) of Mamai's Horde to Metropolitan Mikhail (Mitia) (1379)\nfrom Khatun Taydula to the Rus' princes (1347)\nfrom Khan Mengu-Timur to Metropolitan Peter (1308)\nfrom Khatun Taydula to Metropolitan Feognost (1343)\nfrom Khan Berdibeg to Metropolitan Alexius (Alexei) (1357)\nfrom Khatun Taydula to Metropolitan Alexius (1354)A seventh jarliq, which purports to be from Khan Özbeg to Metropolitan Peter (found in the so-called full collection) has been determined to be a sixteenth-century forgery. The jarliq to the metropolitans affirm the freedom of the Church from taxes and tributes, and declare that the Church's property should be protected from expropriation or damage as long as Rus' churchmen pray for the well-being of the khan and his family.[citation needed]","title":"Jarlig"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mongolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language"},{"link_name":"label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Label"},{"link_name":"price tag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price"},{"link_name":"shortcut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortcut_(computers)"},{"link_name":"graphical user interfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface"},{"link_name":"reborrowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reborrowing"}],"text":"In modern Mongolian the term (Mongolian: зарлиг, romanized: zarlig) is used to refer to official edicts.In Russian culture the word means a label, rarely a price tag. An icon shortcut in modern graphical user interfaces is also called this way.As an example of a reborrowing, the word also re-entered the Mongolian language with the Russian meaning and pronunciation.","title":"Contemporary use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dariusz_Ko%C5%82odziejczyk"},{"link_name":"The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th-18th Century). 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(Azaq)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azov"},{"link_name":"Bukhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara"},{"link_name":"Bolghar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolghar"},{"link_name":"Karakorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakorum"},{"link_name":"Dadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanbaliq"},{"link_name":"Majar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majar_(Golden_Horde)"},{"link_name":"Maragheh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maragheh"},{"link_name":"Qarshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarshi"},{"link_name":"Samarkand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarkand"},{"link_name":"Sarai Batu/Berke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarai_(city)"},{"link_name":"Saray-Jük","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saray-J%C3%BCk"},{"link_name":"Shangdu (Xanadu)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangdu"},{"link_name":"Soltaniyeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soltaniyeh"},{"link_name":"Tabriz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz"},{"link_name":"Ukek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukek"},{"link_name":"Xacitarxan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xacitarxan"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Siberia (1207-1308)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Siberia"},{"link_name":"Sakhalin (1264–1308)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin"},{"link_name":"Qara Khitai (1216–18)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Qara_Khitai"},{"link_name":"Khwarazmian Empire (1219–1221)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Persia (1219–1256)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Persia_and_Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests#East_Asia"},{"link_name":"Western Xia (1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia"},{"link_name":"Northern China (1211–34)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Korea (1231–60)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"Southern China (1235–79)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Tibet (1236 / 1240 / 1252)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet"},{"link_name":"Yunnan (1253–56)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China#Conquest_of_Yunnan"},{"link_name":"Japan (1274 / 1281)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Southeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests#Southeast_Asian_and_Korean_vassals"},{"link_name":"Burma (1277 / 1283 / 1287)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma"},{"link_name":"Java (1293)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java"},{"link_name":"Vietnam (1257 / 1284–88)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Burma (1300–02)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma"},{"link_name":"India (1221–1327)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Georgia (1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Circassia 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Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sartaq_Khan"},{"link_name":"Orda Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orda_Khan"},{"link_name":"Berke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berke"},{"link_name":"Toqta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toqta"},{"link_name":"Özbeg Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zbeg_Khan"},{"link_name":"Chagatai Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagatai_Khan"},{"link_name":"Duwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwa"},{"link_name":"Kebek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebek"},{"link_name":"Hulegu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulegu_Khan"},{"link_name":"Abaqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaqa_Khan"},{"link_name":"Arghun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arghun"},{"link_name":"Ghazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazan"},{"link_name":"Subutai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subutai"},{"link_name":"Jebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebe"},{"link_name":"Muqali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqali"},{"link_name":"Negudar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negudar"},{"link_name":"Bo'orchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%27orchu"},{"link_name":"Guo Kan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guo_Kan"},{"link_name":"Boroqul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroqul"},{"link_name":"Jelme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelme"},{"link_name":"Khubilai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khubilai_Noyon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aju"},{"link_name":"Bayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayan_of_the_Baarin"},{"link_name":"Kadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadan"},{"link_name":"Boroldai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroldai"},{"link_name":"Nogai Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogai_Khan"},{"link_name":"Timeline of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Mongol_Empire"}],"text":"Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz (2011). The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th-18th Century). A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004191907. Archived from the original on 2017-06-30. Retrieved 2016-01-23.vteMongol EmpireTerminologyTitles\nKhagan\nKhan\nKhatun\nKhanum\nJinong\nKhong Tayiji\nNoyan\nTarkhan\nPoliticalMilitary\nJarlig\nÖrtöö\nOrda\nPax Mongolica\nYassa\nKurultai\nPaiza / Gerege\nManghit / Mangudai\nTümen\nKheshig\nDarughachi\nPoliticsOrganizationLifeTopics\nAdministrative divisions and vassals\nBanner/Bunchuk/Tug\nInvasions and conquests\nDestructiveness\nImperial Seal\nMilitary\nReligion\nSociety and economy\nHouse of Borjigin\nHouse of Ögedei\nMongol Armenia\nByzantine–Mongol Alliance\nFranco-Mongol alliance\nLists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe\nList of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'\nKhanates\nYuan dynasty\nNorthern Yuan\nChagatai Khanate\nHouse of Ögedei\nGolden Horde\nWings\nIlkhanate\nMajor cities\nAlmalik\nAvarga\nAzov (Azaq)\nBukhara\nBolghar\nKarakorum\nDadu\nMajar\nMaragheh\nQarshi\nSamarkand\nSarai Batu/Berke\nSaray-Jük\nShangdu (Xanadu)\nSoltaniyeh\nTabriz\nUkek\nXacitarxan\nCampaignsBattlesAsiaCentral\nSiberia (1207-1308)\nSakhalin (1264–1308)\nQara Khitai (1216–18)\nKhwarazmian Empire (1219–1221)\nPersia (1219–1256)\nEast\nWestern Xia (1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)\nNorthern China (1211–34)\nKorea (1231–60)\nSouthern China (1235–79)\nTibet (1236 / 1240 / 1252)\nYunnan (1253–56)\nJapan (1274 / 1281)\nSoutheast\nBurma (1277 / 1283 / 1287)\nJava (1293)\nVietnam (1257 / 1284–88)\nBurma (1300–02)\nSouth\nIndia (1221–1327)\nEurope\nGeorgia (1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)\nCircassia (1237–1300s)\nChechnya (1237–1300s)\nVolga Bulgaria (1229–36)\nAlania (1238–1239)\nKievan Rus' (1223 / 1236–40)\nPoland and Bohemia (1240–41)\nHungary (1241–42)\nHoly Roman Empire (1241–42)\nSerbia and Bulgaria (1242)\nLatin Empire (1242)\nLithuania (1258–59)\nPoland (1259–60)\nThrace (1264–65)\nHungary (1285–86)\nPoland (1287–88)\nSerbia (1291)\nMiddle East\nAnatolia (1241–43)\nAlamut (1253–1256)\nBaghdad (1258)\nSyria (1260–1323)\nPalestine (1260 / 1301)\nCivil wars\nDivision of the Mongol Empire\nToluid Civil War (1260–64)\nBerke–Hulagu war (1262)\nKaidu–Kublai war (1268–1301)\nEsen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war (1314–1318)\nPeopleGreat Khans\nGenghis Khan\nTolui (regent)\nÖgedei Khan\nTöregene Khatun (regent)\nGüyük Khan\nOghul Qaimish (regent)\nMöngke Khan\nKublai Khan (Khagans of the Yuan)\nKhans\nJochi\nBatu Khan\nSartaq Khan\nOrda Khan\nBerke\nToqta\nÖzbeg Khan\nChagatai Khan\nDuwa\nKebek\nHulegu\nAbaqa\nArghun\nGhazan\nMilitary\nSubutai\nJebe\nMuqali\nNegudar\nBo'orchu\nGuo Kan\nBoroqul\nJelme\nKhubilai\nAju\nBayan\nKadan\nBoroldai\nNogai Khan\nTimeline of the Mongol Empire","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Jarlig of Temür Qutlugh khan (copy), 1397.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jarlig_Temur_Qutlugh_copy_1_GIM.jpg/220px-Jarlig_Temur_Qutlugh_copy_1_GIM.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Firman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman"}] | [{"reference":"\"Большой Энциклопедический Словарь\". www.vedu.ru. Archived from the original on 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2019-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vedu.ru/bigencdic/ya20/","url_text":"\"Большой Энциклопедический Словарь\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191210164808/www.vedu.ru/bigencdic/ya20/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Георгиева Н. Г. , Георгиев В. А. , Орлов А.С (2016). Иллюстрированный исторический словарь. Проспект. ISBN 978-5-392-23221-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-_bpDQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Иллюстрированный исторический словарь"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-392-23221-5","url_text":"978-5-392-23221-5"}]},{"reference":"Бунимович Н. Т., Макаренко В. А. (2002). Словарь современных понятий и терминов. Республика. p. 523.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz (2011). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ross_and_Cromarty | Lord Lieutenant of Ross and Cromarty | ["1 List of Lord-Lieutenants of Ross and Cromarty","1.1 Vice Lieutenants","2 References and external links"] | The Lord Lieutenant of Ross and Cromarty, is the British monarch's personal representative in an area which has been defined since 1975 as consisting of the local government districts of Ross and Cromarty and Skye and Lochalsh in Scotland, and this definition was renewed by the Lord-Lieutenants (Scotland) Order 1996. Previously, the area of the lieutenancy was the county of Ross and Cromarty, which was abolished as a local government area by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973. The districts were created, under the 1973 act as districts of the two-tier Highland region and abolished as local government areas under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1994, which turned the Highland region into a unitary council area.
Prior to 1891 there had been a separate Lord Lieutenant of Ross and a Lord Lieutenant of Cromarty, but these were merged by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889.
List of Lord-Lieutenants of Ross and Cromarty
Mackenzie had been Lord Lieutenant of Ross-shire
Sir Kenneth Mackenzie, 6th Baronet 15 May 1891 – 1899
Sir Hector Munro, 11th Baronet 7 July 1899 – 15 December 1935
Sir Hector Mackenzie, 8th Baronet 24 April 1936 – 1955
Sir Richard O'Connor 3 November 1955 – 1964
Sir John Stirling 29 August 1964 – 1968
Alexander Francis Matheson 9 October 1968 – 20 August 1976
Sir John Hayes 1 February 1977 – 1988
Sir Roderick Stirling 29 June 1988 – 2007
Janet Bowen 2 June 2007 – July 2019
Joanie Whiteford July 2019 – present
Vice Lieutenants
Colonel James Alexander Stewart-Mackenzie 22 March 1900
References and external links
Website of the Lord-Lieutenant of Ross and Cromarty
Sainty, J. C. (September 2005). "Lieutenants and Lord-Lieutenants of Counties (Scotland) 1794-". Retrieved 18 April 2017.
^ The Lord-Lieutenants (Scotland) Order 1996, OPSI website, retrieved 2 May 2011
^ "No. 58379". The London Gazette. 29 June 2007. p. 9396.
^ Butlin, Heather. "The Lord Lieutenant of Ross and Cromarty". highland.gov.uk. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
^ "No. 27177". The London Gazette. 27 March 1900. p. 2050.
vteLord-lieutenanciesLists of lord-lieutenantsEnglandcurrent
Bedfordshire
Berkshire
Bristol
Buckinghamshire
Cambridgeshire
Cheshire
Cornwall
Cumbria
Derbyshire
Devon
Dorset
Durham
East Riding of Yorkshire
East Sussex
Essex
Gloucestershire
Greater London
Greater Manchester
Hampshire
Herefordshire
Hertfordshire
Isle of Wight
Kent
Lancashire
Leicestershire
Lincolnshire
City of London
Merseyside
Norfolk
North Yorkshire
Northamptonshire
Northumberland
Nottinghamshire
Oxfordshire
Rutland
Shropshire
Somerset
South Yorkshire
Staffordshire
Suffolk
Surrey
Tyne and Wear
Warwickshire
West Midlands
West Sussex
West Yorkshire
Wiltshire
Worcestershire
former
Avon
Cinque Ports
Cleveland
Cumberland
Hereford and Worcester
Humberside
Huntingdon and Peterborough
Huntingdonshire
Isle of Ely
County of London
Middlesex
North Riding of Yorkshire
Sussex
Tower Hamlets
West Riding of Yorkshire
Westmorland
Yorkshire
Walescurrent
Clwyd
Dyfed
Gwent
Gwynedd
Mid Glamorgan
Powys
South Glamorgan
West Glamorgan
former
Anglesey
Brecknockshire
Caernarvonshire
Cardiganshire
Carmarthenshire
Denbighshire
Flintshire
Glamorgan
Haverfordwest
Merionethshire
Monmouthshire
Montgomeryshire
Pembrokeshire
Radnorshire
Wales
Scotlandcurrent
Aberdeen
Aberdeenshire
Angus
Argyll and Bute
Ayrshire and Arran
Banffshire
Berwickshire
Caithness
Clackmannanshire
Dumfries
Dunbartonshire
Dundee
East Lothian
Edinburgh
Fife
Glasgow
Inverness
Kincardineshire
Kirkcudbright
Lanarkshire
Midlothian
Moray
Nairn
Orkney
Perth and Kinross
Renfrewshire
Ross and Cromarty
Roxburgh, Ettrick and Lauderdale
Shetland
Stirling and Falkirk
Sutherland
Tweeddale
West Lothian
Western Isles
Wigtown
former
Argyllshire
Ayrshire
Buteshire
Cromarty
Kinross-shire
Orkney and Shetland
Peeblesshire
Perthshire
Ross-shire
Roxburghshire
Selkirkshire
Stirlingshire
Irelandcurrent
Antrim
Armagh
Belfast
Down
Fermanagh
City of Londonderry
County of Londonderry
Tyrone
former
Carlow
Cavan
Clare
Cork and City of Cork
Donegal
Drogheda
Dublin and City of Dublin
Galway
Town of Galway
Kerry
Kildare
Kilkenny
City of Kilkenny
King's County
Leitrim
Limerick and City of Limerick
Longford
Louth
Mayo
Meath
Monaghan
Queen's County
Roscommon
Sligo
Tipperary
Waterford and City of Waterford
Westmeath
Wexford
Wicklow | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord Lieutenant of Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ross"},{"link_name":"Lord Lieutenant of Cromarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Cromarty"},{"link_name":"Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_(Scotland)_Act_1889"}],"text":"Prior to 1891 there had been a separate Lord Lieutenant of Ross and a Lord Lieutenant of Cromarty, but these were merged by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889.","title":"Lord Lieutenant of Ross and Cromarty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Kenneth Mackenzie, 6th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Kenneth_Mackenzie,_6th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Sir Hector Munro, 11th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Hector_Munro,_11th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Sir Hector Mackenzie, 8th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Hector_Mackenzie,_8th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"Sir John Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Stirling"},{"link_name":"Alexander Francis Matheson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Francis_Matheson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir John Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Osler_Chattock_Hayes"},{"link_name":"Sir Roderick Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roderick_Stirling&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Janet Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janet_Bowen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Mackenzie had been Lord Lieutenant of Ross-shire\nSir Kenneth Mackenzie, 6th Baronet 15 May 1891 – 1899\nSir Hector Munro, 11th Baronet 7 July 1899 – 15 December 1935\nSir Hector Mackenzie, 8th Baronet 24 April 1936 – 1955\nSir Richard O'Connor 3 November 1955 – 1964\nSir John Stirling 29 August 1964 – 1968\nAlexander Francis Matheson 9 October 1968 – 20 August 1976\nSir John Hayes 1 February 1977 – 1988\nSir Roderick Stirling 29 June 1988 – 2007\nJanet Bowen 2 June 2007 – July 2019[2]\nJoanie Whiteford July 2019 – present[3]","title":"List of Lord-Lieutenants of Ross and Cromarty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Alexander Stewart-Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stewart-Mackenzie,_1st_Baron_Seaforth"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Vice Lieutenants","text":"Colonel James Alexander Stewart-Mackenzie 22 March 1900[4]","title":"List of Lord-Lieutenants of Ross and Cromarty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Website of the Lord-Lieutenant of Ross and Cromarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lordlieutenant-rossandcromarty.org.uk"},{"link_name":"Sainty, J. C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sainty_(civil_servant)"},{"link_name":"\"Lieutenants and Lord-Lieutenants of Counties (Scotland) 1794-\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.history.ac.uk/publications/office/lieutenants-scot#S27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"The Lord-Lieutenants (Scotland) Order 1996, OPSI website, retrieved 2 May 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1996/731"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"No. 58379\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/58379/page/9396"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"The Lord Lieutenant of Ross and Cromarty\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.highland.gov.uk/homepage/85/the_lord_lieutenant_of_ross_and_cromarty"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"No. 27177\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27177/page/2050"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lord_Lieutenancies"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lord_Lieutenancies"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lord_Lieutenancies"},{"link_name":"Lord-lieutenancies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord-lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Lists of 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Riding of Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_the_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"East Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Essex"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"Greater London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Greater_London"},{"link_name":"Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Herefordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Herefordshire"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_the_Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_the_City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Merseyside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Merseyside"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Rutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Rutland"},{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Somerset"},{"link_name":"South 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Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Avon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Avon"},{"link_name":"Cinque Ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Cinque_Ports"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Cumberland"},{"link_name":"Hereford and Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Hereford_and_Worcester"},{"link_name":"Humberside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Humberside"},{"link_name":"Huntingdon and 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Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_the_West_Riding_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Westmorland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Westmorland"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenancy_areas_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Clwyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Clwyd"},{"link_name":"Dyfed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Dyfed"},{"link_name":"Gwent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Gwent"},{"link_name":"Gwynedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Gwynedd"},{"link_name":"Mid Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Mid_Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"Powys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Powys"},{"link_name":"South Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_South_Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"West Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_West_Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"Anglesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Anglesey"},{"link_name":"Brecknockshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Brecknockshire"},{"link_name":"Caernarvonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Caernarvonshire"},{"link_name":"Cardiganshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Cardiganshire"},{"link_name":"Carmarthenshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Carmarthenshire"},{"link_name":"Denbighshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Denbighshire"},{"link_name":"Flintshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Flintshire"},{"link_name":"Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"Haverfordwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Haverfordwest"},{"link_name":"Merionethshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Merionethshire"},{"link_name":"Monmouthshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Monmouthshire"},{"link_name":"Montgomeryshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Montgomeryshire"},{"link_name":"Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"Radnorshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Radnorshire"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenancy_areas_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_provosts_of_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Aberdeenshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"Angus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Angus"},{"link_name":"Argyll and Bute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Argyll_and_Bute"},{"link_name":"Ayrshire and Arran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ayrshire_and_Arran"},{"link_name":"Banffshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Banffshire"},{"link_name":"Berwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Berwickshire"},{"link_name":"Caithness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Caithness"},{"link_name":"Clackmannanshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Clackmannanshire"},{"link_name":"Dumfries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Dumfries"},{"link_name":"Dunbartonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Dunbartonshire"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_provosts_of_Dundee"},{"link_name":"East Lothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_East_Lothian"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Provost_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Fife"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_provosts_of_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Inverness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Inverness"},{"link_name":"Kincardineshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Kincardineshire"},{"link_name":"Kirkcudbright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Kirkcudbright"},{"link_name":"Lanarkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Midlothian"},{"link_name":"Moray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Moray"},{"link_name":"Nairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Nairn"},{"link_name":"Orkney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Orkney"},{"link_name":"Perth and Kinross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Perth_and_Kinross"},{"link_name":"Renfrewshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Renfrewshire"},{"link_name":"Ross and Cromarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Roxburgh, Ettrick and Lauderdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Roxburgh,_Ettrick_and_Lauderdale"},{"link_name":"Shetland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Shetland"},{"link_name":"Stirling and Falkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Stirling_and_Falkirk"},{"link_name":"Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"Tweeddale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Tweeddale"},{"link_name":"West Lothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_West_Lothian"},{"link_name":"Western 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Shetland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Orkney_and_Shetland"},{"link_name":"Peeblesshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Peeblesshire"},{"link_name":"Perthshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Perthshire"},{"link_name":"Ross-shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ross-shire"},{"link_name":"Roxburghshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Roxburghshire"},{"link_name":"Selkirkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Selkirkshire"},{"link_name":"Stirlingshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Stirlingshire"},{"link_name":"current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenancy_areas_of_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Antrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Antrim"},{"link_name":"Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Armagh"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Belfast"},{"link_name":"Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Down"},{"link_name":"Fermanagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Fermanagh"},{"link_name":"City 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C. (September 2005). \"Lieutenants and Lord-Lieutenants of Counties (Scotland) 1794-\". Retrieved 18 April 2017.^ The Lord-Lieutenants (Scotland) Order 1996, OPSI website, retrieved 2 May 2011\n\n^ \"No. 58379\". The London Gazette. 29 June 2007. p. 9396.\n\n^ Butlin, Heather. \"The Lord Lieutenant of Ross and Cromarty\". highland.gov.uk. Retrieved 24 November 2021.\n\n^ \"No. 27177\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallinago_hardwickii | Latham's snipe | ["1 Description","1.1 Identification","2 Distribution and habitat","3 Behaviour","3.1 Breeding","3.2 Feeding","4 Status and conservation","5 References"] | Species of bird
Latham's snipe
Conservation status
Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Charadriiformes
Family:
Scolopacidae
Genus:
Gallinago
Species:
G. hardwickii
Binomial name
Gallinago hardwickii(Gray, JE, 1831)
Latham's snipe (Gallinago hardwickii) is a medium-sized, long-billed, migratory snipe of the East Asian–Australasian Flyway.
Description
The snipe is 29–33 cm long, with a wingspan of 50–54 cm and weight of 150–230 g.
Identification
It is identifiable as a Gallinago snipe by its cryptically-patterned black, brown, buff and white plumage but, in the field, it is not easily distinguished from Swinhoe's and pin-tailed snipe, though it is slightly larger.
Distribution and habitat
The snipe breeds mainly in Hokkaidō in northern Japan, with smaller numbers on Honshū, the eastern Russian mainland and Sakhalin and, historically, the Kurile Islands. The entire population migrates and spends the non-breeding season principally in eastern Australia, where it is the commonest Gallinago snipe. It has been recorded on migration in Taiwan, the Philippines and New Guinea, and is a rare straggler to New Zealand.
The snipe's breeding habitat in Asia includes alpine moorland, grasslands, rough pasture, young tree plantations and cultivated areas. Non-breeding habitat in Australia is shallow freshwater wetlands of various kinds, with bare mud or shallow water for feeding and nearby vegetation cover for shelter.
Behaviour
Latham's snipe at Jerrabomberra Wetlands, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Breeding
Courtship consists of display flights and drumming by the males. It nests on the ground, concealed in vegetation, with a clutch of four eggs.
Feeding
Latham's snipe is an omnivorous species that feeds on seeds and other plant material (mainly from species in families such as Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Juncaceae, Polygonaceae, Ranunculaceae and Fabaceae), and on invertebrates including insects (mainly flies and beetles), earthworms, spiders and occasionally molluscs, isopods and centipedes.
Status and conservation
Internationally, Latham's snipe is considered to be a species near threatened. In Australia it was previously hunted as a gamebird but is now fully protected and is listed as Vulnerable under the Australian EPBC Act, following assessment in the 2020. It is listed as "rare" under South Australia's National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972.
References
^ BirdLife International (2022). "Gallinago hardwickii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T22693078A209318491. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-3.RLTS.T22693078A209318491.en. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
^ Hansen, B; Ura, T; Tajiri, H; Dutson, G; Garnett, ST (2020). Latham's Snipe, Galinago hardwickii. In The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2020, Eds ST Garnett and GB Baker. Canberra: CSIRO. pp. 297–300.
BirdLife International. (2006). Species factsheet: Gallinago hardwickii. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 9 February 2007
Fujimaki, Y.; & Skira, I.J. (1984). Notes on Latham's Snipe, Gallinago hardwickii, in Japan. Emu 84: 49–51.
Higgins, P.J.; & Davies, J.N. (eds). (1996). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 3: Snipe to Pigeons. Oxford University Press: Melbourne. ISBN 0-19-553070-5
Lane, Brett; & Davies, Jeff. (1987). Shorebirds in Australia. RAOU: Melbourne. ISBN 0-17-006824-2
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gallinago hardwickii.
Wikispecies has information related to Gallinago hardwickii.
vteSandpipers (family: Scolopacidae)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Charadriiformes
Scolopacidae (Numeniinae–Limosinae–Arenariinae)NumeniinaeBartramia
Upland sandpiper (B. longicauda)
Numenius(Curlews)
Long-billed curlew (N. americanus)
Eurasian curlew (N. arquata)
Eskimo curlew (N. borealis)
Hudsonian whimbrel (N. hudsonicus)
Far Eastern curlew (N. madagascariensis)
Little curlew (N. minutus)
Eurasian whimbrel (N. phaeopus)
Bristle-thighed curlew (N. tahitiensis)
Slender-billed curlew (N. tenuirostris)
LimosinaeLimosa(Godwits)
Marbled godwit (L. fedoa)
Hudsonian godwit (L. haemastica)
Bar-tailed godwit (L. lapponica)
Black-tailed godwit (L. limosa)
ArenariinaeArenaria(Turnstones)
Ruddy turnstone (A. interpres)
Black turnstone (A. melanocephala)
Prosobonia
Tuamotu sandpiper (P. parvirostris)
Henderson sandpiper (P. sauli)
Calidris
Sharp-tailed sandpiper (C. acuminata)
Sanderling (C. alba)
Dunlin (C. alpina)
Baird's sandpiper (C. bairdii)
Red knot (C. canutus)
Broad-billed sandpiper (C. falcinellus)
Curlew sandpiper (C. ferruginea)
White-rumped sandpiper (C. fuscicollis)
Stilt sandpiper (C. himantopus)
Purple sandpiper (C. maritima)
Western sandpiper (C. mauri)
Pectoral sandpiper (C. melanotos)
Little stint (C. minuta)
Least sandpiper (C. minutilla)
Rock sandpiper (C. ptilocnemis)
Ruff (C. pugnax)
Semipalmated sandpiper (C. pusilla)
Spoon-billed sandpiper (C. pygmaea)
Red-necked stint (C. ruficollis)
Long-toed stint (C. subminuta)
Buff-breasted sandpiper (C. subruficollis)
Temminck's stint (C. temminckii)
Great knot (C. tenuirostris)
Surfbird (C. virgata)
Scolopacidae (Tringinae–Scolopacinae)TringinaeXenus
Terek sandpiper (X. cinereus)
Phalaropus(Phalaropes)
Red phalarope (P. fulicarius)
Red-necked phalarope (P. lobatus)
Wilson's phalarope (P. tricolor)
Actitis
Common sandpiper (A. hypoleucos)
Spotted sandpiper (A. macularia)
Tringa
Grey-tailed tattler (T. brevipes)
Spotted redshank (T. erythropus)
Lesser yellowlegs (T. flavipes)
Wood sandpiper (T. glareola)
Nordmann's greenshank (T. guttifer)
Wandering tattler (T. incana)
Greater yellowlegs (T. melanoleuca)
Common greenshank (T. nebularia)
Green sandpiper (T. ochropus)
Willet (T. semipalmata)
Solitary sandpiper (T. solitaria)
Marsh sandpiper (T. stagnatilis)
Common redshank (T. totanus)
ScolopacinaeLymnocryptes
Jack snipe (L. minimus)
Limnodromus(Dowitchers)
Short-billed dowitcher (L. griseus)
Long-billed dowitcher (L. scolopaceus)
Asian dowitcher (L. semipalmatus)
Scolopax(Woodcocks)
Bukidnon woodcock (S. bukidnonensis)
Sulawesi woodcock (S. celebensis)
American woodcock (S. minor)
Amami woodcock (S. mira)
Moluccan woodcock (S. rochussenii)
New Guinea woodcock (S. rosenbergii)
Eurasian woodcock (S. rusticola)
Javan woodcock (S. saturata)
Coenocorypha
Subantarctic snipe (C. aucklandica)
Snares snipe (C. huegeli)
Chatham snipe (C. pusilla)
Gallinago(Snipes)
Puna snipe (G. andina)
Wilson's snipe (G. delicata)
Common snipe (G. gallinago)
Latham's snipe (G. hardwickii)
Imperial snipe (G. imperialis)
Jameson's snipe (G. jamesoni)
Madagascar snipe (G. macrodactyla)
Great snipe (G. media)
Swinhoe's snipe (G. megala)
Wood snipe (G. nemoricola)
African snipe (G. nigripennis)
Noble snipe (G. nobilis)
South American snipe (G. paraguaiae)
Solitary snipe (G. solitaria)
Pin-tailed snipe (G. stenura)
Fuegian snipe (G. stricklandii)
Giant snipe (G. undulata)
Based on Boyd (2019).
Taxon identifiersGallinago hardwickii
Wikidata: Q941289
Wikispecies: Gallinago hardwickii
ADW: Gallinago_hardwickii
AFD: Gallinago_(Gallinago)_hardwickii
Avibase: C9B4E3D558B1FDC8
BirdLife: 22693078
BirdLife-Australia: lathams-snipe
BOW: latsni1
CoL: 6JXG2
eBird: latsni1
EoL: 45516163
EURING: 5230
GBIF: 2481830
iNaturalist: 3914
IRMNG: 10976078
ITIS: 176701
IUCN: 22693078
NCBI: 1381581
NZBO: japanese-snipe
NZOR: 3fbf60da-6b3c-4ed4-82a9-1a94a9b41de7
Open Tree of Life: 3596855
Paleobiology Database: 369477
WoRMS: 225952
Xeno-canto: Gallinago-hardwickii
Scolopax hardwickii
Wikidata: Q41019494
GBIF: 4849798
IRMNG: 10440371 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"migratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_migration"},{"link_name":"snipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snipe"},{"link_name":"East Asian–Australasian Flyway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian%E2%80%93Australasian_Flyway"}],"text":"Latham's snipe (Gallinago hardwickii) is a medium-sized, long-billed, migratory snipe of the East Asian–Australasian Flyway.","title":"Latham's snipe"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The snipe is 29–33 cm long, with a wingspan of 50–54 cm and weight of 150–230 g.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swinhoe's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinhoe%27s_snipe"},{"link_name":"pin-tailed snipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin-tailed_snipe"}],"sub_title":"Identification","text":"It is identifiable as a Gallinago snipe by its cryptically-patterned black, brown, buff and white plumage but, in the field, it is not easily distinguished from Swinhoe's and pin-tailed snipe, though it is slightly larger.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hokkaidō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Honshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Sakhalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin"},{"link_name":"Kurile Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurile_Islands"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"moorland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorland"},{"link_name":"grasslands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassland"}],"text":"The snipe breeds mainly in Hokkaidō in northern Japan, with smaller numbers on Honshū, the eastern Russian mainland and Sakhalin and, historically, the Kurile Islands. The entire population migrates and spends the non-breeding season principally in eastern Australia, where it is the commonest Gallinago snipe. It has been recorded on migration in Taiwan, the Philippines and New Guinea, and is a rare straggler to New Zealand.The snipe's breeding habitat in Asia includes alpine moorland, grasslands, rough pasture, young tree plantations and cultivated areas. Non-breeding habitat in Australia is shallow freshwater wetlands of various kinds, with bare mud or shallow water for feeding and nearby vegetation cover for shelter.","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Latham%27s_Snipe.jpg"}],"text":"Latham's snipe at Jerrabomberra Wetlands, Canberra, ACT, Australia","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drumming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumming_(snipe)"}],"sub_title":"Breeding","text":"Courtship consists of display flights and drumming by the males. It nests on the ground, concealed in vegetation, with a clutch of four eggs.","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"omnivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnivorous"},{"link_name":"Cyperaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperaceae"},{"link_name":"Poaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae"},{"link_name":"Juncaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juncaceae"},{"link_name":"Polygonaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonaceae"},{"link_name":"Ranunculaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranunculaceae"},{"link_name":"Fabaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceae"},{"link_name":"flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly"},{"link_name":"beetles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetle"},{"link_name":"earthworms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm"},{"link_name":"spiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider"},{"link_name":"molluscs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusc"},{"link_name":"isopods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopod"},{"link_name":"centipedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centipede"}],"sub_title":"Feeding","text":"Latham's snipe is an omnivorous species that feeds on seeds and other plant material (mainly from species in families such as Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Juncaceae, Polygonaceae, Ranunculaceae and Fabaceae), and on invertebrates including insects (mainly flies and beetles), earthworms, spiders and occasionally molluscs, isopods and centipedes.","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gamebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamebird"},{"link_name":"EPBC Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPBC_Act"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Action_Plan_2020-2"}],"text":"Internationally, Latham's snipe is considered to be a species near threatened. In Australia it was previously hunted as a gamebird but is now fully protected and is listed as Vulnerable under the Australian EPBC Act, following assessment in the 2020.[2] It is listed as \"rare\" under South Australia's National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972.","title":"Status and conservation"}] | [{"image_text":"Latham's snipe at Jerrabomberra Wetlands, Canberra, ACT, Australia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Latham%27s_Snipe.jpg/220px-Latham%27s_Snipe.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"BirdLife International (2022). \"Gallinago hardwickii\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T22693078A209318491. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-3.RLTS.T22693078A209318491.en. Retrieved 21 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22693078/209318491","url_text":"\"Gallinago hardwickii\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2022-3.RLTS.T22693078A209318491.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-3.RLTS.T22693078A209318491.en"}]},{"reference":"Hansen, B; Ura, T; Tajiri, H; Dutson, G; Garnett, ST (2020). Latham's Snipe, Galinago hardwickii. In The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2020, Eds ST Garnett and GB Baker. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Riyadh_Province | Riyadh Province | ["1 Population","2 Subdivisions","3 Modern history of Riyadh Province and Saudi Arabia","4 List of governors","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 23°0′N 45°30′E / 23.000°N 45.500°E / 23.000; 45.500Administrative region of Saudi Arabia
For other uses, see Riyadh (disambiguation).
Province in Saudi ArabiaRiyadh Province
منطقة الرياضProvinceMap of Saudi Arabia with Riyadh highlightedCoordinates: 23°0′N 45°30′E / 23.000°N 45.500°E / 23.000; 45.500Country Saudi ArabiaCapitalRiyadhGovernorates20Government • GovernorFaisal bin Bandar Al Saud • Deputy GovernorMohammed bin Abdulrahman bin AbdulazizArea • Total404,240 km2 (156,080 sq mi)Population (2022 census) • Total8,591,748 • Density21/km2 (55/sq mi)GDP • TotalUS$ 243.8 billion (2022)Post Code(5+4)-DigitWebsitewww.riyadh.gov.sa
The governorates of Riyadh Region
The Riyadh Province (Arabic: منطقة الرياض Manṭiqat ar-Riyāḍ), also known as the Riyadh Region, is a province of Saudi Arabia, located in the geographic center of the country and the center of the Arabian Peninsula. It has an area of 404,240 km2 (156,080 sq mi) and with a 2022 population of 8,591,748, it is the second-largest region by area, behind the Eastern Province and the largest by population. The capital governorate of the province is the Riyadh Governorate and it is named after the capital of the kingdom, Riyadh, which is the most populous city in the region and the kingdom, with a little less than two-thirds of the population of the region residing within the city. The province was governed for nearly five decades by Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz from 1963 to 2011 shortly before he became the Crown Prince in 2012. Currently, it is governed by Prince Faisal bin Bandar.
Other populous cities in the region include Al Ghat, Dawadmi, Afif, Zulfi and Majma'ah. Approximately half of the region's area is desert, and it only borders other regions of the kingdom; it has no international borders. The region borders, clockwise from the north, the Eastern Province, Najran Region, 'Asir Region, Mecca Region, Medina Region and the Al-Qassim Region. It is one of the 7 regions of the kingdom that do not have a coastline.
Population
Population development since 1992:Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.19923,834,986— 20045,458,273+2.99%20106,792,776+3.71%20228,591,748+1.98%source:
Subdivisions
In addition to the Municipality of Riyadh, the region is divided into 19 governorates (muhafazat) and 1 sub-governorate (markaz):
Riyadh
Layla
'Afif
Dawadmi
al-Ghat
al-Gway'iyyah
al-Hareeg
Al Kharj
Al Majma'ah
Al-Muzahmiyyah
al-Sulayyil
Dhruma
Dir'iyyah
Hotat Bani Tamim
Huraymila
Rimah
Shaqra
Thadig
Wadi ad-Dawasir
The sub-governorate (markaz) of Marat, which is tied directly to the Municipality of Riyadh.
Yabrin
Zulfy City
Modern history of Riyadh Province and Saudi Arabia
Period
from
to
Timeline
First Saudi State
1727
1818
74 years
Khedewian Invasion
1818
1824
6 years
Second Saudi State "first period"
1824
1838
14 years
Khedewian Invasion "secondly"
1838
1843
5 years
Second Saudi State "second period"
1843
1865
22 years
Civil War
1865
1887
22 years
(Conquests of Abdul Aziz Al-Saud "he began to Riyadh") Third Saudi State
1902
1932
30 years
(End of Conquests) "Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"
1932
....
...
List of governors
Name
Dates
Muhammad bin Saad bin Zaid
1929–1936
Prince Nasser bin Abdulaziz
1937–28 May 1947
Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz
29 May 1947 – 19 December 1952
Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz (on behalf of Prince Sultan)
3 March – 19 December 1952
Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz
20 December 1952 – 18 April 1955
Prince Salman bin Abdul-Aziz (on behalf of Prince Nayef)
16 March 1954 – 18 April 1955
King Salman bin Abdulaziz
18 April 1955 – 22 September 1960
Prince Turki bin Abdul-Aziz (on behalf of Prince Salman)
10–21 Oct 1957 – 1957; 31 October 1960
Prince Fawaz bin Abdulaziz
11 September 1961 – 20 January 1963
Prince Badr bin Saud bin Abdulaziz
20 Jan – 5 February 1963
Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz
5 February 1963 – 5 November 2011
Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz
5 November 2011 – 12 February 2013
Prince Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud
14 February 2013 – 14 May 2014
Prince Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud
14 May 2014 – 29 January 2015
Prince Faisal bin Bandar Al Saud
29 January 2015 – present
References
^ "Estimating Saudi Arabia's Regional GDP Using Satellite Nighttime Light Images" (PDF), www.kapsarc.org
^ "Population Characteristics surveys" (PDF). General Authority for Statistics. 2017.
^ "Saudi Arabia: Regions & Major Cities – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". www.citypopulation.de.
^ "Riyadh Princes". Riyadh.gov.sa. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
External links
Saudi Arabia portal
Official website (in Arabic)
"Official website". (in English)
"Riyadh Province". Splendid Arabia. Travel. 17 August 2013.
Central Department of Statistics and Information (CDSI), official Saudi census figures from 2004:
"Distribution of Population in the Kingdom's Administrative Regions by Gender and Nationality (Saudis, Non-Saudis)". Archived from the original on 3 January 2008.
"Distribution of Population in the Governorates of the Kingdom by Sex and Nationality (Saudis, Non-Saudis)". (CDSI). Archived from the original on 3 January 2008.
Places adjacent to Riyadh Province
Ha'il RegionQasim Region
Northern Borders Region
Medina RegionMecca Region
Riyadh Region
Eastern Region
Asir Region
Najran Region
vte Riyadh RegionCapital: Riyadh
Afif
Al Bir
Al Zulfi
Al-Ghat
Al-Muzahmiyya
Al-Quway'iyah
Almardmah
Dawadmi
Dhurma
Diriyah
Al-H̨āyir
Al-H̨arīq
Harmah
H̨awţah Sudayr
Hotat Bani Tamim
Jalajil
Al-Kharj
Layla
Al Majma'ah
Riyadh
Shaqra
Sudair Industrial City
As Sulayyil
Thadig
Tharmada
Ushaiger
'Uyayna
Wadi ad-Dawasir
Wadi Faran
vteProvinces of Saudi Arabia
Al-Bahah
Northern Borders
Al-Jawf
Medina
Al-Qassim
Riyadh
Eastern Province
'Asir
Ha'il
Jizan
Mecca
Najran
Tabuk
vteSaudi Arabia articlesHistory
Pre-Islamic Arabia
Early Islamic State
Rashidun Caliphate
Umayyad Caliphate
Abbasid Caliphate
Emirate of Diriyah
Emirate of Nejd
Kingdom of Hejaz
Unification
Modern history
Geography
Borders
Cities and towns
Climate
Earthquakes
Governorates
Mountains
Provinces
Wadis
Wildlife
Politics
Allegiance Council
Cabinet
Consultative Assembly
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
Foreign relations
King
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Nuclear program
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Law
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Companies
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Council of Economic and Development Affairs
Energy
Oil reserves
History of the oil industry
Foreign workers
Irrigation
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Telecommunications
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Transport
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Society
Abortion
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Geographic
MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riyadh (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Riyadh_governorates.png"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Arabian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Eastern Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Riyadh Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Riyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh"},{"link_name":"Salman bin Abdulaziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_bin_Abdulaziz"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Faisal bin Bandar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_bin_Bandar_Al_Saud_(born_1945)"},{"link_name":"Al Ghat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghat"},{"link_name":"Dawadmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawadmi"},{"link_name":"Afif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afif"},{"link_name":"Zulfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulfi"},{"link_name":"Majma'ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majmaah"},{"link_name":"Eastern Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Najran Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najran_Region"},{"link_name":"'Asir Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Asir_Region"},{"link_name":"Mecca Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca_Region"},{"link_name":"Medina Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_Region"},{"link_name":"Al-Qassim Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qassim_Region"}],"text":"Administrative region of Saudi ArabiaFor other uses, see Riyadh (disambiguation).Province in Saudi ArabiaThe governorates of Riyadh RegionThe Riyadh Province (Arabic: منطقة الرياض Manṭiqat ar-Riyāḍ), also known as the Riyadh Region, is a province of Saudi Arabia, located in the geographic center of the country and the center of the Arabian Peninsula. It has an area of 404,240 km2 (156,080 sq mi) and with a 2022 population of 8,591,748,[2] it is the second-largest region by area, behind the Eastern Province and the largest by population. The capital governorate of the province is the Riyadh Governorate and it is named after the capital of the kingdom, Riyadh, which is the most populous city in the region and the kingdom, with a little less than two-thirds of the population of the region residing within the city. The province was governed for nearly five decades by Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz from 1963 to 2011 shortly before he became the Crown Prince in 2012. Currently, it is governed by Prince Faisal bin Bandar.Other populous cities in the region include Al Ghat, Dawadmi, Afif, Zulfi and Majma'ah. Approximately half of the region's area is desert, and it only borders other regions of the kingdom; it has no international borders. The region borders, clockwise from the north, the Eastern Province, Najran Region, 'Asir Region, Mecca Region, Medina Region and the Al-Qassim Region. It is one of the 7 regions of the kingdom that do not have a coastline.","title":"Riyadh Province"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Population development since 1992:","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh"},{"link_name":"muhafazat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhafazat"},{"link_name":"markaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markaz_(country_subdivision)"},{"link_name":"Riyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Layla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layla_(town)"},{"link_name":"'Afif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Afif"},{"link_name":"Dawadmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawadmi"},{"link_name":"al-Ghat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghat"},{"link_name":"al-Gway'iyyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Gway%27iyyah"},{"link_name":"al-Hareeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hareeg"},{"link_name":"Al Kharj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Saih"},{"link_name":"Al Majma'ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Majma%27ah"},{"link_name":"Al-Muzahmiyyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muzahmiyyah"},{"link_name":"al-Sulayyil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sulayyil"},{"link_name":"Dhruma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhruma"},{"link_name":"Dir'iyyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dir%27iyyah_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Hotat Bani Tamim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotat_Bani_Tamim"},{"link_name":"Huraymila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huraymila"},{"link_name":"Rimah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimah_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Shaqra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaqra_(Saudi_Arabia)"},{"link_name":"Thadig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thadig"},{"link_name":"Wadi ad-Dawasir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_ad-Dawasir"},{"link_name":"Marat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marat,_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Riyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh"},{"link_name":"Yabrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yabrin"},{"link_name":"Zulfy City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Zulfi_Province"}],"text":"In addition to the Municipality of Riyadh, the region is divided into 19 governorates (muhafazat) and 1 sub-governorate (markaz):Riyadh\nLayla\n'Afif\nDawadmi\nal-Ghat\nal-Gway'iyyah\nal-Hareeg\nAl Kharj\nAl Majma'ah\nAl-Muzahmiyyah\nal-Sulayyil\nDhruma\nDir'iyyah\nHotat Bani Tamim\nHuraymila\nRimah\nShaqra\nThadig\nWadi ad-Dawasir\nThe sub-governorate (markaz) of Marat, which is tied directly to the Municipality of Riyadh.\nYabrin\nZulfy City","title":"Subdivisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Modern history of Riyadh Province and Saudi Arabia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of governors"}] | [{"image_text":"The governorates of Riyadh Region","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Riyadh_governorates.png/260px-Riyadh_governorates.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Estimating Saudi Arabia's Regional GDP Using Satellite Nighttime Light Images\" (PDF), www.kapsarc.org","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kapsarc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Estimating-Saudi-Arabia%E2%80%99s-Regional-GDP-Using-Satellite-Nighttime-Light-Images.pdf","url_text":"\"Estimating Saudi Arabia's Regional GDP Using Satellite Nighttime Light Images\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population Characteristics surveys\" (PDF). General Authority for Statistics. 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/population_characteristics_surveysar.pdf","url_text":"\"Population Characteristics surveys\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saudi Arabia: Regions & Major Cities – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information\". www.citypopulation.de.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/cities/","url_text":"\"Saudi Arabia: Regions & Major Cities – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riyadh Princes\". Riyadh.gov.sa. Retrieved 27 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.riyadh.gov.sa/en/pages/princes/princes.aspx","url_text":"\"Riyadh Princes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official website\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.riyadh.gov.sa/Eng/index.asp","url_text":"\"Official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riyadh Province\". Splendid Arabia. 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Archived from the original on 3 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080103142251/http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/showproductstandard.aspx?lid=25&pid=1564","url_text":"\"Distribution of Population in the Governorates of the Kingdom by Sex and Nationality (Saudis, Non-Saudis)\""},{"url":"http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/showproductstandard.aspx?lid=25&pid=1564","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Riyadh_Province¶ms=23_0_N_45_30_E_type:city(8591748)_region:SA","external_links_name":"23°0′N 45°30′E / 23.000°N 45.500°E / 23.000; 45.500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Riyadh_Province¶ms=23_0_N_45_30_E_type:city(8591748)_region:SA","external_links_name":"23°0′N 45°30′E / 23.000°N 45.500°E / 23.000; 45.500"},{"Link":"http://www.riyadh.gov.sa/","external_links_name":"www.riyadh.gov.sa"},{"Link":"https://www.kapsarc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Estimating-Saudi-Arabia%E2%80%99s-Regional-GDP-Using-Satellite-Nighttime-Light-Images.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Estimating Saudi Arabia's Regional GDP Using Satellite Nighttime Light Images\""},{"Link":"https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/population_characteristics_surveysar.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Population Characteristics surveys\""},{"Link":"http://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/cities/","external_links_name":"\"Saudi Arabia: Regions & Major Cities – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information\""},{"Link":"http://www.riyadh.gov.sa/en/pages/princes/princes.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Riyadh Princes\""},{"Link":"http://www.riyadh.gov.sa/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.riyadh.gov.sa/Eng/index.asp","external_links_name":"\"Official website\""},{"Link":"http://www.splendidarabia.com/destinations/riyadh-province/","external_links_name":"\"Riyadh Province\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080103142209/http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/showproductstandard.aspx?lid=25&pid=1557","external_links_name":"\"Distribution of Population in the Kingdom's Administrative Regions by Gender and Nationality (Saudis, Non-Saudis)\""},{"Link":"http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/showproductstandard.aspx?lid=25&pid=1557","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080103142251/http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/showproductstandard.aspx?lid=25&pid=1564","external_links_name":"\"Distribution of Population in the Governorates of the Kingdom by Sex and Nationality (Saudis, Non-Saudis)\""},{"Link":"http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/showproductstandard.aspx?lid=25&pid=1564","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/159522869","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562450605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85346725","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/13c5a17f-5c0c-4fa2-817b-fce9a51fdad3","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Tennessee | 1962 United States House of Representatives elections | ["1 Overall results","2 Special elections","3 Alabama","4 Alaska","5 Arizona","6 Arkansas","7 California","8 Colorado","9 Connecticut","10 Delaware","11 Florida","12 Georgia","13 Hawaii","14 Idaho","15 Illinois","16 Indiana","17 Iowa","18 Kansas","19 Kentucky","20 Louisiana","21 Maine","22 Maryland","23 Massachusetts","24 Michigan","25 Minnesota","26 Mississippi","27 Missouri","28 Montana","29 Nebraska","30 Nevada","31 New Hampshire","32 New Jersey","33 New Mexico","34 New York","35 North Carolina","36 North Dakota","37 Ohio","38 Oklahoma","39 Oregon","40 Pennsylvania","41 Rhode Island","42 South Carolina","43 South Dakota","44 Tennessee","45 Texas","46 Utah","47 Vermont","48 Virginia","49 Washington","50 West Virginia","51 Wisconsin","52 Wyoming","53 See also","54 Notes","55 References"] | House elections for the 88th U.S. Congress
1962 United States House of Representatives elections
← 1960
November 6, 1962
1964 →
All 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives218 seats needed for a majority
Majority party
Minority party
Leader
John McCormack
Charles Halleck
Party
Democratic
Republican
Leader since
January 10, 1962
January 3, 1959
Leader's seat
Massachusetts 9th
Indiana 2nd
Last election
262 seats
175 seats
Seats won
259
176
Seat change
3
1
Popular vote
26,860,184
24,160,387
Percentage
52.4%
47.1%
Swing
2.4%
2.3%
Speaker before election
John McCormack
Democratic
Elected Speaker
John McCormack
Democratic
The 1962 United States House of Representatives elections was an election for the United States House of Representatives on November 6, 1962, to elect members to serve in the 88th United States Congress. They occurred in the middle of President John F. Kennedy's term. As in most midterm elections, Kennedy's Democratic Party lost seats to the opposition Republican Party, but retained a majority. House Democrats were expected to lose their majority, but the resolution over the Cuban Missile Crisis just a few weeks prior led to a rebound in approval for the Democrats under President Kennedy.
The number of seats up for election went back to 435, in accordance with reapportionment and redistricting resulting from the 1960 census. The membership had been increased temporarily to 437 in 1959, providing 1 seat each for the new states of Alaska and Hawaii, while the other 435 seats continued with the reapportionment resulting from the 1950 census.
This was the last midterm election cycle until 2022 in which a sitting Democratic president experienced net losses for his party in the House while experiencing net gains in the Senate.
Overall results
↓
259
176
Democratic
Republican
Parties
Seats
Popular Vote
1960
1962
Change
Strength
Vote
%
Change
Democratic Party
262
259
3
59.3%
26,860,184
52.4%
2.4%
Republican Party
175
176
1
40.5%
24,160,387
47.1%
2.3%
Liberal Party
0
0
0.0%
94,208
0.2%
Independent
0
0
0.0%
80,484
0.2%
0.2%
Prohibition Party
0
0
0.0%
17,171
<0.1%
Conservative Party
0
0
0.0%
6,950
<0.1%
Socialist Labor Party
0
0
0.0%
2,611
<0.1%
Voters For Peace Party
0
0
0.0%
1,124
<0.1%
Socialist Workers Party
0
0
0.0%
730
<0.1%
Others
0
0
0.0%
19,139
<0.1%
0.1%
Total
437
435
2
100.0%
51,242,988
100.0%
——
Source: Election Statistics – Office of the Clerk
Popular vote
Democratic
52.42%
Republican
47.15%
Others
0.43%
House seats
Democratic
59.54%
Republican
40.46%
Results shaded according to winners share of the popular vote
House seats by party holding plurality in state 80+% Democratic 80+% Republican 60+% to 80% Democratic 60+% to 80% Republican up to 60% Democratic up to 60% Republican Stripes = 50/50 split
Change by party 6+ Democratic gain 6+ Republican gain 3-5 Democratic gain 3-5 Republican gain 1-2 Democratic gain 1-2 Republican gain no net change
Special elections
See also: List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives
Elections are listed by date and district.
District
Incumbent
This race
Representative
Party
First elected
Results
Candidates
Texas 13
Frank N. Ikard
Democratic
1951 (special)
Incumbent resigned December 15, 1961.New member elected January 27, 1962.Democratic hold; winner was subsequently re-elected.
▌Y Graham B. Purcell Jr. (Democratic) 62.9%
▌Joe Meissner (Republican) 37.1%
Texas 4
Sam Rayburn
Democratic
1912
Incumbent died November 16, 1961.New member elected January 30, 1962.Democratic hold; winner was subsequently re-elected.
▌Y Ray Roberts (Democratic) 54.3%
▌R. C. Slagle (Democratic) 46.7%
Michigan 14
Louis C. Rabaut
Democratic
1934
Incumbent died November 12, 1961.New member elected February 13, 1962.Democratic hold; winner was subsequently re-elected.
▌Y Harold M. Ryan (Democratic) 50.5%
▌Robert E. Waldron (Republican) 49.2%
▌Charles Frazier (Socialist Labor) 0.28%
New York 6
Lester Holtzman
Democratic
1952
Incumbent resigned December 31, 1961.New member elected February 20, 1962.Democratic hold; winner was subsequently re-elected to the redistricted 8th district.
▌Y Benjamin Rosenthal (Democratic) 44.5%
▌Thomas F. Galvin (Republican) 43.8%
▌Emil Levin (Emil Levin) 11.7%
South Carolina 2
John J. Riley
Democratic
1944
Incumbent died January 1, 1962.New member elected April 10, 1962.Democratic hold.Winner was not a candidate for re-election in November. (See Widow's succession)
▌Y Corinne Boyd Riley (Democratic) 100%
Alabama
See also: List of United States representatives from Alabama
Alabama lost 1 seat in redistricting and elected all seats at-large as a method of determining which seat to eliminate.
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Alabama at-large
George M. GrantRedistricted from the 2nd district
Democratic
1938
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y George Huddleston Jr. (Democratic) 11.3%
▌Y Armistead I. Selden Jr. (Democratic) 11.0%
▌Y George W. Andrews (Democratic) 10.9%
▌Y George M. Grant (Democratic) 10.7%
▌Y Albert Rains (Democratic) 10.1%
▌Y Kenneth A. Roberts (Democratic) 10.0%
▌Y Robert E. Jones Jr. (Democratic) 9.6%
▌Y Carl Elliott (Democratic) 9.6%
▌John H. Buchanan Jr. (Republican) 5.3%
▌Thomas Abernethy (Republican) 5.2%
▌Evan Foreman Jr. (Republican) 5.1%
▌J. Chester Robinson (Republican) 1.2%
George W. AndrewsRedistricted from the 3rd district
Democratic
1944
Incumbent re-elected.
Kenneth A. RobertsRedistricted from the 4th district
Democratic
1950
Incumbent re-elected.
Albert RainsRedistricted from the 5th district
Democratic
1944
Incumbent re-elected.
Armistead I. Selden Jr.Redistricted from the 6th district
Democratic
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
Carl ElliottRedistricted from the 7th district
Democratic
1948
Incumbent re-elected.
Robert E. Jones Jr.Redistricted from the 8th district
Democratic
1947 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
George Huddleston Jr.Redistricted from the 9th district
Democratic
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
Frank W. BoykinRedistricted from the 1st district
Democratic
1935 (special)
Incumbent lost renomination.Democratic loss.
Alaska
See also: List of United States representatives from Alaska
State House Results
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Alaska at-large
Ralph Rivers
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ralph Rivers (Democratic) 56.0%
▌Lowell Thomas Jr. (Republican) 44.0%
Arizona
See also: List of United States representatives from Arizona
Arizona gained one seat and formed a new third district out of the northern part of the state.
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Arizona 1
John Jacob Rhodes
Republican
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John Jacob Rhodes (Republican) 58.7%
▌Howard V. Peterson (Democratic) 41.3%
Arizona 2
Mo Udall
Democratic
1961 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Mo Udall (Democratic) 58.3%
▌Richard K. Burke (Republican) 41.7%
Arizona 3
None (district created)
New seat.Democratic gain.
▌Y George F. Senner Jr. (Democratic) 56.0%
▌John P. Clark (Republican) 44.0%
Arkansas
See also: List of United States representatives from Arkansas
Arkansas lost two seats and merged the 5th and 6th districts into the other districts. 5th district incumbent Dale Alford chose to run for governor rather than face Wilbur Mills in a primary, and 6th district incumbent Catherine Dorris Norrell retired after serving out the remainder of her husband's term.
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Arkansas 1
Ezekiel C. Gathings
Democratic
1938
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ezekiel C. Gathings (Democratic)
Unopposed
Arkansas 2
Wilbur Mills
Democratic
1938
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Wilbur Mills (Democratic)
Unopposed
Dale AlfordRedistricted from the 5th district
Democratic
1958
Incumbent retired to run for Governor of Arkansas.Democratic loss.
Arkansas 3
James William Trimble
Democratic
1944
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y James William Trimble (Democratic) 69.3%
▌Cy Carney Jr. (Republican) 30.7%
Arkansas 4
Oren Harris
Democratic
1940
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Oren Harris (Democratic) 77.4%
▌Warren Lieblong (Republican) 22.5%
▌Frank Jarratt (Write-in) 0.03%
Catherine Dorris NorrellRedistricted from the 6th district
Democratic
1961 (special)
Incumbent retired.Democratic loss.
California
Main article: 1962 United States House of Representatives elections in California
See also: List of United States representatives from California
Eight new seats were gained in reapportionment, including 4 additional districts in Greater Los Angeles alone as well as others in San Diego, the Northern Central Valley, Alameda County, and the Central Coast, increasing the delegation from 30 to 38 seats. Seven of the new seats were won by Democrats, one by a Republican. Two Republican incumbents lost re-election to Democrats. Therefore, Democrats increased by 9 seats and Republicans decreased by 1.
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
California 1
Clem Miller
Democratic
1958
Incumbent died October 7, 1962and re-elected posthumously.
▌Y Clem Miller† (Democratic) 50.8%
▌Don Clausen (Republican) 49.2%
California 2
Bizz Johnson
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bizz Johnson (Democratic) 64.6%
▌Fredric H. Nagel (Republican) 35.4%
California 3
John E. Moss
Democratic
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John E. Moss (Democratic) 74.8%
▌George W. G. Smith (Republican) 25.2%
California 4
None (district created)
New seat.Democratic gain.
▌Y Robert Leggett (Democratic) 56.5%
▌L. V. Honsinger (Republican) 43.5%
California 5
John F. Shelley
Democratic
1949 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John F. Shelley (Democratic) 80.5%
▌Roland S. Charles (Republican) 19.5%
California 6
William S. MailliardRedistricted from the 4th district
Republican
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William S. Mailliard (Republican) 58.7%
▌John A. O'Connell (Democratic) 41.3%
California 7
Jeffery Cohelan
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jeffery Cohelan (Democratic) 64.5%
▌Leonard L. Cantando (Republican) 35.5%
California 8
George P. Miller
Democratic
1944
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y George P. Miller (Democratic) 72.5%
▌Harold Petersen (Republican) 27.5%
California 9
None (district created)
New seat.Democratic gain.
▌Y Don Edwards (Democratic) 66.0%
▌Joseph F. Donovan (Republican) 34.0%
California 10
Charles Gubser
Republican
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Charles Gubser (Republican) 60.7%
▌James P. Thurber Jr. (Democratic) 39.3%
California 11
J. Arthur YoungerRedistricted from the 9th district
Republican
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y J. Arthur Younger (Republican) 62.3%
▌William J. Keller (Democratic) 37.7%
California 12
None (district created)
New seat.Republican gain.
▌Y Burt Talcott (Republican) 61.3%
▌William K. Steward (Democratic) 38.7%
California 13
Charles M. Teague
Republican
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Charles M. Teague (Republican) 64.9%
▌George J. Holgate (Democratic) 35.1%
California 14
John F. Baldwin Jr.Redistricted from the 6th district
Republican
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John F. Baldwin Jr. (Republican) 62.9%
▌Charles R. Weidner (Democratic) 37.1%
California 15
John J. McFallRedistricted from the 11th district
Democratic
1956
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John J. McFall (Democratic) 70.0%
▌Arthur L. Young (Republican) 30.0%
California 16
B. F. SiskRedistricted from the 12th district
Democratic
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y B. F. Sisk (Democratic) 71.9%
▌Arthur L. Selland (Republican) 28.1%
California 17
Cecil R. King
Democratic
1942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Cecil R. King (Democratic) 67.2%
▌Ted Bruinsma (Republican) 32.8%
California 18
Harlan HagenRedistricted from the 14th district
Democratic
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Harlan Hagen (Democratic) 58.9%
▌G. Ray Arnett (Republican) 41.1%
California 19
Chet Holifield
Democratic
1942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Chet Holifield (Democratic) 61.6%
▌Robert T. Ramsay (Republican) 38.4%
California 20
H. Allen Smith
Republican
1956
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y H. Allen Smith (Republican) 70.6%
▌Leon Mayer (Democratic) 29.4%
California 21
None (district created)
New seat.Democratic gain.
▌Y Augustus Hawkins (Democratic) 84.6%
▌Herman Smith (Republican) 15.4%
California 22
James C. Corman
Democratic
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y James C. Corman (Democratic) 53.6%
▌Charles S. Foote (Republican) 46.4%
California 23
Clyde Doyle
Democratic
1948
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Clyde Doyle (Democratic) 64.2%
▌Del M. Clawson (Republican) 35.8%
California 24
Glenard P. Lipscomb
Republican
1953 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Glenard P. Lipscomb (Republican) 70.3%
▌Knox Mellon (Democratic) 29.7%
California 25
John H. Rousselot
Republican
1960
Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y Ronald B. Cameron (Democratic) 53.6%
▌John H. Rousselot (Republican) 46.4%
California 26
James Roosevelt
Democratic
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y James Roosevelt (Democratic) 68.3%
▌Daniel Beltz (Republican) 31.7%
California 27
Edgar W. HiestandRedistricted from the 21st district
Republican
1952
Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y Everett G. Burkhalter (Democratic) 52.1%
▌Edgar W. Hiestand (Republican) 47.9%
California 28
Alphonzo E. Bell Jr.Redistricted from the 16th district
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Alphonzo E. Bell Jr. (Republican) 64.0%
▌Robert J. Felixson (Democratic) 36.0%
California 29
None (district created)
New seat.Democratic gain.
▌Y George Brown Jr. (Democratic) 55.7%
▌H. L. Richardson (Republican) 44.3%
California 30
Gordon L. McDonoughRedistricted from the 15th district
Republican
1944
Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y Edward R. Roybal (Democratic) 56.5%
▌Gordon L. McDonough (Republican) 43.5%
California 31
None (district created)
New seat.Democratic gain.
▌Y Charles H. Wilson (Democratic) 52.2%
▌Gordon Hahn (Republican) 47.8%
California 32
Craig HosmerRedistricted from the 18th district
Republican
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Craig Hosmer (Republican) 70.8%
▌J. J. Johovich (Democratic) 29.2%
California 33
Harry R. SheppardRedistricted from the 27th district
Democratic
1936
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Harry R. Sheppard (Democratic) 59.0%
▌William R. Thomas (Republican) 41.0%
California 34
None (district created)
New seat.Democratic gain.
▌Y Richard T. Hanna (Democratic) 55.9%
▌Robert A. Geier (Republican) 44.1%
California 35
James B. UttRedistricted from the 28th district
Republican
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y James B. Utt (Republican) 68.5%
▌Burton Shamsky (Democratic) 31.5%
California 36
Bob WilsonRedistricted from the 30th district
Republican
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bob Wilson (Republican) 61.8%
▌William C. Godfrey (Democratic) 38.2%
California 37
None (district created)
New seat.Democratic gain.
▌Y Lionel Van Deerlin (Democratic) 51.4%
▌Dick Wilson (Republican) 48.6%
California 38
Dalip Singh SaundRedistricted from the 29th district
Democratic
1956
Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Republican gain.
▌Y Patrick M. Martin (Republican) 55.9%
▌Dalip Singh Saund (Democratic) 44.1%
Colorado
See also: List of United States representatives from Colorado
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Colorado 1
Byron G. Rogers
Democratic
1950
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Byron G. Rogers (Democratic) 56.0%
▌William B. Chenoweth (Republican) 44.0%
Colorado 2
Peter H. Dominick
Republican
1960
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Donald G. Brotzman (Republican) 61.8%
▌Conrad L. McBride (Democratic) 38.2%
Colorado 3
John Chenoweth
Republican
1950
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John Chenoweth (Republican) 54.7%
▌ Albert J. Tomsic (Democratic) 45.3%
Colorado 4
Wayne N. Aspinall
Democratic
1948
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Wayne N. Aspinall (Democratic) 58.6%
▌Leo L. Sommerville (Republican) 41.4%
Connecticut
See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Connecticut 1
Emilio Q. Daddario
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Emilio Q. Daddario (Democratic) 57.5%
▌James F. Collins (Republican) 41.9%
▌Donald B. LaCroix (Write-in) 0.6%
Connecticut 2
Horace Seely-Brown Jr.
Republican
1960
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.New member elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y William St. Onge (Democratic) 50.8%
▌Moses A. Savin (Republican) 49.2%
Connecticut 3
Robert Giaimo
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Robert Giaimo (Democratic) 56.0%
▌Daniel Reinhardsen (Republican) 44.0%
Connecticut 4
Abner W. Sibal
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Abner W. Sibal (Republican) 52.0%
▌Francis X. Lennon Jr. (Democratic) 48.0%
Connecticut 5
John S. Monagan
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John S. Monagan (Democratic) 58.5%
▌John Rand (Republican) 41.5%
Connecticut at-large
Frank Kowalski
Democratic
1958
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.New member elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y Bernard F. Grabowski (Democratic) 52.7%
▌John Lupton (Republican) 47.3%
Delaware
See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Delaware at-large
Harris McDowell
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Harris McDowell (Democratic) 53.0%
▌Wilmer F. Williams (Republican) 47.0%
Florida
See also: List of United States representatives from Florida
Florida gained 4 new districts at reapportionment: the 3rd around Miami, the 9th in the Panhandle, the 10th around Tampa, and the 11th in Orlando and the nearby Atlantic coast.
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Florida 1
Bob SikesRedistricted from the 3rd district
Democratic
19401944 (resigned)1974
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bob Sikes (Democratic) 81.9%
▌M. M. Woolley (Republican) 18.1%
Florida 2
Charles E. Bennett
Democratic
1948
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Charles E. Bennett (Democratic)
Unopposed
Florida 3
None (district created)
New seat.Democratic gain.
▌Y Claude Pepper (Democratic) 57.6%
▌Robert A. Peterson (Republican) 42.4%
Florida 4
Dante Fascell
Democratic
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Dante Fascell (Democratic) 64.5%
▌J. C. McGlon Jr. (Republican) 35.5%
Florida 5
Syd Herlong
Democratic
1948
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Syd Herlong (Democratic) 65.2%
▌Hubert H. Hevey Jr. (Republican) 34.8%
Florida 6
Paul Rogers
Democratic
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Paul Rogers (Democratic) 64.2%
▌Frederick A. Kibbe (Republican) 35.8%
Florida 7
James A. Haley
Democratic
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y James A. Haley (Democratic) 66.8%
▌F. Onell Rogers (Republican) 33.2%
Florida 8
D. R. Matthews
Democratic
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y D. R. Matthews (Democratic)
Unopposed
Florida 9
None (district created)
New seat.Democratic gain.
▌Y Don Fuqua (Democratic) 75.4%
▌Wilfred C. Varn (Republican) 24.6%
Florida 10
None (district created)
New seat.Democratic gain.
▌Y Sam Gibbons (Democratic) 70.6%
▌Victor A. Rule (Republican) 29.4%
Florida 11
None (district created)
New seat.Republican gain.
▌Y Edward Gurney (Republican) 51.9%
▌John A. Sutton (Democratic) 48.1%
Florida 12
William C. CramerRedistricted from the 1st district
Republican
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William C. Cramer (Republican) 64.5%
▌Grover C. Criswell (Democratic) 35.5%
Georgia
See also: List of United States representatives from Georgia
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Georgia 1
G. Elliott Hagan
Democratic
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y G. Elliott Hagan (Democratic)
Unopposed
Georgia 2
J. L. Pilcher
Democratic
1953 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y J. L. Pilcher (Democratic)
Unopposed
Georgia 3
Tic Forrester
Democratic
1950
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Tic Forrester (Democratic)
Unopposed
Georgia 4
John Flynt
Democratic
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John Flynt (Democratic)
Unopposed
Georgia 5
James C. Davis
Democratic
1946
Incumbent lost renomination.New member elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y Charles L. Weltner (Democratic) 55.6%
▌L. J. O'Callaghan (Republican) 44.4%
Georgia 6
Carl Vinson
Democratic
1914
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Carl Vinson (Democratic)
Unopposed
Georgia 7
John William Davis
Democratic
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John William Davis (Democratic) 72.4%
▌E. Ralph Ivey (Republican) 27.6%
Georgia 8
Iris Faircloth Blitch
Democratic
1954
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y J. Russell Tuten (Democratic)
Unopposed
Georgia 9
Phillip M. Landrum
Democratic
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Phillip M. Landrum (Democratic)
Unopposed
Georgia 10
Robert Grier Stephens Jr.
Democratic
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Robert Grier Stephens Jr. (Democratic)
Unopposed
Hawaii
See also: List of United States representatives from Hawaii
Hawaii gained a second seat at reapportionment and elected both seats at-large.
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Hawaii at-large
Daniel Inouye
Democratic
1959
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.New member elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y Thomas Gill (Democratic) 33.9%
▌Y Spark Matsunaga (Democratic) 33.9%
▌Albert W. Evensen (Republican) 19.5%
▌Richard Sutton (Republican) 12.7%
None (district created)
New seat.Democratic gain.
Idaho
See also: List of United States representatives from Idaho
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Idaho 1
Gracie Pfost
Democratic
1952
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.New member elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y Compton I. White Jr. (Democratic) 53.0%
▌Erwin H. Schwiebert (Republican) 47.0%
Idaho 2
Ralph R. Harding
Democratic
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ralph R. Harding (Democratic) 52.8%
▌Orval H. Hansen (Republican) 47.2%
Illinois
See also: List of United States representatives from Illinois
Illinois lost one seat at reapportionment, merging the existing 21st district into the 20th and 23rd, and the Chicago districts were realigned to give more representation to the suburbs.
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Illinois 1
William L. Dawson
Democratic
1942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William L. Dawson (Democratic) 74.1%
▌Benjamin C. Duster (Republican) 25.9%
Illinois 2
Barratt O'Hara
Democratic
19481950 (lost)1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Barratt O'Hara (Democratic) 62.3%
▌Philip G. Bixler (Republican) 37.7%
Illinois 3
William T. Murphy
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William T. Murphy (Democratic) 51.6%
▌Ernest E. Michaels (Republican) 48.4%
Illinois 4
Ed Derwinski
Republican
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ed Derwinski (Republican) 64.9%
▌Richard E. Friedman (Democratic) 35.1%
Illinois 5
John C. Kluczynski
Democratic
1950
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John C. Kluczynski (Democratic) 63.4%
▌Joseph Potempa (Republican) 36.6%
Illinois 6
Thomas J. O'Brien
Democratic
1942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Thomas J. O'Brien (Democratic) 77.7%
▌Adolph Herda (Republican) 22.3%
Illinois 7
Roland V. Libonati
Democratic
1957 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Roland V. Libonati (Democratic) 78.8%
▌Joseph D. Day (Republican) 21.2%
Illinois 8
Dan Rostenkowski
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Dan Rostenkowski (Democratic) 60.8%
▌Irvin R. Techon (Republican) 39.2%
Illinois 9
Sidney R. Yates
Democratic
1948
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.Democratic loss.
▌Y Edward Rowan Finnegan (Democratic) 54.8%
▌Thomas E. Ward (Republican) 45.2%
Edward Rowan FinneganRedistricted from the 12th district
Democratic
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
Illinois 10
Harold R. Collier
Republican
1956
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Harold R. Collier (Republican) 66.6%
▌Joseph A. Salerno (Democratic) 33.4%
Illinois 11
Roman Pucinski
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Roman Pucinski (Democratic) 52.7%
▌Henry Hyde (Republican) 47.3%
Illinois 12
None (district created)
New seat.Republican gain.
▌Y Robert McClory (Republican) 63.9%
▌John C. Kimball (Democratic) 36.1%
Illinois 13
Marguerite S. Church
Republican
1950
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Donald Rumsfeld (Republican) 63.7%
▌John A. Kennedy (Democratic) 36.3%
Illinois 14
Elmer J. Hoffman
Republican
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Elmer J. Hoffman (Republican) 59.7%
▌Jerome M. Ziegler (Democratic) 40.3%
Illinois 15
Noah M. Mason
Republican
1936
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Charlotte Thompson Reid (Republican) 61.1%
▌Stanley H. Cowan (Democratic) 38.9%
Illinois 16
John B. Anderson
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John B. Anderson (Republican) 66.9%
▌Walter S. Busky (Democratic) 33.1%
Illinois 17
Leslie C. Arends
Republican
1934
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Leslie C. Arends (Republican) 62.5%
▌Donald M. Laughlin (Democratic) 37.5%
Illinois 18
Robert H. Michel
Republican
1956
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Robert H. Michel (Republican) 61.2%
▌Francis D. Nash (Democratic) 38.8%
Illinois 19
Robert B. Chiperfield
Republican
1938
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Robert T. McLoskey (Republican) 55.9%
▌David DeDoncker (Democratic) 44.1%
Illinois 20
Paul Findley
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Paul Findley (Republican) 52.9%
▌Peter F. Mack Jr. (Democratic) 47.1%
Peter F. Mack Jr.Redistricted from the 21st district
Democratic
1948
Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic loss.
Illinois 21
Kenneth J. GrayRedistricted from the 25th district
Democratic
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Kenneth J. Gray (Democratic) 60.0%
▌Frank H. Walker (Republican) 40.0%
Illinois 22
William L. Springer
Republican
1950
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William L. Springer (Republican) 59.7%
▌Bob Wilson (Democratic) 40.3%
Illinois 23
George E. Shipley
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y George E. Shipley (Democratic) 51.7%
▌Edward H. Jenison (Republican) 48.3%
Illinois 24
Melvin Price
Democratic
1944
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Melvin Price (Democratic) 73.8%
▌Kurt Glaser (Republican) 26.2%
Indiana
See also: List of United States representatives from Indiana
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Indiana 1
Ray Madden
Democratic
1942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ray Madden (Democratic) 60.5%
▌Harold Moody (Republican) 39.0%
Harry C. Beamer (Prohibition) 0.5%
Indiana 2
Charles A. Halleck
Republican
1935 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Charles A. Halleck (Republican) 57.6%
▌John J. Murray (Democratic) 42.4%
Indiana 3
John Brademas
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John Brademas (Democratic) 51.9%
▌Charles W. Ainlay (Republican) 48.1%
Indiana 4
E. Ross Adair
Republican
1950
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y E. Ross Adair (Republican) 55.6%
▌Ronald R. Ross (Democratic) 44.4%
Indiana 5
J. Edward Roush
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y J. Edward Roush (Democratic) 51.6%
▌George O. Chambers (Republican) 48.4%
Indiana 6
Richard L. Roudebush
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Richard L. Roudebush (Republican) 52.7%
▌Fred Wampler (Democratic) 47.3%
Indiana 7
William G. Bray
Republican
1950
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William G. Bray (Republican) 57.8%
▌Elden C. Tipton (Democratic) 42.2%
Indiana 8
Winfield K. Denton
Democratic
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Winfield K. Denton (Democratic) 55.7%
▌Earl J. Heseman (Republican) 44.3%
Indiana 9
Earl Wilson
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Earl Wilson (Republican) 52.1%
▌John Pritchard (Democratic) 47.9%
Indiana 10
Ralph Harvey
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ralph Harvey (Republican) 52.9%
▌John E. Mitchell (Democratic) 47.1%
Indiana 11
Donald C. Bruce
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Donald C. Bruce (Republican) 54.2%
▌Andrew Jacobs Jr. (Democratic) 45.8%
Iowa
See also: List of United States representatives from Iowa
Iowa lost one seat at reapportionment and divided the existing 6th district in north-central Iowa among several neighboring districts with compensating boundary changes elsewhere. Incumbent Merwin Coad chose to retire rather than run against one of the other incumbents.
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Iowa 1
Fred Schwengel
Republican
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Fred Schwengel (Republican) 61.1%
▌Harold Stephens (Democratic) 38.9%
Iowa 2
James E. Bromwell
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y James E. Bromwell (Republican) 52.8%
▌Frank W. Less (Democratic) 47.2%
Iowa 3
H. R. Gross
Republican
1948
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y H. R. Gross (Republican) 56.7%
▌Neel F. Hill (Democratic) 43.3%
Iowa 4
John Henry Kyl
Republican
1959 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John Henry Kyl (Republican) 55.8%
▌Gene W. Glenn (Democratic) 44.2%
Iowa 5
Neal Smith
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Neal Smith (Democratic) 62.8%
▌Sonja Egenes (Republican) 37.2%
Merwin CoadRedistricted from the 6th district
Democratic
1956
Incumbent retired.Democratic loss.
Iowa 6
Charles B. HoevenRedistricted from the 8th district
Republican
1942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Charles B. Hoeven (Republican) 58.5%
▌Donald W. Murray (Democratic) 41.5%
Iowa 7
Ben F. Jensen
Republican
1938
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ben F. Jensen (Republican) 56.1%
▌Ed Peters (Democratic) 43.9%
Kansas
See also: List of United States representatives from Kansas
Kansas lost one seat at reapportionment and redistricted from 6 to 5, combining the existing southwestern 5th and northwestern 6th districts into a single district, in which incumbents J. Floyd Breeding and Bob Dole ran against each other, and making modest boundary changes elsewhere.
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Kansas 1
Bob DoleRedistricted from the 6th district
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bob Dole (Republican) 55.8%
▌J. Floyd Breeding (Democratic) 44.2%
J. Floyd BreedingRedistricted from the 5th district
Democratic
1956
Incumbent lost re-electionDemocratic loss.
Kansas 2
William H. AveryRedistricted from the 1st district
Republican
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William H. Avery (Republican) 65.2%
▌Harry F. Kehoe (Democratic) 34.8%
Kansas 3
Robert EllsworthRedistricted from the 2nd district
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Robert Ellsworth (Republican) 63.4%
▌Bill Sparks (Democratic) 36.6%
Kansas 4
Garner E. Shriver
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Garner E. Shriver (Republican) 66.6%
▌Lawrence J. Wetzel (Democratic) 33.4%
Kansas 5
Walter L. McVey Jr.Redistricted from the 3rd district
Republican
1960
Incumbent lost renomination.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Joe Skubitz (Republican) 53.3%
▌Wade A. Myers (Democratic) 46.7%
Kentucky
See also: List of United States representatives from Kentucky
Kentucky lost one seat at reapportionment. 5th district incumbent Brent Spence elected to retire, and his district was divided between several other districts with the lion's share going to the 4th.
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Kentucky 1
Frank Stubblefield
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Frank Stubblefield (Democratic)
Unopposed
Kentucky 2
William Natcher
Democratic
1953 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William Natcher (Democratic)
Unopposed
Kentucky 3
Frank W. Burke
Democratic
1958
Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Republican gain.
▌Y Gene Snyder (Republican) 50.8%
▌Frank W. Burke (Democratic) 49.2%
Kentucky 4
Frank Chelf
Democratic
1944
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Frank Chelf (Democratic) 52.9%
▌Clyde Middleton (Republican) 47.1%
Brent SpenceRedistricted from the 5th district
Democratic
1930
Incumbent retired.Democratic loss.
Kentucky 5
Eugene SilerRedistricted from the 8th district
Republican
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Eugene Siler (Republican)
Unopposed
Kentucky 6
John C. Watts
Democratic
1951 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John C. Watts (Democratic)
Unopposed
Kentucky 7
Carl D. Perkins
Democratic
1948
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Carl D. Perkins (Democratic) 56.7%
▌C. Alex Parker Jr. (Republican) 42.5%
▌Rex Henrickson (Independent) 0.7%
Louisiana
See also: List of United States representatives from Louisiana
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Louisiana 1
F. Edward Hébert
Democratic
1940
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y F. Edward Hébert (Democratic)
Unopposed
Louisiana 2
Hale Boggs
Democratic
19401942 (lost)1946
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Hale Boggs (Democratic) 67.2%
▌Dave Treen (Republican) 32.8%
Louisiana 3
Edwin E. Willis
Democratic
1948
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Edwin E. Willis (Democratic)
Unopposed
Louisiana 4
Joe Waggonner
Democratic
1961 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Joe Waggonner (Democratic)
Unopposed
Louisiana 5
Otto Passman
Democratic
1946
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Otto Passman (Democratic)
Unopposed
Louisiana 6
James H. Morrison
Democratic
1942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y James H. Morrison (Democratic)
Unopposed
Louisiana 7
T. Ashton Thompson
Democratic
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y T. Ashton Thompson (Democratic)
Unopposed
Louisiana 8
Harold B. McSween
Democratic
1958
Incumbent lost renomination.New member elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y Gillis William Long (Democratic) 64.0%
▌Jack W. Lewis (Republican) 36.0%
Maine
See also: List of United States representatives from Maine
Maine lost one seat at reapportionment, redistricting from 3 seats to 2 -- a 1st district containing the coastal parts of the existing 1st and 2nd districts, and a 2nd district containing the existing 3rd district and the rest of inland Maine.
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Maine 1
Peter A. Garland
Republican
1960
Incumbent lost renomination.Republican loss.
▌Y Stanley R. Tupper (Republican) 59.6%
▌Ronald Kellam (Democratic) 40.4%
Stanley R. TupperRedistricted from the 2nd district
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
Maine 2
Clifford McIntireRedistricted from the 3rd district
Republican
1951 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Clifford McIntire (Republican) 51.1%
▌William Hathaway (Democratic) 48.9%
Maryland
See also: List of United States representatives from Maryland
Maryland gained an eighth seat at reapportionment and chose to elect it at-large.
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Maryland 1
Thomas Francis Johnson
Democratic
1958
Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Republican gain.
▌Y Rogers Morton (Republican) 53.2%
▌Thomas Francis Johnson (Democratic) 46.8%
Maryland 2
Daniel Brewster
Democratic
1958
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.New member elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y Clarence Long (Democratic) 51.9%
▌J. Fife Symington Jr. (Republican) 48.1%
Maryland 3
Edward Garmatz
Democratic
1947 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Edward Garmatz (Democratic)
Unopposed
Maryland 4
George Hyde Fallon
Democratic
1944
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y George Hyde Fallon (Democratic) 72.3%
▌John E. Brandau (Republican) 27.7%
Maryland 5
Richard Lankford
Democratic
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Richard Lankford (Democratic) 59.5%
▌Joseph M. Baker Jr. (Republican) 40.5%
Maryland 6
Charles Mathias
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Charles Mathias (Republican) 60.9%
▌John R. Foley (Democratic) 39.1%
Maryland 7
Samuel Friedel
Democratic
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Samuel Friedel (Democratic) 70.0%
▌Caroline R. Ramsay (Republican) 30.0%
Maryland at-large
None (district created)
New seat.Democratic gain.
▌Y Carlton R. Sickles (Democratic) 55.7%
▌Newton Steers (Republican) 44.3%
Massachusetts
See also: List of United States representatives from Massachusetts
Massachusetts lost two seats at reapportionment, one from each party.
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Massachusetts 1
Silvio O. Conte
Republican
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Silvio O. Conte (Republican) 74.4%
▌William K. Hefner (Democratic) 25.6%
Massachusetts 2
Edward Boland
Democratic
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Edward Boland (Democratic) 67.8%
▌Samuel S. Rodman Jr. (Republican) 32.2%
Massachusetts 3
Philip J. Philbin
Democratic
1942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Philip J. Philbin (Democratic) 72.4%
▌Frank Anthony (Republican) 27.6%
Massachusetts 4
Harold Donohue
Democratic
1946
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Harold Donohue (Democratic) 90.5%
▌Stanley E. Shogren (Prohibition) 9.5%
Massachusetts 5
F. Bradford Morse
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y F. Bradford Morse (Republican) 57.4%
▌Thomas J. Lane (Democratic) 42.6%
Thomas J. LaneRedistricted from the 7th district
Democratic
1941 (special)
Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic loss.
Massachusetts 6
William H. Bates
Republican
1950
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William H. Bates (Republican) 56.2%
▌George J. O'Shea Jr. (Democratic) 43.8%
Massachusetts 7
Torbert MacdonaldRedistricted from the 8th district
Democratic
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Torbert Macdonald (Democratic) 71.6%
▌Gordon F. Hughes (Republican) 28.4%
Massachusetts 8
Tip O'NeillRedistricted from the 11th district
Democratic
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Tip O'Neill (Democratic) 73.0%
▌Howard Greyber (Republican) 27.0%
Massachusetts 9
John W. McCormackRedistricted from the 12th district
Democratic
1928
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John W. McCormack (Democratic)
Unopposed
Massachusetts 10
Laurence Curtis
Republican
1952
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.Republican loss.
▌Y Joseph W. Martin Jr. (Republican) 65.5%
▌Edward F. Doolan (Democratic) 34.5%
Joseph W. Martin Jr.Redistricted from the 14th district
Republican
1924
Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 11
James A. BurkeRedistricted from the 13th district
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y James A. Burke (Democratic) 64.3%
▌Harry F. Stimpson Jr. (Republican) 35.7%
Massachusetts 12
Hastings KeithRedistricted from the 9th district
Republican
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Hastings Keith (Republican) 64.2%
▌Alexander Byron (Democratic) 35.8%
Michigan
See also: List of United States representatives from Michigan
Michigan gained one seat at reapportionment, which it elected at-large rather than redistricting.
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Michigan 1
Lucien Nedzi
Democratic
1961 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Lucien Nedzi (Democratic) 89.2%
▌Walter Czarnecki (Republican) 10.8%
Michigan 2
George Meader
Republican
1950
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y George Meader (Republican) 58.4%
▌Thomas P. Payne (Democratic) 41.6%
Michigan 3
August E. Johansen
Republican
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y August E. Johansen (Republican) 59.5%
▌Paul H. Todd Jr. (Democratic) 40.5%
Michigan 4
Clare E. Hoffman
Republican
1934
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y J. Edward Hutchinson (Republican) 63.8%
▌Edward Burns (Democratic) 36.2%
Michigan 5
Gerald Ford
Republican
1948
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Gerald Ford (Republican) 67.0%
▌William G. Reamon (Democratic) 33.0%
Michigan 6
Charles E. Chamberlain
Republican
1956
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Charles E. Chamberlain (Republican) 54.5%
▌Donald Hayworth (Democratic) 45.5%
Michigan 7
James G. O'Hara
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y James G. O'Hara (Democratic) 56.3%
▌H. Charles Knill (Republican) 43.7%
Michigan 8
R. James Harvey
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y R. James Harvey (Republican) 60.5%
▌Jerome T. Hart (Democratic) 39.5%
Michigan 9
Robert P. Griffin
Republican
1956
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Robert P. Griffin (Republican) 59.4%
▌Donald G. Jennings (Democratic) 40.6%
Michigan 10
Al Cederberg
Republican
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Al Cederberg (Republican) 61.5%
▌Hubert C. Evans (Democratic) 38.5%
Michigan 11
Victor A. Knox
Republican
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Victor A. Knox (Republican) 56.7%
▌Warren P. Cleary (Democratic) 43.3%
Michigan 12
John B. Bennett
Republican
1946
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John B. Bennett (Republican) 63.3%
▌William J. Bolognesi (Democratic) 36.7%
Michigan 13
Charles Diggs
Democratic
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Charles Diggs (Democratic) 71.2%
▌Robert B. Blackwell (Republican) 28.8%
Michigan 14
Harold M. Ryan
Democratic
1962 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Harold M. Ryan (Democratic) 61.8%
▌Lois V. Nair (Republican) 38.2%
Michigan 15
John Dingell
Democratic
1955 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John Dingell (Democratic) 83.0%
▌Ernest Richard (Republican) 17.0%
Michigan 16
John Lesinski Jr.
Democratic
1950
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John Lesinski Jr. (Democratic) 67.9%
▌Laverne O. Elliott (Republican) 32.1%
Michigan 17
Martha Griffiths
Democratic
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Martha Griffiths (Democratic) 59.3%
▌James F. O'Neill (Republican) 40.7%
Michigan 18
William Broomfield
Republican
1956
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William Broomfield (Republican) 59.6%
▌George J. Fulkerson (Democratic) 40.4%
Michigan at-large
None (district created)
New seat.Democratic gain.
▌Y Neil Staebler (Democratic) 52.0%
▌Alvin Morell Bentley (Republican) 47.9%
▌Ralph W. Muncy (Socialist Labor) 0.2%
Minnesota
See also: List of United States representatives from Minnesota
Minnesota lost one seat at reapportionment, and the 7th saw the largest change, with its territory split between the existing 2nd and 6th districts.
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Minnesota 1
Al Quie
Republican
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Al Quie (Republican) 57.5%
▌George Shepherd (DFL) 42.5%
Minnesota 2
Ancher Nelsen
Republican
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ancher Nelsen (Republican) 62.2%
▌Conrad Hammar (DFL) 37.8%
Minnesota 3
Clark MacGregor
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Clark MacGregor (Republican) 60.2%
▌Irving R. Keldsen (DFL) 39.8%
Minnesota 4
Joseph Karth
DFL
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Joseph Karth (DFL) 59.5%
▌Harry Strong (Republican) 40.5%
Minnesota 5
Walter Judd
Republican
1942
Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.DFL gain.
▌Y Donald M. Fraser (DFL) 51.7%
▌Walter Judd (Republican) 48.0%
▌Joseph Johnson (Socialist Workers) 0.3%
Minnesota 6
Fred Marshall
DFL
1948
Incumbent retired.New member elected.DFL hold.
▌Y Alec G. Olson (DFL) 50.1%
▌Robert J. Odegard (Republican) 49.9%
H. Carl AndersenRedistricted from the 7th district
Republican
1938
Incumbent lost renomination.Republican loss.
Minnesota 7
Odin LangenRedistricted from the 9th district
Republican
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Odin Langen (Republican) 52.0%
▌Harding C. Noblitt (DFL) 48.0%
Minnesota 8
John Blatnik
DFL
1946
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John Blatnik (DFL) 65.7%
▌Jerry H. Ketola (Republican) 34.3%
Mississippi
See also: List of United States representatives from Mississippi
Mississippi lost one seat at reapportionment, and merged the 2nd and 3rd districts without making other boundary changes.
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Mississippi 1
Thomas Abernethy
Democratic
1942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Thomas Abernethy (Democratic)
Unopposed
Mississippi 2
Jamie Whitten
Democratic
1941 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jamie Whitten (Democratic)
Unopposed
Frank Ellis SmithRedistricted from the 3rd district
Democratic
1950
Incumbent lost renomination.Democratic loss.
Mississippi 3
John Bell WilliamsRedistricted from the 4th district
Democratic
1946
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John Bell Williams (Democratic)
Unopposed
Mississippi 4
W. Arthur WinsteadRedistricted from the 5th district
Democratic
1942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y W. Arthur Winstead (Democratic) 83.0%
▌Sterling P. Davis Jr. (Independent) 17.0%
Mississippi 5
William M. ColmerRedistricted from the 6th district
Democratic
1932
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William M. Colmer (Democratic)
Unopposed
Missouri
See also: List of United States representatives from Missouri
Missouri lost one seat at reapportionment, and merged the 11th and 8th districts with compensating boundary changes to other districts.
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Missouri 1
Frank M. Karsten
Democratic
1946
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Frank M. Karsten (Democratic) 70.7%
▌Charles F. Cherry (Republican) 29.3%
Missouri 2
Thomas B. Curtis
Republican
1950
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Thomas B. Curtis (Republican) 56.3%
▌Philip V. Maher (Democratic) 43.7%
Missouri 3
Leonor Sullivan
Democratic
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Leonor Sullivan (Democratic) 70.5%
▌J. Marvin Krause (Republican) 29.5%
Missouri 4
William J. Randall
Democratic
1959 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William J. Randall (Democratic) 53.9%
▌John D. Fox (Republican) 46.1%
Missouri 5
Richard W. Bolling
Democratic
1948
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Richard W. Bolling (Democratic) 58.9%
▌Walter McCarty (Republican) 41.1%
Missouri 6
William R. Hull Jr.
Democratic
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William R. Hull Jr. (Democratic) 55.3%
▌Ethan H. Campbell (Republican) 44.7%
Missouri 7
Durward G. Hall
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Durward G. Hall (Republican) 57.7%
▌Jim Thomas (Democratic) 42.3%
Missouri 8
Richard H. Ichord Jr.
Democratic
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Richard H. Ichord Jr. (Democratic) 59.0%
▌David W. Bernhardt (Republican) 41.0%
Morgan M. MoulderRedistricted from the 11th district
Democratic
1948
Incumbent retired.Democratic loss.
Missouri 9
Clarence Cannon
Democratic
1922
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Clarence Cannon (Democratic) 60.5%
▌Anthony C. Schroeder (Republican) 39.5%
Missouri 10
Paul C. Jones
Democratic
1948
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Paul C. Jones (Democratic) 60.6%
▌Truman Farrow (Republican) 39.4%
Montana
See also: List of United States representatives from Montana
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Montana 1
Arnold Olsen
Democratic
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Arnold Olsen (Democratic) 52.8%
▌Wayne Montgomery (Republican) 47.2%
Montana 2
James F. Battin
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y James F. Battin (Republican) 55.4%
▌Leo Graybill Jr. (Democratic) 44.6%
Nebraska
See also: List of United States representatives from Nebraska
Nebraska lost one seat at reapportionment and split the southern 1st district between the eastern 3rd and western 4th districts.
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Nebraska 1
Phil Weaver
Republican
1954
Incumbent lost renomination.Republican loss.
▌Y Ralph F. Beermann (Republican) 50.3%
▌Clair A. Callan (Democratic) 44.4%
▌George C. Menkens (write-in) 5.3%
Ralph F. BeermannRedistricted from the 3rd district
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
Nebraska 2
Glenn Cunningham
Republican
1956
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Glenn Cunningham (Republican) 69.4%
▌Thomas N. Bonner (Democratic) 30.6%
Nebraska 3
David MartinRedistricted from the 4th district
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y David Martin (Republican) 65.6%
▌John A. Hoffman (Democratic) 34.4%
Nevada
See also: List of United States representatives from Nevada
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Nevada at-large
Walter S. Baring Jr.
Democratic
19481952 (lost)1956
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Walter S. Baring Jr. (Democratic) 71.6%
▌Carlton J. Adair (Republican) 28.4%
New Hampshire
See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
New Hampshire 1
Chester E. Merrow
Republican
1942
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Louis C. Wyman (Republican) 53.1%
▌J. Oliva Huot (Democratic) 46.9%
New Hampshire 2
Perkins Bass
Republican
1954
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y James Colgate Cleveland (Republican) 57.5%
▌Eugene S. Daniell (Democratic) 42.5%
New Jersey
See also: List of United States representatives from New Jersey
New Jersey gained one seat and formed a 15th district out of parts of the existing 3rd and 5th districts around Perth Amboy without making substantial changes elsewhere.
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
New Jersey 1
William T. Cahill
Republican
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William T. Cahill (Republican) 58.8%
▌Neil F. Deighan (Democratic) 41.0%
▌Albert Ronis (Socialist Labor) 0.2%
New Jersey 2
Milton W. Glenn
Republican
1957 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Milton W. Glenn (Republican) 52.7%
▌Paul R. Porreca (Democratic) 46.7%
▌Elvin Baker (Socialist Labor) 0.5%
New Jersey 3
James C. Auchincloss
Republican
1942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y James C. Auchincloss (Republican) 56.9%
▌Peter J. Gannon (Democratic) 43.1%
New Jersey 4
Frank Thompson
Democratic
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Frank Thompson (Democratic) 63.8%
▌Ephraim Tomlinson II (Republican) 35.9%
▌Bernardo S. Doganiero (Socialist Labor) 0.3%
New Jersey 5
Peter Frelinghuysen Jr.
Republican
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Peter Frelinghuysen Jr. (Republican) 66.0%
▌Eugene M. Friedman (Democratic) 33.2%
▌Frank Consalvo (Conservative) 0.8%
New Jersey 6
Florence P. Dwyer
Republican
1956
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Florence P. Dwyer (Republican) 59.6%
▌Lillian W. Egolf (Democratic) 39.8%
▌John H. Wisner Jr. (Conservative) 0.6%
New Jersey 7
William B. Widnall
Republican
1950
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William B. Widnall (Republican) 61.4%
▌J. Emmet Cassidy (Democratic) 37.8%
▌Robert A. Kretzer (Conservative) 0.5%
▌James McKinley (Independent) 0.3%
New Jersey 8
Charles S. Joelson
Democratic
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Charles S. Joelson (Democratic) 65.0%
▌Walter W. Porter Jr. (Republican) 34.2%
▌Harry Santhouse (Socialist Labor) 0.4%
▌Charles R. Checkley (Conservative) 0.4%
New Jersey 9
Frank C. Osmers Jr.
Republican
19381942 (retired)1951 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Frank C. Osmers Jr. (Republican) 56.9%
▌Donald R. Sorkow (Democratic) 42.2%
▌Arthur A. Wacker (Conservative) 0.6%
▌Nathan Karp (Socialist Labor) 0.3%
New Jersey 10
Peter W. Rodino
Democratic
1948
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Peter W. Rodino (Democratic) 72.8%
▌Charles A. Baretski (Republican) 26.5%
▌Frank J. DeGeorge (Conservative) 0.5%
▌William Kirkland (Independent) 0.3%
New Jersey 11
Hugh J. Addonizio
Democratic
1948
Incumbent resigned June 30, 1962 to run for Mayor of Newark.New member elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y Joseph Minish (Democratic) 59.5%
▌Frank A. Palmieri (Republican) 37.4%
▌Samuel Voltaggio (Independent) 2.6%
▌Marjorie H. Schwester (Conservative) 0.5%
New Jersey 12
George M. Wallhauser
Republican
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y George M. Wallhauser (Republican) 52.5%
▌Robert R. Peacock (Democratic) 46.6%
▌Harrison P. Smith Jr. (Conservative) 0.5%
▌Harry Press (Socialist Labor) 0.2%
▌Ruth F. Shiminsky (Socialist Workers) 0.1%
New Jersey 13
Neil Gallagher
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Neil Gallagher (Democratic) 77.0%
▌Eugene P. Kenny (Republican) 21.0%
▌Thomas Quinn (Independent) 2.0%
New Jersey 14
Dominick V. Daniels
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Dominick V. Daniels (Democratic) 70.6%
▌Michael J. Bell (Republican) 27.8%
▌Kenneth Walsh (Conservative) 1.6%
New Jersey 15
None (district created)
New seat.Democratic gain.
▌Y Edward J. Patten (Democratic) 56.7%
▌Bernard F. Rodgers (Republican) 43.3%
New Mexico
See also: List of United States representatives from New Mexico
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
New Mexico at-large
Joseph Montoya
Democratic
1957 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Thomas G. Morris (Democratic) 31.7%
▌Y Joseph Montoya (Democratic) 26.7%
▌Jack C. Redman (Republican) 24.1%
▌Junio Lopez (Republican) 17.5%
Thomas G. Morris
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
New York
See also: List of United States representatives from New York
New York lost 2 seats at reapportionment; after redistricting, Long Island actually gained two seats while Manhattan lost two and Brooklyn and Upstate New York lost one each. As of 2020, this would be the last time Republicans would win the most congressional districts in New York.
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
New York 1
Otis G. Pike
Democratic
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Otis G. Pike (Democratic) 61.7%
▌Walter M. Ormsby (Republican) 38.3%
New York 2
None (district created)
New seat.Republican gain.
▌Y James R. Grover Jr. (Republican) 55.7%
▌Robert J. Flynn (Democratic) 44.3%
New York 3
Steven DerounianRedistricted from the 2nd district
Republican
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Steven Derounian (Republican) 59.2%
▌George Soll (Democratic) 40.8%
New York 4
None (district created)
New seat.Republican gain.
▌Y John W. Wydler (Republican) 56.4%
▌Joseph A. Daley (Democratic) 42.7%
▌Harry H. Purvis (Independent) 0.9%
New York 5
Frank J. BeckerRedistricted from the 3rd district
Republican
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Frank J. Becker (Republican) 57.5%
▌Franklin Bear (Democratic) 42.5%
New York 6
Seymour HalpernRedistricted from the 4th district
Republican
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Seymour Halpern (Republican) 63.3%
▌Leonard L. Finz (Democratic) 36.7%
New York 7
Joseph P. AddabboRedistricted from the 5th district
Democratic
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Joseph P. Addabbo (Democratic) 59.3%
▌George Archinal (Republican) 40.7%
New York 8
Benjamin RosenthalRedistricted from the 6th district
Democratic
1962 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Benjamin Rosenthal (Democratic) 66.4%
▌Arthur McCrossen (Republican) 33.6%
New York 9
James J. DelaneyRedistricted from the 7th district
Democratic
19441946 (lost)1948
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y James J. Delaney (Democratic) 58.7%
▌Charles H. Cohen (Republican) 35.1%
▌Mark Starr (Liberal) 6.2%
New York 10
Emanuel CellerRedistricted from the 11th district
Democratic
1922
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Emanuel Celler (Democratic) 81.0%
▌Seymour Besunder (Republican) 19.0%
New York 11
Eugene KeoghRedistricted from the 9th district
Democratic
1936
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Eugene Keogh (Democratic) 71.6%
▌Abraham L. Banner (Republican) 28.4%
New York 12
Edna F. KellyRedistricted from the 10th district
Democratic
1949 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Edna F. Kelly (Democratic) 70.0%
▌Louis London Goldberg (Republican) 30.0%
New York 13
Abraham J. Multer
Democratic
1947 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Abraham J. Multer (Democratic) 74.6%
▌Melvyn M. Rothman (Republican) 25.4%
New York 14
John J. Rooney
Democratic
1944
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John J. Rooney (Democratic) 70.9%
▌Leon F. Nadrowski (Republican) 29.1%
Victor AnfusoRedistricted from the 8th district
Democratic
1954
Incumbent retired to run for New York Supreme Court.Democratic loss.
New York 15
Hugh CareyRedistricted from the 12th district
Democratic
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Hugh Carey (Democratic) 50.2%
▌Francis E. Dorn (Republican) 49.8%
New York 16
John H. RayRedistricted from the 15th district
Republican
1952
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y John M. Murphy (Democratic) 47.5%
▌Robert T. Connor (Republican) 45.9%
▌George B. Murphy (Liberal) 6.6%
New York 17
John Lindsay
Republican
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John Lindsay (Republican) 68.7%
▌Martin B. Dworkis (Democratic) 31.3%
New York 18
Adam Clayton Powell Jr.Redistricted from the 16th district
Democratic
1944
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Adam Clayton Powell Jr. (Democratic) 69.6%
▌Ramon A. Martinez (Republican) 21.6%
▌Mae P. Watts (Liberal) 8.8%
New York 19
Leonard Farbstein
Democratic
1956
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Leonard Farbstein (Democratic) 58.5%
▌Richard S. Aldrich (Republican) 30.5%
▌Bentley Kassal (Liberal) 11.0%
New York 20
William Fitts Ryan
Democratic
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William Fitts Ryan (Democratic) 72.6%
▌Gilbert A. Robinson (Republican) 27.4%
Herbert ZelenkoRedistricted from the 21st district
Democratic
1954
Incumbent lost renomination.Democratic loss.
New York 21
James C. HealeyRedistricted from the 22nd district
Democratic
1956
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y James C. Healey (Democratic) 67.4%
▌Stanley L. Slater (Republican) 21.0%
▌Lillian Gulker (Liberal) 11.6%
New York 22
Jacob H. GilbertRedistricted from the 23rd district
Democratic
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jacob H. Gilbert (Democratic) 70.4%
▌Oscar Gonzalez-Suarez (Republican) 20.5%
▌David Grand (Liberal) 9.1%
New York 23
Charles A. BuckleyRedistricted from the 24th district
Democratic
1934
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Charles A. Buckley (Democratic) 54.4%
▌John J. Parker (Republican) 30.9%
▌John P. Hagan (Liberal) 14.6%
New York 24
Paul A. FinoRedistricted from the 25th district
Republican
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Paul A. Fino (Republican) 60.1%
▌Alfred E. Santangelo (Democratic) 35.9%
▌Frank Leff (Liberal) 4.0%
Alfred E. SantangeloRedistricted from the 18th district
Democratic
1956
Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic loss.
New York 25
Robert R. BarryRedistricted from the 27th district
Republican
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Robert R. Barry (Republican) 61.5%
▌A. Frank Reel (Democratic) 38.5%
New York 26
Edwin B. Dooley
Republican
1956
Incumbent lost renomination.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Ogden Reid (Republican) 60.9%
▌Stanley W. Church (Democratic) 39.1%
New York 27
Katharine St. GeorgeRedistricted from the 28th district
Republican
1946
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Katharine St. George (Republican) 57.9%
▌William F. Ward Jr. (Democratic) 42.1%
New York 28
J. Ernest WhartonRedistricted from the 29th district
Republican
1950
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y J. Ernest Wharton (Republican) 64.1%
▌Morton E. Gilday (Democratic) 35.9%
New York 29
Leo W. O'BrienRedistricted from the 30th district
Democratic
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Leo W. O'Brien (Democratic) 60.1%
▌Wolfgang J. Riemer (Republican) 39.9%
New York 30
Carleton J. KingRedistricted from the 31st district
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Carleton J. King (Republican) 63.7%
▌William W. Egan (Democratic) 33.9%
▌Harold T. Smith (Liberal) 2.4%
New York 31
Clarence E. KilburnRedistricted from the 33rd district
Republican
1940
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Clarence E. Kilburn (Republican) 60.0%
▌Francis G. Healey (Democratic) 40.0%
New York 32
Alexander PirnieRedistricted from the 34th district
Republican
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Alexander Pirnie (Republican) 57.6%
▌Virgil C. Crisafulli (Democratic) 42.4%
New York 33
Howard W. RobisonRedistricted from the 37th district
Republican
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Howard W. Robison (Republican) 66.8%
▌Theodore W. Maurer (Democratic) 29.9%
▌Harrop Freeman (Liberal) 3.3%
New York 34
R. Walter RiehlmanRedistricted from the 35th district
Republican
1946
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y R. Walter Riehlman (Republican) 54.8%
▌Lee Alexander (Democratic) 43.4%
▌John Arneson (Liberal) 1.8%
New York 35
Samuel S. StrattonRedistricted from the 32nd district
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Samuel S. Stratton (Democratic) 54.5%
▌Janet Hill Gordon (Republican) 45.5%
John TaberRedistricted from the 36th district
Republican
1922
Incumbent retired.Republican loss.
New York 36
Jessica M. WeisRedistricted from the 38th district
Republican
1958
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Frank Horton (Republican) 59.3%
▌Arthur B. Curran Jr. (Democratic) 40.7%
New York 37
Harold C. OstertagRedistricted from the 39th district
Republican
1950
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Harold C. Ostertag (Republican) 64.3%
▌Norman C. Katner (Democratic) 35.7%
New York 38
Charles GoodellRedistricted from the 43rd district
Republican
1959 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Charles Goodell (Republican) 68.3%
▌T. Joseph Lynch (Democratic) 30.3%
▌Leo M. Brushingham (Liberal) 1.3%
New York 39
John R. PillionRedistricted from the 42nd district
Republican
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John R. Pillion (Republican) 62.6%
▌Angelo S. D'Eloia (Democratic) 35.1%
▌Walter Bratek (Liberal) 2.3%
New York 40
William E. Miller
Republican
1950
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William E. Miller (Republican) 52.0%
▌E. Dent Lackey (Democratic) 48.0%
New York 41
Thaddeus J. Dulski
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Thaddeus J. Dulski (Democratic) 71.5%
▌Daniel J. Kij (Republican) 28.5%
North Carolina
See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
North Carolina 1
Herbert Covington Bonner
Democratic
1940
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Herbert Covington Bonner (Democratic)
Unopposed
North Carolina 2
Lawrence H. Fountain
Democratic
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Lawrence H. Fountain (Democratic)
Unopposed
North Carolina 3
David N. Henderson
Democratic
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y David N. Henderson (Democratic)
Unopposed
North Carolina 4
Harold D. Cooley
Democratic
1934
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Harold D. Cooley (Democratic) 58.1%
▌George E. Ward (Republican) 41.9%
North Carolina 5
Ralph James Scott
Democratic
1956
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ralph James Scott (Democratic) 59.2%
▌A. M. Snipes (Republican) 40.8%
North Carolina 6
Horace R. Kornegay
Democratic
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Horace R. Kornegay (Democratic) 59.9%
▌Blackwell P. Robinson (Republican) 40.1%
North Carolina 7
Alton Lennon
Democratic
1956
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Alton Lennon (Democratic) 77.0%
▌James E. Walsh Jr. (Republican) 23.0%
North Carolina 8
Alvin Paul Kitchin
Democratic
1956
Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic loss.
▌Y Charles R. Jonas (Republican) 56.0%
▌Alvin Paul Kitchin (Democratic) 44.0%
Charles R. JonasRedistricted from the 10th district
Republican
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
North Carolina 9
Hugh Quincy Alexander
Democratic
1952
Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Republican gain.
▌Y Jim Broyhill (Republican) 50.5%
▌Hugh Quincy Alexander (Democratic) 49.5%
North Carolina 10
Basil WhitenerRedistricted from the 11th district
Democratic
1956
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Basil Whitener (Democratic) 55.1%
▌Carrol M. Barringer (Republican) 44.9%
North Carolina 11
Roy A. TaylorRedistricted from the 12th district
Democratic
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Roy A. Taylor (Democratic) 55.2%
▌Robert Brown (Republican) 44.8%
North Dakota
See also: List of United States representatives from North Dakota
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
North Dakota 1
Hjalmar NygaardRedistricted from the at-large district
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Hjalmar Nygaard (Republican) 54.6%
▌Scott Anderson (Democratic-NPL) 45.4%
North Dakota 2
Don L. ShortRedistricted from the at-large district
Republican
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Don L. Short (Republican) 54.0%
▌Robert Vogel (Democratic-NPL) 46.0%
Ohio
See also: List of United States representatives from Ohio
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Ohio 1
Gordon H. Scherer
Republican
1952
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Carl West Rich (Republican) 62.7%
▌Monica Nolan (Democratic) 37.3%
Ohio 2
Donald D. Clancy
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Donald D. Clancy (Republican) 62.8%
▌H. A. Sand (Democratic) 37.2%
Ohio 3
Paul F. Schenck
Republican
1951 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Paul F. Schenck (Republican) 57.0%
▌Martin A. Evers (Democratic) 43.0%
Ohio 4
William M. McCulloch
Republican
1947 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William M. McCulloch (Republican) 70.3%
▌Marjorie Conrad Struna (Democratic) 29.7%
Ohio 5
Del Latta
Republican
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Del Latta (Republican) 70.4%
▌William T. Hunt (Democratic) 29.6%
Ohio 6
Bill Harsha
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bill Harsha (Republican) 60.4%
▌Jerry C. Rasor (Democratic) 39.6%
Ohio 7
Clarence J. Brown
Republican
1938
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Clarence J. Brown (Republican) 67.7%
▌Robert A. Riley (Democratic) 32.3%
Ohio 8
Jackson Edward Betts
Republican
1950
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jackson Edward Betts (Republican) 70.1%
▌Morris Laderman (Democratic) 29.9%
Ohio 9
Thomas L. Ashley
Democratic
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Thomas L. Ashley (Democratic) 57.4%
▌Martin A. Janis (Republican) 42.6%
Ohio 10
Walter H. Moeller
Democratic
1958
Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Republican gain.
▌Y Pete Abele (Republican) 52.3%
▌Walter H. Moeller (Democratic) 47.7%
Ohio 11
Robert E. Cook
Democratic
1958
Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Republican gain.
▌Y Oliver P. Bolton (Republican) 50.6%
▌Robert E. Cook (Democratic) 49.4%
Ohio 12
Samuel L. Devine
Republican
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Samuel L. Devine (Republican) 68.3%
▌Paul D. Cassidy (Democratic) 31.7%
Ohio 13
Charles Adams Mosher
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Charles Adams Mosher (Republican) 55.1%
▌J. Grant Keys (Democratic) 44.9%
Ohio 14
William Hanes Ayres
Republican
1950
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William Hanes Ayres (Republican) 53.7%
▌Oliver Ocasek (Democratic) 46.3%
Ohio 15
Tom Van Horn Moorehead
Republican
1960
Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y Robert T. Secrest (Democratic) 52.4%
▌Tom Van Horn Moorehead (Republican) 47.6%
Ohio 16
Frank T. Bow
Republican
1950
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Frank T. Bow (Republican) 60.0%
▌Ed Witmer (Democratic) 40.0%
Ohio 17
John M. Ashbrook
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John M. Ashbrook (Republican) 58.6%
▌Robert W. Levering (Democratic) 41.4%
Ohio 18
Wayne Hays
Democratic
1948
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Wayne Hays (Democratic) 61.0%
▌John J. Carigg (Republican) 39.0%
Ohio 19
Michael J. Kirwan
Democratic
1936
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Michael J. Kirwan (Democratic) 62.2%
▌William Vincent Williams (Republican) 37.8%
Ohio 20
Michael A. Feighan
Democratic
1942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Michael A. Feighan (Democratic) 71.0%
▌Leonard G. Richter (Republican) 29.0%
Ohio 21
Charles Vanik
Democratic
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Charles Vanik (Democratic) 79.9%
▌Leodis Harris (Republican) 20.1%
Ohio 22
Frances P. Bolton
Republican
1940
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Frances P. Bolton (Republican) 64.6%
▌Edward Corrigan (Democratic) 30.6%
▌Ronald B. Peltz (Independent) 4.8%
Ohio 23
William Edwin Minshall Jr.
Republican
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William Edwin Minshall Jr. (Republican) 71.5%
▌Emil C. Weber (Democratic) 28.5%
Ohio at-large
None (district created)
New seat.Republican gain.
▌Y Robert Taft Jr. (Republican) 60.5%
▌Richard D. Kennedy (Democratic) 39.5%
Oklahoma
See also: List of United States representatives from Oklahoma
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Oklahoma 1
Page Belcher
Republican
1950
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Page Belcher (Republican) 68.6%
▌Herbert W. Wright Jr. (Democratic) 31.4%
Oklahoma 2
Ed Edmondson
Democratic
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ed Edmondson (Democratic) 56.6%
▌Bill Sharp (Republican) 43.4%
Oklahoma 3
Carl Albert
Democratic
1946
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Carl Albert (Democratic)
Unopposed
Oklahoma 4
Tom Steed
Democratic
1948
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Tom Steed (Democratic)
Unopposed
Oklahoma 5
John Jarman
Democratic
1950
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John Jarman (Democratic) 68.9%
▌William P. Pointon Jr. (Republican) 31.1%
Oklahoma 6
Victor Wickersham
Democratic
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Victor Wickersham (Democratic) 53.5%
▌Glenn L. Gibson (Republican) 46.5%
Oregon
See also: List of United States representatives from Oregon
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Oregon 1
A. Walter Norblad
Republican
1946
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y A. Walter Norblad (Republican) 61.8%
▌R. Blaine Whipple (Democratic) 38.2%
Oregon 2
Al Ullman
Democratic
1956
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Al Ullman (Democratic) 64.0%
▌Robert W. Chandler (Republican) 36.0%
Oregon 3
Edith Green
Democratic
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Edith Green (Democratic) 66.0%
▌Stanley E. Hartman (Republican) 34.0%
Oregon 4
Edwin Durno
Republican
1960
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.New member elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y Robert B. Duncan (Democratic) 53.9%
▌Carl Fisher (Republican) 46.1%
Pennsylvania
See also: List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania
Three seats were lost in reapportionment, decreasing the delegation from 30 to 27 seats, with redistricting removing one seat in Philadelphia and two in central Pennsylvania. Two of those seats were lost by Republicans (a retirement and a redistricting contest against a Democratic incumbent), and one seat was by a Democrat (a retirement).
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Pennsylvania 1
William A. Barrett
Democratic
19441946 (lost)1948
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William A. Barrett (Democratic) 63.5%
▌Winifred H. Malinowsky (Republican) 36.5%
Pennsylvania 2
Kathryn E. Granahan
Democratic
1956
Incumbent retired.Democratic loss.
▌Y Robert N. C. Nix Sr. (Democratic) 67.1%
▌Arthur Thomas (Republican) 32.9%
Robert N. C. Nix Sr.Redistricted from the 4th district
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 3
James A. Byrne
Democratic
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y James A. Byrne (Democratic) 59.3%
▌Joseph R. Burns (Republican) 40.7%
Pennsylvania 4
Herman TollRedistricted from the 6th district
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Herman Toll (Democratic) 56.0%
▌Frank J. Barbera (Republican) 44.0%
Pennsylvania 5
William J. Green Jr.
Democratic
1944
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William J. Green Jr. (Democratic) 55.9%
▌Michael J. Bednarek (Republican) 44.1%
Pennsylvania 6
George M. RhodesRedistricted from the 14th district
Democratic
1948
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y George M. Rhodes (Democratic) 51.2%
▌Ivor D. Fenton (Republican) 48.8%
Ivor D. FentonRedistricted from the 12th district
Republican
1938
Incumbent lost re-election.Republican loss.
Pennsylvania 7
William H. Milliken Jr.
Republican
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William H. Milliken Jr. (Republican) 60.8%
▌John A. Reilly (Democratic) 39.2%
Pennsylvania 8
Willard S. Curtin
Republican
1956
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Willard S. Curtin (Republican) 54.8%
▌James A. Michener (Democratic) 45.2%
Pennsylvania 9
Paul B. Dague
Republican
1946
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Paul B. Dague (Republican) 67.2%
▌Richard C. Keller (Democratic) 32.8%
Pennsylvania 10
William Scranton
Republican
1960
Incumbent retired to run for Governor of Pennsylvania.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Joseph M. McDade (Republican) 52.5%
▌William D. Gombar (Democratic) 47.5%
Pennsylvania 11
Dan Flood
Democratic
19441946 (lost)19481952 (lost)1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Dan Flood (Democratic) 66.5%
▌Donald B. Ayers (Republican) 33.5%
Pennsylvania 12
J. Irving WhalleyRedistricted from the 18th district
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y J. Irving Whalley (Republican) 60.5%
▌A. Reed Hayes (Democratic) 39.5%
James E. Van ZandtRedistricted from the 20th district
Republican
1946
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.Republican loss.
Pennsylvania 13
Richard Schweiker
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Richard Schweiker (Republican) 66.6%
▌Lee F. Driscoll Jr. (Democratic) 33.4%
Pennsylvania 14
William S. MoorheadRedistricted from the 28th district
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William S. Moorhead (Democratic) 65.7%
▌Joseph M. Beatty (Republican) 34.3%
Pennsylvania 15
Francis E. Walter
Democratic
1932
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Francis E. Walter (Democratic) 57.5%
▌Woodrow A. Horn (Republican) 42.5%
Pennsylvania 16
John C. Kunkel
Republican
1961 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John C. Kunkel (Republican) 66.7%
▌John A. Walter (Democratic) 33.3%
Pennsylvania 17
Herman T. Schneebeli
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Herman T. Schneebeli (Republican) 62.9%
▌William W. Litke (Democratic) 37.1%
Pennsylvania 18
Robert J. CorbettRedistricted from the 29th district
Republican
19381940 (lost)1944
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Robert J. Corbett (Republican) 64.3%
▌Edward F. Cook (Democratic) 35.7%
Pennsylvania 19
George A. Goodling
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y George A. Goodling (Republican) 56.8%
▌Earl D. Warner (Democratic) 43.2%
Pennsylvania 20
Elmer J. HollandRedistricted from the 30th district
Democratic
1942 (special)1942 (retired)1956 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Elmer J. Holland (Democratic) 67.4%
▌Budd E. Sheppard (Republican) 32.6%
Pennsylvania 21
John Herman Dent
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John Herman Dent (Democratic) 59.6%
▌Charles E. Scalf (Republican) 40.4%
Pennsylvania 22
John P. Saylor
Republican
1949 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John P. Saylor (Republican) 57.5%
▌Donald J. Perry (Democratic) 42.5%
Pennsylvania 23
Leon H. Gavin
Republican
1942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Leon H. Gavin (Republican) 58.6%
▌Frank M. O'Neil (Democratic) 40.6%
▌Germain Schreffler (Prohibition) 0.8%
Pennsylvania 24
Carroll D. Kearns
Republican
1946
Incumbent lost renomination.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y James D. Weaver (Republican) 51.4%
▌Peter J. Joyce (Democratic) 48.6%
Pennsylvania 25
Frank M. Clark
Democratic
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Frank M. Clark (Democratic) 56.4%
▌Harvey R. Robinson (Republican) 43.6%
Pennsylvania 26
Thomas E. Morgan
Democratic
1944
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Thomas E. Morgan (Democratic) 61.7%
▌Jerome Hahn (Republican) 38.3%
Pennsylvania 27
James G. Fulton
Republican
1944
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y James G. Fulton (Republican) 65.5%
▌Margaret L. Walgren (Democratic) 34.5%
Rhode Island
See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Rhode Island 1
Fernand St Germain
Democratic
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Fernand St Germain (Democratic) 56.8%
▌R. Gordon Butler (Republican) 43.2%
Rhode Island 2
John E. Fogarty
Democratic
1940
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John E. Fogarty (Democratic) 71.8%
▌John F. Kennedy (Republican) 28.2%
South Carolina
Main article: 1962 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina
See also: List of United States representatives from South Carolina
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
South Carolina 1
L. Mendel Rivers
Democratic
1940
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y L. Mendel Rivers (Democratic)
Unopposed
South Carolina 2
John J. Riley
Democratic
1950
Incumbent died in office.Democratic hold.
▌Y Albert Watson (Democratic) 52.8%
▌Floyd Spence (Republican) 47.2%
South Carolina 3
W. J. Bryan Dorn
Democratic
19461948 (retired)1950
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y W. J. Bryan Dorn (Democratic)
Unopposed
South Carolina 4
Robert T. Ashmore
Democratic
1953 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Robert T. Ashmore (Democratic)
Unopposed
South Carolina 5
Robert W. Hemphill
Democratic
1956
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Robert W. Hemphill (Democratic) 94.0%
▌Robert M. Doster (Republican) 6.0%
South Carolina 6
John L. McMillan
Democratic
1938
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John L. McMillan (Democratic)
Unopposed
South Dakota
See also: List of United States representatives from South Dakota
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
South Dakota 1
Ben Reifel
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ben Reifel (Republican) 59.2%
▌Ralph A. Nauman (Democratic) 40.8%
South Dakota 2
E. Y. Berry
Republican
1950
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y E. Y. Berry (Republican) 61.5%
▌M. W. Clarkson (Democratic) 38.5%
Tennessee
See also: List of United States representatives from Tennessee
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Tennessee 1
Louise Goff Reece
Republican
1961 (special)
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Jimmy Quillen (Republican) 53.9%
▌Herbert R. Silvers (Democratic) 43.8%
▌Arthur Bright (Independent) 2.3%
Tennessee 2
Howard Baker Sr.
Republican
1950
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Howard Baker Sr. (Republican) 70.6%
▌Tally R. Livingston (Democratic) 29.4%
Tennessee 3
James B. Frazier Jr.
Democratic
1948
Incumbent lost renomination.New member elected.Republican gain.
▌Y Bill Brock (Republican) 51.1%
▌Wilkes Thrasher Jr. (Democratic) 48.9%
Tennessee 4
Joe L. Evins
Democratic
1946
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Joe L. Evins (Democratic) 87.9%
▌Arch M. Eaton (Ind Rep) 12.1%
Tennessee 5
J. Carlton Loser
Democratic
1956
Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y Richard Fulton (Ind Dem) 60.4%
▌J. Carlton Loser (Democratic) 38.2%
▌Raymond E. Love (write-in) 0.6%
▌H. L. Crowder (write-in) 0.5%
▌H. J. Ryan (write-in) 0.3%
Tennessee 6
Ross Bass
Democratic
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ross Bass (Democratic) 81.8%
▌J. J. Underwood (Independent) 18.2%
Tennessee 7
Tom J. Murray
Democratic
1942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Tom J. Murray (Democratic)
Unopposed
Tennessee 8
Fats Everett
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Fats Everett (Democratic) 97.3%
▌Sara Flannary (write-in) 2.7%
Tennessee 9
Clifford Davis
Democratic
1940
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Clifford Davis (Democratic) 50.6%
▌Robert B. James (Republican) 49.4%
Texas
See also: List of United States representatives from Texas
Texas gained one seat in reapportionment and elected it at large.
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Texas 1
Wright Patman
Democratic
1928
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Wright Patman (Democratic) 67.3%
▌James Timberlake (Republican) 32.7%
Texas 2
Jack Brooks
Democratic
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jack Brooks (Democratic) 68.7%
▌Roy James Jr. (Republican) 31.3%
Texas 3
Lindley Beckworth
Democratic
1956
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Lindley Beckworth (Democratic) 52.0%
▌William Steger (Republican) 48.0%
Texas 4
Ray Roberts
Democratic
1962 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ray Roberts (Democratic) 72.0%
▌Conner Harrington (Republican) 28.0%
Texas 5
Bruce Alger
Republican
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bruce Alger (Republican) 56.3%
▌Bill Jones (Democratic) 43.7%
Texas 6
Olin E. Teague
Democratic
1946
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Olin E. Teague (Democratic)
Unopposed
Texas 7
John Dowdy
Democratic
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John Dowdy (Democratic) 88.2%
▌Raymond Ramage (Republican) 11.8%
Texas 8
Albert Thomas
Democratic
1936
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Albert Thomas (Democratic) 71.5%
▌Anthony J. P. Farris (Republican) 28.5%
Texas 9
Clark W. Thompson
Democratic
1947 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Clark W. Thompson (Democratic) 66.3%
▌Dave Oakes (Republican) 33.7%
Texas 10
Homer Thornberry
Democratic
1948
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Homer Thornberry (Democratic) 63.3%
▌Jim Dobbs (Republican) 36.7%
Texas 11
William R. Poage
Democratic
1936
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William R. Poage (Democratic)
Unopposed
Texas 12
Jim Wright
Democratic
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jim Wright (Democratic) 60.6%
▌Del Barron (Republican) 39.4%
Texas 13
Graham B. Purcell Jr.
Democratic
1962 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Graham B. Purcell Jr. (Democratic) 67.1%
▌Joe Meissner (Republican) 32.9%
Texas 14
John Andrew Young
Democratic
1956
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John Andrew Young (Democratic) 70.4%
▌Lawrence Hoover (Republican) 29.6%
Texas 15
Joe M. Kilgore
Democratic
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Joe M. Kilgore (Democratic)
Unopposed
Texas 16
J. T. Rutherford
Democratic
1954
Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Republican gain.
▌Y Ed Foreman (Republican) 53.8%
▌J. T. Rutherford (Democratic) 46.2%
Texas 17
Omar Burleson
Democratic
1946
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Omar Burleson (Democratic)
Unopposed
Texas 18
Walter E. Rogers
Democratic
1950
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Walter E. Rogers (Democratic) 58.8%
▌Jack Seale (Republican) 41.2%
Texas 19
George H. Mahon
Democratic
1934
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y George H. Mahon (Democratic) 67.1%
▌Dennis Taylor (Republican) 32.9%
Texas 20
Henry B. González
Democratic
1961 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Henry B. González (Democratic)
Unopposed
Texas 21
O. C. Fisher
Democratic
1942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y O. C. Fisher (Democratic) 76.1%
▌E. S. Mayer (Republican) 23.9%
Texas 22
Robert R. Casey
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Robert R. Casey (Democratic) 53.5%
▌Ross Baker (Republican) 46.5%
Texas at-large
None (district created)
New seat.Democratic gain.
▌Y Joe R. Pool (Democratic) 56.1%
▌Desmond Barry (Republican) 43.9%
Utah
See also: List of United States representatives from Utah
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Utah 1
M. Blaine Peterson
Democratic
1960
Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Republican gain.
▌Y Laurence J. Burton (Republican) 50.9%
▌M. Blaine Peterson (Democratic) 49.1%
Utah 2
David S. King
Democratic
1958
Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.New member elected.Republican gain.
▌Y Sherman P. Lloyd (Republican) 53.9%
▌Bruce S. Jenkins (Democratic) 46.1%
Vermont
See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Vermont at-large
Robert Stafford
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Robert Stafford (Republican) 56.7%
▌Harold Raynolds (Democratic) 43.3%
Virginia
Main article: 1962 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia
See also: List of United States representatives from Virginia
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Virginia 1
Thomas N. Downing
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Thomas N. Downing (Democratic)
Unopposed
Virginia 2
Porter Hardy Jr.
Democratic
1946
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Porter Hardy Jr. (Democratic) 75.0%
▌Louis B. Fine (Republican) 25.0%
Virginia 3
J. Vaughan Gary
Democratic
1945 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y J. Vaughan Gary (Democratic) 49.8%
▌Louis H. Williams (Republican) 49.2%
▌Alfred T. Dudley (Independent) 1.0%
Virginia 4
Watkins Abbitt
Democratic
1948
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Watkins Abbitt (Democratic)
Unopposed
Virginia 5
William M. Tuck
Democratic
1953 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William M. Tuck (Democratic)
Unopposed
Virginia 6
Richard H. Poff
Republican
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Richard H. Poff (Republican) 65.2%
▌John P. Wheeler (Democratic) 34.5%
▌J. B. Brayman (Independent) 0.3%
Virginia 7
Burr Harrison
Democratic
1946
Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y John O. Marsh Jr. (Democratic) 50.6%
▌J. Kenneth Robinson (Republican) 49.4%
Virginia 8
Howard W. Smith
Democratic
1930
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Howard W. Smith (Democratic)
Unopposed
Virginia 9
W. Pat Jennings
Democratic
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y W. Pat Jennings (Democratic) 61.2%
▌Leon Owens (Republican) 38.8%
Virginia 10
Joel Broyhill
Republican
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Joel Broyhill (Republican) 55.4%
▌Augustus C. Johnson (Democratic) 44.6%
Washington
See also: List of United States representatives from Washington
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Washington 1
Thomas Pelly
Republican
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Thomas Pelly (Republican) 73.7%
▌Alice Franklin Bryant (Democratic) 26.3%
Washington 2
Jack Westland
Republican
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Jack Westland (Republican) 59.8%
▌Milo Moore (Democratic) 40.2%
Washington 3
Julia Butler Hansen
Democratic
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Julia Butler Hansen (Democratic) 65.3%
▌Edwin J. Alexander (Republican) 34.7%
Washington 4
Catherine Dean May
Republican
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Catherine Dean May (Republican) 67.0%
▌David A. Gallant (Democratic) 33.0%
Washington 5
Walt Horan
Republican
1942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Walt Horan (Republican) 64.4%
▌Bernard J. Gallagher (Democratic) 35.6%
Washington 6
Thor C. Tollefson
Republican
1946
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Thor C. Tollefson (Republican) 71.1%
▌Dawn Olson (Democratic) 28.9%
Washington 7
Don Magnuson
Democratic
1952
Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Republican gain.
▌Y K. William Stinson (Republican) 56.6%
▌Don Magnuson (Democratic) 43.4%
West Virginia
See also: List of United States representatives from West Virginia
West Virginia lost one seat and redistricted from 6 districts to 5, splitting the existing 3rd district up among all the others.
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
West Virginia 1
Arch A. Moore Jr.
Republican
1956
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Arch A. Moore Jr. (Republican) 59.9%
▌Cleveland M. Bailey (Democratic) 40.1%
Cleveland M. BaileyRedistricted from the 3rd district
Democratic
1948
Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic loss.
West Virginia 2
Harley Orrin Staggers
Democratic
1948
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Harley Orrin Staggers (Democratic) 58.7%
▌Cooper Benedict (Republican) 41.3%
West Virginia 3
John M. Slack Jr.Redistricted from the 6th district
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John M. Slack Jr. (Democratic) 61.7%
▌M. G. Guthrie (Republican) 38.3%
West Virginia 4
Ken Hechler
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ken Hechler (Democratic) 57.8%
▌Clyde Pinson (Republican) 42.2%
West Virginia 5
Elizabeth Kee
Democratic
1951 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Elizabeth Kee (Democratic) 73.1%
▌James S. Crockett (Republican) 26.9%
Wisconsin
See also: List of United States representatives from Wisconsin
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Wisconsin 1
Henry C. Schadeberg
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Henry C. Schadeberg (Republican) 53.3%
▌Gerald T. Flynn (Democratic) 46.7%
Wisconsin 2
Robert Kastenmeier
Democratic
1958
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Robert Kastenmeier (Democratic) 52.5%
▌Ivan H. Kindschi (Republican) 47.5%
Wisconsin 3
Vernon W. Thomson
Republican
1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Vernon W. Thomson (Republican) 61.3%
▌Walter P. Thoresen (Democratic) 38.7%
Wisconsin 4
Clement Zablocki
Democratic
1948
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Clement Zablocki (Democratic) 72.5%
▌David F. Tillotson (Republican) 27.5%
Wisconsin 5
Henry S. Reuss
Democratic
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Henry S. Reuss (Democratic) 63.6%
▌Thomas F. Nelson (Republican) 36.4%
Wisconsin 6
William Van Pelt
Republican
1950
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William Van Pelt (Republican) 59.2%
▌John A. Race (Democratic) 40.8%
Wisconsin 7
Melvin Laird
Republican
1952
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Melvin Laird (Republican) 66.1%
▌John E. Evans (Democratic) 33.9%
Wisconsin 8
John W. Byrnes
Republican
1944
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John W. Byrnes (Republican) 62.8%
▌Owen F. Monfils (Democratic) 37.2%
Wisconsin 9
Lester Johnson
Democratic
1953 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Lester Johnson (Democratic) 55.6%
▌Dennis B. Danielson (Republican) 44.4%
Wisconsin 10
Alvin O'Konski
Republican
1942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Alvin O'Konski (Republican) 63.2%
▌J. Louis Hanson (Democratic) 36.8%
Wyoming
See also: List of United States representatives from Wyoming
District
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Member
Party
Firstelected
Wyoming at-large
William Henry Harrison III
Republican
19501954 (retired)1960
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y William Henry Harrison III (Republican) 61.4%
▌Louis A. Mankus (Democratic) 38.6%
See also
1962 United States elections
1962 United States Senate elections
87th United States Congress
88th United States Congress
Notes
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p
Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789–1989. Prentice Hall College Div. ISBN 0-02-920170-5.
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← Richard Nixon
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Category
vte(1960 ←) 1962 United States elections (→ 1964)U.S.Senate
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New Orleans | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"88th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/88th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"Cuban Missile Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis"},{"link_name":"reapportionment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment"},{"link_name":"redistricting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_redistricting_cycle"},{"link_name":"1960 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"1950 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_States_elections"}],"text":"The 1962 United States House of Representatives elections was an election for the United States House of Representatives on November 6, 1962, to elect members to serve in the 88th United States Congress. They occurred in the middle of President John F. Kennedy's term. As in most midterm elections, Kennedy's Democratic Party lost seats to the opposition Republican Party, but retained a majority. House Democrats were expected to lose their majority, but the resolution over the Cuban Missile Crisis just a few weeks prior led to a rebound in approval for the Democrats under President Kennedy.The number of seats up for election went back to 435, in accordance with reapportionment and redistricting resulting from the 1960 census. The membership had been increased temporarily to 437 in 1959, providing 1 seat each for the new states of Alaska and Hawaii, while the other 435 seats continued with the reapportionment resulting from the 1950 census.This was the last midterm election cycle until 2022 in which a sitting Democratic president experienced net losses for his party in the House while experiencing net gains in the Senate.","title":"1962 United States House of Representatives elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1962_House_Elections_by_vote_share.svg"}],"text":"Results shaded according to winners share of the popular vote","title":"Overall results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_elections_to_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"}],"text":"See also: List of special elections to the United States House of RepresentativesElections are listed by date and district.","title":"Special elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Alabama"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from AlabamaAlabama lost 1 seat in redistricting and elected all seats at-large as a method of determining which seat to eliminate.","title":"Alabama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Alaska"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1962_United_States_House_Of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska_by_State_House_District.svg"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from AlaskaState House Results","title":"Alaska"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martis-1"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from ArizonaArizona gained one seat and formed a new third district out of the northern part of the state.[1]","title":"Arizona"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martis-1"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from ArkansasArkansas lost two seats and merged the 5th and 6th districts into the other districts. 5th district incumbent Dale Alford chose to run for governor rather than face Wilbur Mills in a primary, and 6th district incumbent Catherine Dorris Norrell retired after serving out the remainder of her husband's term.[1]","title":"Arkansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martis-1"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from CaliforniaEight new seats were gained in reapportionment, including 4 additional districts in Greater Los Angeles alone as well as others in San Diego, the Northern Central Valley, Alameda County, and the Central Coast, increasing the delegation from 30 to 38 seats.[1] Seven of the new seats were won by Democrats, one by a Republican. Two Republican incumbents lost re-election to Democrats. Therefore, Democrats increased by 9 seats and Republicans decreased by 1.","title":"California"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Colorado"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Colorado","title":"Colorado"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Connecticut"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut","title":"Connecticut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Delaware"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware","title":"Delaware"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Florida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martis-1"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from FloridaFlorida gained 4 new districts at reapportionment: the 3rd around Miami, the 9th in the Panhandle, the 10th around Tampa, and the 11th in Orlando and the nearby Atlantic coast.[1]","title":"Florida"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Georgia","title":"Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Hawaii"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from HawaiiHawaii gained a second seat at reapportionment and elected both seats at-large.","title":"Hawaii"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Idaho"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Idaho","title":"Idaho"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martis-1"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from IllinoisIllinois lost one seat at reapportionment, merging the existing 21st district into the 20th and 23rd, and the Chicago districts were realigned to give more representation to the suburbs.[1]","title":"Illinois"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Indiana"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Indiana","title":"Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martis-1"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from IowaIowa lost one seat at reapportionment and divided the existing 6th district in north-central Iowa among several neighboring districts with compensating boundary changes elsewhere. Incumbent Merwin Coad chose to retire rather than run against one of the other incumbents.[1]","title":"Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martis-1"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from KansasKansas lost one seat at reapportionment and redistricted from 6 to 5, combining the existing southwestern 5th and northwestern 6th districts into a single district, in which incumbents J. Floyd Breeding and Bob Dole ran against each other, and making modest boundary changes elsewhere.[1]","title":"Kansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martis-1"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from KentuckyKentucky lost one seat at reapportionment. 5th district incumbent Brent Spence elected to retire, and his district was divided between several other districts with the lion's share going to the 4th.[1]","title":"Kentucky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Louisiana"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Louisiana","title":"Louisiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martis-1"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from MaineMaine lost one seat at reapportionment, redistricting from 3 seats to 2 -- a 1st district containing the coastal parts of the existing 1st and 2nd districts, and a 2nd district containing the existing 3rd district and the rest of inland Maine.[1]","title":"Maine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from MarylandMaryland gained an eighth seat at reapportionment and chose to elect it at-large.","title":"Maryland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from MassachusettsMassachusetts lost two seats at reapportionment, one from each party.","title":"Massachusetts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from MichiganMichigan gained one seat at reapportionment, which it elected at-large rather than redistricting.","title":"Michigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martis-1"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from MinnesotaMinnesota lost one seat at reapportionment, and the 7th saw the largest change, with its territory split between the existing 2nd and 6th districts.[1]","title":"Minnesota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martis-1"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from MississippiMississippi lost one seat at reapportionment, and merged the 2nd and 3rd districts without making other boundary changes.[1]","title":"Mississippi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martis-1"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from MissouriMissouri lost one seat at reapportionment, and merged the 11th and 8th districts with compensating boundary changes to other districts.[1]","title":"Missouri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Montana"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Montana","title":"Montana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martis-1"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from NebraskaNebraska lost one seat at reapportionment and split the southern 1st district between the eastern 3rd and western 4th districts.[1]","title":"Nebraska"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Nevada"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Nevada","title":"Nevada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_Hampshire"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire","title":"New Hampshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martis-1"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from New JerseyNew Jersey gained one seat and formed a 15th district out of parts of the existing 3rd and 5th districts around Perth Amboy without making substantial changes elsewhere.[1]","title":"New Jersey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_Mexico"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from New Mexico","title":"New Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martis-1"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from New YorkNew York lost 2 seats at reapportionment; after redistricting, Long Island actually gained two seats while Manhattan lost two and Brooklyn and Upstate New York lost one each.[1] As of 2020, this would be the last time Republicans would win the most congressional districts in New York.","title":"New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_North_Carolina"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina","title":"North Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_North_Dakota"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from North Dakota","title":"North Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Ohio"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Ohio","title":"Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Oklahoma"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Oklahoma","title":"Oklahoma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Oregon"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Oregon","title":"Oregon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from PennsylvaniaThree seats were lost in reapportionment, decreasing the delegation from 30 to 27 seats, with redistricting removing one seat in Philadelphia and two in central Pennsylvania. Two of those seats were lost by Republicans (a retirement and a redistricting contest against a Democratic incumbent), and one seat was by a Democrat (a retirement).","title":"Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Rhode_Island"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island","title":"Rhode Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from South Carolina","title":"South Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Dakota"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from South Dakota","title":"South Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Tennessee","title":"Tennessee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from TexasTexas gained one seat in reapportionment and elected it at large.","title":"Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Utah"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Utah","title":"Utah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont","title":"Vermont"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Virginia"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Virginia","title":"Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Washington"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Washington","title":"Washington"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martis-1"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from West VirginiaWest Virginia lost one seat and redistricted from 6 districts to 5, splitting the existing 3rd district up among all the others.[1]","title":"West Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wisconsin"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Wisconsin","title":"Wisconsin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wyoming"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Wyoming","title":"Wyoming"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Results shaded according to winners share of the popular vote","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/1962_House_Elections_by_vote_share.svg/450px-1962_House_Elections_by_vote_share.svg.png"},{"image_text":" House seats by party holding plurality in state 80+% Democratic 80+% Republican 60+% to 80% Democratic 60+% to 80% Republican up to 60% Democratic up to 60% Republican Stripes = 50/50 split ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/88_us_house_membership.png/400px-88_us_house_membership.png"},{"image_text":" Change by party 6+ Democratic gain 6+ Republican gain 3-5 Democratic gain 3-5 Republican gain 1-2 Democratic gain 1-2 Republican gain no net change ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/88_us_house_changes.png/400px-88_us_house_changes.png"},{"image_text":"State House Results","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/1962_United_States_House_Of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska_by_State_House_District.svg/220px-1962_United_States_House_Of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska_by_State_House_District.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"1962 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_United_States_elections"},{"title":"1962 United States Senate elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"title":"87th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/87th_United_States_Congress"},{"title":"88th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/88th_United_States_Congress"}] | [{"reference":"Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789–1989. Prentice Hall College Div. ISBN 0-02-920170-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-920170-5","url_text":"0-02-920170-5"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://history.house.gov/Institution/Election-Statistics/Election-Statistics/","external_links_name":"Election Statistics – Office of the Clerk"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Command_Gliding_Centre_RAF | List of Royal Air Force Glider units | ["1 Gliding Schools","1.1 1-100","1.2 100-200","1.3 200-700","2 Volunteer Gliding Schools","3 Other Glider units","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Bibliography"] | This is a list of Royal Air Force glider units.
Gliding Schools
1-100
data
Name
Formed
Formed at
Aircraft
Airfields also used
Disbanded at
Disbanded
Fate
1 Gliding School
December 1942
RAF Strathaven
Slingsby Cadet TX.1Slingsby Sedbergh TX.1
RAF Dungavel
RAF Dumfries
1 September 1955
Reformed as 661 Gliding School
2 Gliding School
25 October 1942
RAF East Fortune
Unknown
RAF Connel
RAF Dumfries
January 1946
Reformed as 2 Gliding School
2 Gliding School
1 November 1947
RAF Grangemouth
Falcon IVGrunau BabyCadet TX.1/TX.2Sedbergh TX.3
n/a
RAF Grangemouth
1 September 1955
Disbanded
3 Gliding School
March 1944
RAF Macmerry
Cadet TX.1/TX.2
n/a
RAF Drem
1 September 1947
Disbanded
4 Gliding School
December 1943
RAF Paisley
Cadet TX.1/TX.2Sedbergh TX.1
RAF Abbotsinch
RAF Grangemouth
1952
5 Gliding School
October 1944
RAF Fordoun
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Prefect TX.1Sedbergh TX.1
RAF Dyce
RAF Edzell
1 September 1955
662 Gliding School
6 Gliding School
January 1945
RAF Grangemouth
Cadet TX.1/TX.2Grunau Baby IIBSedbergh TX.1
RAF Turnhouse
RAF Grangemouth
Late 1955
7 Gliding School
March 1946
RAF Dalcross
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
n/a
RAF Dalcross
1 September 1955
Disbanded
8 Gliding School
May 1944
RAF Ayr
Cadet TX.1/TX.2
n/a
RAF Creetown
1947
Disbanded
9 Gliding School
June 1945
RAF Errol
KiteCadet TX.1
n/a
RAF Scone
December 1946
Disbanded
10 Gliding School
25 May 1945
RAF Turnberry
Cadet TX.1
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Disbanded
21 Gliding School
July 1943
RAF Lambton Park
Cadet TX.1
n/a
RAF Lambton Park
1946
Disbanded
22 Gliding School
June 1942
RAF Kirbymoorside
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
Det: RAF Waltham
RAF Church Fenton
15 May 1950
Reformed as 22 Gliding School
22 Gliding School
1950
RAF Waltham
Sedbergh TX.1
n/a
RAF Kirton-in-Lindsey
1 September 1955
643 Gliding School
23 Gliding School
May 1943
RAF Yeadon
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
n/a
RAF Rufforth
1 September 1955
642 Gliding School
24 Gliding School
September 1943
RAF Netherthorpe
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
RAF FirbeckRAF Doncaster
RAF Lindholme
1 September 1955
Disbanded
25 Gliding School
September 1943
RAF Hedon
Cadet TX.1
n/a
RAF Leconfield
Late 1947
Disbanded
26 Gliding School
October 1943
RAF Greatham
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
RAF Durham
RAF Middleton St George
Unknown
Reformed as 26 Gliding School
26 Gliding School
1 June 1948
RAF Middleton St George
Sedbergh TX.1
RAF Durham
RAF Middleton St George
1 September 1955
Disbanded
27 Gliding School
October 1943
RAF Woolsington
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
RAF Ouston
RAF Usworth
1 September 1955
Disbanded
28 Gliding School
January 1945
RAF Firbeck
Cadet TX.1/TX.2
RAF Middleton St GeorgeDet: RAF Sutton BankRAF Topcliffe
RAF Linton-on-Ouse
1950
Disbanded
29 Gliding School
May 1944
RAF Sheffield
Cadet TX.1
RAF AskernRAF Doncaster
RAF Spitalgate
1 September 1955
644 Gliding School
30 Gliding School
May 1944
RAF Sherburn-in-Elmet
Cadet TX.1
n/a
RAF Sherburn-in-Elmet
January 1946
Disbanded
31 Gliding School
April 1944
RAF Usworth
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3
n/a
RAF Usworth
1 September 1955
Disbanded into 641 Gliding School
41 Gliding School
July 1942
RAF Knowle
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
RAF Hockley Heath
RAF Honiley
April 1953
Disbanded
41 Gliding School
1 May 1954
RAF Pembrey
Unknown
n/a
RAF Pembrey
1 September 1955
Disbanded
42 Gliding School
October 1943
RAF Loughborough
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
RAF BruntingthorpeRAF Bramcote
RAF Cosford
1 September 1955
633 Gliding School
43 Gliding School
October 1943
Walsall Aerodrome
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
n/a
Walsall Aerodrome
December 1946
Reformed as 43 Gliding School
43 Gliding School
May 1947
RAF Lichfield
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
n/a
RAF Lichfield
1 September 1955
Disbanded
44 Gliding School
October 1943
Rearsby Aerodrome
Cadet TX.1
RAF BruntingthorpeRAF Desford
RAF Desford
1950
Reformed as 44 Gliding School
44 Gliding School
7 July 1951
RAF Cottesmore
Cadet II/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
n/a
RAF Spitalgate
1 September 1955
Disbanded
45 Gliding School
August 1942
RAF Meir
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1Prefect TX.1
Det: RAF Long Mynd
RAF Meir
1 September 1955
632 Gliding School
47 Gliding School
April 1945
RAF Camphill
Cadet TX.1/TX.2
n/a
RAF Hucknall
31 March 1948
Disbanded
48 Gliding School
October 1943
RAF Bretford (No. 46 SLG)
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.11
Castle BromwichDet: RAF Cosford
Castle Bromwich
November 1955
Disbanded
49 Gliding School
June 1945
RAF Burnaston
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
RAF WymeswoldRAF Castle Donington
RAF Newton
1 September 1955
Disbanded
50 Gliding School
April 1944
RAF Lugg Meadows
Cadet TX.1/TX.2
Hereford RacecourseRAF Madley
RAF Pershore
1 June 1948
Disbanded
51 Gliding School
-
RAF Long Mynd
Cadet TX.1
n/a
-
Probably became a detachment of 45 Gliding School
61 Gliding School
October 1943
RAF Abergavenny
Cadet TX.1
n/a
RAF Abergavenny
March 1946
Disbanded
62 Gliding School
October 1943
RAF Llanishen
Cadet TX.1
n/a
RAF Pengam Moors
4 August 1948
Disbanded
63 Gliding School
October 1943
RAF Tal-y-cafn
Cadet TX.1/TX.2
RAF Mona
RAF Valley
31 March 1948
Disbanded
64 Gliding School
May 1944
RAF Merthyr
Cadet TX.1
n/a
Unknown
1945
Disbanded
65 Gliding School
May 1944
RAF Rhoose
Kirby Cadet
n/a
Cardiff
March 1947
Disbanded
66 Gliding School
August 1944
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
June 1945
67 Gliding School
August 1944
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
January 1946
68 Gliding School
December 1944
RAF Bridgend
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
RAF Stormy Down
RAF St Athan
1 September 1955
634 Gliding School
69 Gliding School
October 1944
Unknown
Cadet TX.1
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
70 Gliding School
August 1944
RAF Pennard
Cadet TX.1/TX.2
n/a
RAF Fairwood Common
1947/48
Disbanded
72 Gliding School
June 1944
RAF Newport
Cadet TX.1
n/a
Unknown
1947
Disbanded
80 Gliding School
August 1951
Halesland Airfield
Cadet TX.3Prefect TX.1
n/a
RAF Halesland
1 September 1955
Disbanded
81 Gliding School
October 1943
Yeovil Aerodrome
Cadet TX.1
n/a
RNAS Yeovilton
July 1948
Disbanded
82 Gliding School
October 1943
RAF Roborough
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1Prefect TX.1
Det: RAF St Merryn
RAF Harrowbeer
1 September 1955
Disbanded
83 Gliding School
May 1944
RAF Moreton Valence
Cadet TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
n/a
RAF Aston Down
September 1955
Disbanded
84 Gliding School
August 1944
Haldon Moor
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
n/a
RAF Exeter
1955
624 Gliding School
86 Gliding School
May 1944
Unknown
Cadet TX.1
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
87 Gliding School
July 1943
RAF Locking (non flying)Used RAF Weston-super-Mare
Cadet TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1Prefect TX.1
Det: RAF Halesland
RAF Locking
1 September 1955
621 Gliding School
88 Gliding School
July 1944
RAF Wroughton
Cadet TX.1
n/a
RAF Hullavington
May 1948
Disbanded
89 Gliding School
March 1944
RAF Christchurch
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
n/a
RAF Christchurch
1 September 1955
662 Gliding School
92 Gliding School
January 1944
RAF Yate
Cadet TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
RAF Charmy Down
RAF Colerne
1 September 1955
Disbanded
94 Gliding School
June 1945
RAF Yate
Cadet TX.1
n/a
RAF Yate
20 February 1948
Disbanded
95 Gliding School
April 1945
RAF Perranporth
Cadet TX.1
n/a
RAF St Eval
31 January 1950
Disbanded
100-200
data
Name
Formed
Formed at
Aircraft
Airfields also used
Disbanded at
Disbanded
Fate
101 Gliding School
7 August 1943
Great Yarmouth
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
102 Gliding School
June 1943
Hethersett
Cadet TX.1/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
RAF Horsham St Faith
Swanton Morley
1 September 1955
611 Gliding School
103 Gliding School
October 1943
Westley
Cadet TX.1/TX.2
n/a
RAF Honington
25 April 1948
Disbanded
104 Gliding School
October 1944
Ipswich Airport
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
n/a
RAF Martlesham Heath
1 September 1955
612 Gliding School
105 Gliding School
May 1945
Cambridge
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
n/a
Cambridge
1 September 1955
Disbanded
106 Gliding School
June 1944
Henlow
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
n/a
Henlow
1 September 1955
Disbanded
107 Gliding School
September 1942
Lincoln
Cadet TX.1/TX.2
RAF Coleby GrangeDet: RAF Waltham
RAF Digby
October 1949
Disbanded
108 Gliding School
June 1945
Corby
Cadet TX.1
n/a
RAF Desborough
30 June 1949
Disbanded
121 Gliding School
August 1942
Wembley Stadium
Cadet TX.1
n/a
Halton
1945
Disbanded
122 Gliding School
October 1942
Northwick Park
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
Leavesden
RAF Halton
1 September 1955
613 Gliding School
123 Gliding School
October 1942
White Waltham
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1Prefect TX.1
Bray Court
RAF White Waltham
1 September 1955
623 Gliding School
124 Gliding School
August 1943
Elstree
Cadet TX.1/TX.2
n/a
Elstree
Unknown
Disbanded
125 Gliding School
August 1943
Denham
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
n/a
RAF Langley
1 September 1955
Disbanded
126 Gliding School
August 1943
Booker
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
n/a
Booker
1 September 1955
Disbanded
127 Gliding School
August 1943
Panshangar
Cadet TX.1
n/a
Panshangar
30 May 1948
Disbanded
128 Gliding School
August 1943
Theale
Cadet TX.1
n/a
Theale
29 July 1948
Disbanded
129 Gliding School
September 1943
Romney Marsh
Cadet TX.1/TX.2
RAF Waltham Cross
RAF North Weald
30 May 1948
Disbanded
130 Gliding School
October 1944
Cowley
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
RAF Abingdon
RAF Weston-on-the-Green
1 September 1955
Disbanded
141 Gliding School
October 1942
RAF Kidbrooke
Cadet TX.1/TX.2Sedbergh TX.1
RAF GravesendDet: RAF Detling
RAF West Malling
1 September 1955
Disbanded
142 Gliding School
October 1943
Bulphan
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
RAF Stapleford TawneyRAF North WealdRAF Hendon
RAF Hornchurch
1 September 1955
Disbanded
143 Gliding School
October 1942
Hamsey Green
Cadet TX.1/TX.2Sedbergh TX.1
RAF Croydon
RAF Kenley
1 September 1955
615 Gliding School
144 Gliding School
1943
Hounslow Heath
Cadet TX.1/TX.2
n/a
Heston
March 1948
Disbanded
145 Gliding School
1944
Birch
Cadet TX.1
n/a
RAF Boxted
25 April 1948
Disbanded
146 Gliding School
May 1944
Shenfield
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1BPrefect TX.1
RAF FairlopDet: Camphill
RAF Hornchurch
1 September 1955
614 Gliding School
147 Gliding School
January 1945
Laindon
Cadet TX.1
n/a
RAF Fairlop
January 1946
Disbanded into 146 Gliding School
148 Gliding School
November 1943
Rochford
Cadet TX.1
n/a
Rochford
16 June 1949
Disbanded into 141 Gliding School
149 Gliding School
November 1942
RAF Kidbrooke
Cadet TX.1
n/a
RAF Gravesend
1 December 1945
Disbanded into 141 Gliding School
161 Gliding School
August 1942
Burgess Hill
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
RAF BrightonRAF Thorney IslandRAF ShorehamRAF Ford
Tangmere
1 September 1955
Disbanded
162 Gliding School
October 1943
Hamsey Green
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
RAF KenleyRAF Gatwick
RAF Biggin Hill
31 August 1950
Disbanded
163 Gliding School
October 1943
Portsmouth
Cadet TX.1/TX.2
n/a
RAF Gosport
May 1948
Disbanded
166 Gliding School
October 1943
Westwell
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
n/a
RAF Hawkinge
5 September 1955
Disbanded
167 Gliding School
October 1944
Woking
Cadet TX.1
n/a
RAF Fairoaks
1948
Disbanded
168 Gliding School
January 1945
Rochester
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
n/a
RAF Detling
1 September 1955
Disbanded
180 Gliding School
November 1951
Warton
Cadet TX.1/TX.2
n/a
RAF Warton
1 September 1955
Disbanded
181 Gliding School
August 1943
Stanley Park
Cadet TX.1/TX.2
n/a
RAF Warton
1 June 1948
Disbanded
182 Gliding School
May 1945
Salmesbury
Cadet TX.1/TX.2Sedbergh TX.1
n/a
RAF Salmesbury
Unknown
Disbanded
183 Gliding School
March 1944
Wimslow
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
n/a
RAF Woodford
1 September 1955
Disbanded
184 Gliding School
March 1944
Wimslow
Cadet TX.1
n/a
RAF Woodford
1946
Disbanded into 183 Gliding School
185 Gliding School
March 1944
Barton
Cadet TX.1
n/a
Barton
December 1947
Disbanded
186 Gliding School
June 1944
Speke
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
RAF Hooton ParkRAF Woodvale
RAF Hawarden
1 September 1955
631 Gliding School
187 Gliding School
March 1944
Manchester
Cadet TX.1
n/a
RAF Stretton
November 1947
Disbanded
188 Gliding School
February 1944
Cark
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
n/a
RAF Barrow (Walney Island)
1 September 1955
Disbanded
189 Gliding School
June 1945
Kingstown
Cadet TX.1/TX.2
n/a
RAF Kingstown
October 1947
Disbanded
190 Gliding School
May 1945
Cranage
Cadet TX.1
n/a
RAF Woodvale
21 March 1948
Disbanded
192 Gliding School
July 1944
Little Sutton
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
RAF Hooton ParkRAF SealandRAF Woodvale
RAF Hawarden
Unknown
Disbanded
200-700
data
Name
Formed
Formed at
Aircraft
Airfields also used
Disbanded at
Disbanded
Fate
201 Gliding School
June 1943
RAF Lisburn
Cadet TX.1/TX.2
RAF Newtownards
RAF Long Kesh
1947
Disbanded
202 Gliding School
October 1943
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
October 1944
Disbanded
203 Gliding School
Late 1943
Unknown
Cadet TX.1/TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
RAF NewtownardsRAF DownhillRAF AldergroveRAF SydenhamRAF Toome
Long Kesh
1 September 1955
671 Gliding School
611 Gliding School
1 September 1955
RAF Swanton Morley
Unknown
n/a
RAF Swanton Morley
1984
611 Volunteer Gliding School
612 Gliding School
1 September 1955
RAF Martlesham Heath
Unknown
n/a
RAF Martlesham Heath
6 May 1963
612 Gliding School
612 Gliding School
1 December 1978
RAF White Waltham
Unknown
n/a
RAF Benson
1984
612 Volunteer Gliding School
613 Gliding School
1 September 1955
RAF Halton
Unknown
n/a
RAF Halton
1984
613 Volunteer Gliding School
614 Gliding School
1 September 1955
RAF Hornchurch
Unknown
RAF North Weald
RAF Debden
8 October 1978
614 Gliding School
614 Gliding School
January 1979
RAF Debden
Unknown
n/a
RAF Wethersfield
1984
614 Volunteer Gliding School
615 Gliding School
1 September 1955
RAF Kenley
Unknown
RAF Detling
RAF Kenley
1984
615 Volunteer Gliding School
616 Gliding School
1 June 1958
RAF Henlow
Unknown
n/a
RAF Henlow
1984
616 Volunteer Gliding School
617 Gliding School
November 1958
RAF Hendon
Unknown
RAF Bovingdon
RAF Manston
1984
617 Volunteer Gliding School
618 Gliding School
1 March 1963
RAF Manston
Unknown
n/a
RAF West Malling
1984
618 Volunteer Gliding School
621 Gliding School
1 September 1955
RAF Locking (non flying)RAF Weston-super-Mare
Unknown
Det: Halesland
RAF Locking
1984
621 Volunteer Gliding School
622 Gliding School
1 September 1955
RAF Christchurch
Unknown
RAF Old Sarum
RAF Upavon
1984
622 Volunteer Gliding School
623 Gliding School
1 September 1955
RAF White Waltham
Cadet TX.3Sedbergh TX.1Prefect TX.1
n/a
RAF White Waltham
1 May 1963
Disbanded
623 Gliding School
1 July 1963
RAF Tangmere
Cadet TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
n/a
RAF Tangmere
November 1974
Disbanded
624 Gliding School
1 September 1955
RAF Exeter
Unknown
n/a
RAF Chivenor
1984
624 Volunteer Gliding School
625 Gliding School
June 1958
RAF South Cerney
Unknown
n/a
RAF South Cerney
1984
625 Volunteer Gliding School
626 Gliding School
1 June 1958
RAF St Eval
Unknown
RNAS Culdrose
RNAS Predannack
1984
626 Volunteer Gliding School
631 Gliding School
1 September 1955
RAF Hawarden
Unknown
n/a
RAF Sealand
1984
631 Volunteer Gliding School
632 Gliding School
1 September 1955
RAF Meir
Unknown
m/a
RAF Tern Hill
1984
632 Volunteer Gliding School
633 Gliding School
1 September 1955
RAF Cosford
Unknown
n/a
RAF Cosford
1984
633 Volunteer Gliding School
634 Gliding School
1 September 1955
RAF St Athan
Unknown
RAF Fairwood Common
RAF St Athan
1984
634 Volunteer Gliding School
635 Gliding School
October 1959
RAF Burtonwood
Unknown
n/a
RAF Burtonwood
1984
635 Volunteer Gliding School
636 Gliding School
1 October 1964
RAF Fairwood Common
Unknown
n/a
RAF Fairwood Common
1984
636 Volunteer Gliding School
637 Gliding School
1 April 1966
RAF Gaydon
Unknown
n/a
RAF Little Rissington
1984
637 Volunteer Gliding School
641 Gliding School
1 September 1955
RAF Usworth
Cadet TX.2/TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
RAF Ouston
RAF Dishforth
1975
Disbanded
642 Gliding School
1 September 1955
RAF Rufforth
Unknown
RAF Driffield
RAF Linton-on-Ouse
1984
642 Volunteer Gliding School
643 Gliding School
1 September 1955
RAF Kirton-in-Lindsey
Unknown
RAF HemswellRAF Lindholme
RAF Scampton
1984
643 Volunteer Gliding School
644 Gliding School
1 September 1955
RAF Spitalgate
Unknown
RAF Syerston
RAF Newton
1984
644 Volunteer Gliding School
645 Gliding School
1 September 1955
RAF Middleton St George
Unknown
RAF Leeming
RAF Catterick
1984
645 Volunteer Gliding School
661 Gliding School
1 September 1955
RAF Dumfries
Unknown
n/a
RAF Turnhouse
9 January 1964
Absorbed by 663 Gliding School
661 Gliding School
2 April 1967
RAF Kirknewton
Unknown
n/a
RAF Kirknewton
1984
661 Volunteer Gliding School
662 Gliding School
1 September 1955
RAF Edzell
Unknown
RAF DyceRAF Dalcross
RAF Arbroath
1984
662 Volunteer Gliding School
663 Gliding School
November 1959
RAF Abbotsinch
Unknown
n/a
RAF Abbotsinch
March 1965
Disbanded
663 Gliding School
7 July 1967
RAF Dyce
Unknown
RAF DalcrossRAF Milltown
RAF Kinloss
1984
663 Volunteer Gliding School
671 Gliding School
1 September 1955
RAF Long Kesh
Cadet TX.3Sedbergh TX.1
RAF Aldergrove
RAF Bishops Court
October 1962
Disbanded
Volunteer Gliding Schools
data
Name
Formed
Location
Aircraft
Airfields also used
Renamed at
Renamed
Unit became
611 Volunteer Gliding School
1984
RAF Swanton Morley
Sedbergh TX.1Prefect TX.1Cadet TX.3Regal TX.1Swallow TX.1Venture T.1 & T.2VikingTX.1Vigilant T.1
RAF WethersfieldRAF Marham
RAF Watton
2005
611 Volunteer Gliding Squadron
612 Volunteer Gliding School
October 1978
RAF Benson
Sedbergh TX.1Cadet TX.3Venture T.2Vigilant T.1
RAF Halton
RAF Abingdon
2005
612 Volunteer Gliding Squadron
613 Volunteer Gliding School
1984
RAF Halton
Sedbergh TX.1Prefect TX.1Cadet TX.3Swallow TX.1Venture T.2Vigilant T.1
n/a
RAF Halton
2005
613 Volunteer Gliding Squadron
614 Volunteer Gliding School
January 1979
MDP Wethersfield
Sedbergh TX.1Cadet TX.3Viking TX.1
n/a
RAF Wethersfield
2005
614 Volunteer Gliding Squadron
615 Volunteer Gliding School
1984
RAF Kenley
Sedbergh TX.1Prefect TX.1Cadet TX.3Viking TX.1
n/a
RAF Kenley
2005
615 Volunteer Gliding Squadron
616 Volunteer Gliding School
1984
RAF Henlow
Sedbergh TX.1Cadet TX.3Prefect TX.1Venture T.2Vigilant T.1
n/a
RAF Henlow
2005
616 Volunteer Gliding Squadron
617 Volunteer Gliding School
1984
RAF Manston
Sedbergh TX.1Cadet TX.3Prefect TX.1Viking TX.1
n/a
Unknown
2005
617 Volunteer Gliding Squadron
618 Volunteer Gliding School
1984
RAF West Malling
Sedbergh TX.1Cadet TX.3Prefect TX.1Grasshopper TX.1Vanguard TX.1Valiant TX.1Viking TX.1
Challock
RAF Odiham
2005
618 Volunteer Gliding Squadron?
621 Volunteer Gliding School
1984
RAF Locking
Sedbergh TX.1Cadet TX.3Grasshopper TX.1Prefect TX.1Viking TX.1
n/a
RAF Hullavington
2005
621 Volunteer Gliding Squadron
622 Volunteer Gliding School
1984
RAF Upavon
Sedbergh TX.1Cadet TX.3Prefect TX.1SwallowViking TX.1
n/a
RAF Hullavington
2005
622 Volunteer Gliding Squadron
624 Volunteer Gliding School
1984
RAF Chivenor
Sedbergh TX.1Cadet TX.3Prefect TX.1Venture T.2Vigilant T.1
n/a
RAF Chivenor
2005
624 Volunteer Gliding Squadron
625 Volunteer Gliding School
1984
RAF Hullavington
Sedbergh TX.1Cadet TX.3Prefect TX.1Grasshopper TX.1Venture T.2Viking TX.1
n/a
RAF Hullavington
2005
625 Volunteer Gliding Squadron
626 Volunteer Gliding School
1984
RNAS Predannack
Sedbergh TX.1Cadet TX.3Prefect TX.1Grasshopper TX.1Viking TX.1
n/a
RNAS Predannack
2005
626 Volunteer Gliding Squadron
631 Volunteer Gliding School
1984
RAF Sealand
Sedbergh TX.1Cadet TX.3Prefect TX.1Viking TX.1
n/a
RAF Sealand
2005
631 Volunteer Gliding Squadron
632 Volunteer Gliding School
1984
RAF Ternhill
Sedbergh TX.1Cadet TX.3Prefect TX.1Grasshopper TX.1Venture T.2Vigilant T.1
n/a
RAF Ternhill
2005
632 Volunteer Gliding Squadron
633 Volunteer Gliding School
1984
RAF Cosford
Sedbbergh TX.1Cadet TX.3Prefect TX.1Grasshopper TX.1Venture T.2Vigilant T.1
n/a
RAF Cosford
2005
633 Volunteer Gliding Squadron
634 Volunteer Gliding School
1984
MoD St Athan
Sedbergh TX.1Cadet TX.3Prefect TX.1Viking TX.1
n/a
MoD St Athan
2005
634 Volunteer Gliding Squadron
635 Volunteer Gliding School
1984
Samlesbury Aerodrome
Sedbergh TX.1Cadet TX.3Venture T.2Vigilant T.1
n/a
Samlesbury Aerodrome
2005
635 Volunteer Gliding Squadron
636 Volunteer Gliding School
1984
RAF Fairwood Common
Sedbergh TX.1Cadet TX.3Viking TX.1
RAE Aberport
Swansea Airport
2005
636 Volunteer Gliding Squadron
637 Volunteer Gliding School
1984
RAF Little Rissington
Sedbergh TX.1Cadet TX.3Grasshopper TX.1Venture T.2Vigilant T.1Viking TX.1
n/a
RAF Little Rissington
2005
637 Volunteer Gliding Squadron
642 Volunteer Gliding School
1984
RAF Linton-on-Ouse
Sedbergh TX.1Cadet TX.3Prefect TX.1Venture T.2Vigilant T.1
n/a
RAF Linton-on-Ouse
2005
642 Volunteer Gliding Squadron
643 Volunteer Gliding School
1984
RAF Scampton
Sedbergh TX.1Cadet TX.3Viking TX.1
RAF Binbrook
RAF Syerston
2005
643 Volunteer Gliding Squadron?
644 Volunteer Gliding School
1984
RAF Newton
Sedbergh TX.1Cadet TX.3Prefect TX.1Venture T.1 & T.2
RAF Syerston
RAF Newton
2005
644 Volunteer Gliding Squadron?
645 Volunteer Gliding School
1984
RAF Catterick
Sedbergh TX.1Cadet TX.3Prefect TX.1Vanguard TX.1Valiant TX.1Viking TX.1
RAF Syerston
RAF Topcliffe
2005
645 Volunteer Gliding Squadron
661 Volunteer Gliding School
1984
RAF Kirknewton
Sedbergh TX.1Cadet TX.3Prefect TX.1Swallow TX.1Viking TX.1
n/a
RAF Kirknewton
2005
661 Volunteer Gliding Squadron
662 Volunteer Gliding School
1984
RAF Arbroath
Sedbergh TX.1Cadet TX.3Prefect TX.1Swallow TX.1Grasshopper TX.1Viking TX.1
n/a
RAF Arbroath
2005
662 Volunteer Gliding Squadron
663 Volunteer Gliding School
1984
RAF Kinloss
Sedbergh TX.1Cadet TX.3Prefect TX.1Swallow TX.1Vigilant T.1
n/a
RAF Kinloss
2005
663 Volunteer Gliding Squadron
664 Volunteer Gliding School
August 1986
RAF Bishops Court
Venture T.1
n/a
RAF Bishops Court
31 October 1990
664 Volunteer Gliding School
664 Volunteer Gliding School
1 November 1995
Belfast City AirportNewtownards Airport
Vigilant T.1
n/a
Belfast City AirportNewtownards Airport
2005
664 Volunteer Gliding Squadron
Other Glider units
data
Name
Formed
Formed at
Aircraft
Airfields also used
Disbanded at
Disbanded
Fate
Glider Flight, Cranwell
RAF Cranwell
Cadet TX.1/TX.2Prefect TX.1Sedbergh TX.1Kranich IIViking TX.1
RAF Cranwell
Active as of 1993
Glider Flight, Halton
17 March 1945
RAF Halton
Cader TX.1/TX.2Sedbergh TX.1Venture T.2Viking TX.1
RAF Halton
Active as of 1993
Glider Instructors Flight
1 February 1943
RAF Shobdon
Master IIHotspurAlbemarle VI
RAF Hockley Heath
RAF Culmhead
1945
Glider Instructors School
25 August 1942
RAF Thame
HindHectorMaster IIHotspur IIOxford I
n/a
RAF Thame
31 January 1943
Replaced by the Glider InstructorsFlight within 5 Glider Training School
Glider Pick-up Training Flight
8 January 1945
RAF Zeals
Dakota III/IVHadrian
RAF Ibsley
RAF Ramsbury
15 November 1945
Glider Pilot Exercise Unit
12 August 1942
RAF Netheravon
HartHindHectorTiger MothMasterHotspurHengistHorsa
Satt: RAF ShrewtonSatt: RAF Chilbolton
RAF Thruxton
1 December 1943
Operational and Refresher Training Unit
Glider Test and Ferry Flight, Cosford
14 October 1942
RAF Cosford
Whitley V
n/a
RAF Cosford
August 1945
Glider Test and Ferry Flight, Kemble
1943
RAF Kemble
Whitley V
n/a
RAF Kemble
15 April 1944
Glider Test and Ferry Flight, Wroughton
March 1943
RAF Wroughton
Whitley VAlbemarleHudson
n/a
RAF Wroughton
August 1945
1 Glider Training School
1 December 1941
RAF Thame
Hector IHotspur I & IIMaster IIOxford ITiger Moth II
RLG: RAF Slade Farm
RAF Croughton
23 March 1943
1 Glider Training School
1 November 1944
RAF Croughton
Master IIHotspur IITiger Moth II
Satt: RAF Gaydon
RAF Croughton
19 June 1946
2 Glider Training School
1 December 1941
RAF Thame
Hector IMaster IIHotspur I, II & III
Det: RAF CheddingtonRLG: RAF Slade Farm
RAF Weston-on-the-Green
23 March 1943
3 Glider Training School
21 July 1942
RAF Stoke Orchard
Master IIHotspur I & IIHorsa IAlbemarle IV & V
RAF CulmheadDet: RAF Northleach
RAF Wellesbourne Mountford
3 December 1947
4 Glider Training School
13 July 1942
RAF Kidlington
Hector IAudax IHindHotspur IIMaster II
Satt: RAF Kingston Bagpuize
RAF Kidlington
23 March 1943
5 Glider Training School
30 June 1942
RAF Kidlington
Lysander IIAMaster IIHotspur II & III
Satt: RAF Hockley Heath
RAF Shobdon
15 November 1945
Glider Training Squadron
22 September 1940
RAF Ringway
Hector ITiger Moth IIHotspurHind504N
Det: Side Hill
RAF Thame
1 December 1940
Glider Training Unit
1 June 1942
Abu Sueir
n/a
n/a
Abu Sueir
9 November 1942
1 Gliding Centre
31 March 1959
RAF Hawkinge
Cadet TX.3Sedbergh TX.1Prefect TX.1SwallowGrasshopper TX.1
n/a
RAF Swanton Morley
9 August 1971
Central Gliding School
2 Gliding Centre
31 March 1959
RAF Newton
Sedbergh TX.1Prefect TX.1Cadet TX.3Venture ISwallow
RAF Kirton-in-Lindsey
RAF Spitalgate
9 August 1971
Central Gliding School
Home Command Gliding Instructors School
1 August 1950
RAF Detling
Cadet TX.3Prefect TX.1Sedbergh TX.1
n/a
RAF Detling
1 September 1955
Home Command Gliding Centre
Home Command Gliding Centre
1 August 1955
RAF Detling
Cadet TX.3
n/a
RAF Hawkinge
27 June 1958
1 Home Command Gliding Centre
1 Home Command Gliding Centre
27 June 1958
RAF Hawkinge
Cadet TX.3
n/a
RAF Hawkinge
31 March 1959
1 Gliding Centre
2 Home Command Gliding Centre
1 August 1958
RAF Newton
Cadet TX.3
n/a
RAF Newton
31 March 1959
2 Gliding Centre
Glider Exercise Squadron RAF
December 1941
RAF Ringway
Hotspur
RLG: RAF Shrewton
RAF Netheravon
25 January 1942
No. 296 Squadron RAF
Glider Exercise Unit RAF
18 July 1941
RAF Ringway
Hector
Det: RAF UsworthDet: RAF Kidlington
RAF Ringway
December 1941
Glider Exercise Squadron RAF
Central Gliding School
9 August 1971
RAF Spitalgate
Prefect TX.1Sedbergh TX.1Cadet TX.3Grasshopper TX.1
Det: RAF Swanton Morley
RAF Newton
1 October 1976
Air Cadets Central Gliding School
Heavy GliderConversion Unit
1 July 1942
RAF Shrewton
Whitley VAlbemarle II & VIHorsa
RAF North LuffenhamDet: RAF GroveDet: RAF Woolfox Lodge
RAF Brize Norton
20 October 1944
No. 21 Heavy Glider Conversion Unit RAFNo. 22 Heavy Glider Conversion Unit RAFNo. 23 Heavy Glider Conversion Unit RAF
No. 21 Heavy GliderConversion Unit RAF
20 October 1944
RAF Brize Norton
Horsa I & IIHadrianWhitley VAlbemarleHalifax A.IIIHadrian I
RAF Elsham WoldsSatt: RAF Barford St JohnSatt: RAF Akeman StreetSatt: RAF Broadwell
RAF North Luffenham
3 December 1947
No. 22 Heavy GliderConversion Unit RAF
15 October 1944
RAF Keevil
AlbemarleHorsa I & IIHotspurHadrian
Satt: RAF Fairford
RAF Blakehill Farm
15 November 1945
No. 23 Heavy GliderConversion Unit RAF
28 October 1944
RAF Peplow
Albemarle II & VIHorsa I & IIHadrian I
Satt: RAF Seighford
RAF Peplow
17 January 1945
101 (Glider) OTU
1 January 1942
RAF Kidlington
Hotspur I, IIHector IHind ITiger Moth I, IIAudax I
RLG: KiddingtonRLG: RAF Slade Farm
RAF Kidlington
13 July 1942
No. 4 Glider Training School
102 (Glider) OTU
10 February 1942
RAF Kidlington
Hector IHind IHotspur I, IITiger Moth IIAudax ILysander IIIA
RLG: RAF KiddingtonRLG: RAF Slade Farm
RAF Kidlington
30 June 1942
No. 5 Glider Training School
No. 668 Squadron RAF
No. 669 Squadron RAF
No. 670 Squadron RAF
No. 671 Squadron RAF
No. 672 Squadron RAF
No. 673 Squadron RAF
See also
Royal Air Force
List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons
List of Royal Air Force aircraft independent flights
List of conversion units of the Royal Air Force
List of Royal Air Force Operational Training Units
List of Royal Air Force schools
List of Royal Air Force units & establishments
List of RAF squadron codes
List of RAF Regiment units
List of Battle of Britain squadrons
List of wings of the Royal Air Force
Royal Air Force roundels
Army Air Corps
List of Army Air Corps aircraft units
Fleet Air Arm
List of Fleet Air Arm aircraft squadrons
List of Fleet Air Arm groups
List of aircraft units of the Royal Navy
List of aircraft wings of the Royal Navy
Others
List of Air Training Corps squadrons
University Air Squadron
Air Experience Flight
Volunteer Gliding Squadron
United Kingdom military aircraft serial numbers
United Kingdom aircraft test serials
British military aircraft designation systems
References
Citations
^ a b Lake 1999, p. 111.
^ Lake 1999, p. 112.
^ Lake 1999, p. 113.
^ Lake 1999, p. 114.
^ a b Lake 1999, p. 115.
^ a b Lake 1999, p. 116.
^ a b Lake 1999, p. 117.
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 144.
^ a b Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 145.
^ a b c Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 147.
^ a b Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 148.
^ Lake 1999, p. 110.
^ a b c d e f Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 142.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 143.
^ a b c d Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 165.
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 84.
^ a b c d Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 162.
^ a b Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 205.
^ a b c d e f Jefford 1988, p. 103.
Bibliography
Jefford, C. G. (1988). RAF Squadrons. A comprehensive record of the movement and equipment of all RAF squadrons and their antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing. ISBN 1-85310-053-6.
Lake, Alan (1999). Flying units of the RAF. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife. ISBN 1-84037-086-6.
Sturtivant, Ray; Hamlin, John (2007). Royal Air Force flying training and support units since 1912. Tonbridge, UK: Air-Britain (Historians). ISBN 978-0851-3036-59.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_G._Oettinger | Anthony Oettinger | ["1 Early life","2 Professional work","3 Boards and government service","4 Honors","5 Bibliography","6 Notes"] | Computer scientist and information policy expert
Anthony OettingerBornMarch 29, 1929Nuremberg, GermanyDiedJuly 26, 2022(2022-07-26) (aged 93)Newton, MassachusettsAlma materHarvard UniversityOccupationRetiredYears active1954–2011Spouse(s)Married Marilyn Tanner, 1954ChildrenTwo
Anthony "Tony" Gervin Oettinger (March 29, 1929 in Nuremberg, Germany – July 26, 2022) was a German-born American linguist and computer scientist best known for his work on information resources policy. Oettinger coined the term “compunications” in the late 1970s to describe the combination of computer and telecommunications technologies that would take place as digital technologies replaced analog forms. In 1973 he co-founded, with John LeGates, the Program on Information Resources Policy at Harvard University. He served as a consultant to the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board and the National Security Council and NASA’s Apollo moon-landing program. From 1966 to 1968 he was president of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). He was recognized for his work in the intelligence community with the naming of the Anthony G. Oettinger School of Science and Technology Intelligence of the National Intelligence University. He was Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Mathematics and Professor of Information Resources Policy at Harvard.
Early life
Oettinger was born in 1929 in Nuremberg, Germany to a French mother and German father. Nuremberg was where Hitler first established his political base and was the home of the Nazi party. Oettinger has said that “this probably saved my life, because my parents had the wit to notice what was going on.” In 1933, when he was four years old, his parents left to live with his grandparents in France. Getting caught up in the German march into France, his family arrived in New York in 1941 via Spain and Portugal. At the age of 12, English thus became his third language.
Oettinger graduated first in his class from the Bronx High School of Science and entered Harvard, because MIT, which was his first choice, did not offer him a scholarship and Harvard did. He received his A.B. summa cum laude in 1951, having studied Spanish and French literature, Russian, economics and mathematics. He was elected to Phi Beta Kappa as well as the chapter's First Marshall his junior year. Also as a junior he started working with Howard Aiken in the Computation Laboratory and acquired an interest in machine translation. After graduation, he spent a year at Cambridge University on a prestigious Henry Fellowship. By 1954 he had completed his Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics at Harvard, with a dissertation on "A study for the design of an automatic dictionary". He joined the Harvard faculty two years later first as an instructor (1955–1957), then an assistant professor (1957–1960), associate professor (1960–1963), and then as a full professor in linguistics (1964–1975) and in applied mathematics (1964– ). When he became a tenured professor in 1960 at the age of 31 he was the youngest to have achieved that status at Harvard in the modern era.
Professional work
Oettinger's early work was primarily on machine translation. He capsulized the challenges of machine translation with an example of syntactic ambiguity "Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana". Oettinger is a pioneer in the early development of computer code and artificial intelligence (AI) and wrote the first AI programs to incorporate learning. In 1951 he developed the "response learning programme" and "shopping programme" for the University of Cambridge’s EDSAC computer. Considerably influenced by Alan Turing’s views on machine learning, Oettinger believed that the shopping program, which simulated the behavior of a small child sent to the store, could pass a version of the Turing test.
In 1973 he co-founded the Program on Information Resources Policy (PIRP) at Harvard to work primarily on policy issues arising from the confluence of telecommunications and digital computing. He served as its chairman until it ceased operations in 2011. Its mission was to create useful knowledge, both competent and impartial, on controversial information industry issues. One of the Program's overarching themes was that of convergence of computing and communications, which he dubbed "compunications," a term he claims was actually coined by his wife.
Boards and government service
Oettinger has served in multiple capacities for the federal and state government. In 1972 he was appointed to the newly formed Massachusetts Cable Television Commission by Republican Governor Francis Sargent and from 1975-1979 served as its chairman under Democratic Governor Michael Dukakis.
He served on the Research Advisory Board of the Committee for Economic Development (1975-1979)
He was appointed by the White House as a consultant to the National Security Council from 1975 to 1981. From 1981 until 1990 he was a consultant to the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board. Other government appointments include the Scientific Advisory Group of the Defense Communications Agency, now the Defense Information Systems Agency (1979-1990) and on the Command, Control Communications and Intelligence Panel of the Naval Research Advisory Committee (1993-1995). From 1963 to 1967 he was an adviser to NASA’s Apollo Moon landing program.
Oettinger founded the Computer Science and Engineering Board of the National Academy of Sciences and chaired it for six years starting in 1967. From 1966 to 1968 he was president of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). From 1994 until 2010 Oettinger was chairman of the Board of Visitors of the U.S. National Defense Intelligence College, having first joined that Board in 1986.
Honors
Oettinger was elected as a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was also named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) “for pioneering contributions to machine language translation, to information retrieval, and to the use of computers in education.” He was named a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery for leadership "in the establishment of the national communications and information resources policy."
He was presented with a commendation from President Gerald Ford for his service as a consultant to the National Security Council.
The Anthony G. Oettinger Science and Technology Intelligence School of the National Intelligence University was named in his honor upon his retirement from that Board.
Bibliography
Bibliography at the Program on Information Resources Policy, Harvard University
ACM oral history interview (2006)
Notes
^ "Anthony G. Oettinger". New York Times. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
^ a b c Anthony G. Oettinger interview with Atsushi Akera, "Dr. Anthony Oettinger, Oral History", Part I: Early Life.
^ "The Authors". Scientific American. 215 (3): 46. September 1966. JSTOR 24931045. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
^ Hutchins, W. John (2000). Early years in machine translation : memoirs and biographies of pioneers (1st ed.). Amsterdam: J. Benjamins. p. 86. ISBN 9781588110138. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
^ Harvard catalog record
^ Anthony G. Oettinger interview with John Hutchins, "Machine Translation at Harvard", Early Years in Machine Translation: Memoirs and Biographies of Pioneers, 2000, ISBN 902724586X, p. 86
^ Harvard Alumni Bulletin, 66:205, 1963
^ Anthony G. Oettinger, "The Uses of Computers in Science", Scientific American 215:3 (September 1966); republished as Information, W.H. Freeman, 1966. Lib. of Congress No. 66-29386
^ "The Rutherford Journal - the New Zealand Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology".
^ a b "Anthony G. Oettinger School of Science and Technology Intelligence – National Intelligence University".
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nuremberg, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Program on Information Resources Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_on_Information_Resources_Policy"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"National Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Anthony \"Tony\" Gervin Oettinger (March 29, 1929 in Nuremberg, Germany – July 26, 2022) was a German-born American linguist and computer scientist best known for his work on information resources policy. Oettinger coined the term “compunications” in the late 1970s to describe the combination of computer and telecommunications technologies that would take place as digital technologies replaced analog forms. In 1973 he co-founded, with John LeGates, the Program on Information Resources Policy at Harvard University. He served as a consultant to the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board and the National Security Council and NASA’s Apollo moon-landing program. From 1966 to 1968 he was president of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). He was recognized for his work in the intelligence community with the naming of the Anthony G. Oettinger School of Science and Technology Intelligence of the National Intelligence University. 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Nuremberg was where Hitler first established his political base and was the home of the Nazi party. Oettinger has said that “this probably saved my life, because my parents had the wit to notice what was going on.”[2] In 1933, when he was four years old, his parents left to live with his grandparents in France. Getting caught up in the German march into France, his family arrived in New York in 1941 via Spain and Portugal. At the age of 12, English thus became his third language.[2]Oettinger graduated first in his class from the Bronx High School of Science and entered Harvard, because MIT, which was his first choice, did not offer him a scholarship and Harvard did. He received his A.B. summa cum laude in 1951, having studied Spanish and French literature, Russian, economics and mathematics. 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After graduation, he spent a year at Cambridge University on a prestigious Henry Fellowship.[3][4] By 1954 he had completed his Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics at Harvard, with a dissertation on \"A study for the design of an automatic dictionary\".[5] He joined the Harvard faculty two years later first as an instructor (1955–1957), then an assistant professor (1957–1960), associate professor (1960–1963), and then as a full professor in linguistics (1964–1975) and in applied mathematics (1964– ).[6] When he became a tenured professor in 1960 at the age of 31 he was the youngest to have achieved that status at Harvard in the modern era.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"machine translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_translation"},{"link_name":"Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_flies_like_an_arrow;_fruit_flies_like_a_banana"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"EDSAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDSAC"},{"link_name":"Alan Turing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Program on Information Resources Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_on_Information_Resources_Policy"},{"link_name":"compunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compunications"}],"text":"Oettinger's early work was primarily on machine translation. He capsulized the challenges of machine translation with an example of syntactic ambiguity \"Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana\".[7][8] Oettinger is a pioneer in the early development of computer code and artificial intelligence (AI) and wrote the first AI programs to incorporate learning. In 1951 he developed the \"response learning programme\" and \"shopping programme\" for the University of Cambridge’s EDSAC computer. Considerably influenced by Alan Turing’s views on machine learning, Oettinger believed that the shopping program, which simulated the behavior of a small child sent to the store, could pass a version of the Turing test.[9]In 1973 he co-founded the Program on Information Resources Policy (PIRP) at Harvard to work primarily on policy issues arising from the confluence of telecommunications and digital computing. He served as its chairman until it ceased operations in 2011. Its mission was to create useful knowledge, both competent and impartial, on controversial information industry issues. 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From 1981 until 1990 he was a consultant to the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board. Other government appointments include the Scientific Advisory Group of the Defense Communications Agency, now the Defense Information Systems Agency (1979-1990) and on the Command, Control Communications and Intelligence Panel of the Naval Research Advisory Committee (1993-1995). From 1963 to 1967 he was an adviser to NASA’s Apollo Moon landing program.Oettinger founded the Computer Science and Engineering Board of the National Academy of Sciences and chaired it for six years starting in 1967. From 1966 to 1968 he was president of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Altvater | Heinrich Altvater | ["1 References"] | German footballer
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Heinrich Altvater" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Heinrich AltvaterPersonal informationDate of birth
(1902-08-27)27 August 1902Date of death
25 February 1994(1994-02-25) (aged 91)Position(s)
Left wingSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1921–1940
FC Wacker München
International career1922
Germany
1
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Heinrich Altvater (27 August 1902 – 25 February 1994) was a German international footballer.
References
^ Kicker Fußball-Almanach 2011: Mit aktuellem Bundesliga-Spieler-ABC. Stiebner Verlag GmbH. August 2010. pp. 115–. ISBN 978-3-7679-0914-4. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
This biographical article related to association football in Germany, about a forward born in the 1900s, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kicker_Fu%C3%9Fball-Almanach_2011:_Mit_aktuellem_Bundesliga-Spieler-ABC-1"}],"text":"Heinrich Altvater (27 August 1902 – 25 February 1994) was a German international footballer.[1]","title":"Heinrich Altvater"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Kicker Fußball-Almanach 2011: Mit aktuellem Bundesliga-Spieler-ABC. Stiebner Verlag GmbH. August 2010. pp. 115–. ISBN 978-3-7679-0914-4. Retrieved 15 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1SVkEbeNdGMC&pg=PA115","url_text":"Kicker Fußball-Almanach 2011: Mit aktuellem Bundesliga-Spieler-ABC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7679-0914-4","url_text":"978-3-7679-0914-4"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Heinrich+Altvater%22","external_links_name":"\"Heinrich Altvater\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Heinrich+Altvater%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Heinrich+Altvater%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Heinrich+Altvater%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Heinrich+Altvater%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Heinrich+Altvater%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1SVkEbeNdGMC&pg=PA115","external_links_name":"Kicker Fußball-Almanach 2011: Mit aktuellem Bundesliga-Spieler-ABC"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Altvater&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Kernodle | Don Kernodle | ["1 Professional wrestling career","1.1 Cobra Corps in Mid-Atlantic","1.2 World Wrestling Federation","1.3 Return to NWA","2 Other media","3 Death","4 Championships and accomplishments","5 Footnotes","6 External links"] | American professional wrestler (1950–2021)
Don KernodleBirth nameCharles Donald Kernodle Jr.Born(1950-05-02)May 2, 1950Burlington, North Carolina, U.S.DiedMay 17, 2021(2021-05-17) (aged 71)Professional wrestling careerRing name(s)Don KernodleBilled height6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)Billed weight290 lb (130 kg)Trained byOle AndersonGene AndersonDebut1973
Charles Donald Kernodle Jr. (May 2, 1950 – May 17, 2021) was an American professional wrestler with the National Wrestling Alliance's Jim Crockett Promotions.
Professional wrestling career
In college, Kernodle lettered four times in amateur wrestling. He was also a two time national arm wrestling champion. After graduating from Elon College, Kernodle started wrestling in 1973 in the National Wrestling Alliance's Jim Crockett Promotions. He got his start by accepting a "shoot" wrestling challenge from Bob Roop. Although Roop defeated Kernodle by submission, Kernodle's skills impressed Ole Anderson and Gene Anderson who both offered to train Kernodle for free.
Cobra Corps in Mid-Atlantic
At first, he (now known as Pvt. Kernodle) was part of Sgt. Slaughter's "Cobra Corps" and teamed with Slaughter and Pvt. Jim Nelson. In 1982, the team of Kernodle and Nelson won the NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship from Porkchop Cash and Jay Youngblood. They later lost the title to Cash and King Parsons, from whom they also regained the title. After Nelson was removed from the alliance, Kernodle became the tag partner of Sgt. Slaughter, with whom he held the NWA World Tag Team Championship in late 1982 and early 1983. They lost the titles in a steel cage match vs. Rick Steamboat and Jay Youngblood on March 12, 1983.
World Wrestling Federation
While teaming with Nelson, the duo wrestled on at least three cards co-promoted by the World Wrestling Federation in Maple Leaf Gardens in 1982, wrestling Steamboat and Youngblood at least twice, with Kernodle defeating Youngblood for the NWA Canadian Television Championship in a solo bout on August 8, 1982.
Kernodle would continue to wrestle on co-promoted cards through May 23, 1983 when he made his Madison Square Garden debut for the WWF. Kernodle would wrestle in the WWF through November 1983, being primarily featured on television defeating the likes of Jeff Craney, Jack Carson, Bill Dixon, Steve King, and Tony Colon but falling short to Tito Santana and Rocky Johnson in single competition and The Invaders in tag team competition. Additionally, Kernodle was frequently used as a substitute for Afa Anoa'i in main event matches throughout 1983. Kernodle's last bout in the WWF was on a co-promoted card in 1984 at Maple Leaf Gardens against Santana.
Return to NWA
Following the title loss and brief stint in the WWF, Kernodle remained a villain and formed a tag team with Bob Orton, Jr. and was managed by Gary Hart. He soon turned against America and formed a tag team with Ivan Koloff and won the NWA World Tag Team Title. When Koloff's "nephew" Nikita Koloff arrived in late 1984, Kernodle helped to train him. Also in 1984, the Koloffs turned on Kernodle after he and Ivan lost the NWA World Tag Titles to Dusty Rhodes and Manny "The Raging Bull" Fernandez and started a feud. Kernodle teamed with his brother Rocky to feud with the Koloffs and helped the Rock 'n' Roll Express to win the Tag Team Title from them at Starrcade '85: The Gathering.
In 1986, Kernodle left the NWA and wrestled in various independent promotions in the Carolinas. He later became a Sergeant for Immigration Customs Enforcement for Alamance County.
Since 2002, Kernodle and his brother wrestled several times per year with CWF Mid-Atlantic near their home in Burlington, NC. He was a deputy sheriff with the Alamance County sheriffs office.
Other media
He appeared in the 1978 Sylvester Stallone movie Paradise Alley.
Death
Kernodle died on May 17, 2021, at the age of 71. Kernodle had had several health issues prior to his death. It was later revealed that Kernodle died after committing suicide by gunshot after visiting the doctor.
Championships and accomplishments
George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2021
Maple Leaf Wrestling
NWA Canadian Television Championship (1 time)
Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Pvt. Jim Nelson (2)
NWA World Six-Man Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Ivan & Nikita Koloff
NWA World Tag Team Championship (3 times) - with Sgt. Slaughter (1), Bob Orton, Jr. (1), and Ivan Koloff (1)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him # 463 of the 500 best singles wrestlers during the "PWI Years" in 2003
PWI ranked # 29 of the 100 best tag teams of the "PWI Years" with Sgt. Slaughter
World Wrestling Council
WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
WWC Television Championship (2 times)
Footnotes
^ a b c Shields, Brian; Sullivan, Kevin (2012). WWE Encyclopedia: Updated & Expanded. DK. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-7566-9159-2.
^ "Pro wrestling was Don Kernodle's great love". Post and Courier.
^ a b c d e Don Kernodle Shoot Interview (DVD). Highspots.
^ "Don Kernodle interview". The Mid-Atlantic Gateway. Archived from the original on 2011-05-20.
^ a b c d e f g h i Cawthon, Graham (2013). the History of Professional Wrestling Vol 3:Jim Crockett and the NWA World Title 1983-1989. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1494803476.
^ a b c d Chappell, David and Dick Bourne (January 2003). "Jim Nelson interview". Mid-Atlantic Wrestling Gateway. Archived from the original on 2008-11-16. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
^ Graham Cawthon. "1982". The History of WWE. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
^ Graham Cawthon. "1983". The History of WWE. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
^ Graham Cawthon. "1983". The History of WWE. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
^ May 17, Thotless (2021-05-17). "Don Kernodle dead at age 71". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved 2021-05-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Former NWA And WWE Star Don Kernodle Passes Away". Wrestling Inc. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
^ "Don Kernodle's Reported Cause Of Death, WWE Issues Statement On His Passing". Wrestling Inc. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
^ "WWE Releases Statement on Passing of Don Kernodle, Update on Cause of Death". 411MANIA. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
^ Lee, Joseph (December 31, 2020). "Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame Finalizes 2021 Class: Mark Henry, Trish Stratus, More". 411Mania. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
^ "PWI Years 500". Pro Wrestling Illustrated. Wrestling Information Archive. Archived from the original on 2011-05-15. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
External links
Profile at Online World of Wrestling
Article at The Times News
Links to related articles
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2000s
Alex Pourteau
Chris Grant
Bad Boy Bradley
Super Gladiador
Rico Suave
Ray González
Carly Colon
Black Boy/El Diamante
Chris Candido
Vengador Boricua
Ash Rubinsky
Noriega
Barrabás Jr.
Superstar Romeo
Crazy Rudy
BJ
Hammett
Chris Joel
2010s
Bellito
OT Fernández
Diabólico
Diabólico
Zcion RT1
Gran Armando
2020s
Chicano
El Hombre Bestia Angel
Mike Nice
El Informante
JC Jexx
Jovan
Bryan Idol (current)
vteWWC Puerto Rico Champions1970s
Miguel Miguel Pérez
Dr. Klodied
Tosh Togo
Hercules Ayala
Tor Kamata
José Rivera
Eric the Red
Huracán Castillo
Invader I
Carlos Colón
Ox Baker
Kengo Kimura
Abdullah the Butcher
Pampero Firpo
1980s
Mongolian Stomper
Dory Funk Jr.
King Tonga
Bob Sweetan
Terry Gibbs
Konga the Barbarian
Black Gordman
Super Médico I
Fidel Sierra
Eric Embry
Al Pérez
Mighty Igor
Kareem Mumhammad
Miguel Pérez Jr.
Super Black Ninja
Ricky Santana
Bobby Jaggers
TNT
Abbuda Dein
Ivan Koloff
1990s
Manny Fernandez
Don Kernodle
Héctor Guerrero
Huracan Castillo Jr.
Steve Corino
Jake Roberts
Ray González
Jason the Terrible
El Bronco I
Mohammed Hussein
Villano III
Glamour Boy Shane
Victor the Bodyguard
José Rivera, Jr.
Mustafa Saed
El Nene
Harley Lewis
2000s
Rex King
Titán
Paul LeDuc
Jim Steele
Rico Suave
Eddie Colón
Dominican Boy
Eric Alexander
La Amenaza Bryan
Chris Joel
Brent Dail
Abbad
El Bronco I
Heartthrob Romeo
Alex Montalvo
Fire Blaze/Orlando Colón
Barrabás Jr.
Ash Rubinsky
Crazy Rudy
Jeff Jeffrey
BJ
Tommy Diablo
Charles Evans
Idol Stevens
2010s
El Sensacional Carlitos
Black Pain
Gilbert (current)
Hideo Saito
Johnny Ringo
La Amenaza Bryan
Samson Walker
Chicano
Apolo
Carlito Caribbean Cool
Ricardo Rodriguez
Member of La Revolución
Mike Mendoza
El Hijo de Ray González
Joe Bravo
Angel Fashion
Lightning
Mighty Ursus
El Comandante
Pedro Portillo III
Bellito Calderón
2020s
Xavant
Carlos Carlderón
Nihan
Mike Nice
Makabro | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestler"},{"link_name":"National Wrestling Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wrestling_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Jim Crockett Promotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crockett_Promotions"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Charles Donald Kernodle Jr. (May 2, 1950 – May 17, 2021) was an American professional wrestler with the National Wrestling Alliance's Jim Crockett Promotions.[2]","title":"Don Kernodle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lettered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity_letter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-highspots-3"},{"link_name":"arm wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_wrestling"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-highspots-3"},{"link_name":"Elon College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_College"},{"link_name":"National Wrestling Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wrestling_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Jim Crockett Promotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crockett_Promotions"},{"link_name":"Bob Roop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Roop"},{"link_name":"Ole Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Gene Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Anderson_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In college, Kernodle lettered four times in amateur wrestling.[3] He was also a two time national arm wrestling champion.[3] After graduating from Elon College, Kernodle started wrestling in 1973 in the National Wrestling Alliance's Jim Crockett Promotions. He got his start by accepting a \"shoot\" wrestling challenge from Bob Roop. Although Roop defeated Kernodle by submission, Kernodle's skills impressed Ole Anderson and Gene Anderson who both offered to train Kernodle for free.[4]","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sgt. Slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Slaughter"},{"link_name":"Pvt. Jim Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pvt._Jim_Nelson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCW8388Book-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mid-6"},{"link_name":"NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Mid-Atlantic_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"Porkchop Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porkchop_Cash"},{"link_name":"Jay Youngblood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Youngblood"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCW8388Book-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mid-6"},{"link_name":"King Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Parsons"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCW8388Book-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mid-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCW8388Book-5"},{"link_name":"Rick Steamboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Steamboat"},{"link_name":"Jay Youngblood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Youngblood"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCW8388Book-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mid-6"}],"sub_title":"Cobra Corps in Mid-Atlantic","text":"At first, he (now known as Pvt. Kernodle) was part of Sgt. Slaughter's \"Cobra Corps\" and teamed with Slaughter and Pvt. Jim Nelson.[5][6] In 1982, the team of Kernodle and Nelson won the NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship from Porkchop Cash and Jay Youngblood.[5][6] They later lost the title to Cash and King Parsons, from whom they also regained the title.[5][6] After Nelson was removed from the alliance, Kernodle became the tag partner of Sgt. Slaughter, with whom he held the NWA World Tag Team Championship in late 1982 and early 1983.[5] They lost the titles in a steel cage match vs. Rick Steamboat and Jay Youngblood on March 12, 1983.[5][6]","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Wrestling Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Federation"},{"link_name":"Maple Leaf Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Gardens"},{"link_name":"NWA Canadian Television Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Canadian_Television_Championship"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWEResults82-7"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"Tito Santana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Santana"},{"link_name":"Rocky Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Afa Anoa'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afa_Anoa%27i"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWEResults83-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWEResults84-9"}],"sub_title":"World Wrestling Federation","text":"While teaming with Nelson, the duo wrestled on at least three cards co-promoted by the World Wrestling Federation in Maple Leaf Gardens in 1982, wrestling Steamboat and Youngblood at least twice, with Kernodle defeating Youngblood for the NWA Canadian Television Championship in a solo bout on August 8, 1982.[7]Kernodle would continue to wrestle on co-promoted cards through May 23, 1983 when he made his Madison Square Garden debut for the WWF. Kernodle would wrestle in the WWF through November 1983, being primarily featured on television defeating the likes of Jeff Craney, Jack Carson, Bill Dixon, Steve King, and Tony Colon but falling short to Tito Santana and Rocky Johnson in single competition and The Invaders in tag team competition. Additionally, Kernodle was frequently used as a substitute for Afa Anoa'i in main event matches throughout 1983.[8] Kernodle's last bout in the WWF was on a co-promoted card in 1984 at Maple Leaf Gardens against Santana.[9]","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"villain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"tag team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_team"},{"link_name":"Bob Orton, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Orton,_Jr."},{"link_name":"managed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Gary Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hart_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCW8388Book-5"},{"link_name":"Ivan Koloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Koloff"},{"link_name":"NWA World Tag Team Title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_World_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCW8388Book-5"},{"link_name":"Nikita Koloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Koloff"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCW8388Book-5"},{"link_name":"Rock 'n' Roll Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_Roll_Express"},{"link_name":"Starrcade '85: The Gathering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starrcade_(1985)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCW8388Book-5"},{"link_name":"independent promotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_circuit"},{"link_name":"CWF Mid-Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CWF_Mid-Atlantic"}],"sub_title":"Return to NWA","text":"Following the title loss and brief stint in the WWF, Kernodle remained a villain and formed a tag team with Bob Orton, Jr. and was managed by Gary Hart.[5] He soon turned against America and formed a tag team with Ivan Koloff and won the NWA World Tag Team Title.[5] When Koloff's \"nephew\" Nikita Koloff arrived in late 1984, Kernodle helped to train him. Also in 1984, the Koloffs turned on Kernodle after he and Ivan lost the NWA World Tag Titles to Dusty Rhodes and Manny \"The Raging Bull\" Fernandez and started a feud.[5] Kernodle teamed with his brother Rocky to feud with the Koloffs and helped the Rock 'n' Roll Express to win the Tag Team Title from them at Starrcade '85: The Gathering.[5]In 1986, Kernodle left the NWA and wrestled in various independent promotions in the Carolinas. He later became a Sergeant for Immigration Customs Enforcement for Alamance County.Since 2002, Kernodle and his brother wrestled several times per year with CWF Mid-Atlantic near their home in Burlington, NC. He was a deputy sheriff with the Alamance County sheriffs office.","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sylvester Stallone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone"},{"link_name":"Paradise Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Alley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia2-1"}],"text":"He appeared in the 1978 Sylvester Stallone movie Paradise Alley.[1]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Kernodle died on May 17, 2021, at the age of 71.[10] Kernodle had had several health issues prior to his death.[11][12] It was later revealed that Kernodle died after committing suicide by gunshot after visiting the doctor.[13]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Tragos/Lou_Thesz_Professional_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Maple Leaf Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"NWA Canadian Television Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Canadian_Television_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Canadian_Television_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-highspots-3"},{"link_name":"Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crockett_Promotions"},{"link_name":"NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Mid-Atlantic_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"2 times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Mid-Atlantic_Tag_Team_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-highspots-3"},{"link_name":"Pvt. Jim Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Barrell"},{"link_name":"NWA World Six-Man Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_World_Six-Man_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_World_Six-Man_Tag_Team_Championship#Title_history"},{"link_name":"Nikita Koloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Koloff"},{"link_name":"NWA World Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCW_World_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"3 times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WCW_World_Tag_Team_Champions"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-highspots-3"},{"link_name":"Sgt. Slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Slaughter"},{"link_name":"Bob Orton, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Orton,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Pro Wrestling Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Wrestling_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"World Wrestling Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Council"},{"link_name":"WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWC_Puerto_Rico_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"1 time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWC_Puerto_Rico_Heavyweight_Championship#title_history"},{"link_name":"WWC Television Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWC_Television_Championship"},{"link_name":"2 times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWC_Television_Championship#title_history"}],"text":"George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame\nClass of 2021[14]\nMaple Leaf Wrestling\nNWA Canadian Television Championship (1 time)[3]\nMid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling\nNWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship (2 times)[3] - with Pvt. Jim Nelson (2)\nNWA World Six-Man Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Ivan & Nikita Koloff\nNWA World Tag Team Championship (3 times)[3] - with Sgt. Slaughter (1), Bob Orton, Jr. (1), and Ivan Koloff (1)\nPro Wrestling Illustrated\nPWI ranked him # 463 of the 500 best singles wrestlers during the \"PWI Years\" in 2003[15]\nPWI ranked # 29 of the 100 best tag teams of the \"PWI Years\" with Sgt. Slaughter\nWorld Wrestling Council\nWWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\nWWC Television Championship (2 times)","title":"Championships and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Encyclopedia2_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Encyclopedia2_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Encyclopedia2_1-2"},{"link_name":"DK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7566-9159-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-9159-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Pro wrestling was Don Kernodle's great 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Nelson interview\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081116045716/http://www.midatlanticgateway.com/Resource_Center/interviews/nelson/jimnelson.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.midatlanticgateway.com/Resource_Center/interviews/nelson/jimnelson.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WWEResults82_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"1982\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thehistoryofwwe.com/82.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WWEResults83_8-0"},{"link_name":"\"1983\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thehistoryofwwe.com/83.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WWEResults84_9-0"},{"link_name":"\"1983\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thehistoryofwwe.com/84.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Don Kernodle dead at age 71\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//prowrestling.net/site/2021/05/17/don-kernodle-dead-at-age-71/"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Former NWA And WWE Star Don Kernodle Passes Away\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wrestlinginc.com/news/2021/05/former-nwa-and-wwe-star-don-kernodle-passes-away/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Don Kernodle's Reported Cause Of Death, WWE Issues Statement On His Passing\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wrestlinginc.com/news/2021/05/don-kernodles-reported-cause-of-death-wwe-issues-statement-on-his-passing/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"WWE Releases Statement on Passing of Don Kernodle, Update on Cause of Death\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//411mania.com/wrestling/wwe-releases-statement-on-passing-of-don-kernodle-update-on-cause-of-death/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame Finalizes 2021 Class: Mark Henry, Trish Stratus, More\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//411mania.com/wrestling/pro-wrestling-hall-of-fame-finalizes-2021-class-mark-henry-trish-stratus-more/"},{"link_name":"411Mania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/411Mania"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"PWI Years 500\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110515112842/http://www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/pwi/pwi500yr.htm"},{"link_name":"Pro Wrestling Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Wrestling_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/pwi/pwi500yr.htm"}],"text":"^ a b c Shields, Brian; Sullivan, Kevin (2012). WWE Encyclopedia: Updated & Expanded. DK. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-7566-9159-2.\n\n^ \"Pro wrestling was Don Kernodle's great love\". Post and Courier.\n\n^ a b c d e Don Kernodle Shoot Interview (DVD). Highspots.\n\n^ \"Don Kernodle interview\". The Mid-Atlantic Gateway. Archived from the original on 2011-05-20.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Cawthon, Graham (2013). the History of Professional Wrestling Vol 3:Jim Crockett and the NWA World Title 1983-1989. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1494803476.\n\n^ a b c d Chappell, David and Dick Bourne (January 2003). \"Jim Nelson interview\". Mid-Atlantic Wrestling Gateway. Archived from the original on 2008-11-16. Retrieved 2009-01-04.\n\n^ Graham Cawthon. \"1982\". The History of WWE. Retrieved 2020-12-31.\n\n^ Graham Cawthon. \"1983\". The History of WWE. Retrieved 2020-12-31.\n\n^ Graham Cawthon. \"1983\". The History of WWE. Retrieved 2020-12-31.\n\n^ May 17, Thotless (2021-05-17). \"Don Kernodle dead at age 71\". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved 2021-05-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\n\n^ \"Former NWA And WWE Star Don Kernodle Passes Away\". Wrestling Inc. Retrieved 2021-05-18.\n\n^ \"Don Kernodle's Reported Cause Of Death, WWE Issues Statement On His Passing\". Wrestling Inc. Retrieved 2021-05-18.\n\n^ \"WWE Releases Statement on Passing of Don Kernodle, Update on Cause of Death\". 411MANIA. Retrieved 2021-05-18.\n\n^ Lee, Joseph (December 31, 2020). \"Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame Finalizes 2021 Class: Mark Henry, Trish Stratus, More\". 411Mania. Retrieved March 17, 2021.\n\n^ \"PWI Years 500\". Pro Wrestling Illustrated. Wrestling Information Archive. Archived from the original on 2011-05-15. Retrieved 2011-07-25.","title":"Footnotes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Shields, Brian; Sullivan, Kevin (2012). WWE Encyclopedia: Updated & Expanded. DK. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-7566-9159-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley","url_text":"DK"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-9159-2","url_text":"978-0-7566-9159-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Pro wrestling was Don Kernodle's great love\". Post and Courier.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.postandcourier.com/sports/wrestling/pro-wrestling-was-don-kernodle-s-great-love/article_d6941268-be50-11eb-99f2-7fe2a6aa5ab8.html","url_text":"\"Pro wrestling was Don Kernodle's great love\""}]},{"reference":"Don Kernodle Shoot Interview (DVD). Highspots.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Don Kernodle interview\". The Mid-Atlantic Gateway. Archived from the original on 2011-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110520024525/http://midatlanticgateway.com/resourcecenter/interviews/kernodle/kernodle_02.htm","url_text":"\"Don Kernodle interview\""},{"url":"http://www.midatlanticgateway.com/resourcecenter/interviews/kernodle/kernodle_02.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cawthon, Graham (2013). the History of Professional Wrestling Vol 3:Jim Crockett and the NWA World Title 1983-1989. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1494803476.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1494803476","url_text":"978-1494803476"}]},{"reference":"Chappell, David and Dick Bourne (January 2003). \"Jim Nelson interview\". Mid-Atlantic Wrestling Gateway. Archived from the original on 2008-11-16. Retrieved 2009-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081116045716/http://www.midatlanticgateway.com/Resource_Center/interviews/nelson/jimnelson.htm","url_text":"\"Jim Nelson interview\""},{"url":"http://www.midatlanticgateway.com/Resource_Center/interviews/nelson/jimnelson.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Graham Cawthon. \"1982\". The History of WWE. Retrieved 2020-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/82.htm","url_text":"\"1982\""}]},{"reference":"Graham Cawthon. \"1983\". The History of WWE. Retrieved 2020-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/83.htm","url_text":"\"1983\""}]},{"reference":"Graham Cawthon. \"1983\". The History of WWE. Retrieved 2020-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/84.htm","url_text":"\"1983\""}]},{"reference":"May 17, Thotless (2021-05-17). \"Don Kernodle dead at age 71\". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved 2021-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://prowrestling.net/site/2021/05/17/don-kernodle-dead-at-age-71/","url_text":"\"Don Kernodle dead at age 71\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former NWA And WWE Star Don Kernodle Passes Away\". Wrestling Inc. Retrieved 2021-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wrestlinginc.com/news/2021/05/former-nwa-and-wwe-star-don-kernodle-passes-away/","url_text":"\"Former NWA And WWE Star Don Kernodle Passes Away\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Kernodle's Reported Cause Of Death, WWE Issues Statement On His Passing\". Wrestling Inc. Retrieved 2021-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wrestlinginc.com/news/2021/05/don-kernodles-reported-cause-of-death-wwe-issues-statement-on-his-passing/","url_text":"\"Don Kernodle's Reported Cause Of Death, WWE Issues Statement On His Passing\""}]},{"reference":"\"WWE Releases Statement on Passing of Don Kernodle, Update on Cause of Death\". 411MANIA. Retrieved 2021-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://411mania.com/wrestling/wwe-releases-statement-on-passing-of-don-kernodle-update-on-cause-of-death/","url_text":"\"WWE Releases Statement on Passing of Don Kernodle, Update on Cause of Death\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Joseph (December 31, 2020). \"Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame Finalizes 2021 Class: Mark Henry, Trish Stratus, More\". 411Mania. Retrieved March 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://411mania.com/wrestling/pro-wrestling-hall-of-fame-finalizes-2021-class-mark-henry-trish-stratus-more/","url_text":"\"Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame Finalizes 2021 Class: Mark Henry, Trish Stratus, More\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/411Mania","url_text":"411Mania"}]},{"reference":"\"PWI Years 500\". Pro Wrestling Illustrated. Wrestling Information Archive. Archived from the original on 2011-05-15. Retrieved 2011-07-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110515112842/http://www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/pwi/pwi500yr.htm","url_text":"\"PWI Years 500\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Wrestling_Illustrated","url_text":"Pro Wrestling Illustrated"},{"url":"http://www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/pwi/pwi500yr.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.postandcourier.com/sports/wrestling/pro-wrestling-was-don-kernodle-s-great-love/article_d6941268-be50-11eb-99f2-7fe2a6aa5ab8.html","external_links_name":"\"Pro wrestling was Don Kernodle's great love\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110520024525/http://midatlanticgateway.com/resourcecenter/interviews/kernodle/kernodle_02.htm","external_links_name":"\"Don Kernodle interview\""},{"Link":"http://www.midatlanticgateway.com/resourcecenter/interviews/kernodle/kernodle_02.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081116045716/http://www.midatlanticgateway.com/Resource_Center/interviews/nelson/jimnelson.htm","external_links_name":"\"Jim Nelson interview\""},{"Link":"http://www.midatlanticgateway.com/Resource_Center/interviews/nelson/jimnelson.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/82.htm","external_links_name":"\"1982\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/83.htm","external_links_name":"\"1983\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/84.htm","external_links_name":"\"1983\""},{"Link":"https://prowrestling.net/site/2021/05/17/don-kernodle-dead-at-age-71/","external_links_name":"\"Don Kernodle dead at age 71\""},{"Link":"https://www.wrestlinginc.com/news/2021/05/former-nwa-and-wwe-star-don-kernodle-passes-away/","external_links_name":"\"Former NWA And WWE Star Don Kernodle Passes Away\""},{"Link":"https://www.wrestlinginc.com/news/2021/05/don-kernodles-reported-cause-of-death-wwe-issues-statement-on-his-passing/","external_links_name":"\"Don Kernodle's Reported Cause Of Death, WWE Issues Statement On His Passing\""},{"Link":"http://411mania.com/wrestling/wwe-releases-statement-on-passing-of-don-kernodle-update-on-cause-of-death/","external_links_name":"\"WWE Releases Statement on Passing of Don Kernodle, Update on Cause of Death\""},{"Link":"https://411mania.com/wrestling/pro-wrestling-hall-of-fame-finalizes-2021-class-mark-henry-trish-stratus-more/","external_links_name":"\"Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame Finalizes 2021 Class: Mark Henry, Trish Stratus, More\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110515112842/http://www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/pwi/pwi500yr.htm","external_links_name":"\"PWI Years 500\""},{"Link":"http://www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/pwi/pwi500yr.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profile/don-kernodle/","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.thetimesnews.com/20140302/pride-of-the-usa-don-kernodle-reflects-on-lifetime-of-wrestling/303029891","external_links_name":"Article"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohe_Warte_(Carnic_Alps) | Coglians | ["1 Location and Topography","2 References","3 Related articles","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 46°36′25″N 12°53′17″E / 46.60694°N 12.88806°E / 46.60694; 12.88806Highest mountain in the Carnic Alps
For other uses, see Hohe Warte.
Coglians - Hohe WarteMonte Coglians (first high peak from the left) seen from Mt. Zoncolan (south)Highest pointElevation2,780 m (9,120 ft)Prominence1,144 m (3,753 ft)Coordinates46°36′25″N 12°53′17″E / 46.60694°N 12.88806°E / 46.60694; 12.88806GeographyCoglians - Hohe WarteLocation in the Alps
LocationFriuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy Carinthia, AustriaParent rangeCarnic AlpsClimbingFirst ascent30 September 1865 by Paul Grohmann from the SouthEasiest routeHike
Monte Coglians (Friulian: Coliàns; German: Hohe Warte) is the highest mountain of the Carnic Alps.
Location and Topography
It is located on the border between Italy (province of Udine) and Austria (Carinthia), west of the Monte Croce Carnico pass (Plöcken Pass). With its elevation of 2,780 m (9,121 ft), it is the highest peak of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy and of the Carnic and Gailtal Alps.
Monte Coglians is characterised by karst topography.
Coglians (right) as seen from the NW
References
^ "Monte Coglians - Peakbagger". peakbagger.com. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
Related articles
List of Italian regions by highest point
External links
Monte Coglians on Hribi.net
Monte Coglians on Hike.uno
"Monte Coglians, Austria/Italy". Peakbagger.com.
This Carinthia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hohe Warte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohe_Warte_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Friulian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friulian_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Carnic Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnic_Alps"}],"text":"Highest mountain in the Carnic AlpsFor other uses, see Hohe Warte.Monte Coglians (Friulian: Coliàns; German: Hohe Warte) is the highest mountain of the Carnic Alps.","title":"Coglians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"province of Udine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Udine"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Carinthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carinthia_(state)"},{"link_name":"Plöcken Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%B6cken_Pass"},{"link_name":"Friuli-Venezia Giulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia"},{"link_name":"Carnic and Gailtal Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnic_and_Gailtal_Alps"},{"link_name":"karst topography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst_topography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HoheWarte_KellerspitzeWest_Karnische.jpg"}],"text":"It is located on the border between Italy (province of Udine) and Austria (Carinthia), west of the Monte Croce Carnico pass (Plöcken Pass). With its elevation of 2,780 m (9,121 ft), it is the highest peak of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy and of the Carnic and Gailtal Alps.Monte Coglians is characterised by karst topography.Coglians (right) as seen from the NW","title":"Location and Topography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Italian regions by highest point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_highest_point"}],"text":"List of Italian regions by highest point","title":"Related articles"}] | [{"image_text":"Coglians (right) as seen from the NW","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/HoheWarte_KellerspitzeWest_Karnische.jpg/220px-HoheWarte_KellerspitzeWest_Karnische.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Monte Coglians - Peakbagger\". peakbagger.com. Retrieved 1 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10132","url_text":"\"Monte Coglians - Peakbagger\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monte Coglians, Austria/Italy\". Peakbagger.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10132","url_text":"\"Monte Coglians, Austria/Italy\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Coglians¶ms=46_36_25_N_12_53_17_E_type:mountain_region:IT_scale:100000","external_links_name":"46°36′25″N 12°53′17″E / 46.60694°N 12.88806°E / 46.60694; 12.88806"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Coglians¶ms=46_36_25_N_12_53_17_E_type:mountain_region:IT_scale:100000","external_links_name":"46°36′25″N 12°53′17″E / 46.60694°N 12.88806°E / 46.60694; 12.88806"},{"Link":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10132","external_links_name":"\"Monte Coglians - Peakbagger\""},{"Link":"https://www.hribi.net/gora/monte_coglians_hohe_warte/27/649","external_links_name":"Monte Coglians on Hribi.net"},{"Link":"https://www.hike.uno/mountain/monte_coglians_hohe_warte/27/649","external_links_name":"Monte Coglians on Hike.uno"},{"Link":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10132","external_links_name":"\"Monte Coglians, Austria/Italy\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coglians&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensenich_Propeller | Sensenich Propeller | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | American propeller manufacturer
Sensenich PropellerIndustryAerospaceFounded1932HeadquartersLancaster, Pennsylvania and Plant City, Florida, United StatesProductsAircraft propellersDivisions
Sensenich Propeller Manufacturing Company
Sensenich Wood Propeller Company
Sensenich Propeller Service
Websitewww.sensenich.com
Sensenich Propeller, founded in 1932, is an American manufacturer of wood, metal and composite propellers for certified, homebuilt and ultralight aircraft, and unmanned aerial vehicles, as well as airboats. The company headquarters is located in Lititz, Pennsylvania.
The company was initially established in 1932 as Sensenich Brothers to make aircraft propellers. The company is particularly known for its wooden aircraft propellers, but also has produced fixed-pitch metal props since 1948, and in recent years expanded to adjustable-pitch carbon-fiber composite propellers. Throughout the mid-20th century, Sensenich wood props were available on nearly all 1-seat and 2-seat U.S.-made aircraft, many of which still operate today.
Sensenich expanded into airboat propellers in 1949, establishing a second factory for that market at Plant City, Florida under the name Sensenich Wood Propeller Company. (Wood prop manufacturing is now handled in their Florida facility.)
See also
List of aircraft propeller manufacturers
References
^ Purdy, Don: AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, page 85. BAI Communications. ISBN 0-9636409-4-1
^ a b "Propeller, Fixed-pitch, Sensenich Brothers,", National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, retrieved August 19, 2023
^ a b "About Sensenich Propeller Company" (official company history), Sensenich Propellor, retrieved August 19, 2023
^ a b Johnson, Dan: "Sensenich Propeller," ByDanJohnson.com (principal ultralight / light-sport aircraft journalist), retrieved August 19, 2023
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sensenich Propeller.
Official website
"How Sensenich Wooden Props Are Made," AvWeb on YouTube | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"composite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_material"},{"link_name":"propellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"certified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_certificate"},{"link_name":"homebuilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebuilt_aircraft"},{"link_name":"ultralight aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aircraft"},{"link_name":"unmanned aerial vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"airboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airboat"},{"link_name":"Lititz, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lititz,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aerocrafter-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sensenich_si_edu-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about_sensenich-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sensenich_bydanjohnson-4"},{"link_name":"Plant City, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_City,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sensenich_si_edu-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about_sensenich-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sensenich_bydanjohnson-4"}],"text":"Sensenich Propeller, founded in 1932, is an American manufacturer of wood, metal and composite propellers for certified, homebuilt and ultralight aircraft, and unmanned aerial vehicles, as well as airboats. The company headquarters is located in Lititz, Pennsylvania.[1][2][3][4]The company was initially established in 1932 as Sensenich Brothers to make aircraft propellers. The company is particularly known for its wooden aircraft propellers, but also has produced fixed-pitch metal props since 1948, and in recent years expanded to adjustable-pitch carbon-fiber composite propellers. Throughout the mid-20th century, Sensenich wood props were available on nearly all 1-seat and 2-seat U.S.-made aircraft, many of which still operate today. \nSensenich expanded into airboat propellers in 1949, establishing a second factory for that market at Plant City, Florida under the name Sensenich Wood Propeller Company. (Wood prop manufacturing is now handled in their Florida facility.)[2][3][4]","title":"Sensenich Propeller"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of aircraft propeller manufacturers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_propeller_manufacturers"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.sensenich.com/","external_links_name":"www.sensenich.com"},{"Link":"https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/propeller-fixed-pitch-sensenich-brothers/nasm_A19711217000","external_links_name":"\"Propeller, Fixed-pitch, Sensenich Brothers,\""},{"Link":"https://www.sensenich.com/company/","external_links_name":"\"About Sensenich Propeller Company\""},{"Link":"https://bydanjohnson.com/sponsors/sensenich-propeller/","external_links_name":"\"Sensenich Propeller,\""},{"Link":"http://www.sensenich.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ax0yaHi4acc","external_links_name":"\"How Sensenich Wooden Props Are Made,\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatizon | Hepatizon | ["1 See also","1.1 Metallurgy","2 References","3 Sources","4 Further reading"] | Alloy also known as Black Corinthian Bronze
Hepatizon (Greek etymology: ἧπαρ, English translation: "liver"), also known as black Corinthian bronze, was a highly valuable metal alloy in classical antiquity. It is thought to be an alloy of copper with the addition of a small proportion of gold and silver (perhaps as little as 8% of each), mixed and treated to produce a material with a dark purplish patina, similar to the colour of liver. It is referred to in various ancient texts, but few known examples of hepatizon exist today.
Of the known types of bronze or brass in classical antiquity (known in Latin as aes and in Greek as χαλκός), hepatizon was the second most valuable. Pliny the Elder mentions it in his Natural History, stating that it is less valuable than Corinthian bronze, which contained a greater proportion of gold or silver and as a result resembled the precious metals, but was esteemed before bronze from Delos and Aegina. As a result of its dark colour, it was particularly valued for statues. According to Pliny, the method of making it, like that for Corinthian bronze, had been lost for a long time.
Similar alloys are found outside Europe. For example, shakudō is a Japanese billon of gold and copper with a characteristic dark blue-purple patina.
See also
Metallurgy
Bronze – Alloy of copper and tin
Brass – Alloy of copper and zinc
Orichalcum – Fabulous metal mentioned in ancient writings, such as the story of Atlantis in the Critias of Plato
Corinthian bronze – Highly valuable metal alloy in classical antiquity
Panchaloha – Term for traditional five-metal alloys used for Hindu artifacts
Electrum – Alloy of gold and silver
Tumbaga – Alloy of gold and copper used in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica
Shakudō – Japanese copper and gold alloy
Shibuichi – Historically Japanese copper alloy
Thokcha – Tibetan meteoric iron
References
^ Aes, from A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875.
^ Pliny's chapter on Corinthian Brass and hepatizon, Chapter 3 of Book 34 from Natural History.
^ Jacobson, David M. (2000). "Corinthian Bronze and the Gold of the Alchemists". Gold Bulletin. 33 (3): 60–66. doi:10.1007/BF03216582.
Sources
New Scientist, 22 January 1994, "Secret of Achilles' Shield"
Further reading
Craddock, Paul and Giumlia-Mair, Allessandra, "Hsmn-Km, Corinthian bronze, Shakudo: black patinated bronze in the ancient world", Chapter 9 in Metal Plating and Patination: Cultural, technical and historical developments, Ed. Susan La-Niece, 2013, Elsevier, ISBN 1483292061, 9781483292069, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XgshBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA114
Craddock, P. T., "Metal" V. 4 and 5, Grove Art Online, Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 1 Oct. 2017, Subscription required | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_etymology"},{"link_name":"English translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"liver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver"},{"link_name":"metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal"},{"link_name":"alloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy"},{"link_name":"classical antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"patina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patina"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"link_name":"brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_Historia"},{"link_name":"Corinthian bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_bronze"},{"link_name":"precious metals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precious_metal"},{"link_name":"Delos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delos"},{"link_name":"Aegina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pliny-2"},{"link_name":"statues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jacobson-3"},{"link_name":"shakudō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakud%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"billon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billon_(alloy)"}],"text":"Hepatizon (Greek etymology: ἧπαρ, English translation: \"liver\"), also known as black Corinthian bronze, was a highly valuable metal alloy in classical antiquity. It is thought to be an alloy of copper with the addition of a small proportion of gold and silver (perhaps as little as 8% of each), mixed and treated to produce a material with a dark purplish patina, similar to the colour of liver. It is referred to in various ancient texts, but few known examples of hepatizon exist today.Of the known types of bronze or brass in classical antiquity (known in Latin as aes and in Greek as χαλκός), hepatizon was the second most valuable. Pliny the Elder mentions it in his Natural History, stating that it is less valuable than Corinthian bronze, which contained a greater proportion of gold or silver and as a result resembled the precious metals, but was esteemed before bronze from Delos and Aegina.[1][2] As a result of its dark colour, it was particularly valued for statues.[3] According to Pliny, the method of making it, like that for Corinthian bronze, had been lost for a long time.Similar alloys are found outside Europe. For example, shakudō is a Japanese billon of gold and copper with a characteristic dark blue-purple patina.","title":"Hepatizon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Scientist, 22 January 1994, \"Secret of Achilles' Shield\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newscientist.com/article/mg14119094.200-secret-of-achilles-shield-the-ancients-loved-black-bronzeso-much-they-made-their-most-valued-treasures-from-it-what-was-the-secretof-the-alloys-success-and-why-did-it-take-modern-metallurgists-so-longtocatch-on-.html"}],"text":"New Scientist, 22 January 1994, \"Secret of Achilles' Shield\"","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1483292061","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1483292061"},{"link_name":"https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XgshBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.co.uk/books?id=XgshBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA114"},{"link_name":"Grove Art Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_Art_Online"},{"link_name":"Subscription required","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T057376"}],"text":"Craddock, Paul and Giumlia-Mair, Allessandra, \"Hsmn-Km, Corinthian bronze, Shakudo: black patinated bronze in the ancient world\", Chapter 9 in Metal Plating and Patination: Cultural, technical and historical developments, Ed. Susan La-Niece, 2013, Elsevier, ISBN 1483292061, 9781483292069, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XgshBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA114\nCraddock, P. T., \"Metal\" V. 4 and 5, Grove Art Online, Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 1 Oct. 2017, Subscription required","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [] | [{"reference":"Jacobson, David M. (2000). \"Corinthian Bronze and the Gold of the Alchemists\". Gold Bulletin. 33 (3): 60–66. doi:10.1007/BF03216582.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03216582","url_text":"\"Corinthian Bronze and the Gold of the Alchemists\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03216582","url_text":"10.1007/BF03216582"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Aes.html","external_links_name":"Aes"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=34:chapter=3","external_links_name":"Pliny's chapter on Corinthian Brass and hepatizon"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03216582","external_links_name":"\"Corinthian Bronze and the Gold of the Alchemists\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03216582","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF03216582"},{"Link":"https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14119094.200-secret-of-achilles-shield-the-ancients-loved-black-bronzeso-much-they-made-their-most-valued-treasures-from-it-what-was-the-secretof-the-alloys-success-and-why-did-it-take-modern-metallurgists-so-longtocatch-on-.html","external_links_name":"New Scientist, 22 January 1994, \"Secret of Achilles' Shield\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XgshBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA114","external_links_name":"https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XgshBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA114"},{"Link":"https://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T057376","external_links_name":"Subscription required"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisaf | Nisaf | ["1 References","2 Bibliography"] | Coordinates: 34°55′58″N 36°22′40″E / 34.932667°N 36.377792°E / 34.932667; 36.377792Village in Hama, SyriaNisaf
نيصافNasafVillageNisafLocation in SyriaCoordinates: 34°55′58″N 36°22′40″E / 34.932667°N 36.377792°E / 34.932667; 36.377792Country SyriaGovernorateHamaDistrictMasyafSubdistrictAwjElevation470 m (1,540 ft)Population (2004) • Total4,048Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Nisaf (Arabic: نيصاف, also spelled Nasaf) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located west of Hama. Nearby localities include Kafr Kamrah to the southeast, Baarin and Taunah to the east, al-Bayyadiyah to the northeast, al-Suwaydah to the north and Ayn Halaqim to the west. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Nisaf had a population of 4,048 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Alawites. The local governing council for Nisaf was established in 1977 and it became a village council in 1999.
References
^ General Census of Population and Housing 2004 Archived 2013-01-13 at archive.today. Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). Hama Governorate. (in Arabic)
^ Smith, in Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 180
^ لمحة موجزة عن الوحدة الإدارية في قرية نيصاف. موقع محافظة حماة (in Arabic). محافظة حماة. 29 September 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
Bibliography
Boulanger, Robert (1966). The Middle East, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Iran. Hachette.
Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
vte Hama GovernorateHama DistrictHamaSubdistrict
Hama
Abu Dardah
Abu Mansaf
Adabas
al-Alamein
Amarat Aslan
Arzah
Awja al-Janah
Ayyo
Bahra
Bayad
Besirin
al-Buraq
Billin
al-Daminah
Ghawr al-Assi
al-Hashimiyah
Hawayiz Umm Jurn
Hawir al-Salib
Jahiyah
Jarjara
Jarjisa
Jibrin
Jinan
Jumaqliyah
Juziyah
Kafraa
Kafr Amim
Kafr Buhum
Kafr al-Tun
Kasun Eljabal
Khala
al-Khalidiyah
Khitab
Maar Daftein
Maarin al-Jabal
Maar Shuhur
al-Mubattan
Madbaa
Maqtaa al-Hajar
Matnin
Mubarakat
Muraywid
Al-Narjis
al-Nazaza
Qamhana
Qubaybat al-Assi
al-Rabiaa
Raabun
al-Ruqaita
Safinah
Samrah
Sawa
Shihat Hama
Shiraaya
Surayhin
Suwak al-Shamali
al-Suwayda al-Gharbiyah
al-Suwayda al-Sharqiyah
Taqsis
Tayzin
Tishrin
Tuwaym
Tell al-Nahr
Tell Qartal
Umm al-Amad
Umm al-Tuyour
Zabada
Zor Abu Dardah
Zor al-Sarmiyah
Zor Taqsis
HirbnafsahSubdistrict
Hirbnafsah
Aqrab
Akrad Ibrahim
Baja
Birin
Bisin
al-Biyah
Bulous
Deir al-Fardis
al-Humayri
Jidrin
al-Jafiah
Kafr Qadah
Khirbet Aref
Khirbet al-Jami
Khirbet al-Qasr
al-Muah
Musa al-Houla
Qufaylun
al-Rawda
Suma'ah
Talaf
al-Tulaysiyah al-Janubiyah
Toumin
Zara'a
SuranSubdistrict
Suran
Atshan
Buwaydah
Fan Shamali
al-Junaynah
Kawkab
Khafsin
Khirbet al-Hajama
Lahaya
Maardis
Maarkaba
Ma'an
Masasneh
Murak
Qasr Abu Samrah
Qasr al-Makhram
Qubaybat Abu al-Huda
Shatheh
Taybat al-Imam
Taybat al-Ism
al-Tulaysiyah
Umm Haratayn
Zor Abu Zayd
Zor al-Haysa al-Sharqiyah
HamraaSubdistrict
Al-Hamraa
Abu Ajwa
al-Ala
al-Anz
Arfa
Aziziyah
Baroudiyah
Bayud
Dali
Duma
Fayda
Halabiyah
Huways Ibn Hadib
Haymaniyah
al-Hazim
Janat al-Sawarnah
Jubb al-Uthman
Jubb al-Safa
Junaynah
Jadduah Shamaliyah
Kharsan
Maaloula
Muwaylah al-Sirwana
Maar Shamali
Qanater
Qasr Ali
Qasr Ibn Wardan
Rabda
Rasm Anz
Rasm al-Daheriyah
Rasm al-Ward
Ruhayyah
Shihat al-Hamraa
al-Samaqiyah al-Qibliyah
Suruj
Tarfawi
Tharwat
Tulayhat
Tuwal Dabaghin
Umm Habes
Umm Turaykat al-Qibliyah
Umm Zahmak
al-Zughbah
Al-Suqaylabiyah DistrictAl-SuqaylabiyahSubdistrict
Al-Suqaylabiyah
Abr Bayt Sayf
Abu Klifun
Ammurin
Anab
Ayn al-Kurum
Ayn Waridah
Ballunah
Breij
al-Hurra
Hawrat Ammurin
Hayalin
Jurniyat al-Tar
Karamah
al-Khandaq al-Gharbi
al-Khandaq al-Sharqiyah
Khansaa
Maksar
Mashta' al-Shalahmah
Nabi al-Tib
Qalaat Jaras
Rawdat al-Tar
al-Rihana
Saidiyah
Salba
Saqiyat Najm
Shahta
al-Shajar
Tahunat al-Halawa
Tell Kumbatri
Tell al-Titeen
Uwaynah
ShathahSubdistrict
Shathah
Ayn Jurjin
Farikah
Haydariyah
Jubb al-Ghar
Jurin
Mashta Mahfuz
Maradash
Na'ur Jurin
Nubl al-Khatib
Qatrat al-Rihan
Rihana
Tell SalhabSubdistrict
Tell Salhab
Abu Qubays
Abu Faraj
Al-Asharinah
Birat al-Jabal
Ayn al-Jurn
Hawayeq
Hawr al-Mawsil
Kanayes
al-Kashati
Khareb
al-Latma
Mazhal
Nahr al-Bared
Ras al-Jurn
Tamaza
Tubah
ZiyarahSubdistrict
Al-Ziyarah
al-Amara
al-Amqiyah Tahta
al-Ankawi
Awja al-Tuba
al-Bahsa
Barakah
Duqmaq
Duwayr al-Akrad
Ayn al-Hamaam
Fawru
Khirbet al-Naqus
Mansura
Maarana
Mashik
al-Qahira
Qarqur
Qastal al-Burayj
Qastun
Qulaydin
al-Safsafa
Sirmaniyah
al-Sindiyana
Tell Wasit
Zayzun
al-Zaqum
Qalaat al-MadiqSubdistrict
Qalaat al-Madiq
Ashrafiyah
al-Bani
al-Aziziyah
Bab al-Taqa
al-Barid
Deir Sunbul
al-Huwayz
al-Huwayz al-Shamali
al-Hamra
al-Hawash
al-Humayrat
al-Hurriyah
Hawijah Fauqa
Hawijah Sayyad
Hawijat al-Sallah
Jamasat Udayat
al-Jayyid
Kafr Nabudah
al-Karim
Kawri
al-Kurkat
Mastarihat Afamiyah
Midan Ghazal
Qabr Fidda
al-Qahirah
Qiratah
al-Ramlah
al-Rasif
Salihiyah
Sahariyah
Shahranaz
al-Sha'irah
Tell Huwash
Tamana al-Ghab
al-Thuwarah
al-Tuwayni
al-Zitiyah
Masyaf DistrictMasyafSubdistrict
Masyaf
Anbura
al-Bayda
al-Bayyadiyah
Biqraqa
al-Bustan
Biqasqas
Deir Huwayt
Deir Mama
Deir al-Salib
al-Findara
Hayalin
al-Haylunah
al-Hurayf
Jobet Kalakh
Kafr Aqid
al-Laqbah
Mashta Deir Mama
Matna
al-Nahda
Qabu Shamsiyah
Qayrun
Qurtuman
Rabu
al-Rusafa
al-Shamsiyah
al-Shiha
Sighata
al-Suwaydah
Tayr Jamlah
Tayr Jubbah
Tell Afar
al-Zamaliyah
al-Zaynah
AwjSubdistrict
Awj
Akakir
Baarin
Bishanin
Huwayr al-Turukman
Kafr Kamra
Khirbet Nisaf
Khanazir
Nisaf
Qarmas
Qasraya
Ta'unah
Zor Baarin
Ayn HalaqimSubdistrict
Ain Halaqim
Ayn al-Shams
Aq Duqar
Asheq Omar
Ba'amrah
Barshin
Bayt Atiq
Bayt Natar
al-Dulaybah
Hermel
Hikr Bayt Atiq
Kahf al-Habash
Khirbet Hazur
al-Majawi
al-Mashrafah
Qasr al-Ayan
Tin al-Sabil
Jubb RamlahSubdistrict
Jubb Ramlah
Alamiyah
Asilah
Deir Shamil
Dimu
Hanjur
Hizanu
Julaymadun
Jarajis
Kanafu
Khan Jalaymadun
Maarin
Mahrusah
Mushashin
Qurayyat
Qurin
Sarmiyah
Sulukiyah
Uqayrabah
Zahraa
Zawi
Wadi al-UyunSubdistrict
Wadi al-Uyun
Ammuriyah
Ayn al-Bayda
Ayn Farraj
Ayn al-Karam
Bashawi
Bayt Raqata
Barayzah
Bir al-Wadi
Birat al-Jurd
Duwayr al-Mashayekh
Jabita
Kafr Laha
Kamaliyah
Marha
Maysara
Naqir
Qussiyah
al-Sindiyana
Tamarqiyah
Zaytuna
Mahardah DistrictMahardahSubdistrict
Mahardah
Abu Ubaydah
Abu Rubays
al-Arid
Halfaya
Huwat
al-Judaydah
Kafr Hud
Khirbet Subin
Khunayzir
Maarzaf (al-Qubeir)
al-Majdal
Shaizar
Shir
Safsafiyah
Tell Malah
Tell Sikkin
Tremseh
Zilaqiat
Zawr al-Qaadah
Kafr ZitaSubdistrict
Kafr Zita
Arba'in
Hamamiyat
Latmin
al-Sayyad
al-Zakah
KarnazSubdistrict
Karnaz
al-Asman
al-Jalamah
Jubbayn
al-Lataminah
al-Mughayr
Shaykh Hadid
Salamiyah DistrictSalamiyahSubdistrict
Salamiyah
Ali Kasun
Bardunah
Buwaydah
Dunaybah
Danin
Duwaybah
Fan Qibli
Fan Wastani
al-Ghawi
Halban
Jamala
al-Kafat
Karim
Khafiyah
Khunayfis
Kaytalun
al-Malih
Marj Mattar
Nawa
Qablahat
Qubbat al-Kurdi
al-Rubbah
al-Sabil
Safawi
Samnah
Shakara
Shaykh Ali
Sibaa
Shaykh Rih
Smakh
Sunaydah
Tell Ada
Tell Dahab
Tell Hasan Basha
Tell Khaznah
Tell Sinan
Taldara
Tirad
Thawra
Thayl al-Jal
Tiba al-Turki
Tuba
Tulul al-Humur
Umm al-Amad
Umm Tuwaynah
al-Uwayr
Zighrin
BarriSubdistrict
Barri Sharqi
Abu Hanaya
Abu Habilat
Akash
Arshunah
Barri al-Gharbi
Furaytan
al-Hardanah
al-Khurayjah
Mafkar al-Gharbi
Mafkar Sharqi
Salam Gharbi
Tell al-Tut
Tell Jadid
Umm Mil
SabburahSubdistrict
Sabburah
Abu Khanadiq
Aqarib
Fawrah
al-Judaydah
Jadduah
Jubb Zurayq
Jissin
Khunayfis al-Dawsa
Mabujah
Qanafath
Qubaybat
Salba
Samiriyah
Shahba
Shuhayb
Tell Abd al-Aziz
Tell al-Ghir
Tell al-Shih
Umm Khurayzah
UqayribatSubdistrict
Uqayribat
Abu Dali
Abu Hakfa
Abu al-Fashafish
Bustan al-Subeih
Dakhilah
Hamada al-Omar
Hanutah
Haddaj
Jani al-Albawi
Jubb Abyad
Jubb Dakhilah
Jayruh
Makhbuta
Masud
Mashrafah
Na'imiyah
Makaymin Shamali
Qastal
Rasm al-Abid
Rasm Elahmar
Rasm al-Bardakana
Ruwaydah
Suha
Tabara al-Hamra
Tahmaz
SaanSubdistrict
Al-Saan
Abu Hurayk
Abu al-Ghor
Abu al-Qusur
Amya
Aniq Bajra
al-Ayah
Baghadid
Harat al-Sharqiyah
Hasu al-Qiblawi
Ithriya
Jakuziyah
Jubb Khasara
Makharib
Mawilah
Qabasin al-Arab
Rahjan
Rasm al-Ahmar
Rasm Amun
Sarha
Shaykh Hilal
al-Suwayah
Umm Mayal
This article about a location in Hama Governorate, Syria is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Hama Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Hama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama"},{"link_name":"Kafr Kamrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr_Kamrah"},{"link_name":"Baarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baarin"},{"link_name":"Taunah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunah"},{"link_name":"al-Bayyadiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bayyadiyah"},{"link_name":"al-Suwaydah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Suwaydah,_Masyaf"},{"link_name":"Ayn Halaqim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Halaqim"},{"link_name":"Syria Central Bureau of Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-1"},{"link_name":"Alawites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawite"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NasafWS-3"}],"text":"Village in Hama, SyriaNisaf (Arabic: نيصاف, also spelled Nasaf) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located west of Hama. Nearby localities include Kafr Kamrah to the southeast, Baarin and Taunah to the east, al-Bayyadiyah to the northeast, al-Suwaydah to the north and Ayn Halaqim to the west. 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Khurayzah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Khurayzah"},{"link_name":"Uqayribat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uqayribat"},{"link_name":"Abu Dali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dali,_Hama"},{"link_name":"Abu Hakfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hakfa"},{"link_name":"Abu al-Fashafish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_Fashafish"},{"link_name":"Bustan al-Subeih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustan_Sbeih"},{"link_name":"Dakhilah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakileh"},{"link_name":"Hamada al-Omar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamada_al-Omar"},{"link_name":"Hanutah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuteh"},{"link_name":"Haddaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdaj"},{"link_name":"Jani al-Albawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_Elelbawi"},{"link_name":"Jubb Abyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Abyad"},{"link_name":"Jubb Dakhilah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Dkileh"},{"link_name":"Jayruh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jruh"},{"link_name":"Makhbuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhbuta"},{"link_name":"Masud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masud,_Hama"},{"link_name":"Mashrafah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Msheirfeh"},{"link_name":"Na'imiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neimiyeh"},{"link_name":"Makaymin Shamali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mkeimin"},{"link_name":"Qastal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qastal,_Hama"},{"link_name":"Rasm al-Abid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasm_Elabed"},{"link_name":"Rasm Elahmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasm_Elahmar"},{"link_name":"Rasm al-Bardakana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasm_Al-Brdkana"},{"link_name":"Ruwaydah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rweideh"},{"link_name":"Suha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suha,_Hama"},{"link_name":"Tabara al-Hamra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabara_Elhamra"},{"link_name":"Tahmaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehmaz"},{"link_name":"Al-Saan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Saan"},{"link_name":"Abu Hurayk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hreik"},{"link_name":"Abu al-Ghor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_Gor"},{"link_name":"Abu al-Qusur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_Kusour"},{"link_name":"Amya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amya,_Hama"},{"link_name":"Aniq Bajra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniq_Bajra"},{"link_name":"al-Ayah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliyeh"},{"link_name":"Baghadid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bgheidid"},{"link_name":"Harat al-Sharqiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Hart"},{"link_name":"Hasu al-Qiblawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasu_Elablawi"},{"link_name":"Ithriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithriya"},{"link_name":"Jakuziyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakuziyeh"},{"link_name":"Jubb Khasara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Khsara"},{"link_name":"Makharib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrikb"},{"link_name":"Mawilah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mweileh"},{"link_name":"Qabasin al-Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojet_-_Kabasin_Elarab"},{"link_name":"Rahjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahjan"},{"link_name":"Rasm al-Ahmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasm_Al-Ahmar"},{"link_name":"Rasm Amun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasm_Amun"},{"link_name":"Sarha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarha"},{"link_name":"Shaykh Hilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh_Hilal"},{"link_name":"al-Suwayah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Swaia"},{"link_name":"Umm Mayal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um_Myal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hama-map.png"},{"link_name":"Hama Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama_Governorate"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nisaf&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:HamaSY-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:HamaSY-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HamaSY-geo-stub"}],"text":"Boulanger, Robert (1966). The Middle East, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Iran. Hachette.\nRobinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.vte Hama GovernorateHama DistrictHamaSubdistrict\nHama\nAbu Dardah\nAbu Mansaf\nAdabas\nal-Alamein\nAmarat Aslan\nArzah\nAwja al-Janah\nAyyo\nBahra\nBayad\nBesirin\nal-Buraq\nBillin\nal-Daminah\nGhawr al-Assi\nal-Hashimiyah\nHawayiz Umm Jurn\nHawir al-Salib\nJahiyah\nJarjara\nJarjisa\nJibrin\nJinan\nJumaqliyah\nJuziyah\nKafraa\nKafr Amim\nKafr Buhum\nKafr al-Tun\nKasun Eljabal\nKhala\nal-Khalidiyah\nKhitab\nMaar Daftein\nMaarin al-Jabal\nMaar Shuhur\nal-Mubattan\nMadbaa\nMaqtaa al-Hajar\nMatnin\nMubarakat\nMuraywid\nAl-Narjis\nal-Nazaza\nQamhana\nQubaybat al-Assi\nal-Rabiaa\nRaabun\nal-Ruqaita\nSafinah\nSamrah\nSawa\nShihat Hama\nShiraaya\nSurayhin\nSuwak al-Shamali\nal-Suwayda al-Gharbiyah\nal-Suwayda al-Sharqiyah\nTaqsis\nTayzin\nTishrin\nTuwaym\nTell al-Nahr\nTell Qartal\nUmm al-Amad\nUmm al-Tuyour\nZabada\nZor Abu Dardah\nZor al-Sarmiyah\nZor Taqsis\nHirbnafsahSubdistrict\nHirbnafsah\nAqrab\nAkrad Ibrahim\nBaja\nBirin\nBisin\nal-Biyah\nBulous\nDeir al-Fardis\nal-Humayri\nJidrin\nal-Jafiah\nKafr Qadah\nKhirbet Aref\nKhirbet al-Jami\nKhirbet al-Qasr\nal-Muah\nMusa al-Houla\nQufaylun\nal-Rawda\nSuma'ah\nTalaf\nal-Tulaysiyah al-Janubiyah\nToumin\nZara'a\nSuranSubdistrict\nSuran\nAtshan\nBuwaydah\nFan Shamali\nal-Junaynah\nKawkab\nKhafsin\nKhirbet al-Hajama\nLahaya\nMaardis\nMaarkaba\nMa'an\nMasasneh\nMurak\nQasr Abu Samrah\nQasr al-Makhram\nQubaybat Abu al-Huda\nShatheh\nTaybat al-Imam\nTaybat al-Ism\nal-Tulaysiyah\nUmm Haratayn\nZor Abu Zayd\nZor al-Haysa al-Sharqiyah\nHamraaSubdistrict\nAl-Hamraa\nAbu Ajwa\nal-Ala\nal-Anz\nArfa\nAziziyah\nBaroudiyah\nBayud\nDali\nDuma\nFayda\nHalabiyah\nHuways Ibn Hadib\nHaymaniyah\nal-Hazim\nJanat al-Sawarnah\nJubb al-Uthman\nJubb al-Safa\nJunaynah\nJadduah Shamaliyah\nKharsan\nMaaloula\nMuwaylah al-Sirwana\nMaar Shamali\nQanater\nQasr Ali\nQasr Ibn Wardan\nRabda\nRasm Anz\nRasm al-Daheriyah\nRasm al-Ward\nRuhayyah\nShihat al-Hamraa\nal-Samaqiyah al-Qibliyah\nSuruj\nTarfawi\nTharwat\nTulayhat\nTuwal Dabaghin\nUmm Habes\nUmm Turaykat al-Qibliyah\nUmm Zahmak\nal-Zughbah\nAl-Suqaylabiyah DistrictAl-SuqaylabiyahSubdistrict\nAl-Suqaylabiyah\nAbr Bayt Sayf\nAbu Klifun\nAmmurin\nAnab\nAyn al-Kurum\nAyn Waridah\nBallunah\nBreij\nal-Hurra\nHawrat Ammurin\nHayalin\nJurniyat al-Tar\nKaramah\nal-Khandaq al-Gharbi\nal-Khandaq al-Sharqiyah\nKhansaa\nMaksar\nMashta' al-Shalahmah\nNabi al-Tib\nQalaat Jaras\nRawdat al-Tar\nal-Rihana\nSaidiyah\nSalba\nSaqiyat Najm\nShahta\nal-Shajar\nTahunat al-Halawa\nTell Kumbatri\nTell al-Titeen\nUwaynah\nShathahSubdistrict\nShathah\nAyn Jurjin\nFarikah\nHaydariyah\nJubb al-Ghar\nJurin\nMashta Mahfuz\nMaradash\nNa'ur Jurin\nNubl al-Khatib\nQatrat al-Rihan\nRihana\nTell SalhabSubdistrict\nTell Salhab\nAbu Qubays\nAbu Faraj\nAl-Asharinah\nBirat al-Jabal\nAyn al-Jurn\nHawayeq\nHawr al-Mawsil\nKanayes\nal-Kashati\nKhareb\nal-Latma\nMazhal\nNahr al-Bared\nRas al-Jurn\nTamaza\nTubah\nZiyarahSubdistrict\nAl-Ziyarah\nal-Amara\nal-Amqiyah Tahta\nal-Ankawi\nAwja al-Tuba\nal-Bahsa\nBarakah\nDuqmaq\nDuwayr al-Akrad\nAyn al-Hamaam\nFawru\nKhirbet al-Naqus\nMansura\nMaarana\nMashik\nal-Qahira\nQarqur\nQastal al-Burayj\nQastun\nQulaydin\nal-Safsafa\nSirmaniyah\nal-Sindiyana\nTell Wasit\nZayzun\nal-Zaqum\nQalaat al-MadiqSubdistrict\nQalaat al-Madiq\nAshrafiyah\nal-Bani\nal-Aziziyah\nBab al-Taqa\nal-Barid\nDeir Sunbul\nal-Huwayz\nal-Huwayz al-Shamali\nal-Hamra\nal-Hawash\nal-Humayrat\nal-Hurriyah\nHawijah Fauqa\nHawijah Sayyad\nHawijat al-Sallah\nJamasat Udayat\nal-Jayyid\nKafr Nabudah\nal-Karim\nKawri\nal-Kurkat\nMastarihat Afamiyah\nMidan Ghazal\nQabr Fidda\nal-Qahirah\nQiratah\nal-Ramlah\nal-Rasif\nSalihiyah\nSahariyah\nShahranaz\nal-Sha'irah\nTell Huwash\nTamana al-Ghab\nal-Thuwarah\nal-Tuwayni\nal-Zitiyah\nMasyaf DistrictMasyafSubdistrict\nMasyaf\nAnbura\nal-Bayda\nal-Bayyadiyah\nBiqraqa\nal-Bustan\nBiqasqas\nDeir Huwayt\nDeir Mama\nDeir al-Salib\nal-Findara\nHayalin\nal-Haylunah\nal-Hurayf\nJobet Kalakh\nKafr Aqid\nal-Laqbah\nMashta Deir Mama\nMatna\nal-Nahda\nQabu Shamsiyah\nQayrun\nQurtuman\nRabu\nal-Rusafa\nal-Shamsiyah\nal-Shiha\nSighata\nal-Suwaydah\nTayr Jamlah\nTayr Jubbah\nTell Afar\nal-Zamaliyah\nal-Zaynah\nAwjSubdistrict\nAwj\nAkakir\nBaarin\nBishanin\nHuwayr al-Turukman\nKafr Kamra\nKhirbet Nisaf\nKhanazir\nNisaf\nQarmas\nQasraya\nTa'unah\nZor Baarin\nAyn HalaqimSubdistrict\nAin Halaqim\nAyn al-Shams\nAq Duqar\nAsheq Omar\nBa'amrah\nBarshin\nBayt Atiq\nBayt Natar\nal-Dulaybah\nHermel\nHikr Bayt Atiq\nKahf al-Habash\nKhirbet Hazur\nal-Majawi\nal-Mashrafah\nQasr al-Ayan\nTin al-Sabil\nJubb RamlahSubdistrict\nJubb Ramlah\nAlamiyah\nAsilah\nDeir Shamil\nDimu\nHanjur\nHizanu\nJulaymadun\nJarajis\nKanafu\nKhan Jalaymadun\nMaarin\nMahrusah\nMushashin\nQurayyat\nQurin\nSarmiyah\nSulukiyah\nUqayrabah\nZahraa\nZawi\nWadi al-UyunSubdistrict\nWadi al-Uyun\nAmmuriyah\nAyn al-Bayda\nAyn Farraj\nAyn al-Karam\nBashawi\nBayt Raqata\nBarayzah\nBir al-Wadi\nBirat al-Jurd\nDuwayr al-Mashayekh\nJabita\nKafr Laha\nKamaliyah\nMarha\nMaysara\nNaqir\nQussiyah\nal-Sindiyana\nTamarqiyah\nZaytuna\nMahardah DistrictMahardahSubdistrict\nMahardah\nAbu Ubaydah\nAbu Rubays\nal-Arid\nHalfaya\nHuwat\nal-Judaydah\nKafr Hud\nKhirbet Subin\nKhunayzir\nMaarzaf (al-Qubeir)\nal-Majdal\nShaizar\nShir\nSafsafiyah\nTell Malah\nTell Sikkin\nTremseh\nZilaqiat\nZawr al-Qaadah\nKafr ZitaSubdistrict\nKafr Zita\nArba'in\nHamamiyat\nLatmin\nal-Sayyad\nal-Zakah\nKarnazSubdistrict\nKarnaz\nal-Asman\nal-Jalamah\nJubbayn\nal-Lataminah\nal-Mughayr\nShaykh Hadid\nSalamiyah DistrictSalamiyahSubdistrict\nSalamiyah\nAli Kasun\nBardunah\nBuwaydah\nDunaybah\nDanin\nDuwaybah\nFan Qibli\nFan Wastani\nal-Ghawi\nHalban\nJamala\nal-Kafat\nKarim\nKhafiyah\nKhunayfis\nKaytalun\nal-Malih\nMarj Mattar\nNawa\nQablahat\nQubbat al-Kurdi\nal-Rubbah\nal-Sabil\nSafawi\nSamnah\nShakara\nShaykh Ali\nSibaa\nShaykh Rih\nSmakh\nSunaydah\nTell Ada\nTell Dahab\nTell Hasan Basha\nTell Khaznah\nTell Sinan\nTaldara\nTirad\nThawra\nThayl al-Jal\nTiba al-Turki\nTuba\nTulul al-Humur\nUmm al-Amad\nUmm Tuwaynah\nal-Uwayr\nZighrin\nBarriSubdistrict\nBarri Sharqi\nAbu Hanaya\nAbu Habilat\nAkash\nArshunah\nBarri al-Gharbi\nFuraytan\nal-Hardanah\nal-Khurayjah\nMafkar al-Gharbi\nMafkar Sharqi\nSalam Gharbi\nTell al-Tut\nTell Jadid\nUmm Mil\nSabburahSubdistrict\nSabburah\nAbu Khanadiq\nAqarib\nFawrah\nal-Judaydah\nJadduah\nJubb Zurayq\nJissin\nKhunayfis al-Dawsa\nMabujah\nQanafath\nQubaybat\nSalba\nSamiriyah\nShahba\nShuhayb\nTell Abd al-Aziz\nTell al-Ghir\nTell al-Shih\nUmm Khurayzah\nUqayribatSubdistrict\nUqayribat\nAbu Dali\nAbu Hakfa\nAbu al-Fashafish\nBustan al-Subeih\nDakhilah\nHamada al-Omar\nHanutah\nHaddaj\nJani al-Albawi\nJubb Abyad\nJubb Dakhilah\nJayruh\nMakhbuta\nMasud\nMashrafah\nNa'imiyah\nMakaymin Shamali\nQastal\nRasm al-Abid\nRasm Elahmar\nRasm al-Bardakana\nRuwaydah\nSuha\nTabara al-Hamra\nTahmaz\nSaanSubdistrict\nAl-Saan\nAbu Hurayk\nAbu al-Ghor\nAbu al-Qusur\nAmya\nAniq Bajra\nal-Ayah\nBaghadid\nHarat al-Sharqiyah\nHasu al-Qiblawi\nIthriya\nJakuziyah\nJubb Khasara\nMakharib\nMawilah\nQabasin al-Arab\nRahjan\nRasm al-Ahmar\nRasm Amun\nSarha\nShaykh Hilal\nal-Suwayah\nUmm MayalThis article about a location in Hama Governorate, Syria is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"لمحة موجزة عن الوحدة الإدارية في قرية نيصاف. موقع محافظة حماة (in Arabic). محافظة حماة. 29 September 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hama.ws/cms/?cat=55","url_text":"لمحة موجزة عن الوحدة الإدارية في قرية نيصاف"}]},{"reference":"Boulanger, Robert (1966). The Middle East, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Iran. Hachette.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2a8LAQAAIAAJ&q=Tell+Selhab+Hama","url_text":"The Middle East, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Iran"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)","url_text":"Robinson, E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Smith","url_text":"Smith, E."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft","url_text":"Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocker_%26_Brewster","url_text":"Crocker & Brewster"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nisaf¶ms=34.932667_N_36.377792_E_region:SY_type:city(4048)","external_links_name":"34°55′58″N 36°22′40″E / 34.932667°N 36.377792°E / 34.932667; 36.377792"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nisaf¶ms=34.932667_N_36.377792_E_region:SY_type:city(4048)","external_links_name":"34°55′58″N 36°22′40″E / 34.932667°N 36.377792°E / 34.932667; 36.377792"},{"Link":"http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB05-17-2004.htm","external_links_name":"General Census of Population and Housing 2004"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130113024141/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB05-17-2004.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/180/mode/1up","external_links_name":"180"},{"Link":"http://www.hama.ws/cms/?cat=55","external_links_name":"لمحة موجزة عن الوحدة الإدارية في قرية نيصاف"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2a8LAQAAIAAJ&q=Tell+Selhab+Hama","external_links_name":"The Middle East, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Iran"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft","external_links_name":"Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nisaf&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Minnesota | United States District Court for the District of Minnesota | ["1 United States Attorney","2 Current judges","3 Vacancies and pending nominations","4 Former judges","5 Chief judges","6 Succession of seats","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 44°56′48″N 93°5′21″W / 44.94667°N 93.08917°W / 44.94667; -93.08917Federal district court whose jurisdiction is the state of Minnesota
United States District Court for the District of Minnesota(D. Minn.)LocationMinneapolisMore locationsSaint PaulGerald W. Heaney Federal Building, United States Courthouse and Custom House(Duluth)Edward J. Devitt U.S. Courthouse and Federal Building(Fergus Falls)WinonaMankatoBemidjiAppeals toEighth CircuitEstablishedMay 11, 1858Judges7Chief JudgePatrick J. SchiltzOfficers of the courtU.S. AttorneyAndrew M. LugerU.S. MarshalEddie Frizellwww.mnd.uscourts.gov
The United States District Court for the District of Minnesota (in case citations, D. Minn.) is the federal district court whose jurisdiction is the state of Minnesota. Its two primary courthouses are in Minneapolis and Saint Paul. Cases are also heard in the federal courthouses of Duluth and Fergus Falls.
Appeals from the District of Minnesota are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).
United States Courthouse, Minneapolis
United States Attorney
The United States Attorney's Office for the District of Minnesota represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court. One notable former U.S. attorney for the District was Cushman K. Davis, who later became governor of the state and was elected to the United States Senate.
As of March 30, 2022, the United States attorney is Andrew M. Luger.
Current judges
As of February 15, 2024:
#
Title
Judge
Duty station
Born
Term of service
Appointed by
Active
Chief
Senior
33
Chief Judge
Patrick J. Schiltz
Minneapolis
1960
2006–present
2022–present
—
G.W. Bush
36
District Judge
Eric C. Tostrud
Saint Paul
1965
2018–present
—
—
Trump
37
District Judge
Nancy E. Brasel
Minneapolis
1969
2018–present
—
—
Trump
38
District Judge
Katherine M. Menendez
Minneapolis
1971
2021–present
—
—
Biden
39
District Judge
Jerry W. Blackwell
Saint Paul
1962
2022–present
—
—
Biden
40
District Judge
Jeffrey Bryan
Saint Paul
1976
2023–present
—
—
Biden
41
District Judge
vacant
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
Senior Judge
Donald Alsop
Saint Paul
1927
1974–1992
1985–1992
1992–present
Ford
24
Senior Judge
Paul A. Magnuson
Saint Paul
1937
1981–2002
1994–2001
2002–present
Reagan
26
Senior Judge
David S. Doty
Minneapolis
1929
1987–1998
—
1998–present
Reagan
28
Senior Judge
Michael J. Davis
Minneapolis
1947
1994–2015
2008–2015
2015–present
Clinton
29
Senior Judge
John R. Tunheim
Minneapolis
1953
1995–2023
2015–2022
2023–present
Clinton
30
Senior Judge
Ann D. Montgomery
Minneapolis
1949
1996–2016
—
2016–present
Clinton
31
Senior Judge
Donovan W. Frank
Saint Paul
1951
1998–2016
—
2016–present
Clinton
32
Senior Judge
Joan N. Ericksen
Minneapolis
1954
2002–2019
—
2019–present
G.W. Bush
34
Senior Judge
Susan Richard Nelson
Saint Paul
1952
2010–2021
—
2021–present
Obama
35
Senior Judge
Wilhelmina Wright
Saint Paul
1964
2016–2024
—
2024–present
Obama
^ Judge Alsop was nominated by President Nixon but was officially appointed to the Court by (i.e., received his commission from) President Ford.
Vacancies and pending nominations
Seat
Prior judge's duty station
Seat last held by
Vacancy reason
Date of vacancy
Nominee
Date of nomination
2
Saint Paul
Wilhelmina Wright
Senior status
February 15, 2024
Laura Provinzino
June 13, 2024
Former judges
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
1
Rensselaer Nelson
MN
1826–1904
1858–1896
—
—
Buchanan
retirement
2
William Lochren
MN
1832–1912
1896–1908
—
—
Cleveland
retirement
3
Page Morris
MN
1853–1924
1903–1923
—
1923–1924
T. Roosevelt
death
4
Milton D. Purdy
MN
1866–1937
1908–19091909
—
—
T. Roosevelt Taft
not confirmedresignation
5
Charles Andrew Willard
MN
1857–1914
1909–1914
—
—
Taft
death
6
Wilbur F. Booth
MN
1861–1944
1914–1925
—
—
Wilson
elevation to 8th Cir.
7
John F. McGee
MN
1861–1925
1923–1925
—
—
Harding
death
8
William Alexander Cant
MN
1863–1933
1923–1933
—
—
Harding Coolidge
death
9
Joseph W. Molyneaux
MN
1859–1940
1925–1937
—
1937–1940
Coolidge
death
10
John B. Sanborn Jr.
MN
1883–1964
1925–1932
—
—
Coolidge
elevation to 8th Cir.
11
Gunnar Nordbye
MN
1888–1977
1931–1967
1948–1959
1967–1977
Hoover
death
12
Matthew M. Joyce
MN
1877–1956
1932–1954
—
1954–1956
Hoover
death
13
Robert Cook Bell
MN
1880–1964
1933–1961
—
1961–1964
F. Roosevelt
death
14
George F. Sullivan
MN
1886–1944
1937–1944
—
—
F. Roosevelt
death
15
Dennis F. Donovan
MN
1889–1974
1945–1965
—
1965–1974
Truman
death
16
Edward Devitt
MN
1911–1992
1954–1981
1959–1981
1981–1992
Eisenhower
death
17
Earl R. Larson
MN
1911–2001
1961–1977
—
1977–2001
Kennedy
death
18
Miles Lord
MN
1919–2016
1966–1985
1981–1985
1985
L. Johnson
retirement
19
Philip Neville
MN
1909–1974
1967–1974
—
—
L. Johnson
death
21
Harry H. MacLaughlin
MN
1927–2005
1977–1992
1992
1992–2005
Carter
death
22
Diana E. Murphy
MN
1934–2018
1980–1994
1992–1994
—
Carter
elevation to 8th Cir.
23
Robert G. Renner
MN
1923–2005
1980–1992
—
1992–2005
Carter
death
25
James M. Rosenbaum
MN
1944–present
1985–2009
2001–2008
2009–2010
Reagan
retirement
27
Richard H. Kyle
MN
1937–2021
1992–2005
—
2005–2021
G.H.W. Bush
death
^ Recess appointment; the United States Senate later rejected the appointment.
^ Received a second recess appointment but resigned prior to consideration.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 15, 1923, confirmed by the Senate on January 15, 1924, and received commission the same day.
^ Judge Cant was given a recess appointment by President Harding.
^ Judge Cant was nominated by President Harding but was appointed to the Court by (i.e., received his commission from) President Coolidge.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 16, 1931, confirmed by the Senate on February 3, 1932, and received commission on February 10, 1932.
^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 10, 1955, confirmed by the Senate on February 4, 1955, and received commission on February 7, 1955.
Chief judges
Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their district court. Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the district court judges. To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge.
A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges. The chief judge serves for a term of seven years, or until age 70, whichever occurs first. The age restrictions are waived if no members of the court would otherwise be qualified for the position.
When the office was created in 1948, the chief judge was the longest-serving judge who had not elected to retire, on what has since 1958 been known as senior status, or declined to serve as chief judge. After August 6, 1959, judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old. The current rules have been in operation since October 1, 1982.
Succession of seats
Seat 1
Seat established on May 11, 1858 by 11 Stat. 285
R. Nelson
1858–1896
Lochren
1896–1908
Purdy
1908–1909
Purdy
1909
Willard
1909–1914
Booth
1914–1925
Sanborn, Jr.
1925–1932
Joyce
1932–1954
Devitt
1955–1981
Magnuson
1981–2002
Ericksen
2002–2019
Menendez
2021–present
Seat 2
Seat established on February 4, 1903 by 32 Stat. 795
Morris
1903–1923
Cant
1924–1933
Bell
1933–1961
Larson
1961–1977
MacLaughlin
1977–1992
Davis
1994–2015
Wright
2016–2024
vacant
2024–present
Seat 3
Seat established on September 14, 1922 by 42 Stat. 837 (temporary)
McGee
1923–1925
Seat abolished on February 15, 1925 (temporary judgeship expired)
Seat 4
Seat established on March 2, 1925 by 43 Stat. 1098 (temporary)
Seat made permanent on August 19, 1935 by 49 Stat. 659
Molyneaux
1925–1937
Sullivan
1937–1944
Donovan
1945–1965
Lord
1966–1985
Doty
1987–1998
Frank
1998–2016
Tostrud
2018–present
Seat 5
Seat established on May 28, 1930 by 46 Stat. 431
Nordbye
1932–1967
Neville
1967–1974
Alsop
1974–1992
Tunheim
1995–2023
Bryan
2023–present
Seat 6
Seat established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629
Renner
1980–1992
Kyle
1992–2005
Schiltz
2006–present
Seat 7
Seat established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 (temporary)
Seat made permanent on July 10, 1984 by 98 Stat. 333
Murphy
1980–1994
Montgomery
1996–2016
Brasel
2018–present
Seat 8
Seat established on July 10, 1984 by 98 Stat. 333
Rosenbaum
1985–2009
S. Nelson
2010–2021
Blackwell
2022–present
See also
Courts of Minnesota
List of current United States district judges
List of United States federal courthouses in Minnesota
References
^ "On the Nomination (Confirmation: Andrew M. Luger, of Minnesota, to be U.S. Attorney for the District of Minnesota)". US Senate. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
^ "Wright, Wilhelmina Marie". www.fjc.gov. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
External links
Official site
United States Attorney for the District of Minnesota official site
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W. Arkansas
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1 seat vacant
N. Iowa
Williams
Strand
S. Iowa
Rose
Ebinger
Locher
Minnesota
Schiltz
Tostrud
Brasel
Menendez
Blackwell
Bryan
1 seat vacant
E. Missouri
Clark
Autrey
Wimes
White
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Schelp
3 seats vacant
W. Missouri
Phillips
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1 seat vacant
Nebraska
Rossiter
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North Dakota
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South Dakota
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vteSenior district judges of the Eighth Circuit Court of AppealsE. Arkansas
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Reade
S. Iowa
Longstaff
Pratt
Gritzner
Minnesota
Alsop
Magnuson
Doty
Davis
Tunheim
Montgomery
Frank
Ericksen
Nelson
Wright
E. Missouri
Filippine
Hamilton
Perry
Webber
Laughrey
Sippel
Limbaugh
Fleissig
Ross
W. Missouri
Sachs
Whipple
Gaitan
Smith
Fenner
Laughrey
Sippel
Nebraska
Kopf
Bataillon
Gerrard
North Dakota
Conmy
Hovland
South Dakota
Piersol
Kornmann
Schreier
vteUnited States federal courts
Supreme Court of the United States
United States courts of appeals
List of United States district and territorial courts
Courts of appeals
1st
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District courts
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Minnesota
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Specialty courts
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Extinct courts
Former United States district courts
District of Orleans
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NoteAmerican Samoa does not have a district court or federal territorial court; federal matters there go to the District of Columbia, Hawaii, or its own Supreme Court.
Authority control databases
ISNI
44°56′48″N 93°5′21″W / 44.94667°N 93.08917°W / 44.94667; -93.08917 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"case citations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_citation"},{"link_name":"federal district court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_district_court"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Saint Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Duluth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Fergus Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent"},{"link_name":"Tucker Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucker_Act"},{"link_name":"Federal Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Minneapolis_federal_courthouse.jpg"}],"text":"Federal district court whose jurisdiction is the state of MinnesotaThe United States District Court for the District of Minnesota (in case citations, D. Minn.) is the federal district court whose jurisdiction is the state of Minnesota. Its two primary courthouses are in Minneapolis and Saint Paul. Cases are also heard in the federal courthouses of Duluth and Fergus Falls.Appeals from the District of Minnesota are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).United States Courthouse, Minneapolis","title":"United States District Court for the District of Minnesota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cushman K. Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushman_K._Davis"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Minnesota&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Andrew M. Luger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_M._Luger"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The United States Attorney's Office for the District of Minnesota represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court. One notable former U.S. attorney for the District was Cushman K. Davis, who later became governor of the state and was elected to the United States Senate.As of March 30, 2022[update], the United States attorney is Andrew M. Luger.[1]","title":"United States Attorney"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Minnesota&action=edit"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"As of February 15, 2024[update]:^ Judge Alsop was nominated by President Nixon but was officially appointed to the Court by (i.e., received his commission from) President Ford.","title":"Current judges"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Vacancies and pending nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Recess appointment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recess_appointment"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"rejected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejected_recess_appointments_to_United_States_federal_courts"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"}],"text":"^ Recess appointment; the United States Senate later rejected the appointment.\n\n^ Received a second recess appointment but resigned prior to consideration.\n\n^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 15, 1923, confirmed by the Senate on January 15, 1924, and received commission the same day.\n\n^ Judge Cant was given a recess appointment by President Harding.\n\n^ Judge Cant was nominated by President Harding but was appointed to the Court by (i.e., received his commission from) President Coolidge.\n\n^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 16, 1931, confirmed by the Senate on February 3, 1932, and received commission on February 10, 1932.\n\n^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 10, 1955, confirmed by the Senate on February 4, 1955, and received commission on February 7, 1955.","title":"Former judges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"senior status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_status"}],"text":"Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their district court. Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the district court judges. To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge.A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges. The chief judge serves for a term of seven years, or until age 70, whichever occurs first. The age restrictions are waived if no members of the court would otherwise be qualified for the position.When the office was created in 1948, the chief judge was the longest-serving judge who had not elected to retire, on what has since 1958 been known as senior status, or declined to serve as chief judge. After August 6, 1959, judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old. The current rules have been in operation since October 1, 1982.","title":"Chief judges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"R. Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rensselaer_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Lochren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lochren"},{"link_name":"Purdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_D._Purdy"},{"link_name":"Purdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_D._Purdy"},{"link_name":"Willard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Andrew_Willard"},{"link_name":"Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_F._Booth"},{"link_name":"Sanborn, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Sanborn_Jr."},{"link_name":"Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_M._Joyce"},{"link_name":"Devitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Devitt"},{"link_name":"Magnuson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_A._Magnuson"},{"link_name":"Ericksen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_N._Ericksen"},{"link_name":"Menendez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_M._Menendez"},{"link_name":"Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_Morris"},{"link_name":"Cant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alexander_Cant"},{"link_name":"Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cook_Bell"},{"link_name":"Larson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_R._Larson"},{"link_name":"MacLaughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_H._MacLaughlin"},{"link_name":"Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Davis"},{"link_name":"Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_Wright"},{"link_name":"McGee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._McGee"},{"link_name":"Molyneaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_W._Molyneaux"},{"link_name":"Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_F._Donovan"},{"link_name":"Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Lord"},{"link_name":"Doty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_S._Doty"},{"link_name":"Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donovan_W._Frank"},{"link_name":"Tostrud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_C._Tostrud"},{"link_name":"Nordbye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Nordbye"},{"link_name":"Neville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Neville"},{"link_name":"Alsop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Alsop"},{"link_name":"Tunheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Tunheim"},{"link_name":"Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Bryan"},{"link_name":"Renner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_G._Renner"},{"link_name":"Kyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_H._Kyle"},{"link_name":"Schiltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_J._Schiltz"},{"link_name":"Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_E._Murphy"},{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_D._Montgomery"},{"link_name":"Brasel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_E._Brasel"},{"link_name":"Rosenbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._Rosenbaum"},{"link_name":"S. Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Richard_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Blackwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_W._Blackwell"}],"text":"Seat 1\n\n\nSeat established on May 11, 1858 by 11 Stat. 285\n\n\nR. Nelson\n1858–1896\n\n\nLochren\n1896–1908\n\n\nPurdy\n1908–1909\n\n\nPurdy\n1909\n\n\nWillard\n1909–1914\n\n\nBooth\n1914–1925\n\n\nSanborn, Jr.\n1925–1932\n\n\nJoyce\n1932–1954\n\n\nDevitt\n1955–1981\n\n\nMagnuson\n1981–2002\n\n\nEricksen\n2002–2019\n\n\nMenendez\n2021–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 2\n\n\nSeat established on February 4, 1903 by 32 Stat. 795\n\n\nMorris\n1903–1923\n\n\nCant\n1924–1933\n\n\nBell\n1933–1961\n\n\nLarson\n1961–1977\n\n\nMacLaughlin\n1977–1992\n\n\nDavis\n1994–2015\n\n\nWright\n2016–2024\n\n\nvacant\n2024–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 3\n\n\nSeat established on September 14, 1922 by 42 Stat. 837 (temporary)\n\n\nMcGee\n1923–1925\n\n\nSeat abolished on February 15, 1925 (temporary judgeship expired)\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 4\n\n\nSeat established on March 2, 1925 by 43 Stat. 1098 (temporary)\n\n\nSeat made permanent on August 19, 1935 by 49 Stat. 659\n\n\nMolyneaux\n1925–1937\n\n\nSullivan\n1937–1944\n\n\nDonovan\n1945–1965\n\n\nLord\n1966–1985\n\n\nDoty\n1987–1998\n\n\nFrank\n1998–2016\n\n\nTostrud\n2018–presentSeat 5\n\n\nSeat established on May 28, 1930 by 46 Stat. 431\n\n\nNordbye\n1932–1967\n\n\nNeville\n1967–1974\n\n\nAlsop\n1974–1992\n\n\nTunheim\n1995–2023\n\n\nBryan\n2023–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 6\n\n\nSeat established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629\n\n\nRenner\n1980–1992\n\n\nKyle\n1992–2005\n\n\nSchiltz\n2006–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 7\n\n\nSeat established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 (temporary)\n\n\nSeat made permanent on July 10, 1984 by 98 Stat. 333\n\n\nMurphy\n1980–1994\n\n\nMontgomery\n1996–2016\n\n\nBrasel\n2018–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 8\n\n\nSeat established on July 10, 1984 by 98 Stat. 333\n\n\nRosenbaum\n1985–2009\n\n\nS. Nelson\n2010–2021\n\n\nBlackwell\n2022–present","title":"Succession of seats"}] | [{"image_text":"United States Courthouse, Minneapolis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Minneapolis_federal_courthouse.jpg/250px-Minneapolis_federal_courthouse.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/US_Court_of_Appeals_and_District_Court_map.svg/500px-US_Court_of_Appeals_and_District_Court_map.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Courts of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courts_of_Minnesota"},{"title":"List of current United States district judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges"},{"title":"List of United States federal courthouses in Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_courthouses_in_Minnesota"}] | [{"reference":"\"On the Nomination (Confirmation: Andrew M. Luger, of Minnesota, to be U.S. Attorney for the District of Minnesota)\". US Senate. Retrieved May 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1172/vote_117_2_00107.htm","url_text":"\"On the Nomination (Confirmation: Andrew M. Luger, of Minnesota, to be U.S. Attorney for the District of Minnesota)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wright, Wilhelmina Marie\". www.fjc.gov. Retrieved February 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fjc.gov/node/1394826","url_text":"\"Wright, Wilhelmina Marie\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Minnesota¶ms=44_56_48_N_93_5_21_W_","external_links_name":"44°56′48″N 93°5′21″W / 44.94667°N 93.08917°W / 44.94667; -93.08917"},{"Link":"http://www.mnd.uscourts.gov/","external_links_name":"www.mnd.uscourts.gov"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Minnesota&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Minnesota&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1172/vote_117_2_00107.htm","external_links_name":"\"On the Nomination (Confirmation: Andrew M. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Preston_(South_Dakota) | Lake Preston (South Dakota) | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 44°22′49″N 97°19′29″W / 44.38028°N 97.32472°W / 44.38028; -97.32472 Lake in the state of South Dakota, United States
Lake PrestonLake PrestonShow map of South DakotaLake PrestonShow map of the United StatesLocationKingsbury County, South DakotaCoordinates44°22′49″N 97°19′29″W / 44.38028°N 97.32472°W / 44.38028; -97.32472Basin countriesUnited StatesSettlementsCity of Lake Preston
Lake Preston is a lake located adjacent to and northeast of the city of Lake Preston, South Dakota. The lake is near and directly north of Lake Whitewood.
The lake has the name of William C. Preston, a United States Senator from South Carolina.
See also
List of South Dakota lakes
References
^ Kerr, Robert Floyd (1907). A History of South Dakota: From Earliest Times. Educator school supply Company. p. 29.
^ Federal Writers' Project (1940). South Dakota place-names, v.1-3. University of South Dakota. p. 47.
This South Dakota state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake"},{"link_name":"Lake Preston, South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Preston,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Lake Whitewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Whitewood"},{"link_name":"William C. Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Preston"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Lake in the state of South Dakota, United StatesLake Preston is a lake located adjacent to and northeast of the city of Lake Preston, South Dakota. The lake is near and directly north of Lake Whitewood.The lake has the name of William C. Preston, a United States Senator from South Carolina.[2]","title":"Lake Preston (South Dakota)"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of South Dakota lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_South_Dakota_lakes"}] | [{"reference":"Kerr, Robert Floyd (1907). A History of South Dakota: From Earliest Times. Educator school supply Company. p. 29.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofsouthda00robi","url_text":"A History of South Dakota: From Earliest Times"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofsouthda00robi/page/29","url_text":"29"}]},{"reference":"Federal Writers' Project (1940). South Dakota place-names, v.1-3. University of South Dakota. p. 47.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project","url_text":"Federal Writers' Project"},{"url":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015027015455;view=1up;seq=127","url_text":"South Dakota place-names, v.1-3"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Preston_(South_Dakota)¶ms=44_22_49_N_97_19_29_W_type:waterbody_region:US-SD","external_links_name":"44°22′49″N 97°19′29″W / 44.38028°N 97.32472°W / 44.38028; -97.32472"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Preston_(South_Dakota)¶ms=44_22_49_N_97_19_29_W_type:waterbody_region:US-SD","external_links_name":"44°22′49″N 97°19′29″W / 44.38028°N 97.32472°W / 44.38028; -97.32472"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofsouthda00robi","external_links_name":"A History of South Dakota: From Earliest Times"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofsouthda00robi/page/29","external_links_name":"29"},{"Link":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015027015455;view=1up;seq=127","external_links_name":"South Dakota place-names, v.1-3"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Preston_(South_Dakota)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_of_a_Heart | Triumph of a Heart | ["1 Composition","2 Critical reception","3 Chart performance","4 Music video","5 Live performance","6 Track listings and formats","7 Credits and personnel","8 Charts","9 References","10 External links"] | 2005 single by Björk"Triumph of a Heart"Single by Björkfrom the album Medúlla B-side
"Oceania"
"Desired Constellation"
"Vökuró"
"Mouth's Cradle"
Released28 February 2005Genre
Pop
dance
hip hop
Length4:04LabelOne Little IndianSongwriter(s)BjörkProducer(s)BjörkBjörk singles chronology
"Who Is It" (2004)
"Triumph of a Heart" (2005)
"Earth Intruders" (2007)
"Triumph of a Heart" is a song recorded by Icelandic singer Björk for her fifth studio album Medúlla. Written and produced by Björk, the song features beatboxer Rahzel from The Roots, Gregory Purnhagen, and Japanese beatboxer Dokaka. "Triumph of a Heart" was released on 28 February 2005, by One Little Indian. A song with elements of pop, dance, and hip hop elements, the lyrics to "Triumph of a Heart" are described as being a celebration of "the workings of anatomy".
Critical reception towards "Triumph of a Heart" was mixed; whilst some music journalists noted that it was one of the only radio-friendly songs on Medúlla as well as a successful album closer, others called the track "erratic". The song fared moderately on music charts, peaking at the top ten in Spain and reaching the top 40 in Italy and the United Kingdom. The music video for "Triumph of a Heart", directed by Spike Jonze, depicts Björk being married to a housecat, going out for a night out on the town. The track was also included on the 2007–08 Volta tour.
Composition
"Triumph of a Heart"
A 30 second sample of the song, where Björk sings the last chorus, whilst accompanied by "human trombone" singer Gregory Purnhagen, and beatboxers Rahzel and Dokaka.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Musically, "Triumph of a Heart" is a song with pop, dance, and hip-hop elements. According to Michael Hubbard from MusicOMH, the song begins with "balloons being blown up" and goes on to feature a sequenced cacophany of "meaows, mmmmms, parps, waaayaas and other side-splitting human voice noises all strung together like so many deranged pixies letting out their tensions in pixie disco land". "Triumph of a Heart" also features orchestral arrangements by the Icelandic and London Choirs, as well as hooks coming from a "human trombone", the singer Gregory Purnhagen, and beatboxers Rahzel and Dokaka. Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine said the track "could be described as "future disco", with human voices subbing for bass kick, horns, house snare, and oscillating synthesizers". In the song, Björk also lyrically "celebrates the workings of anatomy". In an interview with Radio X, Björk said that in fact the lyrics were "probably about just celebrating the body; cells doing rollercoaster rides up and down your body, in the blood and the lungs. Just singing". With Interview magazine, whilst asked about the song's lyrics, the singer stated that,
"I always think I'm saying something really upfront and direct. I guess through the years, I've probably done a lot of alternative medicine like acupuncture. I'm probably interested in the Chinese things overall. But that song is actually about that because—I don't know if you understand this—but I have a tendency to finish my kidney energy. It's my weakness. And if you kick your heels into the earth, you send back the kidney energy. So I was trying to have one verse about that, and one verse about oxygen, and one verse about the nerves".
Critical reception
Dominique Leone, writing for Pitchfork magazine, said the track was one of the only songs on the album that might conceivably work on the radio. Chris Willman from Entertainment Weekly said "Triumph of a Heart" was "peppy" and "most easily digestible" than the rest of the album and "tucked away at the disc's end" it was like a "reward for making it through the more challenging passages". Justin Petrone of The Baltic Times newspaper said "Triumph of a Heart" was "as bouncy and pop as any of her best, a true symbol that the record has succeeded". BBC Manchester said that "the punching rhythm" of the track twitches "through the spine". Blender's Ann Powers recommended the track for download. Mark Daniell from Jam! website commented that "she envelops all sensory perceptions on the breathy, beat-box laden" songs like "Triumph of a Heart". David Buckley from Mojo said "of the 14 songs here, only Who Is It and Triumph of a Heart could in any way be called radio-friendly". Although People magazine gave Medúlla a negative review, it recommended "Triumph of a Heart" for download. The Milk Factory website noted on the song there were hints of Björk's poppier days "cleverly blended into Medúlla's unconventional template". Heather Phares from AllMusic said "there's something simian about Dokaka's gleeful babbling and beats" on "Triumph of a Heart".
Matthew Gasteiser from Prefix magazine commented that "Triumph of a Heart" closes the album with an "awe-inspiring performance" by Dokaka, who "helps create a dance beat complete with trumpet that could have fit right in on 1993's Debut", and that along with "Who Is It", it was an "excellent addition" to her catalogue, but noted that "both seem to be bereft of instruments simply to serve the concept. Fortunately, Bjork arranged them as lynchpins, holding the record's emotional strands together". Dom Sinacola from Coke Machine Glow website said that the track reunites "a clean menagerie of guest stars, rolling out Dokaka, Rahzel, and a bit of Schlomo for a tweaked disco boogie. Björk answers with a pump-crushing final anthem of sorts, going out breathlessly". Although he called it "abrupt and winded", he felt that the song was "just incomplete". According to Spence D. from IGN "Triumph of a Heart" was "the most erratic and quirky number of the entire set". Whilst the "human trombone" of Gregory Purnhagen "intertwines itself with the dueling beatbox verbal acrobatics of Rahzel and Dokaka", it creates a "strange cross culture of head nodding dance music and fairy tale pop cacophony". Brent DiCrescenzo from Time Out magazine ranked "Triumph of a Heart" as the sixth of "The 11 best Björk songs ever", calling the song "brilliant", and elaborating that "this album closer is the playful polar opposite of uptight".
Chart performance
In the United Kingdom, "Triumph of a Heart" debuted at its peak of number 31 on the UK Singles Chart on the issue dated 6 March 2005, and as of 2020, remains her last UK Top 40 hit. The song debuted at number 45 in Italy on 17 March 2005, before peaking at number 33 the week after. It fell off the chart the next week. In France, "Triumph of a Heart" debuted at its peak of number 63, before spending four other weeks and falling off the chart. It was a success in Spain, debuting at number seven on the issue dated 6 March 2005, and peaking at number six.
Music video
Björk and her husband, played by a cat, in the music video for "Triumph of a Heart"
The accompanying music video for "Triumph of a Heart" was directed by Spike Jonze, who also directed the videos for "It's Oh So Quiet" and "It's in Our Hands". It was filmed in August 2004 in Reykjavík, Iceland, Björk's hometown. The video was premiered on 21 January 2005 through Björk's official website. In the video, Björk tired of her husband, played by a housecat, storms out of the house for a night out on the town. She goes to a pub where she drinks and hangs out with some friends. Then, she goes to the restrooms and the song stops, and the locals, including Dokaka, start beatboxing and making noises. When Björk is back, she joins the crew for a special performance of the song recorded for the video with samples from the "Audition Mix" of the song.
They go out of the pub and Björk runs through the town drunk, falling over at one point. Later, she wakes up on a road with scratches and bruises all over her body. The forehead injury really happened during filming. She gets up and continues to sing the song, with hearts coming from her mouth. The cat-husband sees the hearts from his house and finds out Björk's location. He picks her up in his car and they go home. At home, the two share a kiss and dance as the song ends. The making of the video is documented in a bonus feature that appears on The Medúlla Videos DVD (2005), which focuses on the auditions for the bar patrons who had to be able to make the noises and sound effects required for the song. An image of the cat in a suit reading a newspaper has become a popular internet meme, known as the 'I Should Buy A....' meme.
The video was well received by critics. It was placed number two on "The 10 best Björk music videos" list by Time Out magazine's David Ehrlich, who said that "it sure feels like the greatest music video ever made while you're watching it", also saying that the video's ending shows that "Björk is an independent woman, but it's always nice to have someone to dance with during breakfast". The video was also the 50th on "The 50 Best Music Videos of the Aughts" list by Slant Magazine, with Ed Gonzalez commenting that it "is more than just an uproarious collection of sight gags". The same magazine chose the video as the seventh best music video by Björk.
Live performance
"Triumph of a Heart" was first performed live on 20 April 2008 during the Volta tour at the Hammersmith Apollo in London. It was also added to setlists for other shows during the tour.
Track listings and formats
UK CD1
"Triumph of a Heart" (Radio Edit) – 3:00
"Desired Constellation" (Ben Frost's School of Emotional Engineering Mix) – 5:54
UK CD2
"Triumph of a Heart" (Audition Mix) – 4:17
"Vökuró" (Gonzales Mix) – 4:18
"Mouth's Cradle" (Recomposed by Ensemble) – 4:11
UK DVD
"Triumph of a Heart" (Video) – 5:22
"Oceania" (Piano & Vocal) – 2:59
"Desired Constellation" (Choir Mix) – 4:44
EU CD
"Triumph of a Heart" (Audition Mix) – 4:17
"Vökuró" (Gonzales Mix) – 4:18
"Mouth's Cradle" (Recomposed by Ensemble) – 4:11
"Desired Constellation" (Ben Frost's School of Emotional Engineering Mix) – 5:54
"Triumph of a Heart" (radio edit) – 3:00
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from Medúlla album booklet.
Björk – lead vocals, songwriting, producer, arrangement, programming
Dokaka – beatboxing
Rahzel – beatboxing
Mark Bell – programming
Gregory Purnhagen – human trombone
Valgeir Sigurdsson – programming
Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing
Charts
Chart (2005)
Peakposition
France (SNEP)
63
Italy (FIMI)
33
Scotland (OCC)
43
Spain (PROMUSICAE)
6
UK Singles (OCC)
31
UK Indie (OCC)
3
References
^ a b c d Jon, Pareles (29 August 2004). "MUSIC; Bjork Grabs The World By the Throat". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ a b D., Spence (1 September 2016). "Bjork - Medulla - Page 2 of 2". IGN. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ Battaglia, Andy (8 September 2004). "Björk: Medulla". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
^ Darling, Wendy. "Björk Does It Again". Inception. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ a b Willman, Chris (10 September 2004). "Medulla". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
^ Hubbard, Michael. "Bjork - Triumph of a Heart (One Little Indian)". MusicOMH. Archived from the original on 6 March 2005. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ a b Cinquemani, Sal (26 August 2004). "Björk Medúlla". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ Mylnar, Phillip (10 October 2011). "Sounds Go Through The Muscles: Bjork's Top Ten Hip-Hop Connections". The Village Voice. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ "Björk on 'Medulla'". Radio X 104.9 FM. London. 25 August 2004. Radio X. 104.9. Archived from the original on 19 September 2004.{{cite episode}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Anderson, Laurie (November 2004). "Björk". Interview. New York. ISSN 0149-8932.
^ Leone, Dominique (30 August 2004). "Björk: Medulla". Pitchfork. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
^ Petrone, Justin (2 September 2004). "Another musical medal for Bjork". The Baltic Times. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ "Bjork - Medulla". BBC Manchester. 1 September 2004. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ Powers, Ann. "Björk - Medúlla". Blender. Archived from the original on 19 October 2004. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
^ Daniell, Mark (1 September 2004). "Medulla". Jam!. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ Buckley, David (September 2004). "Björk: Medulla". Mojo (130). London: 93. ISSN 1351-0193.
^ "Björk - Medúlla". People. September 2004. ISSN 0093-7673. Archived from the original on 23 August 2006. Retrieved 20 August 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "BJORK Medula". The Music Factory. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ Phares, Heather. "Medúlla – Björk". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
^ Gasteiser, Matthew (31 August 2004). "Bjork - Medulla". Prefix. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
^ "Björk: Medúlla (Elektra; 2004)". Cokemachineglow. 1 September 2004. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ DiCrescenzo, Brent (26 February 2015). "The 11 best Björk songs ever". Time Out. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ a b "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
^ a b "Björk – Triumph of a Heart". Top Digital Download. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
^ a b "Björk – Triumph of a Heart" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
^ a b "Björk – Triumph of a Heart" Canciones Top 50. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
^ "the triumph of a heart". bjork.com. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ "The Premiere of Triumph of a Heart". bjork.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2006. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ Osborn, Brad (2013). "Hearing Heima: Ecological and Ecocritical Approaches to Meaning in Three Icelandic Music Videos". Analyzing the Music of Living Composers. Cambridge Scholars Press: 222–226. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ "Directors Label continues". bjork.com. 24 May 2005. Archived from the original on 1 January 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ Moss, Laura. "10 of the Web's most popular cat memes". Mother Nature Network. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
^ Ehrlich, David (3 March 2015). "The 10 best Bjork music videos". Time Out. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ "The 50 Best Music Videos of the Aughts". Slant Magazine. 20 January 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ Cinquemani, Sal (5 July 2013). "Top 10 Björk Music Videos". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ "gigOgraphy". bjork.com. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ "gigOgraphy: Volta Tour summary". bjork.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2010. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
^ "Triumph of a Heart" UK CD 1 (Media notes). Björk. One Little Indian Records. 2005. 447TP7CD1.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ "Triumph of a Heart" UK CD 2 (Media notes). Björk. One Little Indian Records. 2005. 447TP7CD2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ "Triumph of a Heart" UK DVD (Media notes). Björk. One Little Indian Records. 2005. 9870331.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ "Triumph of a Heart" EU CD (Media notes). Björk. One Little Indian Records. 2005. 9870331.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Medúlla (European album liner notes). Björk. One Little Indian Records. 2004. 9867589.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
^ "Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
External links
Official music video on "Youtube" — YouTube.
Triumph of a Heart webpage
vteBjörk songs
Discography
Live performances
Songs
Debut
"Human Behaviour"
"Venus as a Boy"
"Big Time Sensuality"
"Violently Happy"
"Play Dead"
Post
"Army of Me"
"Hyperballad"
"It's Oh So Quiet"
"Isobel"
"Possibly Maybe"
"I Miss You"
Homogenic
"Hunter"
"Jóga"
"Unravel"
"Bachelorette"
"All Neon Like"
"Alarm Call"
"Pluto"
"All Is Full of Love"
Vespertine
"Hidden Place"
"Pagan Poetry"
"Cocoon"
Medúlla
"Where Is the Line"
"Who Is It"
"Oceania"
"Triumph of a Heart"
Volta
"Earth Intruders"
"Wanderlust"
"The Dull Flame of Desire"
"Innocence"
"Declare Independence"
Biophilia
"Moon"
"Crystalline"
"Cosmogony"
"Virus"
"Mutual Core"
Vulnicura
"Stonemilker"
"Lionsong"
"Black Lake"
Utopia
"Arisen My Senses"
"Blissing Me"
"The Gate"
Fossora
"Atopos"
"Ovule"
"Ancestress"
Other songs
"I Remember You"
"Vísur Vatnsenda-Rósu"
"Bedtime Story"
"I've Seen It All"
"It's in Our Hands"
"Náttúra"
"The Comet Song"
"Oral"
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Björk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk"},{"link_name":"Medúlla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med%C3%BAlla"},{"link_name":"Rahzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahzel"},{"link_name":"The Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roots"},{"link_name":"One Little Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Little_Indian"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_music"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"music journalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_journalism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign-2"},{"link_name":"Spike Jonze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Jonze"},{"link_name":"Volta tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_tour"}],"text":"2005 single by Björk\"Triumph of a Heart\" is a song recorded by Icelandic singer Björk for her fifth studio album Medúlla. Written and produced by Björk, the song features beatboxer Rahzel from The Roots, Gregory Purnhagen, and Japanese beatboxer Dokaka. \"Triumph of a Heart\" was released on 28 February 2005, by One Little Indian. A song with elements of pop, dance, and hip hop elements, the lyrics to \"Triumph of a Heart\" are described as being a celebration of \"the workings of anatomy\".[1]Critical reception towards \"Triumph of a Heart\" was mixed; whilst some music journalists noted that it was one of the only radio-friendly songs on Medúlla as well as a successful album closer, others called the track \"erratic\".[2] The song fared moderately on music charts, peaking at the top ten in Spain and reaching the top 40 in Italy and the United Kingdom. The music video for \"Triumph of a Heart\", directed by Spike Jonze, depicts Björk being married to a housecat, going out for a night out on the town. The track was also included on the 2007–08 Volta tour.","title":"Triumph of a Heart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Triumph of a Heart\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triumph_of_a_Heart_sound_sample.ogg"},{"link_name":"beatboxers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatboxer"},{"link_name":"Rahzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahzel"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_music"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"hip-hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ew-5"},{"link_name":"MusicOMH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MusicOMH"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"arrangements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrangement_(music)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slant-7"},{"link_name":"hooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_(music)"},{"link_name":"beatboxers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatboxer"},{"link_name":"Rahzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahzel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Slant Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slant-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"Radio X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_X_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Interview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interview_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"\"Triumph of a Heart\"\n\nA 30 second sample of the song, where Björk sings the last chorus, whilst accompanied by \"human trombone\" singer Gregory Purnhagen, and beatboxers Rahzel and Dokaka.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.Musically, \"Triumph of a Heart\" is a song with pop,[3] dance,[4][1] and hip-hop elements.[5] According to Michael Hubbard from MusicOMH, the song begins with \"balloons being blown up\" and goes on to feature a sequenced cacophany of \"meaows, mmmmms, parps, waaayaas and other side-splitting human voice noises all strung together like so many deranged pixies letting out their tensions in pixie disco land\".[6] \"Triumph of a Heart\" also features orchestral arrangements by the Icelandic and London Choirs,[7] as well as hooks coming from a \"human trombone\", the singer Gregory Purnhagen, and beatboxers Rahzel and Dokaka.[1][8] Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine said the track \"could be described as \"future disco\", with human voices subbing for bass kick, horns, house snare, and oscillating synthesizers\".[7] In the song, Björk also lyrically \"celebrates the workings of anatomy\".[1] In an interview with Radio X, Björk said that in fact the lyrics were \"probably about just celebrating the body; cells doing rollercoaster rides up and down your body, in the blood and the lungs. Just singing\".[9] With Interview magazine, whilst asked about the song's lyrics, the singer stated that,\"I always think I'm saying something really upfront and direct. I guess through the years, I've probably done a lot of alternative medicine like acupuncture. I'm probably interested in the Chinese things overall. But that song is actually about that because—I don't know if you understand this—but I have a tendency to finish my kidney energy. It's my weakness. And if you kick your heels into the earth, you send back the kidney energy. So I was trying to have one verse about that, and one verse about oxygen, and one verse about the nerves\".[10]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dominique Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Leone"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ew-5"},{"link_name":"The Baltic Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baltic_Times"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"BBC Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Blender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blender_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Jam!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam!"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Mojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mojo-16"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign-2"},{"link_name":"Time Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Dominique Leone, writing for Pitchfork magazine, said the track was one of the only songs on the album that might conceivably work on the radio.[11] Chris Willman from Entertainment Weekly said \"Triumph of a Heart\" was \"peppy\" and \"most easily digestible\" than the rest of the album and \"tucked away at the disc's end\" it was like a \"reward for making it through the more challenging passages\".[5] Justin Petrone of The Baltic Times newspaper said \"Triumph of a Heart\" was \"as bouncy and pop as any of her best, a true symbol that the record has succeeded\".[12] BBC Manchester said that \"the punching rhythm\" of the track twitches \"through the spine\".[13] Blender's Ann Powers recommended the track for download.[14] Mark Daniell from Jam! website commented that \"she envelops all sensory perceptions on the breathy, beat-box laden\" songs like \"Triumph of a Heart\".[15] David Buckley from Mojo said \"of the 14 songs here, only Who Is It and Triumph of a Heart could in any way be called radio-friendly\".[16] Although People magazine gave Medúlla a negative review, it recommended \"Triumph of a Heart\" for download.[17] The Milk Factory website noted on the song there were hints of Björk's poppier days \"cleverly blended into Medúlla's unconventional template\".[18] Heather Phares from AllMusic said \"there's something simian about Dokaka's gleeful babbling and beats\" on \"Triumph of a Heart\".[19]Matthew Gasteiser from Prefix magazine commented that \"Triumph of a Heart\" closes the album with an \"awe-inspiring performance\" by Dokaka, who \"helps create a dance beat complete with trumpet that could have fit right in on 1993's Debut\", and that along with \"Who Is It\", it was an \"excellent addition\" to her catalogue, but noted that \"both seem to be bereft of instruments simply to serve the concept. Fortunately, Bjork arranged them as lynchpins, holding the record's emotional strands together\".[20] Dom Sinacola from Coke Machine Glow website said that the track reunites \"a clean menagerie of guest stars, rolling out Dokaka, Rahzel, and a bit of Schlomo for a tweaked disco boogie. Björk answers with a pump-crushing final anthem of sorts, going out breathlessly\". Although he called it \"abrupt and winded\", he felt that the song was \"just incomplete\".[21] According to Spence D. from IGN \"Triumph of a Heart\" was \"the most erratic and quirky number of the entire set\". Whilst the \"human trombone\" of Gregory Purnhagen \"intertwines itself with the dueling beatbox verbal acrobatics of Rahzel and Dokaka\", it creates a \"strange cross culture of head nodding dance music and fairy tale pop cacophony\".[2] Brent DiCrescenzo from Time Out magazine ranked \"Triumph of a Heart\" as the sixth of \"The 11 best Björk songs ever\", calling the song \"brilliant\", and elaborating that \"this album closer is the playful polar opposite of uptight\".[22]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-italy-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-france-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spain-26"}],"text":"In the United Kingdom, \"Triumph of a Heart\" debuted at its peak of number 31 on the UK Singles Chart on the issue dated 6 March 2005, and as of 2020, remains her last UK Top 40 hit.[23] The song debuted at number 45 in Italy on 17 March 2005, before peaking at number 33 the week after. It fell off the chart the next week.[24] In France, \"Triumph of a Heart\" debuted at its peak of number 63, before spending four other weeks and falling off the chart.[25] It was a success in Spain, debuting at number seven on the issue dated 6 March 2005, and peaking at number six.[26]","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triumph_of_a_Heart.png"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Spike Jonze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Jonze"},{"link_name":"It's Oh So Quiet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Oh_So_Quiet"},{"link_name":"It's in Our Hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_in_Our_Hands"},{"link_name":"Reykjavík, Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk,_Iceland"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"The Medúlla Videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Med%C3%BAlla_Videos"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Björk and her husband, played by a cat, in the music video for \"Triumph of a Heart\"The accompanying music video for \"Triumph of a Heart\" was directed by Spike Jonze, who also directed the videos for \"It's Oh So Quiet\" and \"It's in Our Hands\". It was filmed in August 2004 in Reykjavík, Iceland, Björk's hometown.[27] The video was premiered on 21 January 2005 through Björk's official website.[28] In the video, Björk tired of her husband, played by a housecat, storms out of the house for a night out on the town. She goes to a pub where she drinks and hangs out with some friends. Then, she goes to the restrooms and the song stops, and the locals, including Dokaka, start beatboxing and making noises. When Björk is back, she joins the crew for a special performance of the song recorded for the video with samples from the \"Audition Mix\" of the song.[29]They go out of the pub and Björk runs through the town drunk, falling over at one point. Later, she wakes up on a road with scratches and bruises all over her body. The forehead injury really happened during filming. She gets up and continues to sing the song, with hearts coming from her mouth. The cat-husband sees the hearts from his house and finds out Björk's location. He picks her up in his car and they go home. At home, the two share a kiss and dance as the song ends. The making of the video is documented in a bonus feature that appears on The Medúlla Videos DVD (2005), which focuses on the auditions for the bar patrons who had to be able to make the noises and sound effects required for the song.[30] An image of the cat in a suit reading a newspaper has become a popular internet meme, known as the 'I Should Buy A....' meme.[31]The video was well received by critics. It was placed number two on \"The 10 best Björk music videos\" list by Time Out magazine's David Ehrlich, who said that \"it sure feels like the greatest music video ever made while you're watching it\", also saying that the video's ending shows that \"Björk is an independent woman, but it's always nice to have someone to dance with during breakfast\".[32] The video was also the 50th on \"The 50 Best Music Videos of the Aughts\" list by Slant Magazine, with Ed Gonzalez commenting that it \"is more than just an uproarious collection of sight gags\".[33] The same magazine chose the video as the seventh best music video by Björk.[34]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Volta tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_tour"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_Apollo"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"\"Triumph of a Heart\" was first performed live on 20 April 2008 during the Volta tour at the Hammersmith Apollo in London.[35] It was also added to setlists for other shows during the tour.[36]","title":"Live performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Ben Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Frost_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Gonzales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzales_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_(band)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"UK CD1[37]\n\"Triumph of a Heart\" (Radio Edit) – 3:00\n\"Desired Constellation\" (Ben Frost's School of Emotional Engineering Mix) – 5:54\nUK CD2[38]\n\"Triumph of a Heart\" (Audition Mix) – 4:17\n\"Vökuró\" (Gonzales Mix) – 4:18\n\"Mouth's Cradle\" (Recomposed by Ensemble) – 4:11\n\n\nUK DVD[39]\n\"Triumph of a Heart\" (Video) – 5:22\n\"Oceania\" (Piano & Vocal) – 2:59\n\"Desired Constellation\" (Choir Mix) – 4:44\nEU CD[40]\n\"Triumph of a Heart\" (Audition Mix) – 4:17\n\"Vökuró\" (Gonzales Mix) – 4:18\n\"Mouth's Cradle\" (Recomposed by Ensemble) – 4:11\n\"Desired Constellation\" (Ben Frost's School of Emotional Engineering Mix) – 5:54\n\"Triumph of a Heart\" (radio edit) – 3:00","title":"Track listings and formats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Björk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk"},{"link_name":"beatboxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatboxing"},{"link_name":"Rahzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahzel"},{"link_name":"Mark Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bell_(British_musician)"},{"link_name":"human trombone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_trumpet"},{"link_name":"Valgeir Sigurdsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgeir_Sigurdsson"},{"link_name":"Mark \"Spike\" Stent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_%22Spike%22_Stent"}],"text":"Credits adapted from Medúlla album booklet.[41]Björk – lead vocals, songwriting, producer, arrangement, programming\nDokaka – beatboxing\nRahzel – beatboxing\nMark Bell – programming\nGregory Purnhagen – human trombone\nValgeir Sigurdsson – programming\nMark \"Spike\" Stent – mixing","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Björk and her husband, played by a cat, in the music video for \"Triumph of a Heart\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d9/Triumph_of_a_Heart.png/220px-Triumph_of_a_Heart.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Jon, Pareles (29 August 2004). \"MUSIC; Bjork Grabs The World By the Throat\". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/29/arts/music-bjork-grabs-the-world-by-the-throat.html","url_text":"\"MUSIC; Bjork Grabs The World By the Throat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"D., Spence (1 September 2016). \"Bjork - Medulla - Page 2 of 2\". IGN. Retrieved 20 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2004/09/01/bjork-medulla?page=2","url_text":"\"Bjork - Medulla - Page 2 of 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"Battaglia, Andy (8 September 2004). \"Björk: Medulla\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 24 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/review/bjork-emmedullaem-11288","url_text":"\"Björk: Medulla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"}]},{"reference":"Darling, Wendy. \"Björk Does It Again\". Inception. Retrieved 20 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inception-magazine.com/fall04/review_medulla.htm","url_text":"\"Björk Does It Again\""}]},{"reference":"Willman, Chris (10 September 2004). \"Medulla\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ew.com/article/2004/09/10/medulla","url_text":"\"Medulla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Hubbard, Michael. \"Bjork - Triumph of a Heart (One Little Indian)\". MusicOMH. Archived from the original on 6 March 2005. Retrieved 20 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050306034801/http://www.musicomh.com/singles3/bjork-3.htm","url_text":"\"Bjork - Triumph of a Heart (One Little Indian)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MusicOMH","url_text":"MusicOMH"},{"url":"http://www.musicomh.com/singles3/bjork-3.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cinquemani, Sal (26 August 2004). \"Björk Medúlla\". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 20 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/bjork-medulla","url_text":"\"Björk Medúlla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine","url_text":"Slant Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Mylnar, Phillip (10 October 2011). \"Sounds Go Through The Muscles: Bjork's Top Ten Hip-Hop Connections\". The Village Voice. Retrieved 20 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.villagevoice.com/2011/10/10/sounds-go-through-the-muscles-bjorks-top-ten-hip-hop-connections/","url_text":"\"Sounds Go Through The Muscles: Bjork's Top Ten Hip-Hop Connections\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice","url_text":"The Village Voice"}]},{"reference":"\"Björk on 'Medulla'\". Radio X 104.9 FM. London. 25 August 2004. Radio X. 104.9. Archived from the original on 19 September 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040919110251/http://www.xfm.co.uk/Article.asp?b=multimedia&id=37313","url_text":"\"Björk on 'Medulla'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_X_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"Radio X"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Laurie (November 2004). \"Björk\". Interview. New York. ISSN 0149-8932.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_Anderson","url_text":"Anderson, Laurie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interview_(magazine)","url_text":"Interview"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0149-8932","url_text":"0149-8932"}]},{"reference":"Leone, Dominique (30 August 2004). \"Björk: Medulla\". Pitchfork. Retrieved 7 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Leone","url_text":"Leone, Dominique"},{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/737-medulla/","url_text":"\"Björk: Medulla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"Petrone, Justin (2 September 2004). \"Another musical medal for Bjork\". The Baltic Times. Retrieved 20 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/10811/","url_text":"\"Another musical medal for Bjork\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baltic_Times","url_text":"The Baltic Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Bjork - Medulla\". BBC Manchester. 1 September 2004. Retrieved 20 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2004/08/26/bjork_medulla_music_album_review.shtml","url_text":"\"Bjork - Medulla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Manchester","url_text":"BBC Manchester"}]},{"reference":"Powers, Ann. \"Björk - Medúlla\". Blender. Archived from the original on 19 October 2004. Retrieved 20 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041019050128/http://www.blender.com/guide/reviews.aspx?id=2740","url_text":"\"Björk - Medúlla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blender_(magazine)","url_text":"Blender"},{"url":"http://www.blender.com/guide/reviews.aspx?id=2740","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Daniell, Mark (1 September 2004). \"Medulla\". Jam!. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170820161948/http://jam.canoe.com/Music/Artists/B/Bjork/AlbumReviews/2004/09/01/pf-770396.html","url_text":"\"Medulla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam!","url_text":"Jam!"},{"url":"http://jam.canoe.com/Music/Artists/B/Bjork/AlbumReviews/2004/09/01/pf-770396.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Buckley, David (September 2004). \"Björk: Medulla\". Mojo (130). London: 93. ISSN 1351-0193.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)","url_text":"Mojo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1351-0193","url_text":"1351-0193"}]},{"reference":"\"Björk - Medúlla\". People. September 2004. ISSN 0093-7673. Archived from the original on 23 August 2006. 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One Little Indian Records. 2005. 447TP7CD1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk","url_text":"Björk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Little_Indian_Records","url_text":"One Little Indian Records"}]},{"reference":"\"Triumph of a Heart\" UK CD 2 (Media notes). Björk. One Little Indian Records. 2005. 447TP7CD2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk","url_text":"Björk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Little_Indian_Records","url_text":"One Little Indian Records"}]},{"reference":"\"Triumph of a Heart\" UK DVD (Media notes). Björk. One Little Indian Records. 2005. 9870331.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk","url_text":"Björk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Little_Indian_Records","url_text":"One Little Indian Records"}]},{"reference":"\"Triumph of a Heart\" EU CD (Media notes). Björk. One Little Indian Records. 2005. 9870331.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk","url_text":"Björk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Little_Indian_Records","url_text":"One Little Indian Records"}]},{"reference":"Medúlla (European album liner notes). Björk. One Little Indian Records. 2004. 9867589.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med%C3%BAlla","url_text":"Medúlla"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/29/arts/music-bjork-grabs-the-world-by-the-throat.html","external_links_name":"\"MUSIC; Bjork Grabs The World By the Throat\""},{"Link":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2004/09/01/bjork-medulla?page=2","external_links_name":"\"Bjork - Medulla - Page 2 of 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/review/bjork-emmedullaem-11288","external_links_name":"\"Björk: Medulla\""},{"Link":"http://www.inception-magazine.com/fall04/review_medulla.htm","external_links_name":"\"Björk Does It Again\""},{"Link":"http://www.ew.com/article/2004/09/10/medulla","external_links_name":"\"Medulla\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050306034801/http://www.musicomh.com/singles3/bjork-3.htm","external_links_name":"\"Bjork - Triumph of a Heart (One Little Indian)\""},{"Link":"http://www.musicomh.com/singles3/bjork-3.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/bjork-medulla","external_links_name":"\"Björk Medúlla\""},{"Link":"https://www.villagevoice.com/2011/10/10/sounds-go-through-the-muscles-bjorks-top-ten-hip-hop-connections/","external_links_name":"\"Sounds Go Through The Muscles: Bjork's Top Ten Hip-Hop Connections\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040919110251/http://www.xfm.co.uk/Article.asp?b=multimedia&id=37313","external_links_name":"\"Björk on 'Medulla'\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0149-8932","external_links_name":"0149-8932"},{"Link":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/737-medulla/","external_links_name":"\"Björk: Medulla\""},{"Link":"https://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/10811/","external_links_name":"\"Another musical medal for Bjork\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2004/08/26/bjork_medulla_music_album_review.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Bjork - Medulla\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041019050128/http://www.blender.com/guide/reviews.aspx?id=2740","external_links_name":"\"Björk - Medúlla\""},{"Link":"http://www.blender.com/guide/reviews.aspx?id=2740","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170820161948/http://jam.canoe.com/Music/Artists/B/Bjork/AlbumReviews/2004/09/01/pf-770396.html","external_links_name":"\"Medulla\""},{"Link":"http://jam.canoe.com/Music/Artists/B/Bjork/AlbumReviews/2004/09/01/pf-770396.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1351-0193","external_links_name":"1351-0193"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060823175559/http://unit.bjork.com/specials/albums/medulla/magz/img/People_01.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Björk - Medúlla\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0093-7673","external_links_name":"0093-7673"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214836/http://www.themilkfactory.co.uk/reviews/bjork_medula.htm","external_links_name":"\"BJORK Medula\""},{"Link":"http://www.themilkfactory.co.uk/reviews/bjork_medula.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/med%C3%BAlla-mw0000712627","external_links_name":"\"Medúlla – Björk\""},{"Link":"http://www.prefixmag.com/reviews/bjork/medulla/13829/","external_links_name":"\"Bjork - Medulla\""},{"Link":"http://cokemachineglow.com/records/bjork-medulla-2004/","external_links_name":"\"Björk: Medúlla (Elektra; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3970th_Strategic_Wing | Nevada Test and Training Range (military unit) | ["1 Organization","2 History","2.1 Organization and Korean War","2.2 Cold War","2.3 European Mission","2.4 Post Cold War","3 Lineage","3.1 Assignments","3.2 Stations","3.3 Components","3.4 Aircraft and missiles","3.5 Awards","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Notes","5.2 Bibliography","6 External links"] | "98th Bombardment Wing" redirects here. For the 98th Bombardment Wing of World War II, see 98th Bombardment Wing (U.S. Army Air Forces).
This article is about the organization named the Nevada Test and Training Range. For the Nevada Test and Training Range as a geographic area, see Nevada Test and Training Range.
Nevada Test and Training Range
The unit's patch on a pilot's flight suit in 2022Active1948–19661966–19762001–presentCountry United StatesBranch United States Air ForceTypeRange OperationPart ofAir Combat Command
United States Air Force Warfare Center
Garrison/HQNellis Air Force Base, NevadaNickname(s)PyramidiersMotto(s)Force for FreedomEngagementsWorld War II – EAME TheaterKorean WarDecorationsDistinguished Unit CitationAir Force Outstanding Unit AwardRepublic of Korea Presidential Unit CitationCommandersCurrentcommanderColonel Michael G. RiderInsigniaNevada Test and Training Range emblemMilitary unit
The Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR) is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the United States Air Force Warfare Center of Air Combat Command. The unit is stationed at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada as a tenant unit.
The NTTR controls and operates the Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR). The commander coordinates, prioritizes and is the approval authority for activities involving other governmental agencies, departments and commercial activities on the NTTR. The NTTR integrates and provides support for test and training programs that have a direct effect on the war-fighting capabilities of the combat air forces.
The history of the NTTR can be traced to its predecessor, the 98th Bombardment Group, a B-24 Liberator heavy bomber group that fought in North Africa and Italy during World War II. The group was last assigned to the range as the 98th Operations Group in 2011 and its history and honors have been temporarily been bestowed on the range. Two of the group's members, Colonel John R. (Killer) Kane and First Lieutenant Donald Pucket were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions in combat. The group flew a total of 417 missions and earning a total of 15 battle streamers as well as two Distinguished Unit Citations.
During the early years of the Cold War, the 98th Bombardment Wing (BW), Very Heavy was formed in 1947 and assigned to Strategic Air Command. Further redesignations followed as the wing mission changed, including the 98th Strategic Aerospace Wing when it added intercontinental ballistic missiles to its bomber force in 1964, and later the 98th Strategic Wing when it moved to Spain to control deployed Strategic Air Command (SAC) assets in 1966. The 98th Strategic Wing was inactivated on 31 December 1976 with the phaseout of SAC operations at Torrejon AB, Spain and its functions transferred to the 306th Strategic Wing at Ramstein AB, West Germany.
As of July 2022, the NTTR is commanded by Colonel Michael G. Rider.
Organization
Operations Directorate The directorate provides day-to-day control of the geographical NTTR. It has two divisions, Current Operations and Weapons. It supports Air Force, joint and multi-national test and training activities, and operates the geographic NTTR and Leach Lake Tactics Range near Barstow, Calif. It prioritizes and schedules all range activities for all range users, provides ground control intercept operations, flight-following safety deconfliction, simulated threat command and control operations, communications, data link operations, and range access control. It also assists test customers by coordinating support activities, and coordinates airspace issues with military and federal agencies.
Mission Support Directorate The directorate provides base operating support on the 3-million-acre (12,000 km2) Nevada Test and Training Range with contingents at three geographically separated operations and maintenance compounds, including Tonopah Electronic Combat Range, Point Bravo Electronic Combat Combat Range and Tolicha Peak Electronic Combat Range. It provides limited operational support at Creech AFB and the Tonopah Test Range. It supports training operations of the 99th Ground Combat Training Squadron, 12th Combat Training Squadron, and 549th Combat Training Squadron.
Financial Management Directorate The directorate manages and executes the NTTR budget. It monitors and collects reimbursements for major range and test facility base activities from customers.
Safety Directorate The directorate is responsible for managing the commander's safety and mishap reporting programs. It is organized into functional areas including ground safety, weapons safety and range safety.
Program Management Directorate The directorate is acquires and manages contract support of range operations, maintenance, instrumentation, communications, and computer systems services. It directs contract changes and evaluates contractor performance.
Plans and Programs Directorate The directorate focuses on range requirements and long-term strategic planning. It is responsible for interaction of new systems being developed and implemented into the NTTR. In addition, the directorate oversees environmental management, agreements, land use, and range environmental contractors on the NTTR and Leach Lake Training Range, and is the liaison to the Bureau of Land Management, the Department of the Interior, and other state and federal agencies.
Range Support Directorate The directorate provided day-to-day communications, electronic combat and instrumentation of the geographical NTTR and LTTR. It has three divisions: communications/computer services, operations and maintenance, and engineering. It provides technical support of Air Force, joint and multi-national aircrew training missions on the NTTR. The directorate supports all electronic combat activities while providing ground control intercept operations, simulated threat command and control operations, and the range's simulated Integrated Air Defense System.
Security Directorate The directorate manages all facets of information, personnel, industrial, and resource protection security programs. Additionally, the Program Security Office ensures all visitors to the NTTR meet security requirements, and provides security oversight for classified and special access requirements on the NTTR.
History
See 98th Operations Group for additional history prior to 1947
Emblem of the 98th Bombardment Wing (Medium)
Organization and Korean War
During the early years of the Cold War, the 98th Bombardment Wing, Very Heavy (BW) was formed 24 October 1947 as part of the Air Force's experimental wing base (Hobson Plan) reorganization and assigned to Strategic Air Command. The 98th BW was discontinued on 12 July 1948, and replaced by the 98th BW, Medium the same day when the test was deemed successful and the organization made permanent. From November 1947 to July 1948 and July 1948 to July 1954, the wing headquarters was often manned as a "paper" unit with most of its components attached to other establishments for long periods. The wing's tactical group was operational, but under control of other organizations from November 1947 to April 1950 and again from August 1950 through March 1951.
98th Bomb Wing B-29 over Korea
On 1 April 1951, wing headquarters deployed to Japan to assume control over combat operations of the group's three tactical squadrons, while the rest of the wing remained behind in Washington. In 1952, the combat squadrons were joined by three maintenance squadrons. Wing combat missions in Korea included interdiction of enemy communications and support of United Nations ground forces. Its last combat mission flown 25 July 1953 and it dropped propaganda leaflets on the day of truce two days later.
During the Korean War, the squadrons of the 98th flew more than 5,000 sorties and dropped more than 40,000 tons of bombs (actual total unavailable). They earned a Distinguished Unit Citation, a Korean Presidential Unit Citation and 10 battle streamers. The 98th was credited with the destruction of 5 MiG 15 Jet Fighters and one propeller driven fighter. The 98th recorded 19 Boeing B-29 Superfortress losses from August 1950 to July 1954.
Cold War
B-47s on the Ramp at Lincoln AFB
The wing remained at Yokota Air Base, Japan in combat-ready status for another year. Meanwhile, wing components not deployed in Japan moved to newly reopened Lincoln AFB, Nebraska to supervise construction in preparation for movement there of the deployed wing components. The wing disposed of its B-29s at the "boneyard" at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. In July 1954, wing components concentrated at the wing's new base, but in October, the 98th gave up its host responsibilities at Lincoln to the 818th Air Division. Air refueling operations were already underway by then. The wing's squadrons began receiving new Boeing B-47E Stratojet swept-wing medium bombers in January 1955, capable of flying at high subsonic speeds and primarily designed for penetrating the airspace of the Soviet Union. At this point the wing began an intensive training program to convert to combat ready status as soon as possible. This was achieved in April 1955.
During next decade, the wing participated in Strategic Air Command's worldwide bombardment training and air refueling commitments. The wing deployed to RAF Lakenheath, England from 11 November 1955 to 29 January 1956. Starting in 1960, the wing maintained B-47s on ground alert 24 hours a day. From January 1964 to April 1965, the wing also controlled an SM-65 Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) squadron and was redesignated as the 98th Strategic Aerospace Wing. In the early 1960s, the B-47 was considered to be reaching obsolescence, and was being phased out of SAC's strategic arsenal. Beginning in 1964, the wing began sending its aircraft to Davis-Monthan AFB. Lincoln AFB was closed and the wing inactivated in 1966.
European Mission
KC-135 on takeoff
Emblem of the 98th Strategic Wing
The wing was inactivated on 25 June 1966 at Lincoln AFB, but activated the same day at Torrejon Air Base, Spain replacing the 3970th Strategic Wing (SW). The 3970th SW had been established on 1 July 1957 at Torrejon as the 3970th Air Base Group to support B-47 and KC-135 elements from SAC CONUS-based units deployed to Europe as part of REFLEX deployments and provide a refueling mission to USAFE tactical fighters. Until 1 April 1966, when SAC transferred Torrejon to USAFE, the 3970th also acted as the host base organization for all USAF units at Torrejon. The group was assigned seven support squadrons and a hospital to carry out its mission. It was redesignated the 3970th Combat Support Group on 1 June 1959 and upgraded to wing status on 1 February 1964.
In 1966, SAC received authority from Headquarters USAF to discontinue the 3970th SW (a MAJCON wing) and activate an AFCON wing which could continue the lineage and history of a combat wing. On 5 June 1966, the 3970th SW was replaced by the 98th Strategic Wing, which assumed the personnel, equipment, and mission of the 3970th Strategic Wing,
For the next decade, the 98th had no tactical aircraft components assigned to it, but rather used attached Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers and crews furnished by other SAC wings to provide air refueling support for the operational, alert exercise commitment of SAC, Tactical Air Command, United States Air Forces Europe and NATO. These aircraft were deployed on temporary duty as the Spanish Tanker Task Force. The wing's operational area included the Eastern Atlantic Ocean, most of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.
The Wing maintained a detachment at RAF Upper Heyford (relocated to RAF Mildenhall in April 1970) supporting RC-135 Reconnaissance Aircraft, and supporting KC-135 Tankers deployed from the Spanish Tanker Task Force. In October 1976, the 306th Strategic Wing, based at Ramstein AB, West Germany assumed this support task and the 98th phased down at Torrejon and was inactivated 31 December 1976.
Post Cold War
98th Range Wing Emblem
In October 2001, the wing was redesignated the 98th Range Wing and began operating the range facilities of the Air Warfare Center from Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada. It replaced the 99th Range Group and 99th Range Squadron of the host unit at Nellis, the 99th Air Base Wing. Its mission is to provide a flexible and realistic "battle space" to support training, testing, and tactics development, for which it controls the airspace over 12,000 square nautical miles, 7,000 of which are shared with civilian aircraft.
The NTTR supports Department of Defense (DOD) advanced composite force training, tactics development, and electronic combat testing as well as DOD and Department of Energy testing, research, and development. It acts as the single point of contact for range customers.
In June 2011, the wing was redesignated Nevada Test and Training Range and its operational groups were replaced by directorates. Then on 1 April 2013, the 25th Space Range Squadron (SRS) was moved under the NTTR from Air Force Space Command. The 25 SRS operates and maintains the Space Test and Training Range. On 24 July 2020 the 25th Space Range Squadron was transferred to the United States Space Force.
Lineage
Designated as 98th Bombardment Wing, Very Heavy on 24 October 1947.
Organized on 10 November 1947.
Discontinued on 12 July 1948.
Consolidated (1 October 1984) with the 98th Bombardment Wing, Medium
Constituted as 98th Bombardment Wing, Medium on 28 May 1948
Activated on 12 July 1948.
Redesignated 98th Strategic Aerospace Wing on 1 February 1964.
Discontinued and inactivated, on 25 June 1966.
Redesignated 98th Strategic Wing, activated, and organized, on 25 June 1966
Inactivated on 31 December 1976.
Redesignated 98th Range Wing on 21 September 2001
Activated on 29 October 2001
Redesignated Nevada Test and Training Range on 21 June 2011
Assignments
Fifteenth Air Force, 10 November 1947 (attached to: 92d Bombardment Wing, 17 November 1947 – 15 April 1950
Second Air Force, 16 May 1950 (attached to: 92d Bombardment Wing from 16 May 1950)
Fifteenth Air Force, 28 July 1950 (remained attached to: 92d Bombardment Wing through 31 March 1951, attached to: FEAF Bomber Command, Provisional from 1 April 1951 and rear echelon attached to 92d Air Base Group)
57th Air Division, 16 April 1951 (remained attached to FEAF Bomber Command, Provisional. Rear echelon attached to 92 Air Base Group to 25 July 1952)
Fifteenth Air Force, 25 November 1953 (remained attached to FEAF Bomber Command, Provisional, through 17 June 1954, Twentieth Air Force, 18 June-25 July 1954
818th Air Division (later, 818 Strategic Aerospace) Division, 11 October 1954 )attached to 7th Air Division when deployed11 November 1955 – 29 January 1956)
810th Strategic Aerospace Division, 25 March 1965 – 25 June 1966
Strategic Air Command, 25 June 1966 – 31 December 1976
Air Warfare Center, 29 October 2001 – present
Stations
Spokane AAF (later, Spokane AFB; Fairchild AFB), Washington, 10 November 1947 – 15 August 1953
Yokota AB, Japan, 15 August 1953 – 25 July 1954
Lincoln AFB, Nebraska, 25 July 1954 – 25 June 1966
Torrejon AB, Spain, 25 June 1966 – 31 December 1976
Nellis AFB, Nevada, 29 October 2001 – present
Components
Groups
98th Airdrome Group (later 98th Air Base Group, 98th Mission Support Group), 10 November 1947 – 18 October 1954, 5 November 2001 – 21 June 2011 (detached 1 April 1951 – 25 November 1953)
98th Bombardment (later, 98th Air Refueling Group, 98th Operations Group): 10 November 1947 – 16 June 1952 (detached 10 November 1947 – 15 April 1950 and 2 August 1950 – 31 March 1951; not operational, 1 April 1951 – 16 June 1952); 29 October 2001 – 21 June 2011
98th Maintenance & Supply Group, 10 November 1947 – 16 February 1951, 14 February 1952 – 16 June 1952 (not operational)
98th Station Medical Group (later 98th Medical Group, 98th Medical Squadron, 98th Medical Group, 98th Tactical Hospital), 10 November 1947 – 1 September 1958 (detached 1 April 1951 – 25 November 1953)
Operational Squadrons
98th Air Refueling Squadron: 16 June 1952 – 1 July 1953 (detached); 18 February 1954 – 15 April 1963 (detached 18 February-31 July 1954, 7 January-21 February 1955, 27 December 1956 – 14 March 1957, 28 December 1957 – 25 March 1958, 1 April-c. 8 July 1959, 2 October 1962 – 7 January 1963)
307th Air Refueling Squadron: attached 8 November 1954 – 1 February 1955
343d Bombardment Squadron: attached 1 April 1951 – 15 June 1952, assigned 16 June 1952 – 25 June 1966 (not operational, 8 December 1965 – 25 June 1966)
344th Bombardment Squadron: attached 1 April 1951 – 15 June 1952, assigned 16 June 1952 – 25 June 1966 (not operational, 8 December 1965 – 25 June 1966)
345th Bombardment Squadron: attached 1 April 1951 – 15 June 1952, assigned 16 June 1952 – 25 June 1966 (not operational, 8 December 1965 – 25 June 1966)
380th Air Refueling Squadron: attached 1 August-8 November 1954
415th Bombardment Squadron: 1 September 1958 – 1 January 1962
551st Strategic Missile Squadron: 1 January 1964 – 25 June 1965.
Support Squadrons
98th Armament & Electronics Maintenance Squadron, 16 June 1952 – 25 June 1966
98th Maintenance Squadron (later 98th Field Maintenance Squadron), 16 February 1951 – 10 February 1952 (detached), 16 June 1952 – 25 June 1966
98th Northern Range Support Squadron, 1 August 2005 – 21 June 2011
98th Periodic Maintenance Squadron (later 98th Organizational Maintenance Squadron), 16 June 1952 – 25 June 1966
98th Range Squadron, 5 November 2001 – 21 June 2011
98th Range Support Squadron, 5 November 2001 – 1 August 2005
98th Southern Range Support Squadron, 1 August 2005 – 21 June 2011
Detachments
Detachment 1, 98th Strategic Wing 25 June 1966 – 31 March 1970
RAF Upper Heyford, United Kingdom
Detachment 1, 98th Strategic Wing 1 April 1970 – 31 December 1976
RAF Mildenhall, United Kingdom
Aircraft and missiles
B-29 Superfortress (1950–1954)
KC-97 Stratofreighter (1954–1963)
B-47E Stratojet (1955–1965)
SM-65F Atlas (1964–1965)
Boeing RC-135 (1966–1976)
Detachment 1 Operations
Boeing RC-135(1966–1976)
KC-135 Stratotanker (1966–1976) Reconnaissance Aircraft Support
Awards
Distinguished Unit Citation
Korea, 1 December 1952 – 30 April 1953
North Africa and Sicily, August 1942 – 17 August 1943
Ploesti, Rumania, 1 August 1943
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
1 July 1964 – 1 June 1965
1 January 1970 – 31 March 1971
1 July 1974 – 30 June 1976
Korean Presidential Unit Citation
1 April 1951 – 27 July 1953
Korean Service Medal
Campaigns:
First UN Counteroffensive
CCF Spring Offensive
UN Summer-Fall Offensive
Second Korean Winter
Korea Summer-Fall 1952
Third Korean Winger
Korea Summer-Fall 1953
Mediterranean Theater of Operations
Campaigns
Egypt-Libya
Tunisia
Sicily
Naples-Foggia
Anzio
Rome-Arno
Southern France
North Apennines
Po Valley
Air Offensive, Europe
Normandy
Northern France
Rhineland
Central Europe
Air Combat, EAME Theater
See also
List of MAJCOM wings of the United States Air Force
List of B-47 units of the United States Air Force
25th Space Range Squadron
Space Test and Training Range
Utah Test and Training Range
References
Notes
^ a b "Colonel Michael G. Rider". Nellis Air Force Base. July 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l AFHRA Factsheet, Nevada Test and Training Range Archived 20 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine 10/3/2011 (retrieved 12 Jan 2012)
^ Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) . Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. pp. 168–170. ISBN 0-912799-02-1.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Nellis AFB Factsheet, Nevada Test & Training Wing Archived 17 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine 7/12/2012 (retrieved 13 Jan 2013)
^ Goss, William A (1955). "The Organization and its Responsibilities, Chapter 2 The AAF". In Craven, Wesley F; Cate, James L (eds.). The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. VI, Men & Planes. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 59. LCCN 48-3657.
^ Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. p. 10. ISBN 0-912799-12-9.
^ a b c d e f g h i Ravenstein, Combat Wings, pp. 138–141
^ Ironically, at this time it was the group that became a paper unit
^ This was the first time since 1947 that all wing components were under the wing's control at the same base
^ a b c The Lincoln AFB Online Museum - History (retrieved 14 Jan 2013)
^ a b Fletcher, Harry R (1993). Air Force Bases , Vol. II, Air Bases Outside the United States of America (PDF). Washington, DC: Center for Air Force History. pp. 187–190. ISBN 0-912799-53-6.
^ "US Space Force stands up STAR Delta Provisional".
^ The wing remained equipped with B-29s, but with the advent of the Convair B-36 Peacemaker, the B-29 was reclassified from a Very Heavy bomber to a Medium bomber
^ a b c See Mueller, Robert (1989). Air Force Bases, Vol. I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. pp. 171–177. ISBN 0-912799-53-6.
^ Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) . Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. pp. 425–426. ISBN 0-405-12194-6.
^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 426-427
^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 428–429
^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 507–508
^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 655
^ a b c Earned by 98th Bombardment Group. Temporarily bestowed on Nevada Test and Training Range
Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
Goss, William A (1955). "The Organization and its Responsibilities, Chapter 2 The AAF". In Craven, Wesley F; Cate, James L (eds.). The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. VI, Men & Planes. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. LCCN 48-3657.
Fletcher, Harry R (1993). Air Force Bases , Vol. II, Air Bases Outside the United States of America (PDF). Washington, DC: Center for Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-53-6.
Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) . Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1.
Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) . Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6.
Mueller, Robert (1989). Air Force Bases, Vol. I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-53-6.
Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9.
Additional Reading
Endicott, Judy G., ed. (2001). The USAF in Korea, Campaigns, Units and Stations 1950-1953 (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Air Force Historical Research Agency. ISBN 0-16-050901-7.
Futrell, Robert F. (1983). The United States Air Forces in Korea 1950-1953. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-71-4.
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
External links
Pyramidiers, Website of the 98th Bomb Group Veteran's Association
Nellis AFB Home Page
Lincoln Air Force Base Online Museum
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USAF units and aircraft of the Korean War | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"98th Bombardment Wing (U.S. Army Air Forces)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/98th_Bombardment_Wing_(U.S._Army_Air_Forces)"},{"link_name":"Nevada Test and Training Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force Warfare Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Warfare_Center"},{"link_name":"Air Combat Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Combat_Command"},{"link_name":"Nellis Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellis_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTTRfacts-2"},{"link_name":"Nevada Test and Training Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range"},{"link_name":"98th Bombardment Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/98th_Bombardment_Group"},{"link_name":"B-24 Liberator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-24_Liberator"},{"link_name":"bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomber"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Colonel John R. (Killer) Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Kane"},{"link_name":"First Lieutenant Donald Pucket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Pucket"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer168-3"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Unit Citations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Unit_Citation"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Strategic Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"intercontinental ballistic missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomber"},{"link_name":"Strategic Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"Torrejon AB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrejon_AB"},{"link_name":"306th Strategic Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/306th_Strategic_Wing"},{"link_name":"Ramstein AB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramstein_AB"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range_(military_unit)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-commander-1"}],"text":"\"98th Bombardment Wing\" redirects here. For the 98th Bombardment Wing of World War II, see 98th Bombardment Wing (U.S. Army Air Forces).This article is about the organization named the Nevada Test and Training Range. For the Nevada Test and Training Range as a geographic area, see Nevada Test and Training Range.Military unitThe Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR) is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the United States Air Force Warfare Center of Air Combat Command. The unit is stationed at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada as a tenant unit.[2]The NTTR controls and operates the Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR). The commander coordinates, prioritizes and is the approval authority for activities involving other governmental agencies, departments and commercial activities on the NTTR. The NTTR integrates and provides support for test and training programs that have a direct effect on the war-fighting capabilities of the combat air forces.The history of the NTTR can be traced to its predecessor, the 98th Bombardment Group, a B-24 Liberator heavy bomber group that fought in North Africa and Italy during World War II. The group was last assigned to the range as the 98th Operations Group in 2011 and its history and honors have been temporarily been bestowed on the range. Two of the group's members, Colonel John R. (Killer) Kane and First Lieutenant Donald Pucket were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions in combat.[3] The group flew a total of 417 missions and earning a total of 15 battle streamers as well as two Distinguished Unit Citations.During the early years of the Cold War, the 98th Bombardment Wing (BW), Very Heavy was formed in 1947 and assigned to Strategic Air Command. Further redesignations followed as the wing mission changed, including the 98th Strategic Aerospace Wing when it added intercontinental ballistic missiles to its bomber force in 1964, and later the 98th Strategic Wing when it moved to Spain to control deployed Strategic Air Command (SAC) assets in 1966. The 98th Strategic Wing was inactivated on 31 December 1976 with the phaseout of SAC operations at Torrejon AB, Spain and its functions transferred to the 306th Strategic Wing at Ramstein AB, West Germany.As of July 2022[update], the NTTR is commanded by Colonel Michael G. Rider.[1]","title":"Nevada Test and Training Range (military unit)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NellisRangeFacts-4"},{"link_name":"Creech AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creech_AFB"},{"link_name":"Tonopah Test Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonopah_Test_Range"},{"link_name":"99th Ground Combat Training Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=99th_Ground_Combat_Training_Squadron&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"12th Combat Training Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12th_Combat_Training_Squadron&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"549th Combat Training Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/549th_Combat_Training_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NellisRangeFacts-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NellisRangeFacts-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NellisRangeFacts-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NellisRangeFacts-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NellisRangeFacts-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NellisRangeFacts-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NellisRangeFacts-4"}],"text":"Operations Directorate The directorate provides day-to-day control of the geographical NTTR. It has two divisions, Current Operations and Weapons. It supports Air Force, joint and multi-national test and training activities, and operates the geographic NTTR and Leach Lake Tactics Range near Barstow, Calif. It prioritizes and schedules all range activities for all range users, provides ground control intercept operations, flight-following safety deconfliction, simulated threat command and control operations, communications, data link operations, and range access control. It also assists test customers by coordinating support activities, and coordinates airspace issues with military and federal agencies.[4]\nMission Support Directorate The directorate provides base operating support on the 3-million-acre (12,000 km2) Nevada Test and Training Range with contingents at three geographically separated operations and maintenance compounds, including Tonopah Electronic Combat Range, Point Bravo Electronic Combat Combat Range and Tolicha Peak Electronic Combat Range. It provides limited operational support at Creech AFB and the Tonopah Test Range. It supports training operations of the 99th Ground Combat Training Squadron, 12th Combat Training Squadron, and 549th Combat Training Squadron.[4]\nFinancial Management Directorate The directorate manages and executes the NTTR budget. It monitors and collects reimbursements for major range and test facility base activities from customers.[4]\nSafety Directorate The directorate is responsible for managing the commander's safety and mishap reporting programs. It is organized into functional areas including ground safety, weapons safety and range safety.[4]\nProgram Management Directorate The directorate is acquires and manages contract support of range operations, maintenance, instrumentation, communications, and computer systems services. It directs contract changes and evaluates contractor performance.[4]\nPlans and Programs Directorate The directorate focuses on range requirements and long-term strategic planning. It is responsible for interaction of new systems being developed and implemented into the NTTR. In addition, the directorate oversees environmental management, agreements, land use, and range environmental contractors on the NTTR and Leach Lake Training Range, and is the liaison to the Bureau of Land Management, the Department of the Interior, and other state and federal agencies.[4]\nRange Support Directorate The directorate provided day-to-day communications, electronic combat and instrumentation of the geographical NTTR and LTTR. It has three divisions: communications/computer services, operations and maintenance, and engineering. It provides technical support of Air Force, joint and multi-national aircrew training missions on the NTTR. The directorate supports all electronic combat activities while providing ground control intercept operations, simulated threat command and control operations, and the range's simulated Integrated Air Defense System.[4]\nSecurity Directorate The directorate manages all facets of information, personnel, industrial, and resource protection security programs. Additionally, the Program Security Office ensures all visitors to the NTTR meet security requirements, and provides security oversight for classified and special access requirements on the NTTR.[4]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"98th Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/98th_Operations_Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:98thbombwing-patch.jpg"}],"text":"See 98th Operations Group for additional history prior to 1947Emblem of the 98th Bombardment Wing (Medium)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Hobson Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobson_Plan"},{"link_name":"Strategic Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_(military_aviation_unit)"},{"link_name":"group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(military_aviation_unit)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ravenstein138-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B-29_345th_BS_98th_BG_over_Korea.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ravenstein138-7"},{"link_name":"squadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ravenstein138-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Unit Citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Unit_Citation"},{"link_name":"Korean Presidential Unit Citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Presidential_Unit_Citation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ravenstein138-7"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-29 Superfortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Organization and Korean War","text":"During the early years of the Cold War, the 98th Bombardment Wing, Very Heavy (BW) was formed 24 October 1947 as part of the Air Force's experimental wing base (Hobson Plan) reorganization and assigned to Strategic Air Command.[5] The 98th BW was discontinued on 12 July 1948, and replaced by the 98th BW, Medium the same day when the test was deemed successful and the organization made permanent.[6] From November 1947 to July 1948 and July 1948 to July 1954, the wing headquarters was often manned as a \"paper\" unit with most of its components attached to other establishments for long periods. The wing's tactical group was operational, but under control of other organizations from November 1947 to April 1950 and again from August 1950 through March 1951.[7]98th Bomb Wing B-29 over KoreaOn 1 April 1951, wing headquarters deployed to Japan to assume control over combat operations of the group's three tactical squadrons,[8] while the rest of the wing remained behind in Washington.[7] In 1952, the combat squadrons were joined by three maintenance squadrons. Wing combat missions in Korea included interdiction of enemy communications and support of United Nations ground forces. Its last combat mission flown 25 July 1953 and it dropped propaganda leaflets on the day of truce two days later.[7]During the Korean War, the squadrons of the 98th flew more than 5,000 sorties and dropped more than 40,000 tons of bombs (actual total unavailable).[citation needed] They earned a Distinguished Unit Citation, a Korean Presidential Unit Citation and 10 battle streamers.[7] The 98th was credited with the destruction of 5 MiG 15 Jet Fighters and one propeller driven fighter. The 98th recorded 19 Boeing B-29 Superfortress losses from August 1950 to July 1954.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B-47_Ramp_Lincoln_AFB_NE_1960.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yokota Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokota_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"combat-ready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_readiness"},{"link_name":"Lincoln AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_AFB"},{"link_name":"Davis-Monthan AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis-Monthan_AFB"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"818th Air Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/818th_Air_Division"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LincolnHistory-10"},{"link_name":"Air refueling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_refueling"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-47E Stratojet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-47E_Stratojet"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ravenstein138-7"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LincolnHistory-10"},{"link_name":"RAF Lakenheath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Lakenheath"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LincolnHistory-10"},{"link_name":"SM-65 Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM-65_Atlas"},{"link_name":"intercontinental ballistic missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ravenstein138-7"}],"sub_title":"Cold War","text":"B-47s on the Ramp at Lincoln AFBThe wing remained at Yokota Air Base, Japan in combat-ready status for another year. Meanwhile, wing components not deployed in Japan moved to newly reopened Lincoln AFB, Nebraska to supervise construction in preparation for movement there of the deployed wing components. The wing disposed of its B-29s at the \"boneyard\" at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. In July 1954, wing components concentrated at the wing's new base,[9] but in October, the 98th gave up its host responsibilities at Lincoln to the 818th Air Division.[10] Air refueling operations were already underway by then. The wing's squadrons began receiving new Boeing B-47E Stratojet swept-wing medium bombers[7] in January 1955, capable of flying at high subsonic speeds and primarily designed for penetrating the airspace of the Soviet Union.[citation needed] At this point the wing began an intensive training program to convert to combat ready status as soon as possible. This was achieved in April 1955.[10]During next decade, the wing participated in Strategic Air Command's worldwide bombardment training and air refueling commitments. The wing deployed to RAF Lakenheath, England from 11 November 1955 to 29 January 1956. Starting in 1960, the wing maintained B-47s on ground alert 24 hours a day.[10] From January 1964 to April 1965, the wing also controlled an SM-65 Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) squadron and was redesignated as the 98th Strategic Aerospace Wing.[7] In the early 1960s, the B-47 was considered to be reaching obsolescence, and was being phased out of SAC's strategic arsenal. Beginning in 1964, the wing began sending its aircraft to Davis-Monthan AFB. Lincoln AFB was closed and the wing inactivated in 1966.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boeing_KC-135_J57_takeoff.JPEG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:98thstrategicwing-patch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Torrejon Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrejon_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fletcher-11"},{"link_name":"USAFE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAFE"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fletcher-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ravenstein138-7"},{"link_name":"Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker"},{"link_name":"Tactical Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"United States Air Forces Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Forces_Europe"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ravenstein138-7"},{"link_name":"RAF Upper Heyford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Upper_Heyford"},{"link_name":"RAF Mildenhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Mildenhall"},{"link_name":"306th Strategic Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/306th_Strategic_Wing"},{"link_name":"Ramstein AB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramstein_AB"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ravenstein138-7"}],"sub_title":"European Mission","text":"KC-135 on takeoffEmblem of the 98th Strategic WingThe wing was inactivated on 25 June 1966 at Lincoln AFB, but activated the same day at Torrejon Air Base, Spain replacing the 3970th Strategic Wing (SW). The 3970th SW had been established on 1 July 1957 at Torrejon as the 3970th Air Base Group[11] to support B-47 and KC-135 elements from SAC CONUS-based units deployed to Europe as part of REFLEX deployments and provide a refueling mission to USAFE tactical fighters.[citation needed] Until 1 April 1966, when SAC transferred Torrejon to USAFE, the 3970th also acted as the host base organization for all USAF units at Torrejon. The group was assigned seven support squadrons and a hospital to carry out its mission. It was redesignated the 3970th Combat Support Group on 1 June 1959 and upgraded to wing status on 1 February 1964.[11]In 1966, SAC received authority from Headquarters USAF to discontinue the 3970th SW (a MAJCON wing) and activate an AFCON wing which could continue the lineage and history of a combat wing. On 5 June 1966, the 3970th SW was replaced by the 98th Strategic Wing, which assumed the personnel, equipment, and mission of the 3970th Strategic Wing,[7]\nFor the next decade, the 98th had no tactical aircraft components assigned to it, but rather used attached Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers and crews furnished by other SAC wings to provide air refueling support for the operational, alert exercise commitment of SAC, Tactical Air Command, United States Air Forces Europe and NATO. These aircraft were deployed on temporary duty as the Spanish Tanker Task Force. The wing's operational area included the Eastern Atlantic Ocean, most of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.[7]The Wing maintained a detachment at RAF Upper Heyford (relocated to RAF Mildenhall in April 1970) supporting RC-135 Reconnaissance Aircraft, and supporting KC-135 Tankers deployed from the Spanish Tanker Task Force. In October 1976, the 306th Strategic Wing, based at Ramstein AB, West Germany assumed this support task and the 98th phased down at Torrejon and was inactivated 31 December 1976.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:98_Range_Wg.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTTRfacts-2"},{"link_name":"99th Range Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99th_Range_Group"},{"link_name":"99th Air Base Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99th_Air_Base_Wing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NellisRangeFacts-4"},{"link_name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Department of Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NellisRangeFacts-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTTRfacts-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NellisRangeFacts-4"},{"link_name":"25th Space Range Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_Space_Range_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Air Force Space Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Space_Command"},{"link_name":"Space Test and Training Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Test_and_Training_Range"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Post Cold War","text":"98th Range Wing EmblemIn October 2001, the wing was redesignated the 98th Range Wing and began operating the range facilities of the Air Warfare Center from Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada.[2] It replaced the 99th Range Group and 99th Range Squadron of the host unit at Nellis, the 99th Air Base Wing. Its mission is to provide a flexible and realistic \"battle space\" to support training, testing, and tactics development, for which it controls the airspace over 12,000 square nautical miles, 7,000 of which are shared with civilian aircraft.[4]The NTTR supports Department of Defense (DOD) advanced composite force training, tactics development, and electronic combat testing as well as DOD and Department of Energy testing, research, and development. It acts as the single point of contact for range customers.[4]In June 2011, the wing was redesignated Nevada Test and Training Range and its operational groups were replaced by directorates.[2][4] Then on 1 April 2013, the 25th Space Range Squadron (SRS) was moved under the NTTR from Air Force Space Command. The 25 SRS operates and maintains the Space Test and Training Range. On 24 July 2020 the 25th Space Range Squadron was transferred to the United States Space Force.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTTRfacts-2"}],"text":"Designated as 98th Bombardment Wing, Very Heavy on 24 October 1947.Organized on 10 November 1947.\nDiscontinued on 12 July 1948.\nConsolidated (1 October 1984) with the 98th Bombardment Wing, Medium[13]Constituted as 98th Bombardment Wing, Medium on 28 May 1948Activated on 12 July 1948.\nRedesignated 98th Strategic Aerospace Wing on 1 February 1964.\nDiscontinued and inactivated, on 25 June 1966.Redesignated 98th Strategic Wing, activated, and organized, on 25 June 1966Inactivated on 31 December 1976.Redesignated 98th Range Wing on 21 September 2001Activated on 29 October 2001Redesignated Nevada Test and Training Range on 21 June 2011[2]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fifteenth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifteenth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"92d Bombardment Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/92d_Bombardment_Wing"},{"link_name":"Second Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"92d Bombardment Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/92d_Bombardment_Wing"},{"link_name":"57th Air Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_Air_Division"},{"link_name":"Twentieth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"818th Air Division (later, 818 Strategic Aerospace) Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/818th_Air_Division"},{"link_name":"7th Air Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Air_Division"},{"link_name":"810th Strategic Aerospace Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/810th_Strategic_Aerospace_Division"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTTRfacts-2"}],"sub_title":"Assignments","text":"Fifteenth Air Force, 10 November 1947 (attached to: 92d Bombardment Wing, 17 November 1947 – 15 April 1950\nSecond Air Force, 16 May 1950 (attached to: 92d Bombardment Wing from 16 May 1950)\nFifteenth Air Force, 28 July 1950 (remained attached to: 92d Bombardment Wing through 31 March 1951, attached to: FEAF Bomber Command, Provisional from 1 April 1951 and rear echelon attached to 92d Air Base Group)\n57th Air Division, 16 April 1951 (remained attached to FEAF Bomber Command, Provisional. Rear echelon attached to 92 Air Base Group to 25 July 1952)\n\n\nFifteenth Air Force, 25 November 1953 (remained attached to FEAF Bomber Command, Provisional, through 17 June 1954, Twentieth Air Force, 18 June-25 July 1954\n818th Air Division (later, 818 Strategic Aerospace) Division, 11 October 1954 )attached to 7th Air Division when deployed11 November 1955 – 29 January 1956)\n810th Strategic Aerospace Division, 25 March 1965 – 25 June 1966\nStrategic Air Command, 25 June 1966 – 31 December 1976\nAir Warfare Center, 29 October 2001 – present[2]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spokane AAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_AFB"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTTRfacts-2"}],"sub_title":"Stations","text":"Spokane AAF (later, Spokane AFB; Fairchild AFB), Washington, 10 November 1947 – 15 August 1953\nYokota AB, Japan, 15 August 1953 – 25 July 1954\nLincoln AFB, Nebraska, 25 July 1954 – 25 June 1966\nTorrejon AB, Spain, 25 June 1966 – 31 December 1976\nNellis AFB, Nevada, 29 October 2001 – present[2]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mueller-14"},{"link_name":"98th Bombardment (later, 98th Air Refueling Group, 98th Operations Group)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/98th_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTTRfacts-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mueller-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mueller-14"},{"link_name":"98th Air Refueling Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/98th_Air_Refueling_Squadron"},{"link_name":"307th Air Refueling Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/307th_Air_Refueling_Squadron"},{"link_name":"343d Bombardment Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/343d_Bombardment_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"344th Bombardment Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/344th_Bombardment_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"345th Bombardment Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/345th_Bombardment_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"380th Air Refueling Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/380th_Air_Refueling_Squadron"},{"link_name":"415th Bombardment Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/415th_Bombardment_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"551st Strategic Missile Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/551st_Strategic_Missile_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Components","text":"Groups98th Airdrome Group (later 98th Air Base Group, 98th Mission Support Group), 10 November 1947 – 18 October 1954, 5 November 2001 – 21 June 2011 (detached 1 April 1951 – 25 November 1953)[14]\n98th Bombardment (later, 98th Air Refueling Group, 98th Operations Group): 10 November 1947 – 16 June 1952 (detached 10 November 1947 – 15 April 1950 and 2 August 1950 – 31 March 1951; not operational, 1 April 1951 – 16 June 1952); 29 October 2001 – 21 June 2011[2]\n98th Maintenance & Supply Group, 10 November 1947 – 16 February 1951, 14 February 1952 – 16 June 1952 (not operational)[14]\n98th Station Medical Group (later 98th Medical Group, 98th Medical Squadron, 98th Medical Group, 98th Tactical Hospital), 10 November 1947 – 1 September 1958 (detached 1 April 1951 – 25 November 1953)[14]Operational Squadrons98th Air Refueling Squadron: 16 June 1952 – 1 July 1953 (detached); 18 February 1954 – 15 April 1963 (detached 18 February-31 July 1954, 7 January-21 February 1955, 27 December 1956 – 14 March 1957, 28 December 1957 – 25 March 1958, 1 April-c. 8 July 1959, 2 October 1962 – 7 January 1963)\n307th Air Refueling Squadron: attached 8 November 1954 – 1 February 1955\n343d Bombardment Squadron: attached 1 April 1951 – 15 June 1952, assigned 16 June 1952 – 25 June 1966 (not operational, 8 December 1965 – 25 June 1966)[15]\n344th Bombardment Squadron: attached 1 April 1951 – 15 June 1952, assigned 16 June 1952 – 25 June 1966 (not operational, 8 December 1965 – 25 June 1966)[16]\n345th Bombardment Squadron: attached 1 April 1951 – 15 June 1952, assigned 16 June 1952 – 25 June 1966 (not operational, 8 December 1965 – 25 June 1966)[17]\n380th Air Refueling Squadron: attached 1 August-8 November 1954\n415th Bombardment Squadron: 1 September 1958 – 1 January 1962[18]\n551st Strategic Missile Squadron: 1 January 1964 – 25 June 1965.[19]Support Squadrons98th Armament & Electronics Maintenance Squadron, 16 June 1952 – 25 June 1966\n98th Maintenance Squadron (later 98th Field Maintenance Squadron), 16 February 1951 – 10 February 1952 (detached), 16 June 1952 – 25 June 1966\n98th Northern Range Support Squadron, 1 August 2005 – 21 June 2011\n98th Periodic Maintenance Squadron (later 98th Organizational Maintenance Squadron), 16 June 1952 – 25 June 1966\n98th Range Squadron, 5 November 2001 – 21 June 2011\n98th Range Support Squadron, 5 November 2001 – 1 August 2005\n98th Southern Range Support Squadron, 1 August 2005 – 21 June 2011DetachmentsDetachment 1, 98th Strategic Wing 25 June 1966 – 31 March 1970RAF Upper Heyford, United KingdomDetachment 1, 98th Strategic Wing 1 April 1970 – 31 December 1976RAF Mildenhall, United Kingdom","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B-29 Superfortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-29_Superfortress"},{"link_name":"KC-97 Stratofreighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KC-97_Stratofreighter"},{"link_name":"B-47E Stratojet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-47E_Stratojet"},{"link_name":"SM-65F Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM-65F_Atlas"},{"link_name":"Boeing RC-135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_RC-135"},{"link_name":"Boeing RC-135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_RC-135"},{"link_name":"KC-135 Stratotanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KC-135_Stratotanker"}],"sub_title":"Aircraft and missiles","text":"B-29 Superfortress (1950–1954)\nKC-97 Stratofreighter (1954–1963)\nB-47E Stratojet (1955–1965)\nSM-65F Atlas (1964–1965)\nBoeing RC-135 (1966–1976)\nDetachment 1 Operations\nBoeing RC-135(1966–1976)\nKC-135 Stratotanker (1966–1976) Reconnaissance Aircraft Support","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Streamer_PUC_Army.PNG"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Unit 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Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTTRfacts-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_Medal_streamer.png"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Theater of Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Theater_of_Operations"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTTRfacts-2"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bestowed-20"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"Distinguished Unit Citation[2]Korea, 1 December 1952 – 30 April 1953\nNorth Africa and Sicily, August 1942 – 17 August 1943[20]\nPloesti, Rumania, 1 August 1943[20]Air Force Outstanding Unit Award[2]1 July 1964 – 1 June 1965\n1 January 1970 – 31 March 1971\n1 July 1974 – 30 June 1976Korean Presidential Unit Citation[2]1 April 1951 – 27 July 1953Korean Service Medal[2]\nCampaigns:First UN Counteroffensive\nCCF Spring Offensive\nUN Summer-Fall Offensive\nSecond Korean Winter\n\n\nKorea Summer-Fall 1952\nThird Korean Winger\nKorea Summer-Fall 1953Mediterranean Theater of Operations[2][20]\nCampaignsEgypt-Libya\nTunisia\nSicily\nNaples-Foggia\nAnzio\n\n\nRome-Arno\nSouthern France\nNorth Apennines\nPo Valley\nAir Offensive, Europe\n\n\nNormandy\nNorthern France\nRhineland\nCentral Europe\nAir Combat, EAME Theater","title":"Lineage"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Air_Combat_Command.png/60px-Air_Combat_Command.png"},{"image_text":"Emblem of the 98th Bombardment Wing (Medium)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/98thbombwing-patch.jpg/150px-98thbombwing-patch.jpg"},{"image_text":"98th Bomb Wing B-29 over Korea","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/B-29_345th_BS_98th_BG_over_Korea.jpg/220px-B-29_345th_BS_98th_BG_over_Korea.jpg"},{"image_text":"B-47s on the Ramp at Lincoln 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Erik_Mannerheim | Carl Erik Mannerheim | ["1 Biography","2 Gallery","3 References"] | Carl Erik MannerheimBorn(1759-12-14)14 December 1759Säter, SwedenDied15 January 1837(1837-01-15) (aged 77)Turku, Grand Duchy of FinlandNationalityFinnishTitleVice Chairman of the Economic Division of the Senate of FinlandSuccessorSamuel Fredrik von Born (acting)SpouseVendla Sofia von WillebrandChildrenCount Carl Gustaf MannerheimParent(s)Johan Augustin Mannerheim Helene Maria SöderhjälmRelativesBaron Carl Gustaf Emil MannerheimFamilyMannerheim
Count Carl Erik Mannerheim (14 December 1759 – 15 January 1837) was a Swedish–Finnish soldier, statesman and member of the Senate of Finland as its first Vice Chairman of the Economic Division, an office corresponding to that of the modern Prime Minister.
Biography
Carl Erik Mannerheim was born in Säter the third and youngest son of the Artillery Colonel and the Gothenburg Commandant, Johan Augustin Mannerheim (1706–1778) and his second spouse, Helene Maria Söderhjälm (1722–1793). His eldest brother was the prominent Swedish administrator Lars Augustin Mannerheim (1749–1835) and the middle brother Gustaf Johan Mannerheim (1754–1826) was the most significant ancestor of the Swedish branch of the Mannerheim family.
Mannerheim studied at Uppsala University, which he left to pursue his military career. He joined the Anjala conspiracy against the King of Sweden, Gustav III. As a result, he was sentenced to death, however, he was pardoned. He left the army in 1795. In 1796 he married Baroness Vendla Sofia von Willebrand , daughter of Baron Ernst Gustaf von Willebrand , a wealthy general and governor of Turku and Pori Province 1790–1806, and wife Wendla Gustava Wright and maternal aunt of Aurora Karamzin.
In 1809 Mannerheim became a member of the Diet of Porvoo and took part in the creation of Grand Duchy's institutions. He was the main figure in the Finnish delegation sent to the Russian Emperor that discussed Finland's future within the tsar's realm.
He became the first Vice Chairman of the Economic Division of the Senate of Finland in 1822 and served until 1826.
He was a great grandfather of Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim.
Gallery
Portrait of young Mannerheim
His wife Vendla Sofia von Willebrand
Portrait by Józef Oleszkiewicz, 1825
Portrait of old Mannerheim
References
^ a b c "Suku ja perhe". Mannerheim. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
^ a b c d e Tyynilä, Markku (12 October 2006). "Mannerheim, Carl Erik (1759 - 1837)". Kansallisbiografia. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
^ a b c d Johan Augustin Mannerheim Archived 2020-06-29 at the Wayback Machine (in Swedish)
^ Muotokuva; Johan Augustin Mannerheim; (1706-1778) (in Finnish)
^ http://www.wargs.com/royal/munck.html
^ "Arkistolaitos - 1809". Narc.fi. Retrieved 2019-11-05.
http://www.blf.fi/artikel.php?id=2222#
Authority control databases International
ISNI
National
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He joined the Anjala conspiracy against the King of Sweden, Gustav III. As a result, he was sentenced to death, however, he was pardoned. He left the army in 1795.[1][2] In 1796 he married Baroness Vendla Sofia von Willebrand [fi], daughter of Baron Ernst Gustaf von Willebrand [fi], a wealthy general and governor of Turku and Pori Province 1790–1806, and wife Wendla Gustava Wright and maternal aunt of Aurora Karamzin.[2][5]In 1809 Mannerheim became a member of the Diet of Porvoo and took part in the creation of Grand Duchy's institutions.[6] He was the main figure in the Finnish delegation sent to the Russian Emperor that discussed Finland's future within the tsar's realm.[2]He became the first Vice Chairman of the Economic Division of the Senate of Finland in 1822 and served until 1826.[1][2]He was a great grandfather of Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_young_Carl_Erik_Mannerheim_(1759-1837).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vendla_Sofia_von_Willebrand.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J%C3%B3zef_Oleszkiewicz_-_Portrait_of_Carl_Erik_Mannerheim_(1759-1837).jpg"},{"link_name":"Józef Oleszkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Oleszkiewicz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_old_Carl_Erik_Mannerheim_(1759-1837).jpg"}],"text":"Portrait of young Mannerheim\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHis wife Vendla Sofia von Willebrand\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPortrait by Józef Oleszkiewicz, 1825\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPortrait of old Mannerheim","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Suku ja perhe\". Mannerheim. Retrieved 27 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mannerheim.fi/navi-s/02_keh.htm","url_text":"\"Suku ja perhe\""}]},{"reference":"Tyynilä, Markku (12 October 2006). \"Mannerheim, Carl Erik (1759 - 1837)\". Kansallisbiografia. Retrieved 27 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://kansallisbiografia.fi/kansallisbiografia/henkilo/2222","url_text":"\"Mannerheim, Carl Erik (1759 - 1837)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arkistolaitos - 1809\". Narc.fi. Retrieved 2019-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.narc.fi/Arkistolaitos/nayttelyt/1809/","url_text":"\"Arkistolaitos - 1809\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.mannerheim.fi/navi-s/02_keh.htm","external_links_name":"\"Suku ja perhe\""},{"Link":"https://kansallisbiografia.fi/kansallisbiografia/henkilo/2222","external_links_name":"\"Mannerheim, Carl Erik (1759 - 1837)\""},{"Link":"http://www.tjelvar.se/biografica/akter-2/3428.htm","external_links_name":"Johan Augustin Mannerheim"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200629182936/http://www.tjelvar.se/biografica/akter-2/3428.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.finna.fi/Record/musketti.M012:H86056:1","external_links_name":"Muotokuva; Johan Augustin Mannerheim; (1706-1778)"},{"Link":"http://www.wargs.com/royal/munck.html","external_links_name":"http://www.wargs.com/royal/munck.html"},{"Link":"http://www.narc.fi/Arkistolaitos/nayttelyt/1809/","external_links_name":"\"Arkistolaitos - 1809\""},{"Link":"http://www.blf.fi/artikel.php?id=2222#","external_links_name":"http://www.blf.fi/artikel.php?id=2222#"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000484862440","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000134021","external_links_name":"Finland"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erinaceidae | Erinaceidae | ["1 Characteristics","2 Evolution","3 Classification","4 References"] | Family of mammals
ErinaceidaeTemporal range: Eocene–Recent
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Erinaceus europaeus (European hedgehog)
Neohylomys hainanensis (Hainan gymnure)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Eulipotyphla
Family:
ErinaceidaeG. Fischer, 1814
Type genus
ErinaceusLinnaeus, 1758
Subfamilies & genera
†Silvacola
†Oligoechinus
†Proterix
Erinaceinae
†Amphechinus
Atelerix
Erinaceus
Hemiechinus
Mesechinus
Paraechinus
Galericinae
†Deinogalerix
Echinosorex
†Galerix
Hylomys
Neohylomys
Neotetracus
Podogymnura
Erinaceidae /ˌɛrɪnəˈsiːɪdiː/ is a family in the order Eulipotyphla, consisting of the hedgehogs and moonrats. Until recently, it was assigned to the order Erinaceomorpha, which has been subsumed with the paraphyletic Soricomorpha into Eulipotyphla. Eulipotyphla has been shown to be monophyletic; Soricomorpha is paraphyletic because both Soricidae and Talpidae share a more recent common ancestor with Erinaceidae than with solenodons.
Erinaceidae contains the well-known hedgehogs (subfamily Erinaceinae) of Eurasia and Africa and the gymnures or moonrats (subfamily Galericinae) of Southeast Asia. This family was once considered part of the order Insectivora, but that polyphyletic order is now considered defunct.
Characteristics
Erinaceids are generally shrew-like in form, with long snouts and short tails. They are, however, much larger than shrews, ranging from 10–15 cm (4–6 in) in body length and 40–60 grams (1.4–2.1 oz) in weight, in the case of the short-tailed gymnure, up to 26–45 cm (10–18 in) and 1.0–1.4 kg (2.2–3.1 lb) in the moonrat. All but one species have five toes in each foot, in some cases with strong claws for digging, and they have large eyes and ears. Hedgehogs possess hair modified into sharp spines to form a protective covering over the upper body and flanks, while gymnures have only normal hair. Most species have anal scent glands, but these are far better developed in gymnures, which can have a powerful odor.
Erinaceids are omnivorous, with the major part of their diet consisting of insects, earthworms, and other small invertebrates. They also eat seeds and fruit, and occasionally birds' eggs, along with any carrion they come across. Their teeth are sharp and suited for impaling invertebrate prey. The dental formula for erinaceids is: 2-3.1.4.33.1.2-4.3
Hedgehogs are nocturnal, but gymnures are less so, and may be active during the day. Many species live in simple burrows, while others construct temporary nests on the surface from leaves and grass, or shelter in hollow logs or similar hiding places. Erinaceids are solitary animals outside the breeding season, and the father plays no role in raising the young.
Female erinaceids give birth after a gestation period of around six to seven weeks. The young are born blind and hairless, although hedgehogs begin to sprout their spines within 36 hours of birth.
Evolution
Erinaceids are a group of placental mammals that have retained many of their ancestral traits, having changed little since their origin in the Eocene. The so-called 'giant hedgehog' (actually a gymnure) Deinogalerix, from the Miocene of Gargano Island (part of modern Italy), was the size of a large rabbit, and may have eaten vertebrate prey or carrion, rather than insects.
Classification
See also: List of erinaceids
Order Eulipotyphla
†Family Amphilemuridae
†Genus Alsaticopithecus
†Genus Amphilemur
†Genus Gesneropithex
†Genus Macrocranion
†Macrocranion germonpreae
†Macrocranion junnei
†Macrocranion nitens
†Macrocranion robinsoni
†Macrocranion tenerum
†Macrocranion vandebroeki
†Genus Pholidocercus
†Pholidocercus hassiacus
Family Erinaceidae
†Genus Silvacola
†Silvacola acares
†Genus Oligoechinus
Subfamily Erinaceinae
†Genus Amphechinus
†Amphechinus akespensis
†Amphechinus arverniensis
†Amphechinus baudelotae
†Amphechinus edwardsi
†Amphechinus ginsburgi
†Amphechinus golpeae
†Amphechinus horncloudi
†Amphechinus intermedius
†Amphechinus kreuzae
†Amphechinus major
†Amphechinus microdus
†Amphechinus minutissimus
†Amphechinus robinsoni
†Amphechinus taatsiingolensis
Genus †Ladakhechinus
†Ladakhechinus iugummontis
Genus Atelerix
Four-toed hedgehog, Atelerix albiventris
North African hedgehog, Atelerix algirus
Southern African hedgehog, Atelerix frontalis
Somali hedgehog, Atelerix sclateri
Genus Erinaceus
Amur hedgehog, Erinaceus amurensis
Southern white-breasted hedgehog, Erinaceus concolor
European hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus
Northern white-breasted hedgehog, Erinaceus roumanicus
Genus Hemiechinus
Long-eared hedgehog, Hemiechinus auritus
Indian long-eared hedgehog, Hemiechinus collaris
Genus Mesechinus
Daurian hedgehog, Mesechinus dauuricus
Hugh's hedgehog, Mesechinus hughi
Gaoligong forest hedgehog, Mesechinus wangi
Small-toothed forest hedgehog, Mesechinus miodon
Genus Paraechinus
Desert hedgehog, Paraechinus aethiopicus
Brandt's hedgehog, Paraechinus hypomelas
Indian hedgehog, Paraechinus micropus
Bare-bellied hedgehog, Paraechinus nudiventris
Subfamily Galericinae
†Genus Deinogalerix
†Deinogalerix brevirostris
†Deinogalerix freudenthali
†Deinogalerix intermedius
†Deinogalerix koenigswaldi
†Deinogalerix minor
Genus Echinosorex
Moonrat, Echinosorex gymnura
†Genus Galerix
†Galerix aurelianensis
†Galerix exilis
†Galerix kostakii
†Galerix remmerti
†Galerix rutlandae
†Galerix saratji
†Galerix stehlini
†Galerix symeonidisi
†Galerix uenayae
Genus Hylomys
Dwarf gymnure, Hylomys parvus
Javan short-tailed gymnure or Lesser Moonrat, Hylomys suillus
Bornean short-tailed gymnure, Hylomys dorsalis
Max's short-tailed gymnure, Hylomys maxi
Dalat gymnure, Hylomys macarong
Northern short-tailed gymnure, Hylomys peguensis
Leuser gymnure, Hylomys vorax
Genus Neohylomys
Hainan gymnure, Neonylomys hainanensis
Genus Neotetracus
Shrew gymnure, Neotetracus sinensis
Genus Otohylomys
Long-eared gymnure, Otohylomys megalotis
Genus Podogymnura
Dinagat gymnure, Podogymnura aureospinula
Eastern Mindanao gymnure, Podogymnura intermedia
Podogymnura minima
Mindanao gymnure, Podogymnura truei
References
^ a b Hutterer, R. (2005). "Family Erinaceidae". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 212–219. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Robin MD Beck; Olaf RP Bininda-Emonds; Marcel Cardillo; Fu-Guo Robert Liu; Andy Purvis (2006). "A higher level MRP supertree of placental mammals". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 6: 93. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-6-93. PMC 1654192. PMID 17101039.
^ Roca, A.L.; G.K. Bar-Gal; E. Eizirik; K.M. Helgen; R. Maria; M.S. Springer; S.J. O'Brien & W.J. Murphy (2004). "Mesozoic origin for West Indian insectivores". Nature. 429 (6992): 649–651. Bibcode:2004Natur.429..649R. doi:10.1038/nature02597. PMID 15190349. S2CID 915633.
^ a b Wroot, Andrew (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 750–757. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
^ Savage, RJG & Long, MR (1986). Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide. New York: Facts on File. pp. 48–49. ISBN 0-8160-1194-X.
^ Wazir, W.A.; Cailleux, F.; Sehgal, R.K.; Patnaik, R.; Kumar, N.; van den Hoek Ostende, L.W. (2022). "First record of insectivore from the late Oligocene, Kargil Formation (Ladakh Molasse Group), Ladakh Himalayas". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. X (8): 100105. doi:10.1016/j.jaesx.2022.100105. S2CID 249858720.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Erinaceidae.
vteExtant mammal orders
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
(unranked) Amniota
YinotheriaAustralosphenida
Monotremata (Platypus and echidnas)
TheriaMetatheria(Marsupial inclusive)Ameridelphia
Paucituberculata (Shrew opossums)
Didelphimorphia (Opossums)
Australidelphia
Microbiotheria (Monito del monte)
Notoryctemorphia (Marsupial moles)
Dasyuromorphia (Quolls and dunnarts)
Peramelemorphia (Bilbies and bandicoots)
Diprotodontia (Kangaroos and relatives)
Eutheria(Placental inclusive)Xenarthra
Cingulata (Armadillos)
Pilosa (Anteaters and sloths)
Afrotheria
Afrosoricida (Tenrecs and golden moles)
Macroscelidea (Elephant shrews)
Tubulidentata (Aardvark)
Hyracoidea (Hyraxes)
Proboscidea (Elephants)
Sirenia (Dugongs and manatees)
BoreoeutheriaLaurasiatheria
Eulipotyphla (Hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives)
Chiroptera (Bats)
Pholidota (Pangolins)
Carnivora (Dogs, cats and relatives)
Perissodactyla (Horses, rhinoceroses and tapirs)
Artiodactyla (Pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales and dolphins)
Euarchontoglires
Rodentia (Rats, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives)
Lagomorpha (Rabbits, hares and pikas)
Scandentia (Treeshrews)
Dermoptera (Colugos)
Primates (lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans)
vteExtant species of Eulipotyphla
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria
Family: Erinaceidae
subfamily: Erinaceinae
Atelerix
Four-toed hedgehog (A. albiventris)
North African hedgehog (A. algirus)
Southern African hedgehog (A. frontalis)
Somali hedgehog (A. sclateri)
Erinaceus
Amur hedgehog (E. amurensis)
Southern white-breasted hedgehog (E. concolor)
West European hedgehog (E. europaeus)
Northern white-breasted hedgehog (E. roumanicus)
Hemiechinus
Long-eared hedgehog (H. auritus)
Indian long-eared hedgehog (H. collaris)
Mesechinus
Daurian hedgehog (M. dauuricus)
Hugh's hedgehog (M. hughi)
Gaoligong forest hedgehog (M. wangi)
Small-toothed forest hedgehog (M. miodon)
Eastern forest hedgehog (M. orientalis)
Paraechinus
Desert hedgehog (P. aethiopicus)
Brandt's hedgehog (P. hypomelas)
Indian hedgehog (P. micropus)
Bare-bellied hedgehog (P. nudiventris)
Family: Erinaceidae
subfamily: Galericinae
Echinosorex
Moonrat (E. gymnura)
Hylomys
Dwarf gymnure (H. parvus)
Javan short-tailed gymnure (H. suillus)
Bornean short-tailed gymnure (H. dorsalis)
Max's short-tailed gymnure (H. maxi)
Dalat gymnure (H. macarong)
Northern short-tailed gymnure (H. peguensis)
Leuser gymnure (H. vorax)
Neohylomys
Hainan gymnure (N. hainanensis)
Neotetracus
Shrew gymnure (N. sinensis)
Otohylomys
Long-eared gymnure (O. megalotis)
Podogymnura
Dinagat gymnure (P. aureospinula)
Mindanao gymnure (P. truei)
Family: Soricidae
subfamily: Crocidurinae
Crocidura(White-toothedshrews)
Cyrenaica shrew (C. aleksandrisi)
East African highland shrew (C. allex)
Andaman shrew (C. andamanensis)
C. annamitensis
Ansell's shrew (C. ansellorum)
Arabian shrew (C. arabica)
Jackass shrew (C. arispa)
Armenian shrew (C. armenica)
Asian gray shrew (C. attenuata)
Hun shrew (C. attila)
Bailey's shrew (C. baileyi)
Kinabalu shrew (C. baluensis)
Batak shrew (C. batakorum)
Mindanao shrew (C. beatus)
Beccari's shrew (C. beccarii)
Bottego's shrew (C. bottegi)
Bale shrew (C. bottegoides)
Thick-tailed shrew (C. brunnea)
Buettikofer's shrew (C. buettikoferi)
African dusky shrew (C. caliginea)
Canarian shrew (C. canariensis)
Caspian shrew (C. caspica)
Cinderella shrew (C. cinderella)
Congo white-toothed shrew (C. congobelgica)
C. cranbrooki
Long-footed shrew (C. crenata)
Crosse's shrew (C. crossei)
Reddish-gray musk shrew (C. cyanea)
Dent's shrew (C. denti)
Desperate shrew (C. desperata)
Dhofar shrew (C. dhofarensis)
Long-tailed musk shrew (C. dolichura)
Doucet's musk shrew (C. douceti)
Dsinezumi shrew (C. dsinezumi)
Eisentraut's shrew (C. eisentrauti)
Elgon shrew (C. elgonius)
Elongated shrew (C. elongata)
Heather shrew (C. erica)
Fischer's shrew (C. fischeri)
Greater red musk shrew (C. flavescens)
Flower's shrew (C. floweri)
Bornean shrew (C. foetida)
Fox's shrew (C. foxi)
Southeast Asian shrew (C. fuliginosa)
Savanna shrew (C. fulvastra)
Smoky white-toothed shrew (C. fumosa)
Bicolored musk shrew (C. fuscomurina)
Glass's shrew (C. glassi)
Gmelin's white-toothed shrew (C. gmelini)
Goliath shrew (C. goliath)
Peters's musk shrew (C. gracilipes)
Large-headed shrew (C. grandiceps)
Greater Mindanao shrew (C. grandis)
Grasse's shrew (C. grassei)
Luzon shrew (C. grayi)
Greenwood's shrew (C. greenwoodi)
C. guy
Harenna shrew (C. harenna)
C. hikmiya
Hildegarde's shrew (C. hildegardeae)
Hill's shrew (C. hilliana)
Lesser red musk shrew (C. hirta)
Andaman spiny shrew (C. hispida)
Horsfield's shrew (C. horsfieldii)
Hutan shrew (C. hutanis)
North African white-toothed shrew (C. ichnusae)
Indochinese shrew (C. indochinensis)
Jackson's shrew (C. jacksoni)
Jenkins's shrew (C. jenkinsi)
Jouvenet's shrew (C. jouvenetae)
Katinka's shrew (C. katinka)
Ke Go shrew (C. kegoensis)
Kivu shrew (C. kivuana)
Lamotte's shrew (C. lamottei)
Kivu long-haired shrew (C. lanosa)
Ussuri white-toothed shrew (C. lasiura)
Latona's shrew (C. latona)
Sulawesi shrew (C. lea)
Sumatran giant shrew (C. lepidura)
Bicolored shrew (C. leucodon)
Sulawesi tiny shrew (C. levicula)
Butiaba naked-tailed shrew (C. littoralis)
Savanna swamp shrew (C. longipes)
Lucina's shrew (C. lucina)
Ludia's shrew (C. ludia)
Moonshine shrew (C. luna)
Mauritanian shrew (C. lusitania)
MacArthur's shrew (C. macarthuri)
MacMillan's shrew (C. macmillani)
Nyiro shrew (C. macowi)
Malayan shrew (C. malayana)
Manenguba shrew (C. manengubae)
Makwassie musk shrew (C. maquassiensis)
Swamp musk shrew (C. mariquensis)
Gracile naked-tailed shrew (C. maurisca)
Javanese shrew (C. maxi)
Mindoro shrew (C. mindorus)
Sri Lankan long-tailed shrew (C. miya)
Kilimanjaro shrew (C. monax)
Sunda shrew (C. monticola)
Montane white-toothed shrew (C. montis)
West African long-tailed shrew (C. muricauda)
Mossy forest shrew (C. musseri)
Ugandan musk shrew (C. mutesae)
Somali dwarf shrew (C. nana)
Savanna dwarf shrew (C. nanilla)
Peninsular shrew (C. negligens)
Negros shrew (C. negrina)
Nicobar shrew (C. nicobarica)
Nigerian shrew (C. nigeriae)
Blackish white-toothed shrew (C. nigricans)
Black-footed shrew (C. nigripes)
African black shrew (C. nigrofusca)
Nimba shrew (C. nimbae)
Niobe's shrew (C. niobe)
West African pygmy shrew (C. obscurior)
African giant shrew (C. olivieri)
Oriental shrew (C. orientalis)
Ryukyu shrew (C. orii)
Palawan shrew (C. palawanensis)
Panay shrew (C. panayensis)
Sumatran long-tailed shrew (C. paradoxura)
Small-footed shrew (C. parvipes)
Sahelian tiny shrew (C. pasha)
Pale gray shrew (C. pergrisea)
Guramba shrew (C. phaeura)
C. phanluongi
Phu Hoc shrew (C. phuquocensis)
Cameroonian shrew (C. picea)
Pitman's shrew (C. pitmani)
Flat-headed shrew (C. planiceps)
Fraser's musk shrew (C. poensis)
Polia's shrew (C. polia)
Kashmir white-toothed shrew (C. pullata)
Rainey's shrew (C. raineyi)
Negev shrew (C. ramona)
Chinese white-toothed shrew (C. rapax)
Egyptian pygmy shrew (C. religiosa)
Sulawesi white-handed shrew (C. rhoditis)
Roosevelt's shrew (C. roosevelti)
Greater white-toothed shrew (C. russula)
Ugandan lowland shrew (C. selina)
Lesser rock shrew (C. serezkyensis)
Asian lesser white-toothed shrew (C. shantungensis)
Siberian shrew (C. sibirica)
Sicilian shrew (C. sicula)
Lesser gray-brown musk shrew (C. silacea)
Desert musk shrew (C. smithii)
Sokolov's shrew (C. sokolovi)
Somali shrew (C. somalica)
Kahuzi swamp shrew (C. stenocephala)
Lesser white-toothed shrew (C. suaveolens)
Iranian shrew (C. susiana)
Tanzanian shrew (C. tansaniana)
Tarella shrew (C. tarella)
Saharan shrew (C. tarfayensis)
Telford's shrew (C. telfordi)
Timor shrew (C. tenuis)
Thalia's shrew (C. thalia)
Therese's shrew (C. theresae)
São Tomé shrew (C. thomensis)
Christmas Island shrew (C. trichura)
Turbo shrew (C. turba)
Ultimate shrew (C. ultima)
Usambara shrew (C. usambarae)
Savanna path shrew (C. viaria)
Mamfe shrew (C. virgata)
Voi shrew (C. voi)
Voracious shrew (C. vorax)
Banka shrew (C. vosmaeri)
Lesser Ryukyu shrew (C. watasei)
Whitaker's shrew (C. whitakeri)
Wimmer's shrew (C. wimmeri)
Hainan Island shrew (C. wuchihensis)
Xanthippe's shrew (C. xantippe)
Yankari shrew (C. yankariensis)
Mikhail Zaitsev's shrew (C. zaitsevi )
Zaphir's shrew (C. zaphiri)
Zarudny's rock shrew (C. zarudnyi)
Upemba shrew (C. zimmeri)
Cretan shrew (C. zimmermanni)
Family: Soricidae
subfamily: Crocidurinae (continued)
Diplomesodon
Piebald shrew (D. pulchellus)
Feroculus
Kelaart's long-clawed shrew (F. feroculus)
Palawanosorex
Palawan moss shrew (P. muscorum)
Paracrocidura(Large-headedshrews)
Grauer's large-headed shrew (P. graueri)
Greater large-headed shrew (P. maxima)
Lesser large-headed shrew (P. schoutedeni)
Ruwenzorisorex
Ruwenzori shrew (R. suncoides)
Scutisorex
Hero shrew (S. somereni)
Thor's hero shrew (S. thori)
Solisorex
Pearson's long-clawed shrew (S. pearsoni)
Suncus
Taita shrew (S. aequatorius)
Black shrew (S. ater)
Day's shrew (S. dayi)
Etruscan shrew (S. etruscus)
Sri Lankan shrew (S. fellowesgordoni)
Bornean pygmy shrew (S. hosei)
Least dwarf shrew (S. infinitesimus)
Greater dwarf shrew (S. lixus)
Madagascan pygmy shrew (S. madagascariensis)
Malayan pygmy shrew (S. malayanus)
Climbing shrew (S. megalura)
Flores shrew (S. mertensi)
Asian highland shrew (S. montanus)
Asian house shrew (S. murinus)
Remy's pygmy shrew (S. remyi)
Anderson's shrew (S. stoliczkanus)
Lesser dwarf shrew (S. varilla)
Jungle shrew (S. zeylanicus)
Sylvisorex(Forest shrews)
Dudu Akaibe's pygmy shrew (S. akaibei)
Cameroonian forest shrew (S. cameruniensis)
Corbet's forest shrew (S. corbeti)
Grant's forest shrew (S. granti)
Howell's forest shrew (S. howelli)
Bioko forest shrew (S. isabellae)
Johnston's forest shrew (S. johnstoni)
Kongana shrew (S. konganensis)
Moon forest shrew (S. lunaris)
Mount Cameroon forest shrew (S. morio)
Greater forest shrew (S. ollula)
Lesser forest shrew (S. oriundus)
Rain forest shrew (S. pluvialis)
Volcano shrew (S. vulcanorum)
Family: Soricidae
subfamily: Soricinae
AnourosoriciniAnourosorex(Asian mole shrews)
Assam mole shrew (A. assamensis)
Giant mole shrew (A. schmidi)
Chinese mole shrew (A. squamipes)
Taiwanese mole shrew (A. yamashinai)
BlarinelliniBlarinella(some Asiatic short-tailedshrews)
Asiatic short-tailed shrew (B. quadraticauda)
Burmese short-tailed shrew (B. wardi)
Parablarinella(some Asiatic short-tailedshrews)
Indochinese short-tailed shrew (P. griselda)
Anhui short-tailed shrew (P. latimaxillata)
BlarininiBlarina(American short-tailedshrews)
Northern short-tailed shrew (B. brevicauda)
Southern short-tailed shrew (B. carolinensis)
Elliot's short-tailed shrew (B. hylophaga)
Everglades short-tailed shrew (B. peninsulae)
Sherman's short-tailed shrew (B. shermani)
Cryptotis(Small-earedshrews)
C. mexicana group
Mexican small-eared shrew (C. mexicana)
Nelson's small-eared shrew (C. nelsoni)
Grizzled Mexican small-eared shrew (C. obscura)
Phillips' small-eared shrew (C. phillipsii)
C. goldmani set
Central Mexican broad-clawed shrew (C. alticola)
Goldman's broad-clawed shrew (C. goldmani)
Goodwin's broad-clawed shrew (C. goodwini)
Guatemalan broad-clawed shrew (C. griseoventris)
C. lacertosus
C. mam
Oaxacan broad-clawed shrew (C. peregrina)
C. nigrescens group
Eastern Cordillera small-footed shrew (C. brachyonyx)
Colombian small-eared shrew (C. colombiana)
Honduran small-eared shrew (C. hondurensis)
Yucatan small-eared shrew (C. mayensis)
Darién small-eared shrew (C. mera)
Merriam's small-eared shrew (C. merriami)
Blackish small-eared shrew (C. nigrescens)
C. thomasi group
Southern Colombian small-eared shrew (C. andinus)
Ecuadorian small-eared shrew (C. equatoris)
Rainer's small-eared shrew (C. huttereri)
Medellín small-eared shrew (C. medellinia)
Merida small-eared shrew (C. meridensis)
Wandering small-eared shrew (C. montivaga)
Peruvian small-eared shrew (C. peruviensis)
Scaly-footed small-eared shrew (C. squaipes)
Tamá small-eared shrew (C. tamensis)
Thomas's small-eared shrew (C. thomasi)
C. parva group
Central American least shrew (C. orophila)
North American least shrew (C. parva)
Tropical small-eared shrew (C. tropicalis)
Ungrouped / relict
Enders's small-eared shrew (C. endersi)
Talamancan small-eared shrew (C. gracilis)
Big Mexican small-eared shrew (C. magna)
NectogaliniChimarrogale(Asiatic watershrews)
Malayan water shrew (C. hantu)
Himalayan water shrew (C. himalayica)
Bornean water shrew (C. phaeura)
Japanese water shrew (C. platycephalus)
Chinese water shrew (C. styani)
Sumatran water shrew (C. sumatrana)
Chodsigoa
Van Sung's shrew (C. caovansunga)
De Winton's shrew (C. hypsibia)
Lamulate shrew (C. lamula)
Lowe's shrew (C. parca)
Pygmy brown-toothed shrew (C. parva)
Salenski's shrew (C. salenskii)
Smith's shrew (C. smithii)
Lesser Taiwanese shrew (C. sodalis)
Episoriculus
Hodgsons's brown-toothed shrew (E. caudatus)
Taiwanese brown-toothed shrew (E. fumidus)
Long-tailed brown-toothed shrew (E. leucops)
Long-tailed mountain shrew (E. macrurus)
Nectogale
Elegant water shrew (N. elegans)
Neomys
Mediterranean water shrew (N. anomalus)
Eurasian water shrew (N. fodiens)
Transcaucasian water shrew (N. teres)
Soriculus
Himalayan shrew (S. nigrescens)
NotiosoriciniMegasorex
Mexican shrew (M. gigas)
Notiosorex
Cockrum's gray shrew (N. cockrumi)
Crawford's gray shrew (N. crawfordi)
Large-eared gray shrew (N. evotis)
Villa's gray shrew (N. villai)
Family: Soricidae
subfamily: Soricinae (tribe: Soricini)
Sorex(Long-tailedshrews)SubgenusOtisorex
Long-tailed shrew (S. dispar)
Smoky shrew (S. fumeus)
American pygmy shrew (S. hoyi)
Large-toothed shrew (S. macrodon)
Carmen mountain shrew (S. milleri)
Dwarf shrew (S. nanus)
Mexican long-tailed shrew (S. oreopolus)
Orizaba long-tailed shrew (S. orizabae)
Ornate shrew (S. ornatus)
Inyo shrew (S. tenellus)
Verapaz shrew (S. veraepacis)
S. vagrans complex
Glacier Bay water shrew (S. alaskanus)
Baird's shrew (S. bairdii)
Marsh shrew (S. bendirii)
Montane shrew (S. monticolus)
New Mexico shrew (S. neomexicanus)
Pacific shrew (S. pacificus)
American water shrew (S. palustris)
Fog shrew (S. sonomae)
Vagrant shrew (S. vagrans)
S. cinereus group
Kamchatka shrew (S. camtschatica)
Cinereus shrew (S. cinereus)
Prairie shrew (S. haydeni)
Saint Lawrence Island shrew (S. jacksoni)
Paramushir shrew (S. leucogaster)
Southeastern shrew (S. longirostris)
Mount Lyell shrew (S. lyelli)
Portenko's shrew (S. portenkoi)
Preble's shrew (S. preblei)
Pribilof Island shrew (S. pribilofensis)
Olympic shrew (S. rohweri)
Barren ground shrew (S. ugyunak)
SubgenusSorex
Dneper common shrew (S. averini)
Lesser striped shrew (S. bedfordiae)
Greater stripe-backed shrew (S. cylindricauda)
Chinese highland shrew (S. excelsus)
Azumi shrew (S. hosonoi)
Chinese shrew (S. sinalis)
Alaska tiny shrew (S. yukonicus)
S. alpinus group
Alpine shrew (S. alpinus)
Ussuri shrew (S. mirabilis)
S. araneus group
Valais shrew (S. antinorii)
Common shrew (S. araneus)
Udine shrew (S. arunchi)
Crowned shrew (S. coronatus)
Siberian large-toothed shrew (S. daphaenodon)
Iberian shrew (S. granarius)
Caucasian shrew (S. satunini)
S. arcticus group
Arctic shrew (S. arcticus)
Maritime shrew (S. maritimensis)
S. tundrensis group
Tien Shan shrew (S. asper)
Gansu shrew (S. cansulus)
Tundra shrew (S. tundrensis)
S. minutus group
Buchara shrew (S. buchariensis)
Kozlov's shrew (S. kozlovi)
Caucasian pygmy shrew (S. volnuchini)
S. caecutiens group
Laxmann's shrew (S. caecutiens)
Taiga shrew (S. isodon)
Eurasian least shrew (S. minutissimus)
Eurasian pygmy shrew (S. minutus)
Flat-skulled shrew (S. roboratus)
Shinto shrew (S. shinto)
Long-clawed shrew (S. unguiculatus)
S. gracillimus group
Slender shrew (S. gracillimus)
S. raddei group
Radde's shrew (S. raddei)
S. samniticus group
Apennine shrew (S. samniticus)
incertae sedis
Arizona shrew (S. arizonae)
Zacatecas shrew (S. emarginatus)
Merriam's shrew (S. merriami)
Kashmir pygmy shrew (S. planiceps)
Saussure's shrew (S. saussurei)
Sclater's shrew (S. sclateri)
San Cristobal shrew (S. stizodon)
Tibetan shrew (S. thibetanus)
Trowbridge's shrew (S. trowbridgii)
Chestnut-bellied shrew (S. ventralis)
Veracruz shrew (S. veraecrucis)
Family: Soricidae
subfamily: Myosoricinae
Congosorex(Congo shrews)
Phillips's shrew (C. phillipsorum)
Greater Congo shrew (C. polli)
Lesser Congo shrew (C. verheyeni)
Myosorex(Mouse shrews)
Babault's mouse shrew (M. babaulti)
Montane mouse shrew (M. blarina)
Bururi forest shrew (M. bururiensis)
Dark-footed mouse shrew (M. cafer)
Eisentraut's mouse shrew (M. eisentrauti)
Geata mouse shrew (M. geata)
Nyika mouse shrew (M. gnoskei)
Kihaule's mouse shrew (M. kihaulei)
Long-tailed forest shrew (M. longicaudatus)
Oku mouse shrew (M. okuensis)
Rumpi mouse shrew (M. rumpii)
Schaller's mouse shrew (M. schalleri)
Sclater's mouse shrew (M. sclateri)
Thin mouse shrew (M. tenuis)
Forest shrew (M. varius)
Kilimanjaro mouse shrew (M. zinki)
Surdisorex(African moleshrews)
Aberdare mole shrew (S. norae)
Mount Kenya mole shrew (S. polulus)
Family: Talpidae
Scalopinae(New World molesand relatives)Condylura
Star-nosed mole (C. cristata)
Parascalops
Hairy-tailed mole (P. breweri)
Scalopus
Eastern mole (S. aquaticus)
Scapanulus
Gansu mole (S. oweni)
Scapanus(Western NorthAmerican moles)
Broad-footed mole (S. latimanus)
Coast mole (S. orarius)
Townsend's mole (S. townsendii)
Talpinae(Old World molesand relatives)Desmana
Russian desman (D. moschata)
Dymecodon
True's shrew mole (D. pilirostris)
Euroscaptor
Greater Chinese mole (E. grandis)
Kloss's mole (E. klossi)
Long-nosed mole (E. longirostris)
Himalayan mole (E. micrura)
Small-toothed mole (E. parvidens)
Vietnamese mole (E. subanura)
Galemys
Pyrenean desman (G. pyrenaicus)
Mogera
Echigo mole (M. etigo)
Insular mole (M. insularis)
Kano mole (M. kanoana)
Kobe mole (M. kobeae)
Small Japanese mole (M. imaizumii)
Large mole (M. robusta)
Sado mole (M. tokudae)
Japanese mole (M. wogura)
Senkaku mole (M. uchidai)
Neurotrichus
American shrew mole (N. gibbsii)
Oreoscaptor
Japanese mountain mole (O. mizura)
Parascaptor
White-tailed mole (P. leucura)
Scaptochirus
Short-faced mole (S. moschatus)
Scaptonyx
Long-tailed mole (S. fusicaudus)
Talpa
Altai mole (T. altaica)
Aquitanian mole (T. aquitania)
Blind mole (T. caeca)
Caucasian mole (T. caucasica)
European mole (T. europaea)
Père David's mole (T. davidiana)
Levant mole (T. levantis)
Martino's mole (T. martinorum)
Spanish mole (T. occidentalis)
Ognev's mole (T. ognevi)
Roman mole (T. romana)
Balkan mole (T. stankovici)
Talysch mole (T. talyschensis)
Urotrichus
Japanese shrew mole (U. talpoides)
Uropsilinae(Chinese shrew-likemoles)Uropsilus
Equivalent-teeth shrew mole (U. aequodonenia)
Anderson's shrew mole (U. andersoni)
Black-backed shrew mole (U. atronates)
Dabie Mountains shrew mole (U. dabieshanensis)
Gracile shrew mole (U. gracilis)
Inquisitive shrew mole (U. investigator)
Snow Mountain shrew mole (U. nivatus)
Chinese shrew mole (U. soricipes)
Family: Solenodontidae
Atopogale
Cuban solenodon (A. cubana)
Solenodon
Hispaniolan solenodon (S. paradoxus)
Taxon identifiersErinaceidae
Wikidata: Q28257
Wikispecies: Erinaceidae
ADW: Erinaceidae
BOLD: 980
CoL: 623NY
EPPO: 1ERINF
Fauna Europaea: 12622
Fauna Europaea (new): 38837719-f93e-45e9-bf11-4061fbd5e0be
GBIF: 5722
iNaturalist: 43011
IRMNG: 104888
ITIS: 552310
MSW: 13600002
NBN: NHMSYS0000376156
NCBI: 9363
NZOR: 5d0f3170-a1b5-4144-bab6-3221972d1a26
Open Tree of Life: 796668
Paleobiology Database: 40367
WoRMS: 1465487
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˌɛrɪnəˈsiːɪdiː/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Eulipotyphla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulipotyphla"},{"link_name":"hedgehogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog"},{"link_name":"moonrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galericinae"},{"link_name":"paraphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyletic"},{"link_name":"Soricomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soricomorpha"},{"link_name":"monophyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyly"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beck-2"},{"link_name":"Soricidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soricidae"},{"link_name":"Talpidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talpidae"},{"link_name":"solenodons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenodon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rocaetal04-3"},{"link_name":"hedgehogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Erinaceinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erinaceinae"},{"link_name":"gymnures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galericinae"},{"link_name":"Galericinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galericinae"},{"link_name":"Insectivora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insectivora"},{"link_name":"polyphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphyly"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msw3-1"}],"text":"Erinaceidae /ˌɛrɪnəˈsiːɪdiː/ is a family in the order Eulipotyphla, consisting of the hedgehogs and moonrats. Until recently, it was assigned to the order Erinaceomorpha, which has been subsumed with the paraphyletic Soricomorpha into Eulipotyphla. Eulipotyphla has been shown to be monophyletic;[2] Soricomorpha is paraphyletic because both Soricidae and Talpidae share a more recent common ancestor with Erinaceidae than with solenodons.[3]Erinaceidae contains the well-known hedgehogs (subfamily Erinaceinae) of Eurasia and Africa and the gymnures or moonrats (subfamily Galericinae) of Southeast Asia. This family was once considered part of the order Insectivora, but that polyphyletic order is now considered defunct.[1]","title":"Erinaceidae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrew"},{"link_name":"short-tailed gymnure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_short-tailed_gymnure"},{"link_name":"moonrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonrat"},{"link_name":"spines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spine_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"scent glands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scent_gland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoM-4"},{"link_name":"omnivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnivore"},{"link_name":"invertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrates"},{"link_name":"carrion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrion"},{"link_name":"dental formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentition"},{"link_name":"nocturnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoM-4"}],"text":"Erinaceids are generally shrew-like in form, with long snouts and short tails. They are, however, much larger than shrews, ranging from 10–15 cm (4–6 in) in body length and 40–60 grams (1.4–2.1 oz) in weight, in the case of the short-tailed gymnure, up to 26–45 cm (10–18 in) and 1.0–1.4 kg (2.2–3.1 lb) in the moonrat. All but one species have five toes in each foot, in some cases with strong claws for digging, and they have large eyes and ears. Hedgehogs possess hair modified into sharp spines to form a protective covering over the upper body and flanks, while gymnures have only normal hair. Most species have anal scent glands, but these are far better developed in gymnures, which can have a powerful odor.[4]Erinaceids are omnivorous, with the major part of their diet consisting of insects, earthworms, and other small invertebrates. They also eat seeds and fruit, and occasionally birds' eggs, along with any carrion they come across. Their teeth are sharp and suited for impaling invertebrate prey. The dental formula for erinaceids is: 2-3.1.4.33.1.2-4.3Hedgehogs are nocturnal, but gymnures are less so, and may be active during the day. Many species live in simple burrows, while others construct temporary nests on the surface from leaves and grass, or shelter in hollow logs or similar hiding places. Erinaceids are solitary animals outside the breeding season, and the father plays no role in raising the young.[4]Female erinaceids give birth after a gestation period of around six to seven weeks. The young are born blind and hairless, although hedgehogs begin to sprout their spines within 36 hours of birth.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"placental mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_mammal"},{"link_name":"Eocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene"},{"link_name":"gymnure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnure"},{"link_name":"Deinogalerix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinogalerix"},{"link_name":"Miocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene"},{"link_name":"Gargano Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargano_Island"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MamEv-5"}],"text":"Erinaceids are a group of placental mammals that have retained many of their ancestral traits, having changed little since their origin in the Eocene. The so-called 'giant hedgehog' (actually a gymnure) Deinogalerix, from the Miocene of Gargano Island (part of modern Italy), was the size of a large rabbit, and may have eaten vertebrate prey or carrion, rather than insects.[5]","title":"Evolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of erinaceids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_erinaceids"},{"link_name":"Amphilemuridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphilemuridae"},{"link_name":"Alsaticopithecus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alsaticopithecus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amphilemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amphilemur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gesneropithex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gesneropithex&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Macrocranion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrocranion"},{"link_name":"Pholidocercus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholidocercus"},{"link_name":"Silvacola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvacola"},{"link_name":"Oligoechinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oligoechinus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erinaceinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erinaceinae"},{"link_name":"Amphechinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphechinus"},{"link_name":"Ladakhechinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ladakhechinus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Atelerix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelerix"},{"link_name":"Four-toed hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-toed_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"North African hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Southern African hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Somali hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Erinaceus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erinaceus"},{"link_name":"Amur hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Southern white-breasted hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_white-breasted_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"European hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Northern white-breasted hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_white-breasted_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Hemiechinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiechinus"},{"link_name":"Long-eared hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-eared_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Indian long-eared hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_long-eared_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Mesechinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesechinus"},{"link_name":"Daurian hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daurian_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Hugh's hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%27s_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Gaoligong forest hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaoligong_forest_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Small-toothed forest hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small-toothed_forest_hedgehog&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paraechinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraechinus"},{"link_name":"Desert hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Brandt's hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandt%27s_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Indian hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Bare-bellied hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bare-bellied_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Galericinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galericinae"},{"link_name":"Deinogalerix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinogalerix"},{"link_name":"Echinosorex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinosorex"},{"link_name":"Moonrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonrat"},{"link_name":"Galerix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerix"},{"link_name":"Hylomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylomys"},{"link_name":"Dwarf gymnure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_gymnure"},{"link_name":"Javan short-tailed gymnure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_short-tailed_gymnure"},{"link_name":"Bornean short-tailed gymnure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornean_short-tailed_gymnure"},{"link_name":"Max's short-tailed gymnure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%27s_short-tailed_gymnure"},{"link_name":"Dalat gymnure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalat_gymnure"},{"link_name":"Northern short-tailed gymnure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_short-tailed_gymnure"},{"link_name":"Leuser gymnure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuser_gymnure"},{"link_name":"Neohylomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neohylomys"},{"link_name":"Hainan gymnure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan_gymnure"},{"link_name":"Neotetracus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotetracus"},{"link_name":"Shrew gymnure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrew_gymnure"},{"link_name":"Otohylomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otohylomys"},{"link_name":"Long-eared gymnure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-eared_gymnure"},{"link_name":"Podogymnura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podogymnura"},{"link_name":"Dinagat gymnure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinagat_gymnure"},{"link_name":"Eastern Mindanao gymnure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Mindanao_gymnure"},{"link_name":"Podogymnura minima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Podogymnura_minima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mindanao gymnure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao_gymnure"}],"text":"See also: List of erinaceidsOrder Eulipotyphla\n†Family Amphilemuridae\n†Genus Alsaticopithecus\n†Genus Amphilemur\n†Genus Gesneropithex\n†Genus Macrocranion\n†Macrocranion germonpreae\n†Macrocranion junnei\n†Macrocranion nitens\n†Macrocranion robinsoni\n†Macrocranion tenerum\n†Macrocranion vandebroeki\n†Genus Pholidocercus\n†Pholidocercus hassiacus\nFamily Erinaceidae\n†Genus Silvacola\n†Silvacola acares\n†Genus Oligoechinus\nSubfamily Erinaceinae\n†Genus Amphechinus\n†Amphechinus akespensis\n†Amphechinus arverniensis\n†Amphechinus baudelotae\n†Amphechinus edwardsi\n†Amphechinus ginsburgi\n†Amphechinus golpeae\n†Amphechinus horncloudi\n†Amphechinus intermedius\n†Amphechinus kreuzae\n†Amphechinus major\n†Amphechinus microdus\n†Amphechinus minutissimus\n†Amphechinus robinsoni\n†Amphechinus taatsiingolensis\nGenus †Ladakhechinus[6]\n†Ladakhechinus iugummontis\nGenus Atelerix\nFour-toed hedgehog, Atelerix albiventris\nNorth African hedgehog, Atelerix algirus\nSouthern African hedgehog, Atelerix frontalis\nSomali hedgehog, Atelerix sclateri\nGenus Erinaceus\nAmur hedgehog, Erinaceus amurensis\nSouthern white-breasted hedgehog, Erinaceus concolor\nEuropean hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus\nNorthern white-breasted hedgehog, Erinaceus roumanicus\nGenus Hemiechinus\nLong-eared hedgehog, Hemiechinus auritus\nIndian long-eared hedgehog, Hemiechinus collaris\nGenus Mesechinus\nDaurian hedgehog, Mesechinus dauuricus\nHugh's hedgehog, Mesechinus hughi\nGaoligong forest hedgehog, Mesechinus wangi\nSmall-toothed forest hedgehog, Mesechinus miodon\nGenus Paraechinus\nDesert hedgehog, Paraechinus aethiopicus\nBrandt's hedgehog, Paraechinus hypomelas\nIndian hedgehog, Paraechinus micropus \nBare-bellied hedgehog, Paraechinus nudiventris\nSubfamily Galericinae\n†Genus Deinogalerix\n†Deinogalerix brevirostris\n†Deinogalerix freudenthali\n†Deinogalerix intermedius\n†Deinogalerix koenigswaldi\n†Deinogalerix minor\nGenus Echinosorex\nMoonrat, Echinosorex gymnura\n†Genus Galerix\n†Galerix aurelianensis\n†Galerix exilis\n†Galerix kostakii\n†Galerix remmerti\n†Galerix rutlandae\n†Galerix saratji\n†Galerix stehlini\n†Galerix symeonidisi\n†Galerix uenayae\nGenus Hylomys\nDwarf gymnure, Hylomys parvus\nJavan short-tailed gymnure or Lesser Moonrat, Hylomys suillus\nBornean short-tailed gymnure, Hylomys dorsalis\nMax's short-tailed gymnure, Hylomys maxi\nDalat gymnure, Hylomys macarong\nNorthern short-tailed gymnure, Hylomys peguensis\nLeuser gymnure, Hylomys vorax\nGenus Neohylomys\nHainan gymnure, Neonylomys hainanensis\nGenus Neotetracus\nShrew gymnure, Neotetracus sinensis\nGenus Otohylomys\nLong-eared gymnure, Otohylomys megalotis\nGenus Podogymnura\nDinagat gymnure, Podogymnura aureospinula\nEastern Mindanao gymnure, Podogymnura intermedia\nPodogymnura minima\nMindanao gymnure, Podogymnura truei","title":"Classification"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Hutterer, R. (2005). \"Family Erinaceidae\". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 212–219. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=13600002","url_text":"\"Family Erinaceidae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, D.E."},{"url":"http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA212%E2%80%93219","url_text":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0","url_text":"978-0-8018-8221-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","url_text":"62265494"}]},{"reference":"Robin MD Beck; Olaf RP Bininda-Emonds; Marcel Cardillo; Fu-Guo Robert Liu; Andy Purvis (2006). \"A higher level MRP supertree of placental mammals\". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 6: 93. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-6-93. PMC 1654192. PMID 17101039.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1654192","url_text":"\"A higher level MRP supertree of placental mammals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-6-93","url_text":"10.1186/1471-2148-6-93"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1654192","url_text":"1654192"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17101039","url_text":"17101039"}]},{"reference":"Roca, A.L.; G.K. Bar-Gal; E. Eizirik; K.M. Helgen; R. Maria; M.S. Springer; S.J. O'Brien & W.J. Murphy (2004). \"Mesozoic origin for West Indian insectivores\". Nature. 429 (6992): 649–651. Bibcode:2004Natur.429..649R. doi:10.1038/nature02597. PMID 15190349. S2CID 915633.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.429..649R","url_text":"2004Natur.429..649R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02597","url_text":"10.1038/nature02597"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15190349","url_text":"15190349"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:915633","url_text":"915633"}]},{"reference":"Wroot, Andrew (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 750–757. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/750","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Mammals"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/750","url_text":"750–757"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87196-871-1","url_text":"0-87196-871-1"}]},{"reference":"Savage, RJG & Long, MR (1986). Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide. New York: Facts on File. pp. 48–49. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangho_language | Spurious languages | ["1 Dubious languages","2 Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3","2.1 Removed from Ethnologue, 12th ed., 1992","2.2 Removed from Ethnologue, 13th ed., 1996","2.3 Removed from Ethnologue, 14th ed., 2000","2.4 Removed from Ethnologue, 15th ed., 2005","2.5 Retired 2007","2.6 Retired 2008","2.7 Retired 2009","2.8 Retired 2010","2.9 Retired 2011","2.10 Retired 2012","2.11 Retired 2013","2.12 Retired 2014","2.13 Retired 2015","2.14 Retired 2016","2.15 Retired 2017","2.16 Retired 2018","2.17 Retired 2019","2.18 Retired 2020","2.19 Retired 2021","2.20 Retired 2022","2.21 Retired 2023","2.22 Retired 2024","3 Spurious according to Glottolog","4 References and notes","5 External links"] | Reputably reported language later shown to not exist
Not to be confused with Fictional language.
Spurious languages are languages that have been reported as existing in reputable works, while other research has reported that the language in question did not exist. Some spurious languages have been proven to not exist. Others have very little evidence supporting their existence, and have been dismissed in later scholarship. Others still are of uncertain existence due to limited research.
Below is a sampling of languages that have been claimed to exist in reputable sources but have subsequently been disproved or challenged. In some cases a purported language is tracked down and turns out to be another, known language. This is common when language varieties are named after places or ethnicities.
Some alleged languages turn out to be hoaxes, such as the Kukurá language of Brazil or the Taensa language of Louisiana. Others are honest errors that persist in the literature despite being corrected by the original authors; an example of this is Hongote, the name given in 1892 to two Colonial word lists, one of Tlingit and one of a Salishan language, that were mistakenly listed as Patagonian. The error was corrected three times that year, but nonetheless "Hongote" was still listed as a Patagonian language a century later in Greenberg (1987).: 133
In the case of New Guinea, one of the most linguistically diverse areas on Earth, some spurious languages are simply the names of language surveys that the data was published under. Examples are Mapi, Kia, Upper Digul, Upper Kaeme, listed as Indo-Pacific languages in Ruhlen 1987; these are actually rivers that gave their names to language surveys in the Greater Awyu languages and Ok languages of New Guinea.
Dubious languages
Dubious languages are those whose existence is uncertain. They include:
Oropom (Uganda)
Nemadi (Mauritania)
Rer Bare (Ethiopia) – extinct, if it ever existed
Tapeba (Brazil) – a recently created indigenous ethnicity, not a language
Ladakhi Sign Language – no community to use it
Dek (Cameroon)
Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3
Following is a list of ISO 639-3 language codes which have been retired since the standard was established in 2006, arranged by the year in which the actual retirement took effect; in most cases the change request for retirement was submitted in the preceding year. Also included is a partial list of languages (with their SIL codes) that appeared at one time in Ethnologue but were removed prior to 2006, arranged by the first edition in which they did not appear.
The list includes codes that have been retired from ISO 639-3 or languages removed from Ethnologue because the language apparently does not exist and cannot be identified with an existing language. The list does not include instances where the "language" turns out to be a spelling variant of another language or the name of a village where an already known language is spoken; these are cases of duplicates, which are resolved in ISO 639-3 by a code merger. It does include "languages" for which there is no evidence or which cannot be found. (In some cases, however, the evidence for nonexistence is a survey among the current population of the area, which would not identify extinct languages such as Ware below.)
SIL codes are upper case; ISO codes are lower case. Once retired, ISO 639-3 codes are not reused. SIL codes that were retired prior to 2006 may have been re-used or may have reappeared as ISO codes for other languages.
Removed from Ethnologue, 12th ed., 1992
Itaem (PNG)
Marajona (Brazil)
Nemeyam (PNG)
Nereyama, Nereyó (Brazil)
Numbiaí (Orelha de Pau)
Oganibi (PNG)
Tijuana Sign Language (Mexico) – added to Ethnologue 1988 by mistake due to a misunderstanding, removed in 1992. No evidence that it ever existed.
Tyeliri Senoufo – the Tyeliri are a caste of leather workers, and do not have their own language
Wagumi
Zanofil – name of an ethnic group that speaks Yongkom
Removed from Ethnologue, 13th ed., 1996
Bibasa (PNG) – described as "isolate in need of survey" in the 12th ed.
Removed from Ethnologue, 14th ed., 2000
Alak 2 – a mislabeled fragment of a word list
Dzorgai , Kortse , Pingfang , Thochu , Lofuchai (Lophuchai) , Wagsod – old names for Qiangic languages, some of uncertain correspondence to currently recognized names
Hsifan – an ethnic name for people speaking a variety of Qiangic or Jiarongic languages
Scandinavian Pidgin Sign Language – normal inter-language contact, not an established pidgin
Wutana (Nigeria) – an ethnic name
Removed from Ethnologue, 15th ed., 2005
Jiji
Kalanke
Lewada-Dewara , incl. Balamula/Mataru
Lowland Semang (though other languages without ISO codes, such as Wila', are also called Lowland Semang)
Mutús – suspected to exist, e.g. by Adelaar 2005
Nchinchege
Nkwak – same as Tanjijili? Also a possible synonym for Kwak (retired in 2015)
Oso (Southern Fungom) – no evidence it is distinct from Fungom and Bum
Rungi
Wamsak
Retired 2007
Miarrã – unattested
Atuence – an old town name
Amapá Creole
Retired 2008
Amikoana (Amikuân)
Land Dayak – language family name, not individual language
Ware – Ware is listed as extinct in Maho (2009). When an SIL team in Tanzania were not able to find any evidence of it being spoken, the code was retired.
Bahau River Kenyah , Kayan River Kenyah , Mahakam Kenyah , Upper Baram Kenyah – Any current use is likely either Mainstream Kenyah or Uma' Lung
Amerax – prison jargon
Garreh-Ajuran (Borana & Somali)
Sufrai – two languages, Tarpia and Kaptiau, which are not close
Retired 2009
Aariya
Papavô – name given to several uncontacted groups
Europanto – a jest
Chumash
Retired 2010
Chimakum – duplicate of Chemakum
Beti (Cameroon) – a group name
Retired 2011
Ayi (China)
Dhanwar (India)
Mahei
Retired 2012
Palu
Pongyong
Elpaputih – could be either of two existing languages
Wirangu-Nauo – the two varieties which do not form a unit
Retired 2013
Malakhel – likely Ormuri
Forest Maninka – generic
Retired 2014
Gugu Mini – a generic name
Maskoy Pidgin – never existed
Emok – never existed
Yugh – duplicate of Yug
Lamam – duplicate of Romam
Retired 2015
Mator-Taygi-Karagas – duplicate of Mator
Yiddish Sign Language – no evidence that it existed
The – duplicate of Oy
Imraguen (Mauritania)
Borna (Eborna) – perhaps a typo for Boma (Eboma)
Bemba – a tribal name
Songa – a tribal name
Daza – retired in 2015 (with the reason "Nonexistent") but that decision was reversed in 2023, bringing back
Buya
Kakauhua – Kakauhua/Caucahue is an ethnonym, language unattested – see Alacalufan languages
Subi – duplicate of Shubi but that decision was reversed in 2019, bringing back
Yangho – does not exist
ǂKxʼaoǁʼae ("=/Kx'au//'ein") – dialect of Juǀʼhoan
Retired 2016
Bhatola
Cagua
Chipiajes – a Saliba and Guahibo surname
Coxima
Iapama – uncontacted, and likely one of the neighboring languages
Kabixí – generic name for Parecis, Nambiquaras, or any hostile group (see Cabixi language for one specific use)
Runa
Savara (Dravidian)
Xipináwa
Yarí
And several supposed extinct Arawakan languages of Venezuela and Colombia:
Cumeral
Omejes
Ponares – a Sáliba surname, perhaps just Piapoco or Achagua
Tomedes a.k.a. Tamudes
Additional languages and codes were retired in 2016, due to a lack of evidence that they existed, but were not necessarily spurious as languages.
Retired 2017
Lua'
Rennellese Sign Language – a home sign system, not a full language
Rien
Shinabo
Pu Ko – no substantive evidence that the language ever existed.
Retired 2018
Lyons Sign Language – no substantive evidence that the language ever existed.
Mediak
Mosiro – a clan name
Retired 2019
Lui
Khlor – duplicate of Kriang
Mina (India) – Meena, a tribe and caste name in India
Retired 2020
Arma
Tayabas Ayta
Babalia Creole Arabic
Barbacoas
Cauca
Chamari
Degaru
Eastern Karnic
Khalaj
Lumbee
Palpa
Tapeba
Retired 2021
Bikaru – posited based on a poor elicitation of ordinary Bisorio
Retired 2022
Warduji
Pini
Judeo-Tunisian Arabic – duplicate of Tunisian Arabic
Retired 2023
Tupí – duplicate of Tupinamba
Karipúna – duplicate of Palikur
Khoibal – duplicate of Khakas
Salchuq
Parsi
Retired 2024
Mawa – listed in Ethnologue but SIL has no evidence it ever existed.
Spurious according to Glottolog
Glottolog, maintained at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, classifies several languages, some with ISO 639 codes, as spurious/unattested in addition to those retired by the ISO. These include:
Language Name
ISO 639-3
Details
!Khuai
Duplicate of ǀXam
Adabe
adb
Dialect of Wetarese, taken for a Papuan language
Adu
adu
Duplicate of Okpamheri
Agaria
agi
all likely candidates in the area already have ISO codes
Ahirani
ahr
Khandeshi dialect
Anasi
bpo
Misidentification of Nisa
Arakwal
rkw
An ethnic group, not a language
Baga Kaloum
bqf
Should be subsumed into Koga variant
Baga Sobané
bsv
Should be subsumed into Sitemu variant
Bainouk-Samik
bcb
Split from Bainouk-Gunyuño due solely to national border
Bhalay
bhx
A caste rather than a language
Bubia
bbx
Buso
bso
Duplicate of Kwang
Chetco
ctc
Indistinguishable from Tolowa
Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao
cqd
Con
cno
Gengle
geg
Mutually intelligible with Kugama
Gowlan
goj
A caste rather than a language
Gowli
gok
A caste, not a language
Guajajara
gub
Mutually intelligble with Tenetehara
Ihievbe
ihi
Ibviosakan dialect
Ir
irr
duplicate of Ong-Ir
Judeo-Berber
jbe
According to Glottolog, Jewish Berbers speak no differently than Muslim Berbers. However, there are claims, listed in the linked article, that this is not true.
Kang
kyp
Kannada Kurumba
kfi
Katukína
kav
Historical form of modern-day language, not considered distinct
Kayort
kyv
Duplicate of Rajbanshi
Kisankasa
kqh
Kofa
kso
Duplicate of Bata
Kpatili
kpm
Purportedly the original language of the Kpatili people, who now speak Gbayi, but any such language is unattested
Kuanhua
xnh
Insufficient attestion; possibly Khmu
Kuku-Mangk
xmq
Lama (Myanmar)
lay
Duplicate of Nung
Lambichhong
lmh
Yakkha language; name exists due to form errors
Lang'e
yne
Laopang
lbg
Undocumented Loloish language
Loarki
lrk
Also covered under Gade Lohar (gda)
Lopi
lov
Undocumented Loloish language
Lumba-Yakkha
luu
Yakkha language; name exists due to form errors
Munda
unx
Duplicate of Mundari
Ndonde Hamba
njd
Dialect of Makonde language
Norra
nrr
Duplicate of Nung
Northwestern Fars
faz
all likely candidates in the area already have ISO codes
Odut
oda
Extinct and unattested Nigerian language
Old Turkish
otk
Ontenu
ont
A place rather than a language
Phangduwali
phw
Yakkha language; name exists due to form errors
Pisabo
pig
Asserted to be both unattested and non-distinct by Glottolog
Pokangá
pok
Spurious misidentification of Waimajã
Potiguára
pog
Unattested language, Glottolog argues is likely Old Tupi
Puimei Naga
npu
Indistinct variety of one of the related languages
Putoh
put
Quetzaltepec Mixe
pxm
Rufiji
rui
Skagit
ska
duplicate of Lushootseed
Snohomish
sno
duplicate of Lushootseed
Southern Lolopo
ysp
Confused entry duplicating either Lolopo or Miqie
Southwestern Nisu
nsv
Likely confused additional Nisu language (spoken in same locations as Southern Nisu)
Syerna Senoufo
shz
Should be subsumed into Sìcìté Sénoufo
Tawang Monpa
twm
Chinese and Indian name for Dakpakha
Tetete
teb
Unattested, but intelligeble with Siona language
Thu Lao
tyl
Duplicate of Dai Zhuang
Tingui-Boto
tgv
Ethnic group speaking Dzubukuá
Welaung
weu
Place name, not a language
Yarsun
yrs
Yauma
yax
References and notes
^ Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. ISBN 9783110255133.
^ Upper Kaeme may correspond to Korowai.
^ Tapeba at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Tapeba". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
^ "Glottolog 2.4 – Adabe". Glottolog.org. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
^ "ISO 639-3 Change History". 01.sil.org. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
^ Sidwell, 2009, Classifying the Austroasiatic languages
^ "Ethnologue 14 report for language code:JIJ". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
^ "Ethnologue 14 report for language code:CKN". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
^ "Ethnologue 14 report for language code:LWD". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
^ "Ethnologue 14 report for language code:ORB". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
^ "Ethnologue 14 report for language code:MUF". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
^ "Ethnologue 14 report for language code:NCQ". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
^ "Ethnologue 14 report for language code:NKQ". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
^ "Ethnologue 14 report for language code:OSO". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
^ "Ethnologue 14 report for language code:RUR". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
^ "Ethnologue 14 report for language code:WBD". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
^ Hurd, Conrad (8 August 2006). "Request Number 2006-016 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Miarra". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
^ Hurd, Conrad (26 March 2007). "Request Number 2006-122 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ Hurd, Conrad (21 March 2007). "Request Number 2006-124 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ Holbrook, David J. (5 April 2007). "Request Number 2007-003 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ Peebles, Matt (1 September 2007). "Request Number 2007-254 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ Woodward, Mark (23 May 2007). "Request Number 2007-024 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ Hurd, Conrad (8 August 2006). "Request Number 2006-016 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ McLaughlin, John (3 March 2008). "Request Number 2008-030 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
^ Legère, Karsten (18 August 2011). "Request Number 2011-133 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ Bickford, J. Albert (31 January 2014). "Request Number 2014-010 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ "Request Number 2014-032 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 25 July 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ "639 Identifier Documentation: dzd". SIL International. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
^ "639 Identifier Documentation: xsj". SIL International. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
^ Dyer, Josh (28 August 2014). "Request Number 2014-059 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ "Request Number 2015-011 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 9 March 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ "Request Number 2015-032 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 28 May 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ Cheeseman, Nate (16 February 2016). "Request Number 2016-010 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ Bickford, Albert (23 September 2015). "Request Number 2016-002 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ Cheeseman, Nate (27 October 2015). "Request Number 2016-005 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ "Request Number 2016-004 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ Bickford, J. Albert (9 March 2017). "Request Number 2017-013 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ Legère, Karsten (18 May 2017). "Request Number 2017-017 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ Legère, Karsten (31 August 2016). "Request Number 2016-029 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ "Request Number 2018-016 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 20 August 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
^ Gehrmann, Ryan (22 January 2018). "Request Number 2018-008 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
^ "Request Number 2018-011 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 9 August 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
^ "Request Number 2019-017 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 1 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
^ "Request Number 2019-018 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 4 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
^ "Request Number 2019-013 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 5 January 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
^ "Request Number 2019-019 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 4 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
^ "Request Number 2019-020 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
^ "Request Number 2019-028 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 14 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
^ "Request Number 2019-029 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 18 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
^ "Request Number 2019-015 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 16 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
^ "Request Number 2019-026 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 12 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
^ "Request Number 2019-025 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 7 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
^ "Request Number 2019-034 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
^ "Request Number 2019-032 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
^ "2020-026 | Iso 639-3".
^ "Request Number 2021-015 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 25 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
^ "Request Number 2021-021 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 26 April 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
^ Turki, Houcemeddine (21 April 2021). "Request Number 2021-020 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
^ "Request Number 2022-012 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
^ "Request Number 2022-012 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
^ "Request Number 2022-011 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
^ "Request Number 2022-015 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
^ "Request Number 2022-009 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 24 June 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
External links
"Retired Code Elements Index". SIL International.. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fictional language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_language"},{"link_name":"languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language"},{"link_name":"Kukurá language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukur%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Taensa language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taensa_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-SAmerica-1"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Ruhlen 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Languages/Language_names_in_Ruhlen_(1987)#INDO-PACIFIC_.5B731+17.5D"},{"link_name":"Greater Awyu languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Awyu_languages"},{"link_name":"Ok languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ok_languages"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Fictional language.Spurious languages are languages that have been reported as existing in reputable works, while other research has reported that the language in question did not exist. Some spurious languages have been proven to not exist. Others have very little evidence supporting their existence, and have been dismissed in later scholarship. Others still are of uncertain existence due to limited research.Below is a sampling of languages that have been claimed to exist in reputable sources but have subsequently been disproved or challenged. In some cases a purported language is tracked down and turns out to be another, known language. This is common when language varieties are named after places or ethnicities.Some alleged languages turn out to be hoaxes, such as the Kukurá language of Brazil or the Taensa language of Louisiana. Others are honest errors that persist in the literature despite being corrected by the original authors; an example of this is Hongote, the name given in 1892 to two Colonial word lists, one of Tlingit and one of a Salishan language, that were mistakenly listed as Patagonian. The error was corrected three times that year, but nonetheless \"Hongote\" was still listed as a Patagonian language a century later in Greenberg (1987).[1]: 133In the case of New Guinea, one of the most linguistically diverse areas on Earth, some spurious languages are simply the names of language surveys that the data was published under. Examples are Mapi, Kia, Upper Digul, Upper Kaeme, listed as Indo-Pacific languages in Ruhlen 1987; these are actually rivers that gave their names to language surveys in the Greater Awyu languages and Ok languages of New Guinea.[2]","title":"Spurious languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oropom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oropom_language"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Nemadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemadi_dialect"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania"},{"link_name":"Rer Bare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rer_Bare"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Tapeba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapeba"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dek_language"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"}],"text":"Dubious languages are those whose existence is uncertain. They include:Oropom (Uganda)\nNemadi (Mauritania)\nRer Bare (Ethiopia) – extinct, if it ever existed\nTapeba (Brazil)[3][4] – a recently created indigenous ethnicity, not a language\nLadakhi Sign Language – no community to use it[5]\nDek (Cameroon)","title":"Dubious languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISO 639-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3"},{"link_name":"Ethnologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue"},{"link_name":"Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ware_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Following is a list of ISO 639-3 language codes which have been retired since the standard was established in 2006, arranged by the year in which the actual retirement took effect; in most cases the change request for retirement was submitted in the preceding year. Also included is a partial list of languages (with their SIL codes) that appeared at one time in Ethnologue but were removed prior to 2006, arranged by the first edition in which they did not appear.The list includes codes that have been retired from ISO 639-3 or languages removed from Ethnologue because the language apparently does not exist and cannot be identified with an existing language. The list does not include instances where the \"language\" turns out to be a spelling variant of another language or the name of a village where an already known language is spoken; these are cases of duplicates, which are resolved in ISO 639-3 by a code merger. It does include \"languages\" for which there is no evidence or which cannot be found. (In some cases, however, the evidence for nonexistence is a survey among the current population of the area, which would not identify extinct languages such as Ware below.)SIL codes are upper case; ISO codes are lower case. Once retired, ISO 639-3 codes are not reused.[6] SIL codes that were retired prior to 2006 may have been re-used or may have reappeared as ISO codes for other languages.","title":"Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yongkom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongkom_language"}],"sub_title":"Removed from Ethnologue, 12th ed., 1992","text":"Itaem (PNG) [ITM]\nMarajona (Brazil) [MPQ]\nNemeyam (PNG) [NMY]\nNereyama, Nereyó (Brazil) [NRY]\nNumbiaí (Orelha de Pau) [NUH]\nOganibi (PNG) [OGA]\nTijuana Sign Language (Mexico) [TJS] – added to Ethnologue 1988 by mistake due to a misunderstanding, removed in 1992. No evidence that it ever existed.\nTyeliri Senoufo [TYE] – the Tyeliri are a caste of leather workers, and do not have their own language\nWagumi [WGM]\nZanofil [ZNF] – name of an ethnic group that speaks Yongkom [yon]","title":"Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Removed from Ethnologue, 13th ed., 1996","text":"Bibasa (PNG) [BHE] – described as \"isolate in need of survey\" in the 12th ed.","title":"Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Qiangic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiangic_languages"},{"link_name":"Jiarongic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiarongic_languages"},{"link_name":"Wutana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wutana_language"}],"sub_title":"Removed from Ethnologue, 14th ed., 2000","text":"Alak 2 [ALQ] – a mislabeled fragment of a word list[7]\nDzorgai [DZI], Kortse [KBG], Pingfang [PFG], Thochu [TCJ], Lofuchai (Lophuchai) [LFU], Wagsod [WGS] – old names for Qiangic languages, some of uncertain correspondence to currently recognized names\nHsifan [HSI] – an ethnic name for people speaking a variety of Qiangic or Jiarongic languages\nScandinavian Pidgin Sign Language [SPF] – normal inter-language contact, not an established pidgin\nWutana (Nigeria) [WUW] – an ethnic name","title":"Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Wila'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wila%27_language"},{"link_name":"Mutús","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mut%C3%BAs_language"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Tanjijili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjijili_language"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Removed from Ethnologue, 15th ed., 2005","text":"Jiji [JIJ][8]\nKalanke [CKN][9]\nLewada-Dewara [LWD], incl. Balamula/Mataru[10]\nLowland Semang [ORB][11] (though other languages without ISO codes, such as Wila', are also called Lowland Semang)\nMutús [MUF][12] – suspected to exist, e.g. by Adelaar 2005\nNchinchege [NCQ][13]\nNkwak [NKQ][14] – same as Tanjijili? Also a possible synonym for Kwak (retired in 2015)\nOso (Southern Fungom) [OSO] – no evidence it is distinct from Fungom and Bum[15]\nRungi [RUR][16]\nWamsak [WBD][17]","title":"Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Retired 2007","text":"Miarrã [xmi] – unattested[18][19]\nAtuence [atf] – an old town name[20]\nAmapá Creole [amd][21]","title":"Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Land Dayak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ware_language"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Kenyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah"},{"link_name":"Uma' Lung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uma%27_Lung_language"},{"link_name":"Tarpia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarpia_language"},{"link_name":"Kaptiau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaptiau_language"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Retired 2008","text":"Amikoana (Amikuân) [akn][22]\nLand Dayak [dyk] – language family name, not individual language[23]\nWare [wre][24] – Ware is listed as extinct in Maho (2009). When an SIL team in Tanzania were not able to find any evidence of it being spoken, the code was retired.\nBahau River Kenyah [bwv], Kayan River Kenyah [knh], Mahakam Kenyah [xkm], Upper Baram Kenyah [ubm] – Any current use is likely either Mainstream Kenyah [xkl] or Uma' Lung [ulu]\nAmerax [aex] – prison jargon\nGarreh-Ajuran [ggh] (Borana & Somali)\nSufrai [suf] – two languages, Tarpia and Kaptiau, which are not close[25]","title":"Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aariya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aariya_language"},{"link_name":"Europanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europanto"},{"link_name":"Chumash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639:chs"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Retired 2009","text":"Aariya [aay]\nPapavô [ppv] – name given to several uncontacted groups\nEuropanto [eur] – a jest\nChumash [chs][26]","title":"Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chemakum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemakum_language"},{"link_name":"Beti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beti_languages"}],"sub_title":"Retired 2010","text":"Chimakum [cmk] – duplicate of Chemakum [xch]\nBeti (Cameroon) [btb] – a group name","title":"Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayi_language_(China)"}],"sub_title":"Retired 2011","text":"Ayi (China) [ayx]\nDhanwar (India) [dha]\nMahei [mja]","title":"Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pongyong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongyong_language"},{"link_name":"Elpaputih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elpaputih_language"},{"link_name":"Wirangu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirangu_language"},{"link_name":"Nauo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauo_language"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Retired 2012","text":"Palu [pbz]\nPongyong [pgy]\nElpaputih [elp] – could be either of two existing languages\nWirangu-Nauo [wiw] – the two varieties which do not form a unit[27]","title":"Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malakhel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malakhel_language"},{"link_name":"Forest Maninka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Maninka_language"}],"sub_title":"Retired 2013","text":"Malakhel [mld] – likely Ormuri\nForest Maninka [myq] – generic","title":"Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gugu Mini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugu_Mini"},{"link_name":"Yugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugh_language"},{"link_name":"Yug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugh_language"},{"link_name":"Lamam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamam_language"},{"link_name":"Romam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romam_language"}],"sub_title":"Retired 2014","text":"Gugu Mini [ggm] – a generic name\nMaskoy Pidgin [mhh] – never existed\nEmok [emo] – never existed\nYugh [yuu] – duplicate of Yug [yug]\nLamam [lmm] – duplicate of Romam [rmx]","title":"Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mator-Taygi-Karagas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mator-Taygi-Karagas_language"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"The","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_language"},{"link_name":"Imraguen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imraguen_language"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania"},{"link_name":"Boma (Eboma)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boma_language"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Bemba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemba_language_(Congo)"},{"link_name":"Songa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songa_language_(Democratic_Republic_of_Congo)"},{"link_name":"Daza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazawa_language"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Buya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buya_language_(Democratic_Republic_of_Congo)"},{"link_name":"Kakauhua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaw%C3%A9sqar_language"},{"link_name":"Alacalufan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alacalufan_languages"},{"link_name":"Subi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subi_language"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"ǂKxʼaoǁʼae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C7%82Kx%CA%BCao%C7%81%CA%BCae"},{"link_name":"Juǀʼhoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan_language"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Retired 2015","text":"Mator-Taygi-Karagas [ymt] – duplicate of Mator\nYiddish Sign Language [yds] – no evidence that it existed[28]\nThe [thx] – duplicate of Oy\nImraguen (Mauritania) [ime]\nBorna (Eborna) [bxx] – perhaps a typo for Boma (Eboma)[29]\nBemba [bmy] – a tribal name\nSonga [sgo] – a tribal name\nDaza [dzd] – retired in 2015 (with the reason \"Nonexistent\") but that decision was reversed in 2023, bringing [dzd] back[30]\nBuya [byy]\nKakauhua [kbf] – Kakauhua/Caucahue is an ethnonym, language unattested – see Alacalufan languages\nSubi [xsj] – duplicate of Shubi [suj] but that decision was reversed in 2019, bringing [xsj] back[31]\nYangho [ynh] – does not exist\nǂKxʼaoǁʼae (\"=/Kx'au//'ein\") [aue] – dialect of Juǀʼhoan [ktz][32]","title":"Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parecis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareci_language"},{"link_name":"Cabixi language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabixi_language"},{"link_name":"Xipináwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipibo_language"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Arawakan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawakan_languages"},{"link_name":"Piapoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piapoco_language"},{"link_name":"Achagua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achagua_language"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Retired 2016","text":"Bhatola [btl]\nCagua [cbh]\nChipiajes [cbe] – a Saliba and Guahibo surname\nCoxima [kox]\nIapama [iap] – uncontacted, and likely one of the neighboring languages\nKabixí [xbx] – generic name for Parecis, Nambiquaras, or any hostile group (see Cabixi language for one specific use)\nRuna [rna]\nSavara (Dravidian) [svr]\nXipináwa [xip][33]\nYarí [yri]And several supposed extinct Arawakan languages of Venezuela and Colombia:Cumeral [cum]\nOmejes [ome]\nPonares [pod] – a Sáliba surname, perhaps just Piapoco or Achagua[34]\nTomedes a.k.a. Tamudes [toe]Additional languages and codes were retired in 2016, due to a lack of evidence that they existed, but were not necessarily spurious as languages.","title":"Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lua'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_people"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Rennellese Sign Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennellese_Sign_Language"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Pu Ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages"}],"sub_title":"Retired 2017","text":"Lua' [prb][35]\nRennellese Sign Language [rsi] – a home sign system, not a full language[36]\nRien [rie][37]\nShinabo [snh][38]\nPu Ko [puk] – no substantive evidence that the language ever existed.","title":"Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Retired 2018","text":"Lyons Sign Language [lsg][39] – no substantive evidence that the language ever existed.\nMediak [mwx][40]\nMosiro [mwy] – a clan name[41]","title":"Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Kriang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%E2%80%99Oi_language"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Meena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meena"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Retired 2019","text":"Lui [lba][42]\nKhlor [llo] – duplicate of Kriang [ngt][43]\nMina (India) [myi] – Meena, a tribe and caste name in India[44]","title":"Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Palpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpa_language_(Indo-Aryan)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Retired 2020","text":"Arma [aoh][45]\nTayabas Ayta [ayy][46]\nBabalia Creole Arabic [bbz][47]\nBarbacoas [bpb] [48]\nCauca [cca][49]\nChamari [cdg][50]\nDegaru [dgu][51]\nEastern Karnic [ekc][52]\nKhalaj [kjf][53]\nLumbee [lmz][54]\nPalpa [plp][55]\nTapeba [tbb][56]","title":"Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bikaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikaru_language"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Retired 2021","text":"Bikaru [bic] – posited based on a poor elicitation of ordinary Bisorio[57]","title":"Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Judeo-Tunisian Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639:ajt"},{"link_name":"Tunisian Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Retired 2022","text":"Warduji [wrd][58]\nPini [pii][59]\nJudeo-Tunisian Arabic [ajt] – duplicate of Tunisian Arabic [aeb][60]","title":"Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tupinamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupinamba_language"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Palikur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palikur_language"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Khakas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khakas_language"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Parsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsi_language"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Retired 2023","text":"Tupí [tpw] – duplicate of Tupinamba [tpn][61]\nKaripúna [kgm] – duplicate of Palikur [plu][62]\nKhoibal [kbz] – duplicate of Khakas [kjh][63]\nSalchuq [slq][64]\nParsi [prp][65]","title":"Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Retired 2024","text":"Mawa [wma] – listed in Ethnologue but SIL has no evidence it ever existed.","title":"Spurious according to Ethnologue and ISO 639-3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glottolog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottolog"},{"link_name":"Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology"},{"link_name":"ISO 639","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639"}],"text":"Glottolog, maintained at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, classifies several languages, some with ISO 639 codes, as spurious/unattested in addition to those retired by the ISO. These include:","title":"Spurious according to Glottolog"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Campbell-SAmerica_1-0"},{"link_name":"Campbell, Lyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyle_Campbell"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9783110255133","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110255133"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Korowai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korowai_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Tapeba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ethnologue.com/17/language/tbb/"},{"link_name":"Ethnologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paywall"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Tapeba\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tape1236"},{"link_name":"Glottolog 3.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottolog"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Glottolog 2.4 – Adabe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//glottolog.org/resource/reference/id/321418"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"ISO 639-3 Change History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/changes.asp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:JIJ\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=JIJ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:CKN\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=CKN"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:LWD\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=LWD"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:ORB\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=ORB"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:MUF\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=MUF"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:NCQ\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=NCQ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:NKQ\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=NKQ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:OSO\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=OSO"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:RUR\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=RUR"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:WBD\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=WBD"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Request Number 2006-016 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2006/2006-016.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Miarra\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/miar1236"},{"link_name":"Glottolog 3.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottolog"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Request Number 2006-122 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2006/2006-122.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Request Number 2006-124 for Change to ISO 639-3 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2006-016 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2006/2006-016.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"Request Number 2008-030 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2008/2008-030.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"\"Request Number 2011-133 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2011/2011-133.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"Request Number 2014-010 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language 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Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-028.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"\"Request Number 2019-029 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-029.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"\"Request Number 2019-015 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-015.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"\"Request Number 2019-026 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-026.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"\"Request Number 2019-025 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-025.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"\"Request Number 2019-034 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-034.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"\"Request Number 2019-032 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-032.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"\"2020-026 | Iso 639-3\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iso639-3.sil.org/request/2020-026"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"\"Request Number 2021-015 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2021/2021-015.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"\"Request Number 2021-021 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2021/2021-021.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"\"Request Number 2021-020 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2021/2021-020.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"},{"link_name":"\"Request Number 2022-012 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2022/2022-012.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-62"},{"link_name":"\"Request Number 2022-012 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2022/2022-011.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"},{"link_name":"\"Request Number 2022-011 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2022/2022-011.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"\"Request Number 2022-015 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2022/2022-015.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-65"},{"link_name":"\"Request Number 2022-009 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2022/2022-009.pdf"}],"text":"^ Campbell, Lyle (2012). \"Classification of the indigenous languages of South America\". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. ISBN 9783110255133.\n\n^ Upper Kaeme may correspond to Korowai.\n\n^ Tapeba at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) \n\n^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). \"Tapeba\". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.\n\n^ \"Glottolog 2.4 – Adabe\". Glottolog.org. Retrieved 13 July 2015.\n\n^ \"ISO 639-3 Change History\". 01.sil.org. Retrieved 13 July 2015.\n\n^ Sidwell, 2009, Classifying the Austroasiatic languages\n\n^ \"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:JIJ\". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.\n\n^ \"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:CKN\". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.\n\n^ \"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:LWD\". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.\n\n^ \"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:ORB\". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.\n\n^ \"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:MUF\". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.\n\n^ \"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:NCQ\". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.\n\n^ \"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:NKQ\". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.\n\n^ \"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:OSO\". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.\n\n^ \"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:RUR\". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.\n\n^ \"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:WBD\". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.\n\n^ Hurd, Conrad (8 August 2006). \"Request Number 2006-016 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.\n\n^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). \"Miarra\". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.\n\n^ Hurd, Conrad (26 March 2007). \"Request Number 2006-122 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.\n\n^ Hurd, Conrad (21 March 2007). \"Request Number 2006-124 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.\n\n^ Holbrook, David J. (5 April 2007). \"Request Number 2007-003 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.\n\n^ Peebles, Matt (1 September 2007). \"Request Number 2007-254 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.\n\n^ Woodward, Mark (23 May 2007). \"Request Number 2007-024 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.\n\n^ Hurd, Conrad (8 August 2006). \"Request Number 2006-016 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.\n\n^ McLaughlin, John (3 March 2008). \"Request Number 2008-030 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 12 July 2023.\n\n^ Legère, Karsten (18 August 2011). \"Request Number 2011-133 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.\n\n^ Bickford, J. Albert (31 January 2014). \"Request Number 2014-010 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.\n\n^ \"Request Number 2014-032 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. 25 July 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2019.\n\n^ \"639 Identifier Documentation: dzd\". SIL International. Retrieved 13 February 2023.\n\n^ \"639 Identifier Documentation: xsj\". SIL International. Retrieved 26 January 2019.\n\n^ Dyer, Josh (28 August 2014). \"Request Number 2014-059 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.\n\n^ \"Request Number 2015-011 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. 9 March 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2019.\n\n^ \"Request Number 2015-032 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. 28 May 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2019.\n\n^ Cheeseman, Nate (16 February 2016). \"Request Number 2016-010 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.\n\n^ Bickford, Albert (23 September 2015). \"Request Number 2016-002 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.\n\n^ Cheeseman, Nate (27 October 2015). \"Request Number 2016-005 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.\n\n^ \"Request Number 2016-004 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2019.\n\n^ Bickford, J. Albert (9 March 2017). \"Request Number 2017-013 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.\n\n^ Legère, Karsten (18 May 2017). \"Request Number 2017-017 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.\n\n^ Legère, Karsten (31 August 2016). \"Request Number 2016-029 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019.\n\n^ \"Request Number 2018-016 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. 20 August 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2019.\n\n^ Gehrmann, Ryan (22 January 2018). \"Request Number 2018-008 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 25 January 2019.\n\n^ \"Request Number 2018-011 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. 9 August 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2019.\n\n^ \"Request Number 2019-017 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. 1 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.\n\n^ \"Request Number 2019-018 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. 4 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.\n\n^ \"Request Number 2019-013 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. 5 January 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.\n\n^ \"Request Number 2019-019 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. 4 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.\n\n^ \"Request Number 2019-020 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.\n\n^ \"Request Number 2019-028 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. 14 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.\n\n^ \"Request Number 2019-029 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. 18 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.\n\n^ \"Request Number 2019-015 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. 16 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.\n\n^ \"Request Number 2019-026 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. 12 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.\n\n^ \"Request Number 2019-025 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. 7 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.\n\n^ \"Request Number 2019-034 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.\n\n^ \"Request Number 2019-032 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.\n\n^ \"2020-026 | Iso 639-3\".\n\n^ \"Request Number 2021-015 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. 25 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2022.\n\n^ \"Request Number 2021-021 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. 26 April 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2022.\n\n^ Turki, Houcemeddine (21 April 2021). \"Request Number 2021-020 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 12 July 2023.\n\n^ \"Request Number 2022-012 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.\n\n^ \"Request Number 2022-012 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.\n\n^ \"Request Number 2022-011 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.\n\n^ \"Request Number 2022-015 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.\n\n^ \"Request Number 2022-009 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code\" (PDF). SIL International. 24 June 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.","title":"References and notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Campbell, Lyle (2012). \"Classification of the indigenous languages of South America\". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. ISBN 9783110255133.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyle_Campbell","url_text":"Campbell, Lyle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110255133","url_text":"9783110255133"}]},{"reference":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). \"Tapeba\". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.","urls":[{"url":"http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tape1236","url_text":"\"Tapeba\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottolog","url_text":"Glottolog 3.0"}]},{"reference":"\"Glottolog 2.4 – Adabe\". Glottolog.org. Retrieved 13 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://glottolog.org/resource/reference/id/321418","url_text":"\"Glottolog 2.4 – Adabe\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISO 639-3 Change History\". 01.sil.org. Retrieved 13 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/changes.asp","url_text":"\"ISO 639-3 Change History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:JIJ\". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=JIJ","url_text":"\"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:JIJ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:CKN\". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=CKN","url_text":"\"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:CKN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:LWD\". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=LWD","url_text":"\"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:LWD\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:ORB\". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=ORB","url_text":"\"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:ORB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:MUF\". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=MUF","url_text":"\"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:MUF\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:NCQ\". Ethnologue.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Liberia-related_articles | Index of Liberia-related articles | [] | Articles (arranged alphabetically) related to Liberia include:
Contents:
Top
0–9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
A
American Colonization Society
Americo-Liberian
C
Communications in Liberia
Cote d'Ivoire
COVID-19 pandemic in Liberia
Culture of Liberia
D
Demographics of Liberia
Districts of Liberia
E
Economy of Liberia
Education in Liberia
Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf
F
Farm Builders
Flag of Liberia
Foreign relations of Liberia
G
Gender inequality in Liberia
Geography of Liberia
George Weah
Guinea
H
History of Liberia
I
Islam in Liberia
K
Abu Kanneh
L
LGBT rights in Liberia (Gay rights)
List of cities in Liberia
List of Liberians
M
Military of Liberia
Monrovia
Music of Liberia
N
Nigeria
O
Omega transmitter Paynesville
P
Politics of Liberia
S
Sierra Leone
T
Transport in Liberia
V
Blahsue Vonleh
W
West Africa
See also
Lists of country-related topics – similar lists for other countries
vteIndices
General reference
Culture and the arts
Geography and places
Health and fitness
History and events
Law
Mathematics and logic
Natural and physical sciences
People and self
Philosophy and thinking
Religion and belief systems
Society and social sciences
Technology and applied sciences | 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\n\nTop\n0–9\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"Index of Liberia-related articles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Colonization Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Colonization_Society"},{"link_name":"Americo-Liberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americo-Liberian"}],"text":"American Colonization Society\nAmerico-Liberian","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Communications in Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Liberia"},{"link_name":"Cote d'Ivoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cote_d%27Ivoire"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liberia"},{"link_name":"Culture of Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Liberia"}],"text":"Communications in Liberia\nCote d'Ivoire\nCOVID-19 pandemic in Liberia\nCulture of Liberia","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Demographics of Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Liberia"},{"link_name":"Districts of Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Liberia"}],"text":"Demographics of Liberia\nDistricts of Liberia","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Economy of Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Liberia"},{"link_name":"Education in Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Liberia"},{"link_name":"Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Johnson-Sirleaf"}],"text":"Economy of Liberia\nEducation in Liberia\nEllen Johnson-Sirleaf","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farm Builders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_Builders"},{"link_name":"Flag of Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Liberia"},{"link_name":"Foreign relations of Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Liberia"}],"text":"Farm Builders\nFlag of Liberia\nForeign relations of Liberia","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gender inequality in Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Liberia"},{"link_name":"Geography of Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Liberia"},{"link_name":"George Weah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Weah"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"}],"text":"Gender inequality in Liberia\nGeography of Liberia\nGeorge Weah\nGuinea","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Liberia"}],"text":"History of Liberia","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islam in Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Liberia"}],"text":"Islam in Liberia","title":"I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abu Kanneh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Kanneh"}],"text":"Abu Kanneh","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LGBT rights in Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Liberia"},{"link_name":"List of cities in Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Liberia"},{"link_name":"List of Liberians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Liberians"}],"text":"LGBT rights in Liberia (Gay rights)\nList of cities in Liberia\nList of Liberians","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Military of Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Liberia"},{"link_name":"Monrovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monrovia"},{"link_name":"Music of Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Liberia"}],"text":"Military of Liberia\nMonrovia\nMusic of Liberia","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"}],"text":"Nigeria","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Omega transmitter Paynesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_transmitter_Paynesville"}],"text":"Omega transmitter Paynesville","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Politics of Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Liberia"}],"text":"Politics of Liberia","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"}],"text":"Sierra Leone","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transport in Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Liberia"}],"text":"Transport in Liberia","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blahsue Vonleh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blahsue_Vonleh"}],"text":"Blahsue Vonleh","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"}],"text":"West Africa","title":"W"}] | [] | [{"title":"Lists of country-related 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Cummings_(politician) | Glen Cummings (politician) | ["1 References"] | Canadian politician
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Glen Cummings" politician – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Glen CummingsMember of the Manitoba Legislative Assemblyfor Ste. RoseIn office1986–2007Preceded byAimé AdamSucceeded byStu Briese
Personal detailsBorn (1944-04-12) April 12, 1944 (age 80)Neepawa, Manitoba, CanadaPolitical partyProgressive Conservative Party of ManitobaProfessionfarmer
James Glen Cummings (born April 12, 1944) is a farmer and former politician in Manitoba, Canada. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1986 to 2007, and was as a cabinet minister in the government of Gary Filmon.
The son of James William Cummings and Lillian Grace McDonald, he was born in Neepawa, Manitoba, and was educated at Neepawa Area College. Before entering provincial politics, he was a school board chair and trustee in the Beautiful Plains School Division, and worked as a farmer. He also sat on the executive of the Beautiful Plains Agricultural Society for twelve years. In 1969, he married Heather Lynne Harvey.
In the provincial election of 1986, Cummings was elected as a Progressive Conservative in the rural riding of Ste. Rose, defeating New Democrat Gary Anderson by 3735 votes to 3020. The NDP won the election, and Cummings became a member of the parliamentary opposition.
The Progressive Conservatives won the provincial election of 1988, and Cummings was re-elected in Ste. Rose by an increased margin (with the Liberals overtaking the NDP for second place). When Gary Filmon was sworn in as Manitoba's Premier on May 9, 1988, Cummings became Deputy Premier and Minister of Municipal Affairs with responsibility for administration of the Manitoba Public Insurance Corporation Act and the Jobs Fund Act. On April 21, 1989, he was shifted out of Municipal Affairs and was made Minister of the Environment, while retaining his other positions.
Cummings was easily re-elected in the provincial election of 1990, in which the Progressive Conservatives won a majority of seats. He was removed as Deputy Premier on February 5, 1991, while retaining his other positions. In the provincial election of 1995, he defeated NDP candidate John Morrisseau by 3762 votes to 2341.
Following a cabinet shuffle on January 6, 1997, Cummings was made Minister of Natural Resources, with responsibility for the Natural Resources Development Act. He retained this position until 1999, when Filmon's Tories were defeated by the NDP under Gary Doer in a provincial election.
Cummings retained his own seat in the 1999 election, defeating NDP candidate Louise Wilson by 3871 votes to 3293. He returned to the opposition benches, and served as his party's family services critic. In 2002, he called for a financial bailout of the Manitoba Métis fishing industry.
In the 2003 election, he defeated NDP candidate John Harapiak by over 1400 votes, despite the poor showing of the Progressive Conservative party elsewhere in the province. In the buildup to this election, Cummings was a leading proponent of the PC party's plan to remove education taxes from residences and farmland. He remains a leading voice in the party's parliamentary caucus.
In 2004, Cummings endorsed Steven Fletcher for election to the federal House of Commons. He did not run for re-election in 2007.
References
^ a b c d "MLA Biographies - Living". Legislative Assembly of Manitoba. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
^ "Longtime MLA Cummings to retire". CBC.ca. 17 August 2006. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
^ O'Handley, Kathryn (1909). Canadian Parliamentary Guide, 1998-1999. ISBN 0-7876-3558-8.
^ a b c d e "Ste Rose". Manitoba Votes 2003. CBC News. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-living-1"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly of Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gary Filmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Filmon"},{"link_name":"Neepawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neepawa,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Neepawa Area College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neepawa_Area_College&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohandley-3"},{"link_name":"Progressive Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Ste. 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Before entering provincial politics, he was a school board chair and trustee in the Beautiful Plains School Division, and worked as a farmer. He also sat on the executive of the Beautiful Plains Agricultural Society for twelve years. In 1969, he married Heather Lynne Harvey.[3]In the provincial election of 1986, Cummings was elected as a Progressive Conservative in the rural riding of Ste. Rose, defeating New Democrat Gary Anderson[4] by 3735 votes to 3020. The NDP won the election, and Cummings became a member of the parliamentary opposition.The Progressive Conservatives won the provincial election of 1988, and Cummings was re-elected in Ste. Rose by an increased margin (with the Liberals overtaking the NDP for second place). When Gary Filmon was sworn in as Manitoba's Premier on May 9, 1988, Cummings became Deputy Premier and Minister of Municipal Affairs with responsibility for administration of the Manitoba Public Insurance Corporation Act and the Jobs Fund Act. On April 21, 1989, he was shifted out of Municipal Affairs and was made Minister of the Environment, while retaining his other positions.[1]Cummings was easily re-elected in the provincial election of 1990,[4] in which the Progressive Conservatives won a majority of seats. He was removed as Deputy Premier on February 5, 1991, while retaining his other positions.[1] In the provincial election of 1995, he defeated NDP candidate John Morrisseau[4] by 3762 votes to 2341.Following a cabinet shuffle on January 6, 1997, Cummings was made Minister of Natural Resources, with responsibility for the Natural Resources Development Act. He retained this position until 1999, when Filmon's Tories were defeated by the NDP under Gary Doer in a provincial election.[1]Cummings retained his own seat in the 1999 election, defeating NDP candidate Louise Wilson[4] by 3871 votes to 3293. He returned to the opposition benches, and served as his party's family services critic. In 2002, he called for a financial bailout of the Manitoba Métis fishing industry.In the 2003 election, he defeated NDP candidate John Harapiak by over 1400 votes,[4] despite the poor showing of the Progressive Conservative party elsewhere in the province. In the buildup to this election, Cummings was a leading proponent of the PC party's plan to remove education taxes from residences and farmland. He remains a leading voice in the party's parliamentary caucus.In 2004, Cummings endorsed Steven Fletcher for election to the federal House of Commons. He did not run for re-election in 2007.","title":"Glen Cummings (politician)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"MLA Biographies - Living\". Legislative Assembly of Manitoba. Retrieved 15 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/members/mla_bio_living.html#c","url_text":"\"MLA Biographies - Living\""}]},{"reference":"\"Longtime MLA Cummings to retire\". CBC.ca. 17 August 2006. Retrieved 9 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/story/2006/08/17/cummings-retires.html","url_text":"\"Longtime MLA Cummings to retire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC.ca","url_text":"CBC.ca"}]},{"reference":"O'Handley, Kathryn (1909). Canadian Parliamentary Guide, 1998-1999. ISBN 0-7876-3558-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7876-3558-8","url_text":"0-7876-3558-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Ste Rose\". Manitoba Votes 2003. CBC News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/manitobavotes2003/riding/047/","url_text":"\"Ste Rose\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Glen+Cummings%22+politician","external_links_name":"\"Glen Cummings\" politician"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Glen+Cummings%22+politician+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Glen+Cummings%22+politician&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Glen+Cummings%22+politician+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Glen+Cummings%22+politician","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Glen+Cummings%22+politician&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/members/mla_bio_living.html#c","external_links_name":"\"MLA Biographies - Living\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/story/2006/08/17/cummings-retires.html","external_links_name":"\"Longtime MLA Cummings to retire\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/manitobavotes2003/riding/047/","external_links_name":"\"Ste Rose\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A3_das_Pedras | Chã de Pedras | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 17°07′28″N 25°06′47″W / 17.1244°N 25.1131°W / 17.1244; -25.1131Settlement in Santo Antão, Cape VerdeChã de PedrasSettlementCoordinates: 17°07′28″N 25°06′47″W / 17.1244°N 25.1131°W / 17.1244; -25.1131CountryCape VerdeIslandSanto AntãoMunicipalityRibeira GrandeCivil parishSanto CrucifixoPopulation (2010) • Total1,266ID11305
Chã de Pedras is a settlement in the northcentral part of the island of Santo Antão, Cape Verde. In 2010 its population was 1,266. It is situated about 5 km south of Coculi, 8 km southeast of the city Ribeira Grande and 12 km northwest of the island capital Porto Novo. It consists of 21 localities in the valley of the Ribeira de Chã de Pedras, a right tributary of the Ribeira Grande. The elevation of the largest village, Pia de Cima, is about 430 metres.
See also
List of villages and settlements in Cape Verde
References
^ "2010 Census results". Instituto Nacional de Estatística Cabo Verde (in Portuguese). 24 November 2016.
^ Código Geográfico Nacional, Instituto Nacional de Estatística, code 11305, p. 6
vteSubdivisions of the island of Santo AntãoPaulSanto António das Pombas
Cabo da Ribeira
Eito
Figueiral
Janela
Pico da Cruz
Pombas
Porto NovoSanto André
Alto Mira
Monte Trigo
Ribeira da Cruz
São João Baptista
Bolona
Lagoa
Lajedo
Lombo de Figueira
Morro Vento
Porto Novo
Tarrafal de Monte Trigo
Ribeira GrandeNossa Senhora do Livramento
Fontainhas
Ponta do Sol
Nossa Senhora do Rosário
Lombo Branco
Ribeira Grande
Sinagoga
Xoxo
Santo Crucifixo
Chã de Pedras
Coculi
Corda
Lombo Santa
São Pedro Apóstolo
Chã de Igreja
Figueiras
Garça de Cima
Ribeira Alta
This Cape Verdean location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Santo Antão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Ant%C3%A3o,_Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"Coculi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coculi"},{"link_name":"Ribeira Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribeira_Grande,_Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"Porto Novo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Novo,_Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"Ribeira Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribeira_Grande_(stream)"}],"text":"Settlement in Santo Antão, Cape VerdeChã de Pedras[2] is a settlement in the northcentral part of the island of Santo Antão, Cape Verde. In 2010 its population was 1,266. It is situated about 5 km south of Coculi, 8 km southeast of the city Ribeira Grande and 12 km northwest of the island capital Porto Novo. It consists of 21 localities in the valley of the Ribeira de Chã de Pedras, a right tributary of the Ribeira Grande. The elevation of the largest village, Pia de Cima, is about 430 metres.","title":"Chã de Pedras"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of villages and settlements in Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_and_settlements_in_Cape_Verde#Santo_Ant%C3%A3o"}] | [{"reference":"\"2010 Census results\". Instituto Nacional de Estatística Cabo Verde (in Portuguese). 24 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://ine.cv/ine_censos_quadros_category/rgph-dados-por-zonas-e-lugares/","url_text":"\"2010 Census results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estat%C3%ADstica_(Cape_Verde)","url_text":"Instituto Nacional de Estatística Cabo Verde"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ch%C3%A3_de_Pedras¶ms=17.1244_N_25.1131_W_type:adm1st_region:CV_dim:50000","external_links_name":"17°07′28″N 25°06′47″W / 17.1244°N 25.1131°W / 17.1244; -25.1131"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ch%C3%A3_de_Pedras¶ms=17.1244_N_25.1131_W_type:adm1st_region:CV_dim:50000","external_links_name":"17°07′28″N 25°06′47″W / 17.1244°N 25.1131°W / 17.1244; -25.1131"},{"Link":"http://ine.cv/ine_censos_quadros_category/rgph-dados-por-zonas-e-lugares/","external_links_name":"\"2010 Census results\""},{"Link":"http://bdmi.ine.cv/bdeo/apps/carregamento/uploads/CodigoGeogr%C3%A1ficoNacional.pdf","external_links_name":"Código Geográfico Nacional"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ch%C3%A3_de_Pedras&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxillary_hiatus | Maxillary hiatus | ["1 Anatomy","2 Additional images","3 References"] | Maxillary hiatusMedial wall of left orbit.Left maxilla. Nasal surface.DetailsIdentifiersLatinhiatus maxillaris,ostium maxillareTA98A02.1.12.021TA2778FMA57758Anatomical terminology
The maxillary hiatus (also known as maxillary sinus ostium, maxillary ostium, or opening from the maxillary sinus) is the opening of a maxillary sinus into the middle nasal meatus of the nasal cavity. It is situated superoposteriorly upon the lateral nasal wall, opening into the nasal cavity at the posterior portion of the ethmoidal infundibulum. Its opening in the maxillary sinus is present upon the superior part of the medial wall of the sinus near the roof of the sinus; because of the position, gravity cannot drain the maxillary sinus contents when the head is erect.
An accessory maxillary hiatus may be present either anterior or posterior to the inferior portion of the uncinate process of ethmoid bone.
Anatomy
It measures 2–4 mm in diameter with an average diameter of 2.4 mm.
It opens into the nasal cavity inferior to the bulla ethmoidalis, and is partly obscured by the inferior end of the uncinate process of ethmoid bone.
The bone window of this aperture itself is much larger, but the actual opening is much reduced by the following: the uncinate process of the ethmoid superiorly, the ethmoidal process of inferior nasal concha inferiorly, the perpendicular plate of palatine bone posteriorly, and a small part of the lacrimal bone anteriorly and superiorly, as well as by the adjacent soft tissues.
Additional images
Ethmoid bone
References
^ a b c Sinnatamby, Chummy S. (2011). Last's Anatomy (12th ed.). p. 376. ISBN 978-0-7295-3752-0.
^ a b c Human Anatomy, Jacobs, Elsevier, 2008, page 209-210
^ a b c d e Bell, G.W., et al. Maxillary sinus disease: diagnosis and treatment, British Dental Journal 210, 113 - 118 (2011) at http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v210/n3/full/sj.bdj.2011.47.html
^ a b c Gray, Henry (1918). Gray's Anatomy (20th ed.). p. 995.
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 995 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
vteAnatomy of the human noseExternal nose
Ala of nose
nasal cartilages
Septal nasal
Lateral nasal
Major alar
Minor alar
Vomeronasal
Nasal cavityOpenings
Nasal vestibule
Nostril
Choana
Lateral wall
Nasal conchae: Supreme nasal concha
Superior nasal concha
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha
Nasal meatus: (Supreme
superior
middle
inferior)
Sphenoethmoidal recess
Ethmoid bulla
Agger nasi
Ethmoidal infundibulum
Semilunar hiatus
Maxillary hiatus
Medial wall
Nasal septum
Vomeronasal organ
Nasal mucosa
Olfactory mucosa
Paranasal sinuses
Maxillary sinus
Sphenoidal sinuses
Frontal sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Naso-pharynx
Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube
Salpingopharyngeal fold
Salpingopalatine fold
Torus tubarius
Pharyngeal tonsil
Pharyngeal recess
Portal: Anatomy
Authority control databases
Terminologia Anatomica
This human musculoskeletal system article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"maxillary sinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxillary_sinus"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"maxillary sinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxillary_sinus"},{"link_name":"middle nasal meatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_nasal_meatus"},{"link_name":"ethmoidal infundibulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethmoidal_infundibulum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:022-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"sinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranasal_sinus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:023-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"uncinate process of ethmoid bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncinate_process_of_ethmoid_bone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:022-1"}],"text":"The maxillary hiatus (also known as maxillary sinus ostium, maxillary ostium, or opening from the maxillary sinus)[citation needed] is the opening of a maxillary sinus into the middle nasal meatus of the nasal cavity. It is situated superoposteriorly upon the lateral nasal wall, opening into the nasal cavity at the posterior portion of the ethmoidal infundibulum.[1] Its opening in the maxillary sinus is present upon the superior part of the medial wall of the sinus[2][3] near the roof of the sinus;[4] because of the position, gravity cannot drain the maxillary sinus contents when the head is erect.[2][3]An accessory maxillary hiatus may be present either anterior or posterior to the inferior portion of the uncinate process of ethmoid bone.[1]","title":"Maxillary hiatus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:022-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"bulla ethmoidalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulla_ethmoidalis"},{"link_name":"uncinate process of ethmoid bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncinate_process_of_ethmoid_bone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:023-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"ethmoidal process of inferior nasal concha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethmoidal_process_of_inferior_nasal_concha"},{"link_name":"perpendicular plate of palatine bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicular_plate_of_palatine_bone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:023-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"It measures 2–4 mm in diameter[1] with an average diameter of 2.4 mm.[2][3]It opens into the nasal cavity inferior to the bulla ethmoidalis, and is partly obscured by the inferior end of the uncinate process of ethmoid bone.[4]The bone window of this aperture itself is much larger, but the actual opening is much reduced[3] by the following: the uncinate process of the ethmoid superiorly, the ethmoidal process of inferior nasal concha inferiorly, the perpendicular plate of palatine bone posteriorly, and a small part of the lacrimal bone anteriorly and superiorly,[4] as well as by the adjacent soft tissues.[3]","title":"Anatomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Siebbein1.jpg"}],"text":"Ethmoid bone","title":"Additional images"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Sinnatamby, Chummy S. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._Priya | V. Priya | ["1 Career","2 Filmography","3 References"] | Indian film director
V. Priya is a Tamil film director. She worked as an assistant to director Mani Ratnam after learning her craft under Suhasini.
Career
Priya made her directorial debut with romantic-comedy Kanda Naal Mudhal (2005) starring Prasanna, Laila and Karthik Kumar. The film received positive critical acclaim during its release with critics praising "Priya deserves a pat on her back for weaving a gossamer romance like her mentor Mani Ratnam sir did in Mouna Ragam or Alai Payuthey. But the film has its own minor drawbacks mostly in narration and lags especially in the second half". The film did well at box-office. However, her second film Kannamoochi Yenada (2007) starring Prithviraj, Sandhya and Sathyaraj received mixed reviews from critics, but it was also commercially successful. In 2008, she planned her third project titled Cheri, but the film did not materialize. She alongside her husband Bhushan Kalyan worked as creative director for television series Uyirmei which was telecasted in Zee Tamil.
After a long gap, she made her comeback to film direction with Aadi Lakshmi Puraana (2018) which marks her debut in Kannada cinema. In 2022, She directed Anantham. In 2024, she directed Pon Ondru Kanden (2024) starring Ashok Selvan, Vasanth Ravi and Aishwarya Lekshmi.
Filmography
Year
Film
Credited as
Language
Notes
Director
Writer
2002
Mitr, My Friend
N
Y
English
2005
Kanda Naal Mudhal
Y
Y
Tamil
2007
Kannamoochi Yenada
Y
Y
Tamil
2008
Herova? Zerova?
Y
N
Tamil
Docudrama
2018
Aadi Lakshmi Puraana
Y
N
Kannada
2022
Anantham
Y
Y
Tamil
Zee5 Webseries
2024
Pon Ondru Kanden
Y
Y
Tamil
JioCinema Release
As an actor
Vikrant Rona (2022)
References
^ "Kanda Naal Mudhal". Sify. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016.
^ "Kannamoochi Yenada". Sify. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016.
^ Sundar, Mrinalini (24 July 2014). "The good doctor". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
^ "Radhika Pandit and Nirup Bhandari's film titled 'Aadi Lakshmi Purana'". 10 September 2018.
^ "Director Priya V: Anantham was initially titled Navarasa". Cinema Express. 27 April 2022.
^ "Director V Priya: Pon Ondru Kanden is not Kadhal Desam". Cinema Express. 15 April 2024.
^ "Vasanth Ravi Interview: Pon Ondru Kanden will settle the debate if I can pull off light-hearted films". OTTPlay. 10 April 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_film"},{"link_name":"Mani Ratnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_Ratnam"},{"link_name":"Suhasini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhasini_Mani_Ratnam"}],"text":"V. Priya is a Tamil film director. She worked as an assistant to director Mani Ratnam after learning her craft under Suhasini.","title":"V. Priya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kanda Naal Mudhal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanda_Naal_Mudhal"},{"link_name":"Prasanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasanna_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Laila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laila_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Karthik Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karthik_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Mani Ratnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_Ratnam"},{"link_name":"Mouna Ragam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouna_Ragam"},{"link_name":"Alai Payuthey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alai_Payuthey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kannamoochi Yenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannamoochi_Yenada"},{"link_name":"Prithviraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithviraj_Sukumaran"},{"link_name":"Sandhya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhya_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Sathyaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sathyaraj"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Uyirmei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyirmei"},{"link_name":"Zee Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_Tamil"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Aadi Lakshmi Puraana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aadi_Lakshmi_Puraana"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Anantham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantham_(web_series)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pon Ondru Kanden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pon_Ondru_Kanden"},{"link_name":"Ashok Selvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Selvan"},{"link_name":"Vasanth Ravi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasanth_Ravi"},{"link_name":"Aishwarya Lekshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aishwarya_Lekshmi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Priya made her directorial debut with romantic-comedy Kanda Naal Mudhal (2005) starring Prasanna, Laila and Karthik Kumar. The film received positive critical acclaim during its release with critics praising \"Priya deserves a pat on her back for weaving a gossamer romance like her mentor Mani Ratnam sir did in Mouna Ragam or Alai Payuthey. But the film has its own minor drawbacks mostly in narration and lags especially in the second half\".[1] The film did well at box-office. However, her second film Kannamoochi Yenada (2007) starring Prithviraj, Sandhya and Sathyaraj received mixed reviews from critics, but it was also commercially successful.[2] In 2008, she planned her third project titled Cheri, but the film did not materialize. She alongside her husband Bhushan Kalyan worked as creative director for television series Uyirmei which was telecasted in Zee Tamil.[3]After a long gap, she made her comeback to film direction with Aadi Lakshmi Puraana (2018) which marks her debut in Kannada cinema.[4] In 2022, She directed Anantham.[5] In 2024, she directed Pon Ondru Kanden (2024) starring Ashok Selvan, Vasanth Ravi and Aishwarya Lekshmi.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vikrant Rona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikrant_Rona"}],"text":"As an actorVikrant Rona (2022)","title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Kanda Naal Mudhal\". Sify. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160315172623/http://www.sify.com/movies/kanda-naal-mudhal-review-tamil-pclvNTgagifhd.html","url_text":"\"Kanda Naal Mudhal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sify","url_text":"Sify"},{"url":"http://www.sify.com/movies/kanda-naal-mudhal-review-tamil-pclvNTgagifhd.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kannamoochi Yenada\". Sify. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160315102015/http://www.sify.com/movies/kannamoochi-yenada-review-tamil-pclwyUedicbih.html","url_text":"\"Kannamoochi Yenada\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sify","url_text":"Sify"},{"url":"http://www.sify.com/movies/kannamoochi-yenada-review-tamil-pclwyUedicbih.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sundar, Mrinalini (24 July 2014). \"The good doctor\". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 17 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2014/jul/24/the-good-doctor-639523.html","url_text":"\"The good doctor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Radhika Pandit and Nirup Bhandari's film titled 'Aadi Lakshmi Purana'\". 10 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/sep/09/radhika-pandit-and-nirup-bhandaris-film-titled-aadi-lakshmi-purana-1869824.html","url_text":"\"Radhika Pandit and Nirup Bhandari's film titled 'Aadi Lakshmi Purana'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Director Priya V: Anantham was initially titled Navarasa\". 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Retrieved 10 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ottplay.com/interview/vasanth-ravi-interview-pon-ondru-kanden-will-settle-the-debate-if-i-can-pull-off-light-hearted-films/6d70f2d6a9104","url_text":"\"Vasanth Ravi Interview: Pon Ondru Kanden will settle the debate if I can pull off light-hearted films\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160315172623/http://www.sify.com/movies/kanda-naal-mudhal-review-tamil-pclvNTgagifhd.html","external_links_name":"\"Kanda Naal Mudhal\""},{"Link":"http://www.sify.com/movies/kanda-naal-mudhal-review-tamil-pclvNTgagifhd.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160315102015/http://www.sify.com/movies/kannamoochi-yenada-review-tamil-pclwyUedicbih.html","external_links_name":"\"Kannamoochi Yenada\""},{"Link":"http://www.sify.com/movies/kannamoochi-yenada-review-tamil-pclwyUedicbih.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2014/jul/24/the-good-doctor-639523.html","external_links_name":"\"The good doctor\""},{"Link":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/sep/09/radhika-pandit-and-nirup-bhandaris-film-titled-aadi-lakshmi-purana-1869824.html","external_links_name":"\"Radhika Pandit and Nirup Bhandari's film titled 'Aadi Lakshmi Purana'\""},{"Link":"https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/Apr/27/director-priya-v-anantham-was-initially-titled-navarasa-31150.html","external_links_name":"\"Director Priya V: Anantham was initially titled Navarasa\""},{"Link":"https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2024/Apr/15/director-v-priya-pon-ondru-kanden-is-not-kadhal-desam","external_links_name":"\"Director V Priya: Pon Ondru Kanden is not Kadhal Desam\""},{"Link":"https://www.ottplay.com/interview/vasanth-ravi-interview-pon-ondru-kanden-will-settle-the-debate-if-i-can-pull-off-light-hearted-films/6d70f2d6a9104","external_links_name":"\"Vasanth Ravi Interview: Pon Ondru Kanden will settle the debate if I can pull off light-hearted films\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Fern | Tropical Storm Fern | ["1 Meteorological history","2 Impact and aftermath","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"] | Pacific severe tropical storm in 1996
Severe Tropical Storm Fern
Fern at peak intensity late on December 26, 1996Meteorological historyFormedDecember 21, 1996ExtratropicalDecember 30DissipatedDecember 31, 1996Severe tropical storm10-minute sustained (JMA)Highest winds110 km/h (70 mph)Lowest pressure975 hPa (mbar); 28.79 inHgCategory 1-equivalent typhoon1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)Highest winds150 km/h (90 mph)Overall effectsFatalitiesNoneDamage$3 million (1996 USD)Areas affectedYapIBTrACSPart of the 1996 Pacific typhoon season
Severe Tropical Storm Fern was a damaging storm that struck Yap in the 1996 Pacific typhoon season. A tropical depression formed on December 21, when a low-level circulation center began to produce deep convection. The depression strengthened into a tropical storm the next day, and was given the name Fern by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). The storm slowly intensified into a Category 1 typhoon on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, according to JTWC. Fern peaked north of Yap on December 26, with JTWC assessing winds of 150 km/h (90 mph), while the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center, Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) assessed peak winds of 110 km/h (70 mph), just below typhoon strength. The storm soon became sheared and weakened slowly. Fern continued to weaken to a tropical depression on December 30. Both agencies stopped advisories later on the same day.
Fern made a direct hit at Yap on Christmas Day. A cargo ship was abandoned after it was damaged by high winds offshore. On the island, Fern caused $3 million (1996 USD) of damage. Roads and bridges were significantly damaged, and other public facilities were destroyed. Crops and private properties also received damage. A state of emergency was declared in Yap State two weeks later, and became a disaster area two months later.
Meteorological history
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scaleMap key Saffir–Simpson scale Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h) Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h) Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h) Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h) Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h) Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h) Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h) Unknown Storm type Tropical cyclone Subtropical cyclone Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression
In the middle of December, twin monsoon troughs were established in the extreme western Pacific Ocean, which will later spawn storms Greg, and Fern itself in the northern hemisphere. The trough in the southern hemisphere spawned cyclones Ophelia, Phil, and Fergus. Around that time, convection began to increase near the equator, and was associated with a westerly wind burst. A low level circulation center was noted by JTWC on December 19 at 0600 UTC. Two days later, convection consolidated near the circulation center, and JMA began tracking it at 0000 UTC as a tropical depression. JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert at 1500 UTC, as sea level pressure began to deepen, and signs of upper level divergence were found in the system. The first advisory for Tropical Depression 42W followed three hours later, on December 17 at 1200 UTC. JTWC upgraded the depression to a tropical storm on December 22 at 0000 UTC as it traveled westerly, and was given the name Fern. According to JTWC, the wind speeds meandered at minimal tropical storm strength. JMA proceeded to upgrade the depression into a tropical storm at 1800 UTC, with winds of 65 km/h (40 mph), and a pressure reading of 996 hectopascals (996 mbar). On Christmas Eve, Fern slowly traveled toward Yap. The storm passed over Yap the next day, strengthening to 105 km/h (65 mph) at 0000 UTC, according to JTWC. JMA assessed Fern had winds of 100 km/h (60 mph) at the same time. Fern also began its recurvature that day, beginning its turn north.
Eighteen hours later on Christmas Day, JTWC upgraded Fern to a typhoon, with winds of 120 km/h (75 mph). JMA continued to keep it as a severe tropical storm at that time. On December 26 at 1200 UTC, Fern reached its peak at 150 km/h (90 mph) north of Yap after its recurvature, according to JTWC. JMA assessed that Fern reached its peak of 110 km/h (70 mph), with a pressure reading of 975 hPa (975 mb) twelve hours later. On December 28, Fern began to weaken when it encountered a shear line. On the next day, JTWC downgraded Fern back to tropical storm strength, with winds of 110 km/h (70 mph). At the same time according to JMA, the storm had weakened to 80 km/h (50 mph), with a pressure reading of 985 hPa (985 mbar). Both warning centers downgraded Fern into a tropical depression by December 30, as it continued to travel along a shear line. JTWC issued the final warning at 0600 UTC, while JMA stopped tracking the depression at 1200 UTC. JTWC continued to track the low until December 31, where it stalled north of Guam.
Impact and aftermath
At sea, a cargo ship en route from Guam to Yap was abandoned after it was damaged by high winds. The passengers entered a life raft, and were later found by a Navy search and rescue airplane. They were soon rescued by a Maltese tanker. No one was injured when the accident occurred.
Yap was directly hit by Fern on Christmas Day, causing about $3 million (1996 USD) of damage. The Weather Service Office received a peak wind gust of 116 km/h (72 mph), and a pressure reading of 983 hPa (983 mbar). The island received gusts around 93 km/h (58 mph) for several hours. One person was injured on the island, and no deaths were attributed to the storm. Roads and bridges were severely damaged, accounting for half of the damage. Homes and other private properties were also significantly damaged. Most crops on the island, such as coconuts, bananas, papayas, and breadfruit, were destroyed by the storm. Public facilities, like schools and hospitals, suffered widespread destruction.
On January 3, 1997, a state of emergency was declared for Yap by Acting President Jacob Nena, stating that Fern caused "an imminent threat to health, safety and welfare of the people of the affected areas." Two months later, on March 20, United States President Bill Clinton declared Yap State a disaster area, allowing the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to start the damage assessment of the area. The FEMA funding was only for public facilities, and did not include private properties. The request for individual assistance was not approved by FEMA, as damage to private properties were not much, and assistance from the national government and Yap State were sufficient.
Notes
^ The Japan Meteorological Agency is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean.
^ Wind estimates from the JMA and most other basins throughout the world are sustained over 10 minutes, while estimates from the United States-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center are sustained over 1 minute. 10 minute winds are about 1.14 times the amount of 1 minute winds.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kubat, Gary B.; Carle, William J.; Wells, Frank H.; Sanchez, Paul G.; Hong, Bryan Y.; Cross, Christopher; Boyd, Mathew A. (1996). 1996 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. pp. 207–209. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 21, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
^ a b c d e f g h "RSMC Best Track Data (Text)". Japan Meteorological Agency. 1990–1999. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
^ Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2000 (PDF) (Report). Japan Meteorological Agency. February 2001. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 31, 2015. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
^ a b c d e f g h "Typhoon Fern (42W) Best Track". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on October 16, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
^ Landsea, Chris (April 21, 2006). "Subject: D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?". Frequently Asked Questions. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Archived from the original on October 9, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
^ a b Knapp, Kenneth R.; Kruk, Michael C.; Levinson, David H.; Diamond, Howard J.; Neumann, Charles J. (2010). 1996 FERN (1996353N05151). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
^ a b "Acting President Declares State of Emergency in Yap State" (Press release). Palikir: FSM Information Service. FSM Office of the President. January 15, 1997. Archived from the original on September 26, 2000. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
^ "Yap Declared Disaster Area After Typhoon Fern" (Press release). Palikir: FSM Information Service. FSM Office of the President. March 20, 1997. Archived from the original on October 12, 1999. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
^ "Typhoon Fern Individual Assistance" (Press release). Palikir: FSM Information Service. FSM Office of the President. April 16, 1997. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
External links
JMA General Information of Severe Tropical Storm Fern (9626) from Digital Typhoon
vteTropical cyclones of the 1996 Pacific typhoon seasonTDTD
TSAsiang
TSAnn
TD03W
TYBart
TSCam
TDTD
TYDan
TYEve
STSFrankie
TYGloria
TYHerb
TDIan
STSJoy
TDTD
TDTD
TYKirk
TSLisa
TDTD
TD15W
TDTD
TDMarty
TD17W
TYNiki (Lusing)
TDTD
TYOrson
TDTD
TSPiper
TDTD
TD21W
TDRick
TYSally
TDNingning
TYTom
TYViolet
STSWillie
TYYates
TYZane
TDAbel
STSBeth
TD31W
TYCarlo
TD34W
TD35W
TYDale
TSErnie
TD38W
TD39W
TD40W
TD41W
STSFern
TDGreg
Category
Portal
WikiProject | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yap"},{"link_name":"1996 Pacific typhoon season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Pacific_typhoon_season"},{"link_name":"tropical depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"low-level circulation center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_(cyclone)"},{"link_name":"Joint Typhoon Warning Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Typhoon_Warning_Center"},{"link_name":"Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_hurricane_wind_scale"},{"link_name":"Regional Specialized Meteorological Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Specialized_Meteorological_Center"},{"link_name":"Japan Meteorological Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency"},{"link_name":"typhoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon"},{"link_name":"sheared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_shear"},{"link_name":"Christmas Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Day"},{"link_name":"USD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Dollar"},{"link_name":"state of emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency"},{"link_name":"Yap State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yap_State"}],"text":"Pacific severe tropical storm in 1996Severe Tropical Storm Fern was a damaging storm that struck Yap in the 1996 Pacific typhoon season. A tropical depression formed on December 21, when a low-level circulation center began to produce deep convection. The depression strengthened into a tropical storm the next day, and was given the name Fern by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). The storm slowly intensified into a Category 1 typhoon on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, according to JTWC. Fern peaked north of Yap on December 26, with JTWC assessing winds of 150 km/h (90 mph), while the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center, Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) assessed peak winds of 110 km/h (70 mph), just below typhoon strength. The storm soon became sheared and weakened slowly. Fern continued to weaken to a tropical depression on December 30. Both agencies stopped advisories later on the same day.Fern made a direct hit at Yap on Christmas Day. A cargo ship was abandoned after it was damaged by high winds offshore. On the island, Fern caused $3 million (1996 USD) of damage. Roads and bridges were significantly damaged, and other public facilities were destroyed. Crops and private properties also received damage. A state of emergency was declared in Yap State two weeks later, and became a disaster area two months later.","title":"Tropical Storm Fern"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fern_1996_track.png"},{"link_name":"Saffir–Simpson scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale"},{"link_name":"Tropical cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"Subtropical cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"Extratropical cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"monsoon troughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon_trough"},{"link_name":"Greg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Pacific_typhoon_season#Tropical_Storm_Greg"},{"link_name":"Ophelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Australian_region_cyclone_season#Tropical_Cyclone_Ophelia"},{"link_name":"Phil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Australian_region_cyclone_season#Tropical_Cyclone_Phil"},{"link_name":"Fergus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Australian_region_cyclone_season#Tropical_Cyclone_Fergus"},{"link_name":"westerly wind burst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerly_wind_burst"},{"link_name":"UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCR-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JMABT-2"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Cyclone_Formation_Alert"},{"link_name":"sea level pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_pressure"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCR-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JTWCBT-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCR-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCR-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JTWCBT-5"},{"link_name":"hectopascals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)"},{"link_name":"mbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JMABT-2"},{"link_name":"[nb 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Christmas Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCR-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JTWCBT-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JMABT-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBTRACS-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCR-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JTWCBT-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JMABT-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCR-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JTWCBT-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JMABT-2"},{"link_name":"shear line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_shear"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCR-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JTWCBT-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JMABT-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCR-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JMABT-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JTWCBT-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCR-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JMABT-2"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JTWCBT-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBTRACS-8"}],"text":"Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scaleMap key Saffir–Simpson scale Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h) Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h) Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h) Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h) Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h) Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h) Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h) Unknown Storm type Tropical cyclone Subtropical cyclone Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depressionIn the middle of December, twin monsoon troughs were established in the extreme western Pacific Ocean, which will later spawn storms Greg, and Fern itself in the northern hemisphere. The trough in the southern hemisphere spawned cyclones Ophelia, Phil, and Fergus. Around that time, convection began to increase near the equator, and was associated with a westerly wind burst. A low level circulation center was noted by JTWC on December 19 at 0600 UTC. Two days later, convection consolidated near the circulation center,[1] and JMA began tracking it at 0000 UTC as a tropical depression.[2][nb 1] JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert at 1500 UTC, as sea level pressure began to deepen, and signs of upper level divergence were found in the system. The first advisory for Tropical Depression 42W followed three hours later, on December 17 at 1200 UTC.[1][4] JTWC upgraded the depression to a tropical storm on December 22 at 0000 UTC as it traveled westerly, and was given the name Fern.[1] According to JTWC, the wind speeds meandered at minimal tropical storm strength.[1][4] JMA proceeded to upgrade the depression into a tropical storm at 1800 UTC, with winds of 65 km/h (40 mph), and a pressure reading of 996 hectopascals (996 mbar).[2][nb 2] On Christmas Eve, Fern slowly traveled toward Yap.[1] The storm passed over Yap the next day, strengthening to 105 km/h (65 mph) at 0000 UTC, according to JTWC.[4] JMA assessed Fern had winds of 100 km/h (60 mph) at the same time.[2] Fern also began its recurvature that day, beginning its turn north.[6]Eighteen hours later on Christmas Day, JTWC upgraded Fern to a typhoon, with winds of 120 km/h (75 mph).[1][4] JMA continued to keep it as a severe tropical storm at that time.[2] On December 26 at 1200 UTC, Fern reached its peak at 150 km/h (90 mph) north of Yap after its recurvature, according to JTWC.[1][4] JMA assessed that Fern reached its peak of 110 km/h (70 mph), with a pressure reading of 975 hPa (975 mb) twelve hours later.[2] On December 28, Fern began to weaken when it encountered a shear line.[1] On the next day, JTWC downgraded Fern back to tropical storm strength, with winds of 110 km/h (70 mph).[4] At the same time according to JMA, the storm had weakened to 80 km/h (50 mph), with a pressure reading of 985 hPa (985 mbar).[2] Both warning centers downgraded Fern into a tropical depression by December 30, as it continued to travel along a shear line.[1][2][4] JTWC issued the final warning at 0600 UTC,[1] while JMA stopped tracking the depression at 1200 UTC.[2] JTWC continued to track the low until December 31, where it stalled north of Guam.[4][6]","title":"Meteorological history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"life raft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_raft"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"search and rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_rescue"},{"link_name":"Maltese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"tanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanker_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCR-1"},{"link_name":"Yap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yap"},{"link_name":"Christmas Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Day"},{"link_name":"USD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Dollar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATCR-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press1-9"},{"link_name":"state of emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia"},{"link_name":"Jacob Nena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Nena"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press1-9"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Yap State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yap_State"},{"link_name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press2-10"},{"link_name":"national government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press3-11"}],"text":"At sea, a cargo ship en route from Guam to Yap was abandoned after it was damaged by high winds. The passengers entered a life raft, and were later found by a Navy search and rescue airplane. They were soon rescued by a Maltese tanker. No one was injured when the accident occurred.[1]Yap was directly hit by Fern on Christmas Day, causing about $3 million (1996 USD) of damage. The Weather Service Office received a peak wind gust of 116 km/h (72 mph), and a pressure reading of 983 hPa (983 mbar). The island received gusts around 93 km/h (58 mph) for several hours. One person was injured on the island, and no deaths were attributed to the storm. Roads and bridges were severely damaged, accounting for half of the damage.[1] Homes and other private properties were also significantly damaged. Most crops on the island, such as coconuts, bananas, papayas, and breadfruit, were destroyed by the storm. Public facilities, like schools and hospitals, suffered widespread destruction.[7]On January 3, 1997, a state of emergency was declared for Yap by Acting President Jacob Nena, stating that Fern caused \"an imminent threat to health, safety and welfare of the people of the affected areas.\"[7] Two months later, on March 20, United States President Bill Clinton declared Yap State a disaster area, allowing the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to start the damage assessment of the area. The FEMA funding was only for public facilities, and did not include private properties.[8] The request for individual assistance was not approved by FEMA, as damage to private properties were not much, and assistance from the national government and Yap State were sufficient.[9]","title":"Impact and aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Japan Meteorological Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency"},{"link_name":"Regional Specialized Meteorological Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Specialized_Meteorological_Center"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"sustained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_sustained_winds"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAQD4-6"}],"text":"^ The Japan Meteorological Agency is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean.[3]\n\n^ Wind estimates from the JMA and most other basins throughout the world are sustained over 10 minutes, while estimates from the United States-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center are sustained over 1 minute. 10 minute winds are about 1.14 times the amount of 1 minute winds.[5]","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scaleMap key Saffir–Simpson scale Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h) Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h) Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h) Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h) Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h) Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h) Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h) Unknown Storm type Tropical cyclone Subtropical cyclone Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Fern_1996_track.png/275px-Fern_1996_track.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Kubat, Gary B.; Carle, William J.; Wells, Frank H.; Sanchez, Paul G.; Hong, Bryan Y.; Cross, Christopher; Boyd, Mathew A. (1996). 1996 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. pp. 207–209. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 21, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1996atcr.pdf","url_text":"1996 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130221082545/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1996atcr.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"RSMC Best Track Data (Text)\". Japan Meteorological Agency. 1990–1999. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/Besttracks/bst9099.txt","url_text":"\"RSMC Best Track Data (Text)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130122183440/http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/Besttracks/bst9099.txt","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2000 (PDF) (Report). Japan Meteorological Agency. February 2001. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 31, 2015. Retrieved August 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/AnnualReport/2000/Text/Text2000.pdf","url_text":"Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2000"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151031002308/http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/AnnualReport/2000/Text/Text2000.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Typhoon Fern (42W) Best Track\". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on October 16, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/1996/1996s-bwp/bwp421996.txt","url_text":"\"Typhoon Fern (42W) Best Track\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141016233915/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/1996/1996s-bwp/bwp421996.txt","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Landsea, Chris (April 21, 2006). \"Subject: D4) What does \"maximum sustained wind\" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?\". Frequently Asked Questions. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Archived from the original on October 9, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/D4.html","url_text":"Frequently Asked Questions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141009070826/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/D4.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Knapp, Kenneth R.; Kruk, Michael C.; Levinson, David H.; Diamond, Howard J.; Neumann, Charles J. (2010). 1996 FERN (1996353N05151). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved August 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305143835/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1996353N05151","url_text":"1996 FERN (1996353N05151)"},{"url":"http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1996353N05151","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Acting President Declares State of Emergency in Yap State\" (Press release). Palikir: FSM Information Service. FSM Office of the President. January 15, 1997. Archived from the original on September 26, 2000. Retrieved August 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000926024939/http://www.fsmgov.org/pr01157.html","url_text":"\"Acting President Declares State of Emergency in Yap State\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palikir","url_text":"Palikir"},{"url":"http://www.fsmgov.org/pr01157.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yap Declared Disaster Area After Typhoon Fern\" (Press release). Palikir: FSM Information Service. FSM Office of the President. March 20, 1997. Archived from the original on October 12, 1999. Retrieved August 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19991012195849/http://fsmgov.org/pr03207.html","url_text":"\"Yap Declared Disaster Area After Typhoon Fern\""},{"url":"http://fsmgov.org/pr03207.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Typhoon Fern Individual Assistance\" (Press release). Palikir: FSM Information Service. FSM Office of the President. April 16, 1997. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fsmgov.org/press/pr041627.htm","url_text":"\"Typhoon Fern Individual Assistance\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193205/http://www.fsmgov.org/press/pr041627.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://ncics.org/ibtracs/index.php?name=v04r00-1996353N05151","external_links_name":"IBTrACS"},{"Link":"http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1996atcr.pdf","external_links_name":"1996 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130221082545/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1996atcr.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/Besttracks/bst9099.txt","external_links_name":"\"RSMC Best Track Data (Text)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130122183440/http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/Besttracks/bst9099.txt","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/AnnualReport/2000/Text/Text2000.pdf","external_links_name":"Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2000"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151031002308/http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/AnnualReport/2000/Text/Text2000.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/1996/1996s-bwp/bwp421996.txt","external_links_name":"\"Typhoon Fern (42W) Best Track\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141016233915/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/1996/1996s-bwp/bwp421996.txt","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/D4.html","external_links_name":"Frequently Asked Questions"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141009070826/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/D4.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305143835/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1996353N05151","external_links_name":"1996 FERN (1996353N05151)"},{"Link":"http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1996353N05151","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000926024939/http://www.fsmgov.org/pr01157.html","external_links_name":"\"Acting President Declares State of Emergency in Yap State\""},{"Link":"http://www.fsmgov.org/pr01157.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19991012195849/http://fsmgov.org/pr03207.html","external_links_name":"\"Yap Declared Disaster Area After Typhoon Fern\""},{"Link":"http://fsmgov.org/pr03207.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.fsmgov.org/press/pr041627.htm","external_links_name":"\"Typhoon Fern Individual Assistance\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193205/http://www.fsmgov.org/press/pr041627.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/summary/wnp/s/199626.html.en","external_links_name":"JMA General Information"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Axelsson | Einar Axelsson | ["1 Biography","2 Selected filmography","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"] | Swedish actor (1895–1971)
Einar AxelssonAxelsson in 1935Born25 February 1895Lund, SwedenDied30 October 1971(1971-10-30) (aged 76)Stockholm, SwedenOccupationActorYears active1921–1970 (film)
Einar Axelsson (25 February 1895 – 30 October 1971) was a Swedish stage and film actor.
Biography
Einar Rickard Axelsson was born at Lund in Skåne, Sweden. He was the son of actors Konstantin and Amelie Axelsson. He was the brother of journalist George Axelsson (1898–1966). After playing at the Folkteatern in Gothenburg (1913–1914), he joined the theater company of Karin Swanström which was active until the early 1920s. From 1925 to 1941, Axelsson was one of the leading names in various theater companies associated with Ernst Eklund. He died at Stocksund in Stockholm and was buried at Danderyds kyrkogård in Stockholm.
Selected filmography
The Phantom Carriage (1921)
Thomas Graal's Ward (1922)
The Girl in Tails (1926)
Getting Married (1926)
The Poetry of Ådalen (1928)
Black Roses (1932)
The Love Express (1932)
Marriageable Daughters (1933)
Eva Goes Aboard (1934)
Kanske en gentleman (1935)
The Marriage Game (1935)
The Ghost of Bragehus (1936)
Happy Vestköping (1937)
Witches' Night (1937)
Hanna in Society (1940)
A Crime (1940)
Magistrarna på sommarlov (1941)
Fransson the Terrible (1941)
Lyckan kommer (1942)
We House Slaves (1942)
It Is My Music (1942)
The Emperor of Portugallia (1944)
Between Brothers (1946)
Iris and the Lieutenant (1947)
Sunshine (1948)
Simon the Sinner (1954)
The Girl in Tails (1956)
A Doll's House (1956)
The Great Amateur (1958)
We at Väddö (1958)
More Than a Match for the Navy (1958)
A Goat in the Garden (1958)
References
^ Gustafsson p.73
^ "Einar Axelsson". Svensk Filmdatabas. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
^ "Ernst Eklund". Svensk Filmdatabas. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
^ "Karin Swanström". Svensk Filmdatabas. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
Bibliography
Tommy Gustafsson. Masculinity in the Golden Age of Swedish Cinema: A Cultural Analysis of 1920s Films. McFarland, 2014.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Einar Axelsson.
Einar Axelsson at IMDb
This article about a Swedish actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_actor"},{"link_name":"film actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_actor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Einar Axelsson (25 February 1895 – 30 October 1971) was a Swedish stage and film actor.[1]","title":"Einar Axelsson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund"},{"link_name":"Skåne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne"},{"link_name":"Folkteatern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkteatern"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"Karin Swanström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin_Swanstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Ernst Eklund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Eklund_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Einar Rickard Axelsson was born at Lund in Skåne, Sweden. He was the son of actors Konstantin and Amelie Axelsson. He was the brother of journalist George Axelsson (1898–1966). After playing at the Folkteatern in Gothenburg (1913–1914), he joined the theater company of Karin Swanström which was active until the early 1920s. From 1925 to 1941, Axelsson was one of the leading names in various theater companies associated with Ernst Eklund. He died at Stocksund in Stockholm and was buried at Danderyds kyrkogård in Stockholm.\n[2]\n[3]\n[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Phantom Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phantom_Carriage"},{"link_name":"Thomas Graal's Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graal%27s_Ward"},{"link_name":"The Girl in Tails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_in_Tails_(1926_film)"},{"link_name":"Getting Married","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getting_Married_(1926_film)"},{"link_name":"The Poetry of Ådalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Poetry_of_%C3%85dalen_(1928_film)"},{"link_name":"Black Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Roses_(1932_film)"},{"link_name":"The Love Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_Express_(1932_film)"},{"link_name":"Marriageable Daughters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriageable_Daughters"},{"link_name":"Eva Goes Aboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Goes_Aboard"},{"link_name":"Kanske en gentleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanske_en_gentleman_(1935_film)"},{"link_name":"The Marriage Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marriage_Game"},{"link_name":"The Ghost of Bragehus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ghost_of_Bragehus"},{"link_name":"Happy Vestköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Vestk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"Witches' Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witches%27_Night_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Hanna in Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna_in_Society"},{"link_name":"A Crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Crime_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Magistrarna på sommarlov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magistrarna_p%C3%A5_sommarlov"},{"link_name":"Fransson the Terrible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransson_the_Terrible"},{"link_name":"Lyckan kommer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyckan_kommer"},{"link_name":"We House Slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_House_Slaves"},{"link_name":"It Is My Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Is_My_Music"},{"link_name":"The Emperor of Portugallia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emperor_of_Portugallia_(film)"},{"link_name":"Between Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between_Brothers_(film)"},{"link_name":"Iris and the Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_and_the_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"Simon the Sinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_the_Sinner"},{"link_name":"The Girl in Tails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_in_Tails_(1956_film)"},{"link_name":"A Doll's House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House_(1956_film)"},{"link_name":"The Great Amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Amateur"},{"link_name":"We at Väddö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_at_V%C3%A4dd%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"More Than a Match for the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Than_a_Match_for_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"A Goat in the Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Goat_in_the_Garden"}],"text":"The Phantom Carriage (1921)\nThomas Graal's Ward (1922)\nThe Girl in Tails (1926)\nGetting Married (1926)\nThe Poetry of Ådalen (1928)\nBlack Roses (1932)\nThe Love Express (1932)\nMarriageable Daughters (1933)\nEva Goes Aboard (1934)\nKanske en gentleman (1935)\nThe Marriage Game (1935)\nThe Ghost of Bragehus (1936)\nHappy Vestköping (1937)\nWitches' Night (1937)\nHanna in Society (1940)\nA Crime (1940)\nMagistrarna på sommarlov (1941)\nFransson the Terrible (1941)\nLyckan kommer (1942)\nWe House Slaves (1942)\nIt Is My Music (1942)\nThe Emperor of Portugallia (1944)\nBetween Brothers (1946)\nIris and the Lieutenant (1947)\nSunshine (1948)\nSimon the Sinner (1954)\nThe Girl in Tails (1956)\nA Doll's House (1956)\nThe Great Amateur (1958)\nWe at Väddö (1958)\nMore Than a Match for the Navy (1958)\nA Goat in the Garden (1958)","title":"Selected filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Tommy Gustafsson. Masculinity in the Golden Age of Swedish Cinema: A Cultural Analysis of 1920s Films. McFarland, 2014.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Einar Axelsson\". Svensk Filmdatabas. Retrieved 1 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/sv/item/?type=person&itemid=58204","url_text":"\"Einar Axelsson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ernst Eklund\". Svensk Filmdatabas. Retrieved 1 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/sv/item/?type=person&itemid=57693","url_text":"\"Ernst Eklund\""}]},{"reference":"\"Karin Swanström\". Svensk Filmdatabas. Retrieved 1 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/sv/Item/?type=person&itemid=58282","url_text":"\"Karin Swanström\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/sv/item/?type=person&itemid=58204","external_links_name":"\"Einar Axelsson\""},{"Link":"http://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/sv/item/?type=person&itemid=57693","external_links_name":"\"Ernst Eklund\""},{"Link":"http://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/sv/Item/?type=person&itemid=58282","external_links_name":"\"Karin Swanström\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0043509/","external_links_name":"Einar Axelsson"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Einar_Axelsson&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngeles_de_la_calle | Angels of the Street (1953 film) | ["1 Cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"] | 1953 Cuban filmAngels of the StreetDirected byAgustín P. DelgadoStarringAndrea PalmaRelease date
1953 (1953)
CountriesCuba MexicoLanguageSpanish
Angels of the Street (Spanish: Ángeles de la calle) is a 1953 Cuban-Mexican drama film directed by Agustín P. Delgado.
Cast
Rolando Barral as Pititi
Hortensia Betancourt as Mariposa
Jaime Calpe
Emilia Guiú as Magda
Andrea Palma as Regla
Ismael Pérez
Gustavo Rojo
Enrique Santisteban
Lupe Suárez as Brigida
References
^ García Osuna p.35
Bibliography
Alfonso J. García Osuna. The Cuban Filmography: 1897 through 2001. McFarland, 2003.
External links
Angels of the Street at IMDb
This article related to Cuban film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Agustín P. Delgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agust%C3%ADn_P._Delgado&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Angels of the Street (Spanish: Ángeles de la calle) is a 1953 Cuban-Mexican drama film directed by Agustín P. Delgado.[1]","title":"Angels of the Street (1953 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rolando Barral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolando_Barral"},{"link_name":"Hortensia Betancourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hortensia_Betancourt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jaime Calpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Calpe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emilia Guiú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilia_Gui%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Andrea Palma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Palma_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Ismael Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ismael_P%C3%A9rez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gustavo Rojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Rojo"},{"link_name":"Enrique Santisteban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enrique_Santisteban&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lupe Suárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lupe_Su%C3%A1rez&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Rolando Barral as Pititi\nHortensia Betancourt as Mariposa\nJaime Calpe\nEmilia Guiú as Magda\nAndrea Palma as Regla\nIsmael Pérez\nGustavo Rojo\nEnrique Santisteban\nLupe Suárez as Brigida","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Alfonso J. García Osuna. The Cuban Filmography: 1897 through 2001. McFarland, 2003.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0247171/","external_links_name":"Angels of the Street"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angels_of_the_Street_(1953_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tiger_Makes_Out | The Tiger Makes Out | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Home media","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | 1967 film by Arthur Hiller
The Tiger Makes OutPromotional movie poster for the filmDirected byArthur HillerScreenplay byMurray SchisgalBased onThe Tiger by Murray SchisgalProduced byGeorge JustinStarringEli WallachAnne JacksonCinematographyArthur J. OrnitzEdited byRobert C. JonesMusic byMilton "Shorty" RogersProductioncompanyElan ProductionsDistributed byColumbia PicturesRelease date
August 18, 1967 (1967-08-18) (New York City)
Running time94 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
The Tiger Makes Out is a 1967 American black comedy film directed by Arthur Hiller, and starring Eli Wallach and his wife Anne Jackson. The plot concerns a kidnapper and his unintended victim. It marked Dustin Hoffman's film debut.
Plot
Ben Harris, an alienated Greenwich Village postal carrier, decides to get a girl by kidnapping her. Putting his plan into operation one rainy night, he spots an attractive young woman. He races ahead of her and prepares an ambush. However, his would-be target finds shelter from the downpour, and he ends up pulling a bag over Gloria Fiske instead.
When he carries her back to his basement apartment and removes the bag, he is dumbfounded to find he has captured a middle-aged housewife. With no alternative, he makes do with the person he has caught, but she proves to be not quite what he envisaged.
Cast
Eli Wallach as Benjamin "Ben" Harris
Anne Jackson as Gloria Fiske
Bob Dishy as Jerome "Jerry" Fiske
John Harkins as Leo
Ruth White as Edna Kelly
Roland Wood as Tom Kelly
Rae Allen as Beverly
Sudie Bond as Miss Lane
David Burns as Louie Ratner
Jack Fletcher as Pawnbroker
Bibi Osterwald as Theodora Ratner
Charles Nelson Reilly as Mr. Henry—Registrar
Frances Sternhagen as Woman on Bus
Elizabeth Wilson as Receptionist
Kim August as Toni the Songbird
Alice Beardsley as Kentucky Neighbor
Mariclare Costello as Rosi
David Doyle as Marty—Housing Clerk
Dustin Hoffman as Hap
Michele Kesten as Waitress
James Luisi as Pete Coppola
Remak Ramsay as Housing Guard
Sherman Raskin as Red Schwartzkopf
John Ryan as Toni's Escort
Edgar Stehli as Old Man
Oren Stevens as Policeman
Judy Graubart as Woman Passing Lassoed Hydrant
Home media
The Tiger Makes Out was released on DVD by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment August 5, 2014, via its Choice Collection DVD-on-demand service, as a Region 1 DVD.
See also
List of American films of 1967
References
^ Crowther, Bosley (September 19, 1967). "The Tiger Makes Out (1967) Screen: 'Tiger' Returns: Schisgal Story Charms as Film at Cinema I". The New York Times.
External links
The Tiger Makes Out at IMDb
The Tiger Makes Out at AllMovie
The Tiger Makes Out at the TCM Movie Database
The Tiger Makes Out at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
vteFilms directed by Arthur Hiller
Massacre at Sand Creek (1956)
Homeward Borne (1957)
The Edge of Innocence (1957)
The Careless Years (1957)
Before I Die (1958)
Miracle of the White Stallions (1963)
The Wheeler Dealers (1963)
The Americanization of Emily (1964)
Promise Her Anything (1965)
Penelope (1966)
Tobruk (1967)
The Tiger Makes Out (1967)
Popi (1969)
The Out-of-Towners (1970)
Love Story (1970)
Plaza Suite (1971)
The Hospital (1971)
Man of La Mancha (1972)
The Crazy World of Julius Vrooder (1974)
The Man in the Glass Booth (1975)
W. C. Fields and Me (1976)
Silver Streak (1976)
The In-Laws (1979)
Nightwing (1979)
Making Love (1982)
Author! Author! (1982)
Romantic Comedy (1983)
The Lonely Guy (1984)
Teachers (1984)
Outrageous Fortune (1987)
See No Evil, Hear No Evil (1989)
Taking Care of Business (1990)
Married to It (1991)
The Babe (1992)
Carpool (1996)
An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn (1997)
National Lampoon's Pucked (2006)
This film article about a 1960s comedy film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"black comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_comedy"},{"link_name":"Arthur Hiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Hiller"},{"link_name":"Eli Wallach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Wallach"},{"link_name":"Anne Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-1"},{"link_name":"Dustin Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman"}],"text":"The Tiger Makes Out is a 1967 American black comedy film directed by Arthur Hiller, and starring Eli Wallach and his wife Anne Jackson. The plot concerns a kidnapper and his unintended victim.[1] It marked Dustin Hoffman's film debut.","title":"The Tiger Makes Out"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greenwich Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Village"},{"link_name":"postal carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_carrier"},{"link_name":"kidnapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping"},{"link_name":"basement apartment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement_apartment"}],"text":"Ben Harris, an alienated Greenwich Village postal carrier, decides to get a girl by kidnapping her. Putting his plan into operation one rainy night, he spots an attractive young woman. He races ahead of her and prepares an ambush. However, his would-be target finds shelter from the downpour, and he ends up pulling a bag over Gloria Fiske instead.When he carries her back to his basement apartment and removes the bag, he is dumbfounded to find he has captured a middle-aged housewife. With no alternative, he makes do with the person he has caught, but she proves to be not quite what he envisaged.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eli Wallach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Wallach"},{"link_name":"Anne Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Bob Dishy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dishy"},{"link_name":"John Harkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harkins_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ruth White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_White_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Rae Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rae_Allen"},{"link_name":"Sudie Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudie_Bond"},{"link_name":"David Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Burns_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Bibi Osterwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi_Osterwald"},{"link_name":"Charles Nelson Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Nelson_Reilly"},{"link_name":"Frances Sternhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Sternhagen"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Mariclare Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariclare_Costello"},{"link_name":"David Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Doyle_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Dustin Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman"},{"link_name":"James Luisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Luisi"},{"link_name":"Remak Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remak_Ramsay"},{"link_name":"Judy Graubart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Graubart"}],"text":"Eli Wallach as Benjamin \"Ben\" Harris\nAnne Jackson as Gloria Fiske\nBob Dishy as Jerome \"Jerry\" Fiske\nJohn Harkins as Leo\nRuth White as Edna Kelly\nRoland Wood as Tom Kelly\nRae Allen as Beverly\nSudie Bond as Miss Lane\nDavid Burns as Louie Ratner\nJack Fletcher as Pawnbroker\nBibi Osterwald as Theodora Ratner\nCharles Nelson Reilly as Mr. Henry—Registrar\nFrances Sternhagen as Woman on Bus\nElizabeth Wilson as Receptionist\nKim August as Toni the Songbird\nAlice Beardsley as Kentucky Neighbor\nMariclare Costello as Rosi\nDavid Doyle as Marty—Housing Clerk\nDustin Hoffman as Hap\nMichele Kesten as Waitress\nJames Luisi as Pete Coppola\nRemak Ramsay as Housing Guard\nSherman Raskin as Red Schwartzkopf\nJohn Ryan as Toni's Escort\nEdgar Stehli as Old Man\nOren Stevens as Policeman\nJudy Graubart as Woman Passing Lassoed Hydrant","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Choice Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Choice_Collection"},{"link_name":"DVD-on-demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R"}],"text":"The Tiger Makes Out was released on DVD by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment August 5, 2014, via its Choice Collection DVD-on-demand service, as a Region 1 DVD.","title":"Home media"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of American films of 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_films_of_1967"}] | [{"reference":"Crowther, Bosley (September 19, 1967). \"The Tiger Makes Out (1967) Screen: 'Tiger' Returns: Schisgal Story Charms as Film at Cinema I\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Pastene | Juan Bautista Pastene | ["1 Early life","2 Chile","3 Sources","4 References"] | 16th-century Italian maritime explorer of South America
Juan Bautista PasteneIdealized illustration of Pastene from Alonso de Ovalle's "Histórica relación del Reyno de Chile".Born1507GenoaDied1580Santiago, Chile
Map showing the September 1544 expedition led by Pastene.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Juan Bautista Pastene" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Giovanni Battista Pastene (1507–1580) was a Genoese maritime explorer who, while in the service of the Spanish crown, explored the coasts of Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Chile as far south as the archipelago of Chiloé.
Early life
Juan Bautista Pastene was born in Genoa. His parents were Thomas and Esmeralda Solimana Pastene. He married Geneva Seixas, with whom he had three children. He arrived in Honduras in 1526, traveling in his own ship. He then came to Peru in 1536 to serve Francisco Pizarro. In 1544, and was pilot and Master of the ship Concepción.
He participated actively in many maritime explorations, which led to him being appointed by the Audiencia of Panama as a piloto mayor of the Mar del Sur (the Spanish name for the Pacific Ocean at the time).
Chile
King Charles V ordered the exploration of southern Chile. This task was given by the Viceroy of Peru to Pastene, in 1543, for which he was awarded the title of general de la Mar del Sur.
In 1544 Pedro de Valdivia entrusted exploring the coasts of the south to Pastene, ordering him to reach the Strait of Magellan. Although he did not reach this goal, he explored much of the coast. He was the first to arrive at Bay of Concepción, in the ship "San Pedro", and took possession of it.
In 1545 Pastene went to Peru in search of aid for the new settlements in Chile, returning in 1547. He made other voyages in support of the struggling colony.
In 1550, Pastene supported Valdivia's campaign into Mapuche territory in what is now the Biobío Region linking up with the conquistadors land expedition at Penco with his two ships on February 23, 1550. There he was present in the foundation of Concepción. He took one ship to acquire provisions at an offshore Island where seven of his crew were killed by the islanders.
During the Government of García Hurtado de Mendoza, Juan Bautista Pastene made a naval reconnaissance down the coast to Chiloé. He also held the position of regidor of the city of Santiago, Chile in 1548, 1551, 1553, 1557 and 1568, and was mayor in 1564. He was also the first Governor of Valparaíso. He died in 1580 in Santiago, Chile.
The city of Capitán Pastene, formed by Italian immigrants to Chile in the early 1900, was named in his honor.
He was great grandfather of the Jesuit chronicler Alonso de Ovalle.
Sources
Pedro de Valdivia, Cartas de Pedro de Valdivia (Letters of Pedro Valdivia), University of Chile: Diarios, Memorias y Relatos Testimoniales: (on line in Spanish)
Inicio Historia de Chile / Biografías / Juan Bautista Pastene
References
^ Pinto Rodríguez, Jorge (1993). "Jesuitas, Franciscanos y Capuchinos italianos en la Araucanía (1600–1900)". Revista Complutense de Historia de América (in Spanish). 19: 109–147.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
People
Italian People | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ExploracionPastene.png"},{"link_name":"Genoese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"maritime explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_maritime_explorers"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Chiloé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago"}],"text":"Map showing the September 1544 expedition led by Pastene.Giovanni Battista Pastene (1507–1580) was a Genoese maritime explorer who, while in the service of the Spanish crown, explored the coasts of Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Chile as far south as the archipelago of Chiloé.","title":"Juan Bautista Pastene"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Francisco Pizarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"}],"text":"Juan Bautista Pastene was born in Genoa. His parents were Thomas and Esmeralda Solimana Pastene. He married Geneva Seixas, with whom he had three children. He arrived in Honduras in 1526, traveling in his own ship. He then came to Peru in 1536 to serve Francisco Pizarro. In 1544, and was pilot and Master of the ship Concepción.He participated actively in many maritime explorations, which led to him being appointed by the Audiencia of Panama as a piloto mayor of the Mar del Sur (the Spanish name for the Pacific Ocean at the time).","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Viceroy of Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"Pedro de Valdivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia"},{"link_name":"Strait of Magellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan"},{"link_name":"Bay of Concepción","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Concepci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Mapuche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche"},{"link_name":"Biobío Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biob%C3%ADo_Region"},{"link_name":"conquistadors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador"},{"link_name":"Penco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penco"},{"link_name":"Concepción","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile"},{"link_name":"García Hurtado de Mendoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_Hurtado_de_Mendoza,_5th_Marquis_of_Ca%C3%B1ete"},{"link_name":"Santiago, Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago,_Chile"},{"link_name":"Valparaíso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso"},{"link_name":"Santiago, Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago,_Chile"},{"link_name":"Capitán Pastene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capit%C3%A1n_Pastene"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"link_name":"Alonso de Ovalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_de_Ovalle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JRP1993-1"}],"text":"King Charles V ordered the exploration of southern Chile. This task was given by the Viceroy of Peru to Pastene, in 1543, for which he was awarded the title of general de la Mar del Sur.In 1544 Pedro de Valdivia entrusted exploring the coasts of the south to Pastene, ordering him to reach the Strait of Magellan. Although he did not reach this goal, he explored much of the coast. He was the first to arrive at Bay of Concepción, in the ship \"San Pedro\", and took possession of it.In 1545 Pastene went to Peru in search of aid for the new settlements in Chile, returning in 1547. He made other voyages in support of the struggling colony.In 1550, Pastene supported Valdivia's campaign into Mapuche territory in what is now the Biobío Region linking up with the conquistadors land expedition at Penco with his two ships on February 23, 1550. There he was present in the foundation of Concepción. He took one ship to acquire provisions at an offshore Island where seven of his crew were killed by the islanders.During the Government of García Hurtado de Mendoza, Juan Bautista Pastene made a naval reconnaissance down the coast to Chiloé. He also held the position of regidor of the city of Santiago, Chile in 1548, 1551, 1553, 1557 and 1568, and was mayor in 1564. He was also the first Governor of Valparaíso. He died in 1580 in Santiago, Chile.The city of Capitán Pastene, formed by Italian immigrants to Chile in the early 1900, was named in his honor.He was great grandfather of the Jesuit chronicler Alonso de Ovalle.[1]","title":"Chile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pedro de Valdivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia"},{"link_name":"Cartas de Pedro de Valdivia (Letters of Pedro Valdivia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.historia.uchile.cl/CDA/fh_complex/0,1393,SCID%253D11300%2526ISID%253D405%2526JNID%253D12,00.html"},{"link_name":"Inicio Historia de Chile / Biografías / Juan Bautista Pastene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biografiadechile.cl/contenido.php?IdContenido=376&IdCategoria=8&IdArea=35"}],"text":"Pedro de Valdivia, Cartas de Pedro de Valdivia (Letters of Pedro Valdivia), University of Chile: Diarios, Memorias y Relatos Testimoniales: (on line in Spanish)\nInicio Historia de Chile / Biografías / Juan Bautista Pastene","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Map showing the September 1544 expedition led by Pastene.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/ExploracionPastene.png/200px-ExploracionPastene.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Pinto Rodríguez, Jorge (1993). \"Jesuitas, Franciscanos y Capuchinos italianos en la Araucanía (1600–1900)\". Revista Complutense de Historia de América (in Spanish). 19: 109–147.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Pinto_Rodr%C3%ADguez","url_text":"Pinto Rodríguez, Jorge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revista_Complutense_de_Historia_de_Am%C3%A9rica","url_text":"Revista Complutense de Historia de América"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Juan+Bautista+Pastene%22","external_links_name":"\"Juan Bautista Pastene\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Juan+Bautista+Pastene%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Juan+Bautista+Pastene%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Juan+Bautista+Pastene%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Juan+Bautista+Pastene%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Juan+Bautista+Pastene%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.historia.uchile.cl/CDA/fh_complex/0,1393,SCID%253D11300%2526ISID%253D405%2526JNID%253D12,00.html","external_links_name":"Cartas de Pedro de Valdivia (Letters of Pedro Valdivia)"},{"Link":"http://www.biografiadechile.cl/contenido.php?IdContenido=376&IdCategoria=8&IdArea=35","external_links_name":"Inicio Historia de Chile / Biografías / Juan Bautista Pastene"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000448884300","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/87511797","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgt3WwPh8XYxXyk7W4Xh3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1734644","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-battista-pastene_(Dizionario-Biografico)","external_links_name":"Italian People"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megget_Water | Megget Water | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 55°29′23″N 3°11′58″W / 55.4897°N 3.1994°W / 55.4897; -3.1994River in Scottish Borders, Scotland, UK
Not to be confused with the nearby Meggat Water.
The Megget Reservoir and Megget Water, Selkirkshire
Megget Water is a river in the parish of Yarrow, Selkirkshire in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland. The Water rises at Broad Law (2,760 ft), passes through Megget Reservoir and empties into St Mary's Loch. Places in the vicinity include Cappercleuch, Craigierig, Cramalt Tower, the Glengaber Burn, Meggethead Farm.
The Megget area, formerly a parish united with Lyne, Scottish Borders, is of geological and archaeological interest, through stone artifacts at Henderland in the lower Megget valley (now in Wilton Lodge Museum, Hawick), and discoveries of gold.
See also
Rivers of Scotland
List of places in the Scottish Borders
List of places in Scotland
References
NMS (1992d), 'Megget Water (Yarrow parish):cup-marked stone', Discovery Excav Scot, page 7
Scottish Journal of Geology (The Geological Society): R.J.Chapman, R.C.Leake, J.D,Floyd: Regional variation in gold mineralization in the vicinity of the Glengaber Burn, Scottish Borders
Proc Soc Antiq Scot, III, 1981, 401-429, Cramalt Tower:historical survey and excavations 1977–9, Alastair M T Maxwell-Irving
External links
RCAHMS record of Henderland, Megget Water
CANMORE/RCAHMS record of Boar Cleuch Flow, Megget Water
CANMORE/RCAHMS record of Glengaber Burn, Gold Workings
Cramalt tower:historical survey and excavations 1977-9
Ancient Stones: The Megget Stone, near Cappercleuch
Vision of Britain, Gazetteer entries for Peebles Shire
55°29′23″N 3°11′58″W / 55.4897°N 3.1994°W / 55.4897; -3.1994
This article related to a river in Scotland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meggat Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meggat_Water"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Megget_Water_and_Megget_Reservoir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_182452.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yarrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarrow,_Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"Selkirkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirkshire"},{"link_name":"Scottish Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Broad Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Law"},{"link_name":"Megget Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megget_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Loch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Loch"},{"link_name":"Cappercleuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappercleuch"},{"link_name":"Craigierig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigierig"},{"link_name":"Megget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megget"},{"link_name":"Lyne, Scottish Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyne,_Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"Wilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilton,_Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"Hawick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawick"}],"text":"River in Scottish Borders, Scotland, UKNot to be confused with the nearby Meggat Water.The Megget Reservoir and Megget Water, SelkirkshireMegget Water is a river in the parish of Yarrow, Selkirkshire in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland. The Water rises at Broad Law (2,760 ft), passes through Megget Reservoir and empties into St Mary's Loch. Places in the vicinity include Cappercleuch, Craigierig, Cramalt Tower, the Glengaber Burn, Meggethead Farm.The Megget area, formerly a parish united with Lyne, Scottish Borders, is of geological and archaeological interest, through stone artifacts at Henderland in the lower Megget valley (now in Wilton Lodge Museum, Hawick), and discoveries of gold.","title":"Megget Water"}] | [{"image_text":"The Megget Reservoir and Megget Water, Selkirkshire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Megget_Water_and_Megget_Reservoir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_182452.jpg/300px-Megget_Water_and_Megget_Reservoir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_182452.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Rivers of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_of_Scotland"},{"title":"List of places in the Scottish Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_the_Scottish_Borders"},{"title":"List of places in Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_Scotland"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Megget_Water¶ms=55.4897_N_3.1994_W_type:waterbody_region:GB","external_links_name":"55°29′23″N 3°11′58″W / 55.4897°N 3.1994°W / 55.4897; -3.1994"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120605094141/http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/search_item/index.php?service=RCAHMS&id=51227","external_links_name":"RCAHMS record of Henderland, Megget Water"},{"Link":"http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/78468/details/boar+cleuch+flow/","external_links_name":"CANMORE/RCAHMS record of Boar Cleuch Flow, Megget Water"},{"Link":"http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/51223/details/glengaber+burn/","external_links_name":"CANMORE/RCAHMS record of Glengaber Burn, Gold Workings"},{"Link":"http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_111/111_401_429.pdf","external_links_name":"Cramalt tower:historical survey and excavations 1977-9"},{"Link":"http://www.ancient-stones.co.uk/borders/001/009/details.htm","external_links_name":"Ancient Stones: The Megget Stone, near Cappercleuch"},{"Link":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/gaztext_page.jsp?u_id=10036069","external_links_name":"Vision of Britain, Gazetteer entries for Peebles Shire"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Megget_Water¶ms=55.4897_N_3.1994_W_type:waterbody_region:GB","external_links_name":"55°29′23″N 3°11′58″W / 55.4897°N 3.1994°W / 55.4897; -3.1994"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Megget_Water&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Etter | Philipp Etter | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Swiss politician
Philip Etter
Philipp Etter (21 December 1891, in Menzingen – 23 December 1977) was a Swiss politician. He was the son of Joseph Anton, cooper master, and the Jakobea Stocker.
During his office time he held the Department of Home Affairs and was President of the Confederation four times between 1939 and 1953. He was chosen for the Conservative People's Party in the Zug cantonal parliament.
Philip Etter with his wife and ten children
By 1922 he had moved into the Executive Council, where he took over the education and Military Department. Between 1927 and 1928 he was Zugerland Ammann. In 1930 he was elected to the Senate. He was elected to the Federal Council of Switzerland on 28 March 1934 and handed over office on 31 December 1959. He was affiliated with the Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland. After the surprise resignation of Freiburg Federal Jean-Marie Musy the Federal Assembly elected the first 43 years of Zug conservatives on 28 March 1934 in the Bundesrat. Etter took over the Department of the Interior, which in its 25-year term - experienced an increasing importance - particularly through the development of the welfare state.
In the prewar years Etter was instrumental in the development of the so-called "spiritual national defense". During World War II, he took a decidedly conservative, adaptable friendly policy toward Nazi Germany and a particularly considerate attitude towards Italy. In the phase of economic and social reconstruction after 1945 he was able to introduce new approaches. His political work was characterized by its central Swiss homeland and his Catholic-conservative world view which, among other things, was permeated by anti-Jewish and anti-Semitic stereotypes. Etter, who represented the idea of a Christian, corporatist authoritarian state, was one of the most important and most prominent political figures of Switzerland in the 20th century.
One of the most shameful aspects of Swiss behaviour during the war was their treatment of Jews seeking refuge from Nazi persecution. The Swiss policy towards Jewish refugees was tightened after a decree from Etter in August 1942:
“…that in future more foreign civilian refugees will have to be sent back even if they might suffer serious disadvantages (such as danger to life and limb) as a result”
Etter was also a member of the Assembly of the ICRC. Two months later he attended a meeting of the Assembly to discuss whether they should launch a public appeal to all the belligerents reminding them of humanitarian principles. The draft proposal covered four subjects – the bombing of civilians, the effect of economic blockade, the fate of civilians who were deported, and treatment of prisoners of war . This was the only meeting he attended. Max Huber was not present, due to ill-health, but Carl Jacob Burckhardt was, as was Marguerite Cramer. The meeting was composed of four women and nineteen men.
Marguerite Cramer was convinced that the Committee had a moral duty to speak out. Burckhardt argued that work behind the scenes would be more effective. Philippe Etter argued against a public appeal. Eventually, they deferred to his authority and agreed unanimously not to make the appeal. In the words of David Forsythe:
“The ICRC therefore caved in to Swiss national interests as defined in Berne, sacrificing the independence and humanitarian values of the organisation”
References
^ Forsythe, David P. (2005). The Humanitarians. Cambridge University Press. p. 48.
External links
Profile of Philipp Etter with election results on the website of the Swiss Federal Council.
Philipp Etter in History of Social Security in Switzerland
Philipp Etter in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
Philipp Etter in the Dodis database of the Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland
Newspaper clippings about Philipp Etter in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
Preceded byJean-Marie Musy
Member of the Swiss Federal Council 1934–1959
Succeeded byJean Bourgknecht
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This article about a Swiss politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philip_Etter_Staatsarchiv_Bern_FN_Jost_P_365.jpg"},{"link_name":"Menzingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menzingen"},{"link_name":"Department of Home Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Home_Affairs_(Switzerland)"},{"link_name":"President of the Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Confederation_(Switzerland)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philip_Etter_mit_Familie_Staatsarchiv_Bern_FN_Jost_N_1231.jpg"},{"link_name":"Federal Council of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Council_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"anti-Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Semitic"},{"link_name":"Max Huber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Huber_(statesman)"},{"link_name":"Carl Jacob Burckhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jacob_Burckhardt"},{"link_name":"Marguerite Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Frick-Cramer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Philip EtterPhilipp Etter (21 December 1891, in Menzingen – 23 December 1977) was a Swiss politician. He was the son of Joseph Anton, cooper master, and the Jakobea Stocker.\nDuring his office time he held the Department of Home Affairs and was President of the Confederation four times between 1939 and 1953. He was chosen for the Conservative People's Party in the Zug cantonal parliament.Philip Etter with his wife and ten childrenBy 1922 he had moved into the Executive Council, where he took over the education and Military Department. Between 1927 and 1928 he was Zugerland Ammann. In 1930 he was elected to the Senate. He was elected to the Federal Council of Switzerland on 28 March 1934 and handed over office on 31 December 1959. He was affiliated with the Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland. After the surprise resignation of Freiburg Federal Jean-Marie Musy the Federal Assembly elected the first 43 years of Zug conservatives on 28 March 1934 in the Bundesrat. Etter took over the Department of the Interior, which in its 25-year term - experienced an increasing importance - particularly through the development of the welfare state.In the prewar years Etter was instrumental in the development of the so-called \"spiritual national defense\". During World War II, he took a decidedly conservative, adaptable friendly policy toward Nazi Germany and a particularly considerate attitude towards Italy. In the phase of economic and social reconstruction after 1945 he was able to introduce new approaches. His political work was characterized by its central Swiss homeland and his Catholic-conservative world view which, among other things, was permeated by anti-Jewish and anti-Semitic stereotypes. Etter, who represented the idea of a Christian, corporatist authoritarian state, was one of the most important and most prominent political figures of Switzerland in the 20th century.One of the most shameful aspects of Swiss behaviour during the war was their treatment of Jews seeking refuge from Nazi persecution. The Swiss policy towards Jewish refugees was tightened after a decree from Etter in August 1942:“…that in future more foreign civilian refugees will have to be sent back even if they might suffer serious disadvantages (such as danger to life and limb) as a result”Etter was also a member of the Assembly of the ICRC. Two months later he attended a meeting of the Assembly to discuss whether they should launch a public appeal to all the belligerents reminding them of humanitarian principles. The draft proposal covered four subjects – the bombing of civilians, the effect of economic blockade, the fate of civilians who were deported, and treatment of prisoners of war . This was the only meeting he attended. Max Huber was not present, due to ill-health, but Carl Jacob Burckhardt was, as was Marguerite Cramer. The meeting was composed of four women and nineteen men. \nMarguerite Cramer was convinced that the Committee had a moral duty to speak out. Burckhardt argued that work behind the scenes would be more effective. Philippe Etter argued against a public appeal. Eventually, they deferred to his authority and agreed unanimously not to make the appeal. In the words of David Forsythe:\n“The ICRC therefore caved in to Swiss national interests as defined in Berne, sacrificing the independence and humanitarian values of the organisation[1]”","title":"Philipp Etter"}] | [{"image_text":"Philip Etter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Philip_Etter_Staatsarchiv_Bern_FN_Jost_P_365.jpg/220px-Philip_Etter_Staatsarchiv_Bern_FN_Jost_P_365.jpg"},{"image_text":"Philip Etter with his wife and ten children","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Philip_Etter_mit_Familie_Staatsarchiv_Bern_FN_Jost_N_1231.jpg/220px-Philip_Etter_mit_Familie_Staatsarchiv_Bern_FN_Jost_N_1231.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Forsythe, David P. (2005). The Humanitarians. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogakukan_Manga_Award | Shogakukan Manga Award | ["1 Categories","2 Recipients","2.1 1955–2022","2.2 2023–","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Japanese manga awards
Shogakukan Manga AwardAwarded forMangaCountryJapanFirst awarded1956WebsiteOfficial website
The Shogakukan Manga Award (小学館漫画賞, Shōgakukan Mangashō) is one of Japan's major manga awards, and is sponsored by Shogakukan Publishing. It has been awarded annually for serialized manga and features candidates from a number of publishers. It is the oldest manga award in Japan, being given since 1955.
Categories
Until 2022, the current award categories were:
Children's (児童向け部門, Jidō muke bumon)
Boy's (少年向け部門, Shōnen muke bumon)
Girl's (少女向け部門, Shōjo muke bumon)
General (一般向け部門, Ippan muke bumon)
Each winning work will be honored with a bronze statuette called "Minori", designed by Shigeru Nakano; a certificate, and a prize of 1 million yen (about US$7,500). Special awards are also occasionally given out for outstanding work, lifetime achievement, and so forth.
Recipients
The laureates were awarded for comics published during the years listed in the table. However, the laureates were not presented and the prizes were not given out until the beginning of the following year. The prizes are often referred to by the numbers listed below instead of the years. In the 69th edition, the nominees were not divided into categories.
1955–2022
#
Year
General
Shōnen (boys)
Shōjo (girls)
Children
1
1955
Būtan, Noboru Baba
No specific award given
No specific award given
No specific award given
2
1956
Oyama no Kaba-chan, Eijo Ishida
3
1957
Manga Seminar on Biology and Biiko-chan, Osamu Tezuka
4
1958
Little Black Sambo and Shiawase no Ōji, Tarō Senba
5
1959
Korisu no Pokko, Jirō ŌtaBonko-chan and Fuichin-san, Toshiko Ueda (tie)
6
1960
No award given
7
1961
Science-kun no Sekai Ryokō, Reiji Aki
8
1962
Susume Roboketto and Tebukuro Tecchan, Fujio Fujiko
9
1963
Fight Sensei and Stop! Nii-chan, Hisashi Sekitani
10
1964
Osomatsu-kun, Fujio Akatsuka
11
1965
Paki-chan to Ganta, Kazuo Maekawa
12
1966
No award given
13
1967
Sabu to Ichi Torimono Hikae, Shotaro Ishinomori
14
1968
Animal 1 and Inakappe Taishō, Noboru Kawasaki
15
1969
Fire!, Hideko Mizuno
16
1970
Glass no Shiro, Masako WatanabeGag Ojisan and Oya Baka Tengoku, Ryuzan Aki (tie)
17
1971
Hana Ichimonme, Shinji NagashimaMinashigo Hutch, Tatsuo Yoshida (tie)
18
1972
Tōchan no Kawaii Oyome-san and Hashire! Boro, Hiroshi Asuna
19
1973
Otoko Doahō Kōshien and Deba to Batto, Shinji Mizushima
20
1974
The Drifting Classroom, Kazuo Umezu
21
1975
Golgo 13, Takao Saito
Poe no Ichizoku and They Were Eleven, Moto Hagio
22
1976
Abu-san, Shinji Mizushima
Captain and Play Ball, Akio Chiba Ganbare Genki, Yū Koyama (tie)
23
1977
Notari Matsutaro, Tetsuya Chiba
Galaxy Express 999 and Senjo Manga Series, Leiji Matsumoto
24
1978
Haguregumo, George Akiyama
Dame Oyaji, Mitsutoshi Furuya
25
1979
Tosa no Ippon Tsuri, Yūsuke Aoyagi
To Terra... and Kaze to Ki no Uta, Keiko Takemiya
26
1980
Hakatakko Junjō and Gangaragan, Hōsei HasegawaJarinko Chie, Etsumi Haruki (tie)
Urusei Yatsura, Rumiko Takahashi
27
1981
Sanchōme no Yūhi, Ryōhei Saigan
Dr. Slump, Akira Toriyama
Doraemon, Fujio Fujiko
28
1982
Tsuribaka Nisshi, Jūzō Yamasaki and Ken'ichi Kitami
Miyuki and Touch, Mitsuru Adachi
Game Center Arashi and Kon'nichiwa! Mi-com, Mitsuru Sugaya
29
1983
Hidamari no Ki, Osamu Tezuka
Musashi no Ken, Motoka Murakami
Kisshō Tennyo, Akimi Yoshida
Panku Ponk, Haruko Tachiiri
30
1984
Human Crossing, Masao Yajima and Kenshi Hirokane
Futari Daka and Area 88, Kaoru Shintani
Yume no Ishibumi, Toshie Kihara
Kinnikuman, Yudetamago
31
1985
Bokkemon, Takashi Iwashige
Hatsukoi Scandal and Tobe! Jinrui II, Akira Oze
Zenryaku Milk House, Yumiko Kawahara
Asari-chan, Mayumi Muroyama
32
1986
Oishinbo, Tetsu Kariya and Akira Hanasaki
Silver Fang, Yoshihiro Takahashi
Purple Eyes in the Dark, Chie Shinohara
Ganbare, Kickers!, Noriaki Nagai
33
1987
Hotel and Manga Nihon Keizai Nyumon, Shotaro Ishinomori
Just Meet and Fuyu Monogatari, Hidenori Hara
Boyfriend, Fuyumi Soryo
Tsurupika Hagemaru, Shinbo Nomura
34
1988
Genji Monogatari, Miyako Maki
B.B., Osamu Ishiwata
Fancy Dance, Reiko Okano
Obocchama-kun, Yoshinori Kobayashi
35
1989
Yawara!, Naoki Urasawa
Ucchare Goshogawara, Tsuyoshi Nakaima
Papa Told Me, Nanae Haruno
Lovely Mari-chan, Kimiko Uehara
36
1990
F, Noboru Rokuda
Mobile Police Patlabor, Masami Yūki
Crest of the Royal Family, Chieko HosokawaHajime-chan ga Ichiban!, Taeko Watanabe (tie)
Amaizo! Dango, Moo. Nenpei
37
1991
Kazoku no Shokutaku and Asunaro Hakusho, Fumi Saimon
Ushio & Tora, Kazuhiro Fujita
Makoto Call!, Kazuko Fujita
Dojji Danpei, Tetsuhiro Koshita
38
1992
Okami-san, IchimaruMiyamoto kara Kimi e, Hideki Arai (tie)
Ghost Sweeper Mikami, Takashi ShiinaYaiba, Gosho Aoyama (tie)
Basara, Yumi Tamura
No award given
39
1993
Kaze no Daichi, Nobuhiro Sakata and Eiji Kazama
YuYu Hakusho, Yoshihiro Togashi
Bara no Tame ni, Akemi Yoshimura
One More Jump, Michiyo Akaishi
40
1994
Bokkō, Hideki Mori
Slam Dunk, Takehiko Inoue
Baby and Me, Marimo Ragawa
Ore wa Otoko Da! Kunio-kun, Kōsaku Anakubo
41
1995
Ron, Motoka MurakamiGallery Fake and Tarō, Fujihiko Hosono (tie)
Major, Takuya Mitsuda
Boys Over Flowers, Yoko Kamio
Kocchi Muite! Miiko, Eriko Ono
42
1996
Gekka no Kishi, Junichi Nōjō
Firefighter! Daigo of Fire Company M, Masahito Soda
Kanon, Chiho Saito
Midori no Makibaō, Tsunomaru
43
1997
Azumi, Yū Koyama
Ganba! Fly High, Shinji Morisue and Hiroyuki Kikuta
Ceres, Celestial Legend, Yuu Watase
Ninpen Manmaru, Mikio Igarashi
44
1998
Aji Ichi Monme, Zenta Abe and Yoshimi Kurata
Project ARMS, Kyoichi Nanatsuki and Ryōji Minagawa
Angel Lip, Kiyoko Arai
No award given
45
1999
No award given
Monkey Turn, Katsutoshi KawaiHikaru no Go, Yumi Hotta and Takeshi Obata (tie)
Bara-Iro no Ashita, Ryo Ikuemi
Taro the Space Alien, Yasunari Nagatoshi
46
2000
Monster, Naoki Urasawa
Case Closed, Gosho AoyamaCheeky Angel, Hiroyuki Nishimori (tie)
Red River, Chie Shinohara
Seikimatsu Leader den Takeshi!, Mitsutoshi Shimabukuro
47
2001
Heat, Buronson and Ryoichi Ikegami
Inuyasha, Rumiko Takahashi
Kaguyahime, Reiko ShimizuYasha, Akimi Yoshida (tie)
Pukupuku Natural Circular Notice, Sayuri Tatsuyama
48
2002
20th Century Boys, Naoki Urasawa
Zatch Bell!, Makoto Raiku
Nana, Ai YazawaKaze Hikaru, Taeko Watanabe (tie)
Croket!, Manavu Kashimoto
49
2003
Dr. Kotō Shinryōjo, Takatoshi Yamada
Yakitate!! Japan, Takashi HashiguchiFullmetal Alchemist, Hiromu Arakawa (tie)
Love★Com, Aya Nakahara
Mirmo!, Hiromu Shinozuka
50
2004
Team Medical Dragon, Tarō Nogizaka and Akira Nagai
Bleach, Tite Kubo
Sand Chronicles, Hinako AshiharaWe Were There, Yūki Obata (tie)
Sgt. Frog, Mine YoshizakiGrandpa Danger, Kazutoshi Soyama (tie)
51
2005
A Spirit of the Sun, Kaiji Kawaguchi Rainbow - Nisha Rokubō no Shichinin, George Abe and Masasumi Kakizaki (tie)
Wild Life, Masato Fujisaki
Sonnanja neyo, Kaneyoshi Izumi
Animal Alley, Ryō Maekawa
52
2006
Bengoshi no Kuzu, Hideo Iura
Kekkaishi, Yellow Tanabe
7 Seeds, Yumi Tamura
Kirarin Revolution, An Nakahara
53
2007
Bambino!, Tetsuji SekiyaKurosagi, Takeshi Natsuhara and Kuromaru (tie)
Ace of Diamond, Yuji Terajima
Boku no Hatsukoi o Kimi ni Sasagu, Kotomi Aoki
Keshikasu-kun, Noriyuki Murase
54
2008
Gaku: Minna no Yama, Shin'ichi Ishizuka
Cross Game, Mitsuru Adachi
Black Bird, Kanoko Sakurakoji
Naisho no Tsubomi, Yuu Yabuuchi
55
2009
Shin'ya Shokudō, Yarō Abe
Sket Dance, Kenta Shinohara
Machi de Uwasa no Tengu no Ko, Nao Iwamoto
A Penguin's Troubles, Yūji Nagai
56
2010
Ushijima the Loan Shark, Shohei ManabeSpace Brothers, Chūya Koyama
King Golf, Ken Sasaki and Masaki Tani
Ōoku, Fumi Yoshinaga
Yumeiro Patissiere, Natsumi Matsumoto
57
2011
Kids on the Slope, Yūki Kodama
Nobunaga Concerto, Ayumi Ishii
Pin to Kona, Ako Shimaki
Inazuma Eleven, Ten'ya Yabuno
58
2012
I Am a Hero, Kengo Hanazawa
Silver Spoon, Hiromu Arakawa
Piece, Hinako Ashihara
Mysterious Joker, Hideyasu Takahashi
59
2013
Mogura no Uta, Noboru Takahashi
Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic, Shinobu Ohtaka
Kanojo wa Uso o Aishisugiteru, Kotomi Aoki
Zekkyō Gakkyū, Emi Ishikawa
60
2014
Asahinagu, Ai KozakiAoi Honō, Kazuhiko Shimamoto (tie)
Be Blues! ~Ao ni Nare~, Motoyuki Tanaka
Joō no Hana, Kaneyoshi Izumi
Yo-kai Watch, Noriyuki Konishi
61
2015
Umimachi Diary, Akimi YoshidaSunny, Taiyo Matsumoto
Haikyū!!, Haruichi Furudate
My Love Story!!, Kazune Kawahara and Aruko
Usotsuki! Gokuō-kun, Makoto Yoshimoto
62
2016
Blue Giant, Shinichi IshizukaJūhan Shuttai!, Naoko Matsuda (tie)
Mob Psycho 100, ONE
37.5°C no Namida, Chika Shiina
Ijime, Kaoru Igarashi
63
2017
Kūbo Ibuki, Kaiji KawaguchiAfter the Rain, Jun Mayuzuki (tie)
The Promised Neverland, Kaiu Shirai and Posuka Demizu
Love Me, Love Me Not, Io Sakisaka
PriPri Chi-chan!!, Hiromu Shinozuka
64
2018
Hibiki: Shōsetsuka ni Naru Hōhō, Mitsuharu YanamotoKenkō de Bunkateki na Saitei Gendo no Seikatsu, Haruko Kashiwagi
Dr. Stone, Riichiro Inagaki and Boichi
Suteki na Kareshi, Kazune Kawahara
Age 12, Nao Maita
65
2019
Aoashi, Yūgo Kobayashi and Naohiko UenoKaguya-sama: Love is War, Aka Akasaka (tie)
Kiyo in Kyoto, Aiko Koyama
Nagi no Oitoma, Misato Konari
My New Life as a Cat, Konomi Wagata
66
2020
Dead Dead Demon's Dededede Destruction, Inio AsanoPolice in a Pod, Miko Yasu (tie)
Teasing Master Takagi-san, Sōichirō YamamotoChainsaw Man, Tatsuki Fujimoto (tie)
Yuzuki-san Chi no Yon Kyōdai, Shizuki Fujisawa
Duel Masters, Shigenobu MatsumotoThe Magic of Chocolate, Rino Mizuho (tie)
67
2021
Nigatsu no Shōsha, Shiho TakaseDon't Call It Mystery, Yumi Tamura (tie)
Komi Can't Communicate, Tomohito Oda
My Love Mix-Up!, Wataru Hinekure and Aruko
No award given
68
2022
Medalist, Tsurumaikada
Call of the Night, KotoyamaAo no Orchestra, Makoto Akui (tie)
Ashita, Watashi wa Dareka no Kanojo, Hinao Wono
Ui × Kon, Minori Kurosaki
2023–
#
Year
Recipients
References
69
2023
The Elusive SamuraiFrieren: Beyond Journey's EndSūji de AsoboTrillion Game
See also
List of manga awards
References
General
小学館漫画賞：歴代受賞者（第１回–第59回） (in Japanese). Shogakukan. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015.
Specific
^ "第63回小学館漫画賞に「空母いぶき」「恋雨」「ふりふら」など5作品". Comic Natalie (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. January 23, 2018. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2023.
^ a b Ressler, Karen (January 22, 2018). "The Promised Neverland, After the Rain, More Win 63rd Shogakukan Manga Awards". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on July 12, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
^ Hodgkins, Crystalyn (December 7, 2023). "12 Works Including Frieren, Elusive Samurai, Ya Boy Kongming! Nominated for 69th Shogakukan Manga Awards". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
^ Koulikov, Mikhail (January 30, 2008). "53rd Shogakukan Manga Award Winners Announced". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on April 22, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
^ Loo, Egan (January 20, 2009). "54th Shogakukan Manga Award Winners Announced". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
^ Loo, Egan (January 21, 2010). "55th Shogakukan Manga Award Winners Announced". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
^ Loo, Egan (January 21, 2011). "56th Shogakukan Manga Award Winners Announced (Updated)". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 8, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
^ Loo, Egan (January 23, 2012). "Inazuma Eleven, Apollon Win Shogakukan Manga Awards". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on October 30, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
^ Loo, Egan (January 24, 2013). "Silver Spoon, I Am a Hero Win Shogakukan Manga Awards". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on October 30, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
^ Hodgkins, Crystalyn (January 21, 2014). "Magi, Kano-Uso, Zekkyō Gakkyū Win Shogakukan Manga Awards". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
^ Nelkin, Sarah (January 21, 2015). "Yo-kai Watch, Be Blues Win 60th Shogakukan Awards". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 5, 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
^ Loo, Egan (January 21, 2016). "Haikyu!!, My Love Story!!, Sunny Win Shogakukan Manga Awards". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 10, 2018. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
^ Ressler, Karen (January 23, 2017). "Mob Psycho 100, More Win 62nd Shogakukan Manga Awards". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on October 23, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
^ Sherman, Jennifer (January 21, 2019). "Dr. Stone, Age 12, More Win 64th Shogakukan Manga Awards". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on July 23, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
^ Sherman, Jennifer (January 22, 2020). "Aoashi, Kaguya-sama: Love is War, More Win 65th Shogakukan Manga Awards". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
^ Mateo, Alex (January 19, 2021). "Chainsaw Man, Teasing Master Takagi-san, Dead Dead Demon's Dededede Destruction, More Win 66th Shogakukan Manga Awards". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
^ Mateo, Alex (January 18, 2022). "Komi Can't Communicate, My Love Mix-Up!, Do not say mystery Manga Win 67th Shogakukan Manga Awards". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
^ Mateo, Alex (January 18, 2023). "Call of the Night, Blue Orchestra, Medalist, Ui×Kon Manga Win 68th Shogakukan Manga Awards". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
^ Mateo, Alex (January 18, 2024). "Frieren, Elusive Samurai, Trillion Game, Sūji de Asobo. Win 69th Shogakukan Manga Awards". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on January 18, 2024. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
External links
Official website (in Japanese)
Archived list of winners 1956–2023 (in Japanese)
Shogakukan Manga Award
vteShogakukan Manga Award – Children1980s
Doraemon by Fujiko Fujio (1981)
Game Center Arashi and Kon'nichiwa! Mi-com by Mitsuru Sugaya (1982)
Panku Ponk by Haruko Tachiiri (1983)
Kinnikuman by Yudetamago (1984)
Asari-chan by Mayumi Muroyama (1985)
Ganbare, Kickers! by Noriaki Nagai (1986)
Tsurupika Hagemaru by Shinbo Nomura (1987)
Obocchama-kun by Yoshinori Kobayashi (1988)
Mari-chan by Kimiko Uehara (1989)
1990s
Amaizo! Dango by Moo. Nenbei (1990)
Dojji Donbei by Tetsuhiro Koshita (1991)
No award given (1992)
One More Jump by Michiyo Akaishi (1993)
Ore wa Otoko Da! Kunio-kun by Kōsaku Anakubo (1994)
Kocchi Muite! Miiko by Eriko Ono (1995)
Midori no Makibaō by Tsunomaru (1996)
Ninpen Manmaru by Mikio Igarashi (1997)
No award given (1998)
Taro the Space Alien by Yasunari Nadotoshi (1999)
2000s
Seikimatsu Leader den Takeshi! by Mitsutoshi Shimabukuro (2000)
Pukupuku Natural Circular Notice by Sayuri Tatsuyama (2001)
Croket! by Manavu Kashimoto (2002)
Mirmo! by Hiromu Shinozuka (2003)
Sgt. Frog by Mine Yoshizaki and
Grandpa Danger by Kazutoshi Soyama (2004)
Animal Yokochō by Ryō Maekawa (2005)
Kirarin Revolution by An Nakahara (2006)
Keshikasu-kun by Noriyuki Murase (2007)
Naisho no Tsubomi by Yū Yabūchi (2008)
A Penguin's Troubles by Yūji Nagai (2009)
2010s
Yumeiro Patissiere by Natsumi Matsumoto (2010)
Inazuma Eleven by Tenya Yabuno (2011)
Mysterious Joker by Hideyasu Takahashi (2012)
Zekkyō Gakkyū by Emi Ishikawa (2013)
Yo-kai Watch by Noriyuki Konishi (2014)
Usotsuki! Gokuō-kun by Makoto Yoshimoto (2015)
Ijime by Kaoru Igarashi (2016)
PriPri Chi-chan!! by Hiromu Shinozuka (2017)
Age 12 by Nao Maita (2018)
My New Life as a Cat by Konomi Wagata (2019)
2020s
Duel Masters by Shigenobu Matsumoto and The Magic of Chocolate by Rino Mizuho (2020)
No award given (2021)
Ui × Kon by Minori Kurosaki (2022)
Categories (until 2022):GeneralShōnenShōjoChildren2023–
vteShogakukan Manga Award – General1950s
Būtan by Noboru Baba (1955)
Oyama no Kaba-chan by Eijo Ishida (1956)
Manga Seminar on Biology and Biiko-chan by Osamu Tezuka (1957)
Little Black Sambo and Shiawase no Ōji by Tarō Senba (1958)
Korisu no Pokko by Jirō Ōta and Bonko-chan and Fuichin-san by Toshiko Ueda (1959)
1960s
Science-kun no Sekai Ryokō by Reiji Aki (1961)
Susume Roboketto and Tebukuro Tecchan by Fujiko Fujio (1962)
Fight Sensei and Stop! Nii-chan by Hisashi Sekitani (1963)
Osomatsu-kun by Fujio Akatsuka (1964)
Paki-chan to Ganta by Kazuo Maekawa (1965)
Sabu to Ichi Torimono Hikae by Shotaro Ishinomori (1967)
Animal 1 and Inakappe Taishō by Noboru Kawasaki (1968)
Fire! by Hideko Mizuno (1969)
1970s
Glass no Shiro by Masako Watanabe and Gag Ojisan and Oya Baka Tengoku by Ryuzan Aki (1970)
Hana Ichimonme by Shinji Nagashima and Minashigo Hutch by Tatsuo Yoshida (1971)
Tōchan no Kawaii Oyome-san and Hashire! Boro by Hiroshi Asuna (1972)
Otoko Doahō Kōshien and Deba to Batto by Shinji Mizushima (1973)
The Drifting Classroom by Kazuo Umezu (1974)
Golgo 13 by Takao Saito (1975)
Abu-san by Shinji Mizushima (1976)
Notari Matsutarō by Tetsuya Chiba (1977)
Haguregumo by George Akiyama (1978)
Tosa no Ippon Tsuri by Yūsuke Aoyagi (1979)
1980s
Hakatakko Junjō and Gangaragan by Hōsei Hasegawa and Jarinko Chie by Etsumi Haruki (1980)
Sunset on Third Street by Ryōhei Saigan (1981)
Tsuribaka Nisshi by Jūzō Yamasaki and Ken'ichi Kitami (1982)
Hidamari no Ki by Osamu Tezuka (1983)
Human Crossing by Masao Yajima and Kenshi Hirokane (1984)
Bokkemon by Takashi Iwashige (1985)
Oishinbo by Tetsu Kariya and Akira Hanasaki (1986)
Hotel and Manga Nihon Keizai Nyumon by Shotaro Ishinomori (1987)
Genji Monogatari by Miyako Maki (1988)
Yawara! by Naoki Urasawa (1989)
1990s
F by Noboru Rokuda (1990)
Kazoku no Shokutaku and Asunaro Hakusho by Fumi Saimon (1991)
Okami-san by Ichimaru and Miyamoto kara Kimi e by Hideki Arai (1992)
Kaze no Daichi by Nobuhiro Sakata and Eiji Kazama (1993)
Bokkō by Hideki Mori (1994)
Ron by Motoka Murakami and Gallery Fake and Tarō by Fujihiko Hosono (1995)
Gekka no Kishi by Junichi Nōjō (1996)
Azumi by Yū Koyama (1997)
Aji Ichi Monme by Zenta Abe and Yoshimi Kurata (1998)
2000s
Monster by Naoki Urasawa (2000)
Heat by Buronson and Ryoichi Ikegami (2001)
20th Century Boys by Naoki Urasawa (2002)
Dr. Kotō Shinryōjo by Takatoshi Yamada (2003)
Iryū by Tarō Nogizaka and Akira Nagai (2004)
A Spirit of the Sun by Kaiji Kawaguchi and Rainbow: Nisha Rokubō no Shichinin by George Abe and Masasumi Kakizaki (2005)
Bengoshi no Kuzu by Hideo Iura (2006)
Bambino! by Tetsuji Sekiya and Kurosagi by Takeshi Natsuhara and Kuromaru (2007)
Gaku: Minna no Yama by Shin'ichi Ishizuka (2008)
Shinya Shokudō by Yarō Abe (2009)
2010s
Ushijima the Loan Shark by Manabe Shōhei and Space Brothers by Chūya Koyama (2010)
Kids on the Slope by Yuki Kodama (2011)
I Am a Hero by Kengo Hanazawa (2012)
Mogura no Uta by Noboru Takahashi (2013)
Asahinagu by Ai Kozaki and Aoi Honō by Kazuhiko Shimamoto (2014)
Umimachi Diary by Akimi Yoshida and Sunny by Taiyo Matsumoto (2015)
Blue Giant by Shinichi Ishizuka and Jūhan Shuttai! by Naoko Matsuda (2016)
After the Rain by Jun Mayuzuki and Kūbo Ibuki by Kaiji Kawaguchi (2017)
Hibiki: Shōsetsuka ni Naru Hōhō by Mitsuharu Yanamoto and Kenkō de Bunkateki na Saitei Gendo no Seikatsu by Haruko Kashiwagi (2018)
Aoashi by Yūgo Kobayashi and Kaguya-sama: Love Is War by Aka Akasaka (2019)
2020s
Dead Dead Demon's Dededede Destruction by Inio Asano and Police in a Pod by Miko Yasu (2020)
Nigatsu no Shōsha by Shiho Takase and Don't Call It Mystery by Yumi Tamura (2021)
Medalist by Tsurumaikada (2022)
Categories (until 2022):GeneralShōnenShōjoChildren2023–
vteShogakukan Manga Award – Shōjo1970s
Toward the Terra and Kaze to Ki no Uta by Keiko Takemiya (1979)
1980s
Urusei Yatsura by Rumiko Takahashi (1980)
Dr. Slump by Akira Toriyama (1981)
Miyuki and Touch by Mitsuru Adachi (1982)
Kisshō Tennyo by Akimi Yoshida (1983)
Yume no Ishibumi by Toshie Kihara (1984)
Zenryaku Milk House by Yumiko Kawahara (1985)
Purple Eyes in the Dark by Chie Shinohara (1986)
Boyfriend by Fuyumi Soryo (1987)
Fancy Dance by Reiko Okano (1988)
Papa Told Me by Nanae Haruno (1989)
1990s
Crest of the Royal Family by Chieko Hosokawa and Hajime-chan ga Ichiban! by Taeko Watanabe (1990)
Makoto Call! by Kazuko Fujita (1991)
Basara by Yumi Tamura (1992)
Bara no Tame ni by Akemi Yoshimura (1993)
Baby and Me by Marimo Ragawa (1994)
Boys Over Flowers by Yoko Kamio (1995)
Kanon by Chiho Saito (1996)
Ceres, Celestial Legend by Yuu Watase (1997)
Angel Lip by Kiyoko Arai (1998)
Barairo no Ashita by Ryo Ikuemi (1999)
2000s
Red River by Chie Shinohara (2000)
Kaguyahime by Reiko Shimizu and Yasha by Akimi Yoshida (2001)
Nana by Ai Yazawa and Kaze Hikaru by Taeko Watanabe (2002)
Love Com by Aya Nakahara (2003)
Sand Chronicles by Hinako Ashihara and We Were There by Yūki Obata (2004)
Sonnanja neyo by Kaneyoshi Izumi (2005)
7 Seeds by Yumi Tamura (2006)
Boku no Hatsukoi o Kimi ni Sasagu by Kotomi Aoki (2007)
Black Bird by Kanoko Sakurakoji (2008)
Machi de Uwasa no Tengu no Ko by Nao Iwamoto (2009)
2010s
Ōoku: The Inner Chambers by Fumi Yoshinaga (2010)
Pin to Kona by Ako Shimaki (2011)
Piece – Kanojo no Kioku by Hinako Ashihara (2012)
Kanojo wa Uso o Aishisugiteru by Kotomi Aoki (2013)
Joō no Hana by Kaneyoshi Izumi (2014)
My Love Story!! by Kazune Kawahara and Aruko (2015)
37.5°C no Namida by Chika Shiina (2016)
Love Me, Love Me Not by Io Sakisaka (2017)
Suteki na Kareshi by Kazune Kawahara (2018)
Nagi no Oitoma by Misato Konari (2019)
2020s
The Yuzuki Family's Four Sons by Shizuki Fujisawa (2020)
My Love Mix-Up! by Wataru Hinekure and Aruko (2021)
Tomorrow, I'll Be Someone's Girlfriend by Hinao Wono (2022)
Categories (until 2022):GeneralShōnenShōjoChildren2023–
vteShogakukan Manga Award – Shōnen1970s
The Poe Clan and They Were Eleven by Moto Hagio (1975)
Captain and Play Ball by Akio Chiba and Ganbare Genki by Yū Koyama (1976)
Galaxy Express 999 and Senjo Manga series by Leiji Matsumoto (1977)
Dame Oyaji by Mitsutoshi Furuya (1978)
Toward the Terra and Kaze to Ki no Uta by Keiko Takemiya (1979)
1980s
Urusei Yatsura by Rumiko Takahashi (1980)
Dr. Slump by Akira Toriyama (1981)
Miyuki and Touch by Mitsuru Adachi (1982)
Musashi no Ken by Motoka Murakami (1983)
Futari Daka and Area 88 by Kaoru Shintani (1984)
Hatsukoi Scandal and Tobe! Jinrui II by Akira Oze (1985)
Silver Fang by Yoshihiro Takahashi (1986)
Just Meet and Fuyu Monogatari by Hidenori Hara (1987)
B.B. by Osamu Ishiwata (1988)
Ucchare Goshogawara by Tsuyoshi Nakaima (1989)
1990s
Mobile Police Patlabor by Masami Yuki (1990)
Ushio & Tora by Kazuhiro Fujita (1991)
Ghost Sweeper Mikami by Takashi Shiina and Yaiba by Gosho Aoyama (1992)
YuYu Hakusho by Yoshihiro Togashi (1993)
Slam Dunk by Takehiko Inoue (1994)
Major by Takuya Mitsuda (1995)
Firefighter! Daigo of Fire Company M by Masahito Soda (1996)
Ganba! Fly High by Shinji Morisue and Hiroyuki Kikuta (1997)
Project ARMS by Kyoichi Nanatsuki and Ryōji Minagawa (1998)
Monkey Turn by Katsutoshi Kawai and Hikaru no Go by Yumi Hotta and Takeshi Obata (1999)
2000s
Case Closed by Gosho Aoyama and Cheeky Angel by Hiroyuki Nishimori (2000)
Inuyasha by Rumiko Takahashi (2001)
Zatch Bell! by Makoto Raiku (2002)
Yakitate!! Japan by Takashi Hashiguchi and Fullmetal Alchemist by Hiromu Arakawa (2003)
Bleach by Tite Kubo (2004)
Wild Life by Masato Fujisaki (2005)
Kekkaishi by Yellow Tanabe (2006)
Ace of Diamond by Yuji Terajima (2007)
Cross Game by Mitsuru Adachi (2008)
Sket Dance by Kenta Shinohara (2009)
2010s
King Golf by Ken Sasaki (2010)
Nobunaga Concerto by Ayumi Ishii (2011)
Silver Spoon by Hiromu Arakawa (2012)
Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic by Shinobu Ohtaka (2013)
Be Blues! - Ao ni Nare by Motoyuki Tanaka (2014)
Haikyu!! by Haruichi Furudate (2015)
Mob Psycho 100 by One (2016)
The Promised Neverland by Kaiu Shirai and Posuka Demizu (2017)
Dr. Stone by Riichiro Inagaki and Boichi (2018)
Maiko-san chi no Makanai-san by Aiko Koyama (2019)
2020s
Teasing Master Takagi-san by Sōichirō Yamamoto and Chainsaw Man by Tatsuki Fujimoto (2020)
Komi Can't Communicate by Tomohito Oda (2021)
Call of the Night by Kotoyama and Ao no Orchestra by Makoto Akui (2022)
Categories (until 2022):GeneralShōnenShōjoChildren2023–
vteShogakukan Manga Award (2023–)2023
The Elusive Samurai
Frieren: Beyond Journey's End
Sūji de Asobo
Trillion Game
Categories (until 2022):GeneralShōnenShōjoChildren2023–
vteManga industry awards
Akatsuka Awards
Bungeishunjū Manga Awards
Dengeki Comic Grand Prix
Japan Cartoonists Association Awards
Kodansha Manga Awards
Manga Taishō
Next Manga Awards
Seiun Awards
Shogakukan Manga Awards
Tezuka Awards
Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize
Tsutaya Comic Award | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"Shogakukan Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogakukan"}],"text":"The Shogakukan Manga Award (小学館漫画賞, Shōgakukan Mangashō) is one of Japan's major manga awards, and is sponsored by Shogakukan Publishing. It has been awarded annually for serialized manga and features candidates from a number of publishers. It is the oldest manga award in Japan, being given since 1955.","title":"Shogakukan Manga Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga"},{"link_name":"Boy's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen"},{"link_name":"Girl's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANN-2"}],"text":"Until 2022, the current award categories were:Children's (児童向け部門, Jidō muke bumon)\nBoy's (少年向け部門, Shōnen muke bumon)\nGirl's (少女向け部門, Shōjo muke bumon)\nGeneral (一般向け部門, Ippan muke bumon)Each winning work will be honored with a bronze statuette called \"Minori\", designed by Shigeru Nakano; a certificate, and a prize of 1 million yen (about US$7,500). Special awards are also occasionally given out for outstanding work, lifetime achievement, and so forth.[1][2]","title":"Categories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The laureates were awarded for comics published during the years listed in the table. However, the laureates were not presented and the prizes were not given out until the beginning of the following year. The prizes are often referred to by the numbers listed below instead of the years. In the 69th edition, the nominees were not divided into categories.[3]","title":"Recipients"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1955–2022","title":"Recipients"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2023–","title":"Recipients"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of manga awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_manga_awards"}] | [{"reference":"小学館漫画賞：歴代受賞者（第１回–第59回） (in Japanese). Shogakukan. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626124927/http://comics.shogakukan.co.jp/mangasho/rist.html","url_text":"小学館漫画賞：歴代受賞者（第１回–第59回）"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogakukan","url_text":"Shogakukan"},{"url":"http://comics.shogakukan.co.jp/mangasho/rist.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"第63回小学館漫画賞に「空母いぶき」「恋雨」「ふりふら」など5作品\". Comic Natalie (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. January 23, 2018. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://natalie.mu/comic/news/266286","url_text":"\"第63回小学館漫画賞に「空母いぶき」「恋雨」「ふりふら」など5作品\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_(website)","url_text":"Comic Natalie"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201108113305/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/266286","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ressler, Karen (January 22, 2018). \"The Promised Neverland, After the Rain, More Win 63rd Shogakukan Manga Awards\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on July 12, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-01-22/the-promised-neverland-after-the-rain-more-win-63rd-shogakukan-manga-awards/.126788","url_text":"\"The Promised Neverland, After the Rain, More Win 63rd Shogakukan Manga Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180712114618/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-01-22/the-promised-neverland-after-the-rain-more-win-63rd-shogakukan-manga-awards/.126788","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hodgkins, Crystalyn (December 7, 2023). \"12 Works Including Frieren, Elusive Samurai, Ya Boy Kongming! Nominated for 69th Shogakukan Manga Awards\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved January 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-12-07/12-works-including-frieren-elusive-samurai-ya-boy-kongming-nominated-for-69th-shogakukan-manga-/.205222","url_text":"\"12 Works Including Frieren, Elusive Samurai, Ya Boy Kongming! Nominated for 69th Shogakukan Manga Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231207185729/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-12-07/12-works-including-frieren-elusive-samurai-ya-boy-kongming-nominated-for-69th-shogakukan-manga-/.205222","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Koulikov, Mikhail (January 30, 2008). \"53rd Shogakukan Manga Award Winners Announced\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on April 22, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-01-30/53rd-shogakukan-manga-award-winners-announced","url_text":"\"53rd Shogakukan Manga Award Winners Announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230422100843/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-01-30/53rd-shogakukan-manga-award-winners-announced","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Loo, Egan (January 20, 2009). \"54th Shogakukan Manga Award Winners Announced\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-01-20/54th-shogakukan-manga-award-winners-announced","url_text":"\"54th Shogakukan Manga Award Winners Announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220118083656/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-01-20/54th-shogakukan-manga-award-winners-announced","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Loo, Egan (January 21, 2010). \"55th Shogakukan Manga Award Winners Announced\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-01-21/55th-shogakukan-manga-award-winners-announced","url_text":"\"55th Shogakukan Manga Award Winners Announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200918203653/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-01-21/55th-shogakukan-manga-award-winners-announced","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Loo, Egan (January 21, 2011). \"56th Shogakukan Manga Award Winners Announced (Updated)\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on May 8, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-01-21/56th-shogakukan-manga-award-winners-announced","url_text":"\"56th Shogakukan Manga Award Winners Announced (Updated)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190508173701/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-01-21/56th-shogakukan-manga-award-winners-announced","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Loo, Egan (January 23, 2012). \"Inazuma Eleven, Apollon Win Shogakukan Manga Awards\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on October 30, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-01-23/inazuma-eleven-apollon-win-shogakukan-manga-awards","url_text":"\"Inazuma Eleven, Apollon Win Shogakukan Manga Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181030115555/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-01-23/inazuma-eleven-apollon-win-shogakukan-manga-awards","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Loo, Egan (January 24, 2013). \"Silver Spoon, I Am a Hero Win Shogakukan Manga Awards\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on October 30, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-01-24/silver-spoon-i-am-a-hero-win-shogakukan-manga-awards","url_text":"\"Silver Spoon, I Am a Hero Win Shogakukan Manga Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181030103412/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-01-24/silver-spoon-i-am-a-hero-win-shogakukan-manga-awards","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hodgkins, Crystalyn (January 21, 2014). \"Magi, Kano-Uso, Zekkyō Gakkyū Win Shogakukan Manga Awards\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-01-21/magi-kano-uso-zekkyo-gakkyu-win-shogakukan-manga-awards","url_text":"\"Magi, Kano-Uso, Zekkyō Gakkyū Win Shogakukan Manga Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180623111613/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-01-21/magi-kano-uso-zekkyo-gakkyu-win-shogakukan-manga-awards","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nelkin, Sarah (January 21, 2015). \"Yo-kai Watch, Be Blues Win 60th Shogakukan Awards\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 5, 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-01-21/yo-kai-watch-be-blues-win-60th-shogakukan-awards/.83532","url_text":"\"Yo-kai Watch, Be Blues Win 60th Shogakukan Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180905113341/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-01-21/yo-kai-watch-be-blues-win-60th-shogakukan-awards/.83532","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Loo, Egan (January 21, 2016). \"Haikyu!!, My Love Story!!, Sunny Win Shogakukan Manga Awards\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 10, 2018. Retrieved April 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-01-21/haikyu-my-love-story-sunny-win-shogakukan-manga-awards/.97818","url_text":"\"Haikyu!!, My Love Story!!, Sunny Win Shogakukan Manga Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180910185038/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-01-21/haikyu-my-love-story-sunny-win-shogakukan-manga-awards/.97818","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ressler, Karen (January 23, 2017). \"Mob Psycho 100, More Win 62nd Shogakukan Manga Awards\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on October 23, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-01-23/mob-psycho-100-more-win-62nd-shogakukan-manga-awards/.111385","url_text":"\"Mob Psycho 100, More Win 62nd Shogakukan Manga Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181023034747/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-01-23/mob-psycho-100-more-win-62nd-shogakukan-manga-awards/.111385","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sherman, Jennifer (January 21, 2019). \"Dr. Stone, Age 12, More Win 64th Shogakukan Manga Awards\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on July 23, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-01-21/dr-stone-age-12-more-win-64th-shogakukan-manga-awards/.142363","url_text":"\"Dr. Stone, Age 12, More Win 64th Shogakukan Manga Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210723115224/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-01-21/dr-stone-age-12-more-win-64th-shogakukan-manga-awards/.142363","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sherman, Jennifer (January 22, 2020). \"Aoashi, Kaguya-sama: Love is War, More Win 65th Shogakukan Manga Awards\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-01-22/aoashi-kaguya-sama-love-is-war-more-win-65th-shogakukan-manga-awards/.155660","url_text":"\"Aoashi, Kaguya-sama: Love is War, More Win 65th Shogakukan Manga Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210120013601/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-01-22/aoashi-kaguya-sama-love-is-war-more-win-65th-shogakukan-manga-awards/.155660","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mateo, Alex (January 19, 2021). \"Chainsaw Man, Teasing Master Takagi-san, Dead Dead Demon's Dededede Destruction, More Win 66th Shogakukan Manga Awards\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-01-19/chainsaw-man-teasing-master-takagi-san-dead-dead-demon-dededede-destruction-more-win-66th-shogakukan-manga-awards/.168571","url_text":"\"Chainsaw Man, Teasing Master Takagi-san, Dead Dead Demon's Dededede Destruction, More Win 66th Shogakukan Manga Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210226224901/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-01-19/chainsaw-man-teasing-master-takagi-san-dead-dead-demon-dededede-destruction-more-win-66th-shogakukan-manga-awards/.168571","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mateo, Alex (January 18, 2022). \"Komi Can't Communicate, My Love Mix-Up!, Do not say mystery Manga Win 67th Shogakukan Manga Awards\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved January 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-01-18/komi-cant-communicate-my-love-mix-up-do-not-say-mystery-manga-win-67th-shogakukan-manga-awards/.181657","url_text":"\"Komi Can't Communicate, My Love Mix-Up!, Do not say mystery Manga Win 67th Shogakukan Manga Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220118162652/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-01-18/komi-cant-communicate-my-love-mix-up-do-not-say-mystery-manga-win-67th-shogakukan-manga-awards/.181657","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mateo, Alex (January 18, 2023). \"Call of the Night, Blue Orchestra, Medalist, Ui×Kon Manga Win 68th Shogakukan Manga Awards\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved January 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-01-18/call-of-the-night-blue-orchestra-medalist-ui-kon-manga-win-68th-shogakukan-manga-awards/.193945","url_text":"\"Call of the Night, Blue Orchestra, Medalist, Ui×Kon Manga Win 68th Shogakukan Manga Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230118151520/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-01-18/call-of-the-night-blue-orchestra-medalist-ui-kon-manga-win-68th-shogakukan-manga-awards/.193945","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mateo, Alex (January 18, 2024). \"Frieren, Elusive Samurai, Trillion Game, Sūji de Asobo. Win 69th Shogakukan Manga Awards\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on January 18, 2024. Retrieved January 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-01-18/frieren-elusive-samurai-trillion-game-suji-de-asobo-win-69th-shogakukan-manga-awards/.206624","url_text":"\"Frieren, Elusive Samurai, Trillion Game, Sūji de Asobo. Win 69th Shogakukan Manga Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240118145944/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-01-18/frieren-elusive-samurai-trillion-game-suji-de-asobo-win-69th-shogakukan-manga-awards/.206624","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://shogakukan-comic.jp/shogakukan-mangasho","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626124927/http://comics.shogakukan.co.jp/mangasho/rist.html","external_links_name":"小学館漫画賞：歴代受賞者（第１回–第59回）"},{"Link":"http://comics.shogakukan.co.jp/mangasho/rist.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://natalie.mu/comic/news/266286","external_links_name":"\"第63回小学館漫画賞に「空母いぶき」「恋雨」「ふりふら」など5作品\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201108113305/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/266286","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-01-22/the-promised-neverland-after-the-rain-more-win-63rd-shogakukan-manga-awards/.126788","external_links_name":"\"The Promised Neverland, After the Rain, More Win 63rd Shogakukan Manga Awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180712114618/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-01-22/the-promised-neverland-after-the-rain-more-win-63rd-shogakukan-manga-awards/.126788","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-12-07/12-works-including-frieren-elusive-samurai-ya-boy-kongming-nominated-for-69th-shogakukan-manga-/.205222","external_links_name":"\"12 Works Including Frieren, Elusive Samurai, Ya Boy Kongming! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_JD-990 | Roland JD-990 | ["1 Features","2 Expandability","3 Factory Sounds","4 Notable users","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | Synthesizer
JD-990 Super JDJD-990ManufacturerRolandDates1993-1996PriceUnited States: $2,195United Kingdom: £1,445Technical specificationsPolyphony24 voicesTimbrality7 + 1 Drum partOscillator6MB of PCM ROM with 195 waveforms (expandable to 16MB), 4 waveforms (tones) per patchLFO2 per patchSynthesis typeDigital Sample-based SubtractiveFilterTVF (Time Variant Filter): Lowpass/bandpass/highpass-filters with resonanceAttenuatorTVA envelopes, TVF envelopes and pitch envelopesAftertouch expressionYesVelocity expressionYesStorage memory3 banks of 64 patches (expandable), 3 drum kits with 61 soundsEffectsChorus, Reverb, Delay, Phaser, Spectrum, Enhancer, Distortion and EQInput/outputKeyboardNoExternal controlMIDI
The Roland JD-990 Super JD is an updated version of the Roland JD-800 synthesizer in the form of a module with expanded capabilities, which was released in 1993 by Roland Corporation. JD-990 is a multitimbral synthesizer utilising PCM sample-based synthesis technology. In a sense it is not a true module version of a JD-800 as it has many expanded features and as a result the two are incompatible in exchanging presets. It is equipped with 6 MB of ROM containing sampled PCM waveforms, four sets of stereo outputs that are assignable to individual, internal, instruments, and standard MIDI in/out/through ports. JD-990 has a large LCD display and programming takes place through a keypad on the front panel of the unit. The unit can generate multi-timbral sounds reminiscent of the vintage analogue synthesizers but is also capable of generation of modern digital textures. There are several expansion boards available for JD-990 that can be installed in the provided expansion slot in the chassis of the unit.
Features
The JD-990 had the following features which were not available on the JD-800:
Expanded wave ROM (6 MB vs. 3 MB)
Ability to use an 8 MB expansion board from the SR-JV80 series
JV-80 patch import
4 additional outputs
True stereo engine
Individual panning of each tone in a patch
Oscillator sync
Frequency cross-modulation (FXM)
Matrix Modulation
Modulation of the same destination from multiple sources
Oscillator structures that allow ring modulation and serial dual filters
Additional LFO waveforms: sine, trapezoid and chaos
MIDI CC control of parameters
Tempo sync delay
Polyphonic portamento
Analog Feel. Adds a very subtle pitch modulation to the basic waveforms intended to recreate an analogue synth's 'drift'
Performance memories
Additional multitimbral slots
One patch can keep full effects in multi mode
Expandability
The JD-990 is compatible with the following:
The SR-JV80 series of expansion boards. The SR-JV80-04 Vintage Synth board includes 255 patches programmed specially for the JD-990.
The SL-JD80 series of waveform & patch cards released for the JD-800.
The SO-PCM1 series of waveform cards.
The JD9D series of patch cards developed specifically for the JD-990.
Factory Sounds
The Factory presets of the JD-990 were created by Eric Persing and Adrian Scott.
Notable users
The JD-990 has been used by artists such as Klaus Schulze, Paul Shaffer, Steve Duda, Vangelis, The Prodigy, Apollo 440, ATB, and Mirwais. Apollo 440 used the JD-990 for atmospheric sounds on the track "The Machine in the Ghost", on the album Gettin' High on Your Own Supply. On the Faithless song "Insomnia", the pizzicato hook is from a JD-990, with added reverb.
References
^ "JD-800: COMPARABLE SOUND MODULE". roland.com. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
^ "The History Of Roland: Part 4 |". www.soundonsound.com. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
^ a b "JD-990 Profile on Vintage Synth Explorer|". vintagesynth.com. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
^ "Roland JD-990 revolutionary concept two decades later".
^ "Catching Up With Klaus Schulze". KeyboardMag.com. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
^ "Paul Shaffer's Keys to The Late Show". KeyboardMag.com. Archived from the original on 22 Mar 2019. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
^ Regen, Jon (March 2010). "Paul Shaffer - The Soul of Late Night TV" (PDF). Keyboard. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 Jan 2023.
^ Ferrante, Michael (January 24, 2006). "Shaffer's Keyboard Rig Setup?". Sweetwater Sound. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
^ "Steve Duda Ponders Programming and Production". KeyboardMag.com. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
^ "Apollo 440: Gettin' High On Your Own Supply". Future Music. No. 220. November 2009. p. 20. ISSN 0967-0378. OCLC 1032779031.
^ Snoman, Rick (2004). Dance Music Manual: Tools, Toys, and Techniques (2nd ed.). Focal Press (published 2012). p. 87. ISBN 9781283709583. OCLC 819507201.
Further reading
"Roland JD-990". Music Technology. June 1993. pp. 26–9. ISSN 0957-6606. OCLC 483899345.
"Simply the best?". Sound on Sound. June 1993. ISSN 0951-6816. OCLC 793945771.
External links
Profile on Vintage Synth Explorer
Roland JD-990 mp3 sound demos at SynthMania
Polynominal JD-990 audio demos, manual and info
MP3 demo of the JD-990, by Tomislav Babic
Roland JD-990 Part 1 by Michaël Larouche, Demo on Youtube
Roland JD-990 Owner's Manual
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V-MODA | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roland JD-800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_JD-800"},{"link_name":"multitimbral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitimbral"},{"link_name":"sample-based synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample-based_synthesis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"MIDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI"},{"link_name":"LCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCD"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vintage-3"}],"text":"The Roland JD-990 Super JD is an updated version of the Roland JD-800 synthesizer in the form of a module with expanded capabilities, which was released in 1993 by Roland Corporation. JD-990 is a multitimbral synthesizer utilising PCM sample-based synthesis technology.[1] In a sense it is not a true module version of a JD-800 as it has many expanded features and as a result the two are incompatible in exchanging presets. It is equipped with 6 MB of ROM containing sampled PCM waveforms, four sets of stereo outputs that are assignable to individual, internal, instruments, and standard MIDI in/out/through ports. JD-990 has a large LCD display[2] and programming takes place through a keypad on the front panel of the unit. The unit can generate multi-timbral sounds reminiscent of the vintage analogue synthesizers but is also capable of generation of modern digital textures. There are several expansion boards available for JD-990 that can be installed in the provided expansion slot in the chassis of the unit.[3]","title":"Roland JD-990"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"ROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory"},{"link_name":"Oscillator sync","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillator_sync"},{"link_name":"Frequency cross-modulation (FXM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation"},{"link_name":"ring modulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_modulation"},{"link_name":"LFO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-frequency_oscillation"},{"link_name":"Tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo"},{"link_name":"sync","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronization"},{"link_name":"delay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delay_(audio_effect)"},{"link_name":"Polyphonic portamento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portamento"},{"link_name":"multitimbral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitimbral"}],"text":"The JD-990 had the following[4] features which were not available on the JD-800:Expanded wave ROM (6 MB vs. 3 MB)\nAbility to use an 8 MB expansion board from the SR-JV80 series\nJV-80 patch import\n4 additional outputs\nTrue stereo engine\nIndividual panning of each tone in a patch\nOscillator sync\nFrequency cross-modulation (FXM)\nMatrix Modulation\nModulation of the same destination from multiple sources\nOscillator structures that allow ring modulation and serial dual filters\nAdditional LFO waveforms: sine, trapezoid and chaos\nMIDI CC control of parameters\nTempo sync delay\nPolyphonic portamento\nAnalog Feel. Adds a very subtle pitch modulation to the basic waveforms intended to recreate an analogue synth's 'drift'\nPerformance memories\nAdditional multitimbral slots\nOne patch can keep full effects in multi mode","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The JD-990 is compatible with the following:The SR-JV80 series of expansion boards. The SR-JV80-04 Vintage Synth board includes 255 patches programmed specially for the JD-990.\nThe SL-JD80 series of waveform & patch cards released for the JD-800.\nThe SO-PCM1 series of waveform cards.\nThe JD9D series of patch cards developed specifically for the JD-990.","title":"Expandability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eric Persing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Persing"}],"text":"The Factory presets of the JD-990 were created by Eric Persing and Adrian Scott.","title":"Factory Sounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Klaus Schulze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Schulze"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Paul Shaffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shaffer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Steve Duda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Duda"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Vangelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangelis"},{"link_name":"The Prodigy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prodigy"},{"link_name":"Apollo 440","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_440"},{"link_name":"ATB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATB_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Mirwais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirwais_Ahmadza%C3%AF"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vintage-3"},{"link_name":"Gettin' High on Your Own Supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettin%27_High_on_Your_Own_Supply"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Faithless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithless"},{"link_name":"Insomnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia_(Faithless_song)"},{"link_name":"pizzicato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizzicato"},{"link_name":"hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_(music)"},{"link_name":"reverb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverb"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The JD-990 has been used by artists such as Klaus Schulze,[5] Paul Shaffer,[6][7][8] Steve Duda,[9] Vangelis, The Prodigy, Apollo 440, ATB, and Mirwais.[3] Apollo 440 used the JD-990 for atmospheric sounds on the track \"The Machine in the Ghost\", on the album Gettin' High on Your Own Supply.[10] On the Faithless song \"Insomnia\", the pizzicato hook is from a JD-990, with added reverb.[11]","title":"Notable users"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Roland JD-990\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.muzines.co.uk/articles/roland-jd-990/5530"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0957-6606","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0957-6606"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"483899345","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/483899345"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0951-6816","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0951-6816"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"793945771","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/793945771"}],"text":"\"Roland JD-990\". Music Technology. June 1993. pp. 26–9. ISSN 0957-6606. OCLC 483899345.\n\"Simply the best?\". Sound on Sound. June 1993. ISSN 0951-6816. OCLC 793945771.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"JD-800: COMPARABLE SOUND MODULE\". roland.com. Retrieved 2019-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.roland.com/us/support/knowledge_base/201924389/","url_text":"\"JD-800: COMPARABLE SOUND MODULE\""}]},{"reference":"\"The History Of Roland: Part 4 |\". www.soundonsound.com. Retrieved 2018-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soundonsound.com/music-business/history-roland-part-4","url_text":"\"The History Of Roland: Part 4 |\""}]},{"reference":"\"JD-990 Profile on Vintage Synth Explorer|\". vintagesynth.com. Retrieved 2019-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vintagesynth.com/roland/jd990.php","url_text":"\"JD-990 Profile on Vintage Synth Explorer|\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roland JD-990 revolutionary concept two decades later\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.donsolaris.com/?p=952","url_text":"\"Roland JD-990 revolutionary concept two decades later\""}]},{"reference":"\"Catching Up With Klaus Schulze\". KeyboardMag.com. Retrieved 2019-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.keyboardmag.com/artists/catching-up-with-klaus-schulze","url_text":"\"Catching Up With Klaus Schulze\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Shaffer's Keys to The Late Show\". KeyboardMag.com. Archived from the original on 22 Mar 2019. Retrieved 2019-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190322181001/https://www.keyboardmag.com/miscellaneous/paul-shaffer39s-keys-to-the-late-show","url_text":"\"Paul Shaffer's Keys to The Late Show\""},{"url":"https://www.keyboardmag.com/miscellaneous/paul-shaffer39s-keys-to-the-late-show","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Regen, Jon (March 2010). \"Paul Shaffer - The Soul of Late Night TV\" (PDF). Keyboard. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 Jan 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230127132212/https://davidhastingsstudios.com/wp-content/uploads/Kbrd-Paul-Shaffer-Feature.pdf","url_text":"\"Paul Shaffer - The Soul of Late Night TV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Keyboard"},{"url":"https://davidhastingsstudios.com/wp-content/uploads/Kbrd-Paul-Shaffer-Feature.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ferrante, Michael (January 24, 2006). \"Shaffer's Keyboard Rig Setup?\". Sweetwater Sound. Retrieved 2023-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sweetwater.com/forums/showthread.php?4540-Shaffer-s-Keyboard-Rig-Setup#comment-9","url_text":"\"Shaffer's Keyboard Rig Setup?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Duda Ponders Programming and Production\". KeyboardMag.com. Retrieved 2019-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.keyboardmag.com/artists/steve-duda-ponders-programming-and-production","url_text":"\"Steve Duda Ponders Programming and Production\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apollo 440: Gettin' High On Your Own Supply\". Future Music. No. 220. November 2009. p. 20. ISSN 0967-0378. OCLC 1032779031.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0967-0378","url_text":"0967-0378"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1032779031","url_text":"1032779031"}]},{"reference":"Snoman, Rick (2004). Dance Music Manual: Tools, Toys, and Techniques (2nd ed.). Focal Press (published 2012). p. 87. ISBN 9781283709583. OCLC 819507201.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781283709583","url_text":"9781283709583"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/819507201","url_text":"819507201"}]},{"reference":"\"Roland JD-990\". Music Technology. June 1993. pp. 26–9. ISSN 0957-6606. OCLC 483899345.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.muzines.co.uk/articles/roland-jd-990/5530","url_text":"\"Roland JD-990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0957-6606","url_text":"0957-6606"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/483899345","url_text":"483899345"}]},{"reference":"\"Simply the best?\". Sound on Sound. June 1993. ISSN 0951-6816. OCLC 793945771.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0951-6816","url_text":"0951-6816"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/793945771","url_text":"793945771"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.roland.com/us/support/knowledge_base/201924389/","external_links_name":"\"JD-800: COMPARABLE SOUND MODULE\""},{"Link":"https://www.soundonsound.com/music-business/history-roland-part-4","external_links_name":"\"The History Of Roland: Part 4 |\""},{"Link":"http://www.vintagesynth.com/roland/jd990.php","external_links_name":"\"JD-990 Profile on Vintage Synth Explorer|\""},{"Link":"http://www.donsolaris.com/?p=952","external_links_name":"\"Roland JD-990 revolutionary concept two decades later\""},{"Link":"https://www.keyboardmag.com/artists/catching-up-with-klaus-schulze","external_links_name":"\"Catching Up With Klaus Schulze\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190322181001/https://www.keyboardmag.com/miscellaneous/paul-shaffer39s-keys-to-the-late-show","external_links_name":"\"Paul Shaffer's Keys to The Late Show\""},{"Link":"https://www.keyboardmag.com/miscellaneous/paul-shaffer39s-keys-to-the-late-show","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230127132212/https://davidhastingsstudios.com/wp-content/uploads/Kbrd-Paul-Shaffer-Feature.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Paul Shaffer - The Soul of Late Night TV\""},{"Link":"https://davidhastingsstudios.com/wp-content/uploads/Kbrd-Paul-Shaffer-Feature.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.sweetwater.com/forums/showthread.php?4540-Shaffer-s-Keyboard-Rig-Setup#comment-9","external_links_name":"\"Shaffer's Keyboard Rig Setup?\""},{"Link":"https://www.keyboardmag.com/artists/steve-duda-ponders-programming-and-production","external_links_name":"\"Steve Duda Ponders Programming and Production\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0967-0378","external_links_name":"0967-0378"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1032779031","external_links_name":"1032779031"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/819507201","external_links_name":"819507201"},{"Link":"https://www.muzines.co.uk/articles/roland-jd-990/5530","external_links_name":"\"Roland JD-990\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0957-6606","external_links_name":"0957-6606"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/483899345","external_links_name":"483899345"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0951-6816","external_links_name":"0951-6816"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/793945771","external_links_name":"793945771"},{"Link":"http://www.vintagesynth.com/roland/jd990.php","external_links_name":"Profile on Vintage Synth Explorer"},{"Link":"http://www.synthmania.com/jd-990.htm","external_links_name":"Roland JD-990 mp3 sound demos at SynthMania"},{"Link":"http://www.polynominal.com/site/studio/gear/synth/roland_jd990/","external_links_name":"Polynominal JD-990 audio demos, manual and info"},{"Link":"http://www.babic.com/SYN/JD990-Patches.mp3","external_links_name":"MP3 demo of the JD-990, by Tomislav Babic"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jSDX69d1W0k","external_links_name":"Roland JD-990 Part 1 by Michaël Larouche, Demo on Youtube"},{"Link":"http://cdn.roland.com/assets/media/pdf/JD-990_OM.pdf?_ga=2.106274443.929533688.1553276792-1166195233.1553276792","external_links_name":"Roland JD-990 Owner's Manual"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Chicago_Blackhawks | 2010–11 Chicago Blackhawks season | ["1 Off-season","2 Regular season","2.1 Division standings","2.2 Conference standings","3 Schedule and results","3.1 Pre-season","3.2 Regular season","4 Playoffs","5 Player statistics","5.1 Skaters","5.2 Goaltenders","5.3 Detailed records","6 Awards and records","6.1 Awards","6.2 Milestones","7 Transactions","7.1 Trades","7.1.1 Notes","7.2 Free agents acquired","7.3 Free agents lost","7.4 Claimed via waivers","7.5 Lost via waivers","7.6 Player signings","8 Draft picks","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"] | Professional ice hockey team season of play
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2010–11 Chicago BlackhawksDivision3rd CentralConference8th Western2010–11 record44–29–9Home record24–17–0Road record20–12–9Goals for258Goals against225Team informationGeneral managerStan BowmanCoachJoel QuennevilleCaptainJonathan ToewsAlternate captainsDuncan KeithPatrick SharpArenaUnited CenterAverage attendance21,423 (108.6%)Total: 878,356 Team leadersGoalsPatrick Sharp (34)AssistsPatrick Kane (46)PointsJonathan Toews (76)Penalty minutesJohn Scott (72)Plus/minusBrian Campbell (+28)WinsCorey Crawford (33)Goals against averageCorey Crawford (2.30)← 2009–102011–12 →
The 2010–11 Chicago Blackhawks season was the 85th season for the National Hockey League franchise that was established on September 25, 1926. The team was nicknamed the "Hangover 'Hawks" for having to recover from winning the franchise's first Stanley Cup in 49 years while adapting to the loss of several players from that team due to salary cap restrictions.
The defending Stanley Cup champion Blackhawks barely made the 2011 playoffs as the eighth and final seed in the Western Conference and succumbed to the Presidents' Trophy-winning Vancouver Canucks in seven games in the first round.
Off-season
Under pressure to fit the team's player salaries under the salary cap for the 2010–11 season, the team began making trades shortly after winning the Stanley Cup. On June 24, the club traded Dustin Byfuglien, Ben Eager, Brent Sopel and Akim Aliu to the Atlanta Thrashers for Marty Reasoner, Joey Crabb, Jeremy Morin, a first-round pick (#24 overall) in 2010 and a second-round pick (#54 overall) in 2010. Later that same day, restricted free agent Colin Fraser was traded to the Edmonton Oilers for a sixth-round pick in 2010.
On June 30, the Toronto Maple Leafs traded for right winger Kris Versteeg from Chicago in a five-player trade. The Maple Leafs gave up forwards Viktor Stalberg, Chris DiDomenico and Philippe Paradis. Toronto also acquired the rights to 21-year-old left winger Bill Sweatt, who was a second-round pick in 2007.
On July 1, the Blackhawks traded Andrew Ladd to the Atlanta Thrashers for Ivan Vishnevskiy and a second-round draft pick in 2011. On July 9, Niklas Hjalmarsson was signed to an offer sheet by the San Jose Sharks, though the Blackhawks matched the offer on July 12, thereby retaining his services and forgoing compensation from the Sharks for signing a restricted free agent. This signing again put Chicago against the salary cap wall, and as a result forced the club to forego resigning goaltender Antti Niemi, who had filed for arbitration.
Regular season
Defenseman Nick Leddy made his NHL debut on October 7, and he scored his first NHL goal on October 11. Evan Brophey made his NHL debut on October 23. Patrick Sharp had a record of 13 shots on goal, the highest shot total in a single game in Blackhawks history. Marian Hossa was named the NHL's Second Star of the Week for the week ending on October 18, and Duncan Keith was named Third Star of the Week for the week ending on November 1.
Division standings
Central Division vte
GP
W
L
OTL
ROW
GF
GA
Pts
1
y-Detroit Red Wings
82
47
25
10
43
261
241
104
2
Nashville Predators
82
44
27
11
38
219
194
99
3
Chicago Blackhawks
82
44
29
9
38
258
225
97
4
St. Louis Blues
82
38
33
11
34
240
234
87
5
Columbus Blue Jackets
82
34
35
13
29
215
258
81
Conference standings
Western Conference
R
Div
GP
W
L
OTL
ROW
GF
GA
Pts
1
p – Vancouver Canucks
NW
82
54
19
9
50
262
185
117
2
y – San Jose Sharks
PA
82
48
25
9
43
248
213
105
3
y – Detroit Red Wings
CE
82
47
25
10
43
261
241
104
4
Anaheim Ducks
PA
82
47
30
5
43
239
235
99
5
Nashville Predators
CE
82
44
27
11
38
219
194
99
6
Phoenix Coyotes
PA
82
43
26
13
38
231
226
99
7
Los Angeles Kings
PA
82
46
30
6
36
219
198
98
8
Chicago Blackhawks
CE
82
44
29
9
38
258
225
97
8.5
9
Dallas Stars
PA
82
42
29
11
37
227
233
95
10
Calgary Flames
NW
82
41
29
12
32
250
237
94
11
St. Louis Blues
CE
82
38
33
11
34
240
234
87
12
Minnesota Wild
NW
82
39
35
8
36
206
233
86
13
Columbus Blue Jackets
CE
82
34
35
13
29
215
258
81
14
Colorado Avalanche
NW
82
30
44
8
24
227
288
68
15
Edmonton Oilers
NW
82
25
45
12
23
193
269
62
bold – qualified for playoffs; y – Won division; p – Won President's Trophy (best record in NHL)
CE – Central Division, NW – Northwest Division, PA – Pacific Division
Schedule and results
Legend:
Win (2 points)
Loss (0 points)
Overtime/shootout loss (1 point)
Pre-season
2010 Pre-season : 3–4–0 (Home: 3–0–0 ; Road: 0–4–0)
#
Date
Opponent
Score
OT
Decision
Arena
Attendance
Record
Recap
1
September 22*
@ Tampa Bay Lightning
4–2
Toivonen
MTS Centre
14,092
0–1–0
L1
2
September 24
@ Detroit Red Wings
3–2
Crawford
Joe Louis Arena
15,900
0–2–0
L2
3
September 25
Detroit Red Wings
4–2
Turco
United Center
20,553
1–2–0
W1
4
September 28
@ Pittsburgh Penguins
4–1
Richards
Consol Energy Center
18,087
1–3–0
L1
5
September 30
@ St. Louis Blues
4–1
Turco
Scottrade Center
11,624
1–4–0
L2
6
October 1
Pittsburgh Penguins
5–2
Crawford
United Center
19,913
2–4–0
W1
7
October 3
St. Louis Blues
4–3
Turco
United Center
19,692
3–4–0
W2
*Played in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
Regular season
2010–11 Season
October: 7–5–1 (Home: 4–4–0 ; Road: 3–1–1 ) Pts. 15
#
Date
Opponent
Score
OT
Decision
Arena
Attendance
Record
Pts
Recap
1
October 7
@ Colorado Avalanche
4–3
OT
Turco
Pepsi Center
18,007
0–0–1
1
OTL1
2
October 9
Detroit Red Wings
3–2
Turco
United Center
22,161
0–1–1
1
L1
3
October 11
@ Buffalo Sabres
4–3
Crawford
HSBC Arena
17,896
1–1–1
3
W1
4
October 13
Nashville Predators
3–2
Crawford
United Center
20,680
1–2–1
3
L1
5
October 15
@ Columbus Blue Jackets
5–2
Turco
Nationwide Arena
18,305
2–2–1
5
W1
6
October 16
Buffalo Sabres
4–3
Turco
United Center
21,293
3–2–1
7
W2
7
October 18
St. Louis Blues
3–2
OT
Turco
United Center
20,641
4–2–1
9
W3
8
October 20
Vancouver Canucks
2–1
SO
Turco
United Center
20,859
5–2–1
11
W4
9
October 22
@ St. Louis Blues
4–2
Turco
Scottrade Center
19,150
5–3–1
11
L1
10
October 23
Columbus Blue Jackets
3–2
Crawford
United Center
21,265
5–4–1
11
L2
11
October 27
Los Angeles Kings
3–1
Turco
United Center
20,667
6–4–1
13
W1
12
October 29
Edmonton Oilers
7–4
Crawford
United Center
21,061
6–5–1
13
L1
13
October 30
@ Minnesota Wild
3–1
Turco
Xcel Energy Center
18,376
7–5–1
15
W1
November: 7–6–1 (Home: 2–3–0 ; Road: 5–3–1) Pts. 15
#
Date
Opponent
Score
OT
Decision
Arena
Attendance
Record
Pts
Recap
14
November 1
@ New York Rangers
3–2
Turco
Madison Square Garden
18,200
7–6–1
15
L1
15
November 3
New Jersey Devils
5–3
Turco
United Center
21,044
7–7–1
15
L2
16
November 6
@ Atlanta Thrashers
5–4
SO
Turco
Philips Arena
16,022
8–7–1
17
W1
17
November 7
Edmonton Oilers
2–1
Crawford
United Center
21,025
8–8–1
17
L1
18
November 10
Phoenix Coyotes
2–1
Turco
United Center
21,181
8–9–1
17
L2
19
November 13
@ Nashville Predators
4–3
SO
Turco
Bridgestone Arena
17,113
8–9–2
18
OTL1
20
November 14
Anaheim Ducks
3–2
OT
Crawford
United Center
21,244
9–9–2
20
W1
21
November 17
@ Edmonton Oilers
5–0
Turco
Rexall Place
16,839
10–9–2
22
W2
22
November 19
@ Calgary Flames
7–2
Turco
Scotiabank Saddledome
19,289
10–10–2
22
L1
23
November 20
@ Vancouver Canucks
7–1
Crawford
Rogers Arena
18,860
11–10–2
24
W1
24
November 24
@ San Jose Sharks
5–2
Turco
HP Pavilion at San Jose
17,562
11–11–2
24
L1
25
November 26
@ Anaheim Ducks
4–1
Crawford
Honda Center
16,146
12–11–2
26
W1
26
November 27
@ Los Angeles Kings
2–1
Crawford
Staples Center
18,118
13–11–2
28
W2
27
November 30
St. Louis Blues
7–5
Crawford
United Center
21,140
14–11–2
30
W3
December: 6–5–1 (Home: 6–3–0 ; Road: 0–2–1) Pts. 13
#
Date
Opponent
Score
OT
Decision
Arena
Attendance
Record
Pts
Recap
28
December 3
Vancouver Canucks
3–0
Turco
United Center
21,737
14–12–2
30
L1
29
December 5
Calgary Flames
4–2
Crawford
United Center
21,112
15–12–2
32
W1
30
December 8
Dallas Stars
5–3
Crawford
United Center
21,184
16–12–2
34
W2
31
December 11
@ San Jose Sharks
2–1
OT
Crawford
HP Pavilion at San Jose
17,562
16–12–3
35
OTL1
32
December 13
@ Colorado Avalanche
7–5
Crawford
Pepsi Center
15,924
16–13–3
35
L1
33
December 15
Colorado Avalanche
4–3
Crawford
United Center
21,121
16–14–3
35
L2
34
December 17
Detroit Red Wings
4–1
Crawford
United Center
21,904
17–14–3
37
W1
35
December 19
Los Angeles Kings
3–2
Crawford
United Center
21,523
18–14–3
39
W2
36
December 22
Nashville Predators
4–1
Crawford
United Center
21,526
19–14–3
41
W3
37
December 26
Columbus Blue Jackets
4–1
Turco
United Center
21,492
20–14–3
43
W4
38
December 28
@ St. Louis Blues
3–1
Turco
Scottrade Center
19,150
20–15–3
43
L1
39
December 30
San Jose Sharks
5–3
Turco
United Center
22,112
20–16–3
43
L2
January: 6–4–1 (Home: 4–3–0 ; Road: 2–1–1) Pts. 13
#
Date
Opponent
Score
OT
Decision
Arena
Attendance
Record
Pts
Recap
40
January 2
@ Anaheim Ducks
2–1
Crawford
Honda Center
16,004
20–17–3
43
L3
41
January 3
@ Los Angeles Kings
4–3
Crawford
Staples Center
17,916
21–17–3
45
W1
42
January 5
Dallas Stars
4–2
Crawford
United Center
21,245
21–18–3
45
L1
43
January 7
Ottawa Senators
3–2
SO
Crawford
United Center
21,657
22–18–3
47
W1
44
January 9
New York Islanders
5–0
Crawford
United Center
21,205
23–18–3
49
W2
45
January 12
Colorado Avalanche
4–0
Crawford
United Center
21,356
24–18–3
51
W3
46
January 15
@ Nashville Predators
3–2
SO
Crawford
Bridgestone Arena
17,113
24–18–4
52
OTL1
47
January 16
Nashville Predators
6–3
Turco
United Center
21,387
25–18–4
54
W1
48
January 22
@ Detroit Red Wings
4–1
Crawford
Joe Louis Arena
20,066
26–18–4
56
W2
49
January 23
Philadelphia Flyers
4–1
Crawford
United Center
21,660
26–19–4
56
L1
50
January 25
Minnesota Wild
4–2
Crawford
United Center
21,247
26–20–4
56
L2
February: 8–3–2 (Home: 3–1–0 ; Road: 5–2–2) Pts. 18
#
Date
Opponent
Score
OT
Decision
Arena
Attendance
Record
Pts
Recap
51
February 1
@ Columbus Blue Jackets
7–4
Turco
Nationwide Arena
12,568
27–20–4
58
W1
52
February 4
@ Vancouver Canucks
4–3
Turco
Rogers Arena
18,860
27–21–4
58
L1
53
February 7
@ Calgary Flames
3–1
Crawford
Scotiabank Saddledome
19,289
27–22–4
58
L2
54
February 9
@ Edmonton Oilers
4–1
Crawford
Rexall Place
16,839
28–22–4
60
W1
55
February 11
@ Dallas Stars
4–3
SO
Turco
American Airlines Center
17,569
28–22–5
61
OTL1
56
February 12
@ Phoenix Coyotes
3–2
SO
Crawford
Jobing.com Arena
17,283
28–22–6
62
OTL2
57
February 16
Minnesota Wild
3–1
Crawford
United Center
21,535
29–22–6
64
W1
58
February 18
Columbus Blue Jackets
4–3
Crawford
United Center
21,708
29–23–6
64
L1
59
February 20
Pittsburgh Penguins
3–2
SO
Crawford
United Center
22,195
30–23–6
66
W1
60
February 21
@ St. Louis Blues
5–3
Crawford
Scottrade Center
19,150
31–23–6
68
W2
61
February 24
@ Nashville Predators
3–0
Crawford
Bridgestone Arena
17,113
32–23–6
70
W3
62
February 27
Phoenix Coyotes
4–3
SO
Crawford
United Center
21,473
33–23–6
72
W4
63
February 28
@ Minnesota Wild
4–2
Crawford
Xcel Energy Center
19,155
34–23–6
74
W5
March: 7–4–2 (Home: 4–1–0 ; Road: 3–3–2) Pts. 16
#
Date
Opponent
Score
OT
Decision
Arena
Attendance
Record
Pts
Recap
64
March 2
Calgary Flames
6–4
Crawford
United Center
20,896
35–23–6
76
W6
65
March 4
Carolina Hurricanes
5–2
Crawford
United Center
21,830
36–23–6
78
W7
66
March 5
@ Toronto Maple Leafs
5–3
Crawford
Air Canada Centre
19,646
37–23–6
80
W8
67
March 8
@ Florida Panthers
3–2
Turco
BankAtlantic Center
16,132
37–24–6
80
L1
68
March 9
@ Tampa Bay Lightning
4–3
SO
Crawford
St. Pete Times Forum
19,912
37–24–7
81
OTL1
69
March 13
@ Washington Capitals
4–3
OT
Crawford
Verizon Center
18,398
37–24–8
82
OTL2
70
March 14
San Jose Sharks
6–3
Crawford
United Center
22,094
38–24–8
84
W1
71
March 17
@ Dallas Stars
5–0
Turco
American Airlines Center
14,830
38–25–8
84
L1
72
March 20
@ Phoenix Coyotes
2–1
Crawford
Jobing.com Arena
17,328
39–25–8
86
W1
73
March 23
Florida Panthers
4–0
Crawford
United Center
21,713
40–25–8
88
W2
74
March 26
Anaheim Ducks
2–1
Crawford
United Center
22,115
40–26–8
88
L1
75
March 28
@ Detroit Red Wings
3–2
OT
Crawford
Joe Louis Arena
20,066
41–26–8
90
W1
76
March 29
@ Boston Bruins
3–0
Crawford
TD Garden
17,565
41–27–8
90
L1
April: 3–2–1 (Home: 1–2–0 ; Road: 2–0–1) Pts. 7
#
Date
Opponent
Score
OT
Decision
Arena
Attendance
Record
Pts
Recap
77
April 1
@ Columbus Blue Jackets
4–3
SO
Crawford
Nationwide Arena
16,217
42–27–8
92
W1
78
April 3
Tampa Bay Lightning
2–0
Crawford
United Center
21,587
42–28–8
92
L1
79
April 5
@ Montreal Canadiens
2–1
OT
Crawford
Bell Centre
21,273
42–28–9
93
OTL1
80
April 6
St. Louis Blues
4–3
OT
Crawford
United Center
21,435
43–28–9
95
W1
81
April 8
@ Detroit Red Wings
4–2
Crawford
Joe Louis Arena
20,066
44–28–9
97
W2
82
April 10
Detroit Red Wings
4–3
Crawford
United Center
22,046
44–29–9
97
L1
Playoffs
The Blackhawks returned to the playoffs for the third straight season and were defending their championship of the Stanley Cup as the 8th seed. The Blackhawks played the Canucks for the third straight postseason. In the previous two rounds, the Blackhawks defeated the Canucks twice, four games to two. The Blackhawks were down three games to none, but managed to tie up the series facing elimination. The Blackhawks became just the seventh team in NHL history to come back to tie an 0–3 deficit in the playoffs. The Blackhawks lost in overtime in game seven to an Alex Burrows goal for a 2–1 loss.
See also: 2011 Stanley Cup playoffs
2011 Stanley Cup Playoffs
Western Conference Quarterfinals vs. Vancouver Canucks (1) - Blackhawks lost series 4–3
Game
Date
Opponent
Score
OT
Decision
Arena
Attendance
Series
Recap
1
April 13
@ Vancouver Canucks
2–0
Crawford
Rogers Arena
18,860
0–1
L1
2
April 15
@ Vancouver Canucks
4–3
Crawford
Rogers Arena
18,860
0–2
L2
3
April 17
Vancouver Canucks
3–2
Crawford
United Center
21,743
0–3
L3
4
April 19
Vancouver Canucks
7–2
Crawford
United Center
21,757
1–3
W1
5
April 21
@ Vancouver Canucks
5–0
Crawford
Rogers Arena
18,860
2–3
W2
6
April 24
Vancouver Canucks
4–3
15:30 OT
Crawford
United Center
22,014
3–3
W3
7
April 26
@ Vancouver Canucks
2–1
5:22 OT
Crawford
Rogers Arena
18,860
3–4
L1
Legend:
Win
Loss
Player statistics
Skaters
Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games played in; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes; +/- = Plus/minus; PPG = Power-play goals; SHG = Short-handed goals; GWG = Game-winning goals
Regular season
Player
GP
G
A
Pts
+/−
PIM
Jonathan Toews
80
32
44
76
25
26
Patrick Kane
73
27
46
73
7
28
Patrick Sharp
74
34
37
71
−1
38
Marian Hossa
65
25
32
57
9
32
Brent Seabrook
82
9
39
48
0
47
Duncan Keith
82
7
38
45
−1
22
Tomas Kopecky
81
15
27
42
−13
60
Bryan Bickell
78
17
20
37
6
40
Dave Bolland
61
15
22
37
11
34
Troy Brouwer
79
17
19
36
−2
38
Brian Campbell
65
5
22
27
28
6
Viktor Stalberg
77
12
12
24
2
43
Jake Dowell
79
6
15
21
5
63
Jack Skille‡
49
7
10
17
3
25
Fernando Pisani
60
7
9
16
0
10
Niklas Hjalmarsson
80
3
7
10
13
39
Michael Frolik†
28
3
6
9
0
14
Nick Boynton‡
41
1
7
8
2
36
Jassen Cullimore
36
0
8
8
4
8
Nick Leddy
46
4
3
7
−3
4
Chris Campoli†
19
1
6
7
3
2
Ryan Johnson
34
1
5
6
−2
8
Jeremy Morin
9
2
1
3
2
9
Ben Smith
6
1
0
1
1
0
Jordan Hendry
37
1
0
1
−2
4
John Scott
40
0
1
1
0
72
Marcus Kruger
7
0
0
0
−4
4
Brandon Pirri
1
0
0
0
−1
0
Rob Klinkhammer
1
0
0
0
1
0
Evan Brophey
1
0
0
0
0
0
Ryan Potulny‡
3
0
0
0
−1
0
Jeff Taffe
1
0
0
0
0
0
Playoffs
Player
GP
G
A
Pts
+/−
PIM
Duncan Keith
7
4
2
6
−3
6
Dave Bolland
4
2
4
6
6
4
Marian Hossa
7
2
4
6
0
2
Patrick Kane
7
1
5
6
−1
2
Patrick Sharp
7
3
2
5
1
2
Michael Frolik
7
2
3
5
3
2
Bryan Bickell
5
2
2
4
4
0
Jonathan Toews
7
1
3
4
−4
2
Ben Smith
7
3
0
3
−1
0
Brian Campbell
7
1
2
3
2
6
Niklas Hjalmarsson
7
0
2
2
4
2
Viktor Stalberg
7
1
0
1
0
5
Marcus Kruger
5
0
1
1
2
0
Brent Seabrook
5
0
1
1
0
6
Chris Campoli
7
0
1
1
3
2
Ryan Johnson
6
0
1
1
−1
2
Nick Leddy
7
0
0
0
−1
0
John Scott
4
0
0
0
1
22
Troy Brouwer
7
0
0
0
2
11
Jake Dowell
2
0
0
0
0
0
Tomas Kopecky
1
0
0
0
0
0
Fernando Pisani
3
0
0
0
−1
0
Goaltenders
Note: GP = Games played; Min = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OT = Overtime losses; GA = Goals against; GAA= Goals against average; SA= Shots against; SV= Saves; Sv% = Save percentage; SO= Shutouts
Regular season
Player
GP
Min
W
L
OT
GA
GAA
SA
Sv%
SO
G
A
PIM
Corey Crawford
57
3,337
33
18
6
128
2.30
1,545
.917
4
0
1
2
Marty Turco
29
1,631
11
11
3
82
3.02
799
.897
1
0
0
6
Playoffs
Player
GP
Min
W
L
GA
GAA
SA
Sv%
SO
G
A
PIM
Corey Crawford
7
435
3
4
16
2.21
218
.927
1
0
2
0
†Denotes player spent time with another team before joining Blackhawks. Stats reflect time with the Blackhawks only.
‡Traded or released mid-season
Bold/italics denotes franchise record
Detailed records
Western Conference
Opponent
Home
Away
Total
Pts.
Goals scored
Goals allowed
Central Division
Chicago Blackhawks
-
-
-
-
-
-
Columbus Blue Jackets
1–2–0
3–0–0
4–2–0
8
25
17
Detroit Red Wings
1–2–0
3–0–0
4–2–0
8
20
13
Nashville Predators
2–1–0
1–0–2
3–1–2
8
20
14
St. Louis Blues
3–0–0
1–2–0
4–2–0
8
22
20
7–5–0
8–2–2
15–7–2
32
87
64
Northwest Division
Calgary Flames
2–0–0
0–2–0
2–2–0
4
13
16
Colorado Avalanche
1–1–0
0–1–1
1–2–1
3
15
15
Edmonton Oilers
0–2–0
2–0–0
2–2–0
4
14
10
Minnesota Wild
1–1–0
2–0–0
3–1–0
6
12
8
Vancouver Canucks
1–1–0
1–1–0
2–2–0
4
12
9
5–5–0
5–4–1
10–9–1
21
66
58
Pacific Division
Anaheim Ducks
1–1–0
1–1–0
2–2–0
4
9
7
Dallas Stars
1–1–0
0–1–1
1–2–1
3
10
16
Los Angeles Kings
2–0–0
2–0–0
4–0–0
8
12
7
Phoenix Coyotes
1–1–0
1–0–1
2–1–1
5
9
9
San Jose Sharks
1–1–0
0–1–1
1–2–1
3
13
15
6–4–0
4–3–3
10–7–3
23
53
54
Eastern Conference
Opponent
Home
Away
Total
Pts.
Goals scored
Goals allowed
Atlantic Division
New Jersey Devils
0–1–0
0–0–0
0–1–0
0
3
5
New York Islanders
1–0–0
0–0–0
1–0–0
2
5
0
New York Rangers
0–0–0
0–1–0
0–1–0
0
2
3
Philadelphia Flyers
0–1–0
0–0–0
0–1–0
0
1
4
Pittsburgh Penguins
1–0–0
0–0–0
1–0–0
2
3
2
2–2–0
0–1–0
2–3–0
4
14
14
Northeast Division
Boston Bruins
0–0–0
0–1–0
0–1–0
0
0
3
Buffalo Sabres
1–0–0
1–0–0
2–0–0
4
8
6
Montreal Canadiens
0–0–0
0–0–1
0–0–1
1
1
2
Ottawa Senators
1–0–0
0–0–0
1–0–0
2
3
2
Toronto Maple Leafs
0–0–0
1–0–0
1–0–0
2
5
3
2–0–0
2–1–1
4–1–1
9
17
16
Southeast Division
Atlanta Thrashers
0–0–0
1–0–0
1–0–0
2
5
4
Carolina Hurricanes
1–0–0
0–0–0
1–0–0
2
5
2
Florida Panthers
1–0–0
0–1–0
1–1–0
2
6
3
Tampa Bay Lightning
0–1–0
0–0–1
0–1–1
1
3
6
Washington Capitals
0–0–0
0–0–1
0–0–1
1
3
4
2–1–0
1–1–2
3–2–2
8
22
19
Awards and records
Awards
Regular Season
Player
Award
Reached
Marian Hossa
NHL Second Star of the Week
October 18, 2010
Duncan Keith
NHL Third Star of the Week
November 1, 2010
Corey Crawford
NHL Second Star of the Week
February 28, 2011
Jonathan Toews
NHL First Star of the Month
February 2011
Milestones
Regular season
Player
Milestone
Reached
Nick Leddy
1st Career NHL Game
October 7, 2010
Brandon Pirri
1st Career NHL Game
October 9, 2010
Nick Leddy
1st Career NHL Goal1st Career NHL Point
October 11, 2010
Brent Seabrook
400th Career NHL Game
October 20, 2010
Duncan Keith
200th Career NHL Point
October 22, 2010
Evan Brophey
1st Career NHL Game
October 23, 2010
Ben Smith
1st Career NHL Game
October 29, 2010
Jonathan Toews
200th Career NHL Point
October 29, 2010
Jordan Hendry
100th Career NHL Game
November 1, 2010
Jeremy Morin
1st Career NHL Game
November 6, 2010
Jeremy Morin
1st Career NHL Assist1st Career NHL Point
November 30, 2010
Jassen Cullimore
800th Career NHL Game
December 8, 2010
Rob Klinkhammer
1st Career NHL Game
December 8, 2010
Jeremy Morin
1st Career NHL Goal
December 8, 2010
John Scott
100th Career NHL Game
December 28, 2010
Troy Brouwer
200th Career NHL Game
January 3, 2011
Brian Campbell
300th Career NHL Point
January 9, 2011
Tomas Kopecky
300th Career NHL Game
January 9, 2011
Dave Bolland
200th Career NHL Game100th Career NHL Point
January 16, 2011
Jonathan Toews
100th Career NHL Goal
January 16, 2011
Brian Campbell
600th Career NHL Game
February 4, 2011
Marian Hossa
800th Career NHL Point
February 12, 2011
Troy Brouwer
100th Career NHL Point
February 16, 2011
Patrick Sharp
300th Career NHL Point
February 24, 2011
Viktor Stalberg
100th Career NHL Game
March 2, 2011
Patrick Kane
300th Career NHL Game
March 4, 2011
Patrick Kane
100th Career NHL Goal
March 14, 2011
Nick Leddy
1st Career NHL Assist
March 20, 2011
Marcus Kruger
1st Career NHL Game
March 23, 2011
Chris Campoli
100th Career NHL Assist
March 28, 2011
Patrick Kane
300th Career NHL Point
April 5, 2011
Jake Dowell
100th Career NHL Game
April 6, 2011
Jonathan Toews
300th Career NHL Game
April 6, 2011
Bryan Bickell
100th Career NHL Game
April 8, 2011
Ryan Johnson
700th Career NHL Game
April 8, 2011
Ben Smith
1st Career NHL Goal1st Career NHL Point
April 8, 2011
Patrick Kane
200th Career NHL Assist
April 10, 2011
Playoffs
Player
Milestone
Reached
Jake Dowell
1st Career NHL Playoff Game
April 13, 2011
Michael Frolik
1st Career NHL Playoff Game
April 13, 2011
Nick Leddy
1st Career NHL Playoff Game
April 13, 2011
Ben Smith
1st Career NHL Playoff Game
April 13, 2011
Viktor Stalberg
1st Career NHL Playoff Game
April 13, 2011
Michael Frolik
1st Career NHL Playoff Assist1st Career NHL Playoff Point
April 15, 2011
Marcus Kruger
1st Career NHL Playoff Game
April 15, 2011
Ben Smith
1st Career NHL Playoff Goal1st Career NHL Playoff Point
April 15, 2011
Viktor Stalberg
1st Career NHL Playoff Goal1st Career NHL Playoff Point
April 15, 2011
John Scott
1st Career NHL Playoff Game
April 17, 2011
Bryan Bickell
1st Career NHL Playoff Goal
April 19, 2011
Corey Crawford
1st Career NHL Playoff Win
April 19, 2011
Michael Frolik
1st Career NHL Playoff Goal
April 19, 2011
Corey Crawford
1st Career NHL Playoff Shutout
April 21, 2011
Marcus Kruger
1st Career NHL Playoff Assist1st Career NHL Playoff Point
April 21, 2011
Transactions
The Blackhawks have been involved in the following transactions during the 2010–11 season.
Trades
Date
Details
June 24, 2010
To Atlanta Thrashers Dustin ByfuglienBen EagerBrent SopelAkim Aliu
To Chicago Blackhawks Marty ReasonerJoey CrabbJeremy Morin1st-round pick in 2010 – Kevin Hayes2nd-round pick in 2010 – Justin Holl
June 24, 2010
To Edmonton Oilers Colin Fraser
To Chicago Blackhawks 6th-round pick in 2010 – Mirko Hofflin
June 25, 2010
To New York Islanders 1st-round pick in 2010 – Brock Nelson
To Chicago Blackhawks 2nd-round pick in 2010 – Ludvig Rensfeldt2nd-round pick in 2010 – Kent Simpson
June 26, 2010
To Toronto Maple Leafs2nd-round pick in 2010 – Bradley Ross
To Chicago BlackhawksJimmy Hayes
June 26, 2010
To Boston Bruins7th-round pick in 2010 – Zach Trotman
To Chicago Blackhawks7th-round pick in 2011 – Johan Mattsson
June 30, 2010
To Toronto Maple LeafsKris VersteegBill Sweatt
To Chicago BlackhawksViktor StalbergChris DiDomenicoPhilippe Paradis
July 1, 2010
To Atlanta ThrashersAndrew Ladd
To Chicago BlackhawksIvan Vishnevskiy2nd-round pick in 2011 – Adam Clendening
July 22, 2010
To Florida PanthersMarty Reasoner
To Chicago BlackhawksJeff Taffe
February 9, 2011
To Florida PanthersJack SkilleHugh JessimanDavid Pacan
To Chicago BlackhawksMichael FrolikAlexander Salak
February 28, 2011
To Ottawa SenatorsRyan PotulnyConditional 2nd-round pick in 2011 – Xavier Ouellet
To Chicago BlackhawksChris CampoliConditional 7th-round pick in 2012
Notes
^ Pick later traded to Detroit Red Wings.
^ Condition not satisfied.
Free agents acquired
Player
Former team
Contract terms
Mathis Olimb
Frölunda HC
1 year, $600,000 entry-level contract
John Scott
Minnesota Wild
2 years, $1.025 million
Marty Turco
Dallas Stars
1 year, $1.3 million
Hugh Jessiman
Milwaukee Admirals
1 year, $500,000
Fernando Pisani
Edmonton Oilers
1 year, $500,000
Ryan Potulny
Edmonton Oilers
1 year, $500,000
Garnet Exelby
Toronto Maple Leafs
1 year, $500,000
Ryan Johnson
Vancouver Canucks
1 year, $500,000
Free agents lost
Player
New team
Contract terms
Joey Crabb
Toronto Maple Leafs
1 year, $525,000
Richard Petiot
Edmonton Oilers
1 year, $550,000
Adam Burish
Dallas Stars
2 years, $2.3 million
Kyle Greentree
Washington Capitals
2 years, $1.025 million
Danny Richmond
Toronto Maple Leafs
1 year, $550,000
John Madden
Minnesota Wild
1 year, $1 million
Antti Niemi
San Jose Sharks
1 year, $2 million
Claimed via waivers
Lost via waivers
Player
New team
Date claimed off waivers
Nick Boynton
Philadelphia Flyers
February 26, 2011
Player signings
Player
Contract terms
Marcus Kruger
3 years, $2.205 million entry-level contract
Niklas Hjalmarsson
4 years, $14 million
Bryan Bickell
3 years, $1.625 million
Jack Skille
1 year, $600,000
Nick Leddy
3 years, $4.2 million entry-level contract
Igor Makarov
2 years, $1.105 million entry-level contract
Evan Brophey
1 year, $500,000
Nathan Davis
1 year, $500,000
Jassen Cullimore
1 year, $500,000
Hannu Toivonen
1 year, $550,000
Jordan Hendry
1 year, $600,000
Nick Boynton
1 year, $500,000
Brandon Pirri
3 years, $1.945 million entry-level contract
Dylan Olsen
3 year entry-level contract
Brent Seabrook
5 years, $29 million contract extension
Jimmy Hayes
3 years, $1.9625 million entry-level contract
Joe Lavin
2 years, $1.18 million entry-level contract
Draft picks
The 2010 NHL Entry Draft was at Staples Center in Los Angeles, California, on June 25 and 26, 2010. The Blackhawks picked 30th in each round. The Blackhawks were active in trading, moving up from 30th in the draft to 24th to select Kevin Hayes. Through other trades, the Blackhawks picked up three selections in the second round, and had ten selections overall in the draft.
Round
#
Player
Position
Nationality
College/Junior/Club team (League)
1
24 (from Atlanta via New Jersey)
Kevin Hayes
RW
United States
Noble and Greenough School (USHS-MA)
2
35 (from NY Islanders)
Ludvig Rensfeldt
C
Sweden
Brynäs IF (J20 SuperElit)
2
54 (from New Jersey via Atlanta)
Justin Holl
D
United States
Omaha Lancers (USHL)
2
58 (from San Jose via Ottawa via NY Islanders)
Kent Simpson
G
Canada
Everett Silvertips (WHL)
2
60
Stephen Johns
D
United States
U.S. National Team Development Program (USHL)
3
90
Joakim Nordstrom
C
Sweden
AIK IF (Elitserien Jr.)
4
120
Rob Flick
C
Canada
Mississauga St. Michael's Majors (OHL)
6
151 (from Edmonton)
Mirko Hofflin
C
Germany
Adler Mannheim Jr. (Germany Jr.)
6
180
Nick Mattson
D
United States
Indiana Ice (USHL)
7
191 (from Dallas)
Macmillan Carruth
G
United States
Portland Winterhawks (WHL)
See also
2010–11 NHL season
References
^ "NHL Attendance - 2011". ESPN.com. November 9, 2010. Retrieved November 9, 2010.
^ National Hockey League (2010). The National Hockey League Official Guide & Record Book/2011. Triumph Books. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-60078-422-4.
^ "Blackhawks acquire two 2010 draft picks, Jeremy Morin, Marty Reasoner and Joey Crabb from Atlanta Thrashers" (Press release). Chicago Blackhawks. June 24, 2010.
^ "Oilers acquire Fraser from Blackhawks". nhl.com. June 24, 2010.
^ "Kris Versteeg Trade: Blackhawks Deal Versteeg To Toronto In Salary-Cap Move". Huffington Post. July 1, 2010.
^ "Inside Pulse". Archived from the original on July 18, 2010. Retrieved July 3, 2010.
^ "Blackhawks to match Hjalmarsson offer sheet".
^ "2010–11 Standings by Division". National Hockey League.
^ "Vokoun, Hossa and Getzlaf named NHL 'Three Stars' of the week". NHL.com.
^ "Thomas, Thornton and Keith named 'Three Stars'". NHL.com.
^ "Kessel leads NHL's 'Three Stars of the Week'". NHL.com.
^ "Toews tops February's 'Three Stars'". NHL.com.
^ a b "Blackhawks assign Nick Leddy to Rockford". Blackhawks.com. October 24, 2010. Archived from the original on October 20, 2010. Retrieved November 12, 2010.
^ "Brandon Pirri Makes NHL Debut with Blackhawks". Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Athletics.com. October 9, 2010. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved November 12, 2010.
^ "Blackhawks assign Evan Brophey to Rockford". Blackhawks.com. October 24, 2010. Archived from the original on October 27, 2010. Retrieved November 12, 2010.
^ "Blackhawks assign Ben Smith, Ryan Potulny to Rockford". Blackhawks.com. November 2, 2010. Archived from the original on November 7, 2010. Retrieved November 12, 2010.
^ "Blackhawks assign Jeremy Morin to Rockford". Blackhawks.NHL.com. November 8, 2010. Archived from the original on November 11, 2010. Retrieved November 9, 2010.
^ Rogers, Jesse (November 30, 2010). "Morin could be in Chicago to stay". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
^ "Morin scores first NHL goal". Auburn Citizen. December 9, 2010. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
^ "Blackhawks acquire two 2010 draft picks, Jeremy Morin, Marty Reasoner and Joey Crabb from Atlanta Thrashers". NHL.com.
^ "Blackhawks acquire sixth-round selection in 2010 NHL Entry Draft from Edmonton". NHL.com.
^ "Blackhawks acquire two 2010 draft picks from New York Islanders". NHL.com.
^ "Blackhawks acquire Jimmy Hayes from Toronto Maple Leafs". NHL.com.
^ "Day 2 provides more wheeling and dealing". NHL.com.
^ "Blackhawks acquire trio of forwards from Toronto". NHL.com.
^ "Blackhawks acquire Vishnevskiy and second round draft pick from Atlanta". NHL.com.
^ "Blackhawks acquire Jeff Taffe from Florida". NHL.com.
^ "Blackhawks acquire Frolik and Salak from Florida". NHL.com.
^ "Blackhawks acquire Chris Campoli from Ottawa". NHL.com.
^ "Blackhawks sign center Mathis Olimb". NHL.com.
^ "Blackhawks sign defenseman John Scott". NHL.com.
^ "Blackhawks agree to terms with three-time NHL All-Star Marty Turco". NHL.com.
^ a b c d e "Blackhawks sign Brophey, Cullimore, Davis, Jessiman and Toivonen". NHL.com.
^ "Blackhawks sign RW Fernando Pisani". NHL.com.
^ "Blackhawks sign center Ryan Potulny". NHL.com.
^ "Blackhawks sign Exelby, assign to Rockford". NHL.com.
^ "Blackhawks sign forward Ryan Johnson". NHL.com.
^ "Burke adds Armstrong, not finished yet". NHL.com.
^ "Oilers sign Strudwick & Petiot". NHL.com.
^ "Dallas signs Adam Burish and Andrew Raycroft". NHL.com.
^ "Capitals Sign Defenseman Brian Fahey and Left Wing Kyle Greentree". NHL.com.
^ "Leafs Sign Three Players". NHL.com.
^ "Boom! John Madden Coming To Wild". NHL.com.
^ "Cup Winning Goaltender Coming To San Jose". NHL.com.
^ "Flyers claim defenseman Nick Boynton". NHL.com.
^ "Blackhawks sign 2009 draft pick Marcus Kruger". NHL.com.
^ "Blackhawks to match Hjalmarsson offer sheet". NHL.com.
^ a b "Blackhawks re-sign Bickell and Skille". NHL.com.
^ "Blackhawks sign defenseman Nick Leddy". NHL.com.
^ "Blackhawks sign forward Igor Makarov". NHL.com.
^ "Blackhawks re-sign defenseman Jordan Hendry". NHL.com.
^ "Blackhawks re-sign defenseman Nick Boynton". NHL.com.
^ "Blackhawks sign forward Brandon Pirri". NHL.com.
^ "Blackhawks sign 2009 draft pick Dylan Olsen". NHL.com.
^ "Blackhawks agree to multi-year contract extension with defenseman Brent Seabrook". NHL.com.
^ "Blackhawks sign forward Jimmy Hayes". NHL.com.
^ "Blackhawks sign defenseman Joe Lavin". NHL.com.
External links
2010–11 Chicago Blackhawks season Official Site
2010–11 Chicago Blackhawks season at ESPN
2010–11 Chicago Blackhawks season at Hockey Reference
2010–11 Chicago Blackhawks season at Chicago Tribune
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Vancouver riot | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"Chicago Blackhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks"},{"link_name":"season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_(sports)"},{"link_name":"85th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks_seasons"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup"},{"link_name":"salary cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL_salary_cap"},{"link_name":"2011 playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Stanley_Cup_playoffs"},{"link_name":"Presidents' Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidents%27_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Canucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks"}],"text":"The 2010–11 Chicago Blackhawks season was the 85th season for the National Hockey League franchise that was established on September 25, 1926.[2] The team was nicknamed the \"Hangover 'Hawks\" for having to recover from winning the franchise's first Stanley Cup in 49 years while adapting to the loss of several players from that team due to salary cap restrictions.The defending Stanley Cup champion Blackhawks barely made the 2011 playoffs as the eighth and final seed in the Western Conference and succumbed to the Presidents' Trophy-winning Vancouver Canucks in seven games in the first round.","title":"2010–11 Chicago Blackhawks season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanley Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup"},{"link_name":"Dustin Byfuglien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Byfuglien"},{"link_name":"Ben Eager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Eager"},{"link_name":"Brent Sopel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Sopel"},{"link_name":"Akim Aliu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akim_Aliu"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Thrashers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Thrashers"},{"link_name":"Marty Reasoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Reasoner"},{"link_name":"Joey Crabb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Crabb"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Morin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Morin"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Colin Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Fraser_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Edmonton Oilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Toronto Maple Leafs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs"},{"link_name":"Kris Versteeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Versteeg"},{"link_name":"Viktor Stalberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_St%C3%A5lberg"},{"link_name":"Chris DiDomenico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_DiDomenico"},{"link_name":"Philippe Paradis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Paradis"},{"link_name":"Bill Sweatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Sweatt"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Andrew Ladd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ladd"},{"link_name":"Ivan Vishnevskiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Vishnevskiy_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Niklas Hjalmarsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklas_Hjalmarsson"},{"link_name":"San Jose Sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Antti Niemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antti_Niemi_(ice_hockey)"}],"text":"Under pressure to fit the team's player salaries under the salary cap for the 2010–11 season, the team began making trades shortly after winning the Stanley Cup. On June 24, the club traded Dustin Byfuglien, Ben Eager, Brent Sopel and Akim Aliu to the Atlanta Thrashers for Marty Reasoner, Joey Crabb, Jeremy Morin, a first-round pick (#24 overall) in 2010 and a second-round pick (#54 overall) in 2010.[3] Later that same day, restricted free agent Colin Fraser was traded to the Edmonton Oilers for a sixth-round pick in 2010.[4]\nOn June 30, the Toronto Maple Leafs traded for right winger Kris Versteeg from Chicago in a five-player trade. The Maple Leafs gave up forwards Viktor Stalberg, Chris DiDomenico and Philippe Paradis. Toronto also acquired the rights to 21-year-old left winger Bill Sweatt, who was a second-round pick in 2007.[5]\nOn July 1, the Blackhawks traded Andrew Ladd to the Atlanta Thrashers for Ivan Vishnevskiy and a second-round draft pick in 2011.[6] On July 9, Niklas Hjalmarsson was signed to an offer sheet by the San Jose Sharks, though the Blackhawks matched the offer on July 12,[7] thereby retaining his services and forgoing compensation from the Sharks for signing a restricted free agent. This signing again put Chicago against the salary cap wall, and as a result forced the club to forego resigning goaltender Antti Niemi, who had filed for arbitration.","title":"Off-season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nick Leddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Leddy"},{"link_name":"Evan Brophey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Brophey"},{"link_name":"Patrick Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Sharp"},{"link_name":"Marian Hossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari%C3%A1n_Hossa"},{"link_name":"Duncan Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Keith"}],"text":"Defenseman Nick Leddy made his NHL debut on October 7, and he scored his first NHL goal on October 11. Evan Brophey made his NHL debut on October 23. Patrick Sharp had a record of 13 shots on goal, the highest shot total in a single game in Blackhawks history. Marian Hossa was named the NHL's Second Star of the Week for the week ending on October 18, and Duncan Keith was named Third Star of the Week for the week ending on November 1.","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Division standings","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Conference standings","text":"bold – qualified for playoffs; y – Won division; p – Won President's Trophy (best record in NHL)\nCE – Central Division, NW – Northwest Division, PA – Pacific Division","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Legend:\n Win (2 points)\n Loss (0 points)\n Overtime/shootout loss (1 point)","title":"Schedule and results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pre-season","title":"Schedule and results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season","title":"Schedule and results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanley Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup"},{"link_name":"Alex Burrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Burrows"},{"link_name":"2011 Stanley Cup playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Stanley_Cup_playoffs"}],"text":"The Blackhawks returned to the playoffs for the third straight season and were defending their championship of the Stanley Cup as the 8th seed. The Blackhawks played the Canucks for the third straight postseason. In the previous two rounds, the Blackhawks defeated the Canucks twice, four games to two. The Blackhawks were down three games to none, but managed to tie up the series facing elimination. The Blackhawks became just the seventh team in NHL history to come back to tie an 0–3 deficit in the playoffs. The Blackhawks lost in overtime in game seven to an Alex Burrows goal for a 2–1 loss.See also: 2011 Stanley Cup playoffs","title":"Playoffs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Assists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Penalty minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Plus/minus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus%E2%80%93minus_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Power-play goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_play#Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Short-handed goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-handed"},{"link_name":"Game-winning goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_statistics"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Toews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Toews"},{"link_name":"Patrick Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Kane"},{"link_name":"Patrick Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Sharp"},{"link_name":"Marian Hossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari%C3%A1n_Hossa"},{"link_name":"Brent Seabrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Seabrook"},{"link_name":"Duncan Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Keith"},{"link_name":"Tomas Kopecky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Kopeck%C3%BD"},{"link_name":"Bryan Bickell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Bickell"},{"link_name":"Dave Bolland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Bolland"},{"link_name":"Troy Brouwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Brouwer"},{"link_name":"Brian Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Viktor Stalberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_St%C3%A5lberg"},{"link_name":"Jake Dowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Dowell"},{"link_name":"Jack Skille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Skille"},{"link_name":"Fernando Pisani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Pisani"},{"link_name":"Niklas Hjalmarsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklas_Hjalmarsson"},{"link_name":"Michael Frolik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Frol%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"Nick Boynton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Boynton"},{"link_name":"Jassen Cullimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jassen_Cullimore"},{"link_name":"Nick Leddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Leddy"},{"link_name":"Chris Campoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Campoli"},{"link_name":"Ryan Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Johnson_(ice_hockey,_born_1976)"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Morin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Morin"},{"link_name":"Ben Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Smith_(ice_hockey,_born_1988)"},{"link_name":"Jordan Hendry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Hendry"},{"link_name":"John Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scott_(ice_hockey,_born_1982)"},{"link_name":"Marcus Kruger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Kr%C3%BCger"},{"link_name":"Brandon Pirri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Pirri"},{"link_name":"Rob Klinkhammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Klinkhammer"},{"link_name":"Evan Brophey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Brophey"},{"link_name":"Ryan Potulny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Potulny"},{"link_name":"Jeff Taffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Taffe"},{"link_name":"Duncan Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Keith"},{"link_name":"Dave Bolland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Bolland"},{"link_name":"Marian Hossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari%C3%A1n_Hossa"},{"link_name":"Patrick Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Kane"},{"link_name":"Patrick Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Sharp"},{"link_name":"Michael Frolik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Frol%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"Bryan Bickell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Bickell"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Toews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Toews"},{"link_name":"Ben Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Smith_(ice_hockey,_born_1988)"},{"link_name":"Brian Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Niklas Hjalmarsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklas_Hjalmarsson"},{"link_name":"Viktor Stalberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_St%C3%A5lberg"},{"link_name":"Marcus Kruger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Kr%C3%BCger"},{"link_name":"Brent Seabrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Seabrook"},{"link_name":"Chris Campoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Campoli"},{"link_name":"Ryan Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Johnson_(ice_hockey,_born_1976)"},{"link_name":"Nick Leddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Leddy"},{"link_name":"John Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scott_(ice_hockey,_born_1982)"},{"link_name":"Troy Brouwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Brouwer"},{"link_name":"Jake Dowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Dowell"},{"link_name":"Tomas Kopecky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Kopeck%C3%BD"},{"link_name":"Fernando Pisani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Pisani"}],"sub_title":"Skaters","text":"Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games played in; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes; +/- = Plus/minus; PPG = Power-play goals; SHG = Short-handed goals; GWG = Game-winning goalsRegular season\n\n\n\n\n\nPlayer\n\nGP\n\nG\n\nA\n\nPts\n\n+/−\n\nPIM\n\n\nJonathan Toews\n80\n32\n44\n76\n25\n26\n\n\nPatrick Kane\n73\n27\n46\n73\n7\n28\n\n\nPatrick Sharp\n74\n34\n37\n71\n−1\n38\n\n\nMarian Hossa\n65\n25\n32\n57\n9\n32\n\n\nBrent Seabrook\n82\n9\n39\n48\n0\n47\n\n\nDuncan Keith\n82\n7\n38\n45\n−1\n22\n\n\nTomas Kopecky\n81\n15\n27\n42\n−13\n60\n\n\nBryan Bickell\n78\n17\n20\n37\n6\n40\n\n\nDave Bolland\n61\n15\n22\n37\n11\n34\n\n\nTroy Brouwer\n79\n17\n19\n36\n−2\n38\n\n\nBrian Campbell\n65\n5\n22\n27\n28\n6\n\n\nViktor Stalberg\n77\n12\n12\n24\n2\n43\n\n\nJake Dowell\n79\n6\n15\n21\n5\n63\n\n\nJack Skille‡\n49\n7\n10\n17\n3\n25\n\n\nFernando Pisani\n60\n7\n9\n16\n0\n10\n\n\nNiklas Hjalmarsson\n80\n3\n7\n10\n13\n39\n\n\nMichael Frolik†\n28\n3\n6\n9\n0\n14\n\n\nNick Boynton‡\n41\n1\n7\n8\n2\n36\n\n\nJassen Cullimore\n36\n0\n8\n8\n4\n8\n\n\nNick Leddy\n46\n4\n3\n7\n−3\n4\n\n\nChris Campoli†\n19\n1\n6\n7\n3\n2\n\n\nRyan Johnson\n34\n1\n5\n6\n−2\n8\n\n\nJeremy Morin\n9\n2\n1\n3\n2\n9\n\n\nBen Smith\n6\n1\n0\n1\n1\n0\n\n\nJordan Hendry\n37\n1\n0\n1\n−2\n4\n\n\nJohn Scott\n40\n0\n1\n1\n0\n72\n\n\nMarcus Kruger\n7\n0\n0\n0\n−4\n4\n\n\nBrandon Pirri\n1\n0\n0\n0\n−1\n0\n\n\nRob Klinkhammer\n1\n0\n0\n0\n1\n0\n\n\nEvan Brophey\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\nRyan Potulny‡\n3\n0\n0\n0\n−1\n0\n\n\nJeff Taffe\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPlayoffs\n\n\n\n\n\nPlayer\n\nGP\n\nG\n\nA\n\nPts\n\n+/−\n\nPIM\n\n\nDuncan Keith\n7\n4\n2\n6\n−3\n6\n\n\nDave Bolland\n4\n2\n4\n6\n6\n4\n\n\nMarian Hossa\n7\n2\n4\n6\n0\n2\n\n\nPatrick Kane\n7\n1\n5\n6\n−1\n2\n\n\nPatrick Sharp\n7\n3\n2\n5\n1\n2\n\n\nMichael Frolik\n7\n2\n3\n5\n3\n2\n\n\nBryan Bickell\n5\n2\n2\n4\n4\n0\n\n\nJonathan Toews\n7\n1\n3\n4\n−4\n2\n\n\nBen Smith\n7\n3\n0\n3\n−1\n0\n\n\nBrian Campbell\n7\n1\n2\n3\n2\n6\n\n\nNiklas Hjalmarsson\n7\n0\n2\n2\n4\n2\n\n\nViktor Stalberg\n7\n1\n0\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nMarcus Kruger\n5\n0\n1\n1\n2\n0\n\n\nBrent Seabrook\n5\n0\n1\n1\n0\n6\n\n\nChris Campoli\n7\n0\n1\n1\n3\n2\n\n\nRyan Johnson\n6\n0\n1\n1\n−1\n2\n\n\nNick Leddy\n7\n0\n0\n0\n−1\n0\n\n\nJohn Scott\n4\n0\n0\n0\n1\n22\n\n\nTroy Brouwer\n7\n0\n0\n0\n2\n11\n\n\nJake Dowell\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\nTomas Kopecky\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\nFernando Pisani\n3\n0\n0\n0\n−1\n0","title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Goaltenders","text":"Note: GP = Games played; Min = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OT = Overtime losses; GA = Goals against; GAA= Goals against average; SA= Shots against; SV= Saves; Sv% = Save percentage; SO= Shutouts†Denotes player spent time with another team before joining Blackhawks. Stats reflect time with the Blackhawks only.\n‡Traded or released mid-season\nBold/italics denotes franchise record","title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbus Blue Jackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets"},{"link_name":"Detroit Red Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings"},{"link_name":"Nashville Predators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Predators"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Blues"},{"link_name":"Calgary Flames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Flames"},{"link_name":"Colorado Avalanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche"},{"link_name":"Edmonton Oilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Wild"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Canucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks"},{"link_name":"Anaheim Ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaheim_Ducks"},{"link_name":"Dallas Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Stars"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Coyotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Coyotes"},{"link_name":"San Jose Sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Devils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Devils"},{"link_name":"New York Islanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Islanders"},{"link_name":"New York Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Flyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins"},{"link_name":"Boston Bruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bruins"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Sabres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres"},{"link_name":"Montreal Canadiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens"},{"link_name":"Ottawa Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Senators"},{"link_name":"Toronto Maple Leafs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Thrashers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Thrashers"},{"link_name":"Carolina Hurricanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes"},{"link_name":"Florida Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Panthers"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning"},{"link_name":"Washington Capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Capitals"}],"sub_title":"Detailed records","text":"Western Conference \n\n\nOpponent\nHome\nAway\nTotal\nPts.\nGoals scored\nGoals allowed\n\n\n Central Division \n\n\nChicago Blackhawks\n-\n-\n-\n-\n-\n-\n\n\nColumbus Blue Jackets\n1–2–0\n3–0–0\n4–2–0\n8\n25\n17\n\n\nDetroit Red Wings\n1–2–0\n3–0–0\n4–2–0\n8\n20\n13\n\n\nNashville Predators\n2–1–0\n1–0–2\n3–1–2\n8\n20\n14\n\n\nSt. Louis Blues\n3–0–0\n1–2–0\n4–2–0\n8\n22\n20\n\n\n\n7–5–0\n8–2–2\n15–7–2\n32\n87\n64\n\n\n Northwest Division \n\n\nCalgary Flames\n2–0–0\n0–2–0\n2–2–0\n4\n13\n16\n\n\nColorado Avalanche\n1–1–0\n0–1–1\n1–2–1\n3\n15\n15\n\n\nEdmonton Oilers\n0–2–0\n2–0–0\n2–2–0\n4\n14\n10\n\n\nMinnesota Wild\n1–1–0\n2–0–0\n3–1–0\n6\n12\n8\n\n\nVancouver Canucks\n1–1–0\n1–1–0\n2–2–0\n4\n12\n9\n\n\n\n5–5–0\n5–4–1\n10–9–1\n21\n66\n58\n\n\n Pacific Division \n\n\nAnaheim Ducks\n1–1–0\n1–1–0\n2–2–0\n4\n9\n7\n\n\nDallas Stars\n1–1–0\n0–1–1\n1–2–1\n3\n10\n16\n\n\nLos Angeles Kings\n2–0–0\n2–0–0\n4–0–0\n8\n12\n7\n\n\nPhoenix Coyotes\n1–1–0\n1–0–1\n2–1–1\n5\n9\n9\n\n\nSan Jose Sharks\n1–1–0\n0–1–1\n1–2–1\n3\n13\n15\n\n\n\n6–4–0\n4–3–3\n10–7–3\n23\n53\n54\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Eastern Conference \n\n\nOpponent\nHome\nAway\nTotal\nPts.\nGoals scored\nGoals allowed\n\n\n Atlantic Division \n\n\nNew Jersey Devils\n0–1–0\n0–0–0\n0–1–0\n0\n3\n5\n\n\nNew York Islanders\n1–0–0\n0–0–0\n1–0–0\n2\n5\n0\n\n\nNew York Rangers\n0–0–0\n0–1–0\n0–1–0\n0\n2\n3\n\n\nPhiladelphia Flyers\n0–1–0\n0–0–0\n0–1–0\n0\n1\n4\n\n\nPittsburgh Penguins\n1–0–0\n0–0–0\n1–0–0\n2\n3\n2\n\n\n\n2–2–0\n0–1–0\n2–3–0\n4\n14\n14\n\n\n Northeast Division \n\n\nBoston Bruins\n0–0–0\n0–1–0\n0–1–0\n0\n0\n3\n\n\nBuffalo Sabres\n1–0–0\n1–0–0\n2–0–0\n4\n8\n6\n\n\nMontreal Canadiens\n0–0–0\n0–0–1\n0–0–1\n1\n1\n2\n\n\nOttawa Senators\n1–0–0\n0–0–0\n1–0–0\n2\n3\n2\n\n\nToronto Maple Leafs\n0–0–0\n1–0–0\n1–0–0\n2\n5\n3\n\n\n\n2–0–0\n2–1–1\n4–1–1\n9\n17\n16\n\n\n Southeast Division \n\n\nAtlanta Thrashers\n0–0–0\n1–0–0\n1–0–0\n2\n5\n4\n\n\nCarolina Hurricanes\n1–0–0\n0–0–0\n1–0–0\n2\n5\n2\n\n\nFlorida Panthers\n1–0–0\n0–1–0\n1–1–0\n2\n6\n3\n\n\nTampa Bay Lightning\n0–1–0\n0–0–1\n0–1–1\n1\n3\n6\n\n\nWashington Capitals\n0–0–0\n0–0–1\n0–0–1\n1\n3\n4\n\n\n\n2–1–0\n1–1–2\n3–2–2\n8\n22\n19","title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Awards","title":"Awards and records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Milestones","title":"Awards and records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_NHL_transactions"}],"text":"The Blackhawks have been involved in the following transactions during the 2010–11 season.","title":"Transactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010%E2%80%9311_Chicago_Blackhawks_season&action=edit§ion=18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Detroit Red Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010%E2%80%9311_Chicago_Blackhawks_season&action=edit§ion=19"},{"link_name":"Mathis Olimb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathis_Olimb"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Frölunda HC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B6lunda_HC"},{"link_name":"John Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scott_(ice_hockey,_born_1982)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Wild"},{"link_name":"Marty Turco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Turco"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Dallas Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Stars"},{"link_name":"Hugh Jessiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Jessiman"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SignFive-35"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Admirals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Admirals"},{"link_name":"Fernando Pisani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Pisani"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Edmonton Oilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers"},{"link_name":"Ryan Potulny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Potulny"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Edmonton Oilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers"},{"link_name":"Garnet Exelby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnet_Exelby"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Toronto Maple Leafs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs"},{"link_name":"Ryan Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Johnson_(ice_hockey,_born_1976)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Canucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010%E2%80%9311_Chicago_Blackhawks_season&action=edit§ion=20"},{"link_name":"Joey Crabb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Crabb"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Toronto Maple Leafs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs"},{"link_name":"Richard Petiot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Petiot"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Edmonton Oilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers"},{"link_name":"Adam Burish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Burish"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Dallas Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Stars"},{"link_name":"Kyle Greentree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Greentree"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Washington Capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Capitals"},{"link_name":"Danny Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Richmond"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Toronto Maple Leafs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs"},{"link_name":"John Madden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Madden_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Wild"},{"link_name":"Antti Niemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antti_Niemi_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"San Jose Sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010%E2%80%9311_Chicago_Blackhawks_season&action=edit§ion=21"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010%E2%80%9311_Chicago_Blackhawks_season&action=edit§ion=22"},{"link_name":"Nick Boynton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Boynton"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Flyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Philadelphia_Flyers_season"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010%E2%80%9311_Chicago_Blackhawks_season&action=edit§ion=23"},{"link_name":"Marcus Kruger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Kr%C3%BCger"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Niklas Hjalmarsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklas_Hjalmarsson"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Bryan Bickell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Bickell"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BickellSkille-50"},{"link_name":"Jack Skille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Skille"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BickellSkille-50"},{"link_name":"Nick Leddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Leddy"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Igor Makarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Makarov_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Evan Brophey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Brophey"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SignFive-35"},{"link_name":"Nathan Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Davis_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SignFive-35"},{"link_name":"Jassen Cullimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jassen_Cullimore"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SignFive-35"},{"link_name":"Hannu Toivonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannu_Toivonen"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SignFive-35"},{"link_name":"Jordan Hendry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Hendry"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Nick Boynton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Boynton"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Brandon Pirri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Pirri"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Dylan Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Olsen"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Brent Seabrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Seabrook"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Hayes_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"Trades","text":"Notes[edit]\n\n\n^ Pick later traded to Detroit Red Wings.\n\n^ Condition not satisfied.\n\n\nFree agents acquired[edit]\n\n\nPlayer\nFormer team\nContract terms\n\n\nMathis Olimb[30]\nFrölunda HC\n1 year, $600,000 entry-level contract\n\n\nJohn Scott[31]\nMinnesota Wild\n2 years, $1.025 million\n\n\nMarty Turco[32]\nDallas Stars\n1 year, $1.3 million\n\n\nHugh Jessiman[33]\nMilwaukee Admirals\n1 year, $500,000\n\n\nFernando Pisani[34]\nEdmonton Oilers\n1 year, $500,000\n\n\nRyan Potulny[35]\nEdmonton Oilers\n1 year, $500,000\n\n\nGarnet Exelby[36]\nToronto Maple Leafs\n1 year, $500,000\n\n\nRyan Johnson[37]\nVancouver Canucks\n1 year, $500,000\n\n\n\nFree agents lost[edit]\n\n\nPlayer\nNew team\nContract terms\n\n\nJoey Crabb[38]\nToronto Maple Leafs\n1 year, $525,000\n\n\nRichard Petiot[39]\nEdmonton Oilers\n1 year, $550,000\n\n\nAdam Burish[40]\nDallas Stars\n2 years, $2.3 million\n\n\nKyle Greentree[41]\nWashington Capitals\n2 years, $1.025 million\n\n\nDanny Richmond[42]\nToronto Maple Leafs\n1 year, $550,000\n\n\nJohn Madden[43]\nMinnesota Wild\n1 year, $1 million\n\n\nAntti Niemi[44]\nSan Jose Sharks\n1 year, $2 millionClaimed via waivers[edit]\n\n\n\nLost via waivers[edit]\n\n\nPlayer\nNew team\nDate claimed off waivers\n\n\nNick Boynton[45]\nPhiladelphia Flyers\nFebruary 26, 2011Player signings[edit]\n\n\nPlayer\nContract terms\n\n\nMarcus Kruger[46]\n3 years, $2.205 million entry-level contract\n\n\nNiklas Hjalmarsson[47]\n4 years, $14 million\n\n\nBryan Bickell[48]\n3 years, $1.625 million\n\n\nJack Skille[48]\n1 year, $600,000\n\n\nNick Leddy[49]\n3 years, $4.2 million entry-level contract\n\n\nIgor Makarov[50]\n2 years, $1.105 million entry-level contract\n\n\nEvan Brophey[33]\n1 year, $500,000\n\n\nNathan Davis[33]\n1 year, $500,000\n\n\nJassen Cullimore[33]\n1 year, $500,000\n\n\nHannu Toivonen[33]\n1 year, $550,000\n\n\nJordan Hendry[51]\n1 year, $600,000\n\n\nNick Boynton[52]\n1 year, $500,000\n\n\nBrandon Pirri[53]\n3 years, $1.945 million entry-level contract\n\n\nDylan Olsen[54]\n3 year entry-level contract\n\n\nBrent Seabrook[55]\n5 years, $29 million contract extension\n\n\nJimmy Hayes[56]\n3 years, $1.9625 million entry-level contract\n\n\nJoe Lavin[57]\n2 years, $1.18 million entry-level contract","title":"Transactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 NHL Entry Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"Staples Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staples_Center"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Kevin Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Hayes_(ice_hockey)"}],"text":"The 2010 NHL Entry Draft was at Staples Center in Los Angeles, California, on June 25 and 26, 2010. The Blackhawks picked 30th in each round. The Blackhawks were active in trading, moving up from 30th in the draft to 24th to select Kevin Hayes. Through other trades, the Blackhawks picked up three selections in the second round, and had ten selections overall in the draft.","title":"Draft picks"}] | [] | [{"title":"2010–11 NHL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_NHL_season"}] | [{"reference":"\"NHL Attendance - 2011\". ESPN.com. November 9, 2010. Retrieved November 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/attendance","url_text":"\"NHL Attendance - 2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN.com","url_text":"ESPN.com"}]},{"reference":"National Hockey League (2010). The National Hockey League Official Guide & Record Book/2011. Triumph Books. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-60078-422-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60078-422-4","url_text":"978-1-60078-422-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks acquire two 2010 draft picks, Jeremy Morin, Marty Reasoner and Joey Crabb from Atlanta Thrashers\" (Press release). Chicago Blackhawks. June 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://blackhawks.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=532602","url_text":"\"Blackhawks acquire two 2010 draft picks, Jeremy Morin, Marty Reasoner and Joey Crabb from Atlanta Thrashers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oilers acquire Fraser from Blackhawks\". nhl.com. June 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=532623&navid=DL%7cNHL%7chome","url_text":"\"Oilers acquire Fraser from Blackhawks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kris Versteeg Trade: Blackhawks Deal Versteeg To Toronto In Salary-Cap Move\". Huffington Post. July 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/07/01/kris-versteeg-trade-black_n_632218.html","url_text":"\"Kris Versteeg Trade: Blackhawks Deal Versteeg To Toronto In Salary-Cap Move\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inside Pulse\". Archived from the original on July 18, 2010. Retrieved July 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100718090825/http://sports.insidepulse.com/2010/07/02/nhl-news-chicago-blackhawks-trade-andrew-ladd-to-atlanta-thrashers/","url_text":"\"Inside Pulse\""},{"url":"http://sports.insidepulse.com/2010/07/02/nhl-news-chicago-blackhawks-trade-andrew-ladd-to-atlanta-thrashers/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks to match Hjalmarsson offer sheet\".","urls":[{"url":"http://blackhawks.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=534251&navid=DL%7cCHI%7chome","url_text":"\"Blackhawks to match Hjalmarsson offer sheet\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010–11 Standings by Division\". National Hockey League.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhl.com/ice/standings.htm?season=20102011&type=DIV","url_text":"\"2010–11 Standings by Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vokoun, Hossa and Getzlaf named NHL 'Three Stars' of the week\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=540876","url_text":"\"Vokoun, Hossa and Getzlaf named NHL 'Three Stars' of the week\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thomas, Thornton and Keith named 'Three Stars'\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=542146","url_text":"\"Thomas, Thornton and Keith named 'Three Stars'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kessel leads NHL's 'Three Stars of the Week'\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=554444","url_text":"\"Kessel leads NHL's 'Three Stars of the Week'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toews tops February's 'Three Stars'\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=554691","url_text":"\"Toews tops February's 'Three Stars'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks assign Nick Leddy to Rockford\". Blackhawks.com. October 24, 2010. Archived from the original on October 20, 2010. Retrieved November 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://blackhawks.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=540828","url_text":"\"Blackhawks assign Nick Leddy to Rockford\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101020092036/http://blackhawks.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=540828","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Brandon Pirri Makes NHL Debut with Blackhawks\". Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Athletics.com. October 9, 2010. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved November 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721073356/http://www.rpiathletics.com/news/2010/10/9/MHOCK_1009104957.aspx","url_text":"\"Brandon Pirri Makes NHL Debut with Blackhawks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute","url_text":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute"},{"url":"http://www.rpiathletics.com/news/2010/10/9/MHOCK_1009104957.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks assign Evan Brophey to Rockford\". Blackhawks.com. October 24, 2010. Archived from the original on October 27, 2010. Retrieved November 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://blackhawks.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=541442","url_text":"\"Blackhawks assign Evan Brophey to Rockford\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101027054953/http://blackhawks.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=541442","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks assign Ben Smith, Ryan Potulny to Rockford\". Blackhawks.com. November 2, 2010. Archived from the original on November 7, 2010. Retrieved November 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://blackhawks.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=542296","url_text":"\"Blackhawks assign Ben Smith, Ryan Potulny to Rockford\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101107122923/http://blackhawks.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=542296","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks assign Jeremy Morin to Rockford\". Blackhawks.NHL.com. November 8, 2010. Archived from the original on November 11, 2010. Retrieved November 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://blackhawks.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=542859","url_text":"\"Blackhawks assign Jeremy Morin to Rockford\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101111013711/http://blackhawks.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=542859","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Jesse (November 30, 2010). \"Morin could be in Chicago to stay\". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/blog/ChicagoBlackhawks/post/_/id/4665153/4665153","url_text":"\"Morin could be in Chicago to stay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN.com","url_text":"ESPN.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121105125657/http://espn.go.com/blog/ChicagoBlackhawks/post/_/id/4665153/4665153","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Morin scores first NHL goal\". Auburn Citizen. December 9, 2010. Retrieved December 11, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://auburnpub.com/sports/local/article_f458cbd6-034e-11e0-b8d8-001cc4c002e0.html","url_text":"\"Morin scores first NHL goal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks acquire two 2010 draft picks, Jeremy Morin, Marty Reasoner and Joey Crabb from Atlanta Thrashers\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/blackhawks-acquire-two-2010-draft-picks-jeremy-morin-marty-reasoner-and-joey-crabb-from-atlanta-thrashers/c-532602","url_text":"\"Blackhawks acquire two 2010 draft picks, Jeremy Morin, Marty Reasoner and Joey Crabb from Atlanta Thrashers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks acquire sixth-round selection in 2010 NHL Entry Draft from Edmonton\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/blackhawks-acquire-sixth-round-selection-in-2010-nhl-entry-draft-from-edmonton/c-532626","url_text":"\"Blackhawks acquire sixth-round selection in 2010 NHL Entry Draft from Edmonton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks acquire two 2010 draft picks from New York Islanders\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/blackhawks-acquire-two-2010-draft-picks-from-new-york-islanders/c-532845","url_text":"\"Blackhawks acquire two 2010 draft picks from New York Islanders\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks acquire Jimmy Hayes from Toronto Maple Leafs\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/blackhawks-acquire-jimmy-hayes-from-toronto-maple-leafs/c-532929","url_text":"\"Blackhawks acquire Jimmy Hayes from Toronto Maple Leafs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Day 2 provides more wheeling and dealing\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=532910","url_text":"\"Day 2 provides more wheeling and dealing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks acquire trio of forwards from Toronto\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/blackhawks-acquire-trio-of-forwards-from-toronto/c-533347","url_text":"\"Blackhawks acquire trio of forwards from Toronto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks acquire Vishnevskiy and second round draft pick from Atlanta\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/blackhawks-acquire-vishnevskiy-and-second-round-draft-pick-from-atlanta/c-533535","url_text":"\"Blackhawks acquire Vishnevskiy and second round draft pick from Atlanta\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks acquire Jeff Taffe from Florida\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/blackhawks-acquire-jeff-taffe-from-florida/c-534819","url_text":"\"Blackhawks acquire Jeff Taffe from Florida\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks acquire Frolik and Salak from Florida\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/blackhawks-acquire-frolik-and-salak-from-florida/c-552209","url_text":"\"Blackhawks acquire Frolik and Salak from Florida\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks acquire Chris Campoli from Ottawa\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/blackhawks-acquire-chris-campoli-from-ottawa/c-554526","url_text":"\"Blackhawks acquire Chris Campoli from Ottawa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks sign center Mathis Olimb\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/blackhawks-sign-center-mathis-olimb/c-531916","url_text":"\"Blackhawks sign center Mathis Olimb\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks sign defenseman John Scott\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/blackhawks-sign-defenseman-john-scott/c-533679","url_text":"\"Blackhawks sign defenseman John Scott\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks agree to terms with three-time NHL All-Star Marty Turco\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/blackhawks-agree-to-terms-with-three-time-nhl-all-star-marty-turco/c-535333","url_text":"\"Blackhawks agree to terms with three-time NHL All-Star Marty Turco\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks sign Brophey, Cullimore, Davis, Jessiman and Toivonen\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/blackhawks-sign-brophey-cullimore-davis-jessiman-and-toivonen/c-535475","url_text":"\"Blackhawks sign Brophey, Cullimore, Davis, Jessiman and Toivonen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks sign RW Fernando Pisani\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/blackhawks-sign-rw-fernando-pisani/c-536293","url_text":"\"Blackhawks sign RW Fernando Pisani\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks sign center Ryan Potulny\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/blackhawks-sign-center-ryan-potulny/c-537111","url_text":"\"Blackhawks sign center Ryan Potulny\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks sign Exelby, assign to Rockford\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/blackhawks-sign-exelby-assign-to-rockford/c-544602","url_text":"\"Blackhawks sign Exelby, assign to Rockford\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks sign forward Ryan Johnson\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/blackhawks-sign-forward-ryan-johnson/c-546647","url_text":"\"Blackhawks sign forward Ryan Johnson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Burke adds Armstrong, not finished yet\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=533584","url_text":"\"Burke adds Armstrong, not finished yet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oilers sign Strudwick & Petiot\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/oilers/news/oilers-sign-strudwick-petiot/c-533650","url_text":"\"Oilers sign Strudwick & Petiot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dallas signs Adam Burish and Andrew Raycroft\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/stars/news/dallas-signs-adam-burish-and-andrew-raycroft/c-533583","url_text":"\"Dallas signs Adam Burish and Andrew Raycroft\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capitals Sign Defenseman Brian Fahey and Left Wing Kyle Greentree\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/capitals/news/capitals-sign-defenseman-brian-fahey-and-left-wing-kyle-greentree/c-535913","url_text":"\"Capitals Sign Defenseman Brian Fahey and Left Wing Kyle Greentree\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leafs Sign Three Players\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/mapleleafs/news/leafs-sign-three-players/c-534442","url_text":"\"Leafs Sign Three Players\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boom! John Madden Coming To Wild\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/wild/news/boom-john-madden-coming-to-wild/c-535652","url_text":"\"Boom! John Madden Coming To Wild\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cup Winning Goaltender Coming To San Jose\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/sharks/news/cup-winning-goaltender-coming-to-san-jose/c-536763","url_text":"\"Cup Winning Goaltender Coming To San Jose\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flyers claim defenseman Nick Boynton\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/flyers/news/flyers-claim-defenseman-nick-boynton/c-554260","url_text":"\"Flyers claim defenseman Nick Boynton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks sign 2009 draft pick Marcus Kruger\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/blackhawks-sign-2009-draft-pick-marcus-kruger/c-532041","url_text":"\"Blackhawks sign 2009 draft pick Marcus Kruger\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks to match Hjalmarsson offer sheet\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/blackhawks-to-match-hjalmarsson-offer-sheet/c-534251","url_text":"\"Blackhawks to match Hjalmarsson offer sheet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks re-sign Bickell and Skille\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/blackhawks-re-sign-bickell-and-skille/c-535100","url_text":"\"Blackhawks re-sign Bickell and Skille\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks sign defenseman Nick Leddy\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/blackhawks-sign-defenseman-nick-leddy/c-535264","url_text":"\"Blackhawks sign defenseman Nick Leddy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks sign forward Igor Makarov\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/blackhawks-sign-forward-igor-makarov/c-535430","url_text":"\"Blackhawks sign forward Igor Makarov\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks re-sign defenseman Jordan Hendry\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/blackhawks-re-sign-defenseman-jordan-hendry/c-535838","url_text":"\"Blackhawks re-sign defenseman Jordan Hendry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks re-sign defenseman Nick Boynton\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/blackhawks-re-sign-defenseman-nick-boynton/c-535995","url_text":"\"Blackhawks re-sign defenseman Nick Boynton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks sign forward Brandon Pirri\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/blackhawks-sign-forward-brandon-pirri/c-536636","url_text":"\"Blackhawks sign forward Brandon Pirri\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks sign 2009 draft pick Dylan Olsen\". NHL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/blackhawks-sign-2009-draft-pick-dylan-olsen/c-548087","url_text":"\"Blackhawks sign 2009 draft pick Dylan Olsen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackhawks agree to multi-year contract extension with defenseman Brent Seabrook\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malgaru | Malgaru | ["1 Country","2 People","3 Notes","3.1 Citations","4 Sources"] | Aboriginal Australian people group
The Malgaru were an Aboriginal Australian people of Western Australia. They might have been a subgroup of the Wariangga.
Country
The Malgaru ranged over, in Norman Tindale's estimation, some 4,500 square miles (12,000 km2) of territory to the east of the Kennedy Range, and the hill lands east of the Lyons River. Their land took in the area running north from Gascoyne Junction north as far as the vicinity of Minnie Creek. They were also present at Eudamullah. Their southern extension ran close to Fossil Hill. Their neighbours on the western side of the Kennedy Range were the Maia. Top the northeast were the Ninanu, while directly east lay the Watjarri.
People
The Malgaru were one of the tribes that refrained from introducing circumcision into their rites of initiation.
Notes
Citations
^ a b Tindale 1974, p. 247.
^ Gough & Shepherd 1995, p. 31.
Sources
"AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia". AIATSIS.
"Tindale Tribal Boundaries" (PDF). Department of Aboriginal Affairs, Western Australia. September 2016.
Gough, David; Shepherd, Ron (1995). Kennedy Range National Park (PDF). Vol. 11. Landscope. pp. 28–35.
Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Malgaru (WA)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.
vteAboriginal peoples of Western AustraliaPeoples
Amangu
Arnga
Bardi
Badimaya
Bailgu
Baiyungu
Ballardong
Binigura
Bunuba
Buruna
Djaru
Duulngari
Dyiwali
Gija
Gooniyandi
Gugadja
Ildawongga
Inawongga
Inggarda
Jaburara
Jabirr Jabirr
Jadira
Jawi
Jukun
Kalaako
Kalamaia
Kambure
Kaneang
Karajarri
Kariera
Kartudjara
Keiadjara
Koara
Koreng
Kurajarra
Kurrama
Madoitja
Maduwongga
Maia
Malgana
Malgaru
Malngin
Mandara
Mandi
Mandjildjara
Mandjindja
Mangala
Mantjintjarra Ngalia
Mardudunera
Martu
Mineng
Miriwung
Mirning
Miwa
Murunitja
Nakako
Nanda
Nangatadjara
Nangatara
Ngaanyatjarra
Ngaatjatjarra
Ngadjunmaia
Ngalia
Ngarinjin
Ngarla
Ngarlawangga
Ngarluma
Ngolibardu
Ngombal
Ngurlu
Ngurrara
Niabali
Nimanburu
Ninanu
Njakinjaki
Njunga
Nokaan
Noongar
Nyamal
Nyangumarta
Nyigina
Nyulnyul
Panyjima
Perrakee?
Pibelmen
Pindiini
Pindjarup
Pini
Pintupi
Pitjantjatjara
Putidjara
Spinifex
Tedei
Tenma
Thalandji
Tharrkari
Tjalkadjara
Tjeraridjal
Tjurabalan
Tjuroro
Umiida
Unggarranggu
Unggumi
Waljen
Walmadjari
Wardal
Wariangga
Warrwa
Watjarri
Wangai
Wanman
Wenamba
Whadjuk
Widi
Wiilman
Wilawila
Wirdinya
Wirngir
Worrorra
Wudjari
Wunambal
Wurla
Yamatji
Yawijibaya
Yawuru
Yeidji
Yindjibarndi
Yingkarta
Yinikutira
Yued
History
Flying Foam massacre
Forrest River massacre
Pinjarra massacre
By state or territory
New South Wales
Northern Territory
Queensland
South Australia
Tasmania
Victoria
Western Australia | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aboriginal Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Wariangga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wariangga"}],"text":"The Malgaru were an Aboriginal Australian people of Western Australia. They might have been a subgroup of the Wariangga.","title":"Malgaru"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norman Tindale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Tindale"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Range_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Lyons River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons_River"},{"link_name":"Gascoyne Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gascoyne_Junction,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974247-1"},{"link_name":"Maia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maia_people"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoughShepherd199531-2"},{"link_name":"Ninanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninanu"},{"link_name":"Watjarri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watjarri"}],"text":"The Malgaru ranged over, in Norman Tindale's estimation, some 4,500 square miles (12,000 km2) of territory to the east of the Kennedy Range, and the hill lands east of the Lyons River. Their land took in the area running north from Gascoyne Junction north as far as the vicinity of Minnie Creek. They were also present at Eudamullah. 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},{"link_name":"Wilawila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilawila"},{"link_name":"Wirdinya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirdinya"},{"link_name":"Wirngir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirngir"},{"link_name":"Worrorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worrorra"},{"link_name":"Wudjari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wudjari"},{"link_name":"Wunambal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wunambal"},{"link_name":"Wurla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurla"},{"link_name":"Yamatji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamatji"},{"link_name":"Yawijibaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawijibaya"},{"link_name":"Yawuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawuru"},{"link_name":"Yeidji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeidji"},{"link_name":"Yindjibarndi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yindjibarndi_people"},{"link_name":"Yingkarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingkarta"},{"link_name":"Yinikutira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinikutira"},{"link_name":"Yued","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yued"},{"link_name":"Flying Foam massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Foam_massacre"},{"link_name":"Forrest River massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_River_massacre"},{"link_name":"Pinjarra massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjarra_massacre"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_the_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_South_Australians"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Victorian_Aborigines"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Western_Australia"}],"text":"\"AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia\". AIATSIS.\n\"Tindale Tribal Boundaries\" (PDF). Department of Aboriginal Affairs, Western Australia. September 2016.\nGough, David; Shepherd, Ron (1995). Kennedy Range National Park (PDF). Vol. 11. Landscope. pp. 28–35.\nTindale, Norman Barnett (1974). \"Malgaru (WA)\". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.vteAboriginal peoples of Western AustraliaPeoples\nAmangu\nArnga\nBardi\nBadimaya\nBailgu\nBaiyungu\nBallardong\nBinigura\nBunuba\nBuruna\nDjaru\nDuulngari\nDyiwali\nGija\nGooniyandi\nGugadja\nIldawongga\nInawongga\nInggarda\nJaburara\nJabirr Jabirr\nJadira\nJawi\nJukun\nKalaako\nKalamaia\nKambure\nKaneang\nKarajarri\nKariera\nKartudjara\nKeiadjara\nKoara\nKoreng\nKurajarra\nKurrama\nMadoitja\nMaduwongga\nMaia\nMalgana\nMalgaru\nMalngin\nMandara\nMandi\nMandjildjara\nMandjindja\nMangala\nMantjintjarra Ngalia\nMardudunera\nMartu\nMineng\nMiriwung\nMirning\nMiwa\nMurunitja\nNakako\nNanda\nNangatadjara\nNangatara\nNgaanyatjarra\nNgaatjatjarra\nNgadjunmaia\nNgalia\nNgarinjin\nNgarla\nNgarlawangga\nNgarluma\nNgolibardu\nNgombal\nNgurlu\nNgurrara\nNiabali\nNimanburu\nNinanu\nNjakinjaki\nNjunga\nNokaan\nNoongar\nNyamal\nNyangumarta\nNyigina\nNyulnyul\nPanyjima\nPerrakee?\nPibelmen\nPindiini\nPindjarup\nPini\nPintupi\nPitjantjatjara\nPutidjara\nSpinifex\nTedei\nTenma\nThalandji\nTharrkari\nTjalkadjara\nTjeraridjal\nTjurabalan\nTjuroro\nUmiida\nUnggarranggu\nUnggumi\nWaljen\nWalmadjari\nWardal\nWariangga\nWarrwa\nWatjarri\nWangai\nWanman\nWenamba\nWhadjuk\nWidi\nWiilman\nWilawila\nWirdinya\nWirngir\nWorrorra\nWudjari\nWunambal\nWurla\nYamatji\nYawijibaya\nYawuru\nYeidji\nYindjibarndi\nYingkarta\nYinikutira\nYued\nHistory\nFlying Foam massacre\nForrest River massacre\nPinjarra massacre\n\nBy state or territory\nNew South Wales\nNorthern Territory\nQueensland\nSouth Australia\nTasmania\nVictoria\nWestern Australia","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia\". AIATSIS.","urls":[{"url":"https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/articles/aiatsis-map-indigenous-australia","url_text":"\"AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIATSIS","url_text":"AIATSIS"}]},{"reference":"\"Tindale Tribal Boundaries\" (PDF). Department of Aboriginal Affairs, Western Australia. September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.daa.wa.gov.au/globalassets/pdf-files/maps/state/tindale_daa.pdf","url_text":"\"Tindale Tribal Boundaries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Aboriginal_Affairs_(Western_Australia)","url_text":"Department of Aboriginal Affairs, Western Australia"}]},{"reference":"Gough, David; Shepherd, Ron (1995). Kennedy Range National Park (PDF). Vol. 11. Landscope. pp. 28–35.","urls":[{"url":"https://library.dbca.wa.gov.au/static/FullTextFiles/060011.010.pdf","url_text":"Kennedy Range National Park"}]},{"reference":"Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). \"Malgaru (WA)\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaloa_martin | Sinaloa martin | ["1 Description","2 Status","3 References"] | Species of bird
Sinaloa martin
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Passeriformes
Family:
Hirundinidae
Genus:
Progne
Species:
P. sinaloae
Binomial name
Progne sinaloaeNelson, 1898
Breeding distribution (winter distribution unknown)
The Sinaloa martin (Progne sinaloae) is a species of bird in the family Hirundinidae.
This large and poorly-documented swallow is occasionally considered to be a subspecies of the Caribbean martin, Progne dominicensis.
It breeds semicolonially in sheer cliff faces within pine-oak forests of the Sierra Madre Occidental of western Mexico, nesting in cavities. Presumed migrant records also come from Belize and Guatemala. It is assumed to winter in South America; however, this is not known with certainty.
Description
Adult males have dark iridescent blue-black feathers with a contrasting white patch covering the belly to the vent, much like the related Caribbean martin. However, its reproductive situation and different habitat preference supports its status as a species.
The adult female and immature form of the Sinaloa martin are very similar to related Progne species such as the Cuban martin, Caribbean martin, and purple martin.
Status
The range and status of this bird are generally poorly understood, and the species is considered to be rare. However, it has been shown that the Sinaloa martin continues to occupy its historical range. The lack of focus by both scientists and hobby birdwatchers has led to very little data being available to make meaningful population estimates, or to properly document population trends over time.
Unlike what has been occurring with related species such as the purple martin and the Cuban martin, competition for nesting sites with invasive European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus) is not likely a significant risk to the Sinaloa martin's population as these invasive species have not become established in this species' breeding range.
References
^ BirdLife International (2020). "Progne sinaloae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22712107A179699060. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22712107A179699060.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^ "Progne sinaloae (Sinaloa Martin) - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2020-06-05.
^ "Sinaloa Martin - eBird". ebird.org. Retrieved 2020-06-05.
^ a b c Lethaby, Nick (January 2010). "The current status of Sinaloa Martin Progne sinaloae".
^ Kroenke, Steven (1999-11-11). "House Sparrow Revenge Syndrome". The Purple Martin Forum Archives. Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. Retrieved 2020-06-05.
vteSwallows (family: Hirundinidae)River martins (subfamily: Pseudochelidoninae · genus: Pseudochelidon)GenusSpeciesPseudochelidon
African river martin
White-eyed river martin
All other swallows and martins (subfamily: Hirundininae)GenusSpeciesPsalidoprocne(saw-wings)
Square-tailed saw-wing
Mountain saw-wing
White-headed saw-wing
Black saw-wing
Fanti saw-wing
Pseudhirundo
Grey-rumped swallow
Cheramoeca
White-backed swallow
Phedina
Mascarene martin
Phedinopsis
Brazza's martin
Riparia(sand martins)
Brown-throated sand martin
Congo sand martin
Sand martin
Pale martin
Neophedina
Banded martin
Tachycineta (tree swallows)
Tree swallow
Violet-green swallow
Golden swallow
Bahama swallow
Tumbes swallow
Mangrove swallow
White-winged swallow
White-rumped swallow
Chilean swallow
Progne
Purple martin
Caribbean martin
Sinaloa martin
Grey-breasted martin
Galápagos martin
Peruvian martin
Southern martin
Brown-chested martin
Orochelidon
Brown-bellied swallow
Pale-footed swallow
Andean swallow
Atticora
White-banded swallow
Black-capped swallow
White-thighed swallow
Pygochelidon
Blue-and-white swallow
Black-collared swallow
Stelgidopteryx
Northern rough-winged swallow
Southern rough-winged swallow
Alopochelidon
Tawny-headed swallow
Hirundo (barn swallows)
Barn swallow
Red-chested swallow
Angola swallow
Pacific swallow
Welcome swallow
White-throated swallow
Ethiopian swallow
Wire-tailed swallow
White-throated blue swallow
Pied-winged swallow
White-tailed swallow
Pearl-breasted swallow
Blue swallow
Black-and-rufous swallow
Ptyonoprogne (crag martins)
Eurasian crag martin
Rock martin
Dusky crag martin
Pale crag martin
Delichon(house martins)
Common house martin
Asian house martin
Nepal house martin
Siberian house martin
Cecropis
Greater striped swallow
Lesser striped swallow
Rufous-chested swallow
Mosque swallow
Red-rumped swallow
Sri Lanka swallow
West African swallow
Striated swallow
Striated swallow
Petrochelidon
Forest swallow
Streak-throated swallow
Fairy martin
Tree martin
American cliff swallow
Red-throated cliff swallow
Preuss's cliff swallow
Red Sea cliff swallow
South African cliff swallow
Cave swallow
Chestnut-collared swallow
Cheramoeca
White-backed swallow
Taxon identifiersProgne sinaloae
Wikidata: Q2096782
Wikispecies: Progne sinaloae
ADW: Progne_sinaloae
Avibase: 0C028E2E4ADBF153
BirdLife: 22712107
BOW: sinmar1
CoL: 4MR32
eBird: sinmar1
GBIF: 2489132
iNaturalist: 11871
IRMNG: 10460371
ITIS: 562476
IUCN: 22712107
NCBI: 317146
Neotropical: sinmar1
Observation.org: 76676
Open Tree of Life: 119535
Xeno-canto: Progne-sinaloae
This Hirundinidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"Hirundinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirundinidae"},{"link_name":"Caribbean martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_martin"},{"link_name":"pine-oak forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Occidental_pine-oak_forests"},{"link_name":"Sierra Madre Occidental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Occidental"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Sinaloa martin (Progne sinaloae) is a species of bird in the family Hirundinidae.\nThis large and poorly-documented swallow is occasionally considered to be a subspecies of the Caribbean martin, Progne dominicensis.It breeds semicolonially in sheer cliff faces within pine-oak forests of the Sierra Madre Occidental of western Mexico, nesting in cavities. Presumed migrant records also come from Belize and Guatemala. It is assumed to winter in South America; however, this is not known with certainty.[2]","title":"Sinaloa martin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Progne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progne"},{"link_name":"Cuban martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_martin"},{"link_name":"Caribbean martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_martin"},{"link_name":"purple martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_martin"}],"text":"Adult males have dark iridescent blue-black feathers with a contrasting white patch covering the belly to the vent, much like the related Caribbean martin.[3] However, its reproductive situation and different habitat preference supports its status as a species.[4]The adult female and immature form of the Sinaloa martin are very similar to related Progne species such as the Cuban martin, Caribbean martin, and purple martin.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"European starlings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_starling"},{"link_name":"house sparrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_sparrow"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"The range and status of this bird are generally poorly understood, and the species is considered to be rare. However, it has been shown that the Sinaloa martin continues to occupy its historical range. The lack of focus by both scientists and hobby birdwatchers has led to very little data being available to make meaningful population estimates, or to properly document population trends over time.[4]Unlike what has been occurring with related species such as the purple martin and the Cuban martin,[5] competition for nesting sites with invasive European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus) is not likely a significant risk to the Sinaloa martin's population as these invasive species have not become established in this species' breeding range.[4]","title":"Status"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"BirdLife International (2020). \"Progne sinaloae\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22712107A179699060. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22712107A179699060.en. 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Retrieved 2020-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://ebird.org/species/sinmar1","url_text":"\"Sinaloa Martin - eBird\""}]},{"reference":"Lethaby, Nick (January 2010). \"The current status of Sinaloa Martin Progne sinaloae\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242693242","url_text":"\"The current status of Sinaloa Martin Progne sinaloae\""}]},{"reference":"Kroenke, Steven (1999-11-11). \"House Sparrow Revenge Syndrome\". The Purple Martin Forum Archives. Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mansfield_(rugby_union) | Brian Mansfield (rugby union) | ["1 References"] | Rugby playerBrian MansfieldBirth nameBrian William MansfieldDate of birth(1948-11-08)8 November 1948Place of birthMoree, New South WalesRugby union careerPosition(s)
lockInternational careerYears
Team
Apps
(Points)1975
Wallabies
1
(0)
Brian William Mansfield (born 8 November 1948) was a rugby union player who represented Australia.
Mansfield, a lock, was born in Moree, New South Wales and claimed 1 international rugby cap for Australia.
References
^ a b c d e f g "Scrum.com player profile of Brian Mansfield". Scrum.com. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
This biographical article relating to Australian rugby union is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"lock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Moree, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moree,_New_South_Wales"}],"text":"Rugby playerBrian William Mansfield (born 8 November 1948) was a rugby union player who represented Australia.Mansfield, a lock, was born in Moree, New South Wales and claimed 1 international rugby cap for Australia.","title":"Brian Mansfield (rugby union)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Scrum.com player profile of Brian Mansfield\". Scrum.com. Retrieved 12 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espnscrum.com/australia/rugby/player/8410.html","url_text":"\"Scrum.com player profile of Brian Mansfield\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.espnscrum.com/australia/rugby/player/8410.html","external_links_name":"\"Scrum.com player profile of Brian Mansfield\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Mansfield_(rugby_union)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messages_to_the_World | Messages to the World | ["1 Description","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | 2005 book collecting the words of Osama bin Laden
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Messages to the World EditorBruce LawrenceAuthorOsama bin LadenTranslatorJames HowarthLanguageEnglishGenreNonfictionPublisherVerso BooksPublication dateNovember 28, 2005Media typePrintPages292ISBN1-84467-045-7
Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama bin Laden is a 292-page book published by Verso Books which documents 24 translated public statements by Osama bin Laden from December 29, 1994 through December 16, 2004.
Published on November 28, 2005, the book was edited and introduced by professor and scholar Bruce Lawrence, with translations by James Howarth.
Description
Despite the saturation of global media coverage, Osama bin Laden's own writings have been absent from analysis of the "war on terror." Over the last ten years, bin Laden has issued a series of carefully tailored public statements, from interviews with Western and Arabic journalists to faxes and video recordings. These texts supply evidence crucial to an understanding of the mixture of Quranic scholarship, CIA training, punctual interventions in Gulf politics and messianic anti-imperialism that has formed the programmatic core of al-Qaeda.
In bringing together the various statements issued under bin Laden's name since 1994, this volume forms part of a growing discourse that seeks to demythologize the terrorist network. Newly translated from the Arabic, annotated with a critical introduction by Islamic scholar Bruce Lawrence, this collection places the statements in their religious, historical and political context. It shows how bin Laden's views draw on and differ from other strands of radical Islamic thought; it also demonstrates how his arguments vary in degrees of consistency, and how his evasions concerning the true nature and extent of his own group, and over his own role in terrorist attacks, have contributed to the perpetuation of his personal mythology.
On the dust jacket, Michael Scheuer, a former senior CIA analyst and chief of the Bin Laden Issue Station (aka "Alec Station"), the Osama bin Laden tracking unit at the Counterterrorism Center from 1996 to 1999, stated that:
"Western media have made no consistent effort to publish Bin Laden's statements, thereby failing to give their audience the words that put his thoughts and actions in cultural and historical context ... Bin Laden has been precise in telling America the reasons he is waging war on us. None of the reasons has anything to do with our freedom, liberty and democracy but everything to do with US policies and actions in the Muslim world."
In the book's introduction, Bruce Bennett Lawrence defends bin Laden against "widespread revulsion" towards him in the West, stating "everything he has written falls within the framework of a reaction against aggression, for which he has strong scriptural support," and that "he continues to be ... admired and even trusted by ordinary people in the Middle East"; but also regrets that "the word 'imperialism' does not occur once in any of the messages he has sent out," nor is there any "social dimension" or "alternative conception of the ideal society".
See also
Interviews of Osama bin Laden
Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden
References
^ a b Book cover
^ a b Lawrence, Bruce (2005). "Introduction". Messages to the World. Verso. p. xx. ISBN 9781844670451.
^ Lawrence, Bruce (2005). "Introduction". Messages to the World. Verso. p. xix. ISBN 9781844670451.
External links
"Evil yes, mad no" – reviewed by Peter Preston of The Observer newspaper, November 13, 2005
"Will the real al-Qaida please stand up?" – reviewed by Jason Burke of The Guardian newspaper, March 11, 2006
vteOsama bin LadenBackground
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Death
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Gary Brooks Faulkner | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Verso Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verso_Books"},{"link_name":"Osama bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Bruce Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lawrence"}],"text":"Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama bin Laden is a 292-page book published by Verso Books which documents 24 translated public statements by Osama bin Laden from December 29, 1994 through December 16, 2004.Published on November 28, 2005, the book was edited and introduced by professor and scholar Bruce Lawrence, with translations by James Howarth.","title":"Messages to the World"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"war on terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror"},{"link_name":"Quranic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"anti-imperialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-imperialism"},{"link_name":"al-Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Book-1"},{"link_name":"dust jacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_jacket"},{"link_name":"Michael Scheuer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Scheuer"},{"link_name":"Bin Laden Issue Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin_Laden_Issue_Station"},{"link_name":"Counterterrorism Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterterrorism_Center"},{"link_name":"Western media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_media"},{"link_name":"Muslim world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Book-1"},{"link_name":"introduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_(writing)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xx-2"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"imperialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xx-2"}],"text":"Despite the saturation of global media coverage, Osama bin Laden's own writings have been absent from analysis of the \"war on terror.\" Over the last ten years, bin Laden has issued a series of carefully tailored public statements, from interviews with Western and Arabic journalists to faxes and video recordings. These texts supply evidence crucial to an understanding of the mixture of Quranic scholarship, CIA training, punctual interventions in Gulf politics and messianic anti-imperialism that has formed the programmatic core of al-Qaeda.In bringing together the various statements issued under bin Laden's name since 1994, this volume forms part of a growing discourse that seeks to demythologize the terrorist network. Newly translated from the Arabic, annotated with a critical introduction by Islamic scholar Bruce Lawrence, this collection places the statements in their religious, historical and political context. It shows how bin Laden's views draw on and differ from other strands of radical Islamic thought; it also demonstrates how his arguments vary in degrees of consistency, and how his evasions concerning the true nature and extent of his own group, and over his own role in terrorist attacks, have contributed to the perpetuation of his personal mythology.[1]On the dust jacket, Michael Scheuer, a former senior CIA analyst and chief of the Bin Laden Issue Station (aka \"Alec Station\"), the Osama bin Laden tracking unit at the Counterterrorism Center from 1996 to 1999, stated that:\"Western media have made no consistent effort to publish Bin Laden's statements, thereby failing to give their audience the words that put his thoughts and actions in cultural and historical context ... Bin Laden has been precise in telling America the reasons he is waging war on us. None of the reasons has anything to do with our freedom, liberty and democracy but everything to do with US policies and actions in the Muslim world.\"[1]In the book's introduction, Bruce Bennett Lawrence defends bin Laden against \"widespread revulsion\" towards him in the West, stating \"everything he has written falls within the framework of a reaction against aggression, for which he has strong scriptural support,\"[2] and that \"he continues to be ... admired and even trusted by ordinary people in the Middle East\";[3] but also regrets that \"the word 'imperialism' does not occur once in any of the messages he has sent out,\" nor is there any \"social dimension\" or \"alternative conception of the ideal society\".[2]","title":"Description"}] | [] | [{"title":"Interviews of Osama bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interviews_of_Osama_bin_Laden"},{"title":"Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videos_and_audio_recordings_of_Osama_bin_Laden"}] | [{"reference":"Lawrence, Bruce (2005). \"Introduction\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Browne_Hayes | Henry Browne Hayes | ["1 Early life and family","2 Kidnapping and trial","3 Penal transportation and life in Australia","4 Later life and legacy","5 Further reading","6 References"] | Henry Browne Hayes1820s portrait of Henry Browne Hayes, attributed to Cork-based artist Adam BuckBorn1762Cork, IrelandDied1832Cork, IrelandBurial placeChrist Church, South Main Street, CorkKnown forKidnap of Mary Pike; Association with Vernon Mount (Cork) and Vaucluse House (Sydney)Criminal penaltyPenal transportation to AustraliaSpouseElizabeth Smyth (1783–1794)ChildrenThreeParentAttiwell Hayes (father)
Sir Henry Browne Hayes (1762–1832) was a landowner and Sheriff of Cork City in Ireland. Convicted of the kidnap of a wealthy heiress in Cork, he was subject to penal transportation to New South Wales in 1802 where he built Vaucluse House near Sydney. He was pardoned in 1812 and returned to Ireland. Surviving a shipwreck at the Falkland Islands on the return journey, he retired in Cork where he died in 1832.
Early life and family
Hayes was born in Ireland, the son of Attiwell Hayes (d.1799) a wealthy brewer and miller. Henry Browne Hayes was admitted a freeman of the city of Cork in November 1782 and married Elizabeth Smyth in 1783. The couple had one son and three daughters. He was one of Cork's sheriffs in 1790 and was knighted in the same year.
Kidnapping and trial
Following the death of his wife, in 1794, he became acquainted with Miss Mary Pike, heiress to over £20,000. On 22 July 1797, he abducted her and took her to his house at Vernon Mount near Douglas. In spite of Miss Pike's protestations, a man dressed as a priest was brought in who went through a form of a marriage ceremony. Miss Pike refused to consider it a marriage, and was eventually rescued by some of her relatives. Hayes fled, and a reward of £1000 was offered for his apprehension.
Hayes was not found until two years later, when he walked into the shop of an old friend of the family who lived on Cork's Grand Parade. Hayes suggested that the family friend, a Mr. Coghlan, should claim the reward - which he reportedly did.
The trial which followed did not begin until April 1801. It created much interest being described as "one of the sensations of the day" and seeing Hayes accompanied by "numerous and influential friends". The prosecution was led by John Philpot Curran. After one hour's deliberation, Hayes was found guilty and recommended to mercy. At first condemned to death, his sentence was commuted to transportation for life.
Penal transportation and life in Australia
Sailing to Australia on the Atlas, Hayes arrived in New South Wales on 6 July 1802. Hayes was not short of money and had lightened the privations of the voyage by paying the captain a considerable sum so that he might mess with him. However, Hayes quarrelled with Surgeon Thomas Jamison who was on the same vessel, and when Hayes arrived he was sentenced to six months imprisonment "for his threatening and improper conduct".
Once in Sydney, Hayes made himself a nuisance to Governor Philip Gidley King by consorting with the "wilder spirits" among the Irish convicts, and by trying to form a freemason's lodge after permission to hold a meeting for this purpose had been refused. King called him "a restless, troublesome character". According to the Australian Dictionary of Biography, a meeting held by Hayes on 14 May 1803 is "regarded as the foundation day of Freemasonry in Australia".
In 1803, he purchased a property near the city and called it "Vaucluse". Vaucluse House was later purchased by William Wentworth. Hayes surrounded his property with turf from Ireland to keep out the snakes which were common in the area; the tactic appeared to work. When the troubles between the military and Governor William Bligh began, Hayes took the side of the governor and was sent to the coal mines at Newcastle. Bligh would have pardoned him if he could have obtained possession of the great seal and, after Lachlan Macquarie came, Hayes was pardoned in 1812.
Later life and legacy
Hayes sailed back to Europe in December 1812, surviving a shipwreck at the Falkland Islands. The vessel on which he sailed, the Isabella, also carried the United Irishman Joseph Holt and an account of their shipwreck can be found in the Memoirs of Joseph Holt.
Hayes lived in retirement in Ireland for nearly 20 years, and died in Cork in April or May 1832 aged 70 years. He was buried in the crypt of Christ Church, Cork.
A 2017 play, titled Sir Henry, was based on the life of Hayes.
Further reading
Grunseit, Rolf (2011). Australia's Rebel Convict: The Adventurous Life of the Irrepressible Sir Henry Browne Hayes. Centennial. ISBN 9780987066060.
Haly, James, ed. (1801), The trial of Sir Henry Browne Hayes, Knt. for forcibly and feloniously taking away Miss Mary Pike on the twenty-second day of July, 1797, Cork: Haly
References
^ a b Cooke, Richard T. "The Kidnapping Of A Cork Heiress". Ireland's Own. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
^ a b c Grunseit, Rolf; O'Leary, Michael. "Sir Henry Browne Hayes". triskelartscentre.ie. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
^ "Conservation - Vernon Mount, Co. Cork". Irish Georgian Society. Archived from the original on 1 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
^ a b c d Serle, Percival (1949). "Hayes, Henry Browne". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
^ a b c d e Lynravn, N. S. (1966). "Hayes, Sir Henry Browne (1762 - 1832)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
^ a b c d Bertie, Charles Henry (1917). "The Story of Vaucluse House and Sir Henry Browne Hayes". Journal and Proceedings. 3. Royal Australian Historical Society: 507–30.
^ O'Riordan, Turlough (October 2009). "Pike, Mary". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Royal Irish Academy. doi:10.3318/dib.007339.v1. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
^ King, Philip Gidley (1897). Bladen, F. M. (ed.). Historical Records of New South Wales: King, 1803-1805. Government Printer. p. 331.
^ Riegel, Ralph (12 October 2017). "Irish villain whose home became one of the country's most haunted houses now has new play based on his life". Independent News & Media. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
Authority control databases: People
Australia
Trove | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheriff of Cork City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cork_City"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"penal transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_transportation"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Vaucluse House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaucluse_House"},{"link_name":"Falkland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands"}],"text":"Sir Henry Browne Hayes (1762–1832) was a landowner and Sheriff of Cork City in Ireland. Convicted of the kidnap of a wealthy heiress in Cork, he was subject to penal transportation to New South Wales in 1802 where he built Vaucluse House near Sydney. He was pardoned in 1812 and returned to Ireland. Surviving a shipwreck at the Falkland Islands on the return journey, he retired in Cork where he died in 1832.","title":"Henry Browne Hayes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(city)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooke-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-triskelartscentre-2"},{"link_name":"sheriffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff"}],"text":"Hayes was born in Ireland, the son of Attiwell Hayes (d.1799) a wealthy brewer and miller. Henry Browne Hayes was admitted a freeman of the city of Cork in November 1782 and married Elizabeth Smyth in 1783.[1] The couple had one son and three daughters.[2] He was one of Cork's sheriffs in 1790 and was knighted in the same year.","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooke-1"},{"link_name":"Mary Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pike"},{"link_name":"Vernon Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Mount"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-triskelartscentre-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dab-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-5"},{"link_name":"Grand Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Parade,_Cork"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bertie-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bertie-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bertie-6"},{"link_name":"John Philpot Curran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Philpot_Curran"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bertie-6"},{"link_name":"transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_transportation"}],"text":"Following the death of his wife, in 1794,[1] he became acquainted with Miss Mary Pike, heiress to over £20,000. On 22 July 1797, he abducted her and took her to his house at Vernon Mount near Douglas.[2][3] In spite of Miss Pike's protestations, a man dressed as a priest was brought in who went through a form of a marriage ceremony. Miss Pike refused to consider it a marriage, and was eventually rescued by some of her relatives. Hayes fled, and a reward of £1000 was offered for his apprehension.[4][5]Hayes was not found until two years later, when he walked into the shop of an old friend of the family who lived on Cork's Grand Parade.[6] Hayes suggested that the family friend, a Mr. Coghlan, should claim the reward - which he reportedly did.[6]The trial which followed did not begin until April 1801. It created much interest being described as \"one of the sensations of the day\" and seeing Hayes accompanied by \"numerous and influential friends\".[6] The prosecution was led by John Philpot Curran.[7] After one hour's deliberation, Hayes was found guilty and recommended to mercy.[6] At first condemned to death, his sentence was commuted to transportation for life.","title":"Kidnapping and trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-5"},{"link_name":"mess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mess"},{"link_name":"Surgeon Thomas Jamison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jamison"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-triskelartscentre-2"},{"link_name":"Governor Philip Gidley King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Gidley_King"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"freemason's lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Australian Dictionary of Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-5"},{"link_name":"Vaucluse House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaucluse_House"},{"link_name":"William Wentworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wentworth"},{"link_name":"turf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sod"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-5"},{"link_name":"Governor William Bligh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bligh"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dab-4"},{"link_name":"Lachlan Macquarie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachlan_Macquarie"}],"text":"Sailing to Australia on the Atlas, Hayes arrived in New South Wales on 6 July 1802.[5] Hayes was not short of money and had lightened the privations of the voyage by paying the captain a considerable sum so that he might mess with him. However, Hayes quarrelled with Surgeon Thomas Jamison who was on the same vessel,[5] and when Hayes arrived he was sentenced to six months imprisonment \"for his threatening and improper conduct\".[2]Once in Sydney, Hayes made himself a nuisance to Governor Philip Gidley King by consorting with the \"wilder spirits\" among the Irish convicts,[citation needed] and by trying to form a freemason's lodge after permission to hold a meeting for this purpose had been refused. King called him \"a restless, troublesome character\".[8] According to the Australian Dictionary of Biography, a meeting held by Hayes on 14 May 1803 is \"regarded as the foundation day of Freemasonry in Australia\".[5]In 1803, he purchased a property near the city and called it \"Vaucluse\". Vaucluse House was later purchased by William Wentworth. Hayes surrounded his property with turf from Ireland to keep out the snakes which were common in the area; the tactic appeared to work.[5] When the troubles between the military and Governor William Bligh began, Hayes took the side of the governor and was sent to the coal mines at Newcastle.[4] Bligh would have pardoned him if he could have obtained possession of the great seal and, after Lachlan Macquarie came, Hayes was pardoned in 1812.","title":"Penal transportation and life in Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Falkland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dab-4"},{"link_name":"United Irishman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen"},{"link_name":"Joseph Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Holt_(rebel)"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Cork"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dab-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Hayes sailed back to Europe in December 1812, surviving a shipwreck at the Falkland Islands.[4] The vessel on which he sailed, the Isabella, also carried the United Irishman Joseph Holt and an account of their shipwreck can be found in the Memoirs of Joseph Holt.Hayes lived in retirement in Ireland for nearly 20 years, and died in Cork in April or May 1832 aged 70 years. He was buried in the crypt of Christ Church, Cork.[4]A 2017 play, titled Sir Henry, was based on the life of Hayes.[9]","title":"Later life and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780987066060","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780987066060"}],"text":"Grunseit, Rolf (2011). Australia's Rebel Convict: The Adventurous Life of the Irrepressible Sir Henry Browne Hayes. Centennial. ISBN 9780987066060.\nHaly, James, ed. (1801), The trial of Sir Henry Browne Hayes, Knt. for forcibly and feloniously taking away Miss Mary Pike on the twenty-second day of July, 1797, Cork: Haly","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Grunseit, Rolf (2011). Australia's Rebel Convict: The Adventurous Life of the Irrepressible Sir Henry Browne Hayes. Centennial. ISBN 9780987066060.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780987066060","url_text":"9780987066060"}]},{"reference":"Haly, James, ed. (1801), The trial of Sir Henry Browne Hayes, Knt. for forcibly and feloniously taking away Miss Mary Pike on the twenty-second day of July, 1797, Cork: Haly","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cooke, Richard T. \"The Kidnapping Of A Cork Heiress\". Ireland's Own. Retrieved 10 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irelandsown.ie/the-kidnapping-of-a-cork-heiress/","url_text":"\"The Kidnapping Of A Cork Heiress\""}]},{"reference":"Grunseit, Rolf; O'Leary, Michael. \"Sir Henry Browne Hayes\". triskelartscentre.ie. Retrieved 10 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://triskelartscentre.ie/christchurch/famous-characters/sir-henry-browne-hayes/","url_text":"\"Sir Henry Browne Hayes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conservation - Vernon Mount, Co. Cork\". Irish Georgian Society. Archived from the original on 1 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160801161941/http://www.igs.ie/conservation/building/vernon-mount-co.-cork","url_text":"\"Conservation - Vernon Mount, Co. Cork\""},{"url":"https://www.igs.ie/conservation/building/vernon-mount-co.-cork","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Serle, Percival (1949). \"Hayes, Henry Browne\". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. Retrieved 19 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percival_Serle","url_text":"Serle, Percival"},{"url":"http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogHa-He.html#hayes1","url_text":"\"Hayes, Henry Browne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Australian_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Australian Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_%26_Robertson","url_text":"Angus & Robertson"}]},{"reference":"Lynravn, N. S. (1966). \"Hayes, Sir Henry Browne (1762 - 1832)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 19 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010486b.htm","url_text":"\"Hayes, Sir Henry Browne (1762 - 1832)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography","url_text":"Australian Dictionary of Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7","url_text":"978-0-522-84459-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538","url_text":"1833-7538"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943","url_text":"70677943"}]},{"reference":"Bertie, Charles Henry (1917). \"The Story of Vaucluse House and Sir Henry Browne Hayes\". Journal and Proceedings. 3. Royal Australian Historical Society: 507–30.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-425207096/view?partId=nla.obj-425211995#page/n9/mode/1up","url_text":"\"The Story of Vaucluse House and Sir Henry Browne Hayes\""}]},{"reference":"O'Riordan, Turlough (October 2009). \"Pike, Mary\". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Royal Irish Academy. doi:10.3318/dib.007339.v1. Retrieved 10 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dib.ie/biography/pike-mary-a7339","url_text":"\"Pike, Mary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3318%2Fdib.007339.v1","url_text":"10.3318/dib.007339.v1"}]},{"reference":"King, Philip Gidley (1897). Bladen, F. M. (ed.). Historical Records of New South Wales: King, 1803-1805. Government Printer. p. 331.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vYwrAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Historical Records of New South Wales: King, 1803-1805"}]},{"reference":"Riegel, Ralph (12 October 2017). \"Irish villain whose home became one of the country's most haunted houses now has new play based on his life\". Independent News & Media. Retrieved 15 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/theatre-arts/irish-villain-whose-home-became-one-of-the-countrys-most-haunted-houses-now-has-new-play-based-on-his-life-36220935.html","url_text":"\"Irish villain whose home became one of the country's most haunted houses now has new play based on his life\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.irelandsown.ie/the-kidnapping-of-a-cork-heiress/","external_links_name":"\"The Kidnapping Of A Cork Heiress\""},{"Link":"https://triskelartscentre.ie/christchurch/famous-characters/sir-henry-browne-hayes/","external_links_name":"\"Sir Henry Browne Hayes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160801161941/http://www.igs.ie/conservation/building/vernon-mount-co.-cork","external_links_name":"\"Conservation - Vernon Mount, Co. Cork\""},{"Link":"https://www.igs.ie/conservation/building/vernon-mount-co.-cork","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogHa-He.html#hayes1","external_links_name":"\"Hayes, Henry Browne\""},{"Link":"http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010486b.htm","external_links_name":"\"Hayes, Sir Henry Browne (1762 - 1832)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538","external_links_name":"1833-7538"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943","external_links_name":"70677943"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-425207096/view?partId=nla.obj-425211995#page/n9/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"The Story of Vaucluse House and Sir Henry Browne Hayes\""},{"Link":"https://www.dib.ie/biography/pike-mary-a7339","external_links_name":"\"Pike, Mary\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3318%2Fdib.007339.v1","external_links_name":"10.3318/dib.007339.v1"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vYwrAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Historical Records of New South Wales: King, 1803-1805"},{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/theatre-arts/irish-villain-whose-home-became-one-of-the-countrys-most-haunted-houses-now-has-new-play-based-on-his-life-36220935.html","external_links_name":"\"Irish villain whose home became one of the country's most haunted houses now has new play based on his life\""},{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hayes-sir-henry-browne-2172","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1478830","external_links_name":"Trove"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arielia_mitriformis | Arielia mitriformis | ["1 Distribution","2 References","3 External links"] | Species of gastropod
Arielia mitriformis
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
Subclass:
Caenogastropoda
Order:
Neogastropoda
Family:
Mitromorphidae
Genus:
Arielia
Species:
A. mitriformis
Binomial name
Arielia mitriformisShasky, 1961
Synonyms
Mitromorpha (Mitrolumna) mitriformis (Shasky, 1961)
Arielia mitriformis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mitromorphidae.
Distribution
This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off the Galapagos Islands and in the Sea of Cortez, Western Mexico
References
^ a b MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Arielia mitriformis Shasky, 1961. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=435462 on 2021-08-07
External links
Shasky, Donald R. "New deep water mollusks from the Gulf of California." The Veliger 4.1 (1961): 18–21
Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 682: 1–1295.
Taxon identifiersArielia mitriformis
Wikidata: Q106188341
GBIF: 6513469
IRMNG: 11708207
OBIS: 435462
WoRMS: 435462
Mitromorpha mitriformis
Wikidata: Q5224917
CoL: 7S69X
GBIF: 6513468
iNaturalist: 331457
IRMNG: 11705271
Open Tree of Life: 2904289
SeaLifeBase: 99292
WoRMS: 432772
This Mitromorphidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sea snail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_snail"},{"link_name":"gastropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"mollusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusk"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Mitromorphidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitromorphidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"}],"text":"Arielia mitriformis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mitromorphidae.[1]","title":"Arielia mitriformis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galapagos Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagos_Islands"},{"link_name":"Sea of Cortez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Cortez"}],"text":"This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off the Galapagos Islands and in the Sea of Cortez, Western Mexico","title":"Distribution"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Tucker, J.K. (2004). \"Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)\" (PDF). Zootaxa. 682: 1–1295.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2004f/z00682f.pdf","url_text":"\"Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=435462","external_links_name":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=435462"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42498849","external_links_name":"Shasky, Donald R. \"New deep water mollusks from the Gulf of California.\" The Veliger 4.1 (1961): 18–21"},{"Link":"http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2004f/z00682f.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)\""},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/6513469","external_links_name":"6513469"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11708207","external_links_name":"11708207"},{"Link":"https://obis.org/taxon/435462","external_links_name":"435462"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=435462","external_links_name":"435462"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7S69X","external_links_name":"7S69X"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/6513468","external_links_name":"6513468"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/331457","external_links_name":"331457"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11705271","external_links_name":"11705271"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=2904289","external_links_name":"2904289"},{"Link":"https://www.sealifebase.ca/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=99292","external_links_name":"99292"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=432772","external_links_name":"432772"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arielia_mitriformis&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Lyons | Algernon Lyons | ["1 Family","2 Naval career","2.1 Lyons’s Rampage at the Danube","2.2 Kerch and Kinburn","2.3 American Civil War","2.4 Pacific Station","2.5 Admiral","2.6 Admiral of the Fleet","3 Marriage","4 See also","5 References","6 Sources"] | Admiral of the FleetSir Algernon LyonsSir Algernon McLennan LyonsBorn(1833-08-30)30 August 1833Satara, IndiaDied9 February 1908(1908-02-09) (aged 74)Kilvrough Manor, GlamorganAllegiance United KingdomService/branch Royal NavyYears of service1847–1903RankAdmiral of the FleetCommands held
Pacific Station
North America and West Indies Station
Plymouth Command
The Royal Navy, as Admiral of the Fleet.
Battles/warsCrimean WarAwardsKnight Grand Cross of the Order of the BathRelations
Lieutenant-General Humphrey Lyons CB (father)
Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons (uncle)
John Lyons of Antigua (grandfather)
Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons (cousin)
Richard Lyons Pearson, Assistant Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police (cousin)
Admiral of the Fleet Sir Algernon McLennan Lyons GCB ADC DL JP (30 August 1833 – 9 February 1908) was a senior Royal Navy officer who served as First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp to Queen Victoria.
Lyons also served as Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Station, Commander-in-Chief, North America and West Indies Station, and then Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth.
He was the nephew of Admiral Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons, who served as Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet, under whom he served for a time, and the cousin of Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons, and Richard Lyons Pearson, Assistant Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police.
Family
Lyons was born at Bombay on 30 August 1833. He was the second son of Lieutenant General Humphrey Lyons (1833–1908) and his first wife, Eliza, daughter of Henry Bennett. Lyons's uncle was Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons, via whom he was the cousin of Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons. He was also the cousin of Richard Lyons Pearson, Assistant Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police. Lyons's grandfather was Captain John Lyons of Antigua.
Lyons was privately educated in Twickenham, Middlesex. He joined the Royal Navy in 1847.
Naval career
Lyons was appointed to the fifth-rate HMS Cambrian on the East Indies and China Station and then transferred to the second-rate HMS Albion, flagship of his uncle, Sir Edmund Lyons, who was Second-in-Command of the Mediterranean Fleet, in 1853.
The Battle of Kinburn in October 1855
Lyons was promoted to mate in October 1853 and transferred to the paddle frigate HMS Firebrand, which was engaged in the blockade of the Danube Delta, which was being held by the Russians at the start of the Crimean War. Lyons was promoted to lieutenant on 26 June 1854.
Lyons’s Rampage at the Danube
During the blockade of the mouth of the Danube, Captain Parker, Lyons's commanding officer, decided to attack the guardhouses and signal stations higher up the River, for these were responsible for the supply and communication of the Russian enemy. On 8 July, Captain Parker proceeded up the Danube, the banks of which were lined by Cossacks, who opened fire. When he reached the first Russian fort, defended by a stockade and a battery, Captain Parker was shot and killed by a Cossack.
When Parker was killed, Lyons took control of the British boats and proceeded to destroy not only the first Russian signal station, but the next four signal stations up the River, causing the Russians to flee. For this, he was mentioned in dispatches.
Lyons then became commander of HMS Firebrand for the bombardment of Sevastopol in October 1854, which was led by his uncle, Admiral Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons. When the British flagship, HMS Albion, was set on fire by the Russians, Lyons attached it, whilst burning, to his own ship and towed it to safety.
Kerch and Kinburn
In December 1854, Lyons's uncle Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons, became Commander in Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet and appointed Lyons as his Flag-Lieutenant. Lyons commanded the first-rate HMS Royal Albert, in December 1854 during the operations at Kerch in October 1854 and at the Battle of Kinburn in October 1855. He was promoted to commander on 9 August.
American Civil War
Lyons became commanding officer of the sloop HMS Racer on the North America and West Indies Station in May 1860. In HMS Racer he had the difficult task of protecting British merchant vessels seeking to evade the blockade being imposed by the United States Navy on Confederate ports.
Pacific Station
Lyons was promoted to captain on 1 December 1862. He became commanding officer of the corvette HMS Charybdis on the Pacific Station in January 1867 and commanding officer of the frigate HMS Immortalité in a detached squadron in October 1872.
He was appointed Commodore-in-Charge at Jamaica in 1875. In April 1878 he became commanding officer of the armoured turret ship HMS Monarch in the Mediterranean Fleet in April 1878. He was deployed to Constantinople during his tour in HMS Monarch.
Admiral
Lyons was promoted to rear-admiral on 26 September 1878. He became Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Station, with his flag in the armoured ship HMS Swiftsure, in December 1881. On 27 October 1884, he was promoted to vice-admiral. He became Commander-in-Chief of the North America and West Indies Station in September 1886: in this position, his flagship was the central battery ship HMS Bellerophon, in September 1886.
The central battery ship HMS Bellerophon, Lyons's flagship as Commander-in-Chief, North America and West Indies Station
Lyons was promoted to admiral on 15 December 1888 and appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1889.
Admiral of the Fleet
He was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth, in June 1892. He became a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in June 1897 and was promoted Admiral of the Fleet on 23 August 1897. In February 1895, he was appointed First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp to Queen Victoria.
He was a Deputy Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace for Glamorgan.
He retired on 30 August 1903.
Kilvrough Manor, the Lyons family home in Glamorgan
Marriage
Lyons married Louisa Jane Penrice (bapt. 1853), daughter and heir of Thomas Penrice, at Pennard Church in Kilvrough on 3 September 1879: they had two sons and two daughters. Their residence was Kilvrough Manor in Glamorgan, where he died on 9 February 1908.
See also
Lyons family
References
^ Langford Vere, Oliver. History of the Island of Antigua, Vol. 2. Mitchell and Hughes, London, 1894. pp. 214–217.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Sir Algernon Lyons". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34650. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ a b c d e f g h i Laughton, Leonard G.H. (1912). Dictionary of National Biography: Lyons, Algernon McLennan.
^ a b c Heathcote, p. 159
^ a b c d e f g h i j Heathcote, p. 160
^ "Algernon Lyons". William Loney. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
^ "No. 24629". The London Gazette. 1 October 1878. p. 5372.
^ "No. 25409". The London Gazette. 28 October 1884. p. 4653.
^ "No. 25883". The London Gazette. 14 December 1888. p. 7140.
^ "No. 25939". The London Gazette. 25 May 1889. p. 2873.
^ "No. 26867". The London Gazette. 25 June 1897. p. 3567.
^ "No. 26885". The London Gazette. 24 August 1897. p. 4726.
^ "No. 26601". The London Gazette. 22 February 1895. p. 1066.
^ "No. 25606". The London Gazette. 9 July 1886. p. 3333.
^ "No. 27593". The London Gazette. 1 September 1903. p. 5476.
Sources
"Sir Algernon Lyons". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34650. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Laughton, Leonard G.H. (1912). Dictionary of National Biography: Lyons, Algernon McLennan.
Heathcote, Tony (2002). The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734 – 1995. Pen & Sword Ltd. ISBN 0-85052-835-6.
"Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34650. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Eardley-Wilmot, S. M. Lord Lyons: Life of Vice-Admiral Edmund, Lord Lyons. Sampson Low, Marston and Company,1898.
The Dreadnought Project: Algernon Lyons
William Loney Career History
Military offices
Preceded byFrederick Stirling
Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Station 1881–1884
Succeeded bySir John Baird
Preceded byThe Earl of Clanwilliam
Commander-in-Chief, North America and West Indies Station 1886–1888
Succeeded bySir George Watson
Preceded byThe Duke of Edinburgh
Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth 1893–1896
Succeeded bySir Edmund Fremantle
Honorary titles
Preceded bySir Geoffrey Hornby
First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp 1895–1897
Succeeded bySir Nowell Salmon
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Admiral of the Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"GCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"ADC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_aide-de-camp"},{"link_name":"DL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"JP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_First_and_Principal_Naval_Aides-de-Camp"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Pacific Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Station"},{"link_name":"North America and West Indies Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America_and_West_Indies_Station"},{"link_name":"Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Plymouth"},{"link_name":"Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Lyons,_1st_Baron_Lyons"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lyons,_1st_Viscount_Lyons"},{"link_name":"Richard Lyons Pearson, Assistant Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lyons_Otway_Pearson"}],"text":"Admiral of the Fleet Sir Algernon McLennan Lyons GCB ADC DL JP (30 August 1833 – 9 February 1908) was a senior Royal Navy officer who served as First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp to Queen Victoria.Lyons also served as Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Station, Commander-in-Chief, North America and West Indies Station, and then Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth.He was the nephew of Admiral Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons, who served as Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet, under whom he served for a time, and the cousin of Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons, and Richard Lyons Pearson, Assistant Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police.","title":"Algernon Lyons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lieutenant General Humphrey Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Lyons"},{"link_name":"Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Lyons,_1st_Baron_Lyons"},{"link_name":"Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lyons,_1st_Viscount_Lyons"},{"link_name":"Richard Lyons Pearson, Assistant Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lyons_Otway_Pearson"},{"link_name":"Captain John Lyons of Antigua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lyons_of_Antigua"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_Antigua-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Algernon_ODNB-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-3"}],"text":"Lyons was born at Bombay on 30 August 1833. He was the second son of Lieutenant General Humphrey Lyons (1833–1908) and his first wife, Eliza, daughter of Henry Bennett. Lyons's uncle was Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons, via whom he was the cousin of Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons. He was also the cousin of Richard Lyons Pearson, Assistant Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police. Lyons's grandfather was Captain John Lyons of Antigua.[1]Lyons was privately educated in Twickenham, Middlesex. He joined the Royal Navy in 1847.[2][3]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fifth-rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth-rate"},{"link_name":"HMS Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Cambrian_(1841)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"East Indies and China Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Indies_and_China_Station"},{"link_name":"second-rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-rate"},{"link_name":"HMS Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Albion_(1842)"},{"link_name":"Sir Edmund Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Lyons,_1st_Baron_Lyons"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heath159-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Algernon_ODNB-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anonimo_Bombardamento_e_presa_del_forte_di_Kinburn_incisione_L%27Illustration_15_dic_1855_Parigi.JPG"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kinburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kinburn_(1855)"},{"link_name":"mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mate_(naval_officer)"},{"link_name":"HMS Firebrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Firebrand_(1842)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Danube Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube_Delta"},{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heath159-4"},{"link_name":"lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Algernon_ODNB-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-3"}],"text":"Lyons was appointed to the fifth-rate HMS Cambrian on the East Indies and China Station and then transferred to the second-rate HMS Albion, flagship of his uncle, Sir Edmund Lyons, who was Second-in-Command of the Mediterranean Fleet, in 1853.[4][3][2]The Battle of Kinburn in October 1855Lyons was promoted to mate in October 1853 and transferred to the paddle frigate HMS Firebrand, which was engaged in the blockade of the Danube Delta, which was being held by the Russians at the start of the Crimean War.[4] Lyons was promoted to lieutenant on 26 June 1854.[2][3]","title":"Naval career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Algernon_ODNB-2"},{"link_name":"mentioned in dispatches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentioned_in_dispatches"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Algernon_ODNB-2"},{"link_name":"bombardment of Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%9355)"},{"link_name":"Admiral Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Lyons,_1st_Baron_Lyons"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Algernon_ODNB-2"}],"sub_title":"Lyons’s Rampage at the Danube","text":"During the blockade of the mouth of the Danube, Captain Parker, Lyons's commanding officer, decided to attack the guardhouses and signal stations higher up the River, for these were responsible for the supply and communication of the Russian enemy. On 8 July, Captain Parker proceeded up the Danube, the banks of which were lined by Cossacks, who opened fire. When he reached the first Russian fort, defended by a stockade and a battery, Captain Parker was shot and killed by a Cossack.[3][2]When Parker was killed, Lyons took control of the British boats and proceeded to destroy not only the first Russian signal station, but the next four signal stations up the River, causing the Russians to flee. For this, he was mentioned in dispatches.[3][2]Lyons then became commander of HMS Firebrand for the bombardment of Sevastopol in October 1854, which was led by his uncle, Admiral Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons. When the British flagship, HMS Albion, was set on fire by the Russians, Lyons attached it, whilst burning, to his own ship and towed it to safety.[2]","title":"Naval career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Lyons,_1st_Baron_Lyons"},{"link_name":"Commander in Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Flag-Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"first-rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-rate"},{"link_name":"HMS Royal Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Royal_Albert_(1854)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heath159-4"},{"link_name":"Kerch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerch"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kinburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kinburn_(1855)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heath160-5"},{"link_name":"commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loney-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Algernon_ODNB-2"}],"sub_title":"Kerch and Kinburn","text":"In December 1854, Lyons's uncle Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons, became Commander in Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet and appointed Lyons as his Flag-Lieutenant. Lyons commanded the first-rate HMS Royal Albert, in December 1854[4] during the operations at Kerch in October 1854 and at the Battle of Kinburn in October 1855.[5] He was promoted to commander on 9 August.[6][3][2]","title":"Naval career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sloop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloop-of-war"},{"link_name":"HMS Racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Racer_(1857)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"North America and West Indies Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America_and_West_Indies_Station"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heath160-5"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heath160-5"}],"sub_title":"American Civil War","text":"Lyons became commanding officer of the sloop HMS Racer on the North America and West Indies Station in May 1860.[5] In HMS Racer he had the difficult task of protecting British merchant vessels seeking to evade the blockade being imposed by the United States Navy on Confederate ports.[5]","title":"Naval career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"corvette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvette"},{"link_name":"HMS Charybdis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Charybdis_(1859)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Station"},{"link_name":"frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate"},{"link_name":"HMS Immortalité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Immortalit%C3%A9_(1859)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heath160-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Algernon_ODNB-2"},{"link_name":"Commodore-in-Charge at Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Dockyard"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Algernon_ODNB-2"},{"link_name":"HMS Monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Monarch_(1868)"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heath160-5"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heath160-5"}],"sub_title":"Pacific Station","text":"Lyons was promoted to captain on 1 December 1862. He became commanding officer of the corvette HMS Charybdis on the Pacific Station in January 1867 and commanding officer of the frigate HMS Immortalité in a detached squadron in October 1872.[5][3][2]\nHe was appointed Commodore-in-Charge at Jamaica in 1875.[2] In April 1878 he became commanding officer of the armoured turret ship HMS Monarch in the Mediterranean Fleet in April 1878.[5] He was deployed to Constantinople during his tour in HMS Monarch.[5]","title":"Naval career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rear-admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear-admiral"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pacific Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Station"},{"link_name":"HMS Swiftsure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Swiftsure_(1870)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heath160-5"},{"link_name":"vice-admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-admiral"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"North America and West Indies Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America_and_West_Indies_Station"},{"link_name":"central battery ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_battery_ship"},{"link_name":"HMS Bellerophon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Bellerophon_(1865)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heath160-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Algernon_ODNB-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Bellerophon_(1865).jpg"},{"link_name":"central battery ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_battery_ship"},{"link_name":"HMS Bellerophon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Bellerophon_(1865)"},{"link_name":"admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Admiral","text":"Lyons was promoted to rear-admiral on 26 September 1878.[7] He became Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Station, with his flag in the armoured ship HMS Swiftsure, in December 1881.[5] On 27 October 1884, he was promoted to vice-admiral.[8] He became Commander-in-Chief of the North America and West Indies Station in September 1886: in this position, his flagship was the central battery ship HMS Bellerophon, in September 1886.[5][3][2]The central battery ship HMS Bellerophon, Lyons's flagship as Commander-in-Chief, North America and West Indies StationLyons was promoted to admiral on 15 December 1888[9] and appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1889.[10]","title":"Naval career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Plymouth"},{"link_name":"Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Admiral of the Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_First_and_Principal_Naval_Aides-de-Camp"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Algernon_ODNB-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Algernon_ODNB-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kilvrough_Manor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kilvrough Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilvrough_Manor"}],"sub_title":"Admiral of the Fleet","text":"He was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth, in June 1892. He became a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in June 1897[11] and was promoted Admiral of the Fleet on 23 August 1897.[12] In February 1895, he was appointed First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp to Queen Victoria.[13][3][2]He was a Deputy Lieutenant[14] and Justice of the Peace for Glamorgan.[2]He retired on 30 August 1903.[15]Kilvrough Manor, the Lyons family home in Glamorgan","title":"Naval career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heath160-5"},{"link_name":"Kilvrough Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilvrough_Manor"},{"link_name":"Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heath160-5"}],"text":"Lyons married Louisa Jane Penrice (bapt. 1853), daughter and heir of Thomas Penrice, at Pennard Church in Kilvrough on 3 September 1879: they had two sons and two daughters.[5] Their residence was Kilvrough Manor in Glamorgan, where he died on 9 February 1908.[5]","title":"Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Sir Algernon Lyons\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34650"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/34650","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F34650"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85052-835-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85052-835-6"},{"link_name":"\"Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34650"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/34650","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F34650"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"Algernon Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/Algernon_McLennan_Lyons"},{"link_name":"William Loney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pdavis.nl/ShowBiog.php?id=1377"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4724160#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/102915130"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj4wBFJTHmDtMrKKVF7pP"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n2009070385"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cv8zdv"}],"text":"\"Sir Algernon Lyons\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34650. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\nLaughton, Leonard G.H. (1912). Dictionary of National Biography: Lyons, Algernon McLennan.\nHeathcote, Tony (2002). The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734 – 1995. Pen & Sword Ltd. ISBN 0-85052-835-6.\n\"Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34650. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\nEardley-Wilmot, S. M. Lord Lyons: Life of Vice-Admiral Edmund, Lord Lyons. Sampson Low, Marston and Company,1898.\nThe Dreadnought Project: Algernon Lyons\nWilliam Loney Career HistoryAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States\nOther\nSNAC","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"The Battle of Kinburn in October 1855","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Anonimo_Bombardamento_e_presa_del_forte_di_Kinburn_incisione_L%27Illustration_15_dic_1855_Parigi.JPG/310px-Anonimo_Bombardamento_e_presa_del_forte_di_Kinburn_incisione_L%27Illustration_15_dic_1855_Parigi.JPG"},{"image_text":"The central battery ship HMS Bellerophon, Lyons's flagship as Commander-in-Chief, North America and West Indies Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/HMS_Bellerophon_%281865%29.jpg/220px-HMS_Bellerophon_%281865%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kilvrough Manor, the Lyons family home in Glamorgan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Kilvrough_Manor.jpg/220px-Kilvrough_Manor.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Lyons family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons_family"}] | [{"reference":"Langford Vere, Oliver. History of the Island of Antigua, Vol. 2. Mitchell and Hughes, London, 1894. pp. 214–217.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Sir Algernon Lyons\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34650.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34650","url_text":"\"Sir Algernon Lyons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F34650","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/34650"}]},{"reference":"Laughton, Leonard G.H. (1912). Dictionary of National Biography: Lyons, Algernon McLennan.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Algernon Lyons\". William Loney. Retrieved 28 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pdavis.nl/ShowBiog.php?id=1377","url_text":"\"Algernon Lyons\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24629\". The London Gazette. 1 October 1878. p. 5372.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24629/page/5372","url_text":"\"No. 24629\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25409\". The London Gazette. 28 October 1884. p. 4653.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25409/page/4653","url_text":"\"No. 25409\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25883\". The London Gazette. 14 December 1888. p. 7140.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25883/page/7140","url_text":"\"No. 25883\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25939\". The London Gazette. 25 May 1889. p. 2873.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25939/page/2873","url_text":"\"No. 25939\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26867\". The London Gazette. 25 June 1897. p. 3567.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26867/page/3567","url_text":"\"No. 26867\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26885\". The London Gazette. 24 August 1897. p. 4726.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26885/page/4726","url_text":"\"No. 26885\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26601\". The London Gazette. 22 February 1895. p. 1066.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26601/page/1066","url_text":"\"No. 26601\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25606\". The London Gazette. 9 July 1886. p. 3333.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25606/page/3333","url_text":"\"No. 25606\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27593\". The London Gazette. 1 September 1903. p. 5476.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27593/page/5476","url_text":"\"No. 27593\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Sir Algernon Lyons\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34650.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34650","url_text":"\"Sir Algernon Lyons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F34650","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/34650"}]},{"reference":"Laughton, Leonard G.H. (1912). Dictionary of National Biography: Lyons, Algernon McLennan.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Heathcote, Tony (2002). The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734 – 1995. Pen & Sword Ltd. ISBN 0-85052-835-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85052-835-6","url_text":"0-85052-835-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34650.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34650","url_text":"\"Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F34650","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/34650"}]},{"reference":"Eardley-Wilmot, S. M. Lord Lyons: Life of Vice-Admiral Edmund, Lord Lyons. Sampson Low, Marston and Company,1898.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34650","external_links_name":"\"Sir Algernon Lyons\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F34650","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/34650"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"http://www.pdavis.nl/ShowBiog.php?id=1377","external_links_name":"\"Algernon Lyons\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24629/page/5372","external_links_name":"\"No. 24629\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25409/page/4653","external_links_name":"\"No. 25409\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25883/page/7140","external_links_name":"\"No. 25883\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25939/page/2873","external_links_name":"\"No. 25939\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26867/page/3567","external_links_name":"\"No. 26867\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26885/page/4726","external_links_name":"\"No. 26885\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26601/page/1066","external_links_name":"\"No. 26601\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25606/page/3333","external_links_name":"\"No. 25606\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27593/page/5476","external_links_name":"\"No. 27593\""},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34650","external_links_name":"\"Sir Algernon Lyons\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F34650","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/34650"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34650","external_links_name":"\"Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F34650","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/34650"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"http://dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/Algernon_McLennan_Lyons","external_links_name":"Algernon Lyons"},{"Link":"http://www.pdavis.nl/ShowBiog.php?id=1377","external_links_name":"William Loney"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/102915130","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj4wBFJTHmDtMrKKVF7pP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2009070385","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cv8zdv","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arab_Horsemen_Around_a_Standard | Battle of Arab Horsemen Around a Standard | ["1 History and description","2 References"] | Painting by Théodore Chassériau
Battle of Arab Horsemen Around a StandardArtistThéodore ChassériauYear1854Mediumoil on canvasDimensions54 cm × 64 cm (21 in × 25 in)LocationDallas Museum of Art, Dallas
Battle of Arab Horsemen Around a Standard is an oil-on-canvas painting by the French artist Théodore Chassériau, created in 1854. It is signed and dated by the painter. It was developed from sketches he made in Algeria, and it follows the orientalist style of the time. It is housed in the Dallas Museum of Art.
History and description
The painting was created shortly after Chassériau had returned from a trip to Algeria. Like other paintings by Chassériau of Orientalist subjects, it shows the influence of Eugène Delacroix. A figure from his own painting Arabian Riders on Rearing Horses was probably reused to depict the Moor warrior on a white horse at the left of the painting. The Dallas Museum of Art website states that "the subject matter reflected the violent French colonial conquest and occupation of Algeria and would have been charged with political significance for his contemporaries."
The painting is very dramatic and dense, and the soldiers and horses in the center are sketched with loose brushstrokes. The dramatism of the composition is emphasized by the closeness between the participants in the battle and by some gory details, such as the human severed head and his corpse, at the left, in the ground, the bloody swords and the terrified expression of the horses.
References
^ a b c Battle of Arab Horsemen Around a Standard, Dallas Museum of Art
^ Louis-Antoine Prat, Dessins de Théodore Chassériau: 1819-1856, vol. 1, Ministère de la culture et de la communication, Éditions de la Réunion des musées nationaux, 1988, p. 328 (French)
^ Stéphane Guégan, Vincent Pomarède and Louis-Antoine Prat, Chassériau: un autre romantisme, Paris, Réunion des musées nationaux, 2002, p. 324 (French)
vteThéodore ChassériauPaintings
Aline Chassériau (1835)
Self-Portrait (1835)
Christ in the Garden of Olives (1840)
The Toilette of Esther (1841)
The Two Sisters (1843)
The Caliph of Constantine (1845)
Arab Chiefs Challenging each other to Single Combat under the Ramparts of a City (1852)
Battle of Arab Horsemen Around a Standard (1854)
Related
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (master)
Eugène Delacroix (major influence)
Benoît Chassériau (father)
Arthur Chassériau (cousin)
Charles Frédéric Chassériau (cousin)
Neoclassicism
Romanticism
Orientalism | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Théodore Chassériau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"orientalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalism"},{"link_name":"Dallas Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dma-1"}],"text":"Battle of Arab Horsemen Around a Standard is an oil-on-canvas painting by the French artist Théodore Chassériau, created in 1854. It is signed and dated by the painter. It was developed from sketches he made in Algeria, and it follows the orientalist style of the time. It is housed in the Dallas Museum of Art.[1]","title":"Battle of Arab Horsemen Around a Standard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Eugène Delacroix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dma-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dma-1"}],"text":"The painting was created shortly after Chassériau had returned from a trip to Algeria.[2] Like other paintings by Chassériau of Orientalist subjects, it shows the influence of Eugène Delacroix. A figure from his own painting Arabian Riders on Rearing Horses was probably reused to depict the Moor warrior on a white horse at the left of the painting.[3] The Dallas Museum of Art website states that \"the subject matter reflected the violent French colonial conquest and occupation of Algeria and would have been charged with political significance for his contemporaries.\"[1]The painting is very dramatic and dense, and the soldiers and horses in the center are sketched with loose brushstrokes. The dramatism of the composition is emphasized by the closeness between the participants in the battle and by some gory details, such as the human severed head and his corpse, at the left, in the ground, the bloody swords and the terrified expression of the horses.[1]","title":"History and description"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://collections.dma.org/artwork/5325524","external_links_name":"Battle of Arab Horsemen Around a Standard, Dallas Museum of Art"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Randazzo | Anthony Randazzo | ["1 Early life","2 Priesthood","3 Episcopacy","4 References","5 External links"] | The Most ReverendAnthony RandazzoBishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Broken BayDioceseBroken BayAppointed7 October 2019Installed4 November 2019PredecessorPeter ComensoliOrdersOrdination29 November 1991by Francis Roberts RushConsecration24 August 2016by Anthony FisherPersonal detailsBornAnthony Randazzo (1966-10-07) 7 October 1966 (age 57)Sydney, AustraliaNationalityAustralianDenominationRoman CatholicAlma materPius XII Seminary, Banyo Pontifical Gregorian UniversityMottoFiat Voluntas Tua (Thy will be done)
Styles ofAnthony RandazzoReference styleThe Most ReverendSpoken styleMy LordReligious styleBishop
Anthony Randazzo (born 7 October 1966) is an Australian bishop. He is currently the bishop ordinary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Broken Bay and also the apostolic administrator of the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross. He was previously an auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney. He was consecrated to the episcopate by Archbishop Anthony Fisher at St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney, on 24 August 2016.
Early life
Anthony Randazzo was born on 7 October 1966 in Sydney, the son of Colin Randazzo and his wife Caterina Di Losa from Lipari, Italy. His parents worked as fruiterers in their family business at Bankstown until relocating to Coolangatta on the Gold Coast in 1967. He is the third of four children; he has three sisters. Randazzo was educated at Saint Augustine's School in Coolangatta, Guardian Angels School in Southport and Aquinas College in Southport.
Priesthood
In 1985, Randazzo commenced his formation for priesthood at Pius XII Seminary, Banyo. Having ministered as a deacon at All Saints Parish Albany Creek, he was ordained priest on 29 November 1991 at the Cathedral of St Stephen, Brisbane by Archbishop Francis Roberts Rush. From 1992 to 1994, he was a curate at Saint Mary's Parish Ipswich, and from 1995 to 1997 he served as Master of Ceremonies at the cathedral in Brisbane. In 1998 Randazzo was sent to Rome where he undertook studies in Canon Law at the Pontifical Gregorian University. Upon his return to Brisbane in 2001, he was appointed pastor of Regina Caeli Parish Coorparoo Heights, Associate Judicial Vicar at the Regional Tribunal and Director of Vocations for the Archdiocese of Brisbane.
In 2004, Randazzo was called to Rome where he worked in the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith for five years. He returned to Australia and from 2009 until 2015 he was Rector of the Holy Spirit Seminary of Queensland. In the first semester of 2016, he was given sabbatical leave for studies in sacred scripture in Jerusalem.
Episcopacy
Randazzo was appointed on 24 June 2016, along with Richard Umbers, by Pope Francis to be a new auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Sydney. He was consecrated and installed on 24 August 2016 at St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney by Archbishop Anthony Fisher.
He was appointed Bishop-Elect of Broken Bay Diocese by Pope Francis, on Monday 7 October 2019. His installation took place in November 2019.
In February 2023, Randazzo was elected president of the Federation of Catholic Bishops Conferences of Oceania for a four year term.
In April, 2023, he was named Apostolic Administrator of the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross, effective 1 July 2023, following the resignation of Monsignor Carl Reid.
References
^ "Bishop Anthony Randazzo". Retrieved 6 March 2017.
^ "Getting to know Bishop-Elect Tony Randazzo". Archdiocese of Sydney. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
^ "Getting to know Bishop-Elect Tony Randazzo - CAS". Sydneycatholic.org. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
^ "Diocese of Broken Bay | Latest News". Dbb.org.au. 27 June 2016. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
^ Abraham, Gavin (7 October 2019). "Bishop Anthony Randazzo named Bishop of Broken Bay". Cathnews. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
^ "TWO NEW AUXILIARY BISHOPS FOR CATHOLIC ARCHDIOCESE OF SYDNEY". Sydneycatholic.org. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
^ "Sydney Archdiocese Welcomes Two New Bishops With Joy". Sydneycatholic.org. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
^ a b c "Most Rev Bishop Anthony (Tony) Randazzo". Archdiocese of Sydney. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
^ "Bishop Anthony Randazzo elected President of the Federation of Catholic Bishops Conferences of Oceania". 13 February 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
^ "Following visitation, leader of Australian ordinariate resigns". Catholic Culture. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
^ "Rinuncia dell'Ordinario dell'Ordinariato personale di Our Lady of the Southern Cross (Australia) e nomina dell'Amministratore apostolico "ad nutum Sanctae Sedis" dell'Ordinariato". Holy See Press Office. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Anthony Randazzo.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anthony Randazzo.
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byLinas Vodopjanovas
— TITULAR — Titular Bishop of Quiza 2016–2019
Succeeded bysk:Ján Kuboš
Preceded byPeter Comensoli
Bishop of Broken Bay 2019–present
Incumbent
vteCurrent archbishops and bishops of the Catholic dioceses of AustraliaProvince of SydneyMetropolitan
Sydney: Anthony Fisher
Auxiliary bishop: Danny Meagher
Auxiliary bishop: Richard Umbers
Suffragan
Armidale: vacant
Bathurst: Michael McKenna
Broken Bay: Anthony Randazzo
Lismore: Greg Homeming
Maitland–Newcastle: Michael Kennedy
Parramatta: Vincent Long Van Nguyen
Wagga Wagga: Mark Edwards
Wilcannia–Forbes: Columba Macbeth-Green
Wollongong: Brian Mascord
Province of MelbourneMetropolitan
Melbourne: Peter Comensoli
Auxiliary bishop: Martin Ashe
Auxiliary bishop: Terence Curtin
Auxiliary bishop: Anthony Ireland
Suffragan
Ballarat: Paul Bird
Sale: Greg Bennet
Sandhurst: Shane Mackinlay
Province of BrisbaneMetropolitan
Brisbane: Mark Coleridge
Auxiliary bishop: Kenneth Howell
Auxiliary bishop: Tim Norton
Suffragan
Cairns: vacant
Rockhampton: Michael McCarthy
Toowoomba: Robert McGuckin
Townsville: Tim Harris
Province of PerthMetropolitan
Perth: Timothy Costelloe
Auxiliary bishop: Donald Sproxton
Suffragan
Broome: vacant
Bunbury: vacant
Geraldton: Michael Morrissey
Province of AdelaideMetropolitan
Adelaide: Patrick O'Regan
Suffragan
Darwin: Charles Gauci
Port Pirie: Karol Kulczycki
Immediately subject to the Holy See
Hobart: Julian Porteous
Canberra and Goulburn: Christopher Prowse
Military Ordinariate: vacant
Personal (Anglican) Ordinariate: Anthony Randazzo
Eastern Rite Eparchies
Ukrainian Byzantine: Mykola Bychok
Maronite: Eparch Anthony Tarabay
Melkite: Eparch Robert Rabbat
Chaldean: Eparch Amel Nona
Syro-Malabar: John Panamthottathil
Apostolic Nunciature to Australia
Apostolic Nuncio: Charles Balvo
Catholicism portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Broken Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Broken_Bay"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"apostolic administrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_administrator"},{"link_name":"Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Ordinariate_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Southern_Cross"},{"link_name":"auxiliary bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Anthony Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Fisher"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Anthony Randazzo (born 7 October 1966[3][4]) is an Australian bishop. He is currently the bishop ordinary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Broken Bay[5] and also the apostolic administrator of the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross. He was previously an auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney.[6] He was consecrated to the episcopate by Archbishop Anthony Fisher at St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney, on 24 August 2016.[7]","title":"Anthony Randazzo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lipari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipari"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Coolangatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolangatta"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Southport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southport"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AOS-8"}],"text":"Anthony Randazzo was born on 7 October 1966 in Sydney, the son of Colin Randazzo and his wife Caterina Di Losa from Lipari, Italy. His parents worked as fruiterers in their family business at Bankstown until relocating to Coolangatta on the Gold Coast in 1967. He is the third of four children; he has three sisters. Randazzo was educated at Saint Augustine's School in Coolangatta, Guardian Angels School in Southport and Aquinas College in Southport.[8]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pius XII Seminary, Banyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit_Seminary,_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of St Stephen, Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_St_Stephen,_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Francis Roberts Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Roberts_Rush"},{"link_name":"Master of Ceremonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Ceremonies"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Gregorian University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AOS-8"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AOS-8"}],"text":"In 1985, Randazzo commenced his formation for priesthood at Pius XII Seminary, Banyo. Having ministered as a deacon at All Saints Parish Albany Creek, he was ordained priest on 29 November 1991 at the Cathedral of St Stephen, Brisbane by Archbishop Francis Roberts Rush. From 1992 to 1994, he was a curate at Saint Mary's Parish Ipswich, and from 1995 to 1997 he served as Master of Ceremonies at the cathedral in Brisbane. In 1998 Randazzo was sent to Rome where he undertook studies in Canon Law at the Pontifical Gregorian University. Upon his return to Brisbane in 2001, he was appointed pastor of Regina Caeli Parish Coorparoo Heights, Associate Judicial Vicar at the Regional Tribunal and Director of Vocations for the Archdiocese of Brisbane.[8]In 2004, Randazzo was called to Rome where he worked in the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith for five years. He returned to Australia and from 2009 until 2015 he was Rector of the Holy Spirit Seminary of Queensland. In the first semester of 2016, he was given sabbatical leave for studies in sacred scripture in Jerusalem.[8]","title":"Priesthood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Umbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Umbers_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Anthony Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Fisher"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Ordinariate_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Southern_Cross"},{"link_name":"Monsignor Carl Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Reid"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Randazzo was appointed on 24 June 2016, along with Richard Umbers, by Pope Francis to be a new auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Sydney. He was consecrated and installed on 24 August 2016 at St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney by Archbishop Anthony Fisher.\nHe was appointed Bishop-Elect of Broken Bay Diocese by Pope Francis, on Monday 7 October 2019. His installation took place in November 2019.In February 2023, Randazzo was elected president of the Federation of Catholic Bishops Conferences of Oceania for a four year term.[9]In April, 2023, he was named Apostolic Administrator of the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross, effective 1 July 2023, following the resignation of Monsignor Carl Reid.[10][11]","title":"Episcopacy"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Bishop Anthony Randazzo\". Retrieved 6 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/brandaz.html","url_text":"\"Bishop Anthony Randazzo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Getting to know Bishop-Elect Tony Randazzo\". Archdiocese of Sydney. Retrieved 6 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sydneycatholic.org/news/latest_news/2016/201684_682.shtml","url_text":"\"Getting to know Bishop-Elect Tony Randazzo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Getting to know Bishop-Elect Tony Randazzo - CAS\". Sydneycatholic.org. Retrieved 29 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sydneycatholic.org/news/latest_news/2016/201684_682.shtml","url_text":"\"Getting to know Bishop-Elect Tony Randazzo - CAS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diocese of Broken Bay | Latest News\". Dbb.org.au. 27 June 2016. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170920092851/http://www.dbb.org.au/news/fx-articles.cfm?loadref=12&id=504","url_text":"\"Diocese of Broken Bay | Latest News\""},{"url":"http://www.dbb.org.au/news/fx-articles.cfm?loadref=12&id=504","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Abraham, Gavin (7 October 2019). \"Bishop Anthony Randazzo named Bishop of Broken Bay\". Cathnews. Retrieved 31 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cathnews.com/media-releases/1829-191007-acbc-bishop-anthony-randazzo-named-bishop-of-broken-bay-6/file","url_text":"\"Bishop Anthony Randazzo named Bishop of Broken Bay\""}]},{"reference":"\"TWO NEW AUXILIARY BISHOPS FOR CATHOLIC ARCHDIOCESE OF SYDNEY\". Sydneycatholic.org. Retrieved 29 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sydneycatholic.org/news/latest_news/2016/2016624_1297.shtml","url_text":"\"TWO NEW AUXILIARY BISHOPS FOR CATHOLIC ARCHDIOCESE OF SYDNEY\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sydney Archdiocese Welcomes Two New Bishops With Joy\". Sydneycatholic.org. Retrieved 29 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sydneycatholic.org/news/latest_news/2016/2016825_545.shtml","url_text":"\"Sydney Archdiocese Welcomes Two New Bishops With Joy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Most Rev Bishop Anthony (Tony) Randazzo\". Archdiocese of Sydney. Retrieved 6 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sydneycatholic.org/people/bishop_anthony_randazzo/","url_text":"\"Most Rev Bishop Anthony (Tony) Randazzo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop Anthony Randazzo elected President of the Federation of Catholic Bishops Conferences of Oceania\". 13 February 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbcatholic.org.au/news/latest-news/bishop-anthony-randazzo-elected-president-of-the-federation-of-catholic-bishops-conferences-of-oceania","url_text":"\"Bishop Anthony Randazzo elected President of the Federation of Catholic Bishops Conferences of Oceania\""}]},{"reference":"\"Following visitation, leader of Australian ordinariate resigns\". Catholic Culture. Retrieved 21 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=58443","url_text":"\"Following visitation, leader of Australian ordinariate resigns\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rinuncia dell'Ordinario dell'Ordinariato personale di Our Lady of the Southern Cross (Australia) e nomina dell'Amministratore apostolico \"ad nutum Sanctae Sedis\" dell'Ordinariato\". Holy See Press Office. Retrieved 21 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2023/04/21/0294/00640.html#rin","url_text":"\"Rinuncia dell'Ordinario dell'Ordinariato personale di Our Lady of the Southern Cross (Australia) e nomina dell'Amministratore apostolico \"ad nutum Sanctae Sedis\" dell'Ordinariato\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/brandaz.html","external_links_name":"\"Bishop Anthony Randazzo\""},{"Link":"https://www.sydneycatholic.org/news/latest_news/2016/201684_682.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Getting to know Bishop-Elect Tony Randazzo\""},{"Link":"http://www.sydneycatholic.org/news/latest_news/2016/201684_682.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Getting to know Bishop-Elect Tony Randazzo - CAS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170920092851/http://www.dbb.org.au/news/fx-articles.cfm?loadref=12&id=504","external_links_name":"\"Diocese of Broken Bay | Latest News\""},{"Link":"http://www.dbb.org.au/news/fx-articles.cfm?loadref=12&id=504","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cathnews.com/media-releases/1829-191007-acbc-bishop-anthony-randazzo-named-bishop-of-broken-bay-6/file","external_links_name":"\"Bishop Anthony Randazzo named Bishop of Broken Bay\""},{"Link":"http://www.sydneycatholic.org/news/latest_news/2016/2016624_1297.shtml","external_links_name":"\"TWO NEW AUXILIARY BISHOPS FOR CATHOLIC ARCHDIOCESE OF SYDNEY\""},{"Link":"http://www.sydneycatholic.org/news/latest_news/2016/2016825_545.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Sydney Archdiocese Welcomes Two New Bishops With Joy\""},{"Link":"https://www.sydneycatholic.org/people/bishop_anthony_randazzo/","external_links_name":"\"Most Rev Bishop Anthony (Tony) Randazzo\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbcatholic.org.au/news/latest-news/bishop-anthony-randazzo-elected-president-of-the-federation-of-catholic-bishops-conferences-of-oceania","external_links_name":"\"Bishop Anthony Randazzo elected President of the Federation of Catholic Bishops Conferences of Oceania\""},{"Link":"https://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=58443","external_links_name":"\"Following visitation, leader of Australian ordinariate resigns\""},{"Link":"https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2023/04/21/0294/00640.html#rin","external_links_name":"\"Rinuncia dell'Ordinario dell'Ordinariato personale di Our Lady of the Southern Cross (Australia) e nomina dell'Amministratore apostolico \"ad nutum Sanctae Sedis\" dell'Ordinariato\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerkin_Horatagh | Nerkin Horatagh | ["1 History","2 Historical heritage sites","3 Economy and culture","4 Demographics","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 40°11′22″N 46°46′58″E / 40.18944°N 46.78278°E / 40.18944; 46.78278Place in Tartar, AzerbaijanNerkin Horatagh / Ortakend
Ներքին Հոռաթաղ / OrtakəndOrtakəndSt. George's Church in Nerkin HorataghNerkin Horatagh / OrtakendShow map of AzerbaijanNerkin Horatagh / OrtakendShow map of Karabakh Economic RegionCoordinates: 40°11′22″N 46°46′58″E / 40.18944°N 46.78278°E / 40.18944; 46.78278Country Azerbaijan • DistrictTartarPopulation (2015) • Total840Time zoneUTC+4 (AZT)
Nerkin Horatagh (Armenian: Ներքին Հոռաթաղ; Azerbaijani: Aşağı Oratağ) or Ortakend (Azerbaijani: Ortakənd) is a village in the Tartar District of Azerbaijan. Prior to the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive, it was de facto controlled by the Republic of Artsakh as a village in its Martakert Province. The village had an Armenian majority in 1989. The village is located close to the town of Martakert.
History
During the Soviet period, the village was a part of the Mardakert District of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast.
Historical heritage sites
Historical heritage sites in and around the village include a church built in 1094, a medieval cemetery, the church of Surb Astvatsatsin (Armenian: Սուրբ Աստվածածին, lit. 'Holy Mother of God') built in 1904-1914, and St. George's Church (Armenian: Սուրբ Գևորգ եկեղեցի, romanized: Surb Gevorg Yekeghetsi) built in 2012.
Economy and culture
The population is mainly engaged in agriculture, animal husbandry, and mining. As of 2015, the village has a municipal building, a secondary school, 10 shops, and a medical centre.
Demographics
The village had 776 inhabitants in 2005, and 840 inhabitants in 2015.
References
^ a b c d Hakob Ghahramanyan. "Directory of socio-economic characteristics of NKR administrative-territorial units (2015)".
^ Андрей Зубов. "Андрей Зубов. Карабах: Мир и Война". drugoivzgliad.com.
^ "Արցախի Ներքին Հոռաթաղ գյուղում օծվել է Սբ. Գևորգ եկեղեցին". times.am. 2012-03-23.
^ "The Results of the 2005 Census of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic" (PDF). National Statistic Service of the Republic of Artsakh.
External links
Nerkin Horatagh at GEOnet Names Server
vteMartakert ProvinceCapital: MartakertUrban communities
Martakert
Rural communities
Aghabekalanj
Arajadzor
Chankatagh
Chapar
Chldran
Drmbon
Garnakar
Ghazarahogh
Getavan
Harutyunagomer
Haterk
Imar
Jraberd
Khnkavan
Kichan
Kmkadzor
Kochoghot
Kolatak
Kusapat
Maghavuz
Mehmana
Mets Shen
Mokhratagh
Nareshtar
Nerkin Horatagh
Nor Ghazanchi
Poghosagomer
Seysulan
Shahmasur
Tblghu
Tonashen
Tsaghkashen
Tsmakahogh
Vaghuhas
Vank
Vardadzor
Varnkatagh
Verin Horatagh
Zaglik
Zardakhach
Not under Artsakh control
Andzavner
Aygestan
Dashtaglukh
Hovtashen
Karmiravan
Levonarkh
Mataghis
Maragha
Nor Aygestan
Nor Haykajur
Nor Karmiravan
Nor Maragha
Nor Seysulan
Talish
vteTartar DistrictCapital: Tartar
Ağabəyyalı
Ağdərə
Ağkənd
Alışarlı
Aşağı Qapanlı
Azad Qaraqoyunlu
Bala Kəngərli
Bayandur
Bayandurlu
Bəyimsarov
Bildirçinli
Borsunlu
Buruc
Canyataq
Cəmilli
Çardaqlı
Çaylı
Çiləbürt
Çıraqlı
Dəmirçilər
Dəmirli
Düyərli
Ələsgərli
Əskipara
Evoğlu
Göyarx
Güləbatlı
Gülyataq
Hacallı
Hacıqərvənd
Həsənqaya
Hüsənli
İlxıçılar
İrəvanlı
İsmayılbəyli
Kəbirli
Kəngərli
Kiçik Qarabəy
Köçərli
Kövdadıq
Lüləsaz
Mamırlı
Meqrelalay
Ortakənd
Poladlı
Qaraağacı
Qaradağlı
Qapanlı
Qaynaq
Qazyan
Qırmızı Saqqallar
Qızıloba
Rəcəbli
Sarıcalı
Sarov
Seydimli
Seysulan
Səhləbad
Soyulan
Suqovuşan
Şıxarx
Talış
Təpəkənd
Təzəkənd
Ulu Qarabəy
Umudlu
Umudlu
Xoruzlu
Yarımca
Yenikənd
Yuxarı Qapanlı
Yuxarı Qaradağlı
Yuxarı Sarıcalı
Zəylik
Zolgəran
Portal: Geography | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language"},{"link_name":"Tartar District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartar_District"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"2023 Azerbaijani offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Azerbaijani_offensive_in_Nagorno-Karabakh"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"Republic of Artsakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh"},{"link_name":"Martakert Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martakert_Province"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Martakert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martakert"}],"text":"Place in Tartar, AzerbaijanNerkin Horatagh (Armenian: Ներքին Հոռաթաղ; Azerbaijani: Aşağı Oratağ) or Ortakend (Azerbaijani: Ortakənd) is a village in the Tartar District of Azerbaijan. Prior to the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive, it was de facto controlled by the Republic of Artsakh as a village in its Martakert Province. The village had an Armenian majority in 1989.[2] The village is located close to the town of Martakert.","title":"Nerkin Horatagh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Mardakert District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardakert_District_(NKAO)"},{"link_name":"Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Autonomous_Oblast"}],"text":"During the Soviet period, the village was a part of the Mardakert District of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015statistics-1"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Historical heritage sites in and around the village include a church built in 1094, a medieval cemetery, the church of Surb Astvatsatsin (Armenian: Սուրբ Աստվածածին, lit. 'Holy Mother of God') built in 1904-1914,[1] and St. George's Church (Armenian: Սուրբ Գևորգ եկեղեցի, romanized: Surb Gevorg Yekeghetsi) built in 2012.[3]","title":"Historical heritage sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"animal husbandry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry"},{"link_name":"mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015statistics-1"}],"text":"The population is mainly engaged in agriculture, animal husbandry, and mining. As of 2015, the village has a municipal building, a secondary school, 10 shops, and a medical centre.[1]","title":"Economy and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2005nkrcensus-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015statistics-1"}],"text":"The village had 776 inhabitants in 2005,[4] and 840 inhabitants in 2015.[1]","title":"Demographics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Hakob Ghahramanyan. \"Directory of socio-economic characteristics of NKR administrative-territorial units (2015)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://artsakhlib.am/en/2018/06/06/%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82-%D5%AC%D5%B2%D5%B0-%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6-%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8/","url_text":"\"Directory of socio-economic characteristics of NKR administrative-territorial units (2015)\""}]},{"reference":"Андрей Зубов. \"Андрей Зубов. Карабах: Мир и Война\". drugoivzgliad.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://drugoivzgliad.com/karabach-mir-i-voina-a-zubov/","url_text":"\"Андрей Зубов. Карабах: Мир и Война\""}]},{"reference":"\"Արցախի Ներքին Հոռաթաղ գյուղում օծվել է Սբ. Գևորգ եկեղեցին\". times.am. 2012-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://times.am/?l=am&p=6039","url_text":"\"Արցախի Ներքին Հոռաթաղ գյուղում օծվել է Սբ. Գևորգ եկեղեցին\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Results of the 2005 Census of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic\" (PDF). National Statistic Service of the Republic of Artsakh.","urls":[{"url":"http://census.stat-nkr.am/nkr/1-1.pdf","url_text":"\"The Results of the 2005 Census of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nerkin_Horatagh¶ms=40_11_22_N_46_46_58_E_region:AZ_type:city(840)","external_links_name":"40°11′22″N 46°46′58″E / 40.18944°N 46.78278°E / 40.18944; 46.78278"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nerkin_Horatagh¶ms=40_11_22_N_46_46_58_E_region:AZ_type:city(840)","external_links_name":"40°11′22″N 46°46′58″E / 40.18944°N 46.78278°E / 40.18944; 46.78278"},{"Link":"https://artsakhlib.am/en/2018/06/06/%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82-%D5%AC%D5%B2%D5%B0-%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6-%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8/","external_links_name":"\"Directory of socio-economic characteristics of NKR administrative-territorial units (2015)\""},{"Link":"https://drugoivzgliad.com/karabach-mir-i-voina-a-zubov/","external_links_name":"\"Андрей Зубов. Карабах: Мир и Война\""},{"Link":"https://times.am/?l=am&p=6039","external_links_name":"\"Արցախի Ներքին Հոռաթաղ գյուղում օծվել է Սբ. Գևորգ եկեղեցին\""},{"Link":"http://census.stat-nkr.am/nkr/1-1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Results of the 2005 Census of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic\""},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/detaillinksearch.asp?G_NAME=32FA8815006B3774E0440003BA962ED3&Diacritics=DC","external_links_name":"Nerkin Horatagh"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar-e-Husn | Bazaar-e-Husn | ["1 Synopsis","2 Major themes","3 Adaptations","4 References"] | Book by Munshi Premchand
Bazaar-e-Husn (Urdu) / Sevasadan (Hindi) AuthorMunshi PremchandOriginal titleUrdu: بازارِ حُسن, Hindi: सेवासदनLanguageHindustaniGenreNovelPublication dateCalcutta (Hindi, 1919) and Lahore (Urdu, 1924)Publication placeBritish IndiaMedia typePrint (Hardback & Paperback)Dewey Decimal891.4393
Bazaar-e-Husn (Urdu: بازارِ حُسن) or Seva Sadan (Hindi: सेवासदन, lit. 'The House of service') is a Hindustani novel by Munshi Premchand.
It was originally written in Urdu under the title Bazaar-e-Husn ("Market of Beauty" or Red-light district) but was first published in Hindi from Calcutta as Seva Sadan ("The House of Service"), in 1919. It was published in Urdu, in 1924, from Lahore.
Bazaar-e-Husn was Premchand's first major novel; before it, he had published four novellas in Urdu of about 100 pages each.
An English translation of this book was released by Oxford University Press, India in New Delhi in 2005. The year is stated to be significant, being the 125th anniversary of Munshi Premchand's birth.
Synopsis
Bazaar-e-Husn is a tale of an unhappy housewife who is beguiled away from the path of domestic virtue into becoming a courtesan. She then reforms herself and atones by serving as the manager of an orphanage for the young daughters of courtesans, the seva-sadan of the Hindi title.
The setting is in the orthodox Hindu religious city of Varanasi, around the turn of the 20th century. The British Raj had introduced Local self-government in India to municipalities, in some cities. The main protagonist is a Brahmin lady named Suman who is married into a loveless union, because of her family's social and financial obligations. She leaves this marriage to become a courtesan, in the "kothas" of the city. In a twist to the tale, the local municipal corporation, a feature of the then-modernising India, orders these to be relocated outside the city, for social morality. Suman finds her social position is causing problems to her sister's marriage. She then joins to serve a home for widows, and teach them religion. When this becomes untenable — as also a stay with her sister who is married to a former admirer — Suman finally joins as a teacher, in a home that houses the children of former courtesans. The home is named Seva Sadan (the house of service), from which the title of the novel seems to be derived.
Major themes
The novel seems to be located firmly in a place — Varanasi — and in time - the turn of the 20th century: when the British Raj started handing over power to local elites through municipalities, in some towns and cities.
While the Urdu title highlights the fall of the heroine, the Hindi title highlights her redemption: It is tempting to see the two titles as widely symptomatic of their respective literary cultures.
Vasudha Dalmia, an American academic of South Asian culture with special focus on the Hindi language, has written an introduction to the English translation. This details the context in which the novel is set: the ancient orthodox Hindu city of Varanasi and the spaces of the Kothis and the Benarasi courtesan is stated to be an interesting choice. The Benarasi courtesan filled an important place in the aesthetic and literary culture of North India — as well as in the cultural history of the city and its citizens.
In another paper, on the significance of this novel to the North Indian society and culture, Vasudha Dalmia points out that the title itself, Seva (service) and Sadanam (house), suggests the many layered social texture of Varanasi. The move to remove the courtesans from the heart of the city (Chauk) can be seen as a metaphor, for a new (North) India, which was seeking to modernise and refashion its image — removing courtesans from its heart and shifting them to the periphery.
Arshia Sattar in a review of the translation states that "Premchand has always used his women characters as the lens through which society is critiqued. A reading his 'Sevasadan' in English translation almost 90 years after it was written brings home the fact that little has changed: women are still striving to control their own destinies."
Adaptations
K. Subramaniam adapted the novel as a Tamil movie, Sevasadanam (1938), which was the first film for the famous Carnatic music singer, M. S. Subbulakshmi. Bazaar E Husn is a 2014 Indian Hindi-language film, based on the novel. Seva Sadan, a television film adaptation of the novel was broadcast by Doordarshan, the Indian national public broadcaster.
References
^ Harish Trivedi (2 May 2004). "The power of Premchand (Literary Review of The Oxford India Premchand)". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 2 June 2004.
^ Shingavi, Snehal (2005). Premchand Sevasadan. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0195668995.
^ Ravi Bathia (14 August 2005). "Tribute to Premchand". The Tribune. The English translation of Munshi Premchand's famous novel, Sevasadan, was launched here last week as fans of the legendary Hindi writer celebrated his 125 th birth anniversary
^ Dalmia, Vasudha (2006). Visions of a new Banaras and the new Hindi novel in Hindi in the book "Visualising space in Banaras - images, maps and the practise of representation. Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 325–348. ISBN 978-3447051873.
^ Sattar, Arshia (February 2006). "Suman's story". infochangeindia.org. Centre for Communication and Development Studies, Poona. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Munshi Premchand's Seva Sadan Part 01". Prasar Bharati Archives. 26 October 2017.
vteWorks by PremchandNovels
Bazaar-e-Husn (1919)
Rangbhoomi (1924)
Nirmala (1926)
Gaban (1931)
Karmabhoomi (1932)
Godaan (1936)
Short stories
"Shatranj ke Khiladi" (1924)
"Idgah" (1933)
"Lottery" (1933)
Adaptations
Sevasadanam (1938)
Gaban (1966)
The Chess Players (1977)
Oka Oori Katha (1977)
Saanch Ko Aanch Nahin (1979)
Sadgati (1981)
Bazaar E Husn (2014) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"Hindustani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_language"},{"link_name":"Munshi Premchand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munshi_Premchand"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"Red-light district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-light_district"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Bazaar-e-Husn (Urdu: بازارِ حُسن) or Seva Sadan (Hindi: सेवासदन, lit. 'The House of service') is a Hindustani novel by Munshi Premchand.It was originally written in Urdu under the title Bazaar-e-Husn (\"Market of Beauty\" or Red-light district) but was first published in Hindi from Calcutta as Seva Sadan (\"The House of Service\"), in 1919. It was published in Urdu, in 1924, from Lahore.[1]Bazaar-e-Husn was Premchand's first major novel; before it, he had published four novellas in Urdu of about 100 pages each.An English translation of this book was released by Oxford University Press, India in New Delhi in 2005.[2] The year is stated to be significant, being the 125th anniversary of Munshi Premchand's birth.[3]","title":"Bazaar-e-Husn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Varanasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi"},{"link_name":"British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Local self-government in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_self-government_in_India"},{"link_name":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities"},{"link_name":"Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin"}],"text":"Bazaar-e-Husn is a tale of an unhappy housewife who is beguiled away from the path of domestic virtue into becoming a courtesan. She then reforms herself and atones by serving as the manager of an orphanage for the young daughters of courtesans, the seva-sadan of the Hindi title.The setting is in the orthodox Hindu religious city of Varanasi, around the turn of the 20th century. The British Raj had introduced Local self-government in India to municipalities, in some cities. The main protagonist is a Brahmin lady named Suman who is married into a loveless union, because of her family's social and financial obligations. She leaves this marriage to become a courtesan, in the \"kothas\" of the city. In a twist to the tale, the local municipal corporation, a feature of the then-modernising India, orders these to be relocated outside the city, for social morality. Suman finds her social position is causing problems to her sister's marriage. She then joins to serve a home for widows, and teach them religion. When this becomes untenable — as also a stay with her sister who is married to a former admirer — Suman finally joins as a teacher, in a home that houses the children of former courtesans. The home is named Seva Sadan (the house of service), from which the title of the novel seems to be derived.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vasudha Dalmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasudha_Dalmia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Arshia Sattar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arshia_Sattar"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The novel seems to be located firmly in a place — Varanasi — and in time - the turn of the 20th century: when the British Raj started handing over power to local elites through municipalities, in some towns and cities.While the Urdu title highlights the fall of the heroine, the Hindi title highlights her redemption: It is tempting to see the two titles as widely symptomatic of their respective literary cultures.Vasudha Dalmia, an American academic of South Asian culture with special focus on the Hindi language, has written an introduction to the English translation. This details the context in which the novel is set: the ancient orthodox Hindu city of Varanasi and the spaces of the Kothis and the Benarasi courtesan is stated to be an interesting choice. The Benarasi courtesan filled an important place in the aesthetic and literary culture of North India — as well as in the cultural history of the city and its citizens.In another paper, on the significance of this novel to the North Indian society and culture, Vasudha Dalmia points out that the title itself, Seva (service) and Sadanam (house), suggests the many layered social texture of Varanasi. The move to remove the courtesans from the heart of the city (Chauk) can be seen as a metaphor, for a new (North) India, which was seeking to modernise and refashion its image — removing courtesans from its heart and shifting them to the periphery.[4]Arshia Sattar in a review of the translation states that \"Premchand has always used his women characters as the lens through which society is critiqued. A reading his 'Sevasadan' in English translation almost 90 years after it was written brings home the fact that little has changed: women are still striving to control their own destinies.\"[5]","title":"Major themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"K. Subramaniam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Subramaniam"},{"link_name":"Sevasadanam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevasadanam"},{"link_name":"Carnatic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnatic_music"},{"link_name":"M. S. Subbulakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._S._Subbulakshmi"},{"link_name":"Bazaar E Husn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar_E_Husn"},{"link_name":"Doordarshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doordarshan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"K. Subramaniam adapted the novel as a Tamil movie, Sevasadanam (1938), which was the first film for the famous Carnatic music singer, M. S. Subbulakshmi. Bazaar E Husn is a 2014 Indian Hindi-language film, based on the novel. Seva Sadan, a television film adaptation of the novel was broadcast by Doordarshan, the Indian national public broadcaster.[6]","title":"Adaptations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Harish Trivedi (2 May 2004). \"The power of Premchand (Literary Review of The Oxford India Premchand)\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 2 June 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040602122256/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/05/02/stories/2004050200280400.htm","url_text":"\"The power of Premchand (Literary Review of The Oxford India Premchand)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/05/02/stories/2004050200280400.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shingavi, Snehal (2005). Premchand Sevasadan. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0195668995.","urls":[{"url":"https://global.oup.com/academic/product/oxford-9780195696585","url_text":"Premchand Sevasadan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195668995","url_text":"978-0195668995"}]},{"reference":"Ravi Bathia (14 August 2005). \"Tribute to Premchand\". The Tribune. The English translation of Munshi Premchand's famous novel, Sevasadan, was launched here last week as fans of the legendary Hindi writer celebrated his 125 th birth anniversary","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050815/delhi.htm","url_text":"\"Tribute to Premchand\""}]},{"reference":"Dalmia, Vasudha (2006). Visions of a new Banaras and the new Hindi novel in Hindi in the book \"Visualising space in Banaras - images, maps and the practise of representation. Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 325–348. ISBN 978-3447051873.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447051873","url_text":"978-3447051873"}]},{"reference":"Sattar, Arshia (February 2006). \"Suman's story\". infochangeindia.org. Centre for Communication and Development Studies, Poona. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120515075547/http://infochangeindia.org/women/books-a-reports/sumans-story.html","url_text":"\"Suman's story\""}]},{"reference":"\"Munshi Premchand's Seva Sadan Part 01\". Prasar Bharati Archives. 26 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ArnBZm7YAjo","url_text":"\"Munshi Premchand's Seva Sadan Part 01\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040602122256/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/05/02/stories/2004050200280400.htm","external_links_name":"\"The power of Premchand (Literary Review of The Oxford India Premchand)\""},{"Link":"http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/05/02/stories/2004050200280400.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://global.oup.com/academic/product/oxford-9780195696585","external_links_name":"Premchand Sevasadan"},{"Link":"http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050815/delhi.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tribute to Premchand\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120515075547/http://infochangeindia.org/women/books-a-reports/sumans-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Suman's story\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ArnBZm7YAjo","external_links_name":"\"Munshi Premchand's Seva Sadan Part 01\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynan | Tynan | ["1 History","1.1 The Troubles","2 Places of interest","3 Transport","4 People","5 Civil parish of Tynan","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 54°19′48″N 6°49′22″W / 54.33007°N 6.822644°W / 54.33007; -6.822644Village in County Armagh, Northern Ireland
For others, see Tynan (disambiguation).
Human settlement in Northern IrelandTynanIrish: TuíneánTynanLocation within Northern IrelandPopulation71 (2011 Census)DistrictArmagh City, Banbridge and CraigavonCountyCounty ArmaghCountryNorthern IrelandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPostcode districtBT60Dialling code028UK ParliamentNewry & ArmaghNI AssemblyNewry & Armagh
List of places
UK
Northern Ireland
Armagh
54°19′48″N 6°49′22″W / 54.33007°N 6.822644°W / 54.33007; -6.822644
Tynan (from Irish Tuíneán, meaning 'watercourse') is a village, townland (of 375 acres) and civil parish in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. It is situated largely in the historic barony of Tiranny, with some areas in the barony of Armagh, around 11 kilometres (7 mi) west of Armagh City.
Tynan had a population of 71 people (35 households) in the 2011 Census. (2001 Census: 71 people)
History
Tynan won the status as the most well-preserved rural Irish village in 1993.
The Troubles
On January 21, 1981, Sir Norman Stronge, 8th Baronet (86), Ulster Unionist Party member, and former Speaker at Stormont, and his son, James Stronge (48), an off-duty member of the Royal Ulster Constabulary reserve, were shot dead by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) at their mansion, Tynan Abbey, Tynan.
Places of interest
Tynan Abbey has an extensive demesne, a country house belonging to the Stronge family was situated here until it was destroyed by the Provisional IRA in 1981. The ruins have since been demolished. The grounds hold an extensive cemetery with grave stones going back centuries and others worn beyond recognition.
Tynan has a High cross in the village's church yard, dating from 700 to 900. It shows a carving of Adam and Eve under an apple tree.
Adam & Eve under a tree.
Transport
The Ulster Railway opened the station on 25 May 1858 as Tynan, Caledon & Midleton. In 1876 the Ulster Railway merged with other railways to become the Great Northern Railway (Ireland).
Tynan was formerly served by mainline trains of the Great Northern Railway (Ireland) and was also the eastern terminus of the narrow gauge Clogher Valley Railway. Tynan railway station on the Clogher Valley railway opened on 2 May 1887 and shut 1 January 1942. Tynan and Caledon railway station on the mainline opened on 25 May 1858 and shut on 1 October 1957.
People
Peter McManus, recipient of the Victoria Cross.
The antiquarian William Reeves was the Church of Ireland Rector of Tynan in the 1860s.
Civil parish of Tynan
The civil parish contains the villages of Killylea, Middletown and Tynan.
See also
List of civil parishes of County Armagh
References
^ PlaceNamesNI - Tynan Archived 17 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b "Tynan". IreAtlas Townlands Database. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
^ "Tynan". Census 2011 Results. NI Statistics and Research Agency. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
^ NI Conflict Archive on the Internet
^ 'The Green Book: I' from 'The IRA' by Tim Pat Coogan (1993)
^ Biographies of Members of the Northern Ireland House of Commons, election.demon.co.uk; accessed 17 October 2015.
^ "Tynan & Caledon" (PDF). Railscot - Irish Railways. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
^ "Tynan and Tynan and Caledon stations" (PDF). Railscot - Irish Railways. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
^ Crockford's Clerical Directory (Church of England Church Commissioners, 1868), p. 771
Lewis 1842 - Tynan
Armagh villages
External links
vteGeography of County ArmaghList of places in County ArmaghCities and towns
Armagh
Craigavon
Lurgan
Newry (part)
Portadown
Tandragee
Villagesand townlands
Acton
Aghacommon
Annaghmore
Annahugh
Ardress
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Ballymacnab
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Dorsey
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Edenaveys
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Granemore
Hamiltonsbawn
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Keady
Kernan
Killeen
Killylea
Kilmore
Lislea
Lisnadill
Loughgall
Loughgilly
Madden
Maghery
Markethill
Meigh
Middletown
Millford
Millvale
Mountnorris
Mullaghbawn
Mullaghbrack
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Newtownhamilton
Poyntzpass
Richhill
Scotch Street
Silverbridge
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The Birches
Tullynawood
Tynan
Whitecross
Landforms
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Derrywarragh Island
Eamhain Mhacha
Lough Clea
Slieve Gullion/Ring of Gullion
Baronies
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Fews Lower
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Tiranny
WikiProject Northern Ireland
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tynan (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynan_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlaceNamesNI-1"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"townland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townland"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"County Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Armagh"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"barony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barony_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Tiranny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiranny"},{"link_name":"Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagh_(barony)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ire-2"},{"link_name":"Armagh City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cen-3"}],"text":"Village in County Armagh, Northern IrelandFor others, see Tynan (disambiguation).Human settlement in Northern IrelandTynan (from Irish Tuíneán, meaning 'watercourse'[1]) is a village, townland (of 375 acres) and civil parish in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. It is situated largely in the historic barony of Tiranny, with some areas in the barony of Armagh,[2] around 11 kilometres (7 mi) west of Armagh City.Tynan had a population of 71 people (35 households) in the 2011 Census.[3] (2001 Census: 71 people)","title":"Tynan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Tynan won the status as the most well-preserved rural Irish village in 1993. [citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Norman Stronge, 8th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Stronge"},{"link_name":"Ulster Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"Speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_(politics)"},{"link_name":"Stormont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"James Stronge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stronge_(Mid-Armagh_MP)"},{"link_name":"Royal Ulster Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"Provisional Irish Republican Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"Tynan Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynan_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"The Troubles","text":"On January 21, 1981, Sir Norman Stronge, 8th Baronet (86), Ulster Unionist Party member, and former Speaker at Stormont, and his son, James Stronge (48), an off-duty member of the Royal Ulster Constabulary reserve, were shot dead by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) at their mansion, Tynan Abbey, Tynan.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tynan Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynan_Abbey"},{"link_name":"country house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_house"},{"link_name":"Stronge family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stronge_Baronets"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"High cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_cross"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Adam and Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_and_Eve"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TynanCross.jpg"}],"text":"Tynan Abbey has an extensive demesne, a country house belonging to the Stronge family was situated here until it was destroyed by the Provisional IRA in 1981.[5][6] The ruins have since been demolished. The grounds hold an extensive cemetery with grave stones going back centuries and others worn beyond recognition.Tynan has a High cross in the village's church yard, dating from 700 to 900.[citation needed] It shows a carving of Adam and Eve under an apple tree.Adam & Eve under a tree.","title":"Places of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ulster Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Railway"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Great Northern Railway (Ireland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Great Northern Railway (Ireland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Clogher Valley Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clogher_Valley_Railway"},{"link_name":"Tynan and Caledon railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynan_and_Caledon_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Ulster Railway opened the station on 25 May 1858 as Tynan, Caledon & Midleton.[7] In 1876 the Ulster Railway merged with other railways to become the Great Northern Railway (Ireland).Tynan was formerly served by mainline trains of the Great Northern Railway (Ireland) and was also the eastern terminus of the narrow gauge Clogher Valley Railway. Tynan railway station on the Clogher Valley railway opened on 2 May 1887 and shut 1 January 1942. Tynan and Caledon railway station on the mainline opened on 25 May 1858 and shut on 1 October 1957.[8]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter McManus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_McManus"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"William Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Reeves_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Peter McManus, recipient of the Victoria Cross.[citation needed]\nThe antiquarian William Reeves was the Church of Ireland Rector of Tynan in the 1860s.[9]","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Killylea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killylea"},{"link_name":"Middletown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middletown,_County_Armagh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ire-2"}],"text":"The civil parish contains the villages of Killylea, Middletown and Tynan.[2]","title":"Civil parish of Tynan"}] | [{"image_text":"Adam & Eve under a tree.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/TynanCross.jpg/220px-TynanCross.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of civil parishes of County Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_of_County_Armagh"}] | [{"reference":"\"Tynan\". IreAtlas Townlands Database. Retrieved 6 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecore.com/seanruad/","url_text":"\"Tynan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tynan\". Census 2011 Results. NI Statistics and Research Agency. Retrieved 30 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nisra.gov.uk/census/2011/results/settlements.html","url_text":"\"Tynan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tynan & Caledon\" (PDF). Railscot - Irish Railways. Retrieved 29 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railscot.co.uk/Ireland/Irish_railways.pdf","url_text":"\"Tynan & Caledon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tynan and Tynan and Caledon stations\" (PDF). Railscot - Irish Railways. Retrieved 24 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railscot.co.uk/Ireland/Irish_railways.pdf","url_text":"\"Tynan and Tynan and Caledon stations\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tynan¶ms=54.33007_N_6.822644_W_region:GB_type:city(71)","external_links_name":"54°19′48″N 6°49′22″W / 54.33007°N 6.822644°W / 54.33007; -6.822644"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tynan¶ms=54.33007_N_6.822644_W_region:GB_type:city(71)","external_links_name":"54°19′48″N 6°49′22″W / 54.33007°N 6.822644°W / 54.33007; -6.822644"},{"Link":"http://www.placenamesni.org/resultsdetail.phtml?entry=10468","external_links_name":"PlaceNamesNI - Tynan"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717190301/http://www.placenamesni.org/resultsdetail.phtml?entry=10468","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thecore.com/seanruad/","external_links_name":"\"Tynan\""},{"Link":"http://www.nisra.gov.uk/census/2011/results/settlements.html","external_links_name":"\"Tynan\""},{"Link":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/","external_links_name":"NI Conflict Archive on the Internet"},{"Link":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/organ/docs/coogan/coogan93.htm","external_links_name":"'The Green Book: I' from 'The IRA' by Tim Pat Coogan (1993)"},{"Link":"http://www.election.demon.co.uk/stormont/biographies.html","external_links_name":"Biographies of Members of the Northern Ireland House of Commons"},{"Link":"http://www.railscot.co.uk/Ireland/Irish_railways.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Tynan & Caledon\""},{"Link":"http://www.railscot.co.uk/Ireland/Irish_railways.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Tynan and Tynan and Caledon stations\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060512180531/http://www.trainweb.org/i3/lewis_arm.htm#lewis_tynan","external_links_name":"Lewis 1842 - Tynan"},{"Link":"http://www.geographia.com/northern-ireland/ukiarm02.htm","external_links_name":"Armagh villages"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/140916601","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007471626505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2002124616","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_McGowan_(footballer) | Pat McGowan (footballer) | ["1 References"] | Scottish footballer
Patrick McGowanPersonal informationFull name
Patrick McGowanDate of birth
(1959-08-04) 4 August 1959 (age 64)Position(s)
Inside ForwardYouth career
GartcoshSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1977–1979
Airdrie
1980–1989
Dumbarton
247
(19)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Patrick McGowan (born 4 August 1959) was a Scottish footballer who played for Airdrie and Dumbarton.
References
^ McAllister, Jim (2002). The Sons of the Rock - The Official History of Dumbarton Football Club. Dumbarton: J&J Robertson Printers.
^ Litster, John. Record of Post-War Scottish League Players. Norwich: PM Publications.
This biographical article related to association football in Scotland, about a forward born in the 1950s, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Airdrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrieonians_F.C._(1878)"},{"link_name":"Dumbarton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Patrick McGowan (born 4 August 1959) was a Scottish footballer who played for Airdrie and Dumbarton.[2]","title":"Pat McGowan (footballer)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"McAllister, Jim (2002). The Sons of the Rock - The Official History of Dumbarton Football Club. Dumbarton: J&J Robertson Printers.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Litster, John. Record of Post-War Scottish League Players. Norwich: PM Publications.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pat_McGowan_(footballer)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t_It_Funny_(Murder_Remix) | Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix) | ["1 Background","2 Writing and production","3 Composition and critical response","4 Commercial performance","5 Music video","6 Accolades","7 Track listings","8 Charts","8.1 Weekly charts","8.2 Year-end charts","8.3 Decade-end charts","9 Certifications","10 Release history","11 References"] | 2002 single by Jennifer Lopez
"Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix)"Single by Jennifer Lopez featuring Ja Rule and Caddillac Tahfrom the album J to tha L–O! The Remixes ReleasedJanuary 7, 2002 (2002-01-07)RecordedSeptember 2001Genre
Hip hop
R&B
Length3:54LabelEpicSongwriter(s)
Jennifer Lopez
Cory Rooney
Irving Lorenzo
Jeffrey Atkins
Tiheem Crocker
Ashanti Douglas
Craig Mack
Producer(s)
Irv Gotti
7
Cory Rooney
Jennifer Lopez singles chronology
"Ain't It Funny" (2001)
"Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix)" (2002)
"I'm Gonna Be Alright (Track Masters Remix)" (2002)
Music video"Ain't It Funny" (Murder Remix) on YouTube
"Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix)" is a song by American singer Jennifer Lopez for her remix album J to tha L–O! The Remixes (2002). The song was marketed as a remix of "Ain't It Funny", but is actually an entirely different song with the same title. It features guest vocals from Ja Rule (Jeffrey Atkins) and Caddillac Tah (Tiheem Crocker). It was written by Lopez, Atkins, Tah, Cory Rooney, Irving Lorenzo, and Ashanti. Over a reworking of the beat to Craig Mack's "Flava in Ya Ear" (produced by Easy Mo Bee), Lopez sings about "dropping a boyfriend who keeps messing up".
Background
In July 2001, Jennifer Lopez's' number one album J.Lo (2001) was reissued with a Murder Inc remix of one of its original singles, "I'm Real". The R&B murder remix of "I'm Real" was written by Ja Rule, who also features on the track. According to Rule, he initially was "just fing around" with the track after Lopez's team gave it to him to remix, but it turned out to be "a hell of a record". This version was successful, topping the Billboard Hot 100 chart for several weeks. It also helped J.Lo to return to the top ten of the US Billboard 200 album chart. The song allowed Lopez to crossover from Pop to R&B. Rule said this put her in "another zone" and her fans aren't "gonna want the pop version of J. Lo no more, they gonna want the 'I'm Real' version". The rapper enjoyed working with Lopez and called it a "real collaboration" because he actually worked with her in the studio. The success of "I'm Real (Murder Remix)" lead him to begin working on a new version of "Ain't it Funny" the following August, which would later be announced as the lead single to J.Lo's remix album, J to tha L–O! The Remixes, in December 2001.
Writing and production
Rooney explained: "We had changed the sound of Jennifer Lopez and we didn't have anything else on the album we could release as a single. We had to do another remix to keep the momentum going." Then-upcoming artist Ashanti dropped by Irv Gotti's studio in New York. She recalled: "Everyone was there and Ja was on the floor playing video games, and they had the beat playing in the background. Chris Gotti, Irv Gotti's brother, said 'Ja's supposed to be writing this record for J-Lo, but it doesn't look like he's going to be doing anything tonight. Why don't you go in there and see what's happening?' So that's exactly what I did." Ashanti wrote two verses and recorded a demo for the new version of "Ain't It Funny" for Lopez. Gotti and 7 flew out to Los Angeles on September 10, 2001, to record the song with Lopez. The song was due to be recorded the following day, but was postponed due to the September 11 attacks. When work resumed on the song, Gotti called Ashanti from Los Angeles asking her to write another verse for the song. She recalled: "I had to write it over the phone and two-way Irv the lyrics."
Composition and critical response
"Ain't it Funny (Murder Remix)" is a hip hop song with a duration of three minutes and forty-nine seconds (3:49). It is thematically dissimilar to the original track. While he was working towards the remix, Ja Rule boasted "I'm about to f--- ya'll up," stating that the song's sampling of Craig Mack's "Flava In Ya Ear" would be "remixed" and "vamped up crazy". He said "It's totally not J. Lo." Over the reworking of the "Flava In Ya Ear" beat, Lopez sings about "a boyfriend who keeps messing up," while Rule and Cadillac Tah "drop rhymes" on the track. Rule raps that he's "Off the wall like MJ in his early days," which is a reference to Michael Jackson's album Off the Wall (1979). The rapper also says "Oh I, never been a sucker for chocha," chocha meaning pussy, the slang term for vagina. He continues on to say that people "want" him after they see him "workin' with money," meaning working with Lopez.
While reviewing the original "Ain't It Funny", Billboard's Chuck Taylor said of the remix release, "Sony has got to be kidding, calling it "Ain't it Funny" when not one note of it is held in common with the original. It's a disturbing trend, but one that will surely push J.Lo to a new high."
Commercial performance
"Ain't it Funny" was released to appeal to not only pop but "street-leaning" outlets. For the week ending December 29, 2001, "Ain't it Funny" debuted at number 74 on the Billboard Hot 100. It also debuted at number 75 on the Hot 100 Airplay. In its second week, the song jumped to number 53 on the Hot 100 and 56 on the Airplay chart. The following week, "Ain't it Funny" broke the top 40 of the Hot 100 and the Airplay chart. After its fourth week, the song progressed to number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100, winning the chart's "Greatest Airplay Gainer" title of the week, having jumped to number 17 at the Airplay chart that week. For the week ending February 9, 2002, "Ain't it Funny" jumped from number 12 to ten on the Hot 100 and Airplay chart, making it Lopez's fifth top-ten hit at the time. This week, it once again won the "Greatest Airplay Gainer" title. The next week, again claiming the "Greatest Airplay Gainer" title, the song jumped to number four on both charts, while also entering the top ten of Billboard's Hot Dance Club Play chart at number eight.
After remaining in the top five of both charts for another three weeks, "Ain't it Funny" peaked at number one on the Hot 100 and Airplay for the week ending March 9, 2002. This week, the single's parent album J to tha L–O! The Remixes returned to number one on the Billboard 200 with sales of 102,000 units, giving her simultaneous number ones. Also this week, the album had reached number five on the magazine's Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums chart while "Ain't it Funny" had reached the same position on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Tracks chart. Additionally, the song unseated the track "Always On Time" at the summit of the Hot 100, which was coincidentally by Ja Rule featuring Ashanti, two people who worked with Lopez on the remix. For five weeks, "Ain't it Funny" remained at number one on the Hot 100 and Airplay chart, before dropping to number three on both charts for the week ending April 20, 2002. The song peaked at number three on the R&B/Hip-Hop Tracks Chart.
The murder remix for "Ain't it Funny" attained moderate success internationally. In the United Kingdom, it peaked at number four, becoming her seventh top-ten hit there. The remix entered the Swiss Singles Chart at number 16 for the week of March 17, 2002. Three weeks later, it peaked at number seven, where it remained for an additional week. "Ain't it Funny" also peaked at number seven in The Netherlands for the week ending March 30, 2002. In total, it spent five weeks in the top ten on the Dutch Singles Chart. The song entered the top twenty in Belgium Flanders, Spain and Denmark.
Music video
The single's official music video was directed by Herb Ritts. The music video features two parts that frequently interchange back and forth throughout the song. The first part of the video shows Lopez having a small party in her home with guests including Ja Rule and Ashanti. This part of the video is from the point of view of the guy who is being mentioned in the song. His face is not seen, and Lopez addresses the camera throughout this section of the video. This section begins with the guy knocking on the door, Lopez inviting him in, and then eventually showing him the door when she sees him attempting to look/flirt with other women at the party. As he leaves, she goes on entertaining the other guests. The second part of the video involves scenes with Lopez, Ja Rule and Cadillac Tah in a white room, Ja Rule in a recording studio in Lopez's home, Lopez sitting in a chair singing bits of the song, and Lopez and Ja Rule singing the parts of the final verse against a gold backdrop.
Accolades
Teen Choice Awards
Year
Award
Nominated Work
Result
Ref.
2002
Choice Music: Single
Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix)
Nominated
Choice Music: Hook-Up
Choice Music: R&B/Hip-Hop Track
Won
Track listings
European CD single
"Ain't It Funny" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule and Caddillac Tah) – 3:54
"Play" (Artful Dodger mix) – 4:35
European maxi-CD and UK CD single
"Ain't It Funny" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule and Caddillac Tah) – 3:54
"Play" (Artful Dodger mix) – 4:35
"Feelin' So Good" (HQ2 club mix) – 7:25
"Ain't It Funny" (remix featuring Ja Rule—video) – 3:36
European and UK 12-inch single
"Ain't It Funny" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule and Caddillac Tah) – 3:54
"Ain't It Funny" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule instrumental) – 3:54
"Waiting for Tonight" (Hex's Momentous club mix) – 11:17
UK cassette single
"Ain't It Funny" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule and Caddillac Tah) – 3:54
"Feelin' So Good" (HQ2 radio mix) – 4:05
"Play" (Artful Dodger mix) – 4:35
Australian CD single
"Ain't It Funny" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule and Caddillac Tah)
"Waiting for Tonight" (Hex Hector vocal remix extended)
"Feelin' So Good" (HQ2 club mix)
"Ain't It Funny" (Almighty mix)
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (2002)
Peakposition
Australia (ARIA)
9
Australian Urban (ARIA)
3
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
16
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)
24
Canada (Nielsen SoundScan)
12
Canada Radio (Nielsen BDS)
6
Canada CHR/Top 40 (Nielsen BDS)
3
Denmark (Tracklisten)
19
Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)
13
Germany (Official German Charts)
18
Greece (IFPI)
22
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
21
Hungary (Single Top 40)
14
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
10
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
7
Scotland (OCC)
6
Spain (PROMUSICAE)
16
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
7
UK Singles (OCC)
4
UK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC)
2
US Billboard Hot 100
1
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)
8
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)
4
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)
1
US Rhythmic (Billboard)
1
Year-end charts
Chart (2002)
Position
Australia (ARIA)
94
Brazil (Crowley)
27
Canada (Nielsen SoundScan)
105
Canada Radio (Nielsen BDS)
23
Ireland (IRMA)
50
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
72
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
74
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
57
UK Singles (OCC)
54
UK Airplay (Music Week)
45
UK Urban (Music Week)
16
US Billboard Hot 100
13
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks (Billboard)
34
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)
8
US Rhythmic Top 40 (Billboard)
6
Decade-end charts
Chart (2000–2009)
Position
US Billboard Hot 100
62
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)
Gold
35,000^
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
Release history
Region
Date
Format(s)
Label
Ref.
United States
January 7, 2002
Rhythmic contemporary radiourban radio
Epic
United States
February 28, 2002
12-inch vinyl
Germany
March 4, 2002
CD
United Kingdom
March 11, 2002
12-inch vinylCDcassette
Australia
April 15, 2002
CD
References
^ a b c Taylor, Chuck (December 22, 2001). "Reviews & Previews". Billboard. Vol. 113, no. 51. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. p. 18. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
^ a b c d Reid, Shaheem (August 29, 2001). "Ja Rule Helps J. Lo Deliver Hot Crossover Joints". MTV News. Viacom International, Inc. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
^ Reid, Shaheem (August 3, 2001). "Ja Rule Defends J. Lo, Gets Stevie Wonder Seal Of Approval For New Cut". MTV News. Viacom International, Inc. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
^ Reid, Shaheem (December 18, 2001). "J. Lo Teams With Ja Rule Again For Remix Disc". MTV News. Viacom International, Inc. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
^ a b c d Bronson, Fred (2003). The Billboard Book of Number One Hits (5 ed.). Crown. p. 922. ISBN 9780823076772.
^ Ruhlmann, William. "J to tha L-O!: The Remixes". Allmusic. Alrovi Corporation. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
^ Simms Jr., Greg (June 7, 2002). "Get to know Gotti". Dayton Daily News. Cox Enterprises: 8.
^ Cinquemani, Sal (February 1, 2002). "J to tha L-O". Slant Magazine. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
^ Reid, Shaheem (November 1, 2001). "J. Lo To Add Stints As Waitress, FBI Agent To Her Résumé". MTV News. Viacom International, Inc. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
^ "Jennifer Lopez – Ain't it Funny (Remix) Lyrics". Rap Genius. Genius Media Group Inc. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
^ "Hot 100". Billboard. Vol. 113, no. 52. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. December 29, 2001. p. 77. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
^ "Hot 100". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 2. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. January 12, 2002. p. 93. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
^ "Hot 100". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 3. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. January 19, 2002. p. 86. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
^ "Hot 100". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 4. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. January 26, 2002. p. 71. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
^ "Hot 100". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 6. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. February 9, 2002. p. 67. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
^ "Hot 100". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 7. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. February 16, 2002. p. 75. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
^ a b "Hot 100". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 10. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. March 9, 2002. p. 80. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
^ "J. Lo Nabs Double No. 1s". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. March 9, 2002. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
^ "Hot 100". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 16. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. April 20, 2002. p. 79. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
^ "Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 12. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. March 23, 2002. p. 29. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
^ "Jennifer Lopez". The Official UK Charts Company. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
^ a b "Jennifer Lopez feat. Ja Rule & Caddillac Tah – Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix)". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ a b "Nederlandse Top 40 – Jennifer Lopez" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
^ a b "Jennifer Lopez feat. Ja Rule & Caddillac Tah – Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix)". Tracklisten. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ a b "Jennifer Lopez feat. Ja Rule & Caddillac Tah – Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix)" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ a b "Jennifer Lopez feat. Ja Rule & Caddillac Tah – Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix)" Canciones Top 50. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ "Ain't it Funny | Jennifer Lopez". MTV. Viacom International, Inc. February 13, 2007. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
^ "2002 TEEN CHOICE AWARDS". NewsOK.com. August 18, 2002. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
^ Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix) (European CD single liner notes). Jennifer Lopez. Epic Records. 2002. EPC 672390 1.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix) (European maxi-CD single liner notes). Jennifer Lopez. Epic Records. 2002. EPC 672390 2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix) (UK CD single liner notes). Jennifer Lopez. Epic Records. 2002. 672492 2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix) (European 12-inch single sleeve). Jennifer Lopez. Epic Records. 2002. EPC 672390 6.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix) (UK 12-inch single sleeve). Jennifer Lopez. Epic Records. 2002. 672492 6.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix) (UK cassette single sleeve). Jennifer Lopez. Epic Records. 2002. 672492 4.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix) (Australian CD single liner notes). Jennifer Lopez. Epic Records. 2002. 672432-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ "australian-charts.com - Jennifer Lopez - Ain't It Funny". Hung Medien. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
N.B. The 2002 chart run is mistakenly listed on australian-charts.com as a re-entry for the original version, when it was actually a separate entry for the Murder Remix, which is shown correctly in the following source:
"The ARIA Report: Issue 634 (Week Commencing 22 April 2002)" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 23, 2002. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
^ "Issue 641" ARIA Top 40 Urban Singles. National Library of Australia. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
^ "Jennifer Lopez feat. Ja Rule & Caddillac Tah – Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix)" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ "Jennifer Lopez Chart History (Canadian Digital Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
^ a b Lwin, Nanda (2003). The Essential 2002 Chart Yearbook. Music Data Canada. pp. 14, 47. ISBN 1-896594-15-8.
^ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 20, no. 14. March 30, 2002. p. 10. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
^ "Jennifer Lopez feat. Ja Rule & Caddillac Tah – Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix)" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
^ "Top 50 Singles" (in Greek). IFPI. Archived from the original on June 2, 2002. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
^ "Jennifer Lopez feat. Ja Rule & Caddillac Tah – Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix)" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
^ "Jennifer Lopez: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
^ "Official Hip Hop and R&B Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
^ "Jennifer Lopez Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
^ "Jennifer Lopez Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
^ "Jennifer Lopez Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
^ "Jennifer Lopez Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
^ "Jennifer Lopez Chart History (Rhythmic)". Billboard.
^ "ARIA Top 100 Singles for 2002". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
^ "Brazilian Top 100 Year-End 2002". Crowley Broadcast Analysis. April 3, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2022.
^ "Canada's Top 200 Singles of 2002 (Part 2)". Jam!. January 14, 2003. Archived from the original on September 6, 2004. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
^ "Top 100 top played radio tracks in Canada in 2002". Jam!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2004. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
^ "Top 100 Songs of 2002". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 2002. Archived from the original on June 2, 2004. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
^ "Top 100–Jaaroverzicht van 2002". Dutch Top 40. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 2002" (in Dutch). MegaCharts. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
^ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2001". hitparade.ch (in German). Retrieved February 24, 2012.
^ "The Official UK Singles Chart 2002" (PDF). UKChartsPlus. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
^ "Most Broadcast of 2002 — Airplay Top 50" (PDF). Music Week. January 18, 2003. p. 31. Retrieved August 4, 2023.
^ "Top 40 Urban Tracks of 2002" (PDF). Music Week. January 18, 2003. p. 32. Retrieved August 4, 2023.
^ "2002". Longbored Surfer. Archived from the original on January 7, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
^ "Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs: 2002". Billboard. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
^ "Most-Played Mainstream Top 40 Songs of 2002". Airplay Monitor. Vol. 10, no. 51. December 20, 2002. p. 12.
^ "Most-Played Rhythmic Top 40 Songs of 2002". Airplay Monitor. Vol. 10, no. 51. December 20, 2002. p. 22.
^ "The Decade in Music – Hot 100 Songs" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 121, no. 50. December 19, 2009. p. 159. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2002 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association.
^ "Radio & Records" (PDF). December 21, 2001. p. 30. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
^ "Jennifer Lopez Ft Ja Rule / Ain't It Funny". Amazon.com. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
^ "Ain'T It Funny (Remix): Amazon.de: Musik". Amazon.de.
^ "New Releases – For Week Starting 11 March 2002: Singles" (PDF). Music Week. March 9, 2002. p. 33. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
^ "The ARIA Report: New Releases Singles – Week Commencing 15/04/2002" (PDF). ARIA. April 15, 2002. p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 23, 2002. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
vteJennifer Lopez songs
Discography
Songs
1990s singles
"If You Had My Love"
"No Me Ames"
"Waiting for Tonight"
2000s singles
"Feelin' So Good"
"Let's Get Loud"
"Love Don't Cost a Thing"
"Play"
"I'm Real"
"Ain't It Funny"
"Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix)"
"I'm Gonna Be Alright (Track Masters Remix)"
"Alive"
"Jenny from the Block"
"All I Have"
"I'm Glad"
"Baby I Love U!"
"Get Right"
"Hold You Down"
"Qué Hiciste"
"Me Haces Falta"
"Do It Well"
"Hold It Don't Drop It"
"Louboutins"
2010s singles
"On the Floor"
"I'm Into You"
"Papi"
"Dance Again"
"Goin' In"
"Live It Up"
"I Luh Ya Papi"
"First Love"
"Booty"
"Feel the Light"
"Ain't Your Mama"
"Chegaste"
"Ni Tú Ni Yo"
"Amor, Amor, Amor"
"Us"
"Se Acabó el Amor"
"El Anillo"
"Dinero"
"Te Guste"
"Limitless"
"Medicine"
"Baila Conmigo"
2020s singles
"Pa' Ti"
"Lonely"
"In the Morning"
"Cambia el Paso"
"On My Way"
"Marry Me"
"Can't Get Enough"
Featured singles
"Control Myself"
"This Boy's Fire"
"T.H.E. (The Hardest Ever)"
"Follow the Leader"
"Sweet Spot"
"Quizás, Quizás, Quizás"
"Adrenalina"
"We Are One (Ole Ola)"
"Back It Up"
"El Mismo Sol"
"Try Me"
"Te Boté II"
Charity singles
"El Ultimo Adios (The Last Goodbye)"
"What's Going On"
"Hands"
"Love Make the World Go Round"
"Almost Like Praying"
Promotional singles
"Cariño"
"Fresh Out the Oven"
"(What Is) Love?"
"Girls"
"Same Girl"
"A Selena Tribute"
"Olvídame y Pega la Vuelta"
Other songs
"Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)"
"You Belong to Me"
"Until It Beats No More"
"One Love"
"Invading My Mind"
"Hypnotico"
Category
vteJa RuleDiscographyStudio albums
Venni Vetti Vecci
Rule 3:36
Pain Is Love
The Last Temptation
Blood in My Eye
R.U.L.E.
Pain Is Love 2
Compilation albums
Exodus
Icon
Mixtapes
The Mirror
Singles
"Holla Holla"
"Between Me and You"
"Put It on Me"
"I Cry"
"Livin' It Up"
"Always on Time"
"Down Ass Bitch"
"Down 4 U"
"Thug Lovin'"
"Mesmerize"
"Reign"
"Clap Back"
"Wonderful"
"New York"
"Caught Up"
"Uh-Ohhh!"
"Body"
"Real Life Fantasy"
Featured artist
"Can I Get A..."
"Grand Finale"
"Girlfriend/Boyfriend"
"Damn (Should've Treated U Right)"
"Get da Money"
"I'm Real" (Murder Remix)
"Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix)"
"What's Going On"
"Rainy Dayz"
"What's Luv?"
"Old Thing Back"
"Helpless"
Tours
Summerbeatz
Related articles
Murder Inc. Records
Murder Inc.
Follow the Rules
Growing Up Hip Hop: New York | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jennifer Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez"},{"link_name":"J to tha L–O! The Remixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_to_tha_L%E2%80%93O!_The_Remixes"},{"link_name":"Ain't It Funny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t_It_Funny"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB_Response-1"},{"link_name":"Ja Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja_Rule"},{"link_name":"Cory Rooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Rooney"},{"link_name":"Irving Lorenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irv_Gotti"},{"link_name":"Ashanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Craig Mack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Mack"},{"link_name":"Flava in Ya Ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flava_in_Ya_Ear"},{"link_name":"Easy Mo Bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_Mo_Bee"}],"text":"\"Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix)\" is a song by American singer Jennifer Lopez for her remix album J to tha L–O! The Remixes (2002). The song was marketed as a remix of \"Ain't It Funny\", but is actually an entirely different song with the same title.[1] It features guest vocals from Ja Rule (Jeffrey Atkins) and Caddillac Tah (Tiheem Crocker). It was written by Lopez, Atkins, Tah, Cory Rooney, Irving Lorenzo, and Ashanti. Over a reworking of the beat to Craig Mack's \"Flava in Ya Ear\" (produced by Easy Mo Bee), Lopez sings about \"dropping a boyfriend who keeps messing up\".","title":"Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J.Lo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.Lo_(album)"},{"link_name":"Murder Inc remix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_Inc._Records"},{"link_name":"I'm Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Real_(Jennifer_Lopez_song)"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"Ja Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja_Rule"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crossover_Success-2"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crossover_Success-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crossover_Success-2"},{"link_name":"J to tha L–O! The Remixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_to_tha_L%E2%80%93O!_The_Remixes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In July 2001, Jennifer Lopez's' number one album J.Lo (2001) was reissued with a Murder Inc remix of one of its original singles, \"I'm Real\". The R&B murder remix of \"I'm Real\" was written by Ja Rule, who also features on the track.[2] According to Rule, he initially was \"just f[uck]ing around\" with the track after Lopez's team gave it to him to remix, but it turned out to be \"a hell of a record\". This version was successful, topping the Billboard Hot 100 chart for several weeks. It also helped J.Lo to return to the top ten of the US Billboard 200 album chart. The song allowed Lopez to crossover from Pop to R&B. Rule said this put her in \"another zone\" and her fans aren't \"gonna want the pop version of J. Lo no more, they gonna want the 'I'm Real' version\".[2] The rapper enjoyed working with Lopez and called it a \"real collaboration\" because he actually worked with her in the studio.[3] The success of \"I'm Real (Murder Remix)\" lead him to begin working on a new version of \"Ain't it Funny\" the following August,[2] which would later be announced as the lead single to J.Lo's remix album, J to tha L–O! The Remixes, in December 2001.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_Book_of_Number_One_Hits-5"},{"link_name":"Ashanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Irv Gotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irv_Gotti"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_Book_of_Number_One_Hits-5"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_Book_of_Number_One_Hits-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_Book_of_Number_One_Hits-5"}],"text":"Rooney explained: \"We had changed the sound of Jennifer Lopez [with \"I'm Real\"] and we didn't have anything else on the [J.Lo] album we could release as a single. We had to do another remix to keep the momentum going.\"[5] Then-upcoming artist Ashanti dropped by Irv Gotti's studio in New York. She recalled: \"Everyone was there and Ja [Rule] was on the floor playing video games, and they had the beat playing in the background. Chris Gotti, Irv Gotti's brother, said 'Ja's supposed to be writing this record for J-Lo, but it doesn't look like he's going to be doing anything tonight. Why don't you go in there and see what's happening?' So that's exactly what I did.\" Ashanti wrote two verses and recorded a demo for the new version of \"Ain't It Funny\" for Lopez.[5] Gotti and 7 flew out to Los Angeles on September 10, 2001, to record the song with Lopez. The song was due to be recorded the following day, but was postponed due to the September 11 attacks.[5] When work resumed on the song, Gotti called Ashanti from Los Angeles asking her to write another verse for the song. She recalled: \"I had to write it over the phone and two-way Irv the lyrics.\"[5]","title":"Writing and production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Craig Mack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Mack"},{"link_name":"Flava In Ya Ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flava_In_Ya_Ear"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crossover_Success-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Off the Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off_the_Wall_(album)"},{"link_name":"pussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB_Response-1"}],"text":"\"Ain't it Funny (Murder Remix)\" is a hip hop song with a duration of three minutes and forty-nine seconds (3:49).[6][7] It is thematically dissimilar to the original track.[8] While he was working towards the remix, Ja Rule boasted \"I'm about to f--- ya'll up,\" stating that the song's sampling of Craig Mack's \"Flava In Ya Ear\" would be \"remixed\" and \"vamped up crazy\". He said \"It's totally not J. Lo.\"[2] Over the reworking of the \"Flava In Ya Ear\" beat, Lopez sings about \"a boyfriend who keeps messing up,\" while Rule and Cadillac Tah \"drop rhymes\" on the track.[9] Rule raps that he's \"Off the wall like MJ in his early days,\" which is a reference to Michael Jackson's album Off the Wall (1979). The rapper also says \"Oh I, never been a sucker for chocha,\" chocha meaning pussy, the slang term for vagina. He continues on to say that people \"want\" him after they see him \"workin' with money,\" meaning working with Lopez.[10]While reviewing the original \"Ain't It Funny\", Billboard's Chuck Taylor said of the remix release, \"Sony has got to be kidding, calling it \"Ain't it Funny\" when not one note of it is held in common with the original. It's a disturbing trend, but one that will surely push J.Lo to a new high.\"[1]","title":"Composition and critical response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB_Response-1"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Hot 100 Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_100_Airplay"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Hot Dance Club Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dance_Club_Play"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANCE-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finally-17"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip_Hop_Albums"},{"link_name":"R&B/Hip-Hop Tracks chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B/Hip-Hop_Tracks_chart"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-double-18"},{"link_name":"Always On Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Always_On_Time"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finally-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RNBP-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swiss-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dutch-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Denmark-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flan-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spanish-26"}],"text":"\"Ain't it Funny\" was released to appeal to not only pop but \"street-leaning\" outlets.[1] For the week ending December 29, 2001, \"Ain't it Funny\" debuted at number 74 on the Billboard Hot 100. It also debuted at number 75 on the Hot 100 Airplay.[11] In its second week, the song jumped to number 53 on the Hot 100 and 56 on the Airplay chart.[12] The following week, \"Ain't it Funny\" broke the top 40 of the Hot 100 and the Airplay chart.[13] After its fourth week, the song progressed to number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100, winning the chart's \"Greatest Airplay Gainer\" title of the week, having jumped to number 17 at the Airplay chart that week.[14] For the week ending February 9, 2002, \"Ain't it Funny\" jumped from number 12 to ten on the Hot 100 and Airplay chart, making it Lopez's fifth top-ten hit at the time. This week, it once again won the \"Greatest Airplay Gainer\" title.[15] The next week, again claiming the \"Greatest Airplay Gainer\" title, the song jumped to number four on both charts, while also entering the top ten of Billboard's Hot Dance Club Play chart at number eight.[16]After remaining in the top five of both charts for another three weeks, \"Ain't it Funny\" peaked at number one on the Hot 100 and Airplay for the week ending March 9, 2002.[17] This week, the single's parent album J to tha L–O! The Remixes returned to number one on the Billboard 200 with sales of 102,000 units, giving her simultaneous number ones. Also this week, the album had reached number five on the magazine's Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums chart while \"Ain't it Funny\" had reached the same position on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Tracks chart.[18] Additionally, the song unseated the track \"Always On Time\" at the summit of the Hot 100, which was coincidentally by Ja Rule featuring Ashanti, two people who worked with Lopez on the remix.[17] For five weeks, \"Ain't it Funny\" remained at number one on the Hot 100 and Airplay chart, before dropping to number three on both charts for the week ending April 20, 2002.[19] The song peaked at number three on the R&B/Hip-Hop Tracks Chart.[20]The murder remix for \"Ain't it Funny\" attained moderate success internationally. In the United Kingdom, it peaked at number four, becoming her seventh top-ten hit there.[21] The remix entered the Swiss Singles Chart at number 16 for the week of March 17, 2002. Three weeks later, it peaked at number seven, where it remained for an additional week.[22] \"Ain't it Funny\" also peaked at number seven in The Netherlands for the week ending March 30, 2002. In total, it spent five weeks in the top ten on the Dutch Singles Chart.[23] The song entered the top twenty in Belgium Flanders, Spain and Denmark.[24][25][26]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herb Ritts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Ritts"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"The single's official music video was directed by Herb Ritts.[27] The music video features two parts that frequently interchange back and forth throughout the song. The first part of the video shows Lopez having a small party in her home with guests including Ja Rule and Ashanti. This part of the video is from the point of view of the guy who is being mentioned in the song. His face is not seen, and Lopez addresses the camera throughout this section of the video. This section begins with the guy knocking on the door, Lopez inviting him in, and then eventually showing him the door when she sees him attempting to look/flirt with other women at the party. As he leaves, she goes on entertaining the other guests. The second part of the video involves scenes with Lopez, Ja Rule and Cadillac Tah in a white room, Ja Rule in a recording studio in Lopez's home, Lopez sitting in a chair singing bits of the song, and Lopez and Ja Rule singing the parts of the final verse against a gold backdrop.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(Jennifer_Lopez_song)"},{"link_name":"Artful Dodger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artful_Dodger_(duo)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Feelin' So Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feelin%27_So_Good"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Waiting for Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting_for_Tonight"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Hex Hector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hex_Hector"},{"link_name":"Ain't It Funny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t_It_Funny"}],"text":"European CD single[29]\n\"Ain't It Funny\" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule and Caddillac Tah) – 3:54\n\"Play\" (Artful Dodger mix) – 4:35\nEuropean maxi-CD and UK CD single[30][31]\n\"Ain't It Funny\" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule and Caddillac Tah) – 3:54\n\"Play\" (Artful Dodger mix) – 4:35\n\"Feelin' So Good\" (HQ2 club mix) – 7:25\n\"Ain't It Funny\" (remix featuring Ja Rule—video) – 3:36\nEuropean and UK 12-inch single[32][33]\n\"Ain't It Funny\" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule and Caddillac Tah) – 3:54\n\"Ain't It Funny\" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule instrumental) – 3:54\n\"Waiting for Tonight\" (Hex's Momentous club mix) – 11:17\n\n\nUK cassette single[34]\n\"Ain't It Funny\" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule and Caddillac Tah) – 3:54\n\"Feelin' So Good\" (HQ2 radio mix) – 4:05\n\"Play\" (Artful Dodger mix) – 4:35\nAustralian CD single[35]\n\"Ain't It Funny\" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule and Caddillac Tah)\n\"Waiting for Tonight\" (Hex Hector vocal remix extended)\n\"Feelin' So Good\" (HQ2 club mix)\n\"Ain't It Funny\" (Almighty mix)","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain%27t_It_Funny_(Murder_Remix)&action=edit§ion=9"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Australiaurban_-37"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flan-25"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Belgium_(Wallonia)_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Ja_Rule_&_Caddillac_Tah-38"},{"link_name":"Nielsen SoundScan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Nielsen BDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_BDS"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lwin-40"},{"link_name":"Nielsen BDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_BDS"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lwin-40"},{"link_name":"Tracklisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlisten"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Denmark-24"},{"link_name":"Eurochart Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-German-42"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Greece"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Rádiós Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HungaryRadio-44"},{"link_name":"Single Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HungarySingle-45"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dutch-23"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dutch100-46"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scotland-47"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spanish-26"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swiss-22"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKsinglesbyname_Jennifer_Lopez-48"},{"link_name":"UK Hip Hop/R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_R%26B_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKrandb_-49"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Jennifer_Lopez-50"},{"link_name":"Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceclubplay_Jennifer_Lopez-51"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrandbhiphop_Jennifer_Lopez-52"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardpopsongs_Jennifer_Lopez-53"},{"link_name":"Rhythmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrhythmic_Jennifer_Lopez-54"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain%27t_It_Funny_(Murder_Remix)&action=edit§ion=10"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowley_Broadcast_Analysis"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain%27t_It_Funny_(Murder_Remix)&action=edit§ion=11"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (2002)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[36]\n\n9\n\n\nAustralian Urban (ARIA)[37]\n\n3\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[25]\n\n16\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[38]\n\n24\n\n\nCanada (Nielsen SoundScan)[39]\n\n12\n\n\nCanada Radio (Nielsen BDS)[40]\n\n6\n\n\nCanada CHR/Top 40 (Nielsen BDS)[40]\n\n3\n\n\nDenmark (Tracklisten)[24]\n\n19\n\n\nEurope (Eurochart Hot 100)[41]\n\n13\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[42]\n\n18\n\n\nGreece (IFPI)[43]\n\n22\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[44]\n\n21\n\n\nHungary (Single Top 40)[45]\n\n14\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[23]\n\n10\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[46]\n\n7\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[47]\n\n6\n\n\nSpain (PROMUSICAE)[26]\n\n16\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[22]\n\n7\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[48]\n\n4\n\n\nUK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC)[49]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[50]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[51]\n\n8\n\n\nUS Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[52]\n\n4\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[53]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Rhythmic (Billboard)[54]\n\n1\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (2002)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[55]\n\n94\n\n\nBrazil (Crowley)[56]\n\n27\n\n\nCanada (Nielsen SoundScan)[57]\n\n105\n\n\nCanada Radio (Nielsen BDS)[58]\n\n23\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[59]\n\n50\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[60]\n\n72\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[61]\n\n74\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[62]\n\n57\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[63]\n\n54\n\n\n\nUK Airplay (Music Week)[64]\n\n45\n\n\nUK Urban (Music Week)[65]\n\n16\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[66]\n\n13\n\n\nUS Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks (Billboard)[67]\n\n34\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[68]\n\n8\n\n\nUS Rhythmic Top 40 (Billboard)[69]\n\n6\n\nDecade-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (2000–2009)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[70]\n\n62","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Taylor, Chuck (December 22, 2001). \"Reviews & Previews\". Billboard. Vol. 113, no. 51. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. p. 18. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved April 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dhIEAAAAMBAJ&q=Jennifer+Lopez+Ain%27t+it+Funny","url_text":"\"Reviews & Previews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Business_Media","url_text":"Nielsen Business Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"Reid, Shaheem (August 29, 2001). \"Ja Rule Helps J. Lo Deliver Hot Crossover Joints\". MTV News. Viacom International, Inc. Retrieved April 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1448513/ja-rule-helps-j-lo-deliver.jhtml","url_text":"\"Ja Rule Helps J. Lo Deliver Hot Crossover Joints\""}]},{"reference":"Reid, Shaheem (August 3, 2001). \"Ja Rule Defends J. Lo, Gets Stevie Wonder Seal Of Approval For New Cut\". MTV News. Viacom International, Inc. Retrieved April 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1445967/ja-rule-preps-pain-love.jhtml","url_text":"\"Ja Rule Defends J. Lo, Gets Stevie Wonder Seal Of Approval For New Cut\""}]},{"reference":"Reid, Shaheem (December 18, 2001). \"J. Lo Teams With Ja Rule Again For Remix Disc\". MTV News. Viacom International, Inc. Retrieved April 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1451547/j-lo-teams-with-ja-rule-again.jhtml","url_text":"\"J. Lo Teams With Ja Rule Again For Remix Disc\""}]},{"reference":"Bronson, Fred (2003). The Billboard Book of Number One Hits (5 ed.). Crown. p. 922. ISBN 9780823076772.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PgGqNrqfrsoC&pg=PT931","url_text":"The Billboard Book of Number One Hits"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823076772","url_text":"9780823076772"}]},{"reference":"Ruhlmann, William. \"J to tha L-O!: The Remixes\". Allmusic. Alrovi Corporation. Retrieved April 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/j-to-tha-l-o%21-the-remixes-mw0000658032","url_text":"\"J to tha L-O!: The Remixes\""}]},{"reference":"Simms Jr., Greg (June 7, 2002). \"Get to know Gotti\". Dayton Daily News. Cox Enterprises: 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Daily_News","url_text":"Dayton Daily News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox_Enterprises","url_text":"Cox Enterprises"}]},{"reference":"Cinquemani, Sal (February 1, 2002). \"J to tha L-O\". Slant Magazine. Retrieved April 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/jennifer-lopez-j-to-tha-l-o/113","url_text":"\"J to tha L-O\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine","url_text":"Slant Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Reid, Shaheem (November 1, 2001). \"J. Lo To Add Stints As Waitress, FBI Agent To Her Résumé\". MTV News. Viacom International, Inc. Retrieved April 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1450461/j-lo-lines-up-several-film-roles.jhtml","url_text":"\"J. Lo To Add Stints As Waitress, FBI Agent To Her Résumé\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jennifer Lopez – Ain't it Funny (Remix) Lyrics\". Rap Genius. Genius Media Group Inc. Retrieved April 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://rapgenius.com/Jennifer-lopez-aint-it-funny-remix-lyrics#note-817769","url_text":"\"Jennifer Lopez – Ain't it Funny (Remix) Lyrics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap_Genius","url_text":"Rap Genius"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot 100\". Billboard. Vol. 113, no. 52. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. December 29, 2001. p. 77. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved April 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sBIEAAAAMBAJ&q=Jennifer+Lopez+Ain%27t+it+Funny","url_text":"\"Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Business_Media","url_text":"Nielsen Business Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot 100\". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 2. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. January 12, 2002. p. 93. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved April 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9Q8EAAAAMBAJ&q=Jennifer+Lopez+Ain%27t+it+Funny","url_text":"\"Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Business_Media","url_text":"Nielsen Business Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot 100\". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 3. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. January 19, 2002. p. 86. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved April 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1Q8EAAAAMBAJ&q=Jennifer+Lopez+Ain%27t+it+Funny","url_text":"\"Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Business_Media","url_text":"Nielsen Business Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot 100\". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 4. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. January 26, 2002. p. 71. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved April 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wA8EAAAAMBAJ&q=Jennifer+Lopez+Ain%27t+it+Funny","url_text":"\"Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Business_Media","url_text":"Nielsen Business Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot 100\". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 6. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. February 9, 2002. p. 67. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved April 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_w8EAAAAMBAJ&q=Jennifer+Lopez+Ain%27t+it+Funny","url_text":"\"Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Business_Media","url_text":"Nielsen Business Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot 100\". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 7. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. February 16, 2002. p. 75. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved April 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FBAEAAAAMBAJ&q=Jennifer+Lopez+Ain%27t+it+Funny","url_text":"\"Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Business_Media","url_text":"Nielsen Business Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot 100\". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 10. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. March 9, 2002. p. 80. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved April 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SBAEAAAAMBAJ&q=Jennifer+Lopez+Ain%27t+it+Funny","url_text":"\"Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Business_Media","url_text":"Nielsen Business Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"J. Lo Nabs Double No. 1s\". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. March 9, 2002. Retrieved April 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/76640/j-lo-nabs-double-no-1s","url_text":"\"J. Lo Nabs Double No. 1s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Business_Media","url_text":"Nielsen Business Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot 100\". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 16. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. April 20, 2002. p. 79. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved April 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vxAEAAAAMBAJ&q=Jennifer+Lopez+Ain%27t+it+Funny","url_text":"\"Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Business_Media","url_text":"Nielsen Business Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks\". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 12. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. March 23, 2002. p. 29. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved April 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dxAEAAAAMBAJ&q=Ain%27t+it+Funny+R%26B","url_text":"\"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Business_Media","url_text":"Nielsen Business Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Jennifer Lopez\". The Official UK Charts Company. Retrieved April 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/Jennifer%20Lopez","url_text":"\"Jennifer Lopez\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_UK_Charts_Company","url_text":"The Official UK Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Ain't it Funny | Jennifer Lopez\". MTV. Viacom International, Inc. February 13, 2007. Retrieved April 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/videos/jennifer-lopez/14566/aint-it-funny.jhtml","url_text":"\"Ain't it Funny | Jennifer Lopez\""}]},{"reference":"\"2002 TEEN CHOICE AWARDS\". NewsOK.com. August 18, 2002. Retrieved March 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsok.com/article/2803593/2002-teen-choice-awards/","url_text":"\"2002 TEEN CHOICE AWARDS\""}]},{"reference":"Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix) (European CD single liner notes). Jennifer Lopez. Epic Records. 2002. EPC 672390 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez","url_text":"Jennifer Lopez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records","url_text":"Epic Records"}]},{"reference":"Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix) (European maxi-CD single liner notes). Jennifer Lopez. Epic Records. 2002. EPC 672390 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix) (UK CD single liner notes). Jennifer Lopez. Epic Records. 2002. 672492 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix) (European 12-inch single sleeve). Jennifer Lopez. Epic Records. 2002. EPC 672390 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix) (UK 12-inch single sleeve). Jennifer Lopez. Epic Records. 2002. 672492 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix) (UK cassette single sleeve). Jennifer Lopez. Epic Records. 2002. 672492 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix) (Australian CD single liner notes). Jennifer Lopez. Epic Records. 2002. 672432-2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"australian-charts.com - Jennifer Lopez - Ain't It Funny\". Hung Medien. Retrieved August 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Jennifer+Lopez&titel=Ain%27t+It+Funny&cat=s","url_text":"\"australian-charts.com - Jennifer Lopez - Ain't It Funny\""}]},{"reference":"\"The ARIA Report: Issue 634 (Week Commencing 22 April 2002)\" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 23, 2002. Retrieved August 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20020423140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20020424-0000/www.aria.com.au/Issue634.pdf","url_text":"\"The ARIA Report: Issue 634 (Week Commencing 22 April 2002)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"},{"url":"http://www.aria.com.au/Issue634.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jennifer Lopez Chart History (Canadian Digital Songs)\". Billboard. Retrieved June 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/jennifer-lopez/chart-history/cns/","url_text":"\"Jennifer Lopez Chart History (Canadian Digital Songs)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Lwin, Nanda (2003). The Essential 2002 Chart Yearbook. Music Data Canada. pp. 14, 47. ISBN 1-896594-15-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Lwin","url_text":"Lwin, Nanda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-896594-15-8","url_text":"1-896594-15-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 20, no. 14. March 30, 2002. p. 10. Retrieved June 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/00s/2002/MM-2002-03-30.pdf","url_text":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 50 Singles\" (in Greek). IFPI. Archived from the original on June 2, 2002. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central-battery_ironclad | Central battery ship | ["1 See also","2 Notes","3 References"] | Type of broadside ironclad battleship
For the low-freeboard ironclad gunboat deployed during the American Civil War, see Casemate ironclad.
Plan of HMS Alexandra
24 cm gun model 1884 in an ironclad
The central battery ship, also known as a centre battery ship in the United Kingdom and as a casemate ship in European continental navies, was a development of the (high-freeboard) broadside ironclad of the 1860s, given a substantial boost due to the inspiration gained from the Battle of Hampton Roads, the first battle between ironclads fought in 1862 during the American Civil War. One of the participants was the Confederate casemate ironclad CSS Virginia, essentially a central battery ship herself, albeit a low-freeboard one. The central battery ships had their main guns concentrated in the middle of the ship in an armoured citadel. The concentration of armament amidships meant the ship could be shorter and handier than a broadside type like previous warships. In this manner the design could maximize the thickness of armour in a limited area while still carrying a significant broadside. These ships meant the end of the armoured frigates with their full-length gun decks.
In the UK, the man behind the design was the newly appointed Chief Constructor of the Royal Navy, Edward James Reed. The previous Royal Navy ironclad designs, represented by HMS Warrior, had proven to be seaworthy, fast under power and sail, but their armour could be easily penetrated by more modern guns. The first central battery ship was HMS Bellerophon of 1865. Great Britain built a total of 18 central battery ships before turrets became common on high-freeboard ships in the 1880s.
The second British central battery ship, HMS Hercules, served as model for the Austrian navy, starting with their first design SMS Lissa (6,100 tons) designed by Josef von Romako and launched in 1871. The Austrian SMS Kaiser—not to be confused with German Kaiser—was built along a similar design, although the hull had been converted from a wooden ship, and it was slightly smaller (5,800 tons). The Austrian central battery design was pushed further with SMS Custoza (7,100 tons) and SMS Erzherzog Albrecht (5,900 tons), which had double-decked casemates; after studying the Battle of Lissa, Romako designed these so more guns could shoot forward. Three older broadside ironclads of the Kaiser Max class (3600 tons: Kaiser Max, Don Juan D'Austria and Prinz Eugen) were also officially "converted" to casemate design, although they were mostly built from scratch. The largest design yet was Tegetthoff, later renamed to Mars when the new dreadnought battleship Tegetthoff was commissioned. The Austrian records distinguish between the category of older broadside ironclads and the newer designs using the words Panzerfregatten (armoured frigates) and respectively Casemattschiffe (casemate ships).
The Imperial Russian Navy had built one central battery ironclad, Kniaz Pozharsky (Russian: Князь Пожарский), in 1864. It carried eight Obukhov 9-inch (229 mm) breech-loading guns, and was the first Russian armoured ship to venture out to the Pacific.
The German navy had two large casemate ships (about 8800 tons) of the Kaiser class built in UK shipyards. The first ironclad of the Greek navy, Vasilefs Georgios (1867), was also built in the UK; at 1700 tons, it was a minimalist casemate design having only two large 9in guns, and two small 20-pounders. The Italians had three casemate ships built, Venezia, converted from broadside during construction, and the two Principe Amedeo-class ironclads. Chile also bought two from the United Kingdom: Blanco Encalada and Almirante Cochrane.
The disadvantage of the centre-battery was that, while more flexible than the broadside, each gun still had a relatively restricted field of fire and few guns could fire directly ahead. The centre-battery ships were soon succeeded by turreted warships.
Central battery ironclad of the Royal Navy at anchor, ca.1860
See also
Box battery
Notes
^ Sondhaus (1994), p. 44.
^ a b Sondhaus (1994), pp. 44–47.
^ Gardiner (1979), pp. 269–270.
^ Statistisches Jahrbuch der Oesterreichischen Monarchie. K. K. Statistische Central-Commission. 1875. pp. 74–75.
^ von Zvolenszky, Alfred (1887). Handbuch über die k. k. Kriegs-Marine. A. Hartleben's Verlag. p. 13.
^ Gardiner (1979), p. 245.
^ Gardiner (1979), pp. 339–340.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Central battery ship.
Brown, David K., RCNC. Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Design 1860–1905, London: Chatham, 1997 (reprinted 2003) ISBN 1-84067-529-2
Sondhaus, Lawrence (1994). The Naval Policy of Austria-Hungary, 1867–1918: Navalism, Industrial Development, and the Politics of Dualism. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-034-9.
Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.
vteNaval ships and warships in the late modern period
Naval ship classes in service
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auxiliary
Operational zones
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Sailing vessels | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Casemate ironclad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casemate_ironclad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Alexandra_-_Brassey%27s_1888.jpg"},{"link_name":"HMS Alexandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Alexandra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canon_24cm_mod%C3%A8le_1884-Neurdein-img_3123.jpg"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"freeboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeboard_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"broadside ironclad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadside_ironclad"},{"link_name":"Battle of Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads"},{"link_name":"ironclads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclad"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"casemate ironclad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casemate_ironclad"},{"link_name":"CSS Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_Virginia"},{"link_name":"armoured citadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_citadel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus199444-1"},{"link_name":"armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour"},{"link_name":"broadside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadside_(naval)"},{"link_name":"armoured frigates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_frigate"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Edward James Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_James_Reed"},{"link_name":"HMS Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Warrior_(1860)"},{"link_name":"HMS Bellerophon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Bellerophon_(1865)"},{"link_name":"turrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret#Warships"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus199444%E2%80%9347-2"},{"link_name":"HMS Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hercules_(1868)"},{"link_name":"SMS Lissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Lissa"},{"link_name":"Josef von Romako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_von_Romako"},{"link_name":"SMS Kaiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Kaiser_(1858)"},{"link_name":"Kaiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Kaiser_(1874)"},{"link_name":"SMS Custoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Custoza"},{"link_name":"SMS Erzherzog Albrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Erzherzog_Albrecht"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lissa_(1866)"},{"link_name":"Kaiser Max class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Max-class_ironclad_(1862)"},{"link_name":"Tegetthoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Tegetthoff_(1878)"},{"link_name":"dreadnought battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnought_battleship"},{"link_name":"Tegetthoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Tegetthoff_(1912)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus199444%E2%80%9347-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardiner1979269%E2%80%93270-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Imperial Russian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Kniaz Pozharsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_ironclad_Kniaz_Pozharsky"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"breech-loading guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breechloader"},{"link_name":"Kaiser class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser-class_ironclad"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardiner1979245-6"},{"link_name":"Vasilefs Georgios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_ironclad_Vasilefs_Georgios"},{"link_name":"Venezia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_ironclad_Venezia"},{"link_name":"Principe Amedeo-class ironclads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principe_Amedeo-class_ironclad"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardiner1979339%E2%80%93340-7"},{"link_name":"Blanco Encalada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_ironclad_Blanco_Encalada"},{"link_name":"Almirante Cochrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_ironclad_Almirante_Cochrane"},{"link_name":"turreted warships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turret_ship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Central_battery_ironclad_at_anchor,_ca.1860_RMG_PU0421.jpg"}],"text":"For the low-freeboard ironclad gunboat deployed during the American Civil War, see Casemate ironclad.Plan of HMS Alexandra24 cm gun model 1884 in an ironcladThe central battery ship, also known as a centre battery ship in the United Kingdom and as a casemate ship in European continental navies, was a development of the (high-freeboard) broadside ironclad of the 1860s, given a substantial boost due to the inspiration gained from the Battle of Hampton Roads, the first battle between ironclads fought in 1862 during the American Civil War. One of the participants was the Confederate casemate ironclad CSS Virginia, essentially a central battery ship herself, albeit a low-freeboard one. The central battery ships had their main guns concentrated in the middle of the ship in an armoured citadel.[1] The concentration of armament amidships meant the ship could be shorter and handier than a broadside type like previous warships. In this manner the design could maximize the thickness of armour in a limited area while still carrying a significant broadside. These ships meant the end of the armoured frigates with their full-length gun decks.In the UK, the man behind the design was the newly appointed Chief Constructor of the Royal Navy, Edward James Reed. The previous Royal Navy ironclad designs, represented by HMS Warrior, had proven to be seaworthy, fast under power and sail, but their armour could be easily penetrated by more modern guns. The first central battery ship was HMS Bellerophon of 1865. Great Britain built a total of 18 central battery ships before turrets became common on high-freeboard ships in the 1880s.[2]The second British central battery ship, HMS Hercules, served as model for the Austrian navy, starting with their first design SMS Lissa (6,100 tons) designed by Josef von Romako and launched in 1871. The Austrian SMS Kaiser—not to be confused with German Kaiser—was built along a similar design, although the hull had been converted from a wooden ship, and it was slightly smaller (5,800 tons). The Austrian central battery design was pushed further with SMS Custoza (7,100 tons) and SMS Erzherzog Albrecht (5,900 tons), which had double-decked casemates; after studying the Battle of Lissa, Romako designed these so more guns could shoot forward. Three older broadside ironclads of the Kaiser Max class (3600 tons: Kaiser Max, Don Juan D'Austria and Prinz Eugen) were also officially \"converted\" to casemate design, although they were mostly built from scratch. The largest design yet was Tegetthoff, later renamed to Mars when the new dreadnought battleship Tegetthoff was commissioned.[2][3] The Austrian records distinguish between the category of older broadside ironclads and the newer designs using the words Panzerfregatten (armoured frigates) and respectively Casemattschiffe (casemate ships).[4][5]The Imperial Russian Navy had built one central battery ironclad, Kniaz Pozharsky (Russian: Князь Пожарский), in 1864. It carried eight Obukhov 9-inch (229 mm) breech-loading guns, and was the first Russian armoured ship to venture out to the Pacific.The German navy had two large casemate ships (about 8800 tons) of the Kaiser class built in UK shipyards.[6] The first ironclad of the Greek navy, Vasilefs Georgios (1867), was also built in the UK; at 1700 tons, it was a minimalist casemate design having only two large 9in guns, and two small 20-pounders. The Italians had three casemate ships built, Venezia, converted from broadside during construction, and the two Principe Amedeo-class ironclads.[7] Chile also bought two from the United Kingdom: Blanco Encalada and Almirante Cochrane.The disadvantage of the centre-battery was that, while more flexible than the broadside, each gun still had a relatively restricted field of fire and few guns could fire directly ahead. The centre-battery ships were soon succeeded by turreted warships.Central battery ironclad of the Royal Navy at anchor, ca.1860","title":"Central battery ship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus199444_1-0"},{"link_name":"Sondhaus (1994)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSondhaus1994"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus199444%E2%80%9347_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus199444%E2%80%9347_2-1"},{"link_name":"Sondhaus (1994)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSondhaus1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardiner1979269%E2%80%93270_3-0"},{"link_name":"Gardiner (1979)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGardiner1979"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardiner1979245_6-0"},{"link_name":"Gardiner (1979)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGardiner1979"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardiner1979339%E2%80%93340_7-0"},{"link_name":"Gardiner (1979)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGardiner1979"}],"text":"^ Sondhaus (1994), p. 44.\n\n^ a b Sondhaus (1994), pp. 44–47.\n\n^ Gardiner (1979), pp. 269–270.\n\n^ Statistisches Jahrbuch der Oesterreichischen Monarchie. K. K. Statistische Central-Commission. 1875. pp. 74–75.\n\n^ von Zvolenszky, Alfred (1887). Handbuch über die k. k. Kriegs-Marine. A. Hartleben's Verlag. p. 13.\n\n^ Gardiner (1979), p. 245.\n\n^ Gardiner (1979), pp. 339–340.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Plan of HMS Alexandra","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/HMS_Alexandra_-_Brassey%27s_1888.jpg/220px-HMS_Alexandra_-_Brassey%27s_1888.jpg"},{"image_text":"24 cm gun model 1884 in an ironclad","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Canon_24cm_mod%C3%A8le_1884-Neurdein-img_3123.jpg/220px-Canon_24cm_mod%C3%A8le_1884-Neurdein-img_3123.jpg"},{"image_text":"Central battery ironclad of the Royal Navy at anchor, ca.1860","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Central_battery_ironclad_at_anchor%2C_ca.1860_RMG_PU0421.jpg/220px-Central_battery_ironclad_at_anchor%2C_ca.1860_RMG_PU0421.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Box battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_battery"}] | [{"reference":"Statistisches Jahrbuch der Oesterreichischen Monarchie. K. K. Statistische Central-Commission. 1875. pp. 74–75.","urls":[]},{"reference":"von Zvolenszky, Alfred (1887). Handbuch über die k. k. Kriegs-Marine. A. Hartleben's Verlag. p. 13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sondhaus, Lawrence (1994). The Naval Policy of Austria-Hungary, 1867–1918: Navalism, Industrial Development, and the Politics of Dualism. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-034-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-034-9","url_text":"978-1-55753-034-9"}]},{"reference":"Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2","url_text":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8317-0302-4","url_text":"0-8317-0302-4"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2","external_links_name":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Johansson_(%C3%96lme) | Magnus Johansson (footballer, born 1971) | ["1 Honours","2 References","3 External links"] | Swedish footballer
For the football coach and former SK Brann player, see Magnus Johansson (footballer, born 1964).
Magnus Johansson
Johansson in 2008Personal informationFull name
Leif Magnus JohanssonDate of birth
(1971-11-10) 10 November 1971 (age 52)Place of birth
Ölme, SwedenHeight
1.79 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s)
DefenderYouth career0000–1987
IFK ÖlmeSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1988–1998
IFK Göteborg
158
(3)1998–2003
Groningen
83
(4)2003–2007
IFK Göteborg
75
(4)Total
316
(10)International career1988–1991
Sweden U18/U20
28
(0)1990–1993
Sweden U21/O
32
(0)1995
Sweden
1
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Leif Magnus "Ölme" Johansson (born 10 November 1971) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a defender. After playing for IFK Ölme, he joined IFK Göteborg in 1990. He moved to the Dutch club FC Groningen in 1999 before rejoining IFK in 2003. He was a member of the Sweden squad that competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. He is nicknamed Ölme after his first club. He retired after the 2007 season. Johansson earned 1 cap for Sweden
Honours
IFK Göteborg
Allsvenskan: 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2007
Individual
Årets Ärkeängel: 2005
References
^ "Alla 47 ärkeänglar | ifkdb.se". ifkdb.se. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Magnus Johansson". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020.
External links
#16 Magnus Johansson at ifkdb.com
vteSweden football squad – 1992 Summer Olympics
1 Ekholm
2 Johansson
3 Björklund
4 Apelstav
5 Alexandersson
6 Mild
7 P. Andersson (c)
8 Landberg
9 Fursth
10 Rödlund
11 Brolin
12 Svensson
13 Jansson
14 Moberg
15 Lilius
16 Nilsson
17 A. Andersson
18 Simpson
19 Gudmundsson
20 Axeldal
Coach: N. Andersson
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Sweden
This biographical article about a football defender from Sweden born in the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Magnus Johansson (footballer, born 1964)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Johansson_(footballer,_born_1964)"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"IFK Ölme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_%C3%96lme"},{"link_name":"IFK Göteborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_G%C3%B6teborg"},{"link_name":"FC Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Groningen"},{"link_name":"Sweden squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_Olympic_football_team"},{"link_name":"1992 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_national_football_team"}],"text":"For the football coach and former SK Brann player, see Magnus Johansson (footballer, born 1964).Leif Magnus \"Ölme\" Johansson (born 10 November 1971) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a defender. After playing for IFK Ölme, he joined IFK Göteborg in 1990. He moved to the Dutch club FC Groningen in 1999 before rejoining IFK in 2003. He was a member of the Sweden squad that competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. He is nicknamed Ölme after his first club. He retired after the 2007 season. Johansson earned 1 cap for Sweden","title":"Magnus Johansson (footballer, born 1971)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"Årets Ärkeängel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%85rets_%C3%84rke%C3%A4ngel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"IFK GöteborgAllsvenskan: 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2007IndividualÅrets Ärkeängel: 2005[1]","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Alla 47 ärkeänglar | ifkdb.se\". ifkdb.se. Retrieved 6 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ifkdb.se/listor/arkeanglar","url_text":"\"Alla 47 ärkeänglar | ifkdb.se\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Magnus Johansson\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417205522/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/jo/magnus-johansson-1.html","url_text":"\"Magnus Johansson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/jo/magnus-johansson-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://ifkdb.se/listor/arkeanglar","external_links_name":"\"Alla 47 ärkeänglar | ifkdb.se\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417205522/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/jo/magnus-johansson-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Magnus Johansson\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/jo/magnus-johansson-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ifkdb.com/player/MagnusJohansson_335","external_links_name":"#16 Magnus Johansson"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000051782074","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/58590293","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/zw9cdbth0q3rrp3","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Johansson_(footballer,_born_1971)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
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