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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year-in-review	Year-in-review	["1 Non-entertainment","2 References"]	Publication released annually highlighting the highs and lows of the yearThis article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Year-in-review" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A year-in-review is any sort of publication which is traditionally released on an annual basis to cover the events of the past year from the perspective of the contributors to the publication. Years-in-review are often intended to highlight the highs and lows of the events which occurred throughout the year, and often include select works published during the year which are considered by the editors of the year-in-review to be the most memorable works of the year. Years-in-review are often used to list "Top Ten" lists voted upon by hired critics and reviewers of other media. On broadcast media, years-in-review (also called "Countdowns") are segments of regular series or annual specials which offer mini-documentaries summarizing the highs and lows of the prior year. Non-entertainment Outside of strictly-news and entertainment-oriented media, the term "year-in-review" can also apply to any statistical internal overview of an organization's performance in comparison to prior years of operation. References	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"publication which is traditionally released on an annual basis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_publication"},{"link_name":"broadcast media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_media"}],"text":"A year-in-review is any sort of publication which is traditionally released on an annual basis to cover the events of the past year from the perspective of the contributors to the publication. Years-in-review are often intended to highlight the highs and lows of the events which occurred throughout the year, and often include select works published during the year which are considered by the editors of the year-in-review to be the most memorable works of the year. Years-in-review are often used to list \"Top Ten\" lists voted upon by hired critics and reviewers of other media.On broadcast media, years-in-review (also called \"Countdowns\") are segments of regular series or annual specials which offer mini-documentaries summarizing the highs and lows of the prior year.","title":"Year-in-review"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organization's performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_performance"}],"text":"Outside of strictly-news and entertainment-oriented media, the term \"year-in-review\" can also apply to any statistical internal overview of an organization's performance in comparison to prior years of operation.","title":"Non-entertainment"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Year-in-review%22","external_links_name":"\"Year-in-review\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Year-in-review%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Year-in-review%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Year-in-review%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Year-in-review%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Year-in-review%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Son_of_Hickory_Holler%27s_Tramp	The Son of Hickory Holler's Tramp	["1 Recordings","2 References"]	"The Son of Hickory Holler's Tramp" is a song written by Dallas Frazier and first recorded by country musician, Johnny Darrell in 1968. The song tells the story of a woman with 14 children who is abandoned by her worthless alcoholic husband and turns to prostitution to support her large family. Recordings It was a hit for O. C. Smith, who recorded it at FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals in 1968. His single spent 15 weeks in the UK Singles Chart between June and August 1968, including three weeks at No 2. In the US the single spent 14 weeks on the Billboard chart peaking at No 40. Previous releases were by Sanford Clark, and by Johnny Darrell who made it in the Billboard Country Charts to No. 37. Merle Haggard released a version of this song on his 1968 album Sing Me Back Home. In 1977, the song became much better known in the US because it was included on Kenny Rogers' second solo album Kenny Rogers, which topped the U.S. Billboard magazine's Hot Country Songs chart. References ^ "Obituary: Johnny Darrell". The Independent Newspaper. 15 November 1997. Archived from the original on 2022-06-18. Retrieved 1 February 2020. ^ Dana Jennings (2008-05-27), Sing Me Back Home: Love, Death, and Country Music, ISBN 9780865479609 ^ Colin Larkin (1998), The encyclopedia of popular music, vol. 7, ISBN 9780333741344 ^ "Son Of Hickory Holler's Tramp" at OfficialCharts.com ^ "Week of February 24, 1968" at billboard.com Authority control databases MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alcoholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic"},{"link_name":"prostitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The song tells the story of a woman with 14 children who is abandoned by her worthless alcoholic husband and turns to prostitution to support her large family.[2]","title":"The Son of Hickory Holler's Tramp"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"O. C. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._C._Smith"},{"link_name":"FAME Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAME_Studios"},{"link_name":"Muscle Shoals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_Shoals_Sound_Studio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Billboard chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_chart"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sanford Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_Clark"},{"link_name":"Merle Haggard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Haggard"},{"link_name":"Sing Me Back Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing_Me_Back_Home"},{"link_name":"Kenny Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Kenny Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Rogers_(1977_album)"},{"link_name":"Billboard magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot Country Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"}],"text":"It was a hit for O. C. Smith, who recorded it at FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals in 1968.[3] His single spent 15 weeks in the UK Singles Chart between June and August 1968, including three weeks at No 2.[4] In the US the single spent 14 weeks on the Billboard chart peaking at No 40.[5]Previous releases were by Sanford Clark, and by Johnny Darrell who made it in the Billboard Country Charts to No. 37. Merle Haggard released a version of this song on his 1968 album Sing Me Back Home. In 1977, the song became much better known in the US because it was included on Kenny Rogers' second solo album Kenny Rogers, which topped the U.S. Billboard magazine's Hot Country Songs chart.","title":"Recordings"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Obituary: Johnny Darrell\". The Independent Newspaper. 15 November 1997. Archived from the original on 2022-06-18. Retrieved 1 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-johnny-darrell-1294178.html","url_text":"\"Obituary: Johnny Darrell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-johnny-darrell-1294178.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dana Jennings (2008-05-27), Sing Me Back Home: Love, Death, and Country Music, ISBN 9780865479609","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Jennings","url_text":"Dana Jennings"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AS5owu8YeyIC&pg=PA114","url_text":"Sing Me Back Home: Love, Death, and Country Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865479609","url_text":"9780865479609"}]},{"reference":"Colin Larkin (1998), The encyclopedia of popular music, vol. 7, ISBN 9780333741344","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xx71AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The encyclopedia of popular music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333741344","url_text":"9780333741344"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-johnny-darrell-1294178.html","external_links_name":"\"Obituary: Johnny Darrell\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-johnny-darrell-1294178.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AS5owu8YeyIC&pg=PA114","external_links_name":"Sing Me Back Home: Love, Death, and Country Music"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xx71AAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The encyclopedia of popular music"},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/Son%20Of%20Hickory%20Holler%27s%20Tramp","external_links_name":"\"Son Of Hickory Holler's Tramp\" at OfficialCharts.com"},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/1968-02-24/hot-100?order=gainer","external_links_name":"\"Week of February 24, 1968\" at billboard.com"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/79fd6579-255d-4d1b-86aa-e27e4de24863","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_Rosa_(Mexico_City)	Zona Rosa, Mexico City	["1 History","1.1 Bohemian appeal","1.2 Decline","2 Description","2.1 Gay community","2.2 Korean community","3 Economy and tourism","4 Education","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 19°25′32.87″N 99°9′50.94″W / 19.4257972°N 99.1641500°W / 19.4257972; -99.1641500Neighborhood in Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City, MexicoZona RosaNeighborhoodA Zona Rosa street sceneZona RosaLocation in Mexico CityCoordinates: 19°25′32.87″N 99°9′50.94″W / 19.4257972°N 99.1641500°W / 19.4257972; -99.1641500CountryMexicoCityMexico CityBoroughCuauhtémoc Zona Rosa (English: "Pink Zone") is an area in Mexico City which is known for its shopping, nightlife, gay community and its recently established Korean community. The larger official neighborhood it is part of is Colonia Juárez, located just west of the historic center of Mexico City. The area's history as a community began when it was developed as a residential district for wealthy foreigners and Mexico City residents looking to move from the city center. The development of the area stalled during and after the Mexican Revolution. From the 1950s to 1980s the neighborhood was revitalized by artists, intellectuals and the city's elite who repopulated the area, gave it a bohemian reputation and attracted exclusive restaurants and clubs for visiting politicians and other notables. It was during this time that the area received the name of Zona Rosa, from José Luis Cuevas. The era ended in the 1980s, when many of the upscale businesses moved out and tourism, men's clubs, prostitution and crime moved in. Although the area declined during the 1980s, it is still a major shopping and entertainment district and has also become a major tourist attraction for the city, one that the city has worked to preserve and rehabilitate since the 2000s, with mixed success. From the 1990s, the area has also become home to Mexico City's gay community, which is prominent around Amberes Street and sponsors an annual pride parade on Paseo de la Reforma. History Abandoned house from the early 20th century on Hamburgo Street Zona Rosa began to be developed along with the rest of Colonia Juárez in the mid-19th century; however, it has always had an independent identity. Originally the area was called “La Teja”, then “La Zona Americana” or “Colonia Americana”, as presidents from Benito Juárez to Porfirio Díaz promoted it for foreign investment and residency up until the early 20th century. The area also attracted Mexico City's elite who were looking to escape the city center. During this time, the area was filled with cafes, pastry shops, and a number of green areas designed to create a European atmosphere. For this reason the streets were named after European cities such as Hamburg (Hamburgo), London (Londres), Copenhagen (Copenhague), Genoa (Genova), Nice (Niza), and Liverpool. The Mexican Revolution put an end to the building here and the initial mansions remained, but many were abandoned. Nevertheless, the area remained one of the more glamorous zones for most of the 20th century. Expensive cafes and restaurants, art galleries, and jewelry stores continued to attract wealthy residents, although on a reduced scale. Bohemian appeal In the 1950s, the area was repopulated and reinvigorated by artists and intellectuals attracted to its location between the historic center and Chapultepec Park. This period saw the opening of trendy bars, clubs, restaurants, cafes, bookstores, and art galleries which gave the area a bohemian feel. Pasaje Jacaranda was an innovative shopping center that opened on Genova Street in the 1960s. By the 1960s, politicians such as Adolfo López Mateos, Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, and Miguel Alemán, as well as painters such as José Luis Cuevas and writers such as Carlos Fuentes and Carlos Monsivais, lived, worked and visited the clubs here such as Café Kineret. Fine restaurants were established such as Focolare in 1953, La Gondola in 1958 and Passy, also in 1958. These three don't exist anymore. Clubs and restaurants were exclusive, with dress codes. However, there were also several clubs known for chorus girls. One of these was the Can-can, on the corner of Hamburgo and Genova Streets. This mix of bohemian and propriety prompted Cuevas to comment that the area "Es demasiado ingenua para ser roja, pero demasiado frívola para ser blanca, por eso es precisamente rosa (is too naive to be red, but too frivolous to be white, for this reason it is precisely pink)". This is the origin of the area's current name. In 1967, Cuevas created a mural on a rooftop in Zona Rosa only to destroy it seconds afterwards. This event was meant to rebel against the social and political content of most of Mexico's post-Revoluction mural movement. In 2003, a reproduction of Cuevas’ “ephemeral mural” was placed on the same rooftop on which the artist created and destroyed the original. This era of Zona Rosa's development continued until the 1980s. During this time many galleries, bohemian bars and restaurants opened. The area was considered to be tolerant, intellectual and cosmopolitan. It even had its own literary magazine called Zona Rosa. Decline Problems in the area began as early as 1968, when the construction of the Mexico City Metro caused the area to lose its exclusiveness and crime increased. Real deterioration began when the older, finer businesses such as boutiques and galleries moved out, mostly due to the economic crisis of the 1980s and the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, which substantially damaged the area. Many of the more exclusive businesses were replaced by men's clubs, gay bars, and massage parlors, which has made Zona Rosa more “red” than “pink”. As the area was promoted for tourism, fast-food places, nightclubs, and bars sprung up, which have engendered problems with underage drinking and prostitution. La Ronda was an establishment visited by intellectuals such as Guadalupe Amor and Manuel Felgueres, but today it is a men's club named Foxy's. Other establishments, such as a bar named Tirol once located in one of the area's old mansions, have simply shut down and their buildings remain deserted. Many of the stores selling jewelry, arts and other fine merchandise have been converted into stores with more mass-produced items and souvenirs. Another change occurred in the vicinity of Amberes Street, where bars, clubs and other businesses catering to the gay community have appeared. These are distinguished by the use of rainbow colors on their facades. Most of the decline of the area occurred in the 1980s and 1990s, when the city was governed by appointees of the federal government. In the late 1990s, the city government began to be elected by residents and in 1997, the ruling PRI lost power in the city to the PRD. The new city government was more interested in promoting and restoring the neighborhood. Tourist police were implemented, and efforts to better regulate businesses, control prostitutions, repair infrastructure and promote tourism were undertaken at various times during the 2000s. These efforts have had mixed success. The city has conducted some high-profile raids of clubs such as the Bar Continental DJ Club, searching for drugs and minors. This operation eventually led to the expropriation of the property on Florencia Street as well as another club on Berna Street. They mayor stated it was part of ongoing operations and meant to be a warning to other club owners in the area. The expropriated building on Florence Street now houses a contingent of the Mexico City police. There have also been other raids in response to complaints about underage drinking and illegal gambling. In 2007, a public-private venture was started to connect and promote Zona Rosa along with the historic center as the Reforma-Centro Historico corridor. Crime has decreased, but residents and businesses continue to move out, while more “red” businesses move in. In 2004, two theaters were opened exclusively to show erotic movies under the name of Contempo Cinema. According to the owners, the movies shown are not pornography but rather films such as Last Tango in Paris, Basic Instinct and Wild Orchid, which do not have explicit sex scenes meriting an XXX rating. The new venues have about 200 seats each with a bar, restaurants and film store. Work on infrastructure has been completed, mostly on Genova and Hamburgo Streets, but residents complain that the work is too slow, hurting their businesses. There are fears that these interventions, along with those scheduled between 2010 and 2012, will not be enough to save the area. Description Genova Street in Zona Rosa Zona Rosa is a portion of the official neighborhood of Colonia Juárez, comprising 24 of the colonia's 99 city blocks. The borders of the area are formed by Paseo de la Reforma to the north, Varsovia Street to the west, Avenida Insurgentes to the east and Chapultepec Avenue and Metro Insurgentes to the south. Most of the streets in the area are named after European cities. A number of these streets are made of cobblestone, with two pedestrian-only. About 40 sculptures – 17 created by young artists from the Escuela Nacional de Artes Plasticas of UNAM – have been installed on various streets, sponsored by the Rotary Club of Zona Rosa. The area is one of Mexico City's primary shopping districts and nightclub areas. Streets are filled with bars and nightclubs, which fill on weekends. Among these clubs, men's clubs with table dances and gay bars stand out. In total, there are 714 businesses in the area, 137 of which are restaurants, which cater to foreign and Mexican visitors as well as businessmen who work on nearby Paseo de la Reforma. From its bohemian and intellectual heritage, there are also art galleries, bookstores and the like. One echo from the area's past are a number of early 20th-century mansions built when the area was an exclusive residential area for Mexico City's wealthy. These homes were designed to look European, especially French. Some of these still remain, such as the one at 115 Hamburgo Street, but most are abandoned. Statue of Tin Tan, or Germán Valdés, on Genova Street Leading to the area from the Insurgentes Metro is Genova Street, a pedestrian mall lined with eateries, 13 of which own areas on the street on which to put tables. It is popular with both locals and foreign visitors. Here, dozens of people handing out flyers stop pedestrians and drivers advertising gay bars and men's clubs, some of which operate illegally. It is also the site of the Corridor de Arte José Luis Cuevas, which occurs on weekends when an average of 40 artists display their works for sale. On this street stand around 40 sculptures created by young artists of the Escuela Nacional de Artes Plasticas of UNAM. Despite the installation of tourist police and other efforts, crime is still a problem in the area. The streets with the most problems are Londres, Hamburgo, Florencia, Liverpool, Niza, Amberes and Genova. Gay community Marchers at the 2009 Gay Pride Parade Amberes street in Mexico City's Zona Rosa is lined with gay bars. Another prominent area is Amberes Street, home to Mexico City's gay community. This community was established in the 1990s due to the area's overall tolerance and the fact that police here did not extort members of the gay community. Today, homosexuality on Amberes Streets and the rest of Zona Rosa is fairly open with handholding and kissing among same-sex couples. This has led it to be compared to Barrio de Chueca in Madrid and the Castro District in San Francisco. It is famous for being a gay encounter area, especially for young gay men, with some being minors. A number of gay men make money through prostitution, mostly younger men soliciting older men. In 2010, the city opened a consulting office for homosexuals wishing to take advantage of Mexico City's law allowing them to marry. Zona Rosa is one of three areas in Mexico City where gay bars and other businesses operate, along with Plaza Garibaldi and an area on Avenida Insurgentes South. However, Zona Rosa is the largest of these and considered to be the gay community's business center, with over 200 businesses spread over 16 blocks. These bars, clubs, and other entertainment places mostly cater to younger crowds and play reggaeton, psycho-punk, etc., with lasers, strobe lights and other typical decor. However, these businesses are usually marked with rainbow colored flags or other decorations on the facade. Singles and couples dance sensually and sometimes a cloud of generated smoke covers the dance floor. Touching and kissing between couples of the same sex is highly tolerated in many of these clubs. Some also have “dark rooms” where patrons can find privacy for more intimate acts. A number also have unofficial dress codes. Zona Rosa's annual pride parade is officially called the Marcha del Orgullo Lésbico, Gay, Bisexual, Transgénero, Travesti, Transsexual e Intersexual (LGBTTTI) (March of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Transvestite, Transsexual and Intersexual Pride). It was first held in 1978 with about 300 people participating. During this event, the nightclubs, discothèques and bars of Zona Rosa fill with members of the LGBT community starting at midday. Many businesses, whether they cater to gays or not, are decorated with rainbow colored balloons, streamers and other items. Despite the crowds, police presence is not significantly heightened. The parade usually marches along Paseo de la Reforma from Puerta de los Leones to the Glorieta de la Palma, with the entire stretch completely closed to traffic for the event. The city has even participated, offering free AIDS tests to attendees. In 2003, there were more than 20,000 participants. The 2010 march adopted the theme of "Marcha del Bicentenario, Marcha de las Libertades" (March of the Bicentennial, March of Liberties) and extended from the Angel of Independence to the Alameda Central. The march in Mexico City was paralleled in 25 other Mexican cities. Despite its prominence, the existence of a large, open gay community in Zona Rosa still creates controversy. Some, such as the president of the Agrupacion de Comericantes de la Zona Rosa (Acozoro), Mariano Molina, state that the presence of an open gay community drives away visitors and customers who are not accustomed to seeing gay couples in public. Others state that the government will not work to save the area because of the gay bars and Mexico's ethic of machismo. While male and female prostitution exists in Zona Rosa, there have been complaints of the prostitution of minors in the gay community, despite efforts since the 1990s to eradicate it. Residents and business owners complain that this prostitution is very open and can be very aggressive, centered on the various gay bars that can be found on and around Ambares Street. However, business owners in the gay community state that the prostitution issue, including that of minors, is not the problem that neighbors say it is; rather it is that some have a problem with having an open gay community. These businesses state that gays have a high level of purchasing power and many own their own businesses that employ thousands in the city. They also state that the gay community attracts visitors from other parts of the city and even internationally. This is particularly true on Gay Pride Day, when the city holds a parade on Paseo de la Reforma and at Christmastime. Korean community Further information: Pequeño Seúl Korean businesses on Florencia Street Most of Mexico City's Korean population of about 9,000 lives in and around Zona Rosa. According to the newspaper Reforma, there are at least 1,000 Koreans living in Zona Rosa proper and about 3,000 total in Colonia Juárez. In Zona Rosa, especially west of Florencia Street, barber shops, restaurants, and Internet cafes with signs in Korean dot the area. Many Korean residents do not speak Spanish and are relatively isolated from their Mexican neighbors. The area around Hamburgo, Praga, Berna and Biarritz streets has been converted into “Pequeño Seúl” (Little Seoul), with Biarritz Street's residents almost 90% Korean. The number of Korean residents in the colonia continues to increase even as the number of younger people in general decreases. Most immigrated to Mexico in the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century, as a result of commercial agreements signed by the Mexican government with Korea and Taiwan, allowing companies such as Daewoo to bring workers over from Asia. However, according to some sources such as Alfredo Romero, professor of the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences at UNAM, a large percentage of Koreans living in Mexico have questionable immigration status. There have been conflicts between Korean-owned businesses and Mexican neighbors over noise and sanitation issues, with some Mexicans complaining that the Koreans do not want to adapt to Mexican society. Another issue has been legal problems, both with the status of merchandise and the status of employees. A store owned by Koreans was shut down by police for selling imported merchandise of questionable origin in 2002, with 33 workers detained. Economy and tourism Most of the business conducted in Zona Rosa is through retail establishments. The area is home to 714 businesses, which include 137 restaurants and 37 parking garages. It is still one of the city's primary entertainment and shopping districts. It contains stores (especially clothing stores), cafes, hotels, chain stores, fast-food places, restaurants, major hotels, airline offices, banks, clubs and more. There is an antiques mall on Londres Street, and a large handicrafts and souvenir market called Mercado Insurgentes between Liverpool and Londres street, where a number of shopkeepers speak English and some take U.S. dollars. Approximately 100,000 people pass through the area each day, and an estimated 12,000,000 pesos is spent here each day. Another prominent retail segment includes businesses that cater to Mexico City's gay community. Since they were established in the 1990s, these businesses have grown in size and number and include sex shops, bookstores, movie theaters and exclusive hotels, as well as bars and nightclubs. These total over 200 businesses spread over 16 blocks, which is now considered to be the community business center. Most customers in Zona Rosa's businesses are visitors from other parts of the city, foreign tourists, and businessmen who come from nearby office buildings concentrated on or near Paseo de la Reforma. The area that connects Metro Insurgentes with Zona Rosa tends to become crowded with street peddlers selling tamales, perfumes, handicrafts, unlicensed CDs/DVDs and more to passerby groups. The attractions of the area for tourists, especially foreign ones, are the shopping, the cafes, and the nightclubs. However, these nightclubs, especially the men's clubs, have a reputation for attracting prostitution, underage drinking, illegal gambling, and other crime, which has a detrimental effect on tourism. The general deterioration of the area, both in physical infrastructure, crime, and types of businesses, has been problematic for the area as well. Although the area is still heavily promoted by the city, its secretary of tourism has admitted that it has lost much of its international prestige and can no longer be assured of its status as a tourist attraction. While there are about 38 bars and 10 men's clubs known to police that report good business, they also create problems for the area. Many are linked to illicit activities such as prostitution, both male and female, which noticeable on the streets after 10 pm seven days a week. Another problem is “tarjeteros”, who crowd the area's streets day and night (especially Genova Street), handing out cards and flyers to passersby advertising bars, clubs and other businesses. While this activity is legal, these tarjeteros have been accused of bothering area visitors and being associated with small-scale drug trafficking. To counter its decline, the city has worked to rehabilitate the area, linking it with the more popular historic center through the Reforma-Centro Historico tourism corridor in 2005. There have been efforts to improve the area through the 2000s, which are projected to continued at least until 2012. This area was designated as a "Barrio Mágico" by the city in 2011. Luxury hotels in the area include Maria Isabel Sheraton, Galeria Plaza, Plaza Florencia, Cristal Rosa, Geneve, Marquis, Aristos, Royal and Marco Polo. Despite the area's problems, the 24 hotels in the area report an average occupancy rate of 80%, mostly from foreign tourists, year-round. Education The Center for the Teaching of Foreign Languages (CELE) of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) has a venue at Milán Street, partially sponsored by Fundación UNAM. References ^ "Gay Mexico". Retrieved May 14, 2019. ^ "Colonia Juarez" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2008-08-10. Retrieved 2008-10-22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q MacLaggan, Corrie (August 2004). "Saving Tradition". Business Mexico. 14 (8). Mexico City: 24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Anibal Santiago (February 19, 2003). "La Zona Rosa lucha por superar lastre historico" . Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 6. ^ a b c d e f g h Saúl Sánchez Lemus (June 8, 2004). "De rosa a roja" . Noticieros Televisa (in Spanish). Mexico City: Televisa. Archived from the original on November 13, 2010. Retrieved November 16, 2010. ^ a b c d e f Humphrey, Chris (2005). Moon Handbooks-Mexico City. Berkeley, CA: Avalon Travel Publishing. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-1-56691-612-7. ^ a b c d e f g h "La Zona Rosa cada vez más 'roja'" . Terra (in Spanish). Mexico City. Agencia CFE. August 20, 2007. Retrieved November 16, 2010. ^ a b c d Angel Bolaños; Agustin Salgado (November 9, 2007). "En la Zona Rosa, expropia el GDF predios del Bar Continental DJ Club" . La Jornada (in Spanish). Mexico City. Retrieved November 16, 2010. ^ a b c d e Mónica Archundia (April 19, 2007). "Buscan rescatar turismo en Zona Rosa y Garibaldi" . El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. Retrieved November 16, 2010. ^ Laura Gomez Flores (June 21, 2007). "Iniciarán rescate de la Zona Rosa" . La Jornada (in Spanish). Mexico City. Retrieved November 16, 2010. ^ "Habrá erotismo en la Zona Rosa" . Noticieros Televisa (in Spanish). Mexico City. Notimex. May 6, 2004. Retrieved November 16, 2010. ^ Mariel Ibarra. (April 9, 2008). "Inyectan 76 mdp a zonas turísticas" . Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 5. ^ Arturo Paramo (May 22, 2005). "Protestan por atraso en obras de rescate" . Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 3. ^ a b c Mariel Ibarra. (September 27, 2009). "Abandonan rescate de polo turístico" . Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 3. ^ "La Zona Rosa vuelve a agarrar color" . CNN Expansion (in Spanish). Mexico City. June 1, 2010. Retrieved November 16, 2010. ^ a b c Ariadna Bermeo V (May 2, 2003). "Colonia Juarez: Un coctel urbano Rosa" . Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 6. ^ Mariel Ibarra (September 27, 2009). "Reinan en las calles ilegalidad y anarquía" . Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 3. ^ a b c d e f Sergio Fimbres (June 29, 2007). "Crece mercado gay en la Zona Rosa" . Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 5. ^ Rafael Cabrera. (January 21, 2010). "Va consulta a Zona Rosa historico" . El Norte (in Spanish). Monterrey, Mexico. p. 16. ^ a b c d Alejandro Espinosa (February 9, 2009). "Un buga en la Zona Rosa" . Milenio (in Spanish). Mexico City. Retrieved November 16, 2010. ^ a b Julián Sánchez (June 24, 2010). "Este sábado, marcha del orgullo gay en el DF" . El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. ^ a b "El orgullo 'gay' sale del closet" . Noticieros Televisa (in Spanish). Mexico City. Redaccion Televisa. June 21, 2003. ^ Sara Pantoja (June 26, 2010). "Antros gays se llenan en la Zona Rosa" . El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. Retrieved September 15, 2004. ^ Rafael Montes (June 26, 2010). "Alistan desfile gay en Paseo de la Reforma" . El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. Retrieved September 15, 2004. ^ a b Manuel Duran (May 23, 2001). "Crece el comercio de coreanos en DF" . Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 7. ^ a b c d Luz Romano (February 4, 2001). "Vecinos distantes: El pequeno Seul" . Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 6. ^ "Rescatará Turismo DF la Zona Rosa" . El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. Notimex. September 3, 2010. Retrieved November 16, 2010. ^ Quintanar Hinojosa, Beatriz, ed. (November 2011). "Mexico Desconocido Guia Especial:Barrios Mágicos" . Mexico Desconocido (in Spanish). Mexico City: Impresiones Aereas SA de CV: 5–6. ISSN 1870-9400. ^ Docencia Externa: Centros y Programas; Centro de Enseñanza de Lenguas Extranjeras. UNAM. Accessed March 5th, 2013. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zona Rosa (Mexico City). Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mexico City/Zona Rosa. vteCuauhtémoc, Mexico CityAreas Centro Barrio Chino La Merced Algarín Ampliación Asturias Asturias Atlampa Buenavista Buenos Aires Centro Urbano Benito Juárez Condesa Cuauhtémoc Doctores Esperanza Exhipódromo de Peralvillo Felipe Pescador Guerrero Hipódromo Hipódromo Condesa Juárez Maza Morelos Obrera Paulino Navarro Peralvillo Roma San Rafael San Simón Tolnáhuac Santa María Insurgentes Santa María la Ribera Tabacalera Tepito Tránsito Urbano Nonoalco Tlatelolco Vista Alegre Zona Rosa Landmarks Alameda Central Antimonumenta Antimonumento +43 Antimonumento +72 Avenida Juárez Bench of Fidel Castro and Che Guevara Biblioteca Vasconcelos Buenavista railway station (current) Buenavista old train station Cruz de Mañozca El Sereno Former Aeromexico headquarters Forum Buenavista Fountain to Bartolomé de las Casas Fuente de la República Glorieta de la Palma Glorieta de los Insurgentes Hilton Mexico City Reforma How Doth the Little Crocodile Monumento a la Raza Monumento a la Revolución Monument to Pope John Paul II País de volcanes Palace of Iturbide Paseo de la Reforma Plaza Giordano Bruno Puerta 1808 Taquería El Califa de León Torre del Caballito Torre Insignia Torre MAPFRE Historic buildings of Mexico City Centro Landmarks of Colonias Condesa and Roma Mexico City Metrostations Allende Balderas Bellas Artes Buenavista Chabacano Chilpancingo Centro Médico Cuauhtémoc Doctores Garibaldi / Lagunilla Guerrero Hidalgo Hospital General Insurgentes Isabel la Católica Juárez La Viga Lagunilla Lázaro Cárdenas Misterios Niños Héroes / Poder Judicial CDMX Obrera Patriotismo Pino Suárez Revolución Salto del Agua San Antonio Abad San Cosme San Juan de Letrán Sevilla Tepito Tlatelolco Zócalo/Tenochtitlan Schools Sistema Educativo Justo Sierra Plantel Azahares Colegio Amado Nervo Colegio de San Ignacio de Loyola Vizcaínas vteLGBT in MexicoRightsBy state Mexico City Same-sexmarriage Aguascalientes Baja California Baja California Sur Campeche Chiapas Chihuahua Coahuila Colima Durango Guanajuato Guerrero Hidalgo Jalisco Mexico City Mexico (state) Michoacán Morelos Nayarit Nuevo León Oaxaca Puebla Querétaro Quintana Roo San Luis Potosí Sinaloa Sonora Tabasco Tamaulipas Tlaxcala Veracruz Yucatán Zacatecas History Homosexuality in Mexico Dance of the Forty-One Culture C.D. Muxes Exótico Guadalajara Gay Pride Mexican LGBT+ cinema Mexico City Pride Nicho Bears and Bar Zona Rosa Puerto Vallarta Almar Resort Bar Frida Blue Chairs Resort by the Sea CC Slaughters Garbo La Catrina Cantina La Noche Mantamar Beach Club Bar & Sushi Mr. Flamingo Paco's Ranch Palm Cabaret and Bar Reinas Bar Ritmos Beach Cafe Zona Romántica See also LGBT people in Mexico Category:LGBT in Mexico vteMexico City boroughs, areas, neighborhoods, towns and villagesÁlvaro Obregón Florida Guadalupe Inn Jardines del Pedregal Los Alpes San Ángel Santa Fe Benito Juárez Ciudad de los Deportes Del Valle Extremadura Insurgentes Insurgentes Mixcoac Insurgentes San Borja Mixcoac Nápoles Noche Buena San José Insurgentes San Juan San Pedro de los Pinos Xoco Coyoacán Churubusco Santa Úrsula Villa Coyoacán Cuajimalpa Bosques de las Lomas Santa Fe Cuauhtémoc Historic center/Centro Histórico Barrio Chino La Merced Algarín Ampliación Asturias Asturias Atlampa Buenavista Buenos Aires Centro Urbano Benito Juárez Condesa Cuauhtémoc Doctores Esperanza Exhipódromo de Peralvillo Felipe Pescador Guerrero Juárez Zona Rosa Pequeño Seúl Maza Morelos Tepito Obrera Paulino Navarro Peralvillo Roma Norte La Romita Roma Sur San Rafael San Simón Tolnahuac Santa María Insurgentes Santa María la Ribera Tabacalera Tlatelolco Tránsito Vista Alegre Conjunto Urbano Nonoalco Tlatelolco Gustavo A. Madero Lindavista Malacates Verónica Castro Villa de Guadalupe Iztacalco Viaducto Piedad Iztapalapa Pueblo Culhuacán Magdalena Contreras San Jerónimo Lídice Miguel Hidalgo Ampliación Daniel Garza Bosques de las Lomas Escandón Lomas de Chapultepec Nuevo Polanco (Granada, Ampl. Granada) Pensil Polanco San Miguel Chapultepec Tacuba Tacubaya Verónica Anzures Milpa Alta San Pedro Atocpan Tláhuac San Andrés Mixquic Tlalpan Cuicuilco San Andrés Totoltepec San Miguel Topilejo Venustiano Carranza Federal Jardín Balbuena Valle Gómez Xochimilco La Guadalupita Other boroughs: Azcapotzalco Boroughs (Demarcaciones territoriales) – Colonias – List of neighborhoods – Barrios Mágicos	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"gay community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Korean community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreans_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GayTravel-1"},{"link_name":"official neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Colonia Juárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_Ju%C3%A1rez,_Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"historic center of Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_center_of_Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"wealthy foreigners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mexican Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Revolution"},{"link_name":"bohemian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemianism"},{"link_name":"José Luis Cuevas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Cuevas"},{"link_name":"pride parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_parade"},{"link_name":"Paseo de la Reforma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paseo_de_la_Reforma"}],"text":"Neighborhood in Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City, MexicoZona Rosa (English: \"Pink Zone\") is an area in Mexico City which is known for its shopping, nightlife, gay community and its recently established Korean community.[1] The larger official neighborhood it is part of is Colonia Juárez, located just west of the historic center of Mexico City.The area's history as a community began when it was developed as a residential district for wealthy foreigners and Mexico City residents looking to move from the city center. The development of the area stalled during and after the Mexican Revolution. From the 1950s to 1980s the neighborhood was revitalized by artists, intellectuals and the city's elite who repopulated the area, gave it a bohemian reputation and attracted exclusive restaurants and clubs for visiting politicians and other notables. It was during this time that the area received the name of Zona Rosa, from José Luis Cuevas. The era ended in the 1980s, when many of the upscale businesses moved out and tourism, men's clubs, prostitution and crime moved in.Although the area declined during the 1980s, it is still a major shopping and entertainment district and has also become a major tourist attraction for the city, one that the city has worked to preserve and rehabilitate since the 2000s, with mixed success. From the 1990s, the area has also become home to Mexico City's gay community, which is prominent around Amberes Street and sponsors an annual pride parade on Paseo de la Reforma.","title":"Zona Rosa, Mexico City"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AbandonedHouseJuarez.JPG"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuauh-2"},{"link_name":"Benito Juárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez"},{"link_name":"Porfirio Díaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savingtrad-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastre-4"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastre-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastre-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rosaroja-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savingtrad-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rosaroja-5"}],"text":"Abandoned house from the early 20th century on Hamburgo StreetZona Rosa began to be developed along with the rest of Colonia Juárez in the mid-19th century; however, it has always had an independent identity.[2] Originally the area was called “La Teja”, then “La Zona Americana” or “Colonia Americana”, as presidents from Benito Juárez to Porfirio Díaz promoted it for foreign investment and residency up until the early 20th century. The area also attracted Mexico City's elite who were looking to escape the city center.[3][4] During this time, the area was filled with cafes, pastry shops, and a number of green areas designed to create a European atmosphere. For this reason the streets were named after European cities such as Hamburg (Hamburgo), London (Londres), Copenhagen (Copenhague), Genoa (Genova), Nice (Niza), and Liverpool.[4] The Mexican Revolution put an end to the building here and the initial mansions remained, but many were abandoned.[4]Nevertheless, the area remained one of the more glamorous zones for most of the 20th century.[5] Expensive cafes and restaurants, art galleries, and jewelry stores continued to attract wealthy residents, although on a reduced scale.[3][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chapultepec Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapultepec_Park"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savingtrad-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastre-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savingtrad-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moonbooks-6"},{"link_name":"Pasaje Jacaranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasaje_Jacaranda"},{"link_name":"Adolfo López Mateos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_L%C3%B3pez_Mateos"},{"link_name":"Adolfo Ruiz Cortines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Ruiz_Cortines"},{"link_name":"Miguel Alemán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Alem%C3%A1n_Vald%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"José Luis Cuevas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Cuevas"},{"link_name":"Carlos Fuentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Fuentes"},{"link_name":"Carlos Monsivais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Monsivais"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastre-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastre-4"},{"link_name":"chorus girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorus_girl"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-masroja-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-masroja-7"},{"link_name":"Mexico's post-Revoluction mural movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_muralism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastre-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastre-4"}],"sub_title":"Bohemian appeal","text":"In the 1950s, the area was repopulated and reinvigorated by artists and intellectuals attracted to its location between the historic center and Chapultepec Park.[3][4] This period saw the opening of trendy bars, clubs, restaurants, cafes, bookstores, and art galleries which gave the area a bohemian feel.[3][6] Pasaje Jacaranda was an innovative shopping center that opened on Genova Street in the 1960s. By the 1960s, politicians such as Adolfo López Mateos, Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, and Miguel Alemán, as well as painters such as José Luis Cuevas and writers such as Carlos Fuentes and Carlos Monsivais, lived, worked and visited the clubs here such as Café Kineret.[4] Fine restaurants were established such as Focolare in 1953, La Gondola in 1958 and Passy, also in 1958. These three don't exist anymore.[4] Clubs and restaurants were exclusive, with dress codes. However, there were also several clubs known for chorus girls. One of these was the Can-can, on the corner of Hamburgo and Genova Streets.[7] This mix of bohemian and propriety prompted Cuevas to comment that the area \"Es demasiado ingenua para ser roja, pero demasiado frívola para ser blanca, por eso es precisamente rosa (is too naive to be red, but too frivolous to be white, for this reason it is precisely pink)\". This is the origin of the area's current name.[7]In 1967, Cuevas created a mural on a rooftop in Zona Rosa only to destroy it seconds afterwards. This event was meant to rebel against the social and political content of most of Mexico's post-Revoluction mural movement.[4] In 2003, a reproduction of Cuevas’ “ephemeral mural” was placed on the same rooftop on which the artist created and destroyed the original. This era of Zona Rosa's development continued until the 1980s. During this time many galleries, bohemian bars and restaurants opened. The area was considered to be tolerant, intellectual and cosmopolitan. It even had its own literary magazine called Zona Rosa.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexico City Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savingtrad-3"},{"link_name":"1985 Mexico City earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Mexico_City_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savingtrad-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastre-4"},{"link_name":"massage parlors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massage_parlor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastre-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rosaroja-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastre-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-masroja-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-continental-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-masroja-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rosaroja-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-masroja-7"},{"link_name":"PRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Revolucionario_Institucional"},{"link_name":"PRD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_de_la_Revoluci%C3%B3n_Democr%C3%A1tica"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savingtrad-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buscan-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-continental-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-continental-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iniciaran-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastre-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savingtrad-3"},{"link_name":"Last Tango in Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Tango_in_Paris"},{"link_name":"Basic Instinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Instinct"},{"link_name":"Wild Orchid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Orchid_(film)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-erotismo-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76mdp-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obrasrescate-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savingtrad-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polotur-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vuelve-15"}],"sub_title":"Decline","text":"Problems in the area began as early as 1968, when the construction of the Mexico City Metro caused the area to lose its exclusiveness and crime increased.[3] Real deterioration began when the older, finer businesses such as boutiques and galleries moved out, mostly due to the economic crisis of the 1980s and the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, which substantially damaged the area.[3][4] Many of the more exclusive businesses were replaced by men's clubs, gay bars, and massage parlors, which has made Zona Rosa more “red” than “pink”.[4][5] As the area was promoted for tourism, fast-food places, nightclubs, and bars sprung up, which have engendered problems with underage drinking and prostitution.[4][7][8]La Ronda was an establishment visited by intellectuals such as Guadalupe Amor and Manuel Felgueres, but today it is a men's club named Foxy's. Other establishments, such as a bar named Tirol once located in one of the area's old mansions, have simply shut down and their buildings remain deserted. Many of the stores selling jewelry, arts and other fine merchandise have been converted into stores with more mass-produced items and souvenirs.[7][5] Another change occurred in the vicinity of Amberes Street, where bars, clubs and other businesses catering to the gay community have appeared. These are distinguished by the use of rainbow colors on their facades.[7]Most of the decline of the area occurred in the 1980s and 1990s, when the city was governed by appointees of the federal government. In the late 1990s, the city government began to be elected by residents and in 1997, the ruling PRI lost power in the city to the PRD. The new city government was more interested in promoting and restoring the neighborhood. Tourist police were implemented, and efforts to better regulate businesses, control prostitutions, repair infrastructure and promote tourism were undertaken at various times during the 2000s.[3][9]These efforts have had mixed success. The city has conducted some high-profile raids of clubs such as the Bar Continental DJ Club, searching for drugs and minors. This operation eventually led to the expropriation of the property on Florencia Street as well as another club on Berna Street. They mayor stated it was part of ongoing operations and meant to be a warning to other club owners in the area. The expropriated building on Florence Street now houses a contingent of the Mexico City police.[8] There have also been other raids in response to complaints about underage drinking and illegal gambling.[8]In 2007, a public-private venture was started to connect and promote Zona Rosa along with the historic center as the Reforma-Centro Historico corridor.[10] Crime has decreased,[4] but residents and businesses continue to move out, while more “red” businesses move in.[3] In 2004, two theaters were opened exclusively to show erotic movies under the name of Contempo Cinema. According to the owners, the movies shown are not pornography but rather films such as Last Tango in Paris, Basic Instinct and Wild Orchid, which do not have explicit sex scenes meriting an XXX rating. The new venues have about 200 seats each with a bar, restaurants and film store.[11]Work on infrastructure has been completed, mostly on Genova and Hamburgo Streets, but residents complain that the work is too slow, hurting their businesses.[12][13] There are fears that these interventions, along with those scheduled between 2010 and 2012, will not be enough to save the area.[3][14][15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calle_G%C3%A9nova.jpg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coctel-16"},{"link_name":"Avenida Insurgentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenida_Insurgentes"},{"link_name":"Metro Insurgentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Insurgentes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savingtrad-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moonbooks-6"},{"link_name":"Escuela Nacional de Artes Plasticas of UNAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_School_of_Arts_(UNAM)"},{"link_name":"Rotary Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_Club"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastre-4"},{"link_name":"table dances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_dance"},{"link_name":"gay bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_bar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savingtrad-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastre-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastre-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TinTanStatueDF.JPG"},{"link_name":"Statue of Tin Tan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Tin_Tan"},{"link_name":"Germán Valdés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n_Vald%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savingtrad-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastre-4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anarchia-17"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastre-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastre-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polotur-14"}],"text":"Genova Street in Zona RosaZona Rosa is a portion of the official neighborhood of Colonia Juárez, comprising 24 of the colonia's 99 city blocks.[16] The borders of the area are formed by Paseo de la Reforma to the north, Varsovia Street to the west, Avenida Insurgentes to the east and Chapultepec Avenue and Metro Insurgentes to the south. Most of the streets in the area are named after European cities.[3] A number of these streets are made of cobblestone, with two pedestrian-only.[6] About 40 sculptures – 17 created by young artists from the Escuela Nacional de Artes Plasticas of UNAM – have been installed on various streets, sponsored by the Rotary Club of Zona Rosa.[4]The area is one of Mexico City's primary shopping districts and nightclub areas. Streets are filled with bars and nightclubs, which fill on weekends. Among these clubs, men's clubs with table dances and gay bars stand out.[3] In total, there are 714 businesses in the area, 137 of which are restaurants, which cater to foreign and Mexican visitors as well as businessmen who work on nearby Paseo de la Reforma.[4] From its bohemian and intellectual heritage, there are also art galleries, bookstores and the like.One echo from the area's past are a number of early 20th-century mansions built when the area was an exclusive residential area for Mexico City's wealthy. These homes were designed to look European, especially French. Some of these still remain, such as the one at 115 Hamburgo Street, but most are abandoned.[4]Statue of Tin Tan, or Germán Valdés, on Genova StreetLeading to the area from the Insurgentes Metro is Genova Street, a pedestrian mall lined with eateries, 13 of which own areas on the street on which to put tables. It is popular with both locals and foreign visitors.[3][4] Here, dozens of people handing out flyers stop pedestrians and drivers advertising gay bars and men's clubs, some of which operate illegally.[17] It is also the site of the Corridor de Arte José Luis Cuevas, which occurs on weekends when an average of 40 artists display their works for sale. On this street stand around 40 sculptures created by young artists of the Escuela Nacional de Artes Plasticas of UNAM.[4]Despite the installation of tourist police and other efforts, crime is still a problem in the area.[4] The streets with the most problems are Londres, Hamburgo, Florencia, Liverpool, Niza, Amberes and Genova.[14]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EqualRights2009MarchaDF.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amberes_street,_Zona_Rosa,_Mexico_City.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rosaroja-5"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mercadogay-18"},{"link_name":"Barrio de Chueca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chueca,_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Castro District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castro_District"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastre-4"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mercadogay-18"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rosaroja-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rosaroja-5"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-consulta-19"},{"link_name":"Plaza Garibaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Garibaldi"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugazr-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mercadogay-18"},{"link_name":"reggaeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggaeton"},{"link_name":"psycho-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugazr-20"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moonbooks-6"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugazr-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugazr-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sabado-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-closet-22"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-llenan-23"},{"link_name":"AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-desfile-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-closet-22"},{"link_name":"Angel of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Alameda Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City_Alameda_Central"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sabado-21"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastre-4"},{"link_name":"machismo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machismo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savingtrad-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rosaroja-5"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mercadogay-18"}],"sub_title":"Gay community","text":"Marchers at the 2009 Gay Pride ParadeAmberes street in Mexico City's Zona Rosa is lined with gay bars.Another prominent area is Amberes Street, home to Mexico City's gay community.[5] This community was established in the 1990s due to the area's overall tolerance and the fact that police here did not extort members of the gay community.[18] Today, homosexuality on Amberes Streets and the rest of Zona Rosa is fairly open with handholding and kissing among same-sex couples. This has led it to be compared to Barrio de Chueca in Madrid and the Castro District in San Francisco.[4][18] It is famous for being a gay encounter area, especially for young gay men, with some being minors.[5] A number of gay men make money through prostitution, mostly younger men soliciting older men.[5] In 2010, the city opened a consulting office for homosexuals wishing to take advantage of Mexico City's law allowing them to marry.[19]Zona Rosa is one of three areas in Mexico City where gay bars and other businesses operate, along with Plaza Garibaldi and an area on Avenida Insurgentes South.[20] However, Zona Rosa is the largest of these and considered to be the gay community's business center, with over 200 businesses spread over 16 blocks.[18] These bars, clubs, and other entertainment places mostly cater to younger crowds and play reggaeton, psycho-punk, etc., with lasers, strobe lights and other typical decor.[20] However, these businesses are usually marked with rainbow colored flags or other decorations on the facade.[6] Singles and couples dance sensually and sometimes a cloud of generated smoke covers the dance floor. Touching and kissing between couples of the same sex is highly tolerated in many of these clubs. Some also have “dark rooms” where patrons can find privacy for more intimate acts.[20] A number also have unofficial dress codes.[20]Zona Rosa's annual pride parade is officially called the Marcha del Orgullo Lésbico, Gay, Bisexual, Transgénero, Travesti, Transsexual e Intersexual (LGBTTTI) (March of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Transvestite, Transsexual and Intersexual Pride).[21] It was first held in 1978 with about 300 people participating.[22] During this event, the nightclubs, discothèques and bars of Zona Rosa fill with members of the LGBT community starting at midday. Many businesses, whether they cater to gays or not, are decorated with rainbow colored balloons, streamers and other items. Despite the crowds, police presence is not significantly heightened.[23]The parade usually marches along Paseo de la Reforma from Puerta de los Leones to the Glorieta de la Palma, with the entire stretch completely closed to traffic for the event. The city has even participated, offering free AIDS tests to attendees.[24] In 2003, there were more than 20,000 participants.[22] The 2010 march adopted the theme of \"Marcha del Bicentenario, Marcha de las Libertades\" (March of the Bicentennial, March of Liberties) and extended from the Angel of Independence to the Alameda Central. The march in Mexico City was paralleled in 25 other Mexican cities.[21]Despite its prominence, the existence of a large, open gay community in Zona Rosa still creates controversy. Some, such as the president of the Agrupacion de Comericantes de la Zona Rosa (Acozoro), Mariano Molina, state that the presence of an open gay community drives away visitors and customers who are not accustomed to seeing gay couples in public.[4] Others state that the government will not work to save the area because of the gay bars and Mexico's ethic of machismo.[3]While male and female prostitution exists in Zona Rosa, there have been complaints of the prostitution of minors in the gay community, despite efforts since the 1990s to eradicate it. Residents and business owners complain that this prostitution is very open and can be very aggressive, centered on the various gay bars that can be found on and around Ambares Street.[5] However, business owners in the gay community state that the prostitution issue, including that of minors, is not the problem that neighbors say it is; rather it is that some have a problem with having an open gay community. These businesses state that gays have a high level of purchasing power and many own their own businesses that employ thousands in the city. They also state that the gay community attracts visitors from other parts of the city and even internationally. This is particularly true on Gay Pride Day, when the city holds a parade on Paseo de la Reforma and at Christmastime.[18]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pequeño Seúl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peque%C3%B1o_Se%C3%BAl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KoreanRestaurantsFlorenciaStreet.JPG"},{"link_name":"Reforma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforma"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crece-25"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savingtrad-3"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-distantes-26"},{"link_name":"Pequeño Seúl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peque%C3%B1o_Se%C3%BAl"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-distantes-26"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coctel-16"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Daewoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daewoo"},{"link_name":"UNAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNAM"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crece-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-distantes-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-distantes-26"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coctel-16"}],"sub_title":"Korean community","text":"Further information: Pequeño SeúlKorean businesses on Florencia StreetMost of Mexico City's Korean population of about 9,000 lives in and around Zona Rosa. According to the newspaper Reforma, there are at least 1,000 Koreans living in Zona Rosa proper and about 3,000 total in Colonia Juárez.[25] In Zona Rosa, especially west of Florencia Street, barber shops, restaurants, and Internet cafes with signs in Korean dot the area.[3]Many Korean residents do not speak Spanish and are relatively isolated from their Mexican neighbors.[26] The area around Hamburgo, Praga, Berna and Biarritz streets has been converted into “Pequeño Seúl” (Little Seoul), with Biarritz Street's residents almost 90% Korean.[26]The number of Korean residents in the colonia continues to increase even as the number of younger people in general decreases.[16] Most immigrated to Mexico in the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century, as a result of commercial agreements signed by the Mexican government with Korea and Taiwan, allowing companies such as Daewoo to bring workers over from Asia. However, according to some sources such as Alfredo Romero, professor of the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences at UNAM, a large percentage of Koreans living in Mexico have questionable immigration status.[25][26] There have been conflicts between Korean-owned businesses and Mexican neighbors over noise and sanitation issues, with some Mexicans complaining that the Koreans do not want to adapt to Mexican society.[26] Another issue has been legal problems, both with the status of merchandise and the status of employees. A store owned by Koreans was shut down by police for selling imported merchandise of questionable origin in 2002, with 33 workers detained.[16]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastre-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moonbooks-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savingtrad-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moonbooks-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moonbooks-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastre-4"},{"link_name":"pesos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peso"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mercadogay-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mercadogay-18"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savingtrad-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-masroja-7"},{"link_name":"tamales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamale"},{"link_name":"perfumes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfume"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savingtrad-3"},{"link_name":"prostitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution"},{"link_name":"underage drinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_drinking_age"},{"link_name":"illegal gambling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaming_law"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-continental-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buscan-9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polotur-14"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastre-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buscan-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastre-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-masroja-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buscan-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buscan-9"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rescatara-27"},{"link_name":"\"Barrio Mágico\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_M%C3%A1gicos_of_Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-28"},{"link_name":"Geneve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Geneve_Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastre-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-masroja-7"}],"text":"Most of the business conducted in Zona Rosa is through retail establishments. The area is home to 714 businesses, which include 137 restaurants and 37 parking garages.[4] It is still one of the city's primary entertainment and shopping districts.[6] It contains stores (especially clothing stores), cafes, hotels, chain stores, fast-food places, restaurants, major hotels, airline offices, banks, clubs and more.[3][6] There is an antiques mall on Londres Street, and a large handicrafts and souvenir market called Mercado Insurgentes between Liverpool and Londres street, where a number of shopkeepers speak English and some take U.S. dollars.[6] Approximately 100,000 people pass through the area each day,[4] and an estimated 12,000,000 pesos is spent here each day.[18]Another prominent retail segment includes businesses that cater to Mexico City's gay community. Since they were established in the 1990s, these businesses have grown in size and number and include sex shops, bookstores, movie theaters and exclusive hotels, as well as bars and nightclubs. These total over 200 businesses spread over 16 blocks, which is now considered to be the community business center.[18] Most customers in Zona Rosa's businesses are visitors from other parts of the city, foreign tourists, and businessmen who come from nearby office buildings concentrated on or near Paseo de la Reforma.[3][7] The area that connects Metro Insurgentes with Zona Rosa tends to become crowded with street peddlers selling tamales, perfumes, handicrafts, unlicensed CDs/DVDs and more to passerby groups.[3]The attractions of the area for tourists, especially foreign ones, are the shopping, the cafes, and the nightclubs. However, these nightclubs, especially the men's clubs, have a reputation for attracting prostitution, underage drinking, illegal gambling, and other crime, which has a detrimental effect on tourism.[8][9] The general deterioration of the area, both in physical infrastructure, crime, and types of businesses, has been problematic for the area as well. Although the area is still heavily promoted by the city, its secretary of tourism has admitted that it has lost much of its international prestige and can no longer be assured of its status as a tourist attraction.[14]While there are about 38 bars and 10 men's clubs known to police that report good business, they also create problems for the area. Many are linked to illicit activities[4][9] such as prostitution, both male and female, which noticeable on the streets after 10 pm seven days a week.[4] Another problem is “tarjeteros”, who crowd the area's streets day and night (especially Genova Street), handing out cards and flyers to passersby advertising bars, clubs and other businesses. While this activity is legal, these tarjeteros have been accused of bothering area visitors and being associated with small-scale drug trafficking.[7][9]To counter its decline, the city has worked to rehabilitate the area, linking it with the more popular historic center through the Reforma-Centro Historico tourism corridor in 2005.[9] There have been efforts to improve the area through the 2000s, which are projected to continued at least until 2012.[27] This area was designated as a \"Barrio Mágico\" by the city in 2011.[28]Luxury hotels in the area include Maria Isabel Sheraton, Galeria Plaza, Plaza Florencia, Cristal Rosa, Geneve, Marquis, Aristos, Royal and Marco Polo.[4] Despite the area's problems, the 24 hotels in the area report an average occupancy rate of 80%, mostly from foreign tourists, year-round.[7]","title":"Economy and tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Autonomous University of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"UNAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNAM"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"The Center for the Teaching of Foreign Languages (CELE) of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) has a venue at Milán Street, partially sponsored by Fundación UNAM.[29]","title":"Education"}]	[{"image_text":"Abandoned house from the early 20th century on Hamburgo Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/AbandonedHouseJuarez.JPG/170px-AbandonedHouseJuarez.JPG"},{"image_text":"Genova Street in Zona Rosa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Calle_G%C3%A9nova.jpg/220px-Calle_G%C3%A9nova.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Tin Tan, or Germán Valdés, on Genova Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/TinTanStatueDF.JPG/170px-TinTanStatueDF.JPG"},{"image_text":"Marchers at the 2009 Gay Pride Parade","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/EqualRights2009MarchaDF.JPG/220px-EqualRights2009MarchaDF.JPG"},{"image_text":"Amberes street in Mexico City's Zona Rosa is lined with gay bars.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Amberes_street%2C_Zona_Rosa%2C_Mexico_City.jpg/220px-Amberes_street%2C_Zona_Rosa%2C_Mexico_City.jpg"},{"image_text":"Korean businesses on Florencia Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/KoreanRestaurantsFlorenciaStreet.JPG/220px-KoreanRestaurantsFlorenciaStreet.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Gay Mexico\". Retrieved May 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gaytravel.com/gay-guides/mexico","url_text":"\"Gay Mexico\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colonia Juarez\" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2008-08-10. Retrieved 2008-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080810220028/http://www.cuauhtemoc.df.gob.mx/delegacion/mapa/colonias.html","url_text":"\"Colonia Juarez\""},{"url":"http://www.cuauhtemoc.df.gob.mx/delegacion/mapa/colonias.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"MacLaggan, Corrie (August 2004). \"Saving Tradition\". Business Mexico. 14 (8). Mexico City: 24.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Anibal Santiago (February 19, 2003). \"La Zona Rosa lucha por superar lastre historico\" [Zona Rosa struggles to overcome historic burden]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Saúl Sánchez Lemus (June 8, 2004). \"De rosa a roja\" [From pink to red]. Noticieros Televisa (in Spanish). Mexico City: Televisa. Archived from the original on November 13, 2010. Retrieved November 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101113053524/http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/losreporteros/369672.html","url_text":"\"De rosa a roja\""},{"url":"http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/losreporteros/369672.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Humphrey, Chris (2005). Moon Handbooks-Mexico City. Berkeley, CA: Avalon Travel Publishing. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-1-56691-612-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/moonhandbooksmex00chri/page/54","url_text":"Moon Handbooks-Mexico City"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/moonhandbooksmex00chri/page/54","url_text":"54–55"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56691-612-7","url_text":"978-1-56691-612-7"}]},{"reference":"\"La Zona Rosa cada vez más 'roja'\" [Zona Rosa getting more \"red\"]. Terra (in Spanish). Mexico City. Agencia CFE. August 20, 2007. Retrieved November 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.terra.com.mx/noticias/articulo/382519/La+Zona+Rosa+cada+vez+mas+roja.htm","url_text":"\"La Zona Rosa cada vez más 'roja'\""}]},{"reference":"Angel Bolaños; Agustin Salgado (November 9, 2007). \"En la Zona Rosa, expropia el GDF predios del Bar Continental DJ Club\" [In Zona Rosa, the city expropriates the property of Bar Continental DJ Club]. La Jornada (in Spanish). Mexico City. Retrieved November 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2007/11/09/index.php?section=capital&article=045n1cap","url_text":"\"En la Zona Rosa, expropia el GDF predios del Bar Continental DJ Club\""}]},{"reference":"Mónica Archundia (April 19, 2007). \"Buscan rescatar turismo en Zona Rosa y Garibaldi\" [Seek to rescue tourism in Zona Rosa and Garibaldi]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. Retrieved November 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/419648.html","url_text":"\"Buscan rescatar turismo en Zona Rosa y Garibaldi\""}]},{"reference":"Laura Gomez Flores (June 21, 2007). \"Iniciarán rescate de la Zona Rosa\" [Will initiate rescue of Zona Rosa]. La Jornada (in Spanish). Mexico City. Retrieved November 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2007/06/21/index.php?section=capital&article=043n3cap","url_text":"\"Iniciarán rescate de la Zona Rosa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Habrá erotismo en la Zona Rosa\" [There will be eroticism]. Noticieros Televisa (in Spanish). Mexico City. Notimex. May 6, 2004. Retrieved November 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.esmas.com/espectaculos/cine/361982.html","url_text":"\"Habrá erotismo en la Zona Rosa\""}]},{"reference":"Mariel Ibarra. (April 9, 2008). \"Inyectan 76 mdp a zonas turísticas\" [Inject 76 million pesos into tourist zones]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Arturo Paramo (May 22, 2005). \"Protestan por atraso en obras de rescate\" [Protest delay in rescue work]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mariel Ibarra. (September 27, 2009). \"Abandonan rescate de polo turístico\" [Abandon rescue of the tourist attraction]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"La Zona Rosa vuelve a agarrar color\" [Zona Rosa’s color is returning]. CNN Expansion (in Spanish). Mexico City. June 1, 2010. Retrieved November 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnnexpansion.com/obras/2010/06/01/zona-rosa-ciudad-de-mexico-hotel-obras","url_text":"\"La Zona Rosa vuelve a agarrar color\""}]},{"reference":"Ariadna Bermeo V (May 2, 2003). \"Colonia Juarez: Un coctel urbano Rosa\" [Colonia Juarez:An Pink urban cocktail]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mariel Ibarra (September 27, 2009). \"Reinan en las calles ilegalidad y anarquía\" [Illegality and anarchy reigns in the streets]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sergio Fimbres (June 29, 2007). \"Crece mercado gay en la Zona Rosa\" [Gay market grows in Zona Rosa]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rafael Cabrera. (January 21, 2010). \"Va consulta a Zona Rosa historico\" [Consulting office to come to historic Zona Rosa]. El Norte (in Spanish). Monterrey, Mexico. p. 16.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Alejandro Espinosa (February 9, 2009). \"Un buga en la Zona Rosa\" [A straight man in Zona Rosa]. Milenio (in Spanish). Mexico City. Retrieved November 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://impreso.milenio.com/node/8530045","url_text":"\"Un buga en la Zona Rosa\""}]},{"reference":"Julián Sánchez (June 24, 2010). \"Este sábado, marcha del orgullo gay en el DF\" [This Saturday, pride parade in Mexico City]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/690291.html","url_text":"\"Este sábado, marcha del orgullo gay en el DF\""}]},{"reference":"\"El orgullo 'gay' sale del closet\" [Gay pride exits the closet]. Noticieros Televisa (in Spanish). Mexico City. Redaccion Televisa. June 21, 2003.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/noticieros/298294.html","url_text":"\"El orgullo 'gay' sale del closet\""}]},{"reference":"Sara Pantoja (June 26, 2010). \"Antros gays se llenan en la Zona Rosa\" [Gay clubs fill in Zona Rosa]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. Retrieved September 15, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/690637.html","url_text":"\"Antros gays se llenan en la Zona Rosa\""}]},{"reference":"Rafael Montes (June 26, 2010). \"Alistan desfile gay en Paseo de la Reforma\" [Gay parade on Paseo de la Reforma]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. Retrieved September 15, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/690580.html","url_text":"\"Alistan desfile gay en Paseo de la Reforma\""}]},{"reference":"Manuel Duran (May 23, 2001). \"Crece el comercio de coreanos en DF\" [Korean businesses grow in the Federal District]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Luz Romano (February 4, 2001). \"Vecinos distantes: El pequeno Seul\" [Distant Neighbors:Little Seoul]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Rescatará Turismo DF la Zona Rosa\" [City will rescue tourism in Zona Rosa]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. Notimex. September 3, 2010. Retrieved November 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/706233.html","url_text":"\"Rescatará Turismo DF la Zona Rosa\""}]},{"reference":"Quintanar Hinojosa, Beatriz, ed. (November 2011). \"Mexico Desconocido Guia Especial:Barrios Mágicos\" [Mexico Desconocido Special Guide:Magical Neighborhoods]. Mexico Desconocido (in Spanish). Mexico City: Impresiones Aereas SA de CV: 5–6. ISSN 1870-9400.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1870-9400","url_text":"1870-9400"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zona_Rosa,_Mexico_City&params=19_25_32.87_N_99_9_50.94_W_type:city_region:MX-CMX","external_links_name":"19°25′32.87″N 99°9′50.94″W / 19.4257972°N 99.1641500°W / 19.4257972; -99.1641500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zona_Rosa,_Mexico_City&params=19_25_32.87_N_99_9_50.94_W_type:city_region:MX-CMX","external_links_name":"19°25′32.87″N 99°9′50.94″W / 19.4257972°N 99.1641500°W / 19.4257972; -99.1641500"},{"Link":"https://www.gaytravel.com/gay-guides/mexico","external_links_name":"\"Gay Mexico\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080810220028/http://www.cuauhtemoc.df.gob.mx/delegacion/mapa/colonias.html","external_links_name":"\"Colonia Juarez\""},{"Link":"http://www.cuauhtemoc.df.gob.mx/delegacion/mapa/colonias.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101113053524/http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/losreporteros/369672.html","external_links_name":"\"De rosa a roja\""},{"Link":"http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/losreporteros/369672.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/moonhandbooksmex00chri/page/54","external_links_name":"Moon Handbooks-Mexico City"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/moonhandbooksmex00chri/page/54","external_links_name":"54–55"},{"Link":"http://www.terra.com.mx/noticias/articulo/382519/La+Zona+Rosa+cada+vez+mas+roja.htm","external_links_name":"\"La Zona Rosa cada vez más 'roja'\""},{"Link":"http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2007/11/09/index.php?section=capital&article=045n1cap","external_links_name":"\"En la Zona Rosa, expropia el GDF predios del Bar Continental DJ Club\""},{"Link":"http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/419648.html","external_links_name":"\"Buscan rescatar turismo en Zona Rosa y Garibaldi\""},{"Link":"http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2007/06/21/index.php?section=capital&article=043n3cap","external_links_name":"\"Iniciarán rescate de la Zona Rosa\""},{"Link":"http://www.esmas.com/espectaculos/cine/361982.html","external_links_name":"\"Habrá erotismo en la Zona Rosa\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnnexpansion.com/obras/2010/06/01/zona-rosa-ciudad-de-mexico-hotel-obras","external_links_name":"\"La Zona Rosa vuelve a agarrar color\""},{"Link":"http://impreso.milenio.com/node/8530045","external_links_name":"\"Un buga en la Zona Rosa\""},{"Link":"http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/690291.html","external_links_name":"\"Este sábado, marcha del orgullo gay en el DF\""},{"Link":"http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/noticieros/298294.html","external_links_name":"\"El orgullo 'gay' sale del closet\""},{"Link":"http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/690637.html","external_links_name":"\"Antros gays se llenan en la Zona Rosa\""},{"Link":"http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/690580.html","external_links_name":"\"Alistan desfile gay en Paseo de la Reforma\""},{"Link":"http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/706233.html","external_links_name":"\"Rescatará Turismo DF la Zona Rosa\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1870-9400","external_links_name":"1870-9400"},{"Link":"http://www.cele.unam.mx/centrosyprogramas/","external_links_name":"Docencia Externa: Centros y Programas; Centro de Enseñanza de Lenguas Extranjeras. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Cambrai	List of bishops and archbishops of Cambrai	["1 Bishops","2 Archbishops","3 References","4 Bibliography","4.1 Reference works","4.2 Studies"]	This is a List of bishops and archbishops of Cambrai, that is, of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai. Bishops For the first bishops of Arras and Cambrai, who resided at the former place, see Arras. On the death of Saint Vedulphus (545–580) the episcopal residence was transferred from Arras to Cambrai. Among his successors were: Saint Gaugericus (580–619) Saint Berthoaldus (about 625) Saint Aubert (d. 667) Saint Vindicianus (667–693), who brought King Theuderic III of the Franks to account for the murder of Saint Léger of Autun Emebert, also known as Ablebert (d. 710) Saint Hadulfus (d. 728) Alberic and Hildoard, contemporaries of Charlemagne, who gave to the diocese a sacramentary and important canons Halitgar (Halitgarius, Halitgaire) (817–831), an ecclesiastical writer and apostle of the Danes Saint John of Cambrai (866–879) Saint Rothadus (879–886) Fulbert (934–956), defended Cambrai from the Magyars and became the first bishop with comital authority in the city Wiboldus (965–966), author of the ludus secularis which "furnished amusement to clerkly persons" Erluin (995–1012), first bishop who was also count of the Cambrésis, feuded with Count Baldwin IV of Flanders Gerard of Florennes (1013–1051), formerly chaplain to Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, and helpful to the latter in his negotiations with Robert the Pious, King of France (Gerard also converted by persuasion the Gondulphian heretics, who denied the Eucharist) Lietbertus (1057–1076), who defended Cambrai against Robert the Frisian Gerard II (1076–1092), introduced the Gregorian reform to Cambrai; last bishop to also be bishop of Arras Manasses of Soissons (1095–1103) Odo (1105–1113), celebrated as a professor and director of the school of Tournai, also as a writer and founder of the monastery of St. Martin near Tournai Burchard of Cambrai (1115–1131), who sent Norbert of Xanten and the Premonstratensians to Antwerp to combat the heresy of Tanchelm's disciples concerning the Eucharist Lietard (1131–1134) Nicolas I de Chièvres (1137–1167) Pierre I de Flandre ou d'Alsace (1167–1173), never consecrated Robert d'Aire (1173–1174), never consecrated Alard (1175–1178), never consecrated Roger de Wavrin (1179–1191), died at the head of the Flemish troops at the siege of Acre Jean II d'Antoing (1192–1196), nephew of Roger de Wavrin Nicolas II du Roeulx (1197) Hugh (1197–1198), never consecrated Pierre II de Corbeil (1199–1200) John of Béthune (1200–1219) Godefroid de Fontaines (1220–1237/1238) Guiard of Laon (1238–1248) Ingeramus de Crequy (1274–1286) Guillaume de Hainault (1286–1296), Gui de Collemedio (1296–1306) Philip Leportier de Marigny (1306-1309) Pierre de Lévis de Mirepoix (1309-1324) Gui de Arvernia (Bologne) (1324-1336) Guillaume d’Auxonne (1336-1342) Guy de Ventadour (1342-1349) Pierre d’André (1348-1368) Robert II of Geneva (1368–1371) Gerard III (1371–1378), previously bishop of Arras and Thérouanne Jean t'Serclaes (1378–1389) (appointed by Clement VII of the Avignon Obedience) André de Luxembourg (1390–1396) Pierre d'Ailly (1396–1411) (appointed by Benedict XIII of the Avignon Obedience) Jean de Gavre (1411–1439) John of Burgundy illegitimate son of Duke John the Fearless of Burgundy (1439–1479) Henry de Berghes (1480–1502) Jacques de Croÿ (1503–1516), son of Jean II de Croÿ William de Croy, cardinal in 1517, apostolic administrator of Toledo in 1517 (1516–1519) Robert de Croÿ (1519–1556) Maximilian de Berghes (1556–1562) Archbishops Fénelon was archbishop of Cambrai from 1695 to 1715. Maximilian de Berghes (1562–1570) Louis de Berlaymont (1570–1596) Jean Sarazin (1596–1598) Guillaume de Berghes (1601–1609) Jean Richardot (1609–1614), minister and diplomat of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella. François Buisseret (1614–1615) Franciscus van der Burch (1616–1644) Joseph de Bergaigne (1644–1647) Gaspard Nemius (1649–1667) Ladislas Jonart (1667–1674) Jacques-Théodore de Bryas (1675–1694) François de Salignac de La Mothe-Fénelon, theologian and writer, proponent of Quietism (1695–1715). Jean d' Estrées (1716–1718) Cardinal Joseph de la Tremoille (1718–1720). Cardinal Guillaume Dubois (1720–1723), minister to Louis XV. Charles de Saint-Albin (1723–1764) (illegitimate son of Philippe d' Orleans, Regent of France) Leopold-Charles de Choiseul-Stainville (1764–1774) (His brother, Étienne-François, was Foreign Minister) Henri-Marie-Bernardin de Ceilhes de Rosset de Fleury (1774–1781) Ferdinand Maximilien Mériadec de Rohan (1781–1801). Louis de Belmas (30 April 1802 – 21 July 1841) Pierre Giraud (24 January 1842 – 17 April 1850) René-François Régnier (30 September 1850 – 3 January 1881) Alfred Duquesnay (1881–1884). François-Edouard Hasley (27 March 1885 – 7 August 1888) Odon Thibaudier (14 February 1889 – 9 January 1892) Etienne-Marie-Alphonse Sonnois (19 January 1893 – 7 February 1913) François-Marie-Joseph Delamaire (7 February 1913 – 21 July 1913) Jean-Arthur Chollet (21 November 1913 – 2 December 1952) Emile Maurice Guerry (2 December 1952 – 15 February 1966 Retired) Henri-Martin-Félix Jenny (15 February 1966 – 25 March 1980 Retired) Jacques Louis Léon Delaporte (25 March 1980 – 21 November 1999) François Garnier (7 December 2000 – 15 August 2018) Vincent Dollmann (15 August 2018 –) References ^ John S. Ott (2007), "'Both Mary and Martha': Bishop Lietbert of Cambrai and the construction of episcopal sanctity in a Border Diocese around 1100," John S. Ott; Anna Trumbore Jones, eds. (2007). The Bishop Reformed: Studies of Episcopal Power and Culture in the Central Middle Ages. Aldershot, Hampshire UK: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 122–136. ISBN 978-0-7546-5765-1. ^ Michaud, Histoire des Croisades, Tome 1, 1877, p. 260 ^ Guiard of Laon ^ Gallia christiana III (Paris 1725), p. 39. ^ Eubel, I, p. 160. Guillaume was the son of Jean d'Avenses Comte d' Hainault and Marguerite the sister of Guillaume Count of Holland. He was brother of John II of Avenses, Count of Hainault. Guillaume was appointed by Pope Honorius IV on 9 May 1286. He had previously been Provost of Cambrai. He died in 1296. ^ Cardinal Robert of Geneva was unanimously elected Pope on 20 September 1378, under the name of Clement VII. ^ During the episcopate of Jean t'Serclaes, John the Fearless, son of the Duke of Burgundy, married Margaret of Bavaria at Cambrai (1385) ^ Richardot's father, the Seigneur de Barly, was President of the Council of Artois and Councilor of State in Bruxelles. Jean Richardot was ambassador of the Archduke and Archduchess to Pope Clement VIII. Richardot was elected by the specific command of the Archduke and Archduchess to the Chapter of Cambrai. Eubel-Gauchat, IV, p. 131. Gallia christiana III, p. 57. Fisquet, pp. 259–262. ^ Eubel-Gauchat, IV, p. 131. Gallia christiana III, pp. 57–58. Fisquet, pp. 262–264. ^ Eubel-Gauchat, IV, p. 131. Gallia christiana III, pp. 58–59. Fisquet, pp. 264–271. ^ Jean d' Estrées was the nephew of Cardinal César d' Estrées. In 1692 he was sent as ambassador to Spain by Louis XIV, and again in 1703. He was Abbot Commendatory of Saint-Claude, Evron, and Préaux. In 1705 he was named Prelate Commander of all of the royal Orders of chivalry and became a member of the Council on Foreign Affairs. He was a member of the Académie Française, taking the chair of Boilieu. He died on 3 March 1718, without having received his bulls of preconisation and consecration from the Pope. Fisquet, pp. 329–330. ^ Nominated by King Louis XV, Tremoille was consecrated in Rome by Pope Clement XI on 30 May 1719 and granted the pallium on 18 September. He died on 10 January 1720. Ritzler, V, p. 139, with note 6. Fisquet, pp. 330–331. ^ Fisquet, pp. 332–347. Pierre Bliard (1901). Dubois, cardinal et premier ministre (1656–1723) (in French). Paris: P. Lethielleux. ^ Ritzler, Hierarchia catholica, V, p. 139, with n. 8. ^ Fisquet, p. 348. ^ Fisquet, pp. 352–356. ^ Fisquet, pp. 356–358. ^ Rohan was nominated Archbishop of Cambrai by King Louis XVI on 28 January 1781, and received his bulls from Pope Pius VI dated 2 April 1781. Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi VI (1730–1799). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. p. 143, with n. 4. Retrieved 2016-07-06. ^ Destombes, Cyrille Jean (1885). Vie de Son Éminence le cardinal Regnier, archevêque de Cambrai (in French). Lille: J. Lefort. Bibliography Reference works Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1913). Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 1 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. p. 160. (in Latin) Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1914). Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 2 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. pp. 115–116. Eubel, Conradus; Gulik, Guilelmus, eds. (1923). Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 3 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. p. 100. Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1952). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi V (1667–1730). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Retrieved 2016-07-06. p. 139. Studies Fisquet, Honore (1864). La France pontificale (Gallia Christiana): Cambrai (in French). Paris: Etienne Repos.	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Béthune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_B%C3%A9thune_(died_1219)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Robert II of Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon_Pope_Clement_VII"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gerard III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Dainville"},{"link_name":"Jean t'Serclaes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_t%27Serclaes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"André de Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_de_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pierre d'Ailly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_d%27Ailly"},{"link_name":"Jean de Gavre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_de_Gavre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Burgundy,_Bishop_of_Cambrai"},{"link_name":"John the Fearless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Fearless"},{"link_name":"Henry de Berghes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_de_Berghes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jacques de Croÿ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_de_Cro%C3%BF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jean II de Croÿ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_II_de_Cro%C3%BF"},{"link_name":"William de Croy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Cro%C3%BF_(archbishop)"},{"link_name":"Robert de Croÿ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Cro%C3%BF"},{"link_name":"Maximilian de Berghes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_de_Berghes"}],"text":"For the first bishops of Arras and Cambrai, who resided at the former place, see Arras. On the death of Saint Vedulphus (545–580) the episcopal residence was transferred from Arras to Cambrai. Among his successors were:Saint Gaugericus (580–619)\nSaint Berthoaldus (about 625)\nSaint Aubert (d. 667)\nSaint Vindicianus (667–693), who brought King Theuderic III of the Franks to account for the murder of Saint Léger of Autun\nEmebert, also known as Ablebert (d. 710)\nSaint Hadulfus (d. 728)\nAlberic and Hildoard, contemporaries of Charlemagne, who gave to the diocese a sacramentary and important canons\nHalitgar (Halitgarius, Halitgaire) (817–831), an ecclesiastical writer and apostle of the Danes\nSaint John of Cambrai (866–879)\nSaint Rothadus (879–886)\nFulbert (934–956), defended Cambrai from the Magyars and became the first bishop with comital authority in the city\nWiboldus (965–966), author of the ludus secularis which \"furnished amusement to clerkly persons\"\nErluin (995–1012), first bishop who was also count of the Cambrésis, feuded with Count Baldwin IV of Flanders\nGerard of Florennes (1013–1051), formerly chaplain to Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, and helpful to the latter in his negotiations with Robert the Pious, King of France (Gerard also converted by persuasion the Gondulphian heretics, who denied the Eucharist)\nLietbertus[1] (1057–1076), who defended Cambrai against Robert the Frisian\nGerard II (1076–1092), introduced the Gregorian reform to Cambrai; last bishop to also be bishop of Arras\nManasses of Soissons (1095–1103)\nOdo (1105–1113), celebrated as a professor and director of the school of Tournai, also as a writer and founder of the monastery of St. Martin near Tournai\nBurchard of Cambrai (1115–1131), who sent Norbert of Xanten and the Premonstratensians to Antwerp to combat the heresy of Tanchelm's disciples concerning the Eucharist\nLietard (1131–1134)\nNicolas I de Chièvres (1137–1167)\nPierre I de Flandre ou d'Alsace (1167–1173), never consecrated\nRobert d'Aire (1173–1174), never consecrated\nAlard (1175–1178), never consecrated\nRoger de Wavrin (1179–1191), died at the head of the Flemish troops at the siege of Acre[2]\nJean II d'Antoing (1192–1196), nephew of Roger de Wavrin\nNicolas II du Roeulx (1197)\nHugh (1197–1198), never consecrated\nPierre II de Corbeil (1199–1200)\nJohn of Béthune (1200–1219)\nGodefroid de Fontaines (1220–1237/1238)\nGuiard of Laon (1238–1248)[3]\nIngeramus de Crequy (1274–1286)[4]\nGuillaume de Hainault (1286–1296),[5]\nGui de Collemedio (1296–1306)\nPhilip Leportier de Marigny (1306-1309)\nPierre de Lévis de Mirepoix (1309-1324)\nGui de Arvernia (Bologne) (1324-1336)\nGuillaume d’Auxonne (1336-1342)\nGuy de Ventadour (1342-1349)\nPierre d’André (1348-1368)\nRobert II of Geneva (1368–1371)[6]\nGerard III (1371–1378), previously bishop of Arras and Thérouanne\nJean t'Serclaes (1378–1389)[7] (appointed by Clement VII of the Avignon Obedience)\nAndré de Luxembourg (1390–1396)\nPierre d'Ailly (1396–1411) (appointed by Benedict XIII of the Avignon Obedience)\nJean de Gavre (1411–1439)\nJohn of Burgundy illegitimate son of Duke John the Fearless of Burgundy (1439–1479)\nHenry de Berghes (1480–1502)\nJacques de Croÿ (1503–1516), son of Jean II de Croÿ\nWilliam de Croy, cardinal in 1517, apostolic administrator of Toledo in 1517 (1516–1519)\nRobert de Croÿ (1519–1556)\nMaximilian de Berghes (1556–1562)","title":"Bishops"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fenelon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fénelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon"},{"link_name":"Maximilian de Berghes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_de_Berghes"},{"link_name":"Louis de Berlaymont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Berlaymont"},{"link_name":"Jean Sarazin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sarazin"},{"link_name":"Guillaume de Berghes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_de_Berghes"},{"link_name":"Jean Richardot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Richardot_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Isabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia"},{"link_name":"François Buisseret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Buisseret"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Franciscus van der Burch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_van_der_Burch"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Joseph de Bergaigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Bergaigne"},{"link_name":"Gaspard Nemius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_Nemius"},{"link_name":"Ladislas Jonart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislas_Jonart"},{"link_name":"Jacques-Théodore de Bryas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Th%C3%A9odore_de_Bryas"},{"link_name":"François de Salignac de La Mothe-Fénelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Salignac_de_La_Mothe-F%C3%A9nelon"},{"link_name":"Quietism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quietism_(Christian_philosophy)"},{"link_name":"Jean d' Estrées","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_d%27_Estr%C3%A9es"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Joseph de la Tremoille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph-Emmanuel_de_La_Tr%C3%A9moille&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Dubois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Dubois"},{"link_name":"Louis XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Charles de Saint-Albin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Saint-Albin"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Maximilien Mériadec de Rohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Maximilien_M%C3%A9riadec_de_Rohan"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Louis de Belmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Belmas"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"François Garnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Garnier"},{"link_name":"Vincent Dollmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vincent_Dollmann&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Fénelon was archbishop of Cambrai from 1695 to 1715.Maximilian de Berghes (1562–1570)\nLouis de Berlaymont (1570–1596)\nJean Sarazin (1596–1598)\nGuillaume de Berghes (1601–1609)\nJean Richardot (1609–1614),[8] minister and diplomat of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella.\nFrançois Buisseret (1614–1615)[9]\nFranciscus van der Burch (1616–1644)[10]\nJoseph de Bergaigne (1644–1647)\nGaspard Nemius (1649–1667)\nLadislas Jonart (1667–1674)\nJacques-Théodore de Bryas (1675–1694)\nFrançois de Salignac de La Mothe-Fénelon, theologian and writer, proponent of Quietism (1695–1715).\nJean d' Estrées[11] (1716–1718)\nCardinal Joseph de la Tremoille[12] (1718–1720).\nCardinal Guillaume Dubois (1720–1723), minister to Louis XV.[13]\nCharles de Saint-Albin (1723–1764)[14] (illegitimate son of Philippe d' Orleans, Regent of France)[15]\nLeopold-Charles de Choiseul-Stainville[16] (1764–1774) (His brother, Étienne-François, was Foreign Minister)\nHenri-Marie-Bernardin de Ceilhes de Rosset de Fleury[17] (1774–1781)\nFerdinand Maximilien Mériadec de Rohan (1781–1801).[18]\nLouis de Belmas (30 April 1802 – 21 July 1841)\nPierre Giraud (24 January 1842 – 17 April 1850)\nRené-François Régnier[19] (30 September 1850 – 3 January 1881)\nAlfred Duquesnay (1881–1884).\nFrançois-Edouard Hasley (27 March 1885 – 7 August 1888)\nOdon Thibaudier (14 February 1889 – 9 January 1892)\nEtienne-Marie-Alphonse Sonnois (19 January 1893 – 7 February 1913)\nFrançois-Marie-Joseph Delamaire (7 February 1913 – 21 July 1913)\nJean-Arthur Chollet (21 November 1913 – 2 December 1952)\nEmile Maurice Guerry (2 December 1952 – 15 February 1966 Retired)\nHenri-Martin-Félix Jenny (15 February 1966 – 25 March 1980 Retired)\nJacques Louis Léon Delaporte (25 March 1980 – 21 November 1999)\nFrançois Garnier (7 December 2000 – 15 August 2018)\nVincent Dollmann (15 August 2018 –)","title":"Archbishops"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol01eubeuoft"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol02eubeuoft"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol02eubeuoft"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi V (1667–1730)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol05eubeuoft"}],"sub_title":"Reference works","text":"Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1913). Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 1 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. p. 160. (in Latin)\nEubel, Conradus, ed. (1914). Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 2 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. pp. 115–116.\nEubel, Conradus; Gulik, Guilelmus, eds. (1923). Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 3 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. p. 100.\nRitzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1952). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi V (1667–1730). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Retrieved 2016-07-06. p. 139.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La France pontificale (Gallia Christiana): Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=oql2vG7C91AC"}],"sub_title":"Studies","text":"Fisquet, Honore (1864). La France pontificale (Gallia Christiana): Cambrai (in French). Paris: Etienne Repos.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Fénelon was archbishop of Cambrai from 1695 to 1715.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Fenelon.jpg/230px-Fenelon.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"John S. Ott; Anna Trumbore Jones, eds. (2007). The Bishop Reformed: Studies of Episcopal Power and Culture in the Central Middle Ages. Aldershot, Hampshire UK: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 122–136. ISBN 978-0-7546-5765-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vNB7hwxIOiMC&pg=PA124","url_text":"The Bishop Reformed: Studies of Episcopal Power and Culture in the Central Middle Ages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5765-1","url_text":"978-0-7546-5765-1"}]},{"reference":"Pierre Bliard (1901). Dubois, cardinal et premier ministre (1656–1723) (in French). Paris: P. Lethielleux.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GtE2AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Dubois, cardinal et premier ministre (1656–1723)"}]},{"reference":"Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi VI (1730–1799). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. p. 143, with n. 4. Retrieved 2016-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol06eubeuoft","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi VI (1730–1799)"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol06eubeuoft/page/143","url_text":"143"}]},{"reference":"Destombes, Cyrille Jean (1885). Vie de Son Éminence le cardinal Regnier, archevêque de Cambrai (in French). Lille: J. Lefort.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oArcuAAACAAJ","url_text":"Vie de Son Éminence le cardinal Regnier, archevêque de Cambrai"}]},{"reference":"Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1913). Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 1 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol01eubeuoft","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 1"}]},{"reference":"Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1914). Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 2 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol02eubeuoft","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 2"}]},{"reference":"Eubel, Conradus; Gulik, Guilelmus, eds. (1923). Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 3 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol02eubeuoft","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 3"}]},{"reference":"Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1952). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi V (1667–1730). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Retrieved 2016-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol05eubeuoft","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi V (1667–1730)"}]},{"reference":"Fisquet, Honore (1864). La France pontificale (Gallia Christiana): Cambrai (in French). Paris: Etienne Repos.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oql2vG7C91AC","url_text":"La France pontificale (Gallia Christiana): Cambrai"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vNB7hwxIOiMC&pg=PA124","external_links_name":"The Bishop Reformed: Studies of Episcopal Power and Culture in the Central Middle Ages"},{"Link":"http://home.sandiego.edu/~macy/Guiard%20of%20Laon.html","external_links_name":"Guiard of Laon"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GtE2AAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Dubois, cardinal et premier ministre (1656–1723)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol06eubeuoft","external_links_name":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi VI (1730–1799)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol06eubeuoft/page/143","external_links_name":"143"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oArcuAAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Vie de Son Éminence le cardinal Regnier, archevêque de Cambrai"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol01eubeuoft","external_links_name":"Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 1"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol02eubeuoft","external_links_name":"Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 2"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol02eubeuoft","external_links_name":"Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 3"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol05eubeuoft","external_links_name":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi V (1667–1730)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oql2vG7C91AC","external_links_name":"La France pontificale (Gallia Christiana): Cambrai"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Britain	Roman Britain	["1 History","1.1 Early contact","1.2 Roman invasion","1.3 Establishment of Roman rule","1.4 Occupation of and retreat from southern Scotland","1.5 3rd century","1.6 Diocletian's reforms","1.7 4th century","1.8 End of Roman rule","1.9 Sub-Roman Britain","2 Trade","3 Economy","4 Government","5 Demographics","5.1 Town and country","6 Religion","6.1 Pagan","6.2 Christianity","7 Environmental changes","8 Legacy","9 See also","10 Notes","11 References","12 Sources","13 Further reading","13.1 General survey","13.2 Iron Age background","13.3 Historical sources and inscriptions","13.4 Trade","13.5 Economy","13.6 Provincial government","13.7 Provincial development","13.8 The Roman military in Britain","13.9 Urban life","13.10 Rural life","13.11 Religion","13.12 Art","14 External links"]	Britain under Roman rule (43 AD – c. 410 AD) Province of BritainProvincia Britannia (Latin)Province of the Roman Empire43 AD–c. 410Province of Britain in the Roman Empire in 125 ADCapitalCamulodunumLondiniumHistorical eraClassical antiquity• Annexed by Claudius 43 AD• Severan Division c. 197• Diocletian Division c. 296• End of Roman rule c. 410 Preceded by Succeeded by British Iron Age Sub-Roman Britain Today part of United Kingdom ∟England ∟Wales ∟Scotland Periods in English history Prehistoric Britainuntil c. 43 ADRoman Britainc. 43–410Sub-Roman Britain410-c. 7th centuryAnglo-Saxonc. 449–1066Norman/Angevin1066–1216Plantagenet1216–1485Tudor1485–1603 Elizabethan1558–1603Stuart1603–1714 Jacobean1603–1625Caroline1625–1649(Interregnum)1649–1660Restoration1660–1714Georgian era1714–1837 Regency era1811–1820Victorian era1837–1901Edwardian era1901–1914First World War1914–1918Interwar Britain1919–1939Second World War1939–1945Post-war Britain (political)1945–1979Post-war Britain (social)1945–1979 See also Political history (1979–present) Social history (1979–present) Timelinevte Roman Britain was the territory that became the Roman province of Britannia after the Roman conquest of Britain, consisting of a large part of the island of Great Britain. The occupation lasted from AD 43 to AD 410. Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 and 54 BC as part of his Gallic Wars. According to Caesar, the Britons had been overrun or culturally assimilated by the Belgae during the British Iron Age and had been aiding Caesar's enemies. The Belgae were the only Celtic tribe to cross the sea into Britain, for to all other Celtic tribes this land was unknown. He received tribute, installed the friendly king Mandubracius over the Trinovantes, and returned to Gaul. Planned invasions under Augustus were called off in 34, 27, and 25 BC. In 40 AD, Caligula assembled 200,000 men at the Channel on the continent, only to have them gather seashells (musculi) according to Suetonius, perhaps as a symbolic gesture to proclaim Caligula's victory over the sea. Three years later, Claudius directed four legions to invade Britain and restore the exiled king Verica over the Atrebates. The Romans defeated the Catuvellauni, and then organized their conquests as the province of Britain. By 47 AD, the Romans held the lands southeast of the Fosse Way. Control over Wales was delayed by reverses and the effects of Boudica's uprising, but the Romans expanded steadily northwards. The conquest of Britain continued under command of Gnaeus Julius Agricola (77–84), who expanded the Roman Empire as far as Caledonia. In mid-84 AD, Agricola faced the armies of the Caledonians, led by Calgacus, at the Battle of Mons Graupius. Battle casualties were estimated by Tacitus to be upwards of 10,000 on the Caledonian side and about 360 on the Roman side. The bloodbath at Mons Graupius concluded the forty-year conquest of Britain, a period that possibly saw between 100,000 and 250,000 Britons killed. In the context of pre-industrial warfare and of a total population of Britain of c. 2 million, these are very high figures. Under the 2nd-century emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, two walls were built to defend the Roman province from the Caledonians, whose realms in the Scottish Highlands were never controlled. Around 197 AD, the Severan Reforms divided Britain into two provinces: Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior. During the Diocletian Reforms, at the end of the 3rd century, Britannia was divided into four provinces under the direction of a vicarius, who administered the Diocese of the Britains. A fifth province, Valentia, is attested in the later 4th century. For much of the later period of the Roman occupation, Britannia was subject to barbarian invasions and often came under the control of imperial usurpers and imperial pretenders. The final Roman withdrawal from Britain occurred around 410; the native kingdoms are considered to have formed Sub-Roman Britain after that. Following the conquest of the Britons, a distinctive Romano-British culture emerged as the Romans introduced improved agriculture, urban planning, industrial production, and architecture. The Roman goddess Britannia became the female personification of Britain. After the initial invasions, Roman historians generally only mention Britain in passing. Thus, most present knowledge derives from archaeological investigations and occasional epigraphic evidence lauding the Britannic achievements of an emperor. Roman citizens settled in Britain from many parts of the Empire. History Early contact Main article: Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain Britain was known to the Classical world. The Greeks, the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians traded for Cornish tin in the 4th century BC. The Greeks referred to the Cassiterides, or "tin islands", and placed them near the west coast of Europe. The Carthaginian sailor Himilco is said to have visited the island in the 6th or 5th century BC and the Greek explorer Pytheas in the 4th. It was regarded as a place of mystery, with some writers refusing to believe it existed. The first direct Roman contact was when Julius Caesar undertook two expeditions in 55 and 54 BC, as part of his conquest of Gaul, believing the Britons were helping the Gallic resistance. The first expedition was more a reconnaissance than a full invasion and gained a foothold on the coast of Kent but was unable to advance further because of storm damage to the ships and a lack of cavalry. Despite the military failure, it was a political success, with the Roman Senate declaring a 20-day public holiday in Rome to honour the unprecedented achievement of obtaining hostages from Britain and defeating Belgic tribes on returning to the continent. The second invasion involved a substantially larger force and Caesar coerced or invited many of the native Celtic tribes to pay tribute and give hostages in return for peace. A friendly local king, Mandubracius, was installed, and his rival, Cassivellaunus, was brought to terms. Hostages were taken, but historians disagree over whether any tribute was paid after Caesar returned to Gaul. Caesar conquered no territory and left no troops behind, but he established clients and brought Britain into Rome's sphere of influence. Augustus planned invasions in 34, 27 and 25 BC, but circumstances were never favourable, and the relationship between Britain and Rome settled into one of diplomacy and trade. Strabo, writing late in Augustus's reign, claimed that taxes on trade brought in more annual revenue than any conquest could. Archaeology shows that there was an increase in imported luxury goods in southeastern Britain. Strabo also mentions British kings who sent embassies to Augustus, and Augustus's own Res Gestae refers to two British kings he received as refugees. When some of Tiberius's ships were carried to Britain in a storm during his campaigns in Germany in 16 AD, they came back with tales of monsters. Rome appears to have encouraged a balance of power in southern Britain, supporting two powerful kingdoms: the Catuvellauni, ruled by the descendants of Tasciovanus, and the Atrebates, ruled by the descendants of Commius. This policy was followed until 39 or 40 AD, when Caligula received an exiled member of the Catuvellaunian dynasty and planned an invasion of Britain that collapsed in farcical circumstances before it left Gaul. When Claudius successfully invaded in 43 AD, it was in aid of another fugitive British ruler, Verica of the Atrebates. Roman invasion Main article: Roman conquest of Britain The invasion force in 43 AD was led by Aulus Plautius, but it is unclear how many legions were sent. The Legio II Augusta, commanded by future emperor Vespasian, was the only one directly attested to have taken part. The Legio IX Hispana, the XIV Gemina (later styled Martia Victrix) and the XX (later styled Valeria Victrix) are known to have served during the Boudican revolt of 60/61, and were probably there since the initial invasion. This is not certain because the Roman army was flexible, with units being moved around whenever necessary. The IX Hispana may have been permanently stationed, with records showing it at Eboracum (York) in 71 and on a building inscription there dated 108, before being destroyed in the east of the Empire, possibly during the Bar Kokhba revolt. The invasion was delayed by a troop mutiny until an imperial freedman persuaded them to overcome their fear of crossing the Ocean and campaigning beyond the limits of the known world. They sailed in three divisions, and probably landed at Richborough in Kent; at least part of the force may have landed near Fishbourne, West Sussex. Conquests under Aulus Plautius, focused on the commercially valuable southeast of Britain The Catuvellauni and their allies were defeated in two battles: the first, assuming a Richborough landing, on the river Medway, the second on the river Thames. One of their leaders, Togodumnus, was killed, but his brother Caratacus survived to continue resistance elsewhere. Plautius halted at the Thames and sent for Claudius, who arrived with reinforcements, including artillery and elephants, for the final march to the Catuvellaunian capital, Camulodunum (Colchester). Vespasian subdued the southwest, Cogidubnus was set up as a friendly king of several territories, and treaties were made with tribes outside direct Roman control. Establishment of Roman rule Further information: Romano-British culture Roman invasion of Britain Roman campaigns 43–60 Agricola's campaigns After capturing the south of the island, the Romans turned their attention to what is now Wales. The Silures, Ordovices and Deceangli remained implacably opposed to the invaders and for the first few decades were the focus of Roman military attention, despite occasional minor revolts among Roman allies like the Brigantes and the Iceni. The Silures were led by Caratacus, and he carried out an effective guerrilla campaign against Governor Publius Ostorius Scapula. Finally, in 51, Ostorius lured Caratacus into a set-piece battle and defeated him. The British leader sought refuge among the Brigantes, but their queen, Cartimandua, proved her loyalty by surrendering him to the Romans. He was brought as a captive to Rome, where a dignified speech he made during Claudius's triumph persuaded the emperor to spare his life. The Silures were still not pacified, and Cartimandua's ex-husband Venutius replaced Caratacus as the most prominent leader of British resistance. On Nero's accession, Roman Britain extended as far north as Lindum. Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, the conqueror of Mauretania (modern day Algeria and Morocco), then became governor of Britain, and in 60 and 61 he moved against Mona (Anglesey) to settle accounts with Druidism once and for all. Paulinus led his army across the Menai Strait and massacred the Druids and burnt their sacred groves. While Paulinus was campaigning in Mona, the southeast of Britain rose in revolt under the leadership of Boudica. She was the widow of the recently deceased king of the Iceni, Prasutagus. The Roman historian Tacitus reports that Prasutagus had left a will leaving half his kingdom to Nero in the hope that the remainder would be left untouched. He was wrong. When his will was enforced, Rome responded by violently seizing the tribe's lands in full. Boudica protested. In consequence, Rome punished her and her daughters by flogging and rape. In response, the Iceni, joined by the Trinovantes, destroyed the Roman colony at Camulodunum (Colchester) and routed the part of the IXth Legion that was sent to relieve it. Paulinus rode to London (then called Londinium), the rebels' next target, but concluded it could not be defended. Abandoned, it was destroyed, as was Verulamium (St. Albans). Between seventy and eighty thousand people are said to have been killed in the three cities. But Paulinus regrouped with two of the three legions still available to him, chose a battlefield, and, despite being outnumbered by more than twenty to one, defeated the rebels in the Battle of Watling Street. Boudica died not long afterwards, by self-administered poison or by illness. During this time, the Emperor Nero considered withdrawing Roman forces from Britain altogether. Templeborough Roman fort in South Yorkshire. The reconstruction was created for Rotherham Museums and Galleries. There was further turmoil in 69, the "Year of the Four Emperors". As civil war raged in Rome, weak governors were unable to control the legions in Britain, and Venutius of the Brigantes seized his chance. The Romans had previously defended Cartimandua against him, but this time were unable to do so. Cartimandua was evacuated, and Venutius was left in control of the north of the country. After Vespasian secured the empire, his first two appointments as governor, Quintus Petillius Cerialis and Sextus Julius Frontinus, took on the task of subduing the Brigantes and Silures respectively. Frontinus extended Roman rule to all of South Wales, and initiated exploitation of the mineral resources, such as the gold mines at Dolaucothi. In the following years, the Romans conquered more of the island, increasing the size of Roman Britain. Governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola, father-in-law to the historian Tacitus, conquered the Ordovices in 78. With the XX Valeria Victrix legion, Agricola defeated the Caledonians in 84 at the Battle of Mons Graupius, in north-east Scotland. This was the high-water mark of Roman territory in Britain: shortly after his victory, Agricola was recalled from Britain back to Rome and awarded the ornaments of a triumph, before returning to continue as governor. By 87 the decision was taken to abandon most of the land north of the Cheviot Hills allowing for troops to be moved to other frontiers which were under pressure. Tacitus reports Agricola as feeling bitter about this turn of events. For much of the history of Roman Britain, a large number of soldiers were garrisoned on the island. This required that the emperor station a trusted senior man as governor of the province. As a result, many future emperors served as governors or legates in this province, including Vespasian, Pertinax, and Gordian I. Roman military organisation in the north In 84 AD In 155 AD Occupation of and retreat from southern Scotland Further information: Scotland during the Roman Empire, Hadrian's Wall, and Antonine Wall There is no historical source describing the decades that followed Agricola's recall. Even the name of his replacement is unknown. Archaeology has shown that some Roman forts south of the Forth–Clyde isthmus were rebuilt and enlarged; others appear to have been abandoned. By 87 the frontier had been consolidated on the Stanegate. Roman coins and pottery have been found circulating at native settlement sites in the Scottish Lowlands in the years before 100, indicating growing Romanisation. Some of the most important sources for this era are the writing tablets from the fort at Vindolanda in Northumberland, mostly dating to 90–110. These tablets provide evidence for the operation of a Roman fort at the edge of the Roman Empire, where officers' wives maintained polite society while merchants, hauliers and military personnel kept the fort operational and supplied. Around 105 there appears to have been a serious setback at the hands of the tribes of the Picts: several Roman forts were destroyed by fire, with human remains and damaged armour at Trimontium (at modern Newstead, in SE Scotland) indicating hostilities at least at that site. There is also circumstantial evidence that auxiliary reinforcements were sent from Germany, and an unnamed British war of the period is mentioned on the gravestone of a tribune of Cyrene. Trajan's Dacian Wars may have led to troop reductions in the area or even total withdrawal followed by slighting of the forts by the Picts rather than an unrecorded military defeat. The Romans were also in the habit of destroying their own forts during an orderly withdrawal, in order to deny resources to an enemy. In either case, the frontier probably moved south to the line of the Stanegate at the Solway–Tyne isthmus around this time. Hadrian's Wall viewed looking east from Housesteads Roman Fort (Vercovicium) Prima Europe tabula. A 1486 woodcut copy of Ptolemy's 2nd-century map of Roman Britain A new crisis occurred at the beginning of Hadrian's reign (117): a rising in the north which was suppressed by Quintus Pompeius Falco. When Hadrian reached Britannia on his famous tour of the Roman provinces around 120, he directed an extensive defensive wall, known to posterity as Hadrian's Wall, to be built close to the line of the Stanegate frontier. Hadrian appointed Aulus Platorius Nepos as governor to undertake this work who brought the Legio VI Victrix legion with him from Germania Inferior. This replaced the famous Legio IX Hispana, whose disappearance has been much discussed. Archaeology indicates considerable political instability in Scotland during the first half of the 2nd century, and the shifting frontier at this time should be seen in this context. In the reign of Antoninus Pius (138–161) the Hadrianic border was briefly extended north to the Forth–Clyde isthmus, where the Antonine Wall was built around 142 following the military reoccupation of the Scottish lowlands by a new governor, Quintus Lollius Urbicus. The first Antonine occupation of Scotland ended as a result of a further crisis in 155–157, when the Brigantes revolted. With limited options to despatch reinforcements, the Romans moved their troops south, and this rising was suppressed by Governor Gnaeus Julius Verus. Within a year the Antonine Wall was recaptured, but by 163 or 164 it was abandoned. The second occupation was probably connected with Antoninus's undertakings to protect the Votadini or his pride in enlarging the empire, since the retreat to the Hadrianic frontier occurred not long after his death when a more objective strategic assessment of the benefits of the Antonine Wall could be made. The Romans did not entirely withdraw from Scotland at this time: the large fort at Newstead was maintained along with seven smaller outposts until at least 180. During the twenty-year period following the reversion of the frontier to Hadrian's Wall in 163/4, Rome was concerned with continental issues, primarily problems in the Danubian provinces. Increasing numbers of hoards of buried coins in Britain at this time indicate that peace was not entirely achieved. Sufficient Roman silver has been found in Scotland to suggest more than ordinary trade, and it is likely that the Romans were reinforcing treaty agreements by paying tribute to their implacable enemies, the Picts. In 175, a large force of Sarmatian cavalry, consisting of 5,500 men, arrived in Britannia, probably to reinforce troops fighting unrecorded uprisings. In 180, Hadrian's Wall was breached by the Picts and the commanding officer or governor was killed there in what Cassius Dio described as the most serious war of the reign of Commodus. Ulpius Marcellus was sent as replacement governor and by 184 he had won a new peace, only to be faced with a mutiny from his own troops. Unhappy with Marcellus's strictness, they tried to elect a legate named Priscus as usurper governor; he refused, but Marcellus was lucky to leave the province alive. The Roman army in Britannia continued its insubordination: they sent a delegation of 1,500 to Rome to demand the execution of Tigidius Perennis, a Praetorian prefect who they felt had earlier wronged them by posting lowly equites to legate ranks in Britannia. Commodus met the party outside Rome and agreed to have Perennis killed, but this only made them feel more secure in their mutiny. The future emperor Pertinax (lived 126–193) was sent to Britannia to quell the mutiny and was initially successful in regaining control, but a riot broke out among the troops. Pertinax was attacked and left for dead, and asked to be recalled to Rome, where he briefly succeeded Commodus as emperor in 192. 3rd century The death of Commodus put into motion a series of events which eventually led to civil war. Following the short reign of Pertinax, several rivals for the emperorship emerged, including Septimius Severus and Clodius Albinus. The latter was the new governor of Britannia, and had seemingly won the natives over after their earlier rebellions; he also controlled three legions, making him a potentially significant claimant. His sometime rival Severus promised him the title of Caesar in return for Albinus's support against Pescennius Niger in the east. Once Niger was neutralised, Severus turned on his ally in Britannia; it is likely that Albinus saw he would be the next target and was already preparing for war. Albinus crossed to Gaul in 195, where the provinces were also sympathetic to him, and set up at Lugdunum. Severus arrived in February 196, and the ensuing battle was decisive. Albinus came close to victory, but Severus's reinforcements won the day, and the British governor committed suicide. Severus soon purged Albinus's sympathisers and perhaps confiscated large tracts of land in Britain as punishment. Albinus had demonstrated the major problem posed by Roman Britain. In order to maintain security, the province required the presence of three legions, but command of these forces provided an ideal power base for ambitious rivals. Deploying those legions elsewhere would strip the island of its garrison, leaving the province defenceless against uprisings by the native Celtic tribes and against invasion by the Picts and Scots. The traditional view is that northern Britain descended into anarchy during Albinus's absence. Cassius Dio records that the new Governor, Virius Lupus, was obliged to buy peace from a fractious northern tribe known as the Maeatae. The succession of militarily distinguished governors who were subsequently appointed suggests that enemies of Rome were posing a difficult challenge, and Lucius Alfenus Senecio's report to Rome in 207 describes barbarians "rebelling, over-running the land, taking loot and creating destruction". In order to rebel, of course, one must be a subject – the Maeatae clearly did not consider themselves such. Senecio requested either reinforcements or an Imperial expedition, and Severus chose the latter, despite being 62 years old. Archaeological evidence shows that Senecio had been rebuilding the defences of Hadrian's Wall and the forts beyond it, and Severus's arrival in Britain prompted the enemy tribes to sue for peace immediately. The emperor had not come all that way to leave without a victory, and it is likely that he wished to provide his teenage sons Caracalla and Geta with first-hand experience of controlling a hostile barbarian land. Northern campaigns, 208–211 An invasion of Caledonia led by Severus and probably numbering around 20,000 troops moved north in 208 or 209, crossing the Wall and passing through eastern Scotland on a route similar to that used by Agricola. Harried by punishing guerrilla raids by the northern tribes and slowed by an unforgiving terrain, Severus was unable to meet the Caledonians on a battlefield. The emperor's forces pushed north as far as the River Tay, but little appears to have been achieved by the invasion, as peace treaties were signed with the Caledonians. By 210 Severus had returned to York, and the frontier had once again become Hadrian's Wall. He assumed the title Britannicus but the title meant little with regard to the unconquered north, which clearly remained outside the authority of the Empire. Almost immediately, another northern tribe, the Maeatae, went to war. Caracalla left with a punitive expedition, but by the following year his ailing father had died and he and his brother left the province to press their claim to the throne. As one of his last acts, Severus tried to solve the problem of powerful and rebellious governors in Britain by dividing the province into Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior. This kept the potential for rebellion in check for almost a century. Historical sources provide little information on the following decades, a period known as the Long Peace. Even so, the number of buried hoards found from this period rises, suggesting continuing unrest. A string of forts were built along the coast of southern Britain to control piracy; and over the following hundred years they increased in number, becoming the Saxon Shore Forts. During the middle of the 3rd century, the Roman Empire was convulsed by barbarian invasions, rebellions and new imperial pretenders. Britannia apparently avoided these troubles, but increasing inflation had its economic effect. In 259 a so-called Gallic Empire was established when Postumus rebelled against Gallienus. Britannia was part of this until 274 when Aurelian reunited the empire. Around the year 280, a half-British officer named Bonosus was in command of the Roman's Rhenish fleet when the Germans managed to burn it at anchor. To avoid punishment, he proclaimed himself emperor at Colonia Agrippina (Cologne) but was crushed by Marcus Aurelius Probus. Soon afterwards, an unnamed governor of one of the British provinces also attempted an uprising. Probus put it down by sending irregular troops of Vandals and Burgundians across the Channel. The Carausian Revolt led to a short-lived Britannic Empire from 286 to 296. Carausius was a Menapian naval commander of the Britannic fleet; he revolted upon learning of a death sentence ordered by the emperor Maximian on charges of having abetted Frankish and Saxon pirates and having embezzled recovered treasure. He consolidated control over all the provinces of Britain and some of northern Gaul while Maximian dealt with other uprisings. An invasion in 288 failed to unseat him and an uneasy peace ensued, with Carausius issuing coins and inviting official recognition. In 293, the junior emperor Constantius Chlorus launched a second offensive, besieging the rebel port of Gesoriacum (Boulogne-sur-Mer) by land and sea. After it fell, Constantius attacked Carausius's other Gallic holdings and Frankish allies and Carausius was usurped by his treasurer, Allectus. Julius Asclepiodotus landed an invasion fleet near Southampton and defeated Allectus in a land battle. Diocletian's reforms Main articles: Britannia I, Britannia II, Flavia Caesariensis, Maxima Caesariensis, and Valentia (Roman province) One possible arrangement of the late Roman provinces, with Valentia between the walls Another possible arrangement, with other possible placements of Valentia noted As part of Diocletian's reforms, the provinces of Roman Britain were organized as a diocese governed by a vicarius under a praetorian prefect who, from 318 to 331, was Junius Bassus who was based at Augusta Treverorum (Trier). The vicarius was based at Londinium as the principal city of the diocese. Londinium and Eboracum continued as provincial capitals and the territory was divided up into smaller provinces for administrative efficiency. Civilian and military authority of a province was no longer exercised by one official and the governor was stripped of military command which was handed over to the Dux Britanniarum by 314. The governor of a province assumed more financial duties (the procurators of the Treasury ministry were slowly phased out in the first three decades of the 4th century). The Dux was commander of the troops of the Northern Region, primarily along Hadrian's Wall and his responsibilities included protection of the frontier. He had significant autonomy due in part to the distance from his superiors. The tasks of the vicarius were to control and coordinate the activities of governors; monitor but not interfere with the daily functioning of the Treasury and Crown Estates, which had their own administrative infrastructure; and act as the regional quartermaster-general of the armed forces. In short, as the sole civilian official with superior authority, he had general oversight of the administration, as well as direct control, while not absolute, over governors who were part of the prefecture; the other two fiscal departments were not. The early-4th-century Verona List, the late-4th-century work of Sextus Rufus, and the early-5th-century List of Offices and work of Polemius Silvius all list four provinces by some variation of the names Britannia I, Britannia II, Maxima Caesariensis, and Flavia Caesariensis; all of these seem to have initially been directed by a governor (praeses) of equestrian rank. The 5th-century sources list a fifth province named Valentia and give its governor and Maxima's a consular rank. Ammianus mentions Valentia as well, describing its creation by Count Theodosius in 369 after the quelling of the Great Conspiracy. Ammianus considered it a re-creation of a formerly lost province, leading some to think there had been an earlier fifth province under another name (may be the enigmatic "Vespasiana"?), and leading others to place Valentia beyond Hadrian's Wall, in the territory abandoned south of the Antonine Wall. Reconstructions of the provinces and provincial capitals during this period partially rely on ecclesiastical records. On the assumption that the early bishoprics mimicked the imperial hierarchy, scholars use the list of bishops for the 314 Council of Arles. The list is patently corrupt: the British delegation is given as including a Bishop "Eborius" of Eboracum and two bishops "from Londinium" (one de civitate Londinensi and the other de civitate colonia Londinensium). The error is variously emended: Bishop Ussher proposed Colonia, Selden Col. or Colon. Camalodun., and Spelman Colonia Cameloduni (all various names of Colchester); Gale and Bingham offered colonia Lindi and Henry Colonia Lindum (both Lincoln); and Bishop Stillingfleet and Francis Thackeray read it as a scribal error of Civ. Col. Londin. for an original Civ. Col. Leg. II (Caerleon). On the basis of the Verona List, the priest and deacon who accompanied the bishops in some manuscripts are ascribed to the fourth province. In the 12th century, Gerald of Wales described the supposedly metropolitan sees of the early British church established by the legendary SS Fagan and "Duvian". He placed Britannia Prima in Wales and western England with its capital at "Urbs Legionum" (Caerleon); Britannia Secunda in Kent and southern England with its capital at "Dorobernia" (Canterbury); Flavia in Mercia and central England with its capital at "Lundonia" (London); "Maximia" in northern England with its capital at Eboracum (York); and Valentia in "Albania which is now Scotland" with its capital at St Andrews. Modern scholars generally dispute the last: some place Valentia at or beyond Hadrian's Wall but St Andrews is beyond even the Antonine Wall and Gerald seems to have simply been supporting the antiquity of its church for political reasons. A common modern reconstruction places the consular province of Maxima at Londinium, on the basis of its status as the seat of the diocesan vicarius; places Prima in the west according to Gerald's traditional account but moves its capital to Corinium of the Dobunni (Cirencester) on the basis of an artifact recovered there referring to Lucius Septimius, a provincial rector; places Flavia north of Maxima, with its capital placed at Lindum Colonia (Lincoln) to match one emendation of the bishops list from Arles; and places Secunda in the north with its capital at Eboracum (York). Valentia is placed variously in northern Wales around Deva (Chester); beside Hadrian's Wall around Luguvalium (Carlisle); and between the walls along Dere Street. 4th century See also: Great Conspiracy 4th century Roman towns and villas 4th century: Degree of Romanisation Emperor Constantius returned to Britain in 306, despite his poor health, with an army aiming to invade northern Britain, the provincial defences having been rebuilt in the preceding years. Little is known of his campaigns with scant archaeological evidence, but fragmentary historical sources suggest he reached the far north of Britain and won a major battle in early summer before returning south. His son Constantine (later Constantine the Great) spent a year in northern Britain at his father's side, campaigning against the Picts beyond Hadrian's Wall in the summer and autumn. Constantius died in York in July 306 with his son at his side. Constantine then successfully used Britain as the starting point of his march to the imperial throne, unlike the earlier usurper, Albinus. In the middle of the century, the province was loyal for a few years to the usurper Magnentius, who succeeded Constans following the latter's death. After the defeat and death of Magnentius in the Battle of Mons Seleucus in 353, Constantius II dispatched his chief imperial notary Paulus Catena to Britain to hunt down Magnentius's supporters. The investigation deteriorated into a witch-hunt, which forced the vicarius Flavius Martinus to intervene. When Paulus retaliated by accusing Martinus of treason, the vicarius attacked Paulus with a sword, with the aim of assassinating him, but in the end he committed suicide. As the 4th century progressed, there were increasing attacks from the Saxons in the east and the Scoti (Irish) in the west. A series of forts had been built, starting around 280, to defend the coasts, but these preparations were not enough when, in 367, a general assault of Saxons, Picts, Scoti and Attacotti, combined with apparent dissension in the garrison on Hadrian's Wall, left Roman Britain prostrate. The invaders overwhelmed the entire western and northern regions of Britannia and the cities were sacked. This crisis, sometimes called the Barbarian Conspiracy or the Great Conspiracy, was settled by Count Theodosius from 368 with a string of military and civil reforms. Theodosius crossed from Bononia (Boulogne-sur-Mer) and marched on Londinium where he began to deal with the invaders and made his base. An amnesty was promised to deserters which enabled Theodosius to regarrison abandoned forts. By the end of the year Hadrian's Wall was retaken and order returned. Considerable reorganization was undertaken in Britain, including the creation of a new province named Valentia, probably to better address the state of the far north. A new Dux Britanniarum was appointed, Dulcitius, with Civilis to head a new civilian administration. Another imperial usurper, Magnus Maximus, raised the standard of revolt at Segontium (Caernarfon) in north Wales in 383, and crossed the English Channel. Maximus held much of the western empire, and fought a successful campaign against the Picts and Scots around 384. His continental exploits required troops from Britain, and it appears that forts at Chester and elsewhere were abandoned in this period, triggering raids and settlement in north Wales by the Irish. His rule was ended in 388, but not all the British troops may have returned: the Empire's military resources were stretched to the limit along the Rhine and Danube. Around 396 there were more barbarian incursions into Britain. Stilicho led a punitive expedition. It seems peace was restored by 399, and it is likely that no further garrisoning was ordered; by 401 more troops were withdrawn, to assist in the war against Alaric I. End of Roman rule Main article: End of Roman rule in Britain Roman Britain in 410 The traditional view of historians, informed by the work of Michael Rostovtzeff, was of a widespread economic decline at the beginning of the 5th century. Consistent archaeological evidence has told another story, and the accepted view is undergoing re-evaluation. Some features are agreed: more opulent but fewer urban houses, an end to new public building and some abandonment of existing ones, with the exception of defensive structures, and the widespread formation of "dark earth" deposits indicating increased horticulture within urban precincts. Turning over the basilica at Silchester to industrial uses in the late 3rd century, doubtless officially condoned, marks an early stage in the de-urbanisation of Roman Britain. The abandonment of some sites is now believed to be later than had been thought. Many buildings changed use but were not destroyed. There was a growing number of barbarian attacks, but these targeted vulnerable rural settlements rather than towns. Some villas such as Chedworth, Great Casterton in Rutland and Hucclecote in Gloucestershire had new mosaic floors laid around this time, suggesting that economic problems may have been limited and patchy. Many suffered some decay before being abandoned in the 5th century; the story of Saint Patrick indicates that villas were still occupied until at least 430. Exceptionally, new buildings were still going up in this period in Verulamium and Cirencester. Some urban centres, for example Canterbury, Cirencester, Wroxeter, Winchester and Gloucester, remained active during the 5th and 6th centuries, surrounded by large farming estates. Urban life had generally grown less intense by the fourth quarter of the 4th century, and coins minted between 378 and 388 are very rare, indicating a likely combination of economic decline, diminishing numbers of troops, problems with the payment of soldiers and officials or with unstable conditions during the usurpation of Magnus Maximus 383–87. Coinage circulation increased during the 390s, but never attained the levels of earlier decades. Copper coins are very rare after 402, though minted silver and gold coins from hoards indicate they were still present in the province even if they were not being spent. By 407 there were very few new Roman coins going into circulation, and by 430 it is likely that coinage as a medium of exchange had been abandoned. Mass-produced wheel thrown pottery ended at approximately the same time; the rich continued to use metal and glass vessels, while the poor made do with humble "grey ware" or resorted to leather or wooden containers. Sub-Roman Britain Main article: Sub-Roman Britain End of Roman rule in Britain, 383–410 Towards the end of the 4th century Roman rule in Britain came under increasing pressure from barbarian attacks. Apparently, there were not enough troops to mount an effective defence. After elevating two disappointing usurpers, the army chose a soldier, Constantine III, to become emperor in 407. He crossed to Gaul but was defeated by Honorius; it is unclear how many troops remained or ever returned, or whether a commander-in-chief in Britain was ever reappointed. A Saxon incursion in 408 was apparently repelled by the Britons, and in 409 Zosimus records that the natives expelled the Roman civilian administration. Zosimus may be referring to the Bacaudic rebellion of the Breton inhabitants of Armorica since he describes how, in the aftermath of the revolt, all of Armorica and the rest of Gaul followed the example of the Brettaniai. A letter from Emperor Honorius in 410 has traditionally been seen as rejecting a British appeal for help, but it may have been addressed to Bruttium or Bologna. With the imperial layers of the military and civil government gone, administration and justice fell to municipal authorities, and local warlords gradually emerged all over Britain, still utilizing Romano-British ideals and conventions. Historian Stuart Laycock has investigated this process and emphasised elements of continuity from the British tribes in the pre-Roman and Roman periods, through to the native post-Roman kingdoms. In British tradition, pagan Saxons were invited by Vortigern to assist in fighting the Picts, Scoti, and Déisi. (Germanic migration into Roman Britannia may have begun much earlier. There is recorded evidence, for example, of Germanic auxiliaries supporting the legions in Britain in the 1st and 2nd centuries.) The new arrivals rebelled, plunging the country into a series of wars that eventually led to the Saxon occupation of Lowland Britain by 600. Around this time, many Britons fled to Brittany (hence its name), Galicia and probably Ireland. A significant date in sub-Roman Britain is the Groans of the Britons, an unanswered appeal to Aetius, leading general of the western Empire, for assistance against Saxon invasion in 446. Another is the Battle of Deorham in 577, after which the significant cities of Bath, Cirencester and Gloucester fell and the Saxons reached the western sea. Historians generally reject the historicity of King Arthur, who is supposed to have resisted the Anglo-Saxon conquest according to later medieval legends. Trade See also: Trade between Iron Age Britain and the Roman world During the Roman period Britain's continental trade was principally directed across the Southern North Sea and Eastern Channel, focusing on the narrow Strait of Dover, with more limited links via the Atlantic seaways. The most important British ports were London and Richborough, whilst the continental ports most heavily engaged in trade with Britain were Boulogne and the sites of Domburg and Colijnsplaat at the mouth of the river Scheldt. During the Late Roman period it is likely that the shore forts played some role in continental trade alongside their defensive functions. Exports to Britain included: coin; pottery, particularly red-gloss terra sigillata (samian ware) from southern, central and eastern Gaul, as well as various other wares from Gaul and the Rhine provinces; olive oil from southern Spain in amphorae; wine from Gaul in amphorae and barrels; salted fish products from the western Mediterranean and Brittany in barrels and amphorae; preserved olives from southern Spain in amphorae; lava quern-stones from Mayen on the middle Rhine; glass; and some agricultural products. Britain's exports are harder to detect archaeologically, but will have included metals, such as silver and gold and some lead, iron and copper. Other exports probably included agricultural products, oysters and salt, whilst large quantities of coin would have been re-exported back to the continent as well. These products moved as a result of private trade and also through payments and contracts established by the Roman state to support its military forces and officials on the island, as well as through state taxation and extraction of resources. Up until the mid-3rd century, the Roman state's payments appear to have been unbalanced, with far more products sent to Britain, to support its large military force (which had reached c. 53,000 by the mid-2nd century), than were extracted from the island. It has been argued that Roman Britain's continental trade peaked in the late 1st century AD and thereafter declined as a result of an increasing reliance on local products by the population of Britain, caused by economic development on the island and by the Roman state's desire to save money by shifting away from expensive long-distance imports. Evidence has been outlined that suggests that the principal decline in Roman Britain's continental trade may have occurred in the late 2nd century AD, from c. 165 AD onwards. This has been linked to the economic impact of contemporary Empire-wide crises: the Antonine Plague and the Marcomannic Wars. From the mid-3rd century onwards, Britain no longer received such a wide range and extensive quantity of foreign imports as it did during the earlier part of the Roman period; vast quantities of coin from continental mints reached the island, whilst there is historical evidence for the export of large amounts of British grain to the continent during the mid-4th century. During the latter part of the Roman period British agricultural products, paid for by both the Roman state and by private consumers, clearly played an important role in supporting the military garrisons and urban centres of the northwestern continental Empire. This came about as a result of the rapid decline in the size of the British garrison from the mid-3rd century onwards (thus freeing up more goods for export), and because of 'Germanic' incursions across the Rhine, which appear to have reduced rural settlement and agricultural output in northern Gaul. Economy See also: Roman economy and Mining in Roman Britain Industrial production in Roman Britain Development of Dolaucothi Gold Mines in Wales Mineral extraction sites such as the Dolaucothi gold mine were probably first worked by the Roman army from c. 75, and at some later stage passed to civilian operators. The mine developed as a series of opencast workings, mainly by the use of hydraulic mining methods. They are described by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History in great detail. Essentially, water supplied by aqueducts was used to prospect for ore veins by stripping away soil to reveal the bedrock. If veins were present, they were attacked using fire-setting and the ore removed for comminution. The dust was washed in a small stream of water and the heavy gold dust and gold nuggets collected in riffles. The diagram at right shows how Dolaucothi developed from c. 75 through to the 1st century. When opencast work was no longer feasible, tunnels were driven to follow the veins. The evidence from the site shows advanced technology probably under the control of army engineers. The Wealden ironworking zone, the lead and silver mines of the Mendip Hills and the tin mines of Cornwall seem to have been private enterprises leased from the government for a fee. Mining had long been practised in Britain (see Grimes Graves), but the Romans introduced new technical knowledge and large-scale industrial production to revolutionise the industry. It included hydraulic mining to prospect for ore by removing overburden as well as work alluvial deposits. The water needed for such large-scale operations was supplied by one or more aqueducts, those surviving at Dolaucothi being especially impressive. Many prospecting areas were in dangerous, upland country, and, although mineral exploitation was presumably one of the main reasons for the Roman invasion, it had to wait until these areas were subdued. By the 3rd and 4th centuries, small towns could often be found near villas. In these towns, villa owners and small-scale farmers could obtain specialist tools. Lowland Britain in the 4th century was agriculturally prosperous enough to export grain to the continent. This prosperity lay behind the blossoming of villa building and decoration that occurred between AD 300 and 350. Britain's cities also consumed Roman-style pottery and other goods, and were centres through which goods could be distributed elsewhere. At Wroxeter in Shropshire, stock smashed into a gutter during a 2nd-century fire reveals that Gaulish samian ware was being sold alongside mixing bowls from the Mancetter-Hartshill industry of the West Midlands. Roman designs were most popular, but rural craftsmen still produced items derived from the Iron Age La Tène artistic traditions. Britain was home to much gold, which attracted Roman invaders. By the 3rd century, Britain's economy was diverse and well established, with commerce extending into the non-Romanised north. Government Further information: Governors of Roman Britain, Roman client kingdoms in Britain, and Roman auxiliaries in Britain Under the Roman Empire, administration of peaceful provinces was ultimately the remit of the Senate, but those, like Britain, that required permanent garrisons, were placed under the Emperor's control. In practice imperial provinces were run by resident governors who were members of the Senate and had held the consulship. These men were carefully selected, often having strong records of military success and administrative ability. In Britain, a governor's role was primarily military, but numerous other tasks were also his responsibility, such as maintaining diplomatic relations with local client kings, building roads, ensuring the public courier system functioned, supervising the civitates and acting as a judge in important legal cases. When not campaigning, he would travel the province hearing complaints and recruiting new troops. To assist him in legal matters he had an adviser, the legatus juridicus, and those in Britain appear to have been distinguished lawyers perhaps because of the challenge of incorporating tribes into the imperial system and devising a workable method of taxing them. Financial administration was dealt with by a procurator with junior posts for each tax-raising power. Each legion in Britain had a commander who answered to the governor and, in time of war, probably directly ruled troublesome districts. Each of these commands carried a tour of duty of two to three years in different provinces. Below these posts was a network of administrative managers covering intelligence gathering, sending reports to Rome, organising military supplies and dealing with prisoners. A staff of seconded soldiers provided clerical services. Colchester was probably the earliest capital of Roman Britain, but it was soon eclipsed by London with its strong mercantile connections. The different forms of municipal organisation in Britannia were known as civitas (which were subdivided, amongst other forms, into colonies such as York, Colchester, Gloucester and Lincoln and municipalities such as Verulamium), and were each governed by a senate of local landowners, whether Brythonic or Roman, who elected magistrates concerning judicial and civic affairs. The various civitates sent representatives to a yearly provincial council in order to profess loyalty to the Roman state, to send direct petitions to the Emperor in times of extraordinary need, and to worship the imperial cult. Demographics Roman Britain had an estimated population between 2.8 million and 3 million people at the end of the second century. At the end of the fourth century, it had an estimated population of 3.6 million people, of whom 125,000 consisted of the Roman army and their families and dependents. The urban population of Roman Britain was about 240,000 people at the end of the fourth century. The capital city of Londinium is estimated to have had a population of about 60,000 people. Londinium was an ethnically diverse city with inhabitants from the Roman Empire, including natives of Britannia, continental Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. There was also cultural diversity in other Roman-British towns, which were sustained by considerable migration, from Britannia and other Roman territories, including continental Europe, Roman Syria, the Eastern Mediterranean and North Africa. In a study conducted in 2012, around 45 percent of sites investigated dating from the Roman period had at least one individual of North African origin. Town and country Further information: Roman sites in Great Britain, Roman cities in Britain, List of Roman villas in England, and List of Roman place names in Britain Britannia as shown on the Tabula Peutingeriana (modern copy from 1897) During their occupation of Britain the Romans founded a number of important settlements, many of which survive. The towns suffered attrition in the later 4th century, when public building ceased and some were abandoned to private use. Place names survived the deurbanised Sub-Roman and early Anglo-Saxon periods, and historiography has been at pains to signal the expected survivals, but archaeology shows that a bare handful of Roman towns were continuously occupied. According to S.T. Loseby, the very idea of a town as a centre of power and administration was reintroduced to England by the Roman Christianising mission to Canterbury, and its urban revival was delayed to the 10th century. Roman towns can be broadly grouped in two categories. Civitates, "public towns" were formally laid out on a grid plan, and their role in imperial administration occasioned the construction of public buildings. The much more numerous category of vici, "small towns" grew on informal plans, often round a camp or at a ford or crossroads; some were not small, others were scarcely urban, some not even defended by a wall, the characteristic feature of a place of any importance. Cities and towns which have Roman origins, or were extensively developed by them are listed with their Latin names in brackets; civitates are marked C Alcester (Alauna) Alchester Aldborough, North Yorkshire (Isurium Brigantum) C Bath (Aquae Sulis) C Brough (Petuaria) C Buxton (Aquae Arnemetiae) Caerleon (Isca Augusta) C Caernarfon (Segontium) C Caerwent (Venta Silurum) C Caister-on-Sea C Canterbury (Durovernum Cantiacorum) C Carlisle (Luguvalium) C Carmarthen (Moridunum) C Chelmsford (Caesaromagus) Chester (Deva Victrix) C Chester-le-Street (Concangis) Chichester (Noviomagus Reginorum) C Cirencester (Corinium) C Colchester (Camulodunum) C Corbridge (Coria) C Dorchester (Durnovaria) C Dover (Portus Dubris) Exeter (Isca Dumnoniorum) C Gloucester (Glevum) C Great Chesterford (the name of this vicus is unknown) Ilchester (Lindinis) C Leicester (Ratae Corieltauvorum) C Lincoln (Lindum Colonia) C London (Londinium) C Manchester (Mamucium) C Newcastle upon Tyne (Pons Aelius) Northwich (Condate) St Albans (Verulamium) C Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum) C Towcester (Lactodurum) Whitchurch (Mediolanum) C Winchester (Venta Belgarum) C Wroxeter (Viroconium Cornoviorum) C York (Eboracum) C Religion Further information: Romano-Celtic temple Pagan Main articles: Ancient Celtic religion and Religion in ancient Rome Artist's reconstruction of Pagans Hill Roman Temple, Somerset The druids, the Celtic priestly caste who were believed to originate in Britain, were outlawed by Claudius, and in 61 they vainly defended their sacred groves from destruction by the Romans on the island of Mona (Anglesey). Under Roman rule the Britons continued to worship native Celtic deities, such as Ancasta, but often conflated with their Roman equivalents, like Mars Rigonemetos at Nettleham. The degree to which earlier native beliefs survived is difficult to gauge precisely. Certain European ritual traits such as the significance of the number 3, the importance of the head and of water sources such as springs remain in the archaeological record, but the differences in the votive offerings made at the baths at Bath, Somerset, before and after the Roman conquest suggest that continuity was only partial. Worship of the Roman emperor is widely recorded, especially at military sites. The founding of a Roman temple to Claudius at Camulodunum was one of the impositions that led to the revolt of Boudica. By the 3rd century, Pagans Hill Roman Temple in Somerset was able to exist peaceably and it did so into the 5th century. Pagan religious practices were supported by priests, represented in Britain by votive deposits of priestly regalia such as chain crowns from West Stow and Willingham Fen. Eastern cults such as Mithraism also grew in popularity towards the end of the occupation. The London Mithraeum is one example of the popularity of mystery religions among the soldiery. Temples to Mithras also exist in military contexts at Vindobala on Hadrian's Wall (the Rudchester Mithraeum) and at Segontium in Roman Wales (the Caernarfon Mithraeum). Christianity Main article: Christianity in Roman Britain Fourth-century Chi-Rho fresco from Lullingstone Roman Villa, Kent, which contains the only known Christian paintings from the Roman era in Britain. It is not clear when or how Christianity came to Britain. A 2nd-century "word square" has been discovered in Mamucium, the Roman settlement of Manchester. It consists of an anagram of PATER NOSTER carved on a piece of amphora. There has been discussion by academics whether the "word square" is a Christian artefact, but if it is, it is one of the earliest examples of early Christianity in Britain. The earliest confirmed written evidence for Christianity in Britain is a statement by Tertullian, c. 200 AD, in which he described "all the limits of the Spains, and the diverse nations of the Gauls, and the haunts of the Britons, inaccessible to the Romans, but subjugated to Christ". Archaeological evidence for Christian communities begins to appear in the 3rd and 4th centuries. Small timber churches are suggested at Lincoln and Silchester and baptismal fonts have been found at Icklingham and the Saxon Shore Fort at Richborough. The Icklingham font is made of lead, and visible in the British Museum. A Roman Christian graveyard exists at the same site in Icklingham. A possible Roman 4th-century church and associated burial ground was also discovered at Butt Road on the south-west outskirts of Colchester during the construction of the new police station there, overlying an earlier pagan cemetery. The Water Newton Treasure is a hoard of Christian silver church plate from the early 4th century and the Roman villas at Lullingstone and Hinton St Mary contained Christian wall paintings and mosaics respectively. A large 4th-century cemetery at Poundbury with its east–west oriented burials and lack of grave goods has been interpreted as an early Christian burial ground, although such burial rites were also becoming increasingly common in pagan contexts during the period. The Church in Britain seems to have developed the customary diocesan system, as evidenced from the records of the Council of Arles in Gaul in 314: represented at the council were bishops from thirty-five sees from Europe and North Africa, including three bishops from Britain, Eborius of York, Restitutus of London, and Adelphius, possibly a bishop of Lincoln. No other early sees are documented, and the material remains of early church structures are far to seek. The existence of a church in the forum courtyard of Lincoln and the martyrium of Saint Alban on the outskirts of Roman Verulamium are exceptional. Alban, the first British Christian martyr and by far the most prominent, is believed to have died in the early 4th century (some date him in the middle 3rd century), followed by Saints Julius and Aaron of Isca Augusta. Christianity was legalised in the Roman Empire by Constantine I in 313. Theodosius I made Christianity the state religion of the empire in 391, and by the 5th century it was well established. One belief labelled a heresy by the church authorities — Pelagianism — was originated by a British monk teaching in Rome: Pelagius lived c. 354 to c. 420/440. A letter found on a lead tablet in Bath, Somerset, datable to c. 363, had been widely publicised as documentary evidence regarding the state of Christianity in Britain during Roman times. According to its first translator, it was written in Wroxeter by a Christian man called Vinisius to a Christian woman called Nigra, and was claimed as the first epigraphic record of Christianity in Britain. This translation of the letter was apparently based on grave paleographical errors, and the text has nothing to do with Christianity, and in fact relates to pagan rituals. Environmental changes The Romans introduced a number of species to Britain, including possibly the now-rare Roman nettle (Urtica pilulifera), said to have been used by soldiers to warm their arms and legs, and the edible snail Helix pomatia. There is also some evidence they may have introduced rabbits, but of the smaller southern mediterranean type. The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) prevalent in modern Britain is assumed to have been introduced from the continent after the Norman invasion of 1066. Box (Buxus sempervirens) is rarely recorded before the Roman period, but becomes a common find in towns and villas. Roman roads around 150 AD Legacy During their occupation of Britain the Romans built an extensive network of roads which continued to be used in later centuries and many are still followed today. The Romans also built water supply, sanitation and wastewater systems. Many of Britain's major cities, such as London (Londinium), Manchester (Mamucium) and York (Eboracum), were founded by the Romans, but the original Roman settlements were abandoned not long after the Romans left. Unlike many other areas of the Western Roman Empire, the current majority language is not a Romance language, or a language descended from the pre-Roman inhabitants. The British language at the time of the invasion was Common Brittonic, and remained so after the Romans withdrew. It later split into regional languages, notably Cumbric, Cornish, Breton and Welsh. Examination of these languages suggests some 800 Latin words were incorporated into Common Brittonic (see Brittonic languages). The current majority language, English, is based on the languages of the Germanic tribes who migrated to the island from continental Europe from the 5th century onwards. See also Ancient Rome portalUnited Kingdom portal Wales in the Roman era History of the British Isles Prehistoric Britain Notes ^ The Verona List actually includes a note that the Diocese of the Britains had six provinces, but then lists four. Sextus Rufus listed six provinces, including the highly dubious "province of Orcades" (Orkney Islands). Some scholars argue that the initial reforms established three provinces: Britannia I, Britannia II, and Britannia Caesariensis, which was subsequently divided into Flavia and Maxima. ^ "Nomina Episcoporum, cum Clericis Suis, Quinam, et ex Quibus Provinciis, ad Arelatensem Synodum Convenerint" from the Consilia in Thackery (in Latin) ^ Although Ussher refers the reader to his earlier discussion of the 28 Cities of Britain, which notes that "Cair Colun" may refer to either Colchester in Essex or to a settlement in Merionethshire. ^ Bede also references a Provincia Lindisi or prouinciae Lindissi, which was a later Saxon territory at the time of the Gregorian mission. References ^ Hornblower & Spawforth (1998), pp. 129–131 ^ Parker & Palmer (1992), pp. 20–22. ^ Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico (in Latin), IV 20–38 , abridged by Cassius Dio, Historia Romana (in Latin), 39.51–53; cf. Tacitus, Agricola (in Latin), 13; Julius Caesar, Commentarii de bello Gallico (in Latin), V 1–23 , abridged by Dio, Cassius, Historia Romana (in Latin), 40.1–4. ^ "C. Julius Caesar, De bello Gallico, COMMENTARIUS QUINTUS, chapter 12, section 1". The Perseus Project. Retrieved 24 February 2018. ^ Bowman, Alan K.; Champlin, Edward; Lintott, Andrew (1996). Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 10. Cambridge University Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-5212-6430-3. ^ Suetonius, Claudius, 17; cf. Dio, Cassius, Historia Romana (in Latin), 40.19,1. ^ Nicholas, Crane (2016). The Making Of The British Landscape: From the Ice Age to the Present. Orion. ISBN 978-0-2978-5735-8. ^ a b c Mattingly (2006). ^ Herodian, Τῆς μετὰ Μάρκον βασιλείας ἱστορία (in Ancient Greek), III, 8, 2. The precise dating is uncertain; the province does not appear to have been divided until the reign of Caracalla. ^ The reorganisation is usually attributed to Constantine the Great; it first appears in the Verona List, of c. 314. ^ Hornblower & Spawforth (1998), pp. 46, 323 ^ "An Overview of Roman Britain". BBC. Retrieved 26 August 2017. ^ Patrick Welsh, George (1963). Britannia: the Roman Conquest and Occupation of Britain. pp. 27–31. ^ Herodotus, Histories, 3.115 ^ Plutarch, Life of Caesar, 23.2 ^ Caesar, Julius, Commentarii de Bello Gallico (in Latin), IV 20–36 ^ Caesar, Julius, Commentarii de Bello Gallico (in Latin), V 8–23 ^ Dio, Cassius, Historia Romana (in Latin), 49.38, 53.22, 53.25 ^ Strabo, Geographica, 4.5 ^ Branigan, Keith (1985). Peoples of Roman Britain: The Catuvellauni. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8629-9255-2. ^ Augustus, Res Gestae Divi Augusti (in Latin), 32 ^ Tacitus, Annals, 2.24 ^ Creighton (2000). ^ Suetonius, Caligula, 44–46 ^ Dio, Cassius, Historia Romana (in Latin), 59.25 ^ Dio, Cassius, Historia Romana (in Latin), 60.19–22 ^ Tacitus, Histories, 3.44 ^ Tacitus, Annals, 14.32 ^ Tacitus, Annals, 14.34 ^ Webster, Graham (1998). The Roman Imperial Army of the first and second centuries AD (New ed of 3rd revised ed.). University of Oklahoma Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-8061-3000-2. ^ Manley (2002). ^ Suetonius, Vespasian, 4 ^ Tacitus, Agricola, 14 ^ Tacitus, Annals, 12:31–38 ^ Tacitus, Agricola, 14.17, 14.29–39 ^ Cassius Dio, Historia Romana (in Latin), 62.1–12 ^ Suetonius, Nero, 18 ^ Tacitus, Agricola (in Latin), 16–17; Tacitus, Histories, 1.60, 3.45 ^ Tacitus, Agricola (in Latin), 18.38 ^ Todd, Malcolm (2004). "Julius Agricola, Gnaeus ". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/48290. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Anonymous, Panegyrici Latini, VIII.10; Aurelius Victor. Liber de Caesaribus (in Latin). 39.; Eutropius. Breviarium historiae Romanae (in Latin). 21–22.; Orosius, Historiae Adversus Paganos (in Latin), 7.25 ^ Stillwell, Richard; MacDonald, William L.; McAllister, Marian Holland. "The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites". perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 18 July 2023. ^ Collins, Rob. Hadrian's Wall and the End of Empire, Routledge, 2012 ISBN 9780415884112 ^ Ammianus Marcellinus. Rerum gestarum Libri XXXI . a. 391 AD. (in Latin) Translated by Charles Yonge. Roman History, Vol. XXVIII, Ch. III. Bohn (London), 1862. Hosted at Wikisource. ^ "A R O S: VESPASIANA: A PROVINCE OF ROMAN BRITANNIA?". 9 December 2019. ^ Labbé, Philippe & Gabriel Cossart (eds.) Sacrosancta Concilia ad Regiam Editionem Exacta: quae Nunc Quarta Parte Prodit Actior , Vol. I: "Ab Initiis Æræ Christianæ ad Annum CCCXXIV" , col. 1429. The Typographical Society for Ecclesiastical Books (Paris), 1671. ^ a b Thackery, Francis. Researches into the Ecclesiastical and Political State of Ancient Britain under the Roman Emperors: with Observations upon the Principal Events and Characters Connected with the Christian Religion, during the First Five Centuries, pp. 272 ff. T. Cadell (London), 1843. ^ Usserius, Jacobus . Britannicarum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates, Quibus Inserta Est Pestiferæ adversus Dei Gratiam a Pelagio Britanno in Ecclesiam Inductæ Hæreseos Historia , Vol. I., Ch. VIII, (Dublin), 1639. Reprinted as The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, D. D. Lord Archbishop of Armagh, and Primate of All Ireland, Vol. V, Ch. VIII, p. 236. Hodges, Smith, & Co. (Dublin), 1864. (in Latin) ^ Eutychius Ægyptius . Edited, translated, & with commentary by Ioannes Seldenus . Ecclesiæ suæ Origines , p. 118. R. & T. Whitaker for Richard Bishop (London), 1642. (in Latin) ^ Henricus Spelman Concilia, Decreta, Leges, Constitutiones, in Re Ecclesiarum Orbis Britannici. Viz. Pambritannica, Pananglica, Scotica, Hibernica, Cambrica, Mannica, Provincialia, Dioecesana. Ab initio Christianæ ibidem Religionis, ad nostram usque ætatem , Vol. I, Index, p. 639. Richard Badger (London), 1639. (in Latin) ^ Usserius, Vol. I, Ch. V, reprinted as Ussher, Vol. V, p. 82. (in Latin) ^ Gale, Thomæ . Antonini Iter Britanniarum , "Iter V. A Londinio Lugvvallium Ad Vallum" , p. 96. Published posthumously & edited by R. Gale. M. Atkins (London), 1709. (in Latin) ^ Bingham, Joseph. Origines Ecclesiasticæ: The Antiquities of the Christian Church. With Two Sermons and Two Letters on the Nature and Necessity of Absolution. Reprinted from the Original Edition, MDCCVIII.–MDCCXXII. With an Enlarged Analytical Index. Vol. I, Book IX, Ch. VI, §20: "Of the British church in England and Wales", p. 396. Henry G. Bohn (London), 1856. ^ Henry, Robert. The History of Great Britain, from the First Invasion of It by the Romans under Julius Cæsar. Written on a New Plan, 2nd ed., Vol. I, Ch. 2, s2, p. 143. 1st ed. published by T. Cadell (London), 1771. Reprinted by P. Byrne & J. Jones (Dublin), 1789. ^ Stillingfleet, Edward. Origines Britannicæ: or, the Antiquities of the British Churches with a Preface, concerning Some Pretended Antiquities Relating to Britain, in Vindication of the Bishop of St. Asaph, New Ed., pp. 77 ff. Wm. Straker (London), 1840. ^ Giraldus Cambriensis . "De Inuectionibus , Vol. II, Ch. I, in Y Cymmrodor: The Magazine of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, Vol. XXX, pp. 130–1". 1877. George Simpson & Co. (Devizes), 1920. (in Latin); Gerald of Wales. Translated by W.S. Davies as The Book of Invectives of Giraldus Cambrensis in Y Cymmrodor: The Magazine of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, Vol. XXX, p. 16. George Simpson & Co. (Devizes), 1920. ^ Beda Venerabilis . Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum , Vol. II, Ch. XVI. 731. Hosted at Latin Wikisource. (in Latin); Bede. Translated by Lionel Cecil Jane as The Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, Vol. 2, Ch. 16. J.M. Dent & Co. (London), 1903. Hosted at Wikisource. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 27, 298; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 39; Odahl, 77–78, 309; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 15–16.; Mattingly, 233–234; Southern (2012), pp. 170, 341. ^ Hughes, Ian (2013). Imperial Brothers: Valentinian, Valens and the Disaster at Adrianople. Pen & Sword Military. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-8488-4417-9. ^ Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae 27.8.6 ^ Archaeological evidence of late 4th-century urban collapse is analysed by Cleary, Simon Esmonde (2000). The Ending of Roman Britain.; the "de-romanisation" of Britain is the subject of several accounts by Richard Reece, including "Town and country: the end of Roman Britain", World Archaeology 12 (1980:77–92) and "The end of the city in Roman Britain", in Rich, J., ed. (1992). The City in Antiquity. pp. 136–144.; Loseby (2000), p. 326f makes a strong case for discontinuity of urban life. ^ Fulford, Michael (1985). "Excavations...". Antiquaries. 65: 39–81. doi:10.1017/S0003581500024690. S2CID 164170447., noted in Loseby (2000). ^ Moorhead & Stuttard (2012), p. 238. ^ Laycock (2008). ^ Higham, Nicholas J. (2018). King Arthur: The Making of the Legend. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3002-1092-7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Morris (2010). ^ a b c Fulford (2007), pp. 54–74. ^ Cunliffe, Barry (2002). Facing the Ocean: the Atlantic and its Peoples 8000 BC – 1500 AD. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1928-5354-7. ^ Pearson (2002). ^ Tyers (1996a); Tyers (1996b); Peacock & Williams (1986); Monfort & Funari (1998). ^ a b c Fulford (1991), pp. 35–47. ^ a b c d Fulford (2004). ^ a b c d Fulford (1984), pp. 129–142. ^ Fulford (1989), pp. 175–201. ^ a b c Fulford, Michael (1996), "Economic hotspots and provincial backwaters: modelling the late Roman economy", in King, Cathy E.; Wigg, David G. (eds.), Coin Finds and Coin Use in the Roman World, Studien zu Fundmünzen der Antike, Berlin: Mann Verlag, pp. 153–177, ISBN 978-3-7861-1628-8 ^ Fulford (1977), pp. 35–84; Fulford, Michael (1978), The interpretation of Britain's late Roman trade: the scope of medieval historical and archaeological analogy, pp. 59–69 in du Plat Taylor & Cleere (1978); Birley (2005), pp. 423–424; Julian, Epistula ad senatum populumque Atheniorum (in Latin), 279D, 280A, B, C; Libanius, Orations, 18.82–83, 87; Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae (in Latin), 18.2.3–4; Eunapius, Fragmenta Hist. Graecorum (in Latin), 12; Zosimus, Historia Nova (in Latin), 3.5.2 ^ "History – Overview: Roman Britain, 43 – 410 AD". BBC. Retrieved 21 May 2023. ^ "Economy and Power in Late Roman Britain". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 21 May 2023. ^ "Romans: Commerce". English Heritage. Retrieved 21 May 2023. ^ a b Jones, Michael E. (1998). The End of Roman Britain. Cornell University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-8014-8530-5. ^ a b Alcock (2011), p. 260. ^ Durant, Will (7 June 2011). Caesar and Christ: The Story of Civilization. Simon and Schuster. p. 468. ISBN 978-1-4516-4760-0.; Lancashire, Anne (2002). London Civic Theatre: City Drama and Pageantry from Roman Times to 1558. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-5216-3278-2. ^ Ghosh, Pallab (23 November 2015). "DNA study finds London was ethnically diverse from start". BBC. ^ Shotter, David (2012). Roman Britain. Routledge. p. 37. ^ Laurence, Ray (2012). Roman Archaeology for Historians. Routledge. p. 121. ^ "The Evidence for Diversity in Roman Britain". Department of Classics and Ancient History. University of Warwick. n.d. p. Scientific Evidence for Black Romans in Britain?. Retrieved 15 September 2023. ^ Green, Caitlin R. (26 May 2016). "A note on the evidence for African migrants in Britain from the Bronze Age to the medieval period". Dr. Caitlin R. Green. ^ a b Loseby (2000), p. 326f ^ Millet (1992), p. 102f, lists 22 "public towns"; Gildas, De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae (in Latin), 3.2 lists 28; discussion is mooted whether Gildas possessed a written or conventional list (Higham, Nicholas (1991). "Old light on the Dark Age landscape: the description of Britain in the de Excidio Britanniae of Gildas". Journal of Historical Geography (in Latin). 17 (4): 363–372. doi:10.1016/0305-7488(91)90022-N.). ^ Burnham & Wacher (1990). ^ Noviomagus Reginorum: meaning "new field" or "new clearing" of the Regni (Wacher (1995), p. 262). ^ Caesar, Julius. Commentarii de Bello Gallico. 6.13 . ^ Suetonius, Claudius, 25.5 ^ Tacitus, Annals, 14.30 ^ Esposito, Alessandra (2016). "A Context for Roman Priestly Regalia: Depositional Practices and Spatial Distribution of Assemblages from Roman Britain". In Mandichs, M. J.; Derrick, T. J.; Sanchez Gonzalez, S.; Savani, G.; Zampieri, E. (eds.). Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal: Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference. Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference. pp. 92–110. doi:10.16995/TRAC2015_92_110. {{cite book}}: \|journal= ignored (help) ^ "From Paganism to Christianity". Lullingstone Roman Villa, English Heritage. Retrieved 15 June 2012. ^ Horsley, G. H. R. (1987). New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity: a Review of the Greek Inscriptions and Papyri Published in 1979. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-8583-7599-4. ^ Shotter, David (2004) . Romans and Britons in North-West England. Lancaster: Centre for North-West Regional Studies. pp. 129–130. ISBN 1-8622-0152-8. ^ Tertullian, De Adversus Judaeos , 7.4 ^ Thomas, Charles (1981). Christianity in Roman Britain to 500 AD. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4151-6634-8. ^ Tomlin, R. S. O. (1994). "Vinisius to Nigra: Evidence from Oxford of Christianity in Roman Britain" (PDF). Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 100: 93–108. Retrieved 13 December 2006. ^ Kavalali, Gulsel M. (2003). Urtica: therapeutic and nutritional aspects of stinging nettles. CRC Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-4153-0833-5. ^ Nearing, Homer Jr. (1949). "Local Caesar Traditions in Britain". Speculum. 24 (2). Medieval Academy of America: 218–227. doi:10.2307/2848562. JSTOR 2848562. S2CID 162955707. ^ New, Tim R. (1995). Introduction to invertebrate conservation biology. Oxford University Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-1985-4051-9. ^ "Unearthing the ancestral rabbit", British Archaeology, no. 86, 2006 ^ Lodwick, Lisa A. (2017). "Evergreen Plants in Roman Britain and Beyond: Movement, Meaning and Materiality". Britannia. 48: 135–173. doi:10.1017/S0068113X17000101. ISSN 0068-113X. S2CID 59323545. Sources Alcock, Joan P. (2011). A Brief History of Roman Britain Conquest and Civilization. Hachette. ISBN 978-1-8452-9728-2. Allason-Jones, Lyndsay (2002). The Jet Industry and Allied Trades in Roman Britain. in Wilson & Price (2002). Allen, J. R. L.; Fulford, M.G. (1996). "The distribution of South-East Dorset Black Burnished Category I Pottery in South-West Britain". Britannia. 27. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 223–281. doi:10.2307/527045. JSTOR 527045. S2CID 162584757. Allen, J. R. L.; Fulford, M.G.; Todd, J. A. (2007). "Burnt Kimmeridgian shale at Early Roman Silchester, south-east England, and the Roman Poole-Purbeck complex-agglomerated geomaterials industry". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 26 (2): 167–191. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0092.2007.00279.x. Birley, Anthony R. (2005). The Roman Government of Britain. Oxford University Press. Blagg, T. F. C.; King, Anthony, eds. (1984). Military and Civilian in Roman Britain: Cultural Relationships in a Frontier Province. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. ISBN 978-0-8605-4296-4. Bowman, Alan K. (2004). Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier: Vindolanda and its People (2nd revised ed.). London: British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-2246-5. Burgers, Alfonso (2001). The Water Supplies and Related Structures of Roman Britain. British Archaeological Reports. Oxford: Archaeopress. ISBN 978-1-8417-1189-8. Burnham, Barry C.; Wacher, J. S. (1990). The 'Small Towns' of Roman Britain. Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-6175-6. Cleere, Henry; Crossley, D. (1995). Hodgkinson, Jeremy (ed.). The Iron Industry of the Weald (2nd ed.). Merton Priory Press. ISBN 978-1-8989-3704-3. Collingwood, R. G.; Wright, R. P. (1990). Frere, Sheppard; Tomlin, R.S.O. (eds.). Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Vol. II: Instrumentum Domesticum. Fasc. I. The Military diplomata; metal ingots; tesserae; dies; labels; and lead sealings (in Latin). Stroud. Collingwood, R. G.; Wright, R. P.; Tomlin, R.S.O. (1995) . Vol. I: Inscriptions on Stone. Roman Inscriptions of Britain (Revised ed.). Stroud. ASIN B00F45BDAM. Archived from the original on 19 June 2006. Retrieved 7 November 2007. Creighton, John (2000). Coins and power in Late Iron Age Britain. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1394-3172-9. Cunliffe, Barry W. (2005). Iron Age Communities in Britain (4th ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7100-8725-X. OL 4559394M. de la Bédoyère, Guy (2006). Roman Britain: a New History. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-5000-5140-5. du Plat Taylor, Joan; Cleere, Henry, eds. (1978). Roman Shipping and Trade: Britain and the Rhine Provinces. London: Council for British Archaeology. ISBN 978-0-9003-1262-5. Esmonde-Cleary, Simon (1989). The Ending of Roman Britain. London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0-4152-3898-4. Fleming, Robin (2021). The Material Fall of Roman Britain, 300-525 CE. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-9736-2. Frere, Sheppard (1987). Britannia: A History of Roman Britain (3rd, extensively revised ed.). London and New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7102-1215-1. Frere, Sheppard; Tomlin, R. S. O., eds. (1991–1995). Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Vol. II. Fascs. 2–8. Stroud. Fulford, Michael (1977). Pottery and Britain's Foreign Trade in the Later Roman Period. pp. 35–84. in Peacock (1977). Fulford, Michael (1984). Demonstrating Britannia's Economic Dependence in the First and Second Centuries. in Blagg & King (1984). Fulford, Michael (1989). The Economy of Roman Britain. in Todd (1989). Fulford, Michael (1991). Britain and the Roman Empire: The Evidence for Regional and Long Distance Trade. in Jones (1991). Fulford, Michael (2004). Economic Structures. in Todd (2004). Fulford, Michael (2007). Coasting Britannia: Roman Trade and Traffic Around the Shores of Britain. in Gosden et al. (2007). Going, C. J. (1992). "Economic 'Long Waves' in the Roman Period? A Reconnaissance of the Romano-British Ceramic Evidence". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 11 (1): 93–117. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0092.1992.tb00259.x. Gosden, Chris; Hamerow, Helena; de Jersey, Philip; Lock, Gary, eds. (2007). Communities and Connections: Essays in Honour of Barry Cunliffe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1992-3034-1. Henig, Martin (1995). The Art of Roman Britain. London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-5430-7. Higgins, Charlotte (2014). Under Another Sky. London: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-0995-5209-3. Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony, eds. (1998). The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1986-0165-4. Ireland, Stanley (2008) . Roman Britain: a Sourcebook. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4154-7178-7. Jones, Barri; Mattingly, David (2002) . An Atlas of Roman Britain (New ed.). Oxford: Oxbow. ISBN 978-1-8421-7067-0. Jones, R. F. J., ed. (1991). Roman Britain: Recent Trends. Sheffield: J. R. Collis. ISBN 978-0-9060-9039-8. Kakoschke, Andreas (2011). Die Personennamen im römischen Britannien . Hildesheim: Olms-Weidmann. ISBN 978-3-4871-4628-7. Laycock, Stuart (2008). Britannia: the Failed State. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-4614-1. Loseby, Simon T. (2000). "Power and towns in Late Roman Britain and early Anglo-Saxon England". In Ripoll, Gisela; Gurt, Josep M. (eds.). Sedes regiae (ann. 400–800) (in Latin). Barcelona.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Manley, John (2002). AD 43: The Roman Invasion of Britain: a Reassessment. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-1959-6. Margary, Ivan D. (1973) . Roman Roads in Britain (3rd ed.). London: J. Baker. ISBN 978-0-2129-7001-8. OCLC 491650913. Mason, David J. P. (2009). Roman Britain and the Roman Navy (Paperback 1st ed.). The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-2541-2. OL 7982333M. Mattingly, David (2006). An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-1401-4822-0. Maxfield, V. A.; Dobson, B. (2006) . Inscriptions of Roman Britain. LACTOR 4 (4th ed.). ISBN 978-0-9036-2532-6. Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Millet, Martin (1992) . The Romanization of Britain: an essay in archaeological interpretation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-5214-2864-4. Monfort, César Carreras; Funari, P. P. A. (1998). Britannia y el Mediterráneo: Estudios Sobre el Abastecimiento de Aceite Bético y africano en Britannia (in Spanish). Barcelona: Publicacions Universitat de Barcelona. ISBN 978-8-4475-1950-7. Moorhead, Sam; Stuttard, David (2012). The Romans who Shaped Britain. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-5002-5189-8. Morris, Francis (2010). North Sea and Channel Connectivity during the Late Iron Age and Roman Period (175/150 BC – 409 AD). British Archaeological Reports International Series. Oxford: Archaeopress. Parker, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. Century. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2. Peacock, D. P. S., ed. (1977). Pottery and Early Commerce. Characterization and Trade in Roman and Later Ceramics. London: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-1254-7850-2. Peacock, D. P. S.; Williams, D. F. (1986). Amphorae in the Roman Economy. London: Longman. ISBN 978-0-5820-6555-0. Pearson, Andrew (2002). The Roman Shore Forts: Coastal Defences of Southern Britain. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-1949-7. Percival, John (1976). The Roman Villa: A Historical Introduction. Batsford Studies in Archaeology. London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-3238-1. Rathbone, Yvette; Rathbone, D. W. (2012). Literary Sources for Roman Britain. LACTOR 11 (4th ed.). ISBN 978-0-9036-2535-7. Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Reece, Richard (2002). The Coinage of Roman Britain. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-2523-8. Rivet, A. L. F.; Smith, C. (1979). The Place-names of Roman Britain. London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-2077-7. Salway, Peter (1993). A History of Roman Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1928-0138-8. Southern, Patricia (2012). Roman Britain: A New History 55 BC – 450 AD. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4456-0146-5. Todd, Malcolm, ed. (1989). Research on Roman Britain 1960–89. London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies. ISBN 978-0-9077-6413-7. Todd, Malcolm, ed. (2004). A Companion to Roman Britain. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-6312-1823-4. Tyers, Paul (1996a). Roman Pottery in Britain. London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-7412-1. Tyers, Paul (1996b). "Roman amphoras in Britain". Internet Archaeology. 1. Council for British Archaeology. doi:10.11141/ia.1.6. Wacher, John (1995). The Towns of Roman Britain (2nd revised ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7134-7319-3. Wilson, Peter R.; Price, Jennifer, eds. (2002). Aspects of Industry in Roman Yorkshire and the North. Oxford: Oxbow. ISBN 978-1-8421-7078-6. OL 8924936M. Young, Christopher J. (1977). The Roman Pottery Industry of the Oxford Region. British Archaeological Reports. Oxford: Archaeopress. ISBN 978-0-8605-4001-4. Further reading General survey Alcock (2011). de la Bédoyère (2006). Esmonde-Cleary (1989). Frere (1987). Jones & Mattingly (2002). Laycock (2008). Mattingly (2006). Millet (1992). Moorhead & Stuttard (2012). Southern (2012). Salway (1993). Todd (2004). Higgins (2014). Fleming (2021). Iron Age background Creighton (2000). Cunliffe (2005). Historical sources and inscriptions Maxfield & Dobson (2006). Birley (2005). Collingwood & Wright (1990). Collingwood, Wright & Tomlin (1995). Frere & Tomlin (1991–1995). Ireland (2008). Kakoschke (2011). Rivet & Smith (1979). Trade Monfort & Funari (1998). du Plat Taylor & Cleere (1978). Fulford (1977), pp. 35–84. Fulford (1984), pp. 129–142. Fulford (1991), pp. 35–47. Fulford (2007), pp. 54–74. Morris (2010). Peacock & Williams (1986). Tyers (1996a). Tyers (1996b). Economy Allason-Jones (2002), pp. 125–132. Allen & Fulford (1996), pp. 223–281. Allen, Fulford & Todd (2007), pp. 167–191. Cleere & Crossley (1995). Fulford (1989), pp. 175–201. Fulford (2004). Going (1992), pp. 93–117 Jones & Mattingly (2002), pp. 179–232. Mattingly (2006), pp. 491–528. Reece (2002). Tyers (1996a). Young (1977). Provincial government Birley (2005). Provincial development Burgers (2001). Jones & Mattingly (2002), pp. 141–178. Margary (1973). Mattingly (2006). Millet (1992). The Roman military in Britain Rathbone & Rathbone (2012). Caesar, Julius. Commentaries on the Gallic War 58–54 BC. Bowman (2004). Jones & Mattingly (2002), pp. 64–140. Manley (2002). Mason (2009). Mattingly (2006), pp. 85–252. Pearson (2002). Urban life Mattingly (2006), pp. 253–350. Millet (1992). Wacher (1995). Rural life Jones & Mattingly (2002), pp. 233–263. Mattingly (2006), pp. 351–427. Millet (1992). Percival (1976). Religion Henig (1995). Jones & Mattingly (2002), pp. 264–305. Art Henig (1995). External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roman Britain. Roman Britain on In Our Time at the BBC Timeline of Roman Britain at BBC The Romans in Britain – Information on the Romans in Britain, including everyday life Roman Britain – everything to do with Roman Britain, especially geographic, military, and administrative The Roman Army and Navy in Britain, by Peter Green Roman Britain, by Guy de la Bédoyère Roman Britain at LacusCurtius "Roman London: "In their own words"" (PDF). 20 March 2024. by Kevin Flude Roman Britain – History Roman Colchester Roman Wales RCAHMW The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain – database of excavated evidence for rural settlements vteProvinces of Roman BritainAD 43 – c. 197Britannia Camulodunum (Colchester) Londinium (London) c. 197 – c. 296Britannia Superior Londinium (London) Britannia Inferior Eboracum (York) c. 296 – c. 410Britannia I Corinium Dobunnorum? (Cirencester) Britannia II Eboracum? (York) Flavia Caesariensis Lindum Colonia? 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Hywel (Medieval Welsh law) Early Scots law Warfare Gaelic warfare Ceathairne Ceithearn Fianna Gaesatae Gallóglaigh Hobelar Redshanks Trimarcisia Lists Tribes Deities Celtic words in English – in Spanish – in Galician Gaulish words in French Celtic place names in Galicia – in Italy – in Portugal Celts portal Authority control databases International ISNI National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Geographic Pleiades	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province"},{"link_name":"Roman conquest of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"invaded Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"Gallic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Wars"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Britons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Celts"},{"link_name":"Belgae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgae"},{"link_name":"British Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"Celtic tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_tribe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mandubracius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandubracius"},{"link_name":"Trinovantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinovantes"},{"link_name":"Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"Caligula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligula"},{"link_name":"Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"musculi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussel"},{"link_name":"Suetonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suetonius"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Claudius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius"},{"link_name":"Verica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verica"},{"link_name":"Atrebates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrebates"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Catuvellauni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catuvellauni"},{"link_name":"Fosse Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosse_Way"},{"link_name":"Boudica's uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica#Boudica's_uprising"},{"link_name":"Gnaeus Julius Agricola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola"},{"link_name":"Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonia"},{"link_name":"Caledonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonians"},{"link_name":"Calgacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgacus"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mons Graupius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Graupius"},{"link_name":"Tacitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mattingly_2006-8"},{"link_name":"Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian"},{"link_name":"Antoninus Pius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius"},{"link_name":"two walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Occupation_and_retreat_from_southern_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Scottish Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Severan Reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severan_Reforms"},{"link_name":"Britannia Superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Superior"},{"link_name":"Britannia Inferior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Inferior"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Diocletian Reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian_Reforms"},{"link_name":"vicarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarius"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Valentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentia_(Roman_Britain)"},{"link_name":"barbarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian"},{"link_name":"usurpers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_usurper"},{"link_name":"imperial pretenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_emperor"},{"link_name":"final Roman withdrawal from Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain"},{"link_name":"Sub-Roman Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"Romano-British culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano-British_culture"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_agriculture"},{"link_name":"urban planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_urban_planning#Classical_and_Medieval_Europe"},{"link_name":"industrial production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_economy"},{"link_name":"architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture"},{"link_name":"Britannia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia"},{"link_name":"Roman historians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_historiography"},{"link_name":"archaeological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"epigraphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraphy"},{"link_name":"emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_emperor"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Roman Britain was the territory that became the Roman province of Britannia after the Roman conquest of Britain, consisting of a large part of the island of Great Britain. The occupation lasted from AD 43 to AD 410.[1][2]Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 and 54 BC as part of his Gallic Wars.[3] According to Caesar, the Britons had been overrun or culturally assimilated by the Belgae during the British Iron Age and had been aiding Caesar's enemies. The Belgae were the only Celtic tribe to cross the sea into Britain, for to all other Celtic tribes this land was unknown.[4] He received tribute, installed the friendly king Mandubracius over the Trinovantes, and returned to Gaul. Planned invasions under Augustus were called off in 34, 27, and 25 BC. In 40 AD, Caligula assembled 200,000 men at the Channel on the continent, only to have them gather seashells (musculi) according to Suetonius, perhaps as a symbolic gesture to proclaim Caligula's victory over the sea.[5] Three years later, Claudius directed four legions to invade Britain and restore the exiled king Verica over the Atrebates.[6] The Romans defeated the Catuvellauni, and then organized their conquests as the province of Britain. By 47 AD, the Romans held the lands southeast of the Fosse Way. Control over Wales was delayed by reverses and the effects of Boudica's uprising, but the Romans expanded steadily northwards.The conquest of Britain continued under command of Gnaeus Julius Agricola (77–84), who expanded the Roman Empire as far as Caledonia. In mid-84 AD, Agricola faced the armies of the Caledonians, led by Calgacus, at the Battle of Mons Graupius. Battle casualties were estimated by Tacitus to be upwards of 10,000 on the Caledonian side and about 360 on the Roman side. The bloodbath at Mons Graupius concluded the forty-year conquest of Britain, a period that possibly saw between 100,000 and 250,000 Britons killed.[7] In the context of pre-industrial warfare and of a total population of Britain of c. 2 million, these are very high figures.[8]Under the 2nd-century emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, two walls were built to defend the Roman province from the Caledonians, whose realms in the Scottish Highlands were never controlled. Around 197 AD, the Severan Reforms divided Britain into two provinces: Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior.[9] During the Diocletian Reforms, at the end of the 3rd century, Britannia was divided into four provinces under the direction of a vicarius, who administered the Diocese of the Britains.[10] A fifth province, Valentia, is attested in the later 4th century. For much of the later period of the Roman occupation, Britannia was subject to barbarian invasions and often came under the control of imperial usurpers and imperial pretenders. The final Roman withdrawal from Britain occurred around 410; the native kingdoms are considered to have formed Sub-Roman Britain after that.Following the conquest of the Britons, a distinctive Romano-British culture emerged as the Romans introduced improved agriculture, urban planning, industrial production, and architecture. The Roman goddess Britannia became the female personification of Britain. After the initial invasions, Roman historians generally only mention Britain in passing. Thus, most present knowledge derives from archaeological investigations and occasional epigraphic evidence lauding the Britannic achievements of an emperor.[11] Roman citizens settled in Britain from many parts of the Empire.[12]","title":"Roman Britain"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Classical world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_world"},{"link_name":"Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia"},{"link_name":"Carthaginians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage"},{"link_name":"Cornish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_mining_in_Britain"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welsh-13"},{"link_name":"Cassiterides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassiterides"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Himilco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himilco"},{"link_name":"Pytheas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pytheas"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plutarch-15"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"Roman Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Senate"},{"link_name":"Belgic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgae"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Mandubracius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandubracius"},{"link_name":"Cassivellaunus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassivellaunus"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"clients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"sphere of influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_of_influence"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Strabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Branigan-20"},{"link_name":"Res Gestae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Catuvellauni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catuvellauni"},{"link_name":"Tasciovanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasciovanus"},{"link_name":"Atrebates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrebates"},{"link_name":"Commius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commius"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Caligula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligula"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Claudius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius"},{"link_name":"Verica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verica"}],"sub_title":"Early contact","text":"Britain was known to the Classical world. The Greeks, the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians traded for Cornish tin in the 4th century BC.[13] The Greeks referred to the Cassiterides, or \"tin islands\", and placed them near the west coast of Europe.[14] The Carthaginian sailor Himilco is said to have visited the island in the 6th or 5th century BC and the Greek explorer Pytheas in the 4th. It was regarded as a place of mystery, with some writers refusing to believe it existed.[15]The first direct Roman contact was when Julius Caesar undertook two expeditions in 55 and 54 BC, as part of his conquest of Gaul, believing the Britons were helping the Gallic resistance. The first expedition was more a reconnaissance than a full invasion and gained a foothold on the coast of Kent but was unable to advance further because of storm damage to the ships and a lack of cavalry. Despite the military failure, it was a political success, with the Roman Senate declaring a 20-day public holiday in Rome to honour the unprecedented achievement of obtaining hostages from Britain and defeating Belgic tribes on returning to the continent.[16]The second invasion involved a substantially larger force and Caesar coerced or invited many of the native Celtic tribes to pay tribute and give hostages in return for peace. A friendly local king, Mandubracius, was installed, and his rival, Cassivellaunus, was brought to terms. Hostages were taken, but historians disagree over whether any tribute was paid after Caesar returned to Gaul.[17]Caesar conquered no territory and left no troops behind, but he established clients and brought Britain into Rome's sphere of influence. Augustus planned invasions in 34, 27 and 25 BC, but circumstances were never favourable,[18] and the relationship between Britain and Rome settled into one of diplomacy and trade. Strabo, writing late in Augustus's reign, claimed that taxes on trade brought in more annual revenue than any conquest could.[19] Archaeology shows that there was an increase in imported luxury goods in southeastern Britain.[20] Strabo also mentions British kings who sent embassies to Augustus, and Augustus's own Res Gestae refers to two British kings he received as refugees.[21] When some of Tiberius's ships were carried to Britain in a storm during his campaigns in Germany in 16 AD, they came back with tales of monsters.[22]Rome appears to have encouraged a balance of power in southern Britain, supporting two powerful kingdoms: the Catuvellauni, ruled by the descendants of Tasciovanus, and the Atrebates, ruled by the descendants of Commius.[23] This policy was followed until 39 or 40 AD, when Caligula received an exiled member of the Catuvellaunian dynasty and planned an invasion of Britain that collapsed in farcical circumstances before it left Gaul.[24][25] When Claudius successfully invaded in 43 AD, it was in aid of another fugitive British ruler, Verica of the Atrebates.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aulus Plautius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulus_Plautius"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"legions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_legion"},{"link_name":"Legio II Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_II_Augusta"},{"link_name":"Vespasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespasian"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Legio IX Hispana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_IX_Hispana"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"XIV Gemina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_XIV_Gemina"},{"link_name":"XX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_XX_Valeria_Victrix"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Boudican revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudican_revolt"},{"link_name":"Roman army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_army"},{"link_name":"Eboracum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eboracum"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York"},{"link_name":"Bar Kokhba revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Webster-30"},{"link_name":"freedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedman"},{"link_name":"Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanus"},{"link_name":"Richborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richborough"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"Fishbourne, West Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishbourne,_West_Sussex"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British.coinage.Roman.invasion.jpg"},{"link_name":"river Medway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Medway"},{"link_name":"river Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"Togodumnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togodumnus"},{"link_name":"Caratacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caratacus"},{"link_name":"Camulodunum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camulodunum"},{"link_name":"Colchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Cogidubnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Cogidubnus"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Roman invasion","text":"The invasion force in 43 AD was led by Aulus Plautius,[26] but it is unclear how many legions were sent. The Legio II Augusta, commanded by future emperor Vespasian, was the only one directly attested to have taken part.[27] The Legio IX Hispana,[28] the XIV Gemina (later styled Martia Victrix) and the XX (later styled Valeria Victrix)[29] are known to have served during the Boudican revolt of 60/61, and were probably there since the initial invasion. This is not certain because the Roman army was flexible, with units being moved around whenever necessary. The IX Hispana may have been permanently stationed, with records showing it at Eboracum (York) in 71 and on a building inscription there dated 108, before being destroyed in the east of the Empire, possibly during the Bar Kokhba revolt.[30]The invasion was delayed by a troop mutiny until an imperial freedman persuaded them to overcome their fear of crossing the Ocean and campaigning beyond the limits of the known world. They sailed in three divisions, and probably landed at Richborough in Kent; at least part of the force may have landed near Fishbourne, West Sussex.[31]Conquests under Aulus Plautius, focused on the commercially valuable southeast of BritainThe Catuvellauni and their allies were defeated in two battles: the first, assuming a Richborough landing, on the river Medway, the second on the river Thames. One of their leaders, Togodumnus, was killed, but his brother Caratacus survived to continue resistance elsewhere. Plautius halted at the Thames and sent for Claudius, who arrived with reinforcements, including artillery and elephants, for the final march to the Catuvellaunian capital, Camulodunum (Colchester). Vespasian subdued the southwest,[32] Cogidubnus was set up as a friendly king of several territories,[33] and treaties were made with tribes outside direct Roman control.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romano-British culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano-British_culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman.Britain.campaigns.43.to.60.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agricola.Campaigns.80.84.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Silures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silures"},{"link_name":"Ordovices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovices"},{"link_name":"Deceangli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deceangli"},{"link_name":"Brigantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigantes"},{"link_name":"Iceni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceni"},{"link_name":"Caratacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caratacus"},{"link_name":"guerrilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"Publius Ostorius Scapula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Ostorius_Scapula"},{"link_name":"defeated him","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caratacus%27_last_battle"},{"link_name":"Cartimandua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartimandua"},{"link_name":"dignified speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caratacus#Captive_in_Rome"},{"link_name":"Venutius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venutius"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Nero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero"},{"link_name":"Lindum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindum_Colonia"},{"link_name":"Gaius Suetonius Paulinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Suetonius_Paulinus"},{"link_name":"Mauretania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretania"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Anglesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglesey"},{"link_name":"Druidism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druid"},{"link_name":"Menai Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menai_Strait"},{"link_name":"campaigning in Mona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Anglesey"},{"link_name":"Boudica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Trinovantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinovantes"},{"link_name":"Colchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester"},{"link_name":"routed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Camulodunum"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Londinium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londinium"},{"link_name":"Verulamium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verulamium"},{"link_name":"Battle of Watling Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Watling_Street"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Templeborough Roman fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templeborough"},{"link_name":"Year of the Four Emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors"},{"link_name":"Quintus Petillius Cerialis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Petillius_Cerialis"},{"link_name":"Sextus Julius Frontinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontinus"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales"},{"link_name":"gold mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mining"},{"link_name":"Dolaucothi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolaucothi_Gold_Mines"},{"link_name":"Gnaeus Julius Agricola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola"},{"link_name":"Tacitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus"},{"link_name":"Ordovices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovices"},{"link_name":"Caledonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonians"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mons Graupius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Graupius"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Cheviot Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheviot_Hills"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Vespasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespasian"},{"link_name":"Pertinax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertinax"},{"link_name":"Gordian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman.Scotland.north.84.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman.Scotland.north.155.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Establishment of Roman rule","text":"Further information: Romano-British cultureRoman invasion of Britain\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRoman campaigns 43–60\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAgricola's campaignsAfter capturing the south of the island, the Romans turned their attention to what is now Wales. The Silures, Ordovices and Deceangli remained implacably opposed to the invaders and for the first few decades were the focus of Roman military attention, despite occasional minor revolts among Roman allies like the Brigantes and the Iceni. The Silures were led by Caratacus, and he carried out an effective guerrilla campaign against Governor Publius Ostorius Scapula. Finally, in 51, Ostorius lured Caratacus into a set-piece battle and defeated him. The British leader sought refuge among the Brigantes, but their queen, Cartimandua, proved her loyalty by surrendering him to the Romans. He was brought as a captive to Rome, where a dignified speech he made during Claudius's triumph persuaded the emperor to spare his life. The Silures were still not pacified, and Cartimandua's ex-husband Venutius replaced Caratacus as the most prominent leader of British resistance.[34]On Nero's accession, Roman Britain extended as far north as Lindum. Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, the conqueror of Mauretania (modern day Algeria and Morocco), then became governor of Britain, and in 60 and 61 he moved against Mona (Anglesey) to settle accounts with Druidism once and for all. Paulinus led his army across the Menai Strait and massacred the Druids and burnt their sacred groves.While Paulinus was campaigning in Mona, the southeast of Britain rose in revolt under the leadership of Boudica. She was the widow of the recently deceased king of the Iceni, Prasutagus. The Roman historian Tacitus reports that Prasutagus had left a will leaving half his kingdom to Nero in the hope that the remainder would be left untouched. He was wrong. When his will was enforced, Rome[clarification needed] responded by violently seizing the tribe's lands in full. Boudica protested. In consequence, Rome[clarification needed] punished her and her daughters by flogging and rape. In response, the Iceni, joined by the Trinovantes, destroyed the Roman colony at Camulodunum (Colchester) and routed the part of the IXth Legion that was sent to relieve it. Paulinus rode to London (then called Londinium), the rebels' next target, but concluded it could not be defended. Abandoned, it was destroyed, as was Verulamium (St. Albans). Between seventy and eighty thousand people are said to have been killed in the three cities. But Paulinus regrouped with two of the three legions still available to him, chose a battlefield, and, despite being outnumbered by more than twenty to one, defeated the rebels in the Battle of Watling Street. Boudica died not long afterwards, by self-administered poison or by illness.[35][36] During this time, the Emperor Nero considered withdrawing Roman forces from Britain altogether.[37]Templeborough Roman fort in South Yorkshire. The reconstruction was created for Rotherham Museums and Galleries.There was further turmoil in 69, the \"Year of the Four Emperors\". As civil war raged in Rome, weak governors were unable to control the legions in Britain, and Venutius of the Brigantes seized his chance. The Romans had previously defended Cartimandua against him, but this time were unable to do so. Cartimandua was evacuated, and Venutius was left in control of the north of the country. After Vespasian secured the empire, his first two appointments as governor, Quintus Petillius Cerialis and Sextus Julius Frontinus, took on the task of subduing the Brigantes and Silures respectively.[38] Frontinus extended Roman rule to all of South Wales, and initiated exploitation of the mineral resources, such as the gold mines at Dolaucothi.In the following years, the Romans conquered more of the island, increasing the size of Roman Britain. Governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola, father-in-law to the historian Tacitus, conquered the Ordovices in 78. With the XX Valeria Victrix legion, Agricola defeated the Caledonians in 84 at the Battle of Mons Graupius, in north-east Scotland.[39] This was the high-water mark of Roman territory in Britain: shortly after his victory, Agricola was recalled from Britain back to Rome and awarded the ornaments of a triumph, before returning to continue as governor. By 87 the decision was taken to abandon most of the land north of the Cheviot Hills allowing for troops to be moved to other frontiers which were under pressure. Tacitus reports Agricola as feeling bitter about this turn of events.[40]For much of the history of Roman Britain, a large number of soldiers were garrisoned on the island. This required that the emperor station a trusted senior man as governor of the province. As a result, many future emperors served as governors or legates in this province, including Vespasian, Pertinax, and Gordian I.Roman military organisation in the north\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIn 84 AD\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIn 155 AD","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scotland during the Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hadrian's Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall"},{"link_name":"Antonine Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonine_Wall"},{"link_name":"Roman forts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra"},{"link_name":"Stanegate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanegate"},{"link_name":"Scottish Lowlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands"},{"link_name":"Romanisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)"},{"link_name":"Vindolanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindolanda"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Picts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts"},{"link_name":"armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour"},{"link_name":"Trimontium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimontium_(Newstead)"},{"link_name":"Newstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newstead,_Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune"},{"link_name":"Cyrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrene_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Trajan's Dacian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Stanegate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanegate"},{"link_name":"Solway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solway_Firth"},{"link_name":"Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Tyne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hadrians_Wall_from_Housesteads1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hadrian's Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall"},{"link_name":"Housesteads Roman Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housesteads_Roman_Fort"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prima_Europe_tabula.jpg"},{"link_name":"woodcut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcut"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian"},{"link_name":"Quintus Pompeius Falco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Pompeius_Falco"},{"link_name":"Hadrian's Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall"},{"link_name":"Aulus Platorius Nepos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulus_Platorius_Nepos"},{"link_name":"Legio VI Victrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_VI_Victrix"},{"link_name":"Germania Inferior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_Inferior"},{"link_name":"Legio IX Hispana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_IX_Hispana"},{"link_name":"Antoninus Pius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius"},{"link_name":"Antonine Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonine_Wall"},{"link_name":"Quintus Lollius Urbicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Lollius_Urbicus"},{"link_name":"Brigantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigantes"},{"link_name":"Gnaeus Julius Verus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Verus"},{"link_name":"Votadini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votadini"},{"link_name":"problems in the Danubian provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars"},{"link_name":"hoards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoard"},{"link_name":"Picts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts"},{"link_name":"Sarmatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatians"},{"link_name":"Cassius Dio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassius_Dio"},{"link_name":"Commodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodus"},{"link_name":"Ulpius Marcellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulpius_Marcellus"},{"link_name":"Priscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerellius_Priscus"},{"link_name":"Tigidius Perennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigidius_Perennis"},{"link_name":"Praetorian prefect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_prefect"},{"link_name":"equites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equites"},{"link_name":"Pertinax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertinax"},{"link_name":"Commodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodus"}],"sub_title":"Occupation of and retreat from southern Scotland","text":"Further information: Scotland during the Roman Empire, Hadrian's Wall, and Antonine WallThere is no historical source describing the decades that followed Agricola's recall. Even the name of his replacement is unknown. Archaeology has shown that some Roman forts south of the Forth–Clyde isthmus were rebuilt and enlarged; others appear to have been abandoned. By 87 the frontier had been consolidated on the Stanegate. Roman coins and pottery have been found circulating at native settlement sites in the Scottish Lowlands in the years before 100, indicating growing Romanisation. Some of the most important sources for this era are the writing tablets from the fort at Vindolanda in Northumberland, mostly dating to 90–110. These tablets provide evidence for the operation of a Roman fort at the edge of the Roman Empire, where officers' wives maintained polite society while merchants, hauliers and military personnel kept the fort operational and supplied.Around 105 there appears to have been a serious setback at the hands of the tribes of the Picts: several Roman forts were destroyed by fire, with human remains and damaged armour at Trimontium (at modern Newstead, in SE Scotland) indicating hostilities at least at that site.[citation needed] There is also circumstantial evidence that auxiliary reinforcements were sent from Germany, and an unnamed British war of the period is mentioned on the gravestone of a tribune of Cyrene. Trajan's Dacian Wars may have led to troop reductions in the area or even total withdrawal followed by slighting of the forts by the Picts rather than an unrecorded military defeat. The Romans were also in the habit of destroying their own forts during an orderly withdrawal, in order to deny resources to an enemy. In either case, the frontier probably moved south to the line of the Stanegate at the Solway–Tyne isthmus around this time.Hadrian's Wall viewed looking east from Housesteads Roman Fort (Vercovicium)Prima Europe tabula. A 1486 woodcut copy of Ptolemy's 2nd-century map of Roman BritainA new crisis occurred at the beginning of Hadrian's reign (117): a rising in the north which was suppressed by Quintus Pompeius Falco. When Hadrian reached Britannia on his famous tour of the Roman provinces around 120, he directed an extensive defensive wall, known to posterity as Hadrian's Wall, to be built close to the line of the Stanegate frontier. Hadrian appointed Aulus Platorius Nepos as governor to undertake this work who brought the Legio VI Victrix legion with him from Germania Inferior. This replaced the famous Legio IX Hispana, whose disappearance has been much discussed. Archaeology indicates considerable political instability in Scotland during the first half of the 2nd century, and the shifting frontier at this time should be seen in this context.In the reign of Antoninus Pius (138–161) the Hadrianic border was briefly extended north to the Forth–Clyde isthmus, where the Antonine Wall was built around 142 following the military reoccupation of the Scottish lowlands by a new governor, Quintus Lollius Urbicus.The first Antonine occupation of Scotland ended as a result of a further crisis in 155–157, when the Brigantes revolted. With limited options to despatch reinforcements, the Romans moved their troops south, and this rising was suppressed by Governor Gnaeus Julius Verus. Within a year the Antonine Wall was recaptured, but by 163 or 164 it was abandoned. The second occupation was probably connected with Antoninus's undertakings to protect the Votadini or his pride in enlarging the empire, since the retreat to the Hadrianic frontier occurred not long after his death when a more objective strategic assessment of the benefits of the Antonine Wall could be made. The Romans did not entirely withdraw from Scotland at this time: the large fort at Newstead was maintained along with seven smaller outposts until at least 180.During the twenty-year period following the reversion of the frontier to Hadrian's Wall in 163/4, Rome was concerned with continental issues, primarily problems in the Danubian provinces. Increasing numbers of hoards of buried coins in Britain at this time indicate that peace was not entirely achieved. Sufficient Roman silver has been found in Scotland to suggest more than ordinary trade, and it is likely that the Romans were reinforcing treaty agreements by paying tribute to their implacable enemies, the Picts.In 175, a large force of Sarmatian cavalry, consisting of 5,500 men, arrived in Britannia, probably to reinforce troops fighting unrecorded uprisings. In 180, Hadrian's Wall was breached by the Picts and the commanding officer or governor was killed there in what Cassius Dio described as the most serious war of the reign of Commodus. Ulpius Marcellus was sent as replacement governor and by 184 he had won a new peace, only to be faced with a mutiny from his own troops. Unhappy with Marcellus's strictness, they tried to elect a legate named Priscus as usurper governor; he refused, but Marcellus was lucky to leave the province alive. The Roman army in Britannia continued its insubordination: they sent a delegation of 1,500 to Rome to demand the execution of Tigidius Perennis, a Praetorian prefect who they felt had earlier wronged them by posting lowly equites to legate ranks in Britannia. Commodus met the party outside Rome and agreed to have Perennis killed, but this only made them feel more secure in their mutiny.The future emperor Pertinax (lived 126–193) was sent to Britannia to quell the mutiny and was initially successful in regaining control, but a riot broke out among the troops. Pertinax was attacked and left for dead, and asked to be recalled to Rome, where he briefly succeeded Commodus as emperor in 192.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Septimius Severus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus"},{"link_name":"Clodius Albinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clodius_Albinus"},{"link_name":"Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_(title)"},{"link_name":"Pescennius Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pescennius_Niger"},{"link_name":"Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul"},{"link_name":"Lugdunum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugdunum"},{"link_name":"Picts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts"},{"link_name":"Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaels"},{"link_name":"Virius Lupus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virius_Lupus"},{"link_name":"Maeatae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maeatae"},{"link_name":"Lucius Alfenus Senecio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Alfenus_Senecio"},{"link_name":"Caracalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla"},{"link_name":"Geta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman.Britain.Severan.Campaigns.jpg"},{"link_name":"invasion of Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_invasion_of_Caledonia_208%E2%80%93210"},{"link_name":"River Tay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Tay"},{"link_name":"punitive expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punitive_expedition"},{"link_name":"Britannia Superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Superior"},{"link_name":"Britannia Inferior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Inferior"},{"link_name":"Saxon Shore Forts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_Shore"},{"link_name":"inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation"},{"link_name":"Gallic Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Empire"},{"link_name":"Postumus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumus"},{"link_name":"Gallienus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallienus"},{"link_name":"Aurelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelian"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano-Britons"},{"link_name":"Bonosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonosus_(usurper)"},{"link_name":"Rhenish fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classis_Germanica"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania"},{"link_name":"proclaimed himself emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_usurper"},{"link_name":"Colonia Agrippina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_Agrippina"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"Marcus Aurelius Probus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Probus"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_of_Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"Vandals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandals"},{"link_name":"Burgundians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundians"},{"link_name":"Carausian Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carausian_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Britannic Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannic_Empire"},{"link_name":"Carausius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carausius"},{"link_name":"Menapian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menapii"},{"link_name":"naval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_navy"},{"link_name":"Britannic fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classis_Britannica"},{"link_name":"Maximian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximian"},{"link_name":"Frankish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks"},{"link_name":"Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_people"},{"link_name":"pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_piracy"},{"link_name":"junior emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_(title)"},{"link_name":"Constantius Chlorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus"},{"link_name":"Gesoriacum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesoriacum"},{"link_name":"Boulogne-sur-Mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer"},{"link_name":"Allectus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allectus"},{"link_name":"Julius Asclepiodotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Asclepiodotus"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"3rd century","text":"The death of Commodus put into motion a series of events which eventually led to civil war. Following the short reign of Pertinax, several rivals for the emperorship emerged, including Septimius Severus and Clodius Albinus. The latter was the new governor of Britannia, and had seemingly won the natives over after their earlier rebellions; he also controlled three legions, making him a potentially significant claimant. His sometime rival Severus promised him the title of Caesar in return for Albinus's support against Pescennius Niger in the east. Once Niger was neutralised, Severus turned on his ally in Britannia; it is likely that Albinus saw he would be the next target and was already preparing for war.Albinus crossed to Gaul in 195, where the provinces were also sympathetic to him, and set up at Lugdunum. Severus arrived in February 196, and the ensuing battle was decisive. Albinus came close to victory, but Severus's reinforcements won the day, and the British governor committed suicide. Severus soon purged Albinus's sympathisers and perhaps confiscated large tracts of land in Britain as punishment. Albinus had demonstrated the major problem posed by Roman Britain. In order to maintain security, the province required the presence of three legions, but command of these forces provided an ideal power base for ambitious rivals. Deploying those legions elsewhere would strip the island of its garrison, leaving the province defenceless against uprisings by the native Celtic tribes and against invasion by the Picts and Scots.The traditional view is that northern Britain descended into anarchy during Albinus's absence. Cassius Dio records that the new Governor, Virius Lupus, was obliged to buy peace from a fractious northern tribe known as the Maeatae. The succession of militarily distinguished governors who were subsequently appointed suggests that enemies of Rome were posing a difficult challenge, and Lucius Alfenus Senecio's report to Rome in 207 describes barbarians \"rebelling, over-running the land, taking loot and creating destruction\". In order to rebel, of course, one must be a subject – the Maeatae clearly did not consider themselves such. Senecio requested either reinforcements or an Imperial expedition, and Severus chose the latter, despite being 62 years old. Archaeological evidence shows that Senecio had been rebuilding the defences of Hadrian's Wall and the forts beyond it, and Severus's arrival in Britain prompted the enemy tribes to sue for peace immediately. The emperor had not come all that way to leave without a victory, and it is likely that he wished to provide his teenage sons Caracalla and Geta with first-hand experience of controlling a hostile barbarian land.Northern campaigns, 208–211An invasion of Caledonia led by Severus and probably numbering around 20,000 troops moved north in 208 or 209, crossing the Wall and passing through eastern Scotland on a route similar to that used by Agricola. Harried by punishing guerrilla raids by the northern tribes and slowed by an unforgiving terrain, Severus was unable to meet the Caledonians on a battlefield. The emperor's forces pushed north as far as the River Tay, but little appears to have been achieved by the invasion, as peace treaties were signed with the Caledonians. By 210 Severus had returned to York, and the frontier had once again become Hadrian's Wall. He assumed the title Britannicus but the title meant little with regard to the unconquered north, which clearly remained outside the authority of the Empire. Almost immediately, another northern tribe, the Maeatae, went to war. Caracalla left with a punitive expedition, but by the following year his ailing father had died and he and his brother left the province to press their claim to the throne.As one of his last acts, Severus tried to solve the problem of powerful and rebellious governors in Britain by dividing the province into Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior. This kept the potential for rebellion in check for almost a century. Historical sources provide little information on the following decades, a period known as the Long Peace. Even so, the number of buried hoards found from this period rises, suggesting continuing unrest. A string of forts were built along the coast of southern Britain to control piracy; and over the following hundred years they increased in number, becoming the Saxon Shore Forts.During the middle of the 3rd century, the Roman Empire was convulsed by barbarian invasions, rebellions and new imperial pretenders. Britannia apparently avoided these troubles, but increasing inflation had its economic effect. In 259 a so-called Gallic Empire was established when Postumus rebelled against Gallienus. Britannia was part of this until 274 when Aurelian reunited the empire.Around the year 280, a half-British officer named Bonosus was in command of the Roman's Rhenish fleet when the Germans managed to burn it at anchor. To avoid punishment, he proclaimed himself emperor at Colonia Agrippina (Cologne) but was crushed by Marcus Aurelius Probus. Soon afterwards, an unnamed governor of one of the British provinces also attempted an uprising. Probus put it down by sending irregular troops of Vandals and Burgundians across the Channel.The Carausian Revolt led to a short-lived Britannic Empire from 286 to 296. Carausius was a Menapian naval commander of the Britannic fleet; he revolted upon learning of a death sentence ordered by the emperor Maximian on charges of having abetted Frankish and Saxon pirates and having embezzled recovered treasure. He consolidated control over all the provinces of Britain and some of northern Gaul while Maximian dealt with other uprisings. An invasion in 288 failed to unseat him and an uneasy peace ensued, with Carausius issuing coins and inviting official recognition. In 293, the junior emperor Constantius Chlorus launched a second offensive, besieging the rebel port of Gesoriacum (Boulogne-sur-Mer) by land and sea. After it fell, Constantius attacked Carausius's other Gallic holdings and Frankish allies and Carausius was usurped by his treasurer, Allectus. Julius Asclepiodotus landed an invasion fleet near Southampton and defeated Allectus in a land battle.[41]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Britain_410.jpg"},{"link_name":"Valentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentia_(Roman_Britain)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Britain_-_AD_400.png"},{"link_name":"Valentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentia_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Diocletian's reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian#Reforms"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_diocese"},{"link_name":"vicarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarius"},{"link_name":"praetorian prefect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_prefect"},{"link_name":"Junius Bassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junius_Bassus_(consul)"},{"link_name":"Augusta Treverorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_Treverorum"},{"link_name":"Trier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trier"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Dux Britanniarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dux_Britanniarum"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Verona List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona_List"},{"link_name":"Sextus Rufus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Rufus"},{"link_name":"List of Offices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum"},{"link_name":"Polemius Silvius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemius_Silvius"},{"link_name":"Britannia I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Prima"},{"link_name":"Britannia II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Secunda"},{"link_name":"Maxima Caesariensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxima_Caesariensis"},{"link_name":"Flavia Caesariensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavia_Caesariensis"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_of_Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"praeses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeses"},{"link_name":"equestrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_(Roman)"},{"link_name":"Valentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentia_(Roman_Britain)"},{"link_name":"consular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_consul"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Ammianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus"},{"link_name":"Count Theodosius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Theodosius"},{"link_name":"Great Conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Conspiracy"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Hadrian's Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall"},{"link_name":"Antonine Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonine_Wall"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Christianity"},{"link_name":"314 Council of Arles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Arles_(314)"},{"link_name":"Bishop \"Eborius\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eborius"},{"link_name":"Eboracum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eboracum"},{"link_name":"Londinium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londinium"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Bishop Ussher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Ussher"},{"link_name":"Colonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_Victricensis"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Selden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Selden"},{"link_name":"Colon. Camalodun.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_Camaloduni"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Spelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Spelman"},{"link_name":"Colonia Cameloduni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_Cameloduni"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Colchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Gale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gale"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-giter-55"},{"link_name":"Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bingham"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"colonia Lindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_Lindi"},{"link_name":"Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Henry_(minister)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Colonia Lindum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_Lindum"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_England"},{"link_name":"Bishop Stillingfleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Stillingfleet"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Francis Thackeray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Thackeray"},{"link_name":"scribal error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribal_error"},{"link_name":"Civ. Col. Leg. II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_Legionis_II"},{"link_name":"Caerleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerleon"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thacky-48"},{"link_name":"Gerald of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"metropolitan sees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop"},{"link_name":"early British church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Christianity"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Welsh_saints"},{"link_name":"Fagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Fagan"},{"link_name":"Duvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Duvian"},{"link_name":"Britannia Prima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Prima"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Urbs Legionum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isca_Augusta"},{"link_name":"Caerleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerleon"},{"link_name":"Britannia Secunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Secunda"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"Dorobernia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorobernia"},{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Flavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavia_Caesariensis"},{"link_name":"Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercia"},{"link_name":"Lundonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londinium"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Maximia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxima_Caesariensis"},{"link_name":"Eboracum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eboracum"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York"},{"link_name":"Valentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentia_(Roman_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-letter-59"},{"link_name":"Hadrian's Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall"},{"link_name":"Antonine Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonine_Wall"},{"link_name":"Corinium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinium_Dobunnorum"},{"link_name":"Dobunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobunni"},{"link_name":"Cirencester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirencester"},{"link_name":"rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(politics)"},{"link_name":"Lindum Colonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindum_Colonia"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_England"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Deva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_Victrix"},{"link_name":"Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester"},{"link_name":"Hadrian's Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall"},{"link_name":"Luguvalium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luguvalium"},{"link_name":"Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle,_England"},{"link_name":"Dere Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dere_Street"}],"sub_title":"Diocletian's reforms","text":"One possible arrangement of the late Roman provinces, with Valentia between the wallsAnother possible arrangement, with other possible placements of Valentia notedAs part of Diocletian's reforms, the provinces of Roman Britain were organized as a diocese governed by a vicarius under a praetorian prefect who, from 318 to 331, was Junius Bassus who was based at Augusta Treverorum (Trier).The vicarius was based at Londinium as the principal city of the diocese.[42] Londinium and Eboracum continued as provincial capitals and the territory was divided up into smaller provinces for administrative efficiency.Civilian and military authority of a province was no longer exercised by one official and the governor was stripped of military command which was handed over to the Dux Britanniarum by 314. The governor of a province assumed more financial duties (the procurators of the Treasury ministry were slowly phased out in the first three decades of the 4th century). The Dux was commander of the troops of the Northern Region, primarily along Hadrian's Wall and his responsibilities included protection of the frontier. He had significant autonomy due in part to the distance from his superiors.[43]The tasks of the vicarius were to control and coordinate the activities of governors; monitor but not interfere with the daily functioning of the Treasury and Crown Estates, which had their own administrative infrastructure; and act as the regional quartermaster-general of the armed forces. In short, as the sole civilian official with superior authority, he had general oversight of the administration, as well as direct control, while not absolute, over governors who were part of the prefecture; the other two fiscal departments were not.The early-4th-century Verona List, the late-4th-century work of Sextus Rufus, and the early-5th-century List of Offices and work of Polemius Silvius all list four provinces by some variation of the names Britannia I, Britannia II, Maxima Caesariensis, and Flavia Caesariensis; all of these seem to have initially been directed by a governor (praeses) of equestrian rank. The 5th-century sources list a fifth province named Valentia and give its governor and Maxima's a consular rank.[a] Ammianus mentions Valentia as well, describing its creation by Count Theodosius in 369 after the quelling of the Great Conspiracy. Ammianus considered it a re-creation of a formerly lost province,[44] leading some to think there had been an earlier fifth province under another name (may be the enigmatic \"Vespasiana\"?[45]), and leading others to place Valentia beyond Hadrian's Wall, in the territory abandoned south of the Antonine Wall.Reconstructions of the provinces and provincial capitals during this period partially rely on ecclesiastical records. On the assumption that the early bishoprics mimicked the imperial hierarchy, scholars use the list of bishops for the 314 Council of Arles. The list is patently corrupt: the British delegation is given as including a Bishop \"Eborius\" of Eboracum and two bishops \"from Londinium\" (one de civitate Londinensi and the other de civitate colonia Londinensium).[b] The error is variously emended: Bishop Ussher proposed Colonia,[48] Selden Col. or Colon. Camalodun.,[49] and Spelman Colonia Cameloduni[50] (all various names of Colchester);[c] Gale[52] and Bingham[53] offered colonia Lindi and Henry[54] Colonia Lindum (both Lincoln); and Bishop Stillingfleet[55] and Francis Thackeray read it as a scribal error of Civ. Col. Londin. for an original Civ. Col. Leg. II (Caerleon).[47] On the basis of the Verona List, the priest and deacon who accompanied the bishops in some manuscripts are ascribed to the fourth province.In the 12th century, Gerald of Wales described the supposedly metropolitan sees of the early British church established by the legendary SS Fagan and \"Duvian\". He placed Britannia Prima in Wales and western England with its capital at \"Urbs Legionum\" (Caerleon); Britannia Secunda in Kent and southern England with its capital at \"Dorobernia\" (Canterbury); Flavia in Mercia and central England with its capital at \"Lundonia\" (London); \"Maximia\" in northern England with its capital at Eboracum (York); and Valentia in \"Albania which is now Scotland\" with its capital at St Andrews.[56] Modern scholars generally dispute the last: some place Valentia at or beyond Hadrian's Wall but St Andrews is beyond even the Antonine Wall and Gerald seems to have simply been supporting the antiquity of its church for political reasons.A common modern reconstruction places the consular province of Maxima at Londinium, on the basis of its status as the seat of the diocesan vicarius; places Prima in the west according to Gerald's traditional account but moves its capital to Corinium of the Dobunni (Cirencester) on the basis of an artifact recovered there referring to Lucius Septimius, a provincial rector; places Flavia north of Maxima, with its capital placed at Lindum Colonia (Lincoln) to match one emendation of the bishops list from Arles;[d] and places Secunda in the north with its capital at Eboracum (York). Valentia is placed variously in northern Wales around Deva (Chester); beside Hadrian's Wall around Luguvalium (Carlisle); and between the walls along Dere Street.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Conspiracy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman.Britain.towns.villas.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Britain.4th.century.Roman.infrastructure.jpg"},{"link_name":"Constantine the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Picts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts"},{"link_name":"Hadrian's Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York"},{"link_name":"Magnentius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnentius"},{"link_name":"Constans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mons Seleucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Seleucus"},{"link_name":"Constantius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_II"},{"link_name":"Paulus Catena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Catena"},{"link_name":"witch-hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch-hunt"},{"link_name":"Flavius Martinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Martinus"},{"link_name":"Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxons"},{"link_name":"Scoti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoti"},{"link_name":"Picts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts"},{"link_name":"Attacotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacotti"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Great Conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Conspiracy"},{"link_name":"Count Theodosius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Theodosius"},{"link_name":"Boulogne-sur-Mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Dux Britanniarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dux_Britanniarum"},{"link_name":"Magnus Maximus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximus"},{"link_name":"Segontium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segontium"},{"link_name":"Caernarfon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caernarfon"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"Picts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts"},{"link_name":"Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoti"},{"link_name":"Stilicho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilicho"},{"link_name":"Alaric I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaric_I"}],"sub_title":"4th century","text":"See also: Great Conspiracy4th century Roman towns and villas4th century: Degree of RomanisationEmperor Constantius returned to Britain in 306, despite his poor health, with an army aiming to invade northern Britain, the provincial defences having been rebuilt in the preceding years. Little is known of his campaigns with scant archaeological evidence, but fragmentary historical sources suggest he reached the far north of Britain and won a major battle in early summer before returning south. His son Constantine (later Constantine the Great) spent a year in northern Britain at his father's side, campaigning against the Picts beyond Hadrian's Wall in the summer and autumn.[58] Constantius died in York in July 306 with his son at his side. Constantine then successfully used Britain as the starting point of his march to the imperial throne, unlike the earlier usurper, Albinus.In the middle of the century, the province was loyal for a few years to the usurper Magnentius, who succeeded Constans following the latter's death. After the defeat and death of Magnentius in the Battle of Mons Seleucus in 353, Constantius II dispatched his chief imperial notary Paulus Catena to Britain to hunt down Magnentius's supporters. The investigation deteriorated into a witch-hunt, which forced the vicarius Flavius Martinus to intervene. When Paulus retaliated by accusing Martinus of treason, the vicarius attacked Paulus with a sword, with the aim of assassinating him, but in the end he committed suicide.As the 4th century progressed, there were increasing attacks from the Saxons in the east and the Scoti (Irish) in the west. A series of forts had been built, starting around 280, to defend the coasts, but these preparations were not enough when, in 367, a general assault of Saxons, Picts, Scoti and Attacotti, combined with apparent dissension in the garrison on Hadrian's Wall, left Roman Britain prostrate. The invaders overwhelmed the entire western and northern regions of Britannia and the cities were sacked.[59] This crisis, sometimes called the Barbarian Conspiracy or the Great Conspiracy, was settled by Count Theodosius from 368 with a string of military and civil reforms. Theodosius crossed from Bononia (Boulogne-sur-Mer) and marched on Londinium where he began to deal with the invaders and made his base.[60] An amnesty was promised to deserters which enabled Theodosius to regarrison abandoned forts. By the end of the year Hadrian's Wall was retaken and order returned. Considerable reorganization was undertaken in Britain, including the creation of a new province named Valentia, probably to better address the state of the far north. A new Dux Britanniarum was appointed, Dulcitius, with Civilis to head a new civilian administration.Another imperial usurper, Magnus Maximus, raised the standard of revolt at Segontium (Caernarfon) in north Wales in 383, and crossed the English Channel. Maximus held much of the western empire, and fought a successful campaign against the Picts and Scots around 384. His continental exploits required troops from Britain, and it appears that forts at Chester and elsewhere were abandoned in this period, triggering raids and settlement in north Wales by the Irish. His rule was ended in 388, but not all the British troops may have returned: the Empire's military resources were stretched to the limit along the Rhine and Danube.\nAround 396 there were more barbarian incursions into Britain. Stilicho led a punitive expedition.\nIt seems peace was restored by 399, and it is likely that no further garrisoning was ordered; by 401 more troops were withdrawn, to assist in the war against Alaric I.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brittain_410.jpg"},{"link_name":"Michael Rostovtzeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rostovtzeff"},{"link_name":"dark earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_earth"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica"},{"link_name":"Silchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silchester"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fulford-66"},{"link_name":"Chedworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chedworth_Roman_Villa"},{"link_name":"Great Casterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Casterton"},{"link_name":"Rutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutland"},{"link_name":"Hucclecote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hucclecote"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"Saint Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick"},{"link_name":"Verulamium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verulamium"},{"link_name":"Cirencester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirencester"},{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Cirencester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirencester"},{"link_name":"Wroxeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroxeter"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester"}],"sub_title":"End of Roman rule","text":"Roman Britain in 410The traditional view of historians, informed by the work of Michael Rostovtzeff, was of a widespread economic decline at the beginning of the 5th century. Consistent archaeological evidence has told another story, and the accepted view is undergoing re-evaluation. Some features are agreed: more opulent but fewer urban houses, an end to new public building and some abandonment of existing ones, with the exception of defensive structures, and the widespread formation of \"dark earth\" deposits indicating increased horticulture within urban precincts.[61] Turning over the basilica at Silchester to industrial uses in the late 3rd century, doubtless officially condoned, marks an early stage in the de-urbanisation of Roman Britain.[62]The abandonment of some sites is now believed to be later than had been thought. Many buildings changed use but were not destroyed. There was a growing number of barbarian attacks, but these targeted vulnerable rural settlements rather than towns. Some villas such as Chedworth, Great Casterton in Rutland and Hucclecote in Gloucestershire had new mosaic floors laid around this time, suggesting that economic problems may have been limited and patchy. Many suffered some decay before being abandoned in the 5th century; the story of Saint Patrick indicates that villas were still occupied until at least 430. Exceptionally, new buildings were still going up in this period in Verulamium and Cirencester. Some urban centres, for example Canterbury, Cirencester, Wroxeter, Winchester and Gloucester, remained active during the 5th and 6th centuries, surrounded by large farming estates.Urban life had generally grown less intense by the fourth quarter of the 4th century, and coins minted between 378 and 388 are very rare, indicating a likely combination of economic decline, diminishing numbers of troops, problems with the payment of soldiers and officials or with unstable conditions during the usurpation of Magnus Maximus 383–87. Coinage circulation increased during the 390s, but never attained the levels of earlier decades. Copper coins are very rare after 402, though minted silver and gold coins from hoards indicate they were still present in the province even if they were not being spent. By 407 there were very few new Roman coins going into circulation, and by 430 it is likely that coinage as a medium of exchange had been abandoned. Mass-produced wheel thrown pottery ended at approximately the same time; the rich continued to use metal and glass vessels, while the poor made do with humble \"grey ware\" or resorted to leather or wooden containers.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:End.of.Roman.rule.in.Britain.383.410.jpg"},{"link_name":"End of Roman rule in Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain"},{"link_name":"barbarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian"},{"link_name":"usurpers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_usurper"},{"link_name":"Constantine III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_Emperor)"},{"link_name":"Honorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxons"},{"link_name":"Britons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britons_(Celtic_people)"},{"link_name":"Zosimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Bacaudic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagaudae"},{"link_name":"Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretons"},{"link_name":"Armorica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armorica"},{"link_name":"Bruttium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moorhead-67"},{"link_name":"Romano-British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano-British"},{"link_name":"Stuart Laycock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Laycock"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Vortigern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortigern"},{"link_name":"Picts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts"},{"link_name":"Scoti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoti"},{"link_name":"Déisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9isi"},{"link_name":"auxiliaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxilia"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britonia"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Groans of the Britons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groans_of_the_Britons"},{"link_name":"Aetius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Aetius"},{"link_name":"Battle of Deorham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Deorham"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Cirencester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirencester"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester"},{"link_name":"historicity of King Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity_of_King_Arthur"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Sub-Roman Britain","text":"End of Roman rule in Britain, 383–410Towards the end of the 4th century Roman rule in Britain came under increasing pressure from barbarian attacks. Apparently, there were not enough troops to mount an effective defence. After elevating two disappointing usurpers, the army chose a soldier, Constantine III, to become emperor in 407. He crossed to Gaul but was defeated by Honorius; it is unclear how many troops remained or ever returned, or whether a commander-in-chief in Britain was ever reappointed. A Saxon incursion in 408 was apparently repelled by the Britons, and in 409 Zosimus records that the natives expelled the Roman civilian administration. Zosimus may be referring to the Bacaudic rebellion of the Breton inhabitants of Armorica since he describes how, in the aftermath of the revolt, all of Armorica and the rest of Gaul followed the example of the Brettaniai. A letter from Emperor Honorius in 410 has traditionally been seen as rejecting a British appeal for help, but it may have been addressed to Bruttium or Bologna.[63] With the imperial layers of the military and civil government gone, administration and justice fell to municipal authorities, and local warlords gradually emerged all over Britain, still utilizing Romano-British ideals and conventions. Historian Stuart Laycock has investigated this process and emphasised elements of continuity from the British tribes in the pre-Roman and Roman periods, through to the native post-Roman kingdoms.[64]In British tradition, pagan Saxons were invited by Vortigern to assist in fighting the Picts, Scoti, and Déisi. (Germanic migration into Roman Britannia may have begun much earlier. There is recorded evidence, for example, of Germanic auxiliaries supporting the legions in Britain in the 1st and 2nd centuries.) The new arrivals rebelled, plunging the country into a series of wars that eventually led to the Saxon occupation of Lowland Britain by 600. Around this time, many Britons fled to Brittany (hence its name), Galicia and probably Ireland. A significant date in sub-Roman Britain is the Groans of the Britons, an unanswered appeal to Aetius, leading general of the western Empire, for assistance against Saxon invasion in 446. Another is the Battle of Deorham in 577, after which the significant cities of Bath, Cirencester and Gloucester fell and the Saxons reached the western sea.Historians generally reject the historicity of King Arthur, who is supposed to have resisted the Anglo-Saxon conquest according to later medieval legends.[65]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trade between Iron Age Britain and the Roman world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Iron_Age#Trade_between_Iron_Age_Britain_and_the_Roman_world"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"Strait of Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Dover"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morris_2010-70"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fulford_2007-71"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cunliffe-72"},{"link_name":"Richborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richborough_Castle"},{"link_name":"Boulogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer"},{"link_name":"Domburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domburg"},{"link_name":"Colijnsplaat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colijnsplaat"},{"link_name":"Scheldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheldt"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morris_2010-70"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fulford_2007-71"},{"link_name":"shore forts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_Shore"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morris_2010-70"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_currency"},{"link_name":"pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman_pottery"},{"link_name":"terra sigillata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_sigillata"},{"link_name":"Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Gaul"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania"},{"link_name":"amphorae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphora"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"quern-stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quern-stone"},{"link_name":"Mayen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayen"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morris_2010-70"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fulford_2007-71"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fulford_1991-75"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fulford_2004-76"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mattingly_2006-8"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morris_2010-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fulford_1991-75"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fulford_2004-76"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fulford_1984-77"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morris_2010-70"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fulford_1984-77"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morris_2010-70"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fulford_1984-77"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fulford_1991-75"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mattingly_2006-8"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fulford_1984-77"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fulford_1989-78"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morris_2010-70"},{"link_name":"Antonine Plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonine_Plague"},{"link_name":"Marcomannic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morris_2010-70"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morris_2010-70"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fulford_2004-76"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fulford_1996-79"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morris_2010-70"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fulford_2004-76"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fulford_1996-79"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morris_2010-70"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fulford_1996-79"}],"text":"See also: Trade between Iron Age Britain and the Roman worldDuring the Roman period Britain's continental trade was principally directed across the Southern North Sea and Eastern Channel, focusing on the narrow Strait of Dover, with more limited links via the Atlantic seaways.[66][67][68] The most important British ports were London and Richborough, whilst the continental ports most heavily engaged in trade with Britain were Boulogne and the sites of Domburg and Colijnsplaat at the mouth of the river Scheldt.[66][67] During the Late Roman period it is likely that the shore forts played some role in continental trade alongside their defensive functions.[66][69]Exports to Britain included: coin; pottery, particularly red-gloss terra sigillata (samian ware) from southern, central and eastern Gaul, as well as various other wares from Gaul and the Rhine provinces; olive oil from southern Spain in amphorae; wine from Gaul in amphorae and barrels; salted fish products from the western Mediterranean and Brittany in barrels and amphorae; preserved olives from southern Spain in amphorae; lava quern-stones from Mayen on the middle Rhine; glass; and some agricultural products.[66][67][70][71][72][8] Britain's exports are harder to detect archaeologically, but will have included metals, such as silver and gold and some lead, iron and copper. Other exports probably included agricultural products, oysters and salt, whilst large quantities of coin would have been re-exported back to the continent as well.[66][71][72][73]These products moved as a result of private trade and also through payments and contracts established by the Roman state to support its military forces and officials on the island, as well as through state taxation and extraction of resources.[66][73] Up until the mid-3rd century, the Roman state's payments appear to have been unbalanced, with far more products sent to Britain, to support its large military force (which had reached c. 53,000 by the mid-2nd century), than were extracted from the island.[66][73]It has been argued that Roman Britain's continental trade peaked in the late 1st century AD and thereafter declined as a result of an increasing reliance on local products by the population of Britain, caused by economic development on the island and by the Roman state's desire to save money by shifting away from expensive long-distance imports.[71][8][73][74] Evidence has been outlined that suggests that the principal decline in Roman Britain's continental trade may have occurred in the late 2nd century AD, from c. 165 AD onwards.[66] This has been linked to the economic impact of contemporary Empire-wide crises: the Antonine Plague and the Marcomannic Wars.[66]From the mid-3rd century onwards, Britain no longer received such a wide range and extensive quantity of foreign imports as it did during the earlier part of the Roman period; vast quantities of coin from continental mints reached the island, whilst there is historical evidence for the export of large amounts of British grain to the continent during the mid-4th century.[66][72][75][76] During the latter part of the Roman period British agricultural products, paid for by both the Roman state and by private consumers, clearly played an important role in supporting the military garrisons and urban centres of the northwestern continental Empire.[66][72][75] This came about as a result of the rapid decline in the size of the British garrison from the mid-3rd century onwards (thus freeing up more goods for export), and because of 'Germanic' incursions across the Rhine, which appear to have reduced rural settlement and agricultural output in northern Gaul.[66][75]","title":"Trade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_economy"},{"link_name":"Mining in Roman Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_in_Roman_Britain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman.Britain.Production.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dolaucothimap4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dolaucothi Gold Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolaucothi_Gold_Mines"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Dolaucothi gold mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolaucothi_Gold_Mines"},{"link_name":"hydraulic mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_mining"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)"},{"link_name":"aqueducts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)"},{"link_name":"bedrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrock"},{"link_name":"fire-setting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-setting"},{"link_name":"comminution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comminution"},{"link_name":"gold nuggets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_nugget"},{"link_name":"riffles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riffle#Gold_mining"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Wealden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weald"},{"link_name":"Mendip Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendip_Hills"},{"link_name":"Grimes Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimes_Graves"},{"link_name":"hydraulic mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_mining"},{"link_name":"aqueducts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)"},{"link_name":"upland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Wroxeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroxeter"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"La Tène","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"text":"See also: Roman economy and Mining in Roman BritainIndustrial production in Roman BritainDevelopment of Dolaucothi Gold Mines in WalesMineral extraction sites such as the Dolaucothi gold mine were probably first worked by the Roman army from c. 75, and at some later stage passed to civilian operators. The mine developed as a series of opencast workings, mainly by the use of hydraulic mining methods. They are described by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History in great detail. Essentially, water supplied by aqueducts was used to prospect for ore veins by stripping away soil to reveal the bedrock. If veins were present, they were attacked using fire-setting and the ore removed for comminution. The dust was washed in a small stream of water and the heavy gold dust and gold nuggets collected in riffles. The diagram at right shows how Dolaucothi developed from c. 75 through to the 1st century. When opencast work was no longer feasible, tunnels were driven to follow the veins. The evidence from the site shows advanced technology probably under the control of army engineers.[77]The Wealden ironworking zone, the lead and silver mines of the Mendip Hills and the tin mines of Cornwall seem to have been private enterprises leased from the government for a fee. Mining had long been practised in Britain (see Grimes Graves), but the Romans introduced new technical knowledge and large-scale industrial production to revolutionise the industry. It included hydraulic mining to prospect for ore by removing overburden as well as work alluvial deposits. The water needed for such large-scale operations was supplied by one or more aqueducts, those surviving at Dolaucothi being especially impressive. Many prospecting areas were in dangerous, upland country, and, although mineral exploitation was presumably one of the main reasons for the Roman invasion, it had to wait until these areas were subdued.[78]By the 3rd and 4th centuries, small towns could often be found near villas. In these towns, villa owners and small-scale farmers could obtain specialist tools. Lowland Britain in the 4th century was agriculturally prosperous enough to export grain to the continent. This prosperity lay behind the blossoming of villa building and decoration that occurred between AD 300 and 350.Britain's cities also consumed Roman-style pottery and other goods, and were centres through which goods could be distributed elsewhere. At Wroxeter in Shropshire, stock smashed into a gutter during a 2nd-century fire reveals that Gaulish samian ware was being sold alongside mixing bowls from the Mancetter-Hartshill industry of the West Midlands. Roman designs were most popular, but rural craftsmen still produced items derived from the Iron Age La Tène artistic traditions. Britain was home to much gold, which attracted Roman invaders. By the 3rd century, Britain's economy was diverse and well established, with commerce extending into the non-Romanised north.[79]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Governors of Roman Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_of_Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"Roman client kingdoms in Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_client_kingdoms_in_Britain"},{"link_name":"Roman auxiliaries in Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries_in_Britain"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Senate"},{"link_name":"governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"consulship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_consul"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_governor"},{"link_name":"civitates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitas"},{"link_name":"procurator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promagistrate"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_1998-84"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_1998-84"}],"text":"Further information: Governors of Roman Britain, Roman client kingdoms in Britain, and Roman auxiliaries in BritainUnder the Roman Empire, administration of peaceful provinces was ultimately the remit of the Senate, but those, like Britain, that required permanent garrisons, were placed under the Emperor's control. In practice imperial provinces were run by resident governors who were members of the Senate and had held the consulship. These men were carefully selected, often having strong records of military success and administrative ability. In Britain, a governor's role was primarily military, but numerous other tasks were also his responsibility, such as maintaining diplomatic relations with local client kings, building roads, ensuring the public courier system functioned, supervising the civitates and acting as a judge in important legal cases. When not campaigning, he would travel the province hearing complaints and recruiting new troops.To assist him in legal matters he had an adviser, the legatus juridicus, and those in Britain appear to have been distinguished lawyers perhaps because of the challenge of incorporating tribes into the imperial system and devising a workable method of taxing them. Financial administration was dealt with by a procurator with junior posts for each tax-raising power. Each legion in Britain had a commander who answered to the governor and, in time of war, probably directly ruled troublesome districts. Each of these commands carried a tour of duty of two to three years in different provinces. Below these posts was a network of administrative managers covering intelligence gathering, sending reports to Rome, organising military supplies and dealing with prisoners. A staff of seconded soldiers provided clerical services.Colchester was probably the earliest capital of Roman Britain, but it was soon eclipsed by London with its strong mercantile connections. The different forms of municipal organisation in Britannia were known as civitas (which were subdivided, amongst other forms, into colonies such as York, Colchester, Gloucester and Lincoln and municipalities such as Verulamium), and were each governed by a senate of local landowners, whether Brythonic or Roman, who elected magistrates concerning judicial and civic affairs.[80] The various civitates sent representatives to a yearly provincial council in order to profess loyalty to the Roman state, to send direct petitions to the Emperor in times of extraordinary need, and to worship the imperial cult.[80]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_army"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alcock-85"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alcock-85"},{"link_name":"Londinium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londinium"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"continental Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Europe"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Roman Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Syria"},{"link_name":"Eastern Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"text":"Roman Britain had an estimated population between 2.8 million and 3 million people at the end of the second century. At the end of the fourth century, it had an estimated population of 3.6 million people, of whom 125,000 consisted of the Roman army and their families and dependents.[81] The urban population of Roman Britain was about 240,000 people at the end of the fourth century.[81] The capital city of Londinium is estimated to have had a population of about 60,000 people.[82] Londinium was an ethnically diverse city with inhabitants from the Roman Empire, including natives of Britannia, continental Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.[83] There was also cultural diversity in other Roman-British towns, which were sustained by considerable migration, from Britannia and other Roman territories, including continental Europe, Roman Syria, the Eastern Mediterranean and North Africa.[84][85] In a study conducted in 2012, around 45 percent of sites investigated dating from the Roman period had at least one individual of North African origin.[86][87]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman sites in Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_sites_in_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Roman cities in Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_cities_in_Britain"},{"link_name":"List of Roman villas in England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_villas_in_England"},{"link_name":"List of Roman place names in Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_place_names_in_Britain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Part_of_Tabula_Peutingeriana_showing_Britannia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tabula Peutingeriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loseby326-92"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"vici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicus"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Alcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcester"},{"link_name":"Alauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcester"},{"link_name":"Alchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchester"},{"link_name":"Aldborough, North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldborough,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Isurium Brigantum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isurium_Brigantum"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Aquae Sulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquae_Sulis"},{"link_name":"Brough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brough,_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Petuaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petuaria"},{"link_name":"Buxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxton"},{"link_name":"Aquae Arnemetiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquae_Arnemetiae"},{"link_name":"Caerleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerleon"},{"link_name":"Isca Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isca_Augusta"},{"link_name":"Caernarfon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caernarfon"},{"link_name":"Segontium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segontium"},{"link_name":"Caerwent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerwent"},{"link_name":"Venta Silurum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venta_Silurum"},{"link_name":"Caister-on-Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caister_Roman_Site"},{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Durovernum Cantiacorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durovernum_Cantiacorum"},{"link_name":"Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Luguvalium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luguvalium"},{"link_name":"Carmarthen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthen"},{"link_name":"Moridunum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moridunum_(Carmarthen)"},{"link_name":"Chelmsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford"},{"link_name":"Caesaromagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford"},{"link_name":"Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester"},{"link_name":"Deva Victrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_Victrix"},{"link_name":"Chester-le-Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester-le-Street"},{"link_name":"Concangis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concangis"},{"link_name":"Chichester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester"},{"link_name":"Noviomagus Reginorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noviomagus_Reginorum"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Cirencester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirencester"},{"link_name":"Corinium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinium_Dobunnorum"},{"link_name":"Colchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester"},{"link_name":"Camulodunum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camulodunum"},{"link_name":"Corbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbridge"},{"link_name":"Coria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coria_(Corbridge)"},{"link_name":"Dorchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Durnovaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durnovaria"},{"link_name":"Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover"},{"link_name":"Portus Dubris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubris"},{"link_name":"Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter"},{"link_name":"Isca Dumnoniorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isca_Dumnoniorum"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester"},{"link_name":"Glevum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glevum"},{"link_name":"Great Chesterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Chesterford"},{"link_name":"Ilchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilchester"},{"link_name":"Lindinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindinis"},{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester"},{"link_name":"Ratae Corieltauvorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratae_Corieltauvorum"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_England"},{"link_name":"Lindum Colonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindum_Colonia"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Londinium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londinium"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Mamucium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamucium"},{"link_name":"Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"Pons Aelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons_Aelius"},{"link_name":"Northwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwich"},{"link_name":"Condate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwich"},{"link_name":"St Albans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans"},{"link_name":"Verulamium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verulamium"},{"link_name":"Silchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silchester"},{"link_name":"Calleva Atrebatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calleva_Atrebatum"},{"link_name":"Towcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towcester"},{"link_name":"Lactodurum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactodurum"},{"link_name":"Whitchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitchurch,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Mediolanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediolanum_(Whitchurch)"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester"},{"link_name":"Venta Belgarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venta_Belgarum"},{"link_name":"Wroxeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroxeter"},{"link_name":"Viroconium Cornoviorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroconium_Cornoviorum"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York"},{"link_name":"Eboracum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eboracum"}],"sub_title":"Town and country","text":"Further information: Roman sites in Great Britain, Roman cities in Britain, List of Roman villas in England, and List of Roman place names in BritainBritannia as shown on the Tabula Peutingeriana (modern copy from 1897)During their occupation of Britain the Romans founded a number of important settlements, many of which survive. The towns suffered attrition in the later 4th century, when public building ceased and some were abandoned to private use. Place names survived the deurbanised Sub-Roman and early Anglo-Saxon periods, and historiography has been at pains to signal the expected survivals, but archaeology shows that a bare handful of Roman towns were continuously occupied. According to S.T. Loseby, the very idea of a town as a centre of power and administration was reintroduced to England by the Roman Christianising mission to Canterbury, and its urban revival was delayed to the 10th century.[88]Roman towns can be broadly grouped in two categories. Civitates, \"public towns\" were formally laid out on a grid plan, and their role in imperial administration occasioned the construction of public buildings.[89] The much more numerous category of vici, \"small towns\" grew on informal plans, often round a camp or at a ford or crossroads; some were not small, others were scarcely urban, some not even defended by a wall, the characteristic feature of a place of any importance.[90]Cities and towns which have Roman origins, or were extensively developed by them are listed with their Latin names in brackets; civitates are marked CAlcester (Alauna)\nAlchester\nAldborough, North Yorkshire (Isurium Brigantum) C\nBath (Aquae Sulis) C\nBrough (Petuaria) C\nBuxton (Aquae Arnemetiae)\nCaerleon (Isca Augusta) C\nCaernarfon (Segontium) C\nCaerwent (Venta Silurum) C\nCaister-on-Sea C\nCanterbury (Durovernum Cantiacorum) C\nCarlisle (Luguvalium) C\nCarmarthen (Moridunum) C\nChelmsford (Caesaromagus)\nChester (Deva Victrix) C\nChester-le-Street (Concangis)\nChichester (Noviomagus Reginorum)[91] C\nCirencester (Corinium) C\nColchester (Camulodunum) C\nCorbridge (Coria) C\nDorchester (Durnovaria) C\nDover (Portus Dubris)\nExeter (Isca Dumnoniorum) C\nGloucester (Glevum) C\nGreat Chesterford (the name of this vicus is unknown)\nIlchester (Lindinis) C\nLeicester (Ratae Corieltauvorum) C\nLincoln (Lindum Colonia) C\nLondon (Londinium) C\nManchester (Mamucium) C\nNewcastle upon Tyne (Pons Aelius)\nNorthwich (Condate)\nSt Albans (Verulamium) C\nSilchester (Calleva Atrebatum) C\nTowcester (Lactodurum)\nWhitchurch (Mediolanum) C\nWinchester (Venta Belgarum) C\nWroxeter (Viroconium Cornoviorum) C\nYork (Eboracum) C","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romano-Celtic temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple"}],"text":"Further information: Romano-Celtic temple","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paganreconstruction_(2).gif"},{"link_name":"Pagans Hill Roman Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagans_Hill_Roman_Temple"},{"link_name":"druids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druid"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Claudius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"sacred groves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_grove"},{"link_name":"Anglesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglesey"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Ancasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancasta"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Nettleham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettleham"},{"link_name":"springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)"},{"link_name":"votive offerings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votive_offering"},{"link_name":"baths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Baths_(Bath)"},{"link_name":"Bath, Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Roman emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_emperor"},{"link_name":"Roman temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_temple"},{"link_name":"Claudius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Claudius,_Colchester"},{"link_name":"Camulodunum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camulodunum"},{"link_name":"Boudica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica"},{"link_name":"Pagans Hill Roman Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagans_Hill_Roman_Temple"},{"link_name":"West Stow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Stow"},{"link_name":"Willingham Fen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willingham_Fen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Mithraism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithraic_mysteries"},{"link_name":"London Mithraeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Mithraeum"},{"link_name":"mystery religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries"},{"link_name":"Mithras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithras"},{"link_name":"Vindobala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindobala"},{"link_name":"Hadrian's Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall"},{"link_name":"Rudchester Mithraeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudchester_Mithraeum"},{"link_name":"Segontium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segontium"},{"link_name":"Roman Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_in_the_Roman_era"},{"link_name":"Caernarfon Mithraeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caernarfon_Mithraeum"}],"sub_title":"Pagan","text":"Artist's reconstruction of Pagans Hill Roman Temple, SomersetThe druids, the Celtic priestly caste who were believed to originate in Britain,[92] were outlawed by Claudius,[93] and in 61 they vainly defended their sacred groves from destruction by the Romans on the island of Mona (Anglesey).[94] Under Roman rule the Britons continued to worship native Celtic deities, such as Ancasta, but often conflated with their Roman equivalents, like Mars Rigonemetos at Nettleham.The degree to which earlier native beliefs survived is difficult to gauge precisely. Certain European ritual traits such as the significance of the number 3, the importance of the head and of water sources such as springs remain in the archaeological record, but the differences in the votive offerings made at the baths at Bath, Somerset, before and after the Roman conquest suggest that continuity was only partial. Worship of the Roman emperor is widely recorded, especially at military sites. The founding of a Roman temple to Claudius at Camulodunum was one of the impositions that led to the revolt of Boudica. By the 3rd century, Pagans Hill Roman Temple in Somerset was able to exist peaceably and it did so into the 5th century.Pagan religious practices were supported by priests, represented in Britain by votive deposits of priestly regalia such as chain crowns from West Stow and Willingham Fen.[95]Eastern cults such as Mithraism also grew in popularity towards the end of the occupation. The London Mithraeum is one example of the popularity of mystery religions among the soldiery. Temples to Mithras also exist in military contexts at Vindobala on Hadrian's Wall (the Rudchester Mithraeum) and at Segontium in Roman Wales (the Caernarfon Mithraeum).","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lullingstone_paintings2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chi-Rho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Rho"},{"link_name":"Lullingstone Roman Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lullingstone_Roman_Villa"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"\"word square\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sator_Square"},{"link_name":"Mamucium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamucium"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"PATER NOSTER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer"},{"link_name":"amphora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphora"},{"link_name":"early Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Tertullian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertullian"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_England"},{"link_name":"Silchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silchester"},{"link_name":"baptismal fonts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismal_font"},{"link_name":"Icklingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icklingham"},{"link_name":"Saxon Shore Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_Shore"},{"link_name":"Richborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richborough"},{"link_name":"Colchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester"},{"link_name":"Water Newton Treasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Newton_Treasure"},{"link_name":"Roman villas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_villa"},{"link_name":"Lullingstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lullingstone"},{"link_name":"Hinton St Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinton_St_Mary"},{"link_name":"Poundbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poundbury"},{"link_name":"grave goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_goods"},{"link_name":"Council of Arles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Arles_(314)"},{"link_name":"bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"sees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Restitutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitutus"},{"link_name":"bishop of Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_England"},{"link_name":"Saint Alban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Alban"},{"link_name":"Verulamium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verulamium"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loseby326-92"},{"link_name":"Julius and Aaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_and_Aaron"},{"link_name":"Isca Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isca_Augusta"},{"link_name":"Theodosius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_I"},{"link_name":"heresy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Pelagianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianism"},{"link_name":"Pelagius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagius"},{"link_name":"Bath, Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Wroxeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroxeter"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"sub_title":"Christianity","text":"Fourth-century Chi-Rho fresco from Lullingstone Roman Villa, Kent, which contains the only known Christian paintings from the Roman era in Britain.[96]It is not clear when or how Christianity came to Britain. A 2nd-century \"word square\" has been discovered in Mamucium, the Roman settlement of Manchester.[97] It consists of an anagram of PATER NOSTER carved on a piece of amphora. There has been discussion by academics whether the \"word square\" is a Christian artefact, but if it is, it is one of the earliest examples of early Christianity in Britain.[98] The earliest confirmed written evidence for Christianity in Britain is a statement by Tertullian, c. 200 AD, in which he described \"all the limits of the Spains, and the diverse nations of the Gauls, and the haunts of the Britons, inaccessible to the Romans, but subjugated to Christ\".[99] Archaeological evidence for Christian communities begins to appear in the 3rd and 4th centuries. Small timber churches are suggested at Lincoln and Silchester and baptismal fonts have been found at Icklingham and the Saxon Shore Fort at Richborough. The Icklingham font is made of lead, and visible in the British Museum. A Roman Christian graveyard exists at the same site in Icklingham. A possible Roman 4th-century church and associated burial ground was also discovered at Butt Road on the south-west outskirts of Colchester during the construction of the new police station there, overlying an earlier pagan cemetery. The Water Newton Treasure is a hoard of Christian silver church plate from the early 4th century and the Roman villas at Lullingstone and Hinton St Mary contained Christian wall paintings and mosaics respectively. A large 4th-century cemetery at Poundbury with its east–west oriented burials and lack of grave goods has been interpreted as an early Christian burial ground, although such burial rites were also becoming increasingly common in pagan contexts during the period.The Church in Britain seems to have developed the customary diocesan system, as evidenced from the records of the Council of Arles in Gaul in 314: represented at the council were bishops from thirty-five sees from Europe and North Africa, including three bishops from Britain, Eborius of York, Restitutus of London, and Adelphius, possibly a bishop of Lincoln. No other early sees are documented, and the material remains of early church structures are far to seek.[100] The existence of a church in the forum courtyard of Lincoln and the martyrium of Saint Alban on the outskirts of Roman Verulamium are exceptional.[88] Alban, the first British Christian martyr and by far the most prominent, is believed to have died in the early 4th century (some date him in the middle 3rd century), followed by Saints Julius and Aaron of Isca Augusta. Christianity was legalised in the Roman Empire by Constantine I in 313. Theodosius I made Christianity the state religion of the empire in 391, and by the 5th century it was well established. One belief labelled a heresy by the church authorities — Pelagianism — was originated by a British monk teaching in Rome: Pelagius lived c. 354 to c. 420/440.A letter found on a lead tablet in Bath, Somerset, datable to c. 363, had been widely publicised as documentary evidence regarding the state of Christianity in Britain during Roman times. According to its first translator, it was written in Wroxeter by a Christian man called Vinisius to a Christian woman called Nigra, and was claimed as the first epigraphic record of Christianity in Britain. This translation of the letter was apparently based on grave paleographical errors, and the text has nothing to do with Christianity, and in fact relates to pagan rituals.[101]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urtica pilulifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urtica_pilulifera"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"snail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snail"},{"link_name":"Helix pomatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix_pomatia"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"European rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_rabbit"},{"link_name":"Norman invasion of 1066","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Buxus sempervirens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxus_sempervirens"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Roads_in_Britannia.svg"}],"text":"The Romans introduced a number of species to Britain, including possibly the now-rare Roman nettle (Urtica pilulifera),[102] said to have been used by soldiers to warm their arms and legs,[103] and the edible snail Helix pomatia.[104] There is also some evidence they may have introduced rabbits, but of the smaller southern mediterranean type. The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) prevalent in modern Britain is assumed to have been introduced from the continent after the Norman invasion of 1066.[105] Box (Buxus sempervirens) is rarely recorded before the Roman period, but becomes a common find in towns and villas.[106]Roman roads around 150 AD","title":"Environmental changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extensive network of roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_roads_in_Britannia"},{"link_name":"sanitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitation"},{"link_name":"wastewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Londinium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londinium"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Mamucium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamucium"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York"},{"link_name":"Eboracum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eboracum"},{"link_name":"Western Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Romance language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages"},{"link_name":"Common Brittonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Brittonic"},{"link_name":"Cumbric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbric_Language"},{"link_name":"Cornish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_language"},{"link_name":"Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_language"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"Brittonic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittonic_languages"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"}],"text":"During their occupation of Britain the Romans built an extensive network of roads which continued to be used in later centuries and many are still followed today. The Romans also built water supply, sanitation and wastewater systems. Many of Britain's major cities, such as London (Londinium), Manchester (Mamucium) and York (Eboracum), were founded by the Romans, but the original Roman settlements were abandoned not long after the Romans left.Unlike many other areas of the Western Roman Empire, the current majority language is not a Romance language, or a language descended from the pre-Roman inhabitants. The British language at the time of the invasion was Common Brittonic, and remained so after the Romans withdrew. It later split into regional languages, notably Cumbric, Cornish, Breton and Welsh. Examination of these languages suggests some 800 Latin words were incorporated into Common Brittonic (see Brittonic languages). The current majority language, English, is based on the languages of the Germanic tribes who migrated to the island from continental Europe from the 5th century onwards.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"Verona List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona_List"},{"link_name":"Sextus Rufus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Rufus"},{"link_name":"Orkney Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney_Islands"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Thackery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_Thackery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thacky-48"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"28 Cities of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_Cities_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"Merionethshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merionethshire"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"},{"link_name":"Bede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bede"},{"link_name":"Gregorian mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_mission"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"^ The Verona List actually includes a note that the Diocese of the Britains had six provinces, but then lists four. Sextus Rufus listed six provinces, including the highly dubious \"province of Orcades\" (Orkney Islands). Some scholars[who?] argue that the initial reforms established three provinces: Britannia I, Britannia II, and Britannia Caesariensis, which was subsequently divided into Flavia and Maxima.\n\n^ \"Nomina Episcoporum, cum Clericis Suis, Quinam, et ex Quibus Provinciis, ad Arelatensem Synodum Convenerint\" [\"The Names of the Bishops with Their Clerics who Came Together at the Synod of Arles and from which Province They Came\"] from the Consilia[46] in Thackery[47] (in Latin)\n\n^ Although Ussher refers the reader to his earlier discussion of the 28 Cities of Britain, which notes that \"Cair Colun\" may refer to either Colchester in Essex or to a settlement in Merionethshire.[51]\n\n^ Bede also references a Provincia Lindisi or prouinciae Lindissi, which was a later Saxon territory at the time of the Gregorian mission.[57]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alcock, Joan P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_P_Alcock"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-8452-9728-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8452-9728-2"},{"link_name":"Allason-Jones, Lyndsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Allason-Jones"},{"link_name":"Wilson & Price (2002)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWilsonPrice2002"},{"link_name":"Fulford, M.G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fulford"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/527045","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F527045"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"527045","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/527045"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"162584757","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162584757"},{"link_name":"Fulford, M.G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fulford"},{"link_name":"Todd, J. A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._A._Todd"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1468-0092.2007.00279.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0092.2007.00279.x"},{"link_name":"Birley, Anthony R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Birley"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8605-4296-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8605-4296-4"},{"link_name":"Bowman, Alan K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bowman_(classicist)"},{"link_name":"British Museum Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7141-2246-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2246-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-8417-1189-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8417-1189-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7134-6175-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-6175-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-8989-3704-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8989-3704-3"},{"link_name":"Collingwood, R. 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G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._G._Collingwood"},{"link_name":"Vol. I: Inscriptions on Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060619102332/http://www.roman-britain.org/epigraphy/rib_index.htm"},{"link_name":"Roman Inscriptions of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Inscriptions_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"ASIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"B00F45BDAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/B00F45BDAM"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.roman-britain.org/epigraphy/rib_index.htm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-1394-3172-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1394-3172-9"},{"link_name":"Cunliffe, Barry W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7100-8725-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-8725-X"},{"link_name":"OL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4559394M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openlibrary.org/books/OL4559394M"},{"link_name":"de la Bédoyère, Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_de_la_B%C3%A9doy%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-5000-5140-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5000-5140-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9003-1262-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9003-1262-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-4152-3898-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-3898-4"},{"link_name":"Fleming, Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Fleming"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8122-9736-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9736-2"},{"link_name":"Frere, Sheppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheppard_Frere"},{"link_name":"Britannia: A History of Roman Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/britanniahistory0000frer"},{"link_name":"Routledge and Kegan Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7102-1215-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7102-1215-1"},{"link_name":"Frere, Sheppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheppard_Frere"},{"link_name":"Roman Inscriptions of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Inscriptions_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"Fulford, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fulford"},{"link_name":"Peacock (1977)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPeacock1977"},{"link_name":"Fulford, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fulford"},{"link_name":"Blagg & King (1984)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBlaggKing1984"},{"link_name":"Fulford, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fulford"},{"link_name":"Todd (1989)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTodd1989"},{"link_name":"Fulford, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fulford"},{"link_name":"Jones (1991)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJones1991"},{"link_name":"Fulford, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fulford"},{"link_name":"Todd (2004)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTodd2004"},{"link_name":"Fulford, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fulford"},{"link_name":"Gosden et al. 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L. F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._L._F._Rivet"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7134-2077-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-2077-7"},{"link_name":"Salway, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Salway"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-1928-0138-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1928-0138-8"},{"link_name":"Southern, Patricia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Southern"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4456-0146-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-0146-5"},{"link_name":"Todd, Malcolm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Todd"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9077-6413-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9077-6413-7"},{"link_name":"Todd, Malcolm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Todd"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-6312-1823-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6312-1823-4"},{"link_name":"Roman Pottery in Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1JFlQgAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7134-7412-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-7412-1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.11141/ia.1.6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.1.6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7134-7319-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-7319-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-8421-7078-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8421-7078-6"},{"link_name":"OL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8924936M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openlibrary.org/books/OL8924936M"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8605-4001-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8605-4001-4"}],"text":"Alcock, Joan P. (2011). A Brief History of Roman Britain Conquest and Civilization. Hachette. ISBN 978-1-8452-9728-2.\nAllason-Jones, Lyndsay (2002). The Jet Industry and Allied Trades in Roman Britain. in Wilson & Price (2002).\nAllen, J. R. L.; Fulford, M.G. (1996). \"The distribution of South-East Dorset Black Burnished Category I Pottery in South-West Britain\". Britannia. 27. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 223–281. doi:10.2307/527045. JSTOR 527045. S2CID 162584757.\nAllen, J. R. L.; Fulford, M.G.; Todd, J. A. (2007). \"Burnt Kimmeridgian shale at Early Roman Silchester, south-east England, and the Roman Poole-Purbeck complex-agglomerated geomaterials industry\". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 26 (2): 167–191. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0092.2007.00279.x.\nBirley, Anthony R. (2005). The Roman Government of Britain. Oxford University Press.\nBlagg, T. F. C.; King, Anthony, eds. (1984). Military and Civilian in Roman Britain: Cultural Relationships in a Frontier Province. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. ISBN 978-0-8605-4296-4.\nBowman, Alan K. (2004). Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier: Vindolanda and its People (2nd revised ed.). London: British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-2246-5.\nBurgers, Alfonso (2001). The Water Supplies and Related Structures of Roman Britain. British Archaeological Reports. Oxford: Archaeopress. ISBN 978-1-8417-1189-8.\nBurnham, Barry C.; Wacher, J. S. (1990). The 'Small Towns' of Roman Britain. Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-6175-6.\nCleere, Henry; Crossley, D. (1995). Hodgkinson, Jeremy (ed.). The Iron Industry of the Weald (2nd ed.). Merton Priory Press. ISBN 978-1-8989-3704-3.\nCollingwood, R. G.; Wright, R. P. (1990). Frere, Sheppard; Tomlin, R.S.O. (eds.). Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Vol. II: Instrumentum Domesticum. Fasc. I. The Military diplomata; metal ingots; tesserae; dies; labels; and lead sealings (in Latin). Stroud.\nCollingwood, R. G.; Wright, R. P.; Tomlin, R.S.O. (1995) [1965]. Vol. I: Inscriptions on Stone. Roman Inscriptions of Britain (Revised ed.). Stroud. ASIN B00F45BDAM. Archived from the original on 19 June 2006. Retrieved 7 November 2007.\nCreighton, John (2000). Coins and power in Late Iron Age Britain. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1394-3172-9.\nCunliffe, Barry W. (2005). Iron Age Communities in Britain (4th ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7100-8725-X. OL 4559394M.\nde la Bédoyère, Guy (2006). Roman Britain: a New History. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-5000-5140-5.\ndu Plat Taylor, Joan; Cleere, Henry, eds. (1978). Roman Shipping and Trade: Britain and the Rhine Provinces. London: Council for British Archaeology. ISBN 978-0-9003-1262-5.\nEsmonde-Cleary, Simon (1989). The Ending of Roman Britain. London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0-4152-3898-4.\nFleming, Robin (2021). The Material Fall of Roman Britain, 300-525 CE. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-9736-2.\nFrere, Sheppard (1987). Britannia: A History of Roman Britain (3rd, extensively revised ed.). London and New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7102-1215-1.\nFrere, Sheppard; Tomlin, R. S. O., eds. (1991–1995). Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Vol. II. Fascs. 2–8. Stroud.\nFulford, Michael (1977). Pottery and Britain's Foreign Trade in the Later Roman Period. pp. 35–84. in Peacock (1977).\nFulford, Michael (1984). Demonstrating Britannia's Economic Dependence in the First and Second Centuries. in Blagg & King (1984).\nFulford, Michael (1989). The Economy of Roman Britain. in Todd (1989).\nFulford, Michael (1991). Britain and the Roman Empire: The Evidence for Regional and Long Distance Trade. in Jones (1991).\nFulford, Michael (2004). Economic Structures. in Todd (2004).\nFulford, Michael (2007). Coasting Britannia: Roman Trade and Traffic Around the Shores of Britain. in Gosden et al. (2007).\nGoing, C. J. (1992). \"Economic 'Long Waves' in the Roman Period? A Reconnaissance of the Romano-British Ceramic Evidence\". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 11 (1): 93–117. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0092.1992.tb00259.x.\nGosden, Chris; Hamerow, Helena; de Jersey, Philip; Lock, Gary, eds. (2007). Communities and Connections: Essays in Honour of Barry Cunliffe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1992-3034-1.\nHenig, Martin (1995). The Art of Roman Britain. London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-5430-7.\nHiggins, Charlotte (2014). Under Another Sky. London: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-0995-5209-3.\nHornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony, eds. (1998). The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1986-0165-4.\nIreland, Stanley (2008) [1986]. Roman Britain: a Sourcebook. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4154-7178-7.\nJones, Barri; Mattingly, David (2002) [1990]. An Atlas of Roman Britain (New ed.). Oxford: Oxbow. ISBN 978-1-8421-7067-0.\nJones, R. F. J., ed. (1991). Roman Britain: Recent Trends. Sheffield: J. R. Collis. ISBN 978-0-9060-9039-8.\nKakoschke, Andreas (2011). Die Personennamen im römischen Britannien [Personal names in Roman Britain]. Hildesheim: Olms-Weidmann. ISBN 978-3-4871-4628-7.\nLaycock, Stuart (2008). Britannia: the Failed State. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-4614-1.\nLoseby, Simon T. (2000). \"Power and towns in Late Roman Britain and early Anglo-Saxon England\". In Ripoll, Gisela; Gurt, Josep M. (eds.). Sedes regiae (ann. 400–800) (in Latin). Barcelona.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nManley, John (2002). AD 43: The Roman Invasion of Britain: a Reassessment. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-1959-6.\nMargary, Ivan D. (1973) [1967]. Roman Roads in Britain (3rd ed.). London: J. Baker. ISBN 978-0-2129-7001-8. OCLC 491650913.\nMason, David J. P. (2009). Roman Britain and the Roman Navy (Paperback 1st ed.). The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-2541-2. OL 7982333M.\nMattingly, David (2006). An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-1401-4822-0.\nMaxfield, V. A.; Dobson, B. (2006) [1969]. Inscriptions of Roman Britain. LACTOR 4 (4th ed.). ISBN 978-0-9036-2532-6. Archived from the original on 7 October 2014.\nMillet, Martin (1992) [1990]. The Romanization of Britain: an essay in archaeological interpretation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-5214-2864-4.\nMonfort, César Carreras; Funari, P. P. A. (1998). Britannia y el Mediterráneo: Estudios Sobre el Abastecimiento de Aceite Bético y africano en Britannia [Britain and the Mediterranean: Studies on the Betic and African oil supply in Britannia] (in Spanish). Barcelona: Publicacions Universitat de Barcelona. ISBN 978-8-4475-1950-7.\nMoorhead, Sam; Stuttard, David (2012). The Romans who Shaped Britain. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-5002-5189-8.\nMorris, Francis (2010). North Sea and Channel Connectivity during the Late Iron Age and Roman Period (175/150 BC – 409 AD). British Archaeological Reports International Series. Oxford: Archaeopress.\nParker, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. Century. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.\nPeacock, D. P. S., ed. (1977). Pottery and Early Commerce. Characterization and Trade in Roman and Later Ceramics. London: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-1254-7850-2.\nPeacock, D. P. S.; Williams, D. F. (1986). Amphorae in the Roman Economy. London: Longman. ISBN 978-0-5820-6555-0.\nPearson, Andrew (2002). The Roman Shore Forts: Coastal Defences of Southern Britain. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-1949-7.\nPercival, John (1976). The Roman Villa: A Historical Introduction. Batsford Studies in Archaeology. London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-3238-1.\nRathbone, Yvette; Rathbone, D. W. (2012). Literary Sources for Roman Britain. LACTOR 11 (4th ed.). ISBN 978-0-9036-2535-7. Archived from the original on 7 October 2014.\nReece, Richard (2002). The Coinage of Roman Britain. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-2523-8.\nRivet, A. L. F.; Smith, C. (1979). The Place-names of Roman Britain. London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-2077-7.\nSalway, Peter (1993). A History of Roman Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1928-0138-8.\nSouthern, Patricia (2012). Roman Britain: A New History 55 BC – 450 AD. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4456-0146-5.\nTodd, Malcolm, ed. (1989). Research on Roman Britain 1960–89. London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies. ISBN 978-0-9077-6413-7.\nTodd, Malcolm, ed. (2004). A Companion to Roman Britain. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-6312-1823-4.\nTyers, Paul (1996a). Roman Pottery in Britain. London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-7412-1.\nTyers, Paul (1996b). \"Roman amphoras in Britain\". Internet Archaeology. 1. Council for British Archaeology. doi:10.11141/ia.1.6.\nWacher, John (1995). The Towns of Roman Britain (2nd revised ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7134-7319-3.\nWilson, Peter R.; Price, Jennifer, eds. (2002). Aspects of Industry in Roman Yorkshire and the North. Oxford: Oxbow. ISBN 978-1-8421-7078-6. OL 8924936M.\nYoung, Christopher J. (1977). The Roman Pottery Industry of the Oxford Region. British Archaeological Reports. Oxford: Archaeopress. ISBN 978-0-8605-4001-4.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Britain&action=edit&section=26"},{"link_name":"Alcock (2011)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAlcock2011"},{"link_name":"de la Bédoyère (2006)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFde_la_B%C3%A9doy%C3%A8re2006"},{"link_name":"Esmonde-Cleary (1989)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEsmonde-Cleary1989"},{"link_name":"Frere (1987)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFrere1987"},{"link_name":"Jones & Mattingly (2002)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJonesMattingly2002"},{"link_name":"Laycock (2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLaycock2008"},{"link_name":"Mattingly (2006)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMattingly2006"},{"link_name":"Millet (1992)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMillet1992"},{"link_name":"Moorhead & Stuttard (2012)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMoorheadStuttard2012"},{"link_name":"Southern (2012)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSouthern2012"},{"link_name":"Salway (1993)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSalway1993"},{"link_name":"Todd (2004)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTodd2004"},{"link_name":"Higgins (2014)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHiggins2014"},{"link_name":"Fleming (2021)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFleming2021"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Britain&action=edit&section=27"},{"link_name":"Creighton (2000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCreighton2000"},{"link_name":"Cunliffe (2005)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCunliffe2005"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Britain&action=edit&section=28"},{"link_name":"Maxfield & Dobson (2006)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMaxfieldDobson2006"},{"link_name":"Birley (2005)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBirley2005"},{"link_name":"Collingwood & Wright (1990)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCollingwoodWright1990"},{"link_name":"Collingwood, Wright & Tomlin (1995)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCollingwoodWrightTomlin1995"},{"link_name":"Frere & Tomlin (1991–1995)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFrereTomlin1991%E2%80%931995"},{"link_name":"Ireland (2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFIreland2008"},{"link_name":"Kakoschke (2011)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKakoschke2011"},{"link_name":"Rivet & Smith (1979)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRivetSmith1979"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Britain&action=edit&section=29"},{"link_name":"Monfort & Funari (1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMonfortFunari1998"},{"link_name":"du Plat Taylor & Cleere (1978)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFdu_Plat_TaylorCleere1978"},{"link_name":"Fulford (1977)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFulford1977"},{"link_name":"Fulford (1984)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFulford1984"},{"link_name":"Fulford (1991)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFulford1991"},{"link_name":"Fulford (2007)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFulford2007"},{"link_name":"Morris (2010)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMorris2010"},{"link_name":"Peacock & Williams (1986)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPeacockWilliams1986"},{"link_name":"Tyers (1996a)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTyers1996a"},{"link_name":"Tyers (1996b)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTyers1996b"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Britain&action=edit&section=30"},{"link_name":"Allason-Jones (2002)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAllason-Jones2002"},{"link_name":"Allen & Fulford (1996)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAllenFulford1996"},{"link_name":"Allen, Fulford & Todd (2007)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAllenFulfordTodd2007"},{"link_name":"Cleere & Crossley (1995)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCleereCrossley1995"},{"link_name":"Fulford (1989)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFulford1989"},{"link_name":"Fulford (2004)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFulford2004"},{"link_name":"Going (1992)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGoing1992"},{"link_name":"Jones & Mattingly (2002)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJonesMattingly2002"},{"link_name":"Mattingly (2006)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMattingly2006"},{"link_name":"Reece (2002)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFReece2002"},{"link_name":"Tyers (1996a)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTyers1996a"},{"link_name":"Young (1977)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFYoung1977"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Britain&action=edit&section=31"},{"link_name":"Birley (2005)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBirley2005"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Britain&action=edit&section=32"},{"link_name":"Burgers (2001)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBurgers2001"},{"link_name":"Jones & Mattingly (2002)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJonesMattingly2002"},{"link_name":"Margary (1973)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMargary1973"},{"link_name":"Mattingly (2006)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMattingly2006"},{"link_name":"Millet (1992)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMillet1992"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Britain&action=edit&section=33"},{"link_name":"Rathbone & Rathbone (2012)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRathboneRathbone2012"},{"link_name":"Caesar, Julius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Commentaries on the Gallic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Gallic_War"},{"link_name":"Bowman (2004)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBowman2004"},{"link_name":"Jones & Mattingly (2002)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJonesMattingly2002"},{"link_name":"Manley (2002)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFManley2002"},{"link_name":"Mason (2009)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMason2009"},{"link_name":"Mattingly (2006)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMattingly2006"},{"link_name":"Pearson (2002)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPearson2002"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Britain&action=edit&section=34"},{"link_name":"Mattingly (2006)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMattingly2006"},{"link_name":"Millet (1992)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMillet1992"},{"link_name":"Wacher (1995)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWacher1995"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Britain&action=edit&section=35"},{"link_name":"Jones & Mattingly (2002)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJonesMattingly2002"},{"link_name":"Mattingly (2006)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMattingly2006"},{"link_name":"Millet (1992)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMillet1992"},{"link_name":"Percival (1976)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPercival1976"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Britain&action=edit&section=36"},{"link_name":"Henig (1995)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHenig1995"},{"link_name":"Jones & Mattingly (2002)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJonesMattingly2002"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Britain&action=edit&section=37"},{"link_name":"Henig (1995)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHenig1995"}],"text":"General survey[edit]\nAlcock (2011).\nde la Bédoyère (2006).\nEsmonde-Cleary (1989).\nFrere (1987).\nJones & Mattingly (2002).\nLaycock (2008).\nMattingly (2006).\nMillet (1992).\nMoorhead & Stuttard (2012).\nSouthern (2012).\nSalway (1993).\nTodd (2004).\nHiggins (2014).\nFleming (2021).\nIron Age background[edit]\nCreighton (2000).\nCunliffe (2005).\nHistorical sources and inscriptions[edit]\nMaxfield & Dobson (2006).\nBirley (2005).\nCollingwood & Wright (1990).\nCollingwood, Wright & Tomlin (1995).\nFrere & Tomlin (1991–1995).\nIreland (2008).\nKakoschke (2011).\nRivet & Smith (1979).\nTrade[edit]\nMonfort & Funari (1998).\ndu Plat Taylor & Cleere (1978).\nFulford (1977), pp. 35–84.\nFulford (1984), pp. 129–142.\nFulford (1991), pp. 35–47.\nFulford (2007), pp. 54–74.\nMorris (2010).\nPeacock & Williams (1986).\nTyers (1996a).\nTyers (1996b).\nEconomy[edit]\nAllason-Jones (2002), pp. 125–132.\nAllen & Fulford (1996), pp. 223–281.\nAllen, Fulford & Todd (2007), pp. 167–191.\nCleere & Crossley (1995).\nFulford (1989), pp. 175–201.\nFulford (2004).\nGoing (1992), pp. 93–117\nJones & Mattingly (2002), pp. 179–232.\nMattingly (2006), pp. 491–528.\nReece (2002).\nTyers (1996a).\nYoung (1977).\nProvincial government[edit]\nBirley (2005).\nProvincial development[edit]\nBurgers (2001).\nJones & Mattingly (2002), pp. 141–178.\nMargary (1973).\nMattingly (2006).\nMillet (1992).\nThe Roman military in Britain[edit]\nRathbone & Rathbone (2012).\n Caesar, Julius. Commentaries on the Gallic War 58–54 BC.\nBowman (2004).\nJones & Mattingly (2002), pp. 64–140.\nManley (2002).\nMason (2009).\nMattingly (2006), pp. 85–252.\nPearson (2002).\nUrban life[edit]\nMattingly (2006), pp. 253–350.\nMillet (1992).\nWacher (1995).\nRural life[edit]\nJones & Mattingly (2002), pp. 233–263.\nMattingly (2006), pp. 351–427.\nMillet (1992).\nPercival (1976).\nReligion[edit]\nHenig (1995).\nJones & Mattingly (2002), pp. 264–305.\nArt[edit]\nHenig (1995).","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Conquests under Aulus Plautius, focused on the commercially valuable southeast of Britain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/British.coinage.Roman.invasion.jpg/220px-British.coinage.Roman.invasion.jpg"},{"image_text":"Templeborough Roman fort in South Yorkshire. The reconstruction was created for Rotherham Museums and Galleries."},{"image_text":"Hadrian's Wall viewed looking east from Housesteads Roman Fort (Vercovicium)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Hadrians_Wall_from_Housesteads1.jpg/230px-Hadrians_Wall_from_Housesteads1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prima Europe tabula. A 1486 woodcut copy of Ptolemy's 2nd-century map of Roman Britain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prima_Europe_tabula.jpg/330px-Prima_Europe_tabula.jpg"},{"image_text":"Northern campaigns, 208–211","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Roman.Britain.Severan.Campaigns.jpg/220px-Roman.Britain.Severan.Campaigns.jpg"},{"image_text":"One possible arrangement of the late Roman provinces, with Valentia between the walls","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Roman_Britain_410.jpg/200px-Roman_Britain_410.jpg"},{"image_text":"Another possible arrangement, with other possible placements of Valentia noted","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Roman_Britain_-_AD_400.png/200px-Roman_Britain_-_AD_400.png"},{"image_text":"4th century Roman towns and villas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Roman.Britain.towns.villas.jpg/300px-Roman.Britain.towns.villas.jpg"},{"image_text":"4th century: Degree of Romanisation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Britain.4th.century.Roman.infrastructure.jpg/300px-Britain.4th.century.Roman.infrastructure.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roman Britain in 410","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Brittain_410.jpg/220px-Brittain_410.jpg"},{"image_text":"End of Roman rule in Britain, 383–410","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/End.of.Roman.rule.in.Britain.383.410.jpg/220px-End.of.Roman.rule.in.Britain.383.410.jpg"},{"image_text":"Industrial production in Roman Britain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Roman.Britain.Production.jpg/220px-Roman.Britain.Production.jpg"},{"image_text":"Development of Dolaucothi Gold Mines in Wales","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dolaucothimap4.jpg/220px-Dolaucothimap4.jpg"},{"image_text":"Britannia as shown on the Tabula Peutingeriana (modern copy from 1897)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Part_of_Tabula_Peutingeriana_showing_Britannia.jpg/290px-Part_of_Tabula_Peutingeriana_showing_Britannia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Artist's reconstruction of Pagans Hill Roman Temple, Somerset","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Paganreconstruction_%282%29.gif/220px-Paganreconstruction_%282%29.gif"},{"image_text":"Fourth-century Chi-Rho fresco from Lullingstone Roman Villa, Kent, which contains the only known Christian paintings from the Roman era in Britain.[96]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lullingstone_paintings2.jpg/220px-Lullingstone_paintings2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roman roads around 150 AD","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Roman_Roads_in_Britannia.svg/220px-Roman_Roads_in_Britannia.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Ancient Rome portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome"},{"title":"United Kingdom portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Wales in the Roman era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_in_the_Roman_era"},{"title":"History of the British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles"},{"title":"Prehistoric Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain"}]	[{"reference":"Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico [Commentaries on the Gallic War] (in Latin), IV 20–38","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar","url_text":"Julius Caesar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico","url_text":"Commentarii de Bello Gallico"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Gallic_War/Book_4#20","url_text":"IV 20–38"}]},{"reference":"Cassius Dio, Historia Romana (in Latin), 39.51–53","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassius_Dio","url_text":"Cassius Dio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Romana","url_text":"Historia Romana"},{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/39.html#25","url_text":"39.51–53"}]},{"reference":"Tacitus, Agricola (in Latin), 13","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus","url_text":"Tacitus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricola_(book)","url_text":"Agricola"}]},{"reference":"Julius Caesar, Commentarii de bello Gallico (in Latin), V 1–23","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Gallic_War/Book_5#1","url_text":"V 1–23"}]},{"reference":"Dio, Cassius, Historia Romana (in Latin), 40.1–4","urls":[{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/40.html#25","url_text":"40.1–4"}]},{"reference":"\"C. Julius Caesar, De bello Gallico, COMMENTARIUS QUINTUS, chapter 12, section 1\". The Perseus Project. Retrieved 24 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0002%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D12%3Asection%3D1","url_text":"\"C. Julius Caesar, De bello Gallico, COMMENTARIUS QUINTUS, chapter 12, section 1\""}]},{"reference":"Bowman, Alan K.; Champlin, Edward; Lintott, Andrew (1996). Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 10. Cambridge University Press. p. 228. 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Britannia: the Roman Conquest and Occupation of Britain. pp. 27–31.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Herodotus, Histories, 3.115","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus","url_text":"Herodotus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)","url_text":"Histories"},{"url":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+3.115.1","url_text":"3.115"}]},{"reference":"Plutarch, Life of Caesar, 23.2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch","url_text":"Plutarch"},{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Caesar.html#23.2","url_text":"23.2"}]},{"reference":"Caesar, Julius, Commentarii de Bello Gallico (in Latin), IV 20–36","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Gallic_War/Book_4#20","url_text":"IV 20–36"}]},{"reference":"Caesar, Julius, Commentarii de Bello Gallico (in Latin), V 8–23","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Gallic_War/Book_5#8","url_text":"V 8–23"}]},{"reference":"Dio, Cassius, Historia Romana [Roman History] (in Latin), 49.38, 53.22, 53.25","urls":[{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/49.html#38","url_text":"49.38"},{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/53.html#22","url_text":"53.22"},{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/53.html#25","url_text":"53.25"}]},{"reference":"Strabo, Geographica, 4.5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo","url_text":"Strabo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographica","url_text":"Geographica"},{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/4E.html","url_text":"4.5"}]},{"reference":"Branigan, Keith (1985). Peoples of Roman Britain: The Catuvellauni. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8629-9255-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8629-9255-2","url_text":"978-0-8629-9255-2"}]},{"reference":"Augustus, Res Gestae Divi Augusti [The Deeds of the Divine Augustus] (in Latin), 32","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus","url_text":"Augustus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti","url_text":"Res Gestae Divi Augusti"},{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Augustus/Res_Gestae/6.html#32","url_text":"32"}]},{"reference":"Tacitus, Annals, 2.24","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus","url_text":"Tacitus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)","url_text":"Annals"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#24","url_text":"2.24"}]},{"reference":"Suetonius, Caligula, 44–46","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suetonius","url_text":"Suetonius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelve_Caesars#Caligula","url_text":"Caligula"},{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Caligula.html#44","url_text":"44–46"}]},{"reference":"Dio, Cassius, Historia Romana (in Latin), 59.25","urls":[{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/59.html#25","url_text":"59.25"}]},{"reference":"Dio, Cassius, Historia Romana (in Latin), 60.19–22","urls":[{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/60.html#19","url_text":"60.19–22"}]},{"reference":"Tacitus, Histories, 3.44","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histories_(Tacitus)","url_text":"Histories"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Histories_(Tacitus)/Book_3#44","url_text":"3.44"}]},{"reference":"Tacitus, Annals, 14.32","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_14#32","url_text":"14.32"}]},{"reference":"Tacitus, Annals, 14.34","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_14#34","url_text":"14.34"}]},{"reference":"Webster, Graham (1998). The Roman Imperial Army of the first and second centuries AD (New ed of 3rd revised ed.). University of Oklahoma Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-8061-3000-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v0f4SEf7rosC&pg=PA66","url_text":"The Roman Imperial Army of the first and second centuries AD"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3000-2","url_text":"978-0-8061-3000-2"}]},{"reference":"Suetonius, Vespasian, 4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelve_Caesars#Vespasian","url_text":"Vespasian"},{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Vespasian.html#4","url_text":"4"}]},{"reference":"Tacitus, Agricola, 14","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricola_(book)","url_text":"Agricola"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Agricola#14","url_text":"14"}]},{"reference":"Tacitus, Annals, 12:31–38","urls":[{"url":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Ann.+12.31","url_text":"12:31–38"}]},{"reference":"Tacitus, Agricola, 14.17, 14.29–39","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Agricola#14","url_text":"14.17"},{"url":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Ann.+14.29","url_text":"14.29–39"}]},{"reference":"Cassius Dio, Historia Romana (in Latin), 62.1–12","urls":[{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/62.html#1","url_text":"62.1–12"}]},{"reference":"Suetonius, Nero, 18","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelve_Caesars#Nero","url_text":"Nero"},{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Nero.html#18","url_text":"18"}]},{"reference":"Tacitus, Agricola (in Latin), 16–17","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Agricola#16","url_text":"16–17"}]},{"reference":"Tacitus, Histories, 1.60, 3.45","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histories_(Tacitus)","url_text":"Histories"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Histories_(Tacitus)/Book_1#60","url_text":"1.60"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Histories_(Tacitus)/Book_3#45","url_text":"3.45"}]},{"reference":"Tacitus, Agricola (in Latin), 18.38","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Agricola#18","url_text":"18.38"}]},{"reference":"Todd, Malcolm (2004). \"Julius Agricola, Gnaeus [known as Agricola]\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/48290.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F48290","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/48290"}]},{"reference":"Anonymous, Panegyrici Latini, VIII.10","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panegyrici_Latini","url_text":"Panegyrici Latini"}]},{"reference":"Aurelius Victor. Liber de Caesaribus [Book of Caesars] (in Latin). 39.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelius_Victor","url_text":"Aurelius Victor"},{"url":"http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/victor.caes.html#39","url_text":"39"}]},{"reference":"Eutropius. Breviarium historiae Romanae [Abridgement of Roman History] (in Latin). 21–22.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)","url_text":"Eutropius"},{"url":"http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans9.html#21","url_text":"21–22"}]},{"reference":"Orosius, Historiae Adversus Paganos [Seven Books of History Against the Pagans] (in Latin), 7.25","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orosius","url_text":"Orosius"},{"url":"http://www.attalus.org/latin/orosius7A.html#25","url_text":"7.25"}]},{"reference":"Stillwell, Richard; MacDonald, William L.; McAllister, Marian Holland. \"The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites\". perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 18 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0006:entry=londinium","url_text":"\"The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites\""}]},{"reference":"\"A R O S: VESPASIANA: A PROVINCE OF ROMAN BRITANNIA?\". 9 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://adviceandresearch.blogspot.com/2019/12/vespasiana-province-of-roman-britannia.html","url_text":"\"A R O S: VESPASIANA: A PROVINCE OF ROMAN BRITANNIA?\""}]},{"reference":"\"De Inuectionibus [On Invectives], Vol. II, Ch. I, in Y Cymmrodor: The Magazine of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, Vol. XXX, pp. 130–1\". 1877.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/ycymmrodor30cymmuoft#page/130/mode/2up","url_text":"\"De Inuectionibus [On Invectives], Vol. II, Ch. I, in Y Cymmrodor: The Magazine of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, Vol. XXX, pp. 130–1\""}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Ian (2013). Imperial Brothers: Valentinian, Valens and the Disaster at Adrianople. Pen & Sword Military. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-8488-4417-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8488-4417-9","url_text":"978-1-8488-4417-9"}]},{"reference":"Cleary, Simon Esmonde (2000). The Ending of Roman Britain.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rich, J., ed. (1992). The City in Antiquity. pp. 136–144.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fulford, Michael (1985). \"Excavations...\". Antiquaries. 65: 39–81. doi:10.1017/S0003581500024690. S2CID 164170447.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fulford","url_text":"Fulford, Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003581500024690","url_text":"10.1017/S0003581500024690"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164170447","url_text":"164170447"}]},{"reference":"Higham, Nicholas J. (2018). King Arthur: The Making of the Legend. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3002-1092-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3002-1092-7","url_text":"978-0-3002-1092-7"}]},{"reference":"Cunliffe, Barry (2002). Facing the Ocean: the Atlantic and its Peoples 8000 BC – 1500 AD. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1928-5354-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1928-5354-7","url_text":"978-0-1928-5354-7"}]},{"reference":"Fulford, Michael (1996), \"Economic hotspots and provincial backwaters: modelling the late Roman economy\", in King, Cathy E.; Wigg, David G. (eds.), Coin Finds and Coin Use in the Roman World, Studien zu Fundmünzen der Antike, Berlin: Mann Verlag, pp. 153–177, ISBN 978-3-7861-1628-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7861-1628-8","url_text":"978-3-7861-1628-8"}]},{"reference":"Fulford, Michael (1978), The interpretation of Britain's late Roman trade: the scope of medieval historical and archaeological analogy, pp. 59–69","urls":[]},{"reference":"Julian, Epistula ad senatum populumque Atheniorum [Letter to the senate of Athens] (in Latin), 279D, 280A, B, C","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_(emperor)","url_text":"Julian"}]},{"reference":"Libanius, Orations, 18.82–83, 87","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanius","url_text":"Libanius"},{"url":"http://www.loebclassics.com/view/libanius-oration_18_funeral_oration_julian/1969/pb_LCL451.331.xml","url_text":"18.82–83"},{"url":"http://www.loebclassics.com/view/libanius-oration_18_funeral_oration_julian/1969/pb_LCL451.335.xml","url_text":"87"}]},{"reference":"Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae (in Latin), 18.2.3–4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus","url_text":"Ammianus Marcellinus"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Roman_History/Book_XVIII#II","url_text":"18.2.3–4"}]},{"reference":"Eunapius, Fragmenta Hist. Graecorum [Fragments of Greek History] (in Latin), 12","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunapius","url_text":"Eunapius"}]},{"reference":"Zosimus, Historia Nova [New History] (in Latin), 3.5.2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)","url_text":"Zosimus"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/New_History/Book_the_Third","url_text":"3.5.2"}]},{"reference":"\"History – Overview: Roman Britain, 43 – 410 AD\". BBC. Retrieved 21 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/overview_roman_01.shtml","url_text":"\"History – Overview: Roman Britain, 43 – 410 AD\""}]},{"reference":"\"Economy and Power in Late Roman Britain\". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 21 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/40223/chapter-abstract/345921164?redirectedFrom=fulltext","url_text":"\"Economy and Power in Late Roman Britain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Romans: Commerce\". English Heritage. Retrieved 21 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/story-of-england/romans/commerce/","url_text":"\"Romans: Commerce\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Michael E. (1998). The End of Roman Britain. Cornell University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-8014-8530-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hBNr765THaIC&pg=PA147","url_text":"The End of Roman Britain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8530-5","url_text":"978-0-8014-8530-5"}]},{"reference":"Durant, Will (7 June 2011). Caesar and Christ: The Story of Civilization. Simon and Schuster. p. 468. ISBN 978-1-4516-4760-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JztghD__8ksC&pg=PT468","url_text":"Caesar and Christ: The Story of Civilization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4760-0","url_text":"978-1-4516-4760-0"}]},{"reference":"Lancashire, Anne (2002). London Civic Theatre: City Drama and Pageantry from Roman Times to 1558. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-5216-3278-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QajvxgbH59QC&pg=PA19","url_text":"London Civic Theatre: City Drama and Pageantry from Roman Times to 1558"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5216-3278-2","url_text":"978-0-5216-3278-2"}]},{"reference":"Ghosh, Pallab (23 November 2015). \"DNA study finds London was ethnically diverse from start\". BBC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-34809804","url_text":"\"DNA study finds London was ethnically diverse from start\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Shotter, David (2012). Roman Britain. Routledge. p. 37.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Shotter","url_text":"Shotter, David"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Hw98CvXwRoUC&pg=PT37","url_text":"37"}]},{"reference":"Laurence, Ray (2012). Roman Archaeology for Historians. Routledge. p. 121.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Laurence","url_text":"Laurence, Ray"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dlq6pZaTS_UC&pg=PA121","url_text":"121"}]},{"reference":"\"The Evidence for Diversity in Roman Britain\". Department of Classics and Ancient History. University of Warwick. n.d. p. Scientific Evidence for Black Romans in Britain?. Retrieved 15 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/classics/warwickclassicsnetwork/romancoventry/resources/diversity/evidence/","url_text":"\"The Evidence for Diversity in Roman Britain\""}]},{"reference":"Green, Caitlin R. (26 May 2016). \"A note on the evidence for African migrants in Britain from the Bronze Age to the medieval period\". Dr. Caitlin R. Green.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.caitlingreen.org/2016/05/a-note-on-evidence-for-african-migrants.html","url_text":"\"A note on the evidence for African migrants in Britain from the Bronze Age to the medieval period\""}]},{"reference":"Gildas, De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae [On the ruin and conquest of Britain] (in Latin), 3.2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gildas","url_text":"Gildas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Excidio_et_Conquestu_Britanniae","url_text":"De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ruin_of_Britain#3","url_text":"3.2"}]},{"reference":"Higham, Nicholas (1991). \"Old light on the Dark Age landscape: the description of Britain in the de Excidio Britanniae of Gildas\". Journal of Historical Geography (in Latin). 17 (4): 363–372. doi:10.1016/0305-7488(91)90022-N.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._J._Higham","url_text":"Higham, Nicholas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0305-7488%2891%2990022-N","url_text":"10.1016/0305-7488(91)90022-N"}]},{"reference":"Caesar, Julius. Commentarii de Bello Gallico. 6.13 .","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar","url_text":"Caesar, Julius"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Gallic_War/Book_6#13","url_text":"6.13"}]},{"reference":"Suetonius, Claudius, 25.5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelve_Caesars#Claudius","url_text":"Claudius"},{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Claudius.html#25.5","url_text":"25.5"}]},{"reference":"Tacitus, Annals, 14.30","urls":[{"url":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Ann.+14.30","url_text":"14.30"}]},{"reference":"Esposito, Alessandra (2016). \"A Context for Roman Priestly Regalia: Depositional Practices and Spatial Distribution of Assemblages from Roman Britain\". In Mandichs, M. J.; Derrick, T. J.; Sanchez Gonzalez, S.; Savani, G.; Zampieri, E. (eds.). Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal: Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference. Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference. pp. 92–110. doi:10.16995/TRAC2015_92_110.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_Roman_Archaeology_Conference","url_text":"Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.16995%2FTRAC2015_92_110","url_text":"10.16995/TRAC2015_92_110"}]},{"reference":"\"From Paganism to Christianity\". Lullingstone Roman Villa, English Heritage. Retrieved 15 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/lullingstone-roman-villa/history-and-research/history/4-from-paganism-to-christianity","url_text":"\"From Paganism to Christianity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lullingstone_Roman_Villa","url_text":"Lullingstone Roman Villa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage","url_text":"English Heritage"}]},{"reference":"Horsley, G. H. R. (1987). New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity: a Review of the Greek Inscriptions and Papyri Published in 1979. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-8583-7599-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company","url_text":"William B. 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ISBN 1-8622-0152-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Shotter","url_text":"Shotter, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-8622-0152-8","url_text":"1-8622-0152-8"}]},{"reference":"Tertullian, De Adversus Judaeos [An Answer to the Jews], 7.4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertullian","url_text":"Tertullian"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_III/Apologetic/An_Answer_to_the_Jews","url_text":"De Adversus Judaeos"},{"url":"http://www.tertullian.org/anf/anf03/anf03-19.htm#P2141_725966","url_text":"7.4"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Charles (1981). Christianity in Roman Britain to 500 AD. Routledge. 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Introduction to invertebrate conservation biology. Oxford University Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-1985-4051-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontoin0000newt/page/136","url_text":"Introduction to invertebrate conservation biology"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontoin0000newt/page/136","url_text":"136"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1985-4051-9","url_text":"978-0-1985-4051-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Unearthing the ancestral rabbit\", British Archaeology, no. 86, 2006","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba86/news.shtml","url_text":"\"Unearthing the ancestral rabbit\""}]},{"reference":"Lodwick, Lisa A. (2017). \"Evergreen Plants in Roman Britain and Beyond: Movement, Meaning and Materiality\". Britannia. 48: 135–173. doi:10.1017/S0068113X17000101. ISSN 0068-113X. 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S2CID 162584757.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fulford","url_text":"Fulford, M.G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F527045","url_text":"10.2307/527045"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/527045","url_text":"527045"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162584757","url_text":"162584757"}]},{"reference":"Allen, J. R. L.; Fulford, M.G.; Todd, J. A. (2007). \"Burnt Kimmeridgian shale at Early Roman Silchester, south-east England, and the Roman Poole-Purbeck complex-agglomerated geomaterials industry\". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 26 (2): 167–191. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0092.2007.00279.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fulford","url_text":"Fulford, M.G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._A._Todd","url_text":"Todd, J. A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0092.2007.00279.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1468-0092.2007.00279.x"}]},{"reference":"Birley, Anthony R. (2005). The Roman Government of Britain. Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Birley","url_text":"Birley, Anthony R."}]},{"reference":"Blagg, T. F. C.; King, Anthony, eds. (1984). Military and Civilian in Roman Britain: Cultural Relationships in a Frontier Province. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. 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Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Vol. II: Instrumentum Domesticum. Fasc. I. The Military diplomata; metal ingots; tesserae; dies; labels; and lead sealings (in Latin). Stroud.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._G._Collingwood","url_text":"Collingwood, R. G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheppard_Frere","url_text":"Frere, Sheppard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Inscriptions_of_Britain","url_text":"Roman Inscriptions of Britain"}]},{"reference":"Collingwood, R. G.; Wright, R. P.; Tomlin, R.S.O. (1995) [1965]. Vol. I: Inscriptions on Stone. Roman Inscriptions of Britain (Revised ed.). Stroud. ASIN B00F45BDAM. Archived from the original on 19 June 2006. Retrieved 7 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._G._Collingwood","url_text":"Collingwood, R. 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O., eds. (1991–1995). Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Vol. II. Fascs. 2–8. Stroud.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheppard_Frere","url_text":"Frere, Sheppard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Inscriptions_of_Britain","url_text":"Roman Inscriptions of Britain"}]},{"reference":"Fulford, Michael (1977). Pottery and Britain's Foreign Trade in the Later Roman Period. pp. 35–84.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fulford","url_text":"Fulford, Michael"}]},{"reference":"Fulford, Michael (1984). Demonstrating Britannia's Economic Dependence in the First and Second Centuries.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fulford","url_text":"Fulford, Michael"}]},{"reference":"Fulford, Michael (1989). The Economy of Roman Britain.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fulford","url_text":"Fulford, Michael"}]},{"reference":"Fulford, Michael (1991). Britain and the Roman Empire: The Evidence for Regional and Long Distance Trade.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fulford","url_text":"Fulford, Michael"}]},{"reference":"Fulford, Michael (2004). Economic Structures.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fulford","url_text":"Fulford, Michael"}]},{"reference":"Fulford, Michael (2007). Coasting Britannia: Roman Trade and Traffic Around the Shores of Britain.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fulford","url_text":"Fulford, Michael"}]},{"reference":"Going, C. J. (1992). \"Economic 'Long Waves' in the Roman Period? A Reconnaissance of the Romano-British Ceramic Evidence\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_Walasma	Umar Walasma	["1 Reign","2 Legacy","3 See also","4 References"]	1st Sultan of Ifat Umar Walashma عمر والاسمة1st Sultan of Ifat 1st Walashma SultanReign1197Successor'Ali BaziyuDied1276IssueAli BaziyuHusayn Ibn UmarḤusein ʿUmarNasradDīn ʿUmarDynastyWalashma dynastyReligionIslam Umar Ibn Dunyā-ḥawaz or Umar Walashma (Arabic: عمر والاسمة) was the first ruler of the Sultanate of Ifat and the founder of the Walashma dynasty. Reign According to Ibn Khaldun, although being local to the Horn of Africa, Umar came as refugee to the region of Ifat and established his dynasty there.Taddese Tamrat noted according to Al-Maqrizi, the ancestors of ’Umar Walasma first settled in Jabarta, a region which he says belonged to Zeila where they moved further inland and occupied Ifat also. Al-Maqrizi also says Umar Walashma was appointed by a "Haze" or a King of Ethiopia to be the first ruler of Awfat. Richard Pankhurst identifies this King as Yekuno Amlak. However some historians say it was most likely a Zagwe monarch which welcomed the Walashma' to the land of Awfât as the first Solomonids did not extend their authority beyond the Amhara, adding to that, the Zagwe monarchs were also probably more tolerant towards their Muslim counterparts. According to local chronicles, Umar was the 5th descendant of the Sheikh Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn also known as Aw Barkhadle, local chronicles relate: "'Umar the son of Dunya hawaz, the son of Ahmed, the son of Muhammed, the son of Hamid, the son of Mahmud, the son of Shaykh Yusuf and that is Barkhadlah."Ioan Lewis also mentions that in a short king-list titled "Rulers of the land of Sa'ad ad-Din", Yusuf is recognized as one of the Walashma's ancestors. Yusuf is considered as the progenitor of the Walashma dynasty. According to the History of the Walashma, he was said to have died in 1276 at the age of 120, and had over six hundred children. But the number of his children are considered only legendary and are only seen as a literary genre to express the greatness and power of the founder of the dynasty. Thus, most historians place the end of his reign and his death at 1275, Cerulli also justifies this by saying that Umar, the founder of the dynasty, died 104 years before the commencement of Haqq ad-Din I's reign which was in 778 Hegira. So the demise of Umar and the commencement of his son Ali Baziyu‟s reign have been dated, according to history, to 674 Hegira (1275-1276). The Shewan Sultan Dil-Marrah married his daughter in October 1271, 5 years before the Conquest of Shewa. Legacy Umar's dynasty would go on to overthrow the ruling Makhzumi dynasty in 1280 which occupied Ifat since the ninth century. Umar's dynasty would rule in Northeastern Africa from 1187 to 1559. See also Walashma dynasty Ifat Sultanate Adal Empire Mogadishan Empire History of Somalia Somali people References ^ Cuoq, Joseph. L'Islam en Éthiopie des origines au XVIe siècle (in French). p. 129. ^ Fasi, M. El. L'Afrique du VIIe au XIe siècle (in French). p. 620. ^ Fasi, M. El (1990). L'Afrique du VIIe au XIe siècle (in French). UNESCO. p. 618. ^ Fāsī, Muḥammad; Hrbek, Ivan; Africa, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of (1988). Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century. Heinemann Educational Books. p. 582. ISBN 978-92-3-101709-4. ^ Tamrat, Taddesse (1972). Church and State in Ethiopia, 1270-1527. Clarendon Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-19-821671-1. ^ Cuoq, Joseph (1981). L'Islam en Éthiopie des origines au XVIe siècle (in French). Nouvelles Editions Latines. p. 125. ISBN 978-2-7233-0111-4. ^ E. Cerulli. Islam Yesterday and Today. pp. 160–192. ^ Lewis, I. M. (1998). Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society. The Red Sea Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-56902-103-3. ^ Levtzion, Nehemia; Pouwels, Randall L. (2000-03-31). The History of Islam in Africa. Ohio University Press. p. 242. ^ Somalia; Wasaaradda Warfaafinta iyo Hanuuninta Dadweynaha (1972). he Writing of the Somali Language: A Great Landmark in Our Revolutionary History. Ministry of Information and National Guidance. p. 10.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea Press. p. 40. ISBN 9780932415196. ^ Cerulli, Enrico. Islam: Yesterday and Today translated by Emran Waber. Istituto Per L'Oriente. p. 160. ^ Joseph Cuoq. L'Islam en Éthiopie des origines au XVIe siècle. p. 123. ^ E. Cerulli. Islam Yesterday and Today. p. 280. ^ E. Cerulli. Islam Yesterday and Today. p. 281. ^ Levtzion, Nehemia (31 March 2000). The History of Islam in Africa. Ohio University Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-8214-4461-0.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Ifat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat"},{"link_name":"Walashma dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walashma_dynasty"}],"text":"Umar Ibn Dunyā-ḥawaz[2] or Umar Walashma (Arabic: عمر والاسمة) was the first ruler of the Sultanate of Ifat and the founder of the Walashma dynasty.","title":"Umar Walasma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ibn Khaldun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun"},{"link_name":"Horn of Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"Ifat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifat_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Taddese Tamrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taddesse_Tamrat"},{"link_name":"Al-Maqrizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maqrizi"},{"link_name":"Zeila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeila_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"Ifat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifat_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Al-Maqrizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maqrizi"},{"link_name":"Awfat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifat_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"Richard Pankhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pankhurst_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Yekuno Amlak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak"},{"link_name":"Zagwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Solomonids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Amhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_Region"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_bin_Ahmad_al-Kawneyn"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ioan Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan_Lewis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Cerulli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Cerulli"},{"link_name":"Haqq ad-Din I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haqq_ad-Din_I"},{"link_name":"Ali Baziyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Baziyu"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Dil-Marrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhzumi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Conquest of Shewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_Shewa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"According to Ibn Khaldun, although being local to the Horn of Africa, Umar came as refugee to the region of Ifat and established his dynasty there.[3][4]Taddese Tamrat noted according to Al-Maqrizi, the ancestors of ’Umar Walasma first settled in Jabarta, a region which he says belonged to Zeila where they moved further inland and occupied Ifat also.[5] Al-Maqrizi also says Umar Walashma was appointed by a \"Haze\" or a King of Ethiopia to be the first ruler of Awfat. Richard Pankhurst identifies this King as Yekuno Amlak. However some historians say it was most likely a Zagwe monarch which welcomed the Walashma' to the land of Awfât as the first Solomonids did not extend their authority beyond the Amhara, adding to that, the Zagwe monarchs were also probably more tolerant towards their Muslim counterparts.[6]According to local chronicles, Umar was the 5th descendant of the Sheikh Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn also known as Aw Barkhadle, local chronicles relate:\"'Umar the son of Dunya hawaz, the son of Ahmed, the son of Muhammed, the son of Hamid, the son of Mahmud, the son of Shaykh Yusuf and that is Barkhadlah.\"[7]Ioan Lewis also mentions that in a short king-list titled \"Rulers of the land of Sa'ad ad-Din\", Yusuf is recognized as one of the Walashma's ancestors.[8] Yusuf is considered as the progenitor of the Walashma dynasty.[9][10]According to the History of the Walashma, he was said to have died in 1276 at the age of 120, and had over six hundred children.[11][12] But the number of his children are considered only legendary and are only seen as a literary genre to express the greatness and power of the founder of the dynasty.[13] Thus, most historians place the end of his reign and his death at 1275, Cerulli also justifies this by saying that Umar, the founder of the dynasty, died 104 years before the commencement of Haqq ad-Din I's reign which was in 778 Hegira. So the demise of Umar and the commencement of his son Ali Baziyu‟s reign have been dated, according to history, to 674 Hegira (1275-1276). [14]The Shewan Sultan Dil-Marrah married his daughter in October 1271, 5 years before the Conquest of Shewa.[15]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Makhzumi dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhzumi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Northeastern Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Africa"}],"text":"Umar's dynasty would go on to overthrow the ruling Makhzumi dynasty in 1280 which occupied Ifat since the ninth century.[16]Umar's dynasty would rule in Northeastern Africa from 1187 to 1559.","title":"Legacy"}]	[]	[{"title":"Walashma dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walashma_dynasty"},{"title":"Ifat Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifat_Sultanate"},{"title":"Adal Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate"},{"title":"Mogadishan Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu_Sultanate"},{"title":"History of Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Somalia"},{"title":"Somali people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_people"}]	[{"reference":"Cuoq, Joseph. L'Islam en Éthiopie des origines au XVIe siècle (in French). p. 129.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fasi, M. El. L'Afrique du VIIe au XIe siècle (in French). p. 620.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fasi, M. El (1990). L'Afrique du VIIe au XIe siècle (in French). UNESCO. p. 618.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fāsī, Muḥammad; Hrbek, Ivan; Africa, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of (1988). Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century. Heinemann Educational Books. p. 582. ISBN 978-92-3-101709-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D-n0cKCyoIQC&q=umar+walasma","url_text":"Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-101709-4","url_text":"978-92-3-101709-4"}]},{"reference":"Tamrat, Taddesse (1972). Church and State in Ethiopia, 1270-1527. Clarendon Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-19-821671-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZNyAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Church and State in Ethiopia, 1270-1527"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821671-1","url_text":"978-0-19-821671-1"}]},{"reference":"Cuoq, Joseph (1981). L'Islam en Éthiopie des origines au XVIe siècle (in French). Nouvelles Editions Latines. p. 125. ISBN 978-2-7233-0111-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7233-0111-4","url_text":"978-2-7233-0111-4"}]},{"reference":"E. Cerulli. Islam Yesterday and Today. pp. 160–192.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lewis, I. M. (1998). Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society. The Red Sea Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-56902-103-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P5AZyEhMtbkC&q=sharif+barkhadle&pg=PA89","url_text":"Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-103-3","url_text":"978-1-56902-103-3"}]},{"reference":"Levtzion, Nehemia; Pouwels, Randall L. (2000-03-31). The History of Islam in Africa. Ohio University Press. p. 242.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Somalia; Wasaaradda Warfaafinta iyo Hanuuninta Dadweynaha (1972). he Writing of the Somali Language: A Great Landmark in Our Revolutionary History. Ministry of Information and National Guidance. p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea Press. p. 40. ISBN 9780932415196.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC","url_text":"The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780932415196","url_text":"9780932415196"}]},{"reference":"Cerulli, Enrico. Islam: Yesterday and Today translated by Emran Waber. Istituto Per L'Oriente. p. 160.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1g-LkxaXWZopjLCFEuWm8wnly2lh4WvFp/view","url_text":"Islam: Yesterday and Today translated by Emran Waber"}]},{"reference":"Joseph Cuoq. L'Islam en Éthiopie des origines au XVIe siècle. p. 123.","urls":[]},{"reference":"E. Cerulli. Islam Yesterday and Today. p. 280.","urls":[]},{"reference":"E. Cerulli. Islam Yesterday and Today. p. 281.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Levtzion, Nehemia (31 March 2000). The History of Islam in Africa. Ohio University Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-8214-4461-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J1Ipt5A9mLMC&dq=%22The+oldest+documented+Muslim+polity+inland+was+the+sultanate+of+Shewa%22&pg=PA228","url_text":"The History of Islam in Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-4461-0","url_text":"978-0-8214-4461-0"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D-n0cKCyoIQC&q=umar+walasma","external_links_name":"Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZNyAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Church and State in Ethiopia, 1270-1527"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P5AZyEhMtbkC&q=sharif+barkhadle&pg=PA89","external_links_name":"Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC","external_links_name":"The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century"},{"Link":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1g-LkxaXWZopjLCFEuWm8wnly2lh4WvFp/view","external_links_name":"Islam: Yesterday and Today translated by Emran Waber"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J1Ipt5A9mLMC&dq=%22The+oldest+documented+Muslim+polity+inland+was+the+sultanate+of+Shewa%22&pg=PA228","external_links_name":"The History of Islam in Africa"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAAS_Oregon_II_(R_332)	NOAAS Oregon II	["1 Construction and commissioning","2 Characteristics and capabilities","3 Service history","4 Honors and awards","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	American fisheries research vessel Not to be confused with NOAAS Oregon (R 551). NOAAS Oregon II (R 332) in 2007. History Bureau of Commercial Fisheries NameUS FWS Oregon II NamesakeUS FWS Oregon (FWS 1600), Fish and Wildlife Service research vessel BuilderIngalls Shipyard, Pascagoula, Mississippi LaunchedFebruary 1967 AcquiredAugust 1967 (delivery) CommissionedNever IdentificationCall sign WTDO FateTransferred to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 3 October 1970 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NameNOAAS Oregon II (R 332) NamesakePrevious name retained AcquiredTransferred from Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 3 October 1970 Commissioned17 March 1977 HomeportPascagoula, Mississippi Identification IMO number: 6728068 MMSI number: 303967000 Call sign: WTDO Honors andawards Department of Commerce Gold Medal (1999) StatusActive General characteristics TypeFisheries research ship Tonnage 703 gross tons 228 net tons Displacement729 tons Length170 ft (52 m) Beam34 ft (10 m) Draft15 ft (4.6 m) Depth24.1 ft (7.3 m) Propulsion Originally: Two Fairbanks Morse 800-hp (597-kW) diesel engines, one four-bladed controllable-pitch propeller Later: Two Caterpillar 900-hp (671-kW) diesel engines, one four-bladed controllable-pitch propeller, one Hundested 250-hp (186-kW) bow thruster Speed 12 knots (22 km/h) (maximum) 11 knots (20 km/h) (maximum sustained) 10 knots (19 km/h) (cruising) Range7,810 nautical miles (14,460 km) Endurance33 days Boats & landing craft carried1 x 18.2-foot (5.5 m) rescue boat Complement19 (5 NOAA Corps officers and mates, 3 licensed engineers, and 11 other crew members), plus up to 12 scientists. NOAAS Oregon II (R 332) is an American fisheries research vessel in commission in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) fleet since 1977. Prior to her NOAA career, she was delivered to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service's Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in 1967 as US FWS Oregon II, but not commissioned. She was transferred to NOAA in 1970, but was not placed in commission until 1977. Construction and commissioning US FWS Oregon II as she appeared when delivered to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in 1967.Oregon II was built for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service at Ingalls Shipyard in Pascagoula, Mississippi. She was launched in February 1967 and delivered to the Fish and Wildlife Service's Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in August 1967 as US FWS Oregon II, but was not commissioned. When NOAA was established on 3 October 1970, she became part of NOAA's fleet, and finally was commissioned on 17 March 1977, as NOAAS Oregon II (R 332). Characteristics and capabilities Oregon II is outfitted as a double-rigged shrimp trawler, longliner, gillnetter, fish trap hauler, and dredger. She has a hydraulic seine-trawl winch with a maximum pull of 30,000 pounds (13,610 kg) and drum capacity of 1,200 feet (370 meters) of 9/16-inch (14.3-mm) wire rope, and she has two outriggers for trawling. She also has two hydrographic winches with 0.322-inch (8.2-mm) EM cable, a hydraulic one with a maximum pull of 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg) and a drum capacity of 12,139 feet (3,700 meters), and an electric one with a drum capacity of 13,123 feet (4,000 meters). She also has a self-contained hydraulic MOCNESS winch for the collection of zooplankton and nekton with a maximum pull weight of 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg) and a drum capacity of 7,972 feet (2,430 meters) of 0.68-inch (17.3-mm) wire rope. She is equipped with a rotating telescoping boom crane with a lift capacity of 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg), a rotating crane with a lift capacity of 6,000 pounds (2,700 kg), and a J-frame with a maximum safe working load of 3,500 pounds (1,600 kg). Oregon II has various laboratory capabilities. A 275-square-foot (25.5-square-meter) wet laboratory is situated aft on her main deck. She also has a 100-square-foot (9.3-square-meter) biology laboratory, a 75-square-foot (7-square-meter) computer laboratory, and a 210-square-foot (19.5-square-meter) hydrographic laboratory. She has a scientific freezer forward. Oregon II carries an 18.2-foot (5.5-meter) rescue boat with a 90-horsepower (67-kW) motor and capable of carrying six people. Her crew includes a four-member dive team. Oregon II has undergone an upgrade in which she received new electronic fish detection equipment, environmental sensors, and deck-handling and electronics equipment. Her laboratory and living spaces were refurbished, her original Fairbanks Morse main engines were replaced by new, more powerful Caterpillar engines, and a bow thruster was added to improve both her station-keeping and shiphandling capability. Service history Operated by NOAA's Office of Marine and Aviation Operations, Oregon II conducts fishery and living marine resource studies in support of the research of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Pascagoula Laboratory in Pascagoula. The ship collects fish and crustacean specimens using trawls and benthic longlines and fish larvae, fish eggs, and plankton using plankton nets and surface and midwater larval nets. She normally operates in the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean off the southeastern United States, and the Caribbean Sea. Her home port is Pascagoula. Oregon II's projects include summer and autumn groundfish surveys, summer shark longline surveys, and surveys of ichthyoplankton, marine mammals, and reef fish. She annually supports a striped bass survey and tagging effort by NMFS's Beaufort Laboratory in Beaufort, North Carolina. On 16 March 1989, an engine fire broke out aboard Oregon II while she was moored at Mobile, Alabama. Her chief engineer, Mr. James V. Brosh, entered the smoke-filled engine room to make sure it was clear of personnel before discharging carbon dioxide into the area to fight the fire. He later personally directed Mobile Fire Department firefighters in extinguishing the blaze. His actions were credited with limiting the damage and saving the ship, and for his courage and heroism in ensuring the safety of personnel and in fighting the fire, he received the Department of Commerce Silver Medal later in 1989. In August 1998, Oregon II became the first United States Government ship to call at Havana, Cuba, since Fidel Castro took control of the country in 1959. She visited Cuba to take part with NOAA's Cuban counterparts in a survey of sharks in Cuban waters to help determine shark migration patterns in the waters of the United States, Cuba, and Mexico. Her work in Cuba supplemented similar work done in Mexican waters. On 28 February 1999, Oregon II was 25 nautical miles (46 kilometres) off Cape Canaveral, Florida, bound for Pascagoula when she sighted two men and a woman clinging to a capsized 25-foot (7.6-meter) fishing boat in growing darkness and 6-to-8-foot (1.8-to-2.4-meter) seas. The three people had been unable to send any distress signal, had been in the water for about five hours, were beginning to suffer hypothermia, and were in real danger of perishing during the upcoming night when Oregon II rescued them. Oregon II transferred them to a United States Coast Guard cutter, which returned them to shore. For vigilant watchstanding and promptly rescuing the three people, Oregon II received the Department of Commerce Gold Medal in 1999. When NOAA retired the fisheries research ship NOAAS John N. Cobb (R 552) in August 2008, Oregon II became the oldest ship in the NOAA fleet. She achieved a milestone on 27 July 2012, when she departed Pascagoula on her 300th research cruise, an annual assessment of red snapper and shark populations in the Gulf of Mexico and western Atlantic Ocean. By that time, she had logged 10,000 days at sea and more than 1,000,000 nautical miles (1,900,000 kilometres), and her projects had taken her as far south as the Amazon River delta in Brazil and as far north as Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Honors and awards Department of Commerce Gold Medal 1999 In a ceremony in 1999 in Washington, D.C., Oregon II was awarded the Department of Commerce Gold Medal for "public service or heroism" for her lifesaving efforts off Florida on 28 February 1999. The program for the ceremony cited her achievement as follows: The NOAA Ship OREGON II is recognized for the rescue of two men and one woman whose 25-foot boat capsized in heavy weather off the Florida coast. By the time the OREGON II found them, the hapless mariners had been in the water for about five hours and had begun to suffer the debilitating effects of hypothermia. With darkness falling and the vessel drifting helplessly in the Gulf Stream and authorities unaware of their situation or their position, the three would almost surely have perished were it not for the vigilant watchstanding and prompt rescue efforts of the OREGON II. See also NOAA ships and aircraft References ^ a b c d e NOAA Ship Oregon II Characteristics and Capabilities ^ moc.noaa.gov OREGON II ^ a b c d NOAA Ship Oregon II flier ^ NOAA Ship Oregon II Engineering ^ NOAA Ship Oregon II ^ a b c NOAA History: Hall of Honor: Commerce Medals Presented For Lifesaving and the Protection of Property 1955-2000 ^ Anonymous, "Crew Of Research Ship Rescues 3 Clinging To Boat," Orlando Sentinel, March 5, 1999. ^ Havens, April M., "NOAA ship Oregon II to leave Pascagoula on 300th research cruise," gulflive.com, July 26, 2012, 4:20 PM ^ a b c Program of Fifty-First Annual Honor Awards, United States Department of Commerce, 1999: Gold Medal: NOAA Ship OREGON II, Office of Marine and Aviation Operations, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration External links Interviews with crew of the NOAA Ship Oregon II on YouTube vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1989Shipwrecks 7 Jan: Lavia 21 Jan: USS Muliphen 28 Jan: Bahía Paraíso 15 Feb: Maassluis 8 Apr: K-278 Komsomolets 25 Apr: USS Parsons 24 May: Moby Dick June (unknown date): USS Blenny 20 Aug: Marchioness 10 Sep: Mogoșoaia 29 Oct: Murree 4 Dec: USCGC Mesquite Unknown date: HMS Leander, YO-257, ROCS Tze Yang Other incidents 17 Jan: USS Norfolk, USS San Diego 16 Mar: NOAAS Oregon II 24 Mar: Exxon Valdez (oil spill) 19 Apr: USS Iowa (turret explosion) 19 Jun: Maxim Gorkiy 25 Jun: K-131 19 Aug: Ross Revenge 20 Aug: Bowbelle 29 Sep: USS Pennsylvania October (unknown date): HMS Spartan 19 Dec: Khark 5 (oil spill) 1988 1990 vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1999Shipwrecks 4 Feb: New Carissa 20 May: Sun Vista 25 Jun: Doris 14 Jul: USS William C. Lawe 16 Aug: ROCS Han Yang 1 Oct: Rachel Harvey 2 Nov: Mighty Servant 2 16 Nov: ROCS Kai Yang 26 Nov: Sleipner 12 Dec: Erika 23 Dec: Asia South Korea Other incidents 4 Feb: USS Arthur W. Radford 28 Feb: NOAAS Oregon II 19 Sep: Ocean Dream 9 Dec: USNS Pecos 1998 2000	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NOAAS Oregon (R 551)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAAS_Oregon_(R_551)"},{"link_name":"fisheries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishery"},{"link_name":"research vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_vessel"},{"link_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"United States Fish and Wildlife Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service"}],"text":"Not to be confused with NOAAS Oregon (R 551).NOAAS Oregon II (R 332) is an American fisheries research vessel in commission in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) fleet since 1977. Prior to her NOAA career, she was delivered to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service's Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in 1967 as US FWS Oregon II, but not commissioned. She was transferred to NOAA in 1970, but was not placed in commission until 1977.","title":"NOAAS Oregon II"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BCF_Oregon_II_1967.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Fish and Wildlife Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service"},{"link_name":"Ingalls Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingalls_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Pascagoula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascagoula,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_ship_launching"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-characteristics-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"US FWS Oregon II as she appeared when delivered to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in 1967.Oregon II was built for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service at Ingalls Shipyard in Pascagoula, Mississippi. She was launched in February 1967 and delivered to the Fish and Wildlife Service's Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in August 1967 as US FWS Oregon II, but was not commissioned.[1] When NOAA was established on 3 October 1970, she became part of NOAA's fleet, and finally was commissioned on 17 March 1977, as NOAAS Oregon II (R 332).[2]","title":"Construction and commissioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shrimp trawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_trawling"},{"link_name":"longliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longline_fishing"},{"link_name":"gillnetter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillnetting"},{"link_name":"fish trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_trap"},{"link_name":"dredger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biology_dredge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flier-3"},{"link_name":"hydraulic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulics"},{"link_name":"seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine_fishing"},{"link_name":"trawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trawling"},{"link_name":"winch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winch"},{"link_name":"kg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram"},{"link_name":"outriggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outrigger"},{"link_name":"hydrographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrography"},{"link_name":"MOCNESS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOCNESS"},{"link_name":"zooplankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooplankton"},{"link_name":"nekton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekton"},{"link_name":"crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)"},{"link_name":"J-frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J-frame&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-characteristics-1"},{"link_name":"laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory"},{"link_name":"square-foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_foot"},{"link_name":"wet laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_laboratory"},{"link_name":"main deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_deck"},{"link_name":"biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"freezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-characteristics-1"},{"link_name":"kW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt"},{"link_name":"dive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_diving"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-characteristics-1"},{"link_name":"Fairbanks Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairbanks_Morse"},{"link_name":"Caterpillar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc."},{"link_name":"bow thruster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_thruster"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flier-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Oregon II is outfitted as a double-rigged shrimp trawler, longliner, gillnetter, fish trap hauler, and dredger.[3] She has a hydraulic seine-trawl winch with a maximum pull of 30,000 pounds (13,610 kg) and drum capacity of 1,200 feet (370 meters) of 9/16-inch (14.3-mm) wire rope, and she has two outriggers for trawling. She also has two hydrographic winches with 0.322-inch (8.2-mm) EM cable, a hydraulic one with a maximum pull of 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg) and a drum capacity of 12,139 feet (3,700 meters), and an electric one with a drum capacity of 13,123 feet (4,000 meters). She also has a self-contained hydraulic MOCNESS winch for the collection of zooplankton and nekton with a maximum pull weight of 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg) and a drum capacity of 7,972 feet (2,430 meters) of 0.68-inch (17.3-mm) wire rope. She is equipped with a rotating telescoping boom crane with a lift capacity of 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg), a rotating crane with a lift capacity of 6,000 pounds (2,700 kg), and a J-frame with a maximum safe working load of 3,500 pounds (1,600 kg).[1]Oregon II has various laboratory capabilities. A 275-square-foot (25.5-square-meter) wet laboratory is situated aft on her main deck. She also has a 100-square-foot (9.3-square-meter) biology laboratory, a 75-square-foot (7-square-meter) computer laboratory, and a 210-square-foot (19.5-square-meter) hydrographic laboratory. She has a scientific freezer forward.[1]Oregon II carries an 18.2-foot (5.5-meter) rescue boat with a 90-horsepower (67-kW) motor and capable of carrying six people. Her crew includes a four-member dive team.[1]Oregon II has undergone an upgrade in which she received new electronic fish detection equipment, environmental sensors, and deck-handling and electronics equipment. Her laboratory and living spaces were refurbished, her original Fairbanks Morse main engines were replaced by new, more powerful Caterpillar engines, and a bow thruster was added to improve both her station-keeping and shiphandling capability.[3][4]","title":"Characteristics and capabilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Marine Fisheries Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"crustacean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean"},{"link_name":"benthic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthic_zone"},{"link_name":"plankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankton"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Caribbean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-characteristics-1"},{"link_name":"groundfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundfish"},{"link_name":"shark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark"},{"link_name":"ichthyoplankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyoplankton"},{"link_name":"marine mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_mammal"},{"link_name":"reef fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reef_fish"},{"link_name":"striped bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_bass"},{"link_name":"Beaufort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flier-3"},{"link_name":"Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"chief engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_engineer"},{"link_name":"engine room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_room"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"Mobile Fire Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_Fire_Department&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"firefighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefighter"},{"link_name":"Department of Commerce Silver Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Commerce_Silver_Medal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honor-6"},{"link_name":"United States Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Fidel Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flier-3"},{"link_name":"Cape Canaveral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"fishing boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_boat"},{"link_name":"hypothermia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothermia"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"cutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Cutter"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honor-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Department of Commerce Gold Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Commerce_Gold_Medal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honor-6"},{"link_name":"NOAAS John N. Cobb (R 552)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAAS_John_N._Cobb_(R_552)"},{"link_name":"red snapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutjanus_campechanus"},{"link_name":"Amazon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_River"},{"link_name":"delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_delta"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Cape Cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Operated by NOAA's Office of Marine and Aviation Operations, Oregon II conducts fishery and living marine resource studies in support of the research of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Pascagoula Laboratory in Pascagoula. The ship collects fish and crustacean specimens using trawls and benthic longlines and fish larvae, fish eggs, and plankton using plankton nets and surface and midwater larval nets. She normally operates in the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean off the southeastern United States, and the Caribbean Sea.[5] Her home port is Pascagoula.[1]Oregon II's projects include summer and autumn groundfish surveys, summer shark longline surveys, and surveys of ichthyoplankton, marine mammals, and reef fish. She annually supports a striped bass survey and tagging effort by NMFS's Beaufort Laboratory in Beaufort, North Carolina.[3]On 16 March 1989, an engine fire broke out aboard Oregon II while she was moored at Mobile, Alabama. Her chief engineer, Mr. James V. Brosh, entered the smoke-filled engine room to make sure it was clear of personnel before discharging carbon dioxide into the area to fight the fire. He later personally directed Mobile Fire Department firefighters in extinguishing the blaze. His actions were credited with limiting the damage and saving the ship, and for his courage and heroism in ensuring the safety of personnel and in fighting the fire, he received the Department of Commerce Silver Medal later in 1989.[6]In August 1998, Oregon II became the first United States Government ship to call at Havana, Cuba, since Fidel Castro took control of the country in 1959. She visited Cuba to take part with NOAA's Cuban counterparts in a survey of sharks in Cuban waters to help determine shark migration patterns in the waters of the United States, Cuba, and Mexico. Her work in Cuba supplemented similar work done in Mexican waters.[3]On 28 February 1999, Oregon II was 25 nautical miles (46 kilometres) off Cape Canaveral, Florida, bound for Pascagoula when she sighted two men and a woman clinging to a capsized 25-foot (7.6-meter) fishing boat in growing darkness and 6-to-8-foot (1.8-to-2.4-meter) seas. The three people had been unable to send any distress signal, had been in the water for about five hours, were beginning to suffer hypothermia, and were in real danger of perishing during the upcoming night when Oregon II rescued them. Oregon II transferred them to a United States Coast Guard cutter, which returned them to shore.[6][7] For vigilant watchstanding and promptly rescuing the three people, Oregon II received the Department of Commerce Gold Medal in 1999.[6]When NOAA retired the fisheries research ship NOAAS John N. Cobb (R 552) in August 2008, Oregon II became the oldest ship in the NOAA fleet. She achieved a milestone on 27 July 2012, when she departed Pascagoula on her 300th research cruise, an annual assessment of red snapper and shark populations in the Gulf of Mexico and western Atlantic Ocean. By that time, she had logged 10,000 days at sea and more than 1,000,000 nautical miles (1,900,000 kilometres), and her projects had taken her as far south as the Amazon River delta in Brazil and as far north as Cape Cod, Massachusetts.[8]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Department_of_Commerce_-_Gold_Valor_Aw.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Operational_Distinguishing_Device.png"},{"link_name":"Department of Commerce Gold Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Commerce_Gold_Medal"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Department of Commerce Gold Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Commerce_Gold_Medal"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-program1999-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-program1999-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-program1999-9"}],"text":"Department of Commerce Gold Medal 1999In a ceremony in 1999 in Washington, D.C., Oregon II was awarded the Department of Commerce Gold Medal for \"public service or heroism\"[9] for her lifesaving efforts off Florida on 28 February 1999.[9] The program for the ceremony cited her achievement as follows:The NOAA Ship OREGON II is recognized for the rescue of two men and one woman whose 25-foot boat capsized in heavy weather off the Florida coast. By the time the OREGON II found them, the hapless mariners had been in the water for about five hours and had begun to suffer the debilitating effects of hypothermia. With darkness falling and the vessel drifting helplessly in the Gulf Stream and authorities unaware of their situation or their position, the three would almost surely have perished were it not for the vigilant watchstanding and prompt rescue efforts of the OREGON II.[9]","title":"Honors and awards"}]	[{"image_text":"US FWS Oregon II as she appeared when delivered to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in 1967.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BCF_Oregon_II_1967.jpg/300px-BCF_Oregon_II_1967.jpg"}]	[{"title":"NOAA ships and aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA_ships_and_aircraft"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/details/ships/imo:6728068","external_links_name":"6728068"},{"Link":"https://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/details/ships/mmsi:303967000","external_links_name":"303967000"},{"Link":"http://www.moc.noaa.gov/Ships%20Characteristics/NOAA%20Ship%20Oregon%202%20-%20Final%2030JAN2014.pdf","external_links_name":"NOAA Ship Oregon II Characteristics and Capabilities"},{"Link":"http://www.moc.noaa.gov/ot/apr_2004_ot_specs.pdf","external_links_name":"moc.noaa.gov OREGON II"},{"Link":"http://www.omao.noaa.gov/publications/ot_flier.pdf","external_links_name":"NOAA Ship Oregon II flier"},{"Link":"http://www.moc.noaa.gov/ot/specs/engineer.html","external_links_name":"NOAA Ship Oregon II Engineering"},{"Link":"http://www.moc.noaa.gov/ot/index.html","external_links_name":"NOAA Ship Oregon II"},{"Link":"http://www.history.noaa.gov/hallofhonor/lifesaving_1955-2000other.html","external_links_name":"NOAA History: Hall of Honor: Commerce Medals Presented For Lifesaving and the Protection of Property 1955-2000"},{"Link":"http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1999-03-05/news/9903050269_1_oregon-ii-cape-canaveral-people-clinging","external_links_name":"Anonymous, \"Crew Of Research Ship Rescues 3 Clinging To Boat,\" Orlando Sentinel, March 5, 1999."},{"Link":"http://blog.gulflive.com/mississippi-press-news/2012/07/noaa_ship_oregon_ii_to_leave_p.html","external_links_name":"Havens, April M., \"NOAA ship Oregon II to leave Pascagoula on 300th research cruise,\" gulflive.com, July 26, 2012, 4:20 PM"},{"Link":"https://hr.commerce.gov/Practitioners/PerformanceManagementandAwards/ssLINK/prod01_001295","external_links_name":"Program of Fifty-First Annual Honor Awards, United States Department of Commerce, 1999: Gold Medal: NOAA Ship OREGON II, Office of Marine and Aviation Operations, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYObRiLtHQ4","external_links_name":"Interviews with crew of the NOAA Ship Oregon II on YouTube"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Craven	Matt Craven	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Filmography","3.1 Movies","3.2 Television","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"]	Canadian actor This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Matt CravenBornMatthew John Crnkovich (1956-11-10) November 10, 1956 (age 67)Port Colborne, Ontario, CanadaOccupationActorYears active1979–presentSpouseSally SuttonChildren2 Matthew John Crnkovich (born November 10, 1956), known as Matt Craven, is a Canadian character actor. He has appeared in over 40 films including Happy Birthday to Me, Jacob's Ladder, K2, A Few Good Men, The Juror, Assault on Precinct 13, Disturbia, Tempting Fate and X-Men: First Class. Craven has also made several television appearances, most notably as Clayton Jarvis on the CBS series, NCIS, Officer Lenny Gayer on High Incident, Dr. Tim Lonner on L.A. Doctors, and Sheriff Fred Langston on the series Resurrection. Early life Craven, a Canadian, spent his early life in Ontario. His father died six weeks after his birth and Craven ultimately dropped out of high school to work a variety of odd jobs to help support his mother and sister. He was about 20 when he discovered his love for acting - auditioning for, and starring in, a local production of Dracula as Jonathan Harker. Career Matt Craven is best known as a character actor working in TV and film. His films include the Academy Award nominated Crimson Tide, A Few Good Men, the SAG nominated X-Men: First Class, Public Enemies, Disturbia, Déjà Vu, The Life of David Gale, Tin Men and K2. Craven's first film Meatballs opposite Bill Murray was a huge hit and launched Craven's career in film and comedy. Craven's second feature, the live action short Bravery in the Field was nominated for an Academy Award. The next few years saw Craven starring in several comedy pilots. His first major dramatic film was the drama/horror/mystery cult favorite Jacob's Ladder which follows a haunted Vietnam vet as he attempts to discover his past while suffering from a severe case of dissociation. Craven starred as Michael, a chemist in the Army's chemical warfare division where he worked on a drug that was secretly given to the veteran's unit. On television, Craven has worked with Steven Spielberg as a series regular on High Incident, on TNT's Nuremberg and Kingfish: A Story of Huey P. Long, opposite Jeff Goldblum on Raines, several seasons on the international hit NCIS, and extensively with producer/writer Graham Yost on Justified, From the Earth to the Moon, The Pacific and Boomtown. Most recently, Craven starred on the ABC series Resurrection. Craven had two features for 2015 - Roland Emmerich's Stonewall and Unless in which he stars opposite Catherine Keener. Filmography Movies Year Title Role Notes 1979 Bravery in the Field Lennie Short Meatballs "Hardware" Renzetti 1980 Hog Wild "Chrome" 1981 Happy Birthday to Me Steve Maxwell 1984 That's My Baby! Andy 1986 Agent on Ice Joey Matera 1987 Tin Men Looney 1988 Smokescreen Gerald Price 1989 Chattahoochee Lonny 1990 Blue Steel Howard Jacob's Ladder Michael Newman 1991 K2 Harold "H" Jameson 1992 A Few Good Men Lieutenant Dave Spradling 1993 Indian Summer Jamie Ross 1994 Bulletproof Heart (aka Killer) Archie Double Cross Bernard March Video 1995 Crimson Tide Lieutenant Roy Zimmer, USS Alabama Communications Officer Breach of Trust Rodney Powell 1996 The Juror Boone The Final Cut Emerson Lloyd White Tiger John Grogan Never Too Late Carl 1997 Masterminds Jake Paxton 1998 Paulie Warren Alweather 2000 Things You Can Tell Just by Looking at Her Walter (segments "Fantasies About Rebecca" and "Love Waits For Kathy") 2002 Dragonfly Eric 2003 The Life of David Gale Dusty Wright Timeline Steven Kramer The Statement David Manenbaum 2004 The Clearing FBI Agent Ray Fuller Bandido Fletcher 2005 Assault on Precinct 13 Officer Kevin Capra A Simple Curve Matthew 2006 Déjà Vu ATF Special Agent Larry Minuti 2007 Disturbia Daniel Brecht American Venus Bob 2008 The Longshots Coach Fisher 2009 Public Enemies FBI Agent Gerry Campbell 2010 Devil Lustig 2011 X-Men: First Class CIA Director McCone 2012 The Good Lie Richard Francis 2013 White House Down Secret Service Agent Roy Kellerman 2015 Stonewall Deputy Seymour Pine 2016 Unless Tom 2017 Awakening the Zodiac Harvey 2022 Lou Sheriff Rankin Television This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Matt Craven" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Year Title Role Notes 1980–1983 The Littlest Hobo 3 Episodes: Ghost Rig, The Hero, Winner Take All 1981 The Intruder Within Phil TV movie 1982 Till Death Do Us Part Tony Archer TV movie 1983 The Terry Fox Story Bob Cady TV movie 1986 Classified Love Howie TV movie Tough Cookies Richie Messina 6 Episodes Philip Marlowe, Private Eye Pete 1 Episode: Red Wing Comedy Factory Eddie 1 Episode: Hearts of Steel 1987 Harry Bobby Kratz 7 Episodes American Playhouse Norbert 1 Episode: Blue Window 1995 Kingfish: A Story of Huey P. Long Seymour Weiss TV movie The Outer Limits Alan Wells 1 Episode: The Voyage Home Kansas Matt TV movie American Gothic Barrett Stokes 1 Episode: Strong Arm of the Law 1996–1997 High Incident Officer Lenny Gayer 32 Episodes 1998 Dead Man's Gun Stuart "Snake Finger" Aikins 1 Episode: Snake Finger Tempting Fate Emmett Lach TV movie From the Earth to the Moon Tom Kelly 1 Episode: Spider 1998–1999 L.A. Doctors Dr. Tim Lonner 24 Episodes 2000 Nuremberg Captain Gustave Gilbert 1 Episode: #1.1 2000–2001 ER Gordon Price 3 Episodes: The Dance We Do; Rock, Paper, Scissors; Never Say Never 2001 Bleacher Bums Greg TV movie 2001 Varian's War "Beamish" TV movie 2002 Scared Silent Scott Miller TV movie 2002–2003 Boomtown Dr. Michael Hirsch 2 Episodes: Coyote, Lost Child 2003 The Lyon's Den George Riley 6 Episodes 2005 Karol: A Man Who Became Pope Hans Frank TV movie Without a Trace Larry Hopkins 1 Episode: A Day in the Life 2007 Raines Captain Daniel Lewis 2009 Anatomy of Hope Hal Davis TV movie 2010 The Pacific Dr. Grant 1 Episode: Gloucester/Pavuvu/Banika 2010–2014 Justified Chief Deputy U.S. Marshal Dan Grant 4 Episodes: Fire in the Hole, The Moonshine War, Full Commitment, A Murder of Crowes 2011–2013 NCIS Secretary of the Navy Clayton Jarvis 10 Episodes 2012 Alcatraz Mr. K 1 Episode: Tommy Madsen 2014–2015 Resurrection Sheriff Fred Langston 21 Episodes 2018 Sharp Objects Bill Vickery 8 Episodes 2019 Unspeakable Horace Krever 2 Episodes: Krever (1993 - 1996), Intent (1997 - 2005) 2020 Stumptown Michael McConnell 2 Episodes: At All Costs: The Conrad Costas Chronicles, All Hands on Dex 2023 Justified: City Primeval Chief Deputy U.S. Marshal Dan Grant 1 episode: The Question Personal life Craven has been married for the past 25 years to Sally Sutton, the makeup artist whom he met on the set of K2. They have two children, Nicholas and Josephine. Craven is a strong supporter of One Heart Source an organisation designed to empower at risk children through education in Africa. He is an avid golfer. In his spare time, he enjoys gardening, cooking and woodworking. He worked as a doorman for the nightclub the Bitter End and is a lifelong fan of the Toronto Maple Leafs. References ^ Lowry, Brian (2007-03-09). "Raines". Variety. ISSN 0042-2738. OCLC 810134503. Archived from the original on 2019-06-05. Retrieved 2019-06-05. A crime procedural tweaked with the slimmest of gimmicks, 'Raines' largely boils down to one's appreciation of star Jeff Goldblum, who occupies center stage in practically every scene. Relative to riskier dramas, it seems a reasonably safe bet, though it's hardly the sort of series people will rush home to see. External links Matt Craven at IMDb Meatballs movie website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Poland People Deutsche Biographie	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"Happy Birthday to Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Birthday_to_Me_(film)"},{"link_name":"Jacob's Ladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%27s_Ladder_(1990_film)"},{"link_name":"K2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2_(film)"},{"link_name":"A Few Good Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Few_Good_Men"},{"link_name":"The Juror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Juror"},{"link_name":"Assault on Precinct 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_on_Precinct_13_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"Disturbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbia_(film)"},{"link_name":"Tempting Fate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempting_Fate_(1998_film)"},{"link_name":"X-Men: First Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_First_Class"},{"link_name":"Clayton Jarvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Jarvis"},{"link_name":"NCIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"High Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Incident"},{"link_name":"L.A. Doctors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.A._Doctors"},{"link_name":"Resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_(U.S._TV_series)"}],"text":"Matthew John Crnkovich (born November 10, 1956), known as Matt Craven, is a Canadian character actor. He has appeared in over 40 films including Happy Birthday to Me, Jacob's Ladder, K2, A Few Good Men, The Juror, Assault on Precinct 13, Disturbia, Tempting Fate and X-Men: First Class.Craven has also made several television appearances, most notably as Clayton Jarvis on the CBS series, NCIS, Officer Lenny Gayer on High Incident, Dr. Tim Lonner on L.A. Doctors, and Sheriff Fred Langston on the series Resurrection.","title":"Matt Craven"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"}],"text":"Craven, a Canadian, spent his early life in Ontario. His father died six weeks after his birth and Craven ultimately dropped out of high school to work a variety of odd jobs to help support his mother and sister. He was about 20 when he discovered his love for acting - auditioning for, and starring in, a local production of Dracula as Jonathan Harker.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crimson Tide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson_Tide_(film)"},{"link_name":"A Few Good Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Few_Good_Men"},{"link_name":"SAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild"},{"link_name":"X-Men: First Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_First_Class"},{"link_name":"Public Enemies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Enemies_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Disturbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbia_(film)"},{"link_name":"Déjà Vu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0_Vu_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"The Life of David Gale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Life_of_David_Gale"},{"link_name":"Tin Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Men"},{"link_name":"K2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2_(film)"},{"link_name":"Meatballs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meatballs_(film)"},{"link_name":"Bill Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Murray"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jacob's Ladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%27s_Ladder_(1990_film)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"High Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Incident"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Kingfish: A Story of Huey P. Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingfish:_A_Story_of_Huey_P._Long"},{"link_name":"Raines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raines"},{"link_name":"Justified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justified_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"From the Earth to the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"The Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pacific_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Boomtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomtown_(2002_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Roland Emmerich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Emmerich"},{"link_name":"Stonewall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"Catherine Keener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Keener"}],"text":"Matt Craven is best known as a character actor working in TV and film. His films include the Academy Award nominated Crimson Tide, A Few Good Men, the SAG nominated X-Men: First Class, Public Enemies, Disturbia, Déjà Vu, The Life of David Gale, Tin Men and K2. Craven's first film Meatballs opposite Bill Murray was a huge hit and launched Craven's career in film and comedy.[citation needed] Craven's second feature, the live action short Bravery in the Field was nominated for an Academy Award.The next few years saw Craven starring in several comedy pilots. His first major dramatic film was the drama/horror/mystery cult favorite Jacob's Ladder which follows a haunted Vietnam vet as he attempts to discover his past while suffering from a severe case of dissociation. Craven starred as Michael, a chemist in the Army's chemical warfare division where he worked on a drug that was secretly given to the veteran's unit.[citation needed]On television, Craven has worked with Steven Spielberg as a series regular on High Incident, on TNT's Nuremberg and Kingfish: A Story of Huey P. Long, opposite Jeff Goldblum on Raines, several seasons on the international hit NCIS, and extensively with producer/writer Graham Yost on Justified, From the Earth to the Moon, The Pacific and Boomtown. Most recently, Craven starred on the ABC series Resurrection.Craven had two features for 2015 - Roland Emmerich's Stonewall and Unless in which he stars opposite Catherine Keener.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Movies","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"K2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2_(film)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"One Heart Source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Heart_Source"},{"link_name":"Toronto Maple Leafs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs"}],"text":"Craven has been married for the past 25 years to Sally Sutton, the makeup artist whom he met on the set of K2. They have two children, Nicholas and Josephine.[citation needed]Craven is a strong supporter of One Heart Source an organisation designed to empower at risk children through education in Africa. He is an avid golfer. In his spare time, he enjoys gardening, cooking and woodworking. He worked as a doorman for the nightclub the Bitter End and is a lifelong fan of the Toronto Maple Leafs.","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Lowry, Brian (2007-03-09). \"Raines\". Variety. ISSN 0042-2738. OCLC 810134503. Archived from the original on 2019-06-05. Retrieved 2019-06-05. A crime procedural tweaked with the slimmest of gimmicks, 'Raines' largely boils down to one's appreciation of star Jeff Goldblum, who occupies center stage in practically every scene. Relative to riskier dramas, it seems a reasonably safe bet, though it's hardly the sort of series people will rush home to see.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2007/tv/reviews/raines-1200509781/","url_text":"\"Raines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0042-2738","url_text":"0042-2738"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/810134503","url_text":"810134503"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190605191705/https://variety.com/2007/tv/reviews/raines-1200509781/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Matt+Craven%22","external_links_name":"\"Matt Craven\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Matt+Craven%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Matt+Craven%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Matt+Craven%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Matt+Craven%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Matt+Craven%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2007/tv/reviews/raines-1200509781/","external_links_name":"\"Raines\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0042-2738","external_links_name":"0042-2738"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/810134503","external_links_name":"810134503"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190605191705/https://variety.com/2007/tv/reviews/raines-1200509781/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0002023/","external_links_name":"Matt Craven"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090828134130/http://www.meatballsonline.com/","external_links_name":"Meatballs movie website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000078238714","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/85123664","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgMyVWTwMqGHXmbTHkMT3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1173944","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14039689r","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14039689r","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1074778944","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007444569305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no00076767","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=pna2007403627&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810681243005606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1074778944.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Carroll	Thomas J. Carroll	["1 Early adult life","2 U.S. liturgical movement","3 Work with the blind","4 Civil rights","5 Author","6 Death","7 Honors and awards","8 See also","9 References"]	For other people named Thomas Carroll, see Thomas Carroll (disambiguation). Father Thomas J. CarrollBorn(1909-08-06)August 6, 1909Gloucester, MassachusettsDied(1971-04-24)April 24, 1971EducationCollege of the Holy CrossKnown forWork with the blindNotable workBlindness (several translations) Father Thomas J. Carroll (August 6, 1909 – April 24, 1971) was a Catholic priest and a pioneer in treatment for people who became blind later in their lives,. He was also a leader in implementing liturgical renewal in the Catholic church after Vatican II and took an active part in the civil rights movement. Early adult life Father Thomas Carroll graduated from the College of the Holy Cross in 1932 and from St. Johns Seminary in Brighton, Massachusetts, in 1938. He was ordained May 20, 1938, by Bishop Francis Spellman. U.S. liturgical movement Liturgy is a rite or body of rites prescribed for public worship. Rev. Thomas J. Carroll was a pioneer and leader in the Liturgical Movement in the U.S. He was the president of the New England Regional Unit of the National Liturgical Conference, and founded a newsletter "the Mediator". He was president of the National Liturgical Conference from 1946 to 1949, and was on both the executive committee and the Advisory Council. Work with the blind In addition to his work on Liturgical reform, he is best known for his work with the blind, especially those who become blind as adults. He was a pioneer in rehabilitation for the blind and in the specific area of Orientation and Mobility (O&M). In 1938, Carroll's first assignment after ordination was as the assistant director of the Catholic Guild for The Blind, an agency of the Archdiocese of Boston, Massachusetts. In October 1944, he was appointed chaplain of St. Raphael's Hall in Newton, Massachusetts. Carroll played a key role in the establishment of low vision and blind services for the military and veterans administrations. He was auxiliary chaplain working with blinded serviceman at the U.S. Army's Ophthalmological Center located at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, and at the Avon Old Farms Convalescent Hospital in Connecticut from 1944 to 1947. He helped to found the Blinded Veterans Association (BVA) and was its National Chaplain until his death in 1971. In 1945, the U.S. Army established the "Honorary Civilian Advisory Committee, Program for the War Blinded of the United States Army". Members included Robert Irwin (Chairman of the committee), Colonel Baker (Canada), Reverend Thomas Carroll, Joseph G. Cauffma, Dr. Roma S. Cheek, Dr. Gabriel Farrell, Philip N. Harrison, R. Henry P. Johnson, Mrs. Lee Johnson, W.L.McDaniel, Eber L. Palmer, Peter J. Salmon. The committee was disbanded in 1946, but the members, plus three additional members, then became the VA's Committee on the Blinded Veteran with the permission of General Omar Bradley, the new head of the VA. Carroll also served on the President's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped. He served on the program for the war-blinded of the U.S. Army. In November 1946, he became executive director of the Catholic Guild for all of the blind replacing Father Connolly. Father Carroll was a fencer. While working with the blinded vets in Avon Old Farms Convalescent Hospital he saw blinded vets fencing, which was easily accepted by the vets as a competitive skill for combat. Carroll saw the connection between fencing and cane travel, so he introduced fencing to the trainees at the St. Paul's Rehabilitation Center for Newly Blinded Adults when he got it going. The fencing program he implemented in the 1940s was the first designed for the blind. He introduced the fencing program at the Carroll Center in 1954 with Larry Dargle. They then brought in Eric Sollee in 1968. Eric Sollee took over in 1972 and continued to teach there for four decades. In 1953, in the United States there were only 40 full-time mobility restoration experts. Recognizing a lack of sufficient experts, Father Carroll helped to organize the first conference on mobility restoration at his family's home near Gloucester, Massachusetts. This three-day conference gathered thirty experts in a range of fields regarding blind activities. During the conference, the non-blind experts (five were blind) were blindfolded for two hours. Speaking of this experience, Carroll said, "We recognized immediately our feeling of fright, insecurity, groping, and awkwardness. …This shows, in a way that no amount of discussion could, how great is the need for coordinated scientific mobility training." As a result of this conference, a Committee on Mobility Restoration was formed. Dr. A.B.C. Knudsen, director of the Veteran's Administration physical medicine and rehabilitation, one of the attendees, advocated for a national program, patterned after the Army's program for rehabilitation of the blind. In 1954, under Father Carroll's direction and based on his experience with blinded servicemen, the Guild founded St. Paul's Rehabilitation Center for newly blinded adults on the Guild's grounds. Prior to this, the Guild consisted of St. Raphael's Hall, which was primarily a safe haven for elderly blind women. At St. Paul, all of the blind, including the elderly, were taught to do as much as they could for themselves. The name of the hall (as part of St. Paul's) was changed to St. Raphael's Geriatric Adjustment Center for the Blind and the Visually Handicapped. Skills taught included operating power tools including a buzz saw and cooking using an electric mixer and gas stove. In addition to building skills, each blind person developed confidence and independence. In 1957 to 1958, Father Carroll stayed at the Rusk Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in New York for surgery on and rehabilitation of his leg following a traffic accident. At the beginning of these 13 months, Dr. Howard Rusk told him that it would be about a ten-day stay. Dr. Rusk had presented the AFB Migel Medal to Father Carroll earlier in 1957. Father Thomas Carroll wrote Blindness: What it is, What it Does and How to Live with it in 1961. In it, he characterized blindness in terms of 20 losses, and as the 'death' of the sighted individual. The Greater Pittsburgh Guild for the Blind located in Bridgeville, Pennsylvania, was created under the influence of Father Carroll. In 1959, the Catholic Guild for the blind was dissolved and replaced by the non-sectarian Greater Pittsburgh Guild where "... we continue the Carroll Revolution" using his book Blindness: What it is, What it Does and How to Live with it as their textbook. In 1959, the American Foundation for the Blind funded a national conference to establish the criteria for selecting O&M personnel. This group included the people who had helped to develop Orientation and Mobility (O&M) training procedures for the visually impaired: Richard Hoover, Father Carroll, Frederick Jervis, and other practitioners and administrators. In 1963, Father Carroll founded the American Center for Research and Blindness in Newton, Massachusetts. This was one of the first laboratories devoted to the medical, psychological, sociological, and rehabilitation problems of the blind. In 1964, the center was renamed to the Catholic Guild for All the Blind to reflect the fact that it served people regardless of their religion. In 1972, it was renamed to the Carroll Rehabilitation Center for the Visually Impaired, in memory of Father Carroll who had died in 1971. He introduced rehabilitation concepts into the program at the Catholic Guild, including many firsts such as mobility training for blind persons in the community, in the American Center for Research in Blindness and Rehabilitation, and in St. Raphael's Geriatric Adjustment Center. Carroll also worked with the American Foundation for the Blind. Civil rights Father Carroll was active in the civil rights movement of the 1960s, both in national and local civil rights groups. He helped to organize Boston clergy to participate in the Selma to Montgomery march in 1965 and participated in it, including "Turnaround Tuesday", as is seen in the referenced video. Author In addition to his book Blindness which was translated into several languages, he also wrote free verse. Among his published poems were: "Lines written on the death of Reverend Jame Reeb", "To Paul Dever" (former Governor of Massachusetts), and "Search for Identification" (on the death of Malcolm X). Death Rev. Thomas J. Carroll died April 24, 1971, at St. Elizabeth's Hospital at the age of 61. Honors and awards Father Carroll received close to 100 awards for his work with the blind, including the Associated Services for the Blind's Louis Braille Award in 1961, the National Rehabilitation Association's Outstanding Achievement Award in 1960, the Migel Medal of the American Foundation for the Blind (AFB), the Leslie Dana award from the St. Louis Society for the Blind (awarded annually since 1925), and the Bell Greve Memorial award of the National Rehabilitation Association. He is in the American Printing House for the Blind Hall of Fame. Awards in his memory include the Carroll Society Award, given annually, and the Father Carroll Award given alternate years. In addition, the BVA has a speech in his memory at the annual Father Carroll luncheon at their national convention. Additional Awards: War Department – Appreciation of Patriotic Service – 9/2/47 Blinded Veterans Association – Certificate of Appreciation 5/16/53 Holy Cross – Honorary Degree 6/8/56 Commission of Standards and Accreditation – Outstanding Achievement Award – 4/30/58 Massachusetts Council of Organizations for the Blind – Bay State Award – 5/58 Commonwealth of MA – 3/59 Ma Chapter of Rehabilitation Association – Certificate of Meritorious Service 5/10/60 Rehab Centers and Facilities – Associate Member 6/61 President's Committee on Employment of the Physically Handicapped – 1959-1960-1961 International Society for Rehabilitation of Disabled – Member of World Commission of Rehabilitation – 2/28/61 Department on Labor – Advisory Committee on Sheltered Workshops 7/1/66 Klocke Martin Award – American federation of the Catholic Workers for the Blind – 10/67 Royal Society of Health 9/10/68 American Public Health Association – Fellow – 11/69 President's Committee on Employment of the Physically Handicapped 1969, 1970, 1971 Bell Greve Memorial Award – 1980 See also Portals: Biography Catholicism References ^ a b "Father Carroll Legacy Still Alive, Still Vibrant". Blinded Veterans Association/. ^ a b c d e f "Father Thomas Carroll, American Printing House for the Blind Hall of Fame". American Printing House for the Blind. ^ "Father Thomas J. Carroll — A short biography". Carroll Center. ^ Thomas H. O'Connor (1998). Boston Catholics: A History of the Church and Its People. UPNE. pp. 268–. ISBN 978-1-55553-359-5. ^ a b "Thomas Carroll". liturgicalleaders.blogspot.com/. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Dedication". Listen. The Catholic Guild For All The Blind: 1. Summer 1971. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Fr. Carroll, Head of Blind Guild, Died April 24, Native of Gloucester, Pioneered New Liturgy". Boston Pilot. 2 May 1971. ^ "Father Thomas Carroll". www.aph.org. Retrieved 2017-12-26. ^ a b Black, Herbert (1 March 1964). "Blind Guild's Fr. Carroll hailed by Optometrists". Boston Globe. ^ a b c d e Frances A. Koestler (2004). The Unseen Minority: A Social History of Blindness in the United States. American Foundation for the Blind. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-89128-896-1. ^ a b c d Banks, Harold (12 December 1965). "Eyes to the Blind". Pictorial Living Colorado Magazine. pages 28-29.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: location (link) ^ Thomas Carroll (1953). Liturgical Week: What is it? . People's participation and holy week: National Week,Elsberry MO. Liturgical conference Inc. pp. 4–12. ^ "Father Carroll's Remarks" (PDF). ^ Kathleen Hughes (1991). The Monk's Tale: A Biography of Godfrey Diekmann, O.S.B. Liturgical Press. pp. 135–. ISBN 978-0-8146-1984-1. ^ Thomas J Carroll Papers. OCLC 32502707. ^ "AccessCollection National Liturgical Conference". ^ Thomas J. Carroll; John F. Muldoon; Thomas F. Furlong (1990). Essays on Blindness Rehabilitation in Honor of Thomas J. Carroll: A Festschrift. American Foundation for the Blind. ISBN 978-0-89128-164-1. ^ Dorothy Herrmann (15 December 1999). Helen Keller: A Life. University of Chicago Press. pp. 162–. ISBN 978-0-226-32763-1. ^ Cecil R. Reynolds; Elaine Fletcher-Janzen (26 February 2007). Encyclopedia of Special Education: A Reference for the Education of Children, Adolescents, and Adults with Disabilities and Other Exceptional Individuals, 3 Volume Set. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1376–. ISBN 978-0-470-17419-7. ^ Cecil R. Reynolds; Elaine Fletcher-Janzen (25 March 2004). Concise Encyclopedia of Special Education: A Reference for the Education of the Handicapped and Other Exceptional Children and Adults. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 641–. ISBN 978-0-471-65251-9. ^ Esther Urdang (5 October 2015). Human Behavior in the Social Environment: Interweaving the Inner and Outer Worlds. Taylor & Francis. pp. 47–. ISBN 978-1-317-69945-3. ^ David Feeney (2007). Toward an Aesthetics of Blindness: An Interdisciplinary Response to Synge, Yeats, and Friel. Peter Lang. pp. 203–. ISBN 978-0-8204-8662-8. ^ Scot Danforth; Susan Lynn Gabel (2006). Vital Questions Facing Disability Studies in Education. Peter Lang. pp. 169–. ISBN 978-0-8204-7834-0. ^ a b The New York Times Biographical Service. New York Times & Arno Press. March 1971. ^ a b Gary L Albrecht (7 October 2005). Encyclopedia of Disability. SAGE Publications. pp. 2099–. ISBN 978-1-4522-6520-9. ^ Joseph Sassani (1995). A history of low vision and blind rehabilitation in the United States. ^ Stephen Miyagawa (1999). Journey to Excellence: Development of the Military and VA Blind Rehabilitation Programs in the 20th Century. Galde Press, Inc. pp. 81–. ISBN 978-1-880090-76-3. ^ "Pre-Convention Bulletin 2015". www.bva.org/. ^ a b Ronald J. Ferguson (2007). The Blind Need Not Apply: A History of Overcoming Prejudice in the Orientation and Mobility Profession. IAP. pp. 103–. ISBN 978-1-59311-575-3. ^ a b "Eric Sollee". Carroll Center for the Blind. ^ "En Garde! Fencing Club's David Guardino — Bostonia Summer 2011". www.bu.edu. Retrieved 2017-12-26. ^ "Knowing beyond seeing". Boston Globe. ^ "Matilda Ziegler Magazine for the Blind » Feature Writer John Christie – First Known Blind Fencing Competition Is A Success". www.matildaziegler.com. Retrieved 2017-12-26. ^ "Medicine – Sightless Motion". Newsweek. 16 November 1953. ^ The Cane as a Mobility Aid for the Blind: A Report of a Conference, Washington, D. C., September 10-11, 1971. National Academies. 1972. pp. 2–. NAP:11745. ^ a b William R. Wiener; Richard L. Welsh; Bruce B. Blasch (2010). Foundations of Orientation and Mobility. American Foundation for the Blind. pp. 487–. ISBN 978-0-89128-448-2. ^ a b Msgr. Paul M. Lackner (25 June 1981). "A Leader in Training of the Blind". The Pittsburgh Catholic. ^ a b Msgr. Paul M. Lackner (25 June 1981). "A Leader in Training of the Blind". The Guild Approach. The Greater Pittsburgh Guild for the Blind. ^ Ernest Hartmann (16 December 2007). Dreams and Nightmares. Basic Books. pp. 212–. ISBN 978-0-465-01126-1. ^ "Vocational Strategies for Persons Who are Blind and Visually Impaired" (PDF). Workplace Inclusion & Sustainable Employment. ^ Robert A. Scott (1 January 1981). The Making of Blind Men: A Study of Adult Socialization. Transaction Publishers. pp. 80–. ISBN 978-1-4128-3770-5. ^ The Catholic Charities Review. 1963. ^ "The Twenty Losses of Blindness". Balance for Blind Adults. ^ Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness. American Foundation for the Blind. 1991. ^ The New Outlook for the Blind. American Foundation for the Blind. 1976. ^ Richard E. Hardy (1 January 1972). Social and Rehabilitation Services for the Blind. C. C. Thomas. ISBN 978-0-398-02309-6. ^ "Coping with Loss as a Result of Diabetes and Visual Impairment". the American Foundation for the Blind (AFB) and Reader's Digest Partners for Sight Foundation. ^ a b Thomas J. Carroll (1961). Blindness, What It Is, What It Does, and How To Live With It. Little, Brown. ASIN B0007EY4F6. LCCN 61012808. ^ Narinder Kapur (21 July 2011). The Paradoxical Brain. Cambridge University Press. pp. 20–. ISBN 978-1-139-49579-0. ^ a b "Blindness Field of Legend Selma Marches". American Publishing House for the Blind. ^ "Father Carroll Talk on Selma". American Publishing House for the Blind. ^ "Turnaround Tuesday video". National Archives. ^ "Louis Braille Awards". Associated Services for the Blind and Visually Impaired. ^ "Over A Century of Service to the Community". St. Louis Society for the Blind and Visually Impaired/. ^ "the Carroll Awards". Carroll Center. ^ "NE/AER Awards Descriptions". NorthEast chapter Association for Education and Rehabilitation of the blind and visually impaired. vteLiturgical MovementGeneral Catholic liturgy (Mass in the Catholic Church) Lex orandi, lex credendi French Benedictine Congregation Belgian Benedictine Congregation Gregorian chant Liturgy of the Hours Sacred Congregation of Rites Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII Mass of Paul VI Sacrosanctum concilium Consilium Mass of Paul VI Ottaviani Intervention Book of Common Prayer (1979) PeopleEarly Prosper Guéranger Pope Pius X Columba Marmion Fernand Cabrol Pierre Batiffol Lambert Beauduin Jacques Paul Migne Adrian Fortescue André-Jean Festugière Gaspar Lefebvre Edmund Bishop Adrien Gréa Gerard van Caloen Maurice de la Taille Later Augustin Bea Giulio Bevilacqua Louis Bouyer Annibale Bugnini Thomas J. Carroll Odo Casel Paul Doncoeur Alexandre Fleury Romano Guardini Benno Gut Pierre-Marie Gy Anton Hänggi Ildefons Herwegen Reynold Henry Hillenbrand Josef Andreas Jungmann Ronald Jasper Pierre Jounel Giacomo Lercaro Adrien Nocent Pius Parsch Johannes Pinsk H. A. Reinhold Mario Righetti Theodor Schnitzler Massey H. Shepherd Max Thurian Maria Luise Thurmair Johannes Wagner Cirpirano Vagaggini Benedictine-establishments Solesmes Abbey Beuron Archabbey Maredsous Abbey Mont César Abbey Maria Laach Abbey Pontifical Athenaeum of Saint Anselm Saint John's Abbey, Collegeville Papaldocuments Tra le sollecitudini Quam singulari Mystici Corporis Christi In cotidianis precibus Mediator Dei Architecture Francis Pollen Gillespie, Kidd & Coia Gerard Goalen Desmond Williams Austin Winkley Issues Dialogue mass People's altar Versus populum Textual criticism See also Amay Priory Deutsche Singmesse Klosterneuburg Monastery Hippolytus of Rome Malines Congresses Modernism in the Catholic Church Catholic Church and ecumenism (Anglican–Roman Catholic dialogue & Catholic–Eastern Orthodox relations) Crypto-Protestantism Second Vatican Council Paschal mystery Catholicism portal Vatican City portal Name Media Category Templates WikiProject Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Netherlands	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Carroll (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Carroll_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BVA11-1"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APHHoF-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CarrollCenterFounder-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Connor1998-4"},{"link_name":"liturgical renewal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical_Movement"},{"link_name":"Vatican II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_II"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liturgical-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dedication71-1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pilot-7"}],"text":"For other people named Thomas Carroll, see Thomas Carroll (disambiguation).Father Thomas J. Carroll (August 6, 1909 – April 24, 1971)[1] was a Catholic priest and a pioneer in treatment for people who became blind later in their lives,.[2][3][4] He was also a leader in implementing liturgical renewal in the Catholic church after Vatican II[5] and took an active part in the civil rights movement.[6][7]","title":"Thomas J. Carroll"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"College of the Holy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_the_Holy_Cross"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Brighton, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GlobeOptom-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koestler2004-10"},{"link_name":"Bishop Francis Spellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Spellman"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pilot-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banks-11"}],"text":"Father Thomas Carroll graduated from the College of the Holy Cross in 1932[8] and from St. Johns Seminary in Brighton, Massachusetts, in 1938.[9][10]He was ordained May 20, 1938, by Bishop Francis Spellman.[7][11]","title":"Early adult life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liturgical Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical_Movement"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pilot-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liturgicalleaders-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hughes1991-14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liturgical-5"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Liturgy is a rite or body of rites prescribed for public worship. Rev. Thomas J. Carroll was a pioneer and leader in the Liturgical Movement in the U.S.[7][12][13] He was the president of the New England Regional Unit of the National Liturgical Conference, and founded a newsletter \"the Mediator\". He was president of the National Liturgical Conference from 1946 to 1949,[14] and was on both the executive committee and the Advisory Council.[5][15][16]","title":"U.S. liturgical 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Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koestler2004-10"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cane71-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WienerWelsh2010-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LacknerPittsCath-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LacknerGuild-38"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banks-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GlobeOptom-9"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartmann2007-39"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dedication71-1-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banks-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dedication71-1-6"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scott1981-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardy1972-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Bridgeville, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carroll1961blindness-48"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LacknerPittsCath-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LacknerGuild-38"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kapur2011-49"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WienerWelsh2010-36"},{"link_name":"Newton, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pilot-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APHHoF-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koestler2004-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dedication71-1-6"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferguson2007-29"}],"text":"In addition to his work on Liturgical reform, he is best known for his work with the blind, especially those who become blind as adults.[17][18][19][20] He was a pioneer in rehabilitation for the blind [21][22] and in the specific area of Orientation and Mobility (O&M).[2][7][23][24] In 1938, Carroll's first assignment after ordination was as the assistant director of the Catholic Guild for The Blind, an agency of the Archdiocese of Boston, Massachusetts.[6][25]In October 1944, he was appointed chaplain of St. Raphael's Hall in Newton, Massachusetts.[7]Carroll played a key role in the establishment of low vision and blind services for the military and veterans administrations.[26][27] He was auxiliary chaplain working with blinded serviceman at the U.S. Army's Ophthalmological Center located at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, and at the Avon Old Farms Convalescent Hospital in Connecticut from 1944 to 1947.[6][10][25] He helped to found the Blinded Veterans Association (BVA) and was its National Chaplain until his death in 1971.[28][29]In 1945, the U.S. Army established the \"Honorary Civilian Advisory Committee, Program for the War Blinded of the United States Army\". Members included Robert Irwin (Chairman of the committee), Colonel Baker (Canada), Reverend Thomas Carroll, Joseph G. Cauffma, Dr. Roma S. Cheek, Dr. Gabriel Farrell, Philip N. Harrison, R. Henry P. Johnson, Mrs. Lee Johnson, W.L.McDaniel, Eber L. Palmer, Peter J. Salmon. The committee was disbanded in 1946, but the members, plus three additional members, then became the VA's Committee on the Blinded Veteran with the permission of General Omar Bradley, the new head of the VA.[10] Carroll also served on the President's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped.[7] He served on the program for the war-blinded of the U.S. Army.[7] In November 1946, he became executive director of the Catholic Guild for all of the blind replacing Father Connolly.[7][11]Father Carroll was a fencer. While working with the blinded vets in Avon Old Farms Convalescent Hospital he saw blinded vets fencing, which was easily accepted by the vets as a competitive skill for combat. Carroll saw the connection between fencing and cane travel, so he introduced fencing to the trainees at the St. Paul's Rehabilitation Center for Newly Blinded Adults when he got it going. The fencing program he implemented in the 1940s was the first designed for the blind.[30] He introduced the fencing program at the Carroll Center in 1954 with Larry Dargle. They then brought in Eric Sollee in 1968. Eric Sollee took over in 1972 and continued to teach there for four decades.[30][31][32][33]In 1953, in the United States there were only 40 full-time mobility restoration experts. Recognizing a lack of sufficient experts, Father Carroll helped to organize the first conference on mobility restoration at his family's home near Gloucester, Massachusetts. This three-day conference gathered thirty experts in a range of fields regarding blind activities. During the conference, the non-blind experts (five were blind) were blindfolded for two hours. Speaking of this experience, Carroll said, \"We recognized immediately our feeling of fright, insecurity, groping, and awkwardness. …This shows, in a way that no amount of discussion could, how great is the need for coordinated scientific mobility training.\" As a result of this conference, a Committee on Mobility Restoration was formed. Dr. A.B.C. Knudsen, director of the Veteran's Administration physical medicine and rehabilitation, one of the attendees, advocated for a national program, patterned after the Army's program for rehabilitation of the blind.[10][34][35][36]In 1954, under Father Carroll's direction and based on his experience with blinded servicemen, the Guild founded St. Paul's Rehabilitation Center for newly blinded adults on the Guild's grounds.[37][38] Prior to this, the Guild consisted of St. Raphael's Hall, which was primarily a safe haven for elderly blind women. At St. Paul, all of the blind, including the elderly, were taught to do as much as they could for themselves. The name of the hall (as part of St. Paul's) was changed to St. Raphael's Geriatric Adjustment Center for the Blind and the Visually Handicapped.[11] Skills taught included operating power tools including a buzz saw and cooking using an electric mixer and gas stove. In addition to building skills, each blind person developed confidence and independence.[9][39]In 1957 to 1958, Father Carroll stayed at the Rusk Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in New York for surgery on and rehabilitation of his leg following a traffic accident. At the beginning of these 13 months, Dr. Howard Rusk told him that it would be about a ten-day stay.[6][11] Dr. Rusk had presented the AFB Migel Medal to Father Carroll earlier in 1957.[6]Father Thomas Carroll wrote Blindness: What it is, What it Does and How to Live with it in 1961.[40][41][42] In it, he characterized blindness in terms of 20 losses,[43][44] and as the 'death' of the sighted individual.[45][46][47]The Greater Pittsburgh Guild for the Blind located in Bridgeville, Pennsylvania, was created under the influence of Father Carroll. In 1959, the Catholic Guild for the blind was dissolved and replaced by the non-sectarian Greater Pittsburgh Guild where \"... we continue the Carroll Revolution\" using his book Blindness: What it is, What it Does and How to Live with it[48] as their textbook.[37][38][49]In 1959, the American Foundation for the Blind funded a national conference to establish the criteria for selecting O&M personnel. This group included the people who had helped to develop Orientation and Mobility (O&M) training procedures for the visually impaired: Richard Hoover, Father Carroll, Frederick Jervis, and other practitioners and administrators.[36]In 1963, Father Carroll founded the American Center for Research and Blindness in Newton, Massachusetts. This was one of the first laboratories devoted to the medical, psychological, sociological, and rehabilitation problems of the blind.[7]In 1964, the center was renamed to the Catholic Guild for All the Blind to reflect the fact that it served people regardless of their religion. In 1972, it was renamed to the Carroll Rehabilitation Center for the Visually Impaired, in memory of Father Carroll who had died in 1971.[2][10] He introduced rehabilitation concepts into the program at the Catholic Guild, including many firsts such as mobility training for blind persons in the community, in the American Center for Research in Blindness and Rehabilitation, and in St. Raphael's Geriatric Adjustment Center.[6]Carroll also worked with the American Foundation for the Blind.[29]","title":"Work with the blind"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dedication71-1-6"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FredsHeadAPH-50"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dedication71-1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pilot-7"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FredsHeadAPH-50"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"Father Carroll was active in the civil rights movement of the 1960s, both in national and local civil rights groups.[6][50] He helped to organize Boston clergy to participate in the Selma to Montgomery march in 1965[6][7] and participated in it,[51] including \"Turnaround Tuesday\", as is seen in the referenced video.[50][52]","title":"Civil rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dedication71-1-6"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carroll1961blindness-48"}],"text":"In addition to his book Blindness which was translated into several languages, he also wrote free verse. Among his published poems were: \"Lines written on the death of Reverend Jame Reeb\", \"To Paul Dever\" (former Governor of Massachusetts), and \"Search for Identification\" (on the death of Malcolm X).[6][48]","title":"Author"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pilot-7"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewYorkTimesObit-24"}],"text":"Rev. Thomas J. Carroll died April 24, 1971, at St. Elizabeth's Hospital at the age of 61.[7][24]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APHHoF-2"},{"link_name":"Associated Services for the Blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Services_for_the_Blind"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"American Foundation for the Blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Foundation_for_the_Blind"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pilot-7"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APHHoF-2"},{"link_name":"American Printing House for the Blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APHHoF-2"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BVA11-1"},{"link_name":"Bell Greve Memorial Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Greve"}],"text":"Father Carroll received close to 100 awards for his work with the blind,[2] including the Associated Services for the Blind's Louis Braille Award in 1961,[53] the National Rehabilitation Association's Outstanding Achievement Award in 1960, the Migel Medal of the American Foundation for the Blind (AFB), the Leslie Dana award from the St. Louis Society for the Blind (awarded annually since 1925),[7][54] and the Bell Greve Memorial award of the National Rehabilitation Association.[2] He is in the American Printing House for the Blind Hall of Fame.[2] Awards in his memory include the Carroll Society Award, given annually,[55] and the Father Carroll Award given alternate years.[56] In addition, the BVA has a speech in his memory at the annual Father Carroll luncheon at their national convention.[1]Additional Awards:War Department – Appreciation of Patriotic Service – 9/2/47\nBlinded Veterans Association – Certificate of Appreciation 5/16/53\nHoly Cross – Honorary Degree 6/8/56\nCommission of Standards and Accreditation – Outstanding Achievement Award – 4/30/58\nMassachusetts Council of Organizations for the Blind – Bay State Award – 5/58\nCommonwealth of MA – 3/59\nMa Chapter of Rehabilitation Association – Certificate of Meritorious Service 5/10/60\nRehab Centers and Facilities – Associate Member 6/61\nPresident's Committee on Employment of the Physically Handicapped – 1959-1960-1961\nInternational Society for Rehabilitation of Disabled – Member of World Commission of Rehabilitation – 2/28/61\nDepartment on Labor – Advisory Committee on Sheltered Workshops 7/1/66\nKlocke Martin Award – American federation of the Catholic Workers for the Blind – 10/67\nRoyal Society of Health 9/10/68\nAmerican Public Health Association – Fellow – 11/69\nPresident's Committee on Employment of the Physically Handicapped 1969, 1970, 1971\nBell Greve Memorial Award – 1980","title":"Honors and awards"}]	[]	[{"title":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"title":"Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg"},{"title":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism"}]	[{"reference":"\"Father Carroll Legacy Still Alive, Still Vibrant\". Blinded Veterans Association/.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bva.org/win11bulletin/frcarroll.html","url_text":"\"Father Carroll Legacy Still Alive, Still Vibrant\""}]},{"reference":"\"Father Thomas Carroll, American Printing House for the Blind Hall of Fame\". American Printing House for the Blind.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aph.org/hall/bios/carroll.html","url_text":"\"Father Thomas Carroll, American Printing House for the Blind Hall of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"\"Father Thomas J. Carroll — A short biography\". Carroll Center.","urls":[{"url":"http://carroll.org/about-the-carroll-center/our-founder/","url_text":"\"Father Thomas J. Carroll — A short biography\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas H. O'Connor (1998). Boston Catholics: A History of the Church and Its People. UPNE. pp. 268–. ISBN 978-1-55553-359-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H._O%27Connor","url_text":"Thomas H. O'Connor"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GYrl99m0tbAC&pg=PA268","url_text":"Boston Catholics: A History of the Church and Its People"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-359-5","url_text":"978-1-55553-359-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Thomas Carroll\". liturgicalleaders.blogspot.com/.","urls":[{"url":"http://liturgicalleaders.blogspot.com/2008/11/thomas-carroll.html","url_text":"\"Thomas Carroll\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dedication\". Listen. The Catholic Guild For All The Blind: 1. Summer 1971.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Fr. Carroll, Head of Blind Guild, Died April 24, Native of Gloucester, Pioneered New Liturgy\". Boston Pilot. 2 May 1971.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Father Thomas Carroll\". www.aph.org. Retrieved 2017-12-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aph.org/hall/inductees/carroll/","url_text":"\"Father Thomas Carroll\""}]},{"reference":"Black, Herbert (1 March 1964). \"Blind Guild's Fr. Carroll hailed by Optometrists\". Boston Globe.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Frances A. Koestler (2004). The Unseen Minority: A Social History of Blindness in the United States. American Foundation for the Blind. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-89128-896-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=shAt3acw5r8C","url_text":"The Unseen Minority: A Social History of Blindness in the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89128-896-1","url_text":"978-0-89128-896-1"}]},{"reference":"Banks, Harold (12 December 1965). \"Eyes to the Blind\". Pictorial Living Colorado Magazine. pages 28-29.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thomas Carroll (1953). Liturgical Week: What is it? . People's participation and holy week: National Week,Elsberry MO. Liturgical conference Inc. pp. 4–12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Father Carroll's Remarks\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.npm.org/Sections/Clergy/assets/ClergyUpdateAug14.pdf","url_text":"\"Father Carroll's Remarks\""}]},{"reference":"Kathleen Hughes (1991). The Monk's Tale: A Biography of Godfrey Diekmann, O.S.B. Liturgical Press. pp. 135–. ISBN 978-0-8146-1984-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UoeO6iQ__ecC&pg=PA135","url_text":"The Monk's Tale: A Biography of Godfrey Diekmann, O.S.B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-1984-1","url_text":"978-0-8146-1984-1"}]},{"reference":"Thomas J Carroll Papers. OCLC 32502707.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32502707","url_text":"Thomas J Carroll Papers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32502707","url_text":"32502707"}]},{"reference":"\"AccessCollection National Liturgical Conference\".","urls":[{"url":"http://infomotions.com/sandbox/liam/pages/bcumarcMS200492.html","url_text":"\"AccessCollection National Liturgical Conference\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas J. Carroll; John F. Muldoon; Thomas F. Furlong (1990). Essays on Blindness Rehabilitation in Honor of Thomas J. Carroll: A Festschrift. American Foundation for the Blind. ISBN 978-0-89128-164-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/essaysonblindnes00john","url_text":"Essays on Blindness Rehabilitation in Honor of Thomas J. Carroll: A Festschrift"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89128-164-1","url_text":"978-0-89128-164-1"}]},{"reference":"Dorothy Herrmann (15 December 1999). Helen Keller: A Life. University of Chicago Press. pp. 162–. ISBN 978-0-226-32763-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VUp4uh87_eUC&pg=PA162","url_text":"Helen Keller: A Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32763-1","url_text":"978-0-226-32763-1"}]},{"reference":"Cecil R. Reynolds; Elaine Fletcher-Janzen (26 February 2007). Encyclopedia of Special Education: A Reference for the Education of Children, Adolescents, and Adults with Disabilities and Other Exceptional Individuals, 3 Volume Set. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1376–. ISBN 978-0-470-17419-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7n-tu1Q7jBsC&pg=PA1376","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Special Education: A Reference for the Education of Children, Adolescents, and Adults with Disabilities and Other Exceptional Individuals, 3 Volume Set"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-17419-7","url_text":"978-0-470-17419-7"}]},{"reference":"Cecil R. Reynolds; Elaine Fletcher-Janzen (25 March 2004). Concise Encyclopedia of Special Education: A Reference for the Education of the Handicapped and Other Exceptional Children and Adults. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 641–. ISBN 978-0-471-65251-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V6CG5RzC2nkC&pg=PA641","url_text":"Concise Encyclopedia of Special Education: A Reference for the Education of the Handicapped and Other Exceptional Children and Adults"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-65251-9","url_text":"978-0-471-65251-9"}]},{"reference":"Esther Urdang (5 October 2015). Human Behavior in the Social Environment: Interweaving the Inner and Outer Worlds. Taylor & Francis. pp. 47–. ISBN 978-1-317-69945-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0wapCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT47","url_text":"Human Behavior in the Social Environment: Interweaving the Inner and Outer Worlds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-69945-3","url_text":"978-1-317-69945-3"}]},{"reference":"David Feeney (2007). Toward an Aesthetics of Blindness: An Interdisciplinary Response to Synge, Yeats, and Friel. Peter Lang. pp. 203–. ISBN 978-0-8204-8662-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uoELqVKpUhMC&pg=PA203","url_text":"Toward an Aesthetics of Blindness: An Interdisciplinary Response to Synge, Yeats, and Friel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-8662-8","url_text":"978-0-8204-8662-8"}]},{"reference":"Scot Danforth; Susan Lynn Gabel (2006). Vital Questions Facing Disability Studies in Education. Peter Lang. pp. 169–. ISBN 978-0-8204-7834-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ONp3uMZpeMQC&pg=PA169","url_text":"Vital Questions Facing Disability Studies in Education"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-7834-0","url_text":"978-0-8204-7834-0"}]},{"reference":"The New York Times Biographical Service. New York Times & Arno Press. March 1971.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dR9BAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The New York Times Biographical Service"}]},{"reference":"Gary L Albrecht (7 October 2005). Encyclopedia of Disability. SAGE Publications. pp. 2099–. ISBN 978-1-4522-6520-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LwxzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2099","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Disability"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6520-9","url_text":"978-1-4522-6520-9"}]},{"reference":"Joseph Sassani (1995). A history of low vision and blind rehabilitation in the United States.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stephen Miyagawa (1999). Journey to Excellence: Development of the Military and VA Blind Rehabilitation Programs in the 20th Century. Galde Press, Inc. pp. 81–. ISBN 978-1-880090-76-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k6fEhwKQiPQC&pg=PA82","url_text":"Journey to Excellence: Development of the Military and VA Blind Rehabilitation Programs in the 20th Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880090-76-3","url_text":"978-1-880090-76-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Pre-Convention Bulletin 2015\". www.bva.org/.","urls":[{"url":"http://bva.org/BVA/Programs/BVA_Bulletin/Bulletin_Archives/2015_Pre-Convention/Louisville_Gather_Pre-Con_2015.aspx?WebsiteKey=dabcb2a5-7bd6-4c91-9847-abfdc9acf8c5","url_text":"\"Pre-Convention Bulletin 2015\""}]},{"reference":"Ronald J. Ferguson (2007). The Blind Need Not Apply: A History of Overcoming Prejudice in the Orientation and Mobility Profession. IAP. pp. 103–. ISBN 978-1-59311-575-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sxdRKNJstN0C&pg=PA103","url_text":"The Blind Need Not Apply: A History of Overcoming Prejudice in the Orientation and Mobility Profession"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59311-575-3","url_text":"978-1-59311-575-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Eric Sollee\". Carroll Center for the Blind.","urls":[{"url":"http://carroll.org/services/campus-and-community-rehabilitation/eric-sollee/","url_text":"\"Eric Sollee\""}]},{"reference":"\"En Garde! Fencing Club's David Guardino — Bostonia Summer 2011\". www.bu.edu. Retrieved 2017-12-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bu.edu/bostonia/summer11/fencing/","url_text":"\"En Garde! Fencing Club's David Guardino — Bostonia Summer 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Knowing beyond seeing\". 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NAP:11745.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MSgrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2","url_text":"The Cane as a Mobility Aid for the Blind: A Report of a Conference, Washington, D. C., September 10-11, 1971"}]},{"reference":"William R. Wiener; Richard L. Welsh; Bruce B. Blasch (2010). Foundations of Orientation and Mobility. American Foundation for the Blind. pp. 487–. ISBN 978-0-89128-448-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nYENqA5LZKUC&pg=PA487","url_text":"Foundations of Orientation and Mobility"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89128-448-2","url_text":"978-0-89128-448-2"}]},{"reference":"Msgr. Paul M. Lackner (25 June 1981). \"A Leader in Training of the Blind\". The Pittsburgh Catholic.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Msgr. Paul M. Lackner (25 June 1981). \"A Leader in Training of the Blind\". The Guild Approach. 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ISBN 978-1-4128-3770-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y9vm4qSpZlkC&pg=PA80","url_text":"The Making of Blind Men: A Study of Adult Socialization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3770-5","url_text":"978-1-4128-3770-5"}]},{"reference":"The Catholic Charities Review. 1963.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GMhCAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Catholic Charities Review"}]},{"reference":"\"The Twenty Losses of Blindness\". Balance for Blind Adults.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.balancefba.org/living/vision_loss/20losses.html","url_text":"\"The Twenty Losses of Blindness\""}]},{"reference":"Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness. American Foundation for the Blind. 1991.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OHjaAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness"}]},{"reference":"The New Outlook for the Blind. American Foundation for the Blind. 1976.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newoutlookforbli70unse","url_text":"The New Outlook for the Blind"}]},{"reference":"Richard E. Hardy (1 January 1972). Social and Rehabilitation Services for the Blind. C. C. Thomas. ISBN 978-0-398-02309-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_ix8AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Social and Rehabilitation Services for the Blind"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-398-02309-6","url_text":"978-0-398-02309-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Coping with Loss as a Result of Diabetes and Visual Impairment\". the American Foundation for the Blind (AFB) and Reader's Digest Partners for Sight Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visionaware.org/info/your-eye-condition/diabetic-retinopathy/coping-with-loss-as-a-result-of-diabetes-and-visual-impairment/123","url_text":"\"Coping with Loss as a Result of Diabetes and Visual Impairment\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas J. Carroll (1961). Blindness, What It Is, What It Does, and How To Live With It. Little, Brown. ASIN B0007EY4F6. LCCN 61012808.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/blindnesswhatiti00thom","url_text":"Blindness, What It Is, What It Does, and How To Live With It"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007EY4F6","url_text":"B0007EY4F6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/61012808","url_text":"61012808"}]},{"reference":"Narinder Kapur (21 July 2011). The Paradoxical Brain. Cambridge University Press. pp. 20–. ISBN 978-1-139-49579-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6pXEFJXxOksC&pg=PA20","url_text":"The Paradoxical Brain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49579-0","url_text":"978-1-139-49579-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Blindness Field of Legend Selma Marches\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashot_Petrosian	Ashot Petrosian	["1 Biography","2 Selected publications","3 References"]	Ashot PetrosianAshot Petrosian in 1975Born(1930-06-02)2 June 1930Vardenis, ArmeniaDied23 February 1998(1998-02-23) (aged 67)Dilijan, ArmeniaNationalityArmenianAlma materYerevan State UniversityScientific careerFieldsMathematics Ashot Vezirovich Petrosian (Armenian: Աշոտ Վեզիրի Պետրոսյան; June 2, 1930 – February 23, 1998) was a Soviet Armenian mathematician. He completed his PhD in Computational Mathematics in 1964 under the supervision of Julius Anatolyevich Schrader. He was a founding member of the Mergelyan Institute of Mathematical Machines and the Computing Center of the Armenian National Academy of Sciences. He also contributed to the development of several generations of advanced digital computer systems in Armenia, including the Nairi (computer) and ES EVM. Biography Ashot V. Petrosian was born in 1930 in a small village near Vardenis, Armenia. He finished high school as a valedictorian in 1949 in Dilijan, Armenia, where his parents settled after escaping the massacre of Armenians in eastern Turkey back in 1915. He went on to study mathematics and graduated with honors from the Yerevan State University, faculty of Physics and Math in 1954. He taught Math courses at the same University until 1955, when he was admitted to Moscow State University to pursue a Ph.D. degree (under supervision of Lazar Lyusternik). Upon completion of his studies he was offered a position at the Steklov Institute of Mathematics, however he decided to return to his native country of Armenia. In 1957 he was appointed to serve as a Chief Engineer and then as a Director of Mathematical Division at the Yerevan Computer Research and Development Institute (YCRDI, known as Mergelyan Institute). During his tenure at the YCRDI, the institute became one of the largest producers of computer equipment in the former USSR. He also worked as the Vice-Principal (1963–65) and Principal (1965–70) of the Institute for Informatics and Automation Problems (IIAP), formerly known as the Computing Center of the Armenian National Academy of Sciences. During his scientific career, Prof. Petrosian taught various mathematics courses at the Yerevan State University (1957–78) and at the Yerevan Polytechnic Institute (1978–86). He has authored several textbooks, patents, and monographs in the areas of computational mathematics, algorithmic information theory, automata and discrete mathematics. He has edited five volumes of the Proceedings of the Computing Center of the Armenian National Academy of Sciences and served as a Ph.D. adviser to over 20 post-graduate students, mainly in the Graph Theory field. With Sergey Mergelyan (third from left) and Victor Glushkov (right) at the Computing Center of the Armenian Academy of Sciences Selected publications Mathematical Problems of Automation of Digital Computer Design. Izd-vo Akademii nauk Armyanskoi SSR. 1977. Petrosian, A.V.; Pasztorne, V.K. (1982). Some problems of a problem-oriented expansion of Boolean functions. Alkalmazott Mat. Lapok. Petrosian, A.V.; Vardanyan, V.A. (1983). On complexity of realization of boolean functions with a given activity vector (PDF). Acta Cybernetica Mat. Lapok. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-10. Retrieved 2013-09-06. On the problem of automated generation of test schemes of electronic computing machines. Kibernetika. 1976. OCLC 2001907. Mathematical Cybernetics, in the book "Science in Armenia in 60 years". National Armenian Academy of Sciences. 1985. References ^ "ՀՀ գիտությունների ազգային ակադեմիա". www.sci.am. Retrieved 2019-07-06. ^ ""Who's Who", Armenian Encyclopedia 2007, Vol. 2, p. 332". Archived from the original on 2014-01-08. Retrieved 2013-10-12. ^ "Institute for Informatics and Automation Problems of NAS RA". www.iiap.sci.am. Retrieved 2019-07-06. ^ Academic Archive of Andrey Ershov	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Computational Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Julius Anatolyevich Schrader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Anatolyevich_Schrader"},{"link_name":"Mergelyan Institute of Mathematical Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergelyan_Institute_of_Mathematical_Machines"},{"link_name":"Armenian National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nairi (computer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairi_(computer)"},{"link_name":"ES EVM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ES_EVM"}],"text":"Ashot Vezirovich Petrosian (Armenian: Աշոտ Վեզիրի Պետրոսյան; June 2, 1930 – February 23, 1998) was a Soviet Armenian mathematician. He completed his PhD in Computational Mathematics in 1964 under the supervision of Julius Anatolyevich Schrader. He was a founding member of the Mergelyan Institute of Mathematical Machines and the Computing Center of the Armenian National Academy of Sciences.[1] He also contributed to the development of several generations of advanced digital computer systems in Armenia, including the Nairi (computer) and ES EVM.","title":"Ashot Petrosian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vardenis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardenis"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dilijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilijan"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Yerevan State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan_State_University"},{"link_name":"Moscow State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_State_University"},{"link_name":"Lazar Lyusternik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Lyusternik"},{"link_name":"Steklov Institute of Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steklov_Institute_of_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Yerevan Computer Research and Development Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan_Computer_Research_and_Development_Institute"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Armenian National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Yerevan State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan_State_University"},{"link_name":"Yerevan Polytechnic Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan_Polytechnic_Institute"},{"link_name":"computational mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_mathematics"},{"link_name":"algorithmic information theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_information_theory"},{"link_name":"automata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automata"},{"link_name":"discrete mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics"},{"link_name":"Graph Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A.V._Petrosian_and_S.N._Mergelyan_with_Academician_Glushkov_at_the_Computing_Center_of_the_Armenian_Academy_of_Sciences.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sergey Mergelyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Mergelyan"},{"link_name":"Victor Glushkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Glushkov"},{"link_name":"Armenian Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_academy_of_sciences"}],"text":"Ashot V. Petrosian was born in 1930 in a small village near Vardenis, Armenia.[2] He finished high school as a valedictorian in 1949 in Dilijan, Armenia, where his parents settled after escaping the massacre of Armenians in eastern Turkey back in 1915. He went on to study mathematics and graduated with honors from the Yerevan State University, faculty of Physics and Math in 1954. He taught Math courses at the same University until 1955, when he was admitted to Moscow State University to pursue a Ph.D. degree (under supervision of Lazar Lyusternik).Upon completion of his studies he was offered a position at the Steklov Institute of Mathematics, however he decided to return to his native country of Armenia. In 1957 he was appointed to serve as a Chief Engineer and then as a Director of Mathematical Division at the Yerevan Computer Research and Development Institute (YCRDI, known as Mergelyan Institute). During his tenure at the YCRDI, the institute became one of the largest producers of computer equipment in the former USSR. He also worked as the Vice-Principal (1963–65) and Principal (1965–70) of the Institute for Informatics and Automation Problems (IIAP),[3] formerly known as the Computing Center of the Armenian National Academy of Sciences.[4] During his scientific career, Prof. Petrosian taught various mathematics courses at the Yerevan State University (1957–78) and at the Yerevan Polytechnic Institute (1978–86). He has authored several textbooks, patents, and monographs in the areas of computational mathematics, algorithmic information theory, automata and discrete mathematics. He has edited five volumes of the Proceedings of the Computing Center of the Armenian National Academy of Sciences and served as a Ph.D. adviser to over 20 post-graduate students, mainly in the Graph Theory field.With Sergey Mergelyan (third from left) and Victor Glushkov (right) at the Computing Center of the Armenian Academy of Sciences","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mathematical Problems of Automation of Digital Computer Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openlibrary.org/works/OL13188928W/Matematicheskie_voprosy_avtomatizatsii_proektirovaniya_EVM"},{"link_name":"Some problems of a problem-oriented expansion of Boolean functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.zentralblatt-math.org/ioport/en/?q=an%3A03819639"},{"link_name":"On complexity of realization of boolean functions with a given activity vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150610225922/http://www.inf.u-szeged.hu/actacybernetica/edb/vol06n1/pdf/Petrosjan_1983_ActaCybernetica.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.inf.u-szeged.hu/actacybernetica/edb/vol06n1/pdf/Petrosjan_1983_ActaCybernetica.pdf"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2001907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2001907"},{"link_name":"Mathematical Cybernetics, in the book \"Science in Armenia in 60 years\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sci.am/index.php?p=1&langid=1"}],"text":"Mathematical Problems of Automation of Digital Computer Design. Izd-vo Akademii nauk Armyanskoi SSR. 1977.\nPetrosian, A.V.; Pasztorne, V.K. (1982). Some problems of a problem-oriented expansion of Boolean functions. Alkalmazott Mat. Lapok.\nPetrosian, A.V.; Vardanyan, V.A. (1983). On complexity of realization of boolean functions with a given activity vector (PDF). Acta Cybernetica Mat. Lapok. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-10. Retrieved 2013-09-06.\nOn the problem of automated generation of test schemes of electronic computing machines. Kibernetika. 1976. OCLC 2001907.\nMathematical Cybernetics, in the book \"Science in Armenia in 60 years\". National Armenian Academy of Sciences. 1985.","title":"Selected publications"}]	[{"image_text":"With Sergey Mergelyan (third from left) and Victor Glushkov (right) at the Computing Center of the Armenian Academy of Sciences","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/A.V._Petrosian_and_S.N._Mergelyan_with_Academician_Glushkov_at_the_Computing_Center_of_the_Armenian_Academy_of_Sciences.jpg/220px-A.V._Petrosian_and_S.N._Mergelyan_with_Academician_Glushkov_at_the_Computing_Center_of_the_Armenian_Academy_of_Sciences.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Mathematical Problems of Automation of Digital Computer Design. Izd-vo Akademii nauk Armyanskoi SSR. 1977.","urls":[{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/works/OL13188928W/Matematicheskie_voprosy_avtomatizatsii_proektirovaniya_EVM","url_text":"Mathematical Problems of Automation of Digital Computer Design"}]},{"reference":"Petrosian, A.V.; Pasztorne, V.K. (1982). Some problems of a problem-oriented expansion of Boolean functions. Alkalmazott Mat. Lapok.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/ioport/en/?q=an%3A03819639","url_text":"Some problems of a problem-oriented expansion of Boolean functions"}]},{"reference":"Petrosian, A.V.; Vardanyan, V.A. (1983). On complexity of realization of boolean functions with a given activity vector (PDF). Acta Cybernetica Mat. Lapok. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-10. Retrieved 2013-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150610225922/http://www.inf.u-szeged.hu/actacybernetica/edb/vol06n1/pdf/Petrosjan_1983_ActaCybernetica.pdf","url_text":"On complexity of realization of boolean functions with a given activity vector"},{"url":"http://www.inf.u-szeged.hu/actacybernetica/edb/vol06n1/pdf/Petrosjan_1983_ActaCybernetica.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"On the problem of automated generation of test schemes of electronic computing machines. Kibernetika. 1976. OCLC 2001907.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2001907","url_text":"2001907"}]},{"reference":"Mathematical Cybernetics, in the book \"Science in Armenia in 60 years\". National Armenian Academy of Sciences. 1985.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sci.am/index.php?p=1&langid=1","url_text":"Mathematical Cybernetics, in the book \"Science in Armenia in 60 years\""}]},{"reference":"\"ՀՀ գիտությունների ազգային ակադեմիա\". www.sci.am. Retrieved 2019-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sci.am/index.php?p=1&langid=1","url_text":"\"ՀՀ գիտությունների ազգային ակադեմիա\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Who's Who\", Armenian Encyclopedia 2007, Vol. 2, p. 332\". Archived from the original on 2014-01-08. Retrieved 2013-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140108212708/http://www.book.am/product_info.php?products_id=704","url_text":"\"\"Who's Who\", Armenian Encyclopedia 2007, Vol. 2, p. 332\""},{"url":"http://www.book.am/product_info.php?products_id=704","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Institute for Informatics and Automation Problems of NAS RA\". www.iiap.sci.am. Retrieved 2019-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iiap.sci.am/","url_text":"\"Institute for Informatics and Automation Problems of NAS RA\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/works/OL13188928W/Matematicheskie_voprosy_avtomatizatsii_proektirovaniya_EVM","external_links_name":"Mathematical Problems of Automation of Digital Computer Design"},{"Link":"http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/ioport/en/?q=an%3A03819639","external_links_name":"Some problems of a problem-oriented expansion of Boolean functions"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150610225922/http://www.inf.u-szeged.hu/actacybernetica/edb/vol06n1/pdf/Petrosjan_1983_ActaCybernetica.pdf","external_links_name":"On complexity of realization of boolean functions with a given activity vector"},{"Link":"http://www.inf.u-szeged.hu/actacybernetica/edb/vol06n1/pdf/Petrosjan_1983_ActaCybernetica.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2001907","external_links_name":"2001907"},{"Link":"http://www.sci.am/index.php?p=1&langid=1","external_links_name":"Mathematical Cybernetics, in the book \"Science in Armenia in 60 years\""},{"Link":"https://www.sci.am/index.php?p=1&langid=1","external_links_name":"\"ՀՀ գիտությունների ազգային ակադեմիա\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140108212708/http://www.book.am/product_info.php?products_id=704","external_links_name":"\"\"Who's Who\", Armenian Encyclopedia 2007, Vol. 2, p. 332\""},{"Link":"http://www.book.am/product_info.php?products_id=704","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.iiap.sci.am/","external_links_name":"\"Institute for Informatics and Automation Problems of NAS RA\""},{"Link":"http://ershov.iis.nsk.su/archive/eaman.asp?pplid=2859","external_links_name":"Academic Archive"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Academy_of_Letters	Academia Argentina de Letras	["1 History","1.1 Antecedents","1.2 Founding","1.3 Development","2 Work","2.1 \"Jorge Luis Borges\" Library","2.2 Department of Philological Research","2.3 Publications","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	The Academia Argentina de Letras is the academy in charge of studying and prescribing the use of the Spanish language in Argentina. Since its establishment, on August 13, 1931, it has maintained ties with the Royal Spanish Academy and the other Spanish-language academies that are members of the Association of Spanish Language Academies. Since 1999, it has officially been a correspondent academy of the Royal Spanish Academy. It currently includes two dozen full members, chosen for having distinguished themselves in academic study related to language or literature. They make up the directing body of the academy, and they select honorary and correspondent academic members. History Antecedents The earliest lexicographical projects in the Río de la Plata area included a limited but rigorous work titled Léxico rioplatense, compiled in 1845 by Francisco Javier Muñiz, and another lexicon put together in 1860 by Juan María Gutiérrez for the French naturalist and geographer Martin de Moussy. On July 9, 1873, a group of Argentine intellectuals, mostly porteños (residents of the Buenos Aires area), founded the Argentine Academy of Sciences and Letters. Led by the poet Martín Coronado, this academy did not solely focus on the study of the Spanish language; it was dedicated to the various branches of knowledge, from law and science to visual art, literature, and history, as they pertained to Argentina's national culture. The academy did attempt to compile a Dictionary of the Argentine Language, for which the group's members compiled thousands of words and phrases. However, with the dissolution of the academy in 1879 the project was left unfinished. This work, which included studies completed by experts concerning professional argots and research on localisms in Argentina's interior, was almost completely lost. Only a dozen of the vocabulary words were preserved, having been published in the academy's periodical, El Plata Literario. The same periodical announced in 1876 a Collection of American Voices, the work of Carlos Manuel de Trelles, which included contributions from some 300 people. But this uncompleted work of compiling an Argentine dictionary did at least demonstrate the need for an entity dedicated to studying the local language. When in the 1880s the Royal Spanish Academy began inviting various Argentine intellectuals—including Ángel Justiniano Carranza, Luis Domínguez, Vicente Fidel López, Bartolomé Mitre, Pastor Obligado, Carlos María Ocantos, Ernesto Quesada, Vicente Quesada, and Carlos Guido Spano—to assist in creating a correspondent language academy in Argentina, others—such as Juan Bautista Alberdi, Juan María Gutiérrez, and Juan Antonio Argerich—doubted the utility of joining the Spanish project, suspecting it was intended to restore peninsular culture to the country, to the detriment of Argentine culture. Argerich argued that such an academy would constitute "a branch that is a vassal of Spanish imperialism," and he counterproposed the creation of "an Argentine Academy of the Spanish Language" that would create its own dictionary. Obligado, on the other hand, argued publicly in favor of establishing an academy linked to the Royal Spanish Academy. In 1903, Estanislao Zeballos, in his contribution to Ricardo Monner Sans' Notas al castellano en la Argentina, unsuccessfully proposed that the Argentine correspondent members of the Royal Spanish Academy at the time—Bartolomé Mitre, Vicente Fidel López, Vicente G. Quesada, Carlos Guido Spano, Rafael Obligado, Calixto Oyuela, Ernesto Quesada, and himself—form an Argentine section of the academy. It was not until seven years later, through the efforts of the marquess of Gerona, Eugenio Sellés, who came to Argentina as part of the entourage escorting the Infanta Isabella to the festivities commemorating the country's centenary, that those same men founded the first Academia Argentina de la Lengua. Of the 18 academics who were founding members, Vicente Quesada and Calixto Oyuela were chosen as president and secretary for life, respectively. Obligado came up with a plan of action that included not only the work of editing and expanding the local lexicon contained in the dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy but also working with the other Latin American academies to coordinate a register of local phrases, with the aim of creating a separate Latin American dictionary. With this he sought to avoid issues of nationalistic zeal and purism from the Spaniards, which had already caused friction with other correspondent academies. The Diccionario de americanismos would be available for the Royal Spanish Academy to use, but it would primarily constitute a separate undertaking. The group was expanded at Zeballos' insistence, with the addition of several new members of the academy: Samuel Lafone Quevedo, Osvaldo Magnasco, José Matienzo, José María Ramos Mejía, and Enrique Rivarola. However, a lack of political support and mutual friction with the Spanish academy led to the rapid dissolution of the body, which was never able to publish its research. Founding Calixto Oyuela, the founding president of the academy On August 13, 1931, the de facto president José Félix Uriburu decreed the creation of the Academia Argentina de Letras. The name change (from "la Lengua," meaning "the Language," to "Letras," meaning "Letters" or "Literature") acknowledged an additional emphasis on the distribution and promotion of Argentine literature in addition to the academy's interest in the Spanish language in the country. With this dual mission, the academy sought to define and strengthen the "spiritual physiognomy of the country," using narrative, lyrical, and above all theatrical work to develop a cultural model. Oyuela was installed as president of the body, whose other members were Enrique Banchs, Joaquín Castellanos, Atilio Chiappori, Juan Carlos Dávalos, Leopoldo Díaz, Juan Pablo Echagüe, Alfredo Ferrerira, Gustavo Franceschi, Manuel Gálvez, Leopoldo Herrera, Carlos Ibarguren, Arturo Marasso, Gustavo Martínez Zuviría, Clemente Ricci, and Juan Bautista Terán. The academy was given the role of "associate" of the Royal Spanish Academy. It had all the support that its previous incarnation had lacked; a room in the old National Library on México Street was reserved for the group's weekly meeting while then-senator Matías Sánchez Sorondo worked to acquire the Palacio Errázuriz to house the academy, as well as the National Academy of Fine Arts, the National Museum of Decorative Arts, and the National Cultural Commission. The acquisition was approved in January 1937, although the transfer of the building to the academy was not effective until 1944. Development There have been only a few institutional changes since the academy's creation by Uriburu: Since 1935, each of the academy's 24 seats bears the name of a classic Argentine writer. Since 1940, the emblem of the academy, designed by the artist Alfredo Guido, has been an ionic column alongside the motto "Recta sustenta." After the military coup of 1955, the self-proclaimed Revolución Libertadora regime led by Pedro Eugenio Aramburu initiated a policy of persecution of journalists, athletes, politicians, and intellectuals with ties to Peronism or other political movements, and among those who were targeted were members of the Academia Argentina de Letras. In 1999, the academy was finally given the status of correspondent to the Royal Spanish Academy. In 2001 it celebrated its 70th anniversary with an exhibition at the National Library, which displayed documents and objects from its history. Work The aim of the Academia Argentina de Letras is not limited to registering the peculiarities of the Spanish language as it is spoken in the Río de la Plata Basin of Argentina and Uruguay, which is known as Rioplatense Spanish. It also works to regulate its use and to stimulate and contribute to literary study, which are both considered crucial elements of Argentina's national culture. The academy also oversees national literary prizes. Since 1984 it has given out an award to university graduates who majored in literature and achieved the highest grade point average in all of the country's universities, as well as a prize for prominent authors of prose, poetry, and essays. The "Jorge Luis Borges" library of the Academia Argentina de Letras in Buenos Aires. "Jorge Luis Borges" Library The academy's library, now named for the Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges, was inaugurated in 1932. It was based out of the National Library from 1932 to 1946, and in 1947 it moved to its current site at the Palacio Errázuriz in Buenos Aires. Thanks to a bequest from Juan José García Velloso, in 1936 the library gained 3,000 books of Latin American literature and theater. The collection of Alberto Cosito Muñoz, acquired in 1937, and issues of the Revue Hispanique and of publications of the Society of Spanish Bibliophiles supplemented the initial collection. Standouts of the library's holdings include Abraham Rosenvasser's Egyptology collection and Miguel Lermon's large collection of 19th century first editions. The collection specializes in works on linguistics and Argentine, Spanish, and Latin American literature, and it is one of the most important in Argentina. The library of the Academia Argentina de Letras has inherited the important personal collections of: Juan José and Enrique García Velloso (3,341 volumes), Rafael Alberto Arrieta (4,000 vol.), Alfredo de la Guardia (3,000 vol.), Abraham Rosenvasser (2,400 vol.), Celina Sabor de Cortazar (1,000 vol.), Ofelia Kovacci (2,000 vol.), Marietta Ayerza and Alfredo González Garaño (4,000 vol.), José Luis Trenti Rocamora (23,000 vol.), Miguel Lermon (12,000 vol.), Juan Manuel Corcuera (2,400 vol.), and Manuel Gálvez (1,685 vol.). Today, the library holds almost 130,000 volumes, as well as an important periodicals archive with examples of 3,000 publications that add up to around 16,000 volumes, forming a valuable research center. It also holds 2,000 antique books published between 1515 and 1801. The library also holds four significant collections of correspondence: those of Manuel Gálvez, Roberto Giusti, Atilio Chiáppori, and Victoria Ocampo. The first three are available to read in full at the library. The library has also made available via the Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library its collection of Gaucho literature, its collection of travel literature related to the region, and a set of historic documents gathered by Pedro de Angelis. Department of Philological Research The Departamento de Investigaciones Filológicas (Department of Philological Research) was initially founded in 1946, with the aim of providing research and technical advice. In 1955, by presidential degree, it was merged with the Institute of Tradition to form the National Institute of Philology and Folklore. The new institute's work was regulated in 1961, but it was not until 1966 that, under the direction of Carlos Ronchi March, the processes around maintaining its archives and producing lexicographical reports were formalized. The department currently advises the academy's plenary, prepares notes and additions for the Royal Spanish Academy, and maintains archives and documentation about localized speech in Argentina. Publications Since its founding, the academy has published a quarterly Bulletin on philological and lexicographic topics. The periodical was conservative and closely allied with the Spanish academy from the first issue, in which Juan Bautista Terán denied the existence of a "language of the Argentines" and emphasized the continuity between Rioplatense Spanish and the Spanish spoken on the Iberian Peninsula. The goal on selecting a fixed, normative corpus for the national language was evidenced by the "Bibliography of Castilian in Argentina," published starting in that issue, which sought to compile a selection of worthy works of national literary production. The academy also worked to protest and correct examples of nonstandard language in periodicals, advertisements, and administrative writing. Circulars were issued to newspapers and radio broadcasters, as well as to municipal and national government bodies. The Bulletin of the Academia Argentina de Letras is still published today. In 1941, the academy launched a collection of anthologies and literary criticism of "Argentine Classics," of which 26 volumes were published. Starting in 1946, they added to this a collection of "Academic Studies," which paired translations of foreign literature with critical studies and national biographies, and in 1976 they added a series of "Linguistic and Philological Studies." Beyond those publications already mentioned, since 1947 the Bulletin has occasionally been accompanied by volumes honoring outstanding authors. Beginning in 1975 they began distributing these tributes more regularly, publishing 25 such volumes to date. Additionally, the academy has published various books, including a Dictionary of Americanisms by Augusto Malaret, the first book of the unfinished Etymological Dictionary of Common Spanish by Leopoldo Lugones, the minutes of the 4th Congress of the Association of Spanish Language Academies, a Lexicon of Cultured Speech of Buenos Aires, a book of Common Idiomatic Questions, a Record of Argentine Speech, 12 volumes of Agreements on the Language settled by the academy, and some literary works. Currently in the works is a large-scale Dictionary of Argentine Speech that registers the use of the Spanish language in the country. See also Royal Spanish Academy Association of Spanish Language Academies Buenos Aires National Academy of Medicine National Academy of History of Argentina References ^ "Academia Argentina de Letras". www.aal.edu.ar. Retrieved August 4, 2020. ^ a b "Academia Argentina de Letras". www.asale.org (in Spanish). Retrieved August 4, 2020. ^ "Premio Literario de la Academia Argentina de Letras \| Academia Argentina de Letras". www.aal.edu.ar. Retrieved August 4, 2020. ^ "Boletín de la Academia Argentina de Letras". www.catalogoweb.com.ar. Retrieved August 5, 2020. External links Argentine Academy Official Website Argentine Academy Website on Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library vteAssociation of Spanish Language Academies Argentina Bolivia Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Guatemala Honduras Israel (Ladino) Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Puerto Rico Spain United States Uruguay Venezuela Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States Czech Republic Portugal Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"It currently includes two dozen full members,[2] chosen for having distinguished themselves in academic study related to language or literature. They make up the directing body of the academy, and they select honorary and correspondent academic members.","title":"Academia Argentina de Letras"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lexicographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicography"},{"link_name":"Río de la Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata"},{"link_name":"Francisco Javier Muñiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Mu%C3%B1iz"},{"link_name":"Juan María Gutiérrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez"},{"link_name":"porteños","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"argots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cant_(language)"},{"link_name":"Luis Domínguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_L._Dom%C3%ADnguez"},{"link_name":"Vicente Fidel López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Fidel_L%C3%B3pez"},{"link_name":"Bartolomé Mitre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre"},{"link_name":"Pastor Obligado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastor_Obligado"},{"link_name":"Juan Bautista Alberdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Alberdi"},{"link_name":"Juan María Gutiérrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez"},{"link_name":"peninsular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Estanislao Zeballos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estanislao_Zeballos"},{"link_name":"Bartolomé Mitre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre"},{"link_name":"Vicente Fidel López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Fidel_L%C3%B3pez"},{"link_name":"Rafael Obligado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Obligado"},{"link_name":"Calixto Oyuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calixto_Oyuela"},{"link_name":"Eugenio Sellés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenio_Sell%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Infanta Isabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Isabella,_Countess_of_Girgenti"},{"link_name":"Calixto Oyuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calixto_Oyuela"},{"link_name":"dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diccionario_de_la_lengua_espa%C3%B1ola"},{"link_name":"José María Ramos Mejía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Ramos_Mej%C3%ADa"}],"sub_title":"Antecedents","text":"The earliest lexicographical projects in the Río de la Plata area included a limited but rigorous work titled Léxico rioplatense, compiled in 1845 by Francisco Javier Muñiz, and another lexicon put together in 1860 by Juan María Gutiérrez for the French naturalist and geographer Martin de Moussy.On July 9, 1873, a group of Argentine intellectuals, mostly porteños (residents of the Buenos Aires area), founded the Argentine Academy of Sciences and Letters. Led by the poet Martín Coronado, this academy did not solely focus on the study of the Spanish language; it was dedicated to the various branches of knowledge, from law and science to visual art, literature, and history, as they pertained to Argentina's national culture. The academy did attempt to compile a Dictionary of the Argentine Language, for which the group's members compiled thousands of words and phrases.However, with the dissolution of the academy in 1879 the project was left unfinished. This work, which included studies completed by experts concerning professional argots and research on localisms in Argentina's interior, was almost completely lost. Only a dozen of the vocabulary words were preserved, having been published in the academy's periodical, El Plata Literario. The same periodical announced in 1876 a Collection of American Voices, the work of Carlos Manuel de Trelles, which included contributions from some 300 people. But this uncompleted work of compiling an Argentine dictionary did at least demonstrate the need for an entity dedicated to studying the local language. When in the 1880s the Royal Spanish Academy began inviting various Argentine intellectuals—including Ángel Justiniano Carranza, Luis Domínguez, Vicente Fidel López, Bartolomé Mitre, Pastor Obligado, Carlos María Ocantos, Ernesto Quesada, Vicente Quesada, and Carlos Guido Spano—to assist in creating a correspondent language academy in Argentina, others—such as Juan Bautista Alberdi, Juan María Gutiérrez, and Juan Antonio Argerich—doubted the utility of joining the Spanish project, suspecting it was intended to restore peninsular culture to the country, to the detriment of Argentine culture. Argerich argued that such an academy would constitute \"a branch that is a vassal of Spanish imperialism,\" and he counterproposed the creation of \"an Argentine Academy of the Spanish Language\" that would create its own dictionary. Obligado, on the other hand, argued publicly in favor of establishing an academy linked to the Royal Spanish Academy.In 1903, Estanislao Zeballos, in his contribution to Ricardo Monner Sans' Notas al castellano en la Argentina, unsuccessfully proposed that the Argentine correspondent members of the Royal Spanish Academy at the time—Bartolomé Mitre, Vicente Fidel López, Vicente G. Quesada, Carlos Guido Spano, Rafael Obligado, Calixto Oyuela, Ernesto Quesada, and himself—form an Argentine section of the academy. It was not until seven years later, through the efforts of the marquess of Gerona, Eugenio Sellés, who came to Argentina as part of the entourage escorting the Infanta Isabella to the festivities commemorating the country's centenary, that those same men founded the first Academia Argentina de la Lengua. Of the 18 academics who were founding members, Vicente Quesada and Calixto Oyuela were chosen as president and secretary for life, respectively.Obligado came up with a plan of action that included not only the work of editing and expanding the local lexicon contained in the dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy but also working with the other Latin American academies to coordinate a register of local phrases, with the aim of creating a separate Latin American dictionary. With this he sought to avoid issues of nationalistic zeal and purism from the Spaniards, which had already caused friction with other correspondent academies. The Diccionario de americanismos would be available for the Royal Spanish Academy to use, but it would primarily constitute a separate undertaking.The group was expanded at Zeballos' insistence, with the addition of several new members of the academy: Samuel Lafone Quevedo, Osvaldo Magnasco, José Matienzo, José María Ramos Mejía, and Enrique Rivarola. However, a lack of political support and mutual friction with the Spanish academy led to the rapid dissolution of the body, which was never able to publish its research.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calixto_Oyuela.png"},{"link_name":"José Félix Uriburu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_Uriburu"},{"link_name":"physiognomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiognomy"},{"link_name":"Enrique Banchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Banchs"},{"link_name":"Manuel Gálvez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_G%C3%A1lvez"},{"link_name":"Carlos Ibarguren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Ibarguren"},{"link_name":"Gustavo Martínez Zuviría","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Mart%C3%ADnez_Zuvir%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"National Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Argentine_Republic"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Decorative Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts,_Buenos_Aires"}],"sub_title":"Founding","text":"Calixto Oyuela, the founding president of the academyOn August 13, 1931, the de facto president José Félix Uriburu decreed the creation of the Academia Argentina de Letras. The name change (from \"la Lengua,\" meaning \"the Language,\" to \"Letras,\" meaning \"Letters\" or \"Literature\") acknowledged an additional emphasis on the distribution and promotion of Argentine literature in addition to the academy's interest in the Spanish language in the country. With this dual mission, the academy sought to define and strengthen the \"spiritual physiognomy of the country,\" using narrative, lyrical, and above all theatrical work to develop a cultural model. Oyuela was installed as president of the body, whose other members were Enrique Banchs, Joaquín Castellanos, Atilio Chiappori, Juan Carlos Dávalos, Leopoldo Díaz, Juan Pablo Echagüe, Alfredo Ferrerira, Gustavo Franceschi, Manuel Gálvez, Leopoldo Herrera, Carlos Ibarguren, Arturo Marasso, Gustavo Martínez Zuviría, Clemente Ricci, and Juan Bautista Terán. The academy was given the role of \"associate\" of the Royal Spanish Academy. It had all the support that its previous incarnation had lacked; a room in the old National Library on México Street was reserved for the group's weekly meeting while then-senator Matías Sánchez Sorondo worked to acquire the Palacio Errázuriz to house the academy, as well as the National Academy of Fine Arts, the National Museum of Decorative Arts, and the National Cultural Commission. The acquisition was approved in January 1937, although the transfer of the building to the academy was not effective until 1944.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ionic column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_order"},{"link_name":"military coup of 1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora"},{"link_name":"Pedro Eugenio Aramburu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Eugenio_Aramburu"},{"link_name":"Peronism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peronism"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"There have been only a few institutional changes since the academy's creation by Uriburu: Since 1935, each of the academy's 24 seats bears the name of a classic Argentine writer. Since 1940, the emblem of the academy, designed by the artist Alfredo Guido, has been an ionic column alongside the motto \"Recta sustenta.\" After the military coup of 1955, the self-proclaimed Revolución Libertadora regime led by Pedro Eugenio Aramburu initiated a policy of persecution of journalists, athletes, politicians, and intellectuals with ties to Peronism or other political movements, and among those who were targeted were members of the Academia Argentina de Letras.In 1999, the academy was finally given the status of correspondent to the Royal Spanish Academy. In 2001 it celebrated its 70th anniversary with an exhibition at the National Library, which displayed documents and objects from its history.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Río de la Plata Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata_Basin"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Rioplatense Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish"},{"link_name":"Argentina's national culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Argentina"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biblioteca_%22Jorge_Luis_Borges%22_de_la_Academia_Argentina_de_Letras.jpg"}],"text":"The aim of the Academia Argentina de Letras is not limited to registering the peculiarities of the Spanish language as it is spoken in the Río de la Plata Basin of Argentina and Uruguay, which is known as Rioplatense Spanish. It also works to regulate its use and to stimulate and contribute to literary study, which are both considered crucial elements of Argentina's national culture.The academy also oversees national literary prizes. Since 1984 it has given out an award to university graduates who majored in literature and achieved the highest grade point average in all of the country's universities, as well as a prize for prominent authors of prose, poetry, and essays.[3]The \"Jorge Luis Borges\" library of the Academia Argentina de Letras in Buenos Aires.","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jorge Luis Borges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges"},{"link_name":"Egyptology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptology"},{"link_name":"first editions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edition_(book)"},{"link_name":"Alfredo de la Guardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_de_la_Guardia"},{"link_name":"Manuel Gálvez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_G%C3%A1lvez"},{"link_name":"Manuel Gálvez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_G%C3%A1lvez"},{"link_name":"Victoria Ocampo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Ocampo"},{"link_name":"Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes_Virtual_Library"},{"link_name":"Gaucho literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaucho_literature"},{"link_name":"Pedro de Angelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_%C3%81ngelis"}],"sub_title":"\"Jorge Luis Borges\" Library","text":"The academy's library, now named for the Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges, was inaugurated in 1932. It was based out of the National Library from 1932 to 1946, and in 1947 it moved to its current site at the Palacio Errázuriz in Buenos Aires. Thanks to a bequest from Juan José García Velloso, in 1936 the library gained 3,000 books of Latin American literature and theater. The collection of Alberto Cosito Muñoz, acquired in 1937, and issues of the Revue Hispanique and of publications of the Society of Spanish Bibliophiles supplemented the initial collection. Standouts of the library's holdings include Abraham Rosenvasser's Egyptology collection and Miguel Lermon's large collection of 19th century first editions. The collection specializes in works on linguistics and Argentine, Spanish, and Latin American literature, and it is one of the most important in Argentina.The library of the Academia Argentina de Letras has inherited the important personal collections of: Juan José and Enrique García Velloso (3,341 volumes), Rafael Alberto Arrieta (4,000 vol.), Alfredo de la Guardia (3,000 vol.), Abraham Rosenvasser (2,400 vol.), Celina Sabor de Cortazar (1,000 vol.), Ofelia Kovacci (2,000 vol.), Marietta Ayerza and Alfredo González Garaño (4,000 vol.), José Luis Trenti Rocamora (23,000 vol.), Miguel Lermon (12,000 vol.), Juan Manuel Corcuera (2,400 vol.), and Manuel Gálvez (1,685 vol.).Today, the library holds almost 130,000 volumes, as well as an important periodicals archive with examples of 3,000 publications that add up to around 16,000 volumes, forming a valuable research center. It also holds 2,000 antique books published between 1515 and 1801.The library also holds four significant collections of correspondence: those of Manuel Gálvez, Roberto Giusti, Atilio Chiáppori, and Victoria Ocampo. The first three are available to read in full at the library. The library has also made available via the Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library its collection of Gaucho literature, its collection of travel literature related to the region, and a set of historic documents gathered by Pedro de Angelis.","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Department of Philological Research","text":"The Departamento de Investigaciones Filológicas (Department of Philological Research) was initially founded in 1946, with the aim of providing research and technical advice. In 1955, by presidential degree, it was merged with the Institute of Tradition to form the National Institute of Philology and Folklore. The new institute's work was regulated in 1961, but it was not until 1966 that, under the direction of Carlos Ronchi March, the processes around maintaining its archives and producing lexicographical reports were formalized. The department currently advises the academy's plenary, prepares notes and additions for the Royal Spanish Academy, and maintains archives and documentation about localized speech in Argentina.","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"philological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology"},{"link_name":"Iberian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Leopoldo Lugones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_Lugones"}],"sub_title":"Publications","text":"Since its founding, the academy has published a quarterly Bulletin on philological and lexicographic topics. The periodical was conservative and closely allied with the Spanish academy from the first issue, in which Juan Bautista Terán denied the existence of a \"language of the Argentines\" and emphasized the continuity between Rioplatense Spanish and the Spanish spoken on the Iberian Peninsula. The goal on selecting a fixed, normative corpus for the national language was evidenced by the \"Bibliography of Castilian in Argentina,\" published starting in that issue, which sought to compile a selection of worthy works of national literary production. The academy also worked to protest and correct examples of nonstandard language in periodicals, advertisements, and administrative writing. Circulars were issued to newspapers and radio broadcasters, as well as to municipal and national government bodies. The Bulletin of the Academia Argentina de Letras is still published today.[4]In 1941, the academy launched a collection of anthologies and literary criticism of \"Argentine Classics,\" of which 26 volumes were published. Starting in 1946, they added to this a collection of \"Academic Studies,\" which paired translations of foreign literature with critical studies and national biographies, and in 1976 they added a series of \"Linguistic and Philological Studies.\"Beyond those publications already mentioned, since 1947 the Bulletin has occasionally been accompanied by volumes honoring outstanding authors. Beginning in 1975 they began distributing these tributes more regularly, publishing 25 such volumes to date. Additionally, the academy has published various books, including a Dictionary of Americanisms by Augusto Malaret, the first book of the unfinished Etymological Dictionary of Common Spanish by Leopoldo Lugones, the minutes of the 4th Congress of the Association of Spanish Language Academies, a Lexicon of Cultured Speech of Buenos Aires, a book of Common Idiomatic Questions, a Record of Argentine Speech, 12 volumes of Agreements on the Language settled by the academy, and some literary works. Currently in the works is a large-scale Dictionary of Argentine Speech that registers the use of the Spanish language in the country.","title":"Work"}]	[{"image_text":"Calixto Oyuela, the founding president of the academy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Calixto_Oyuela.png/150px-Calixto_Oyuela.png"},{"image_text":"The \"Jorge Luis Borges\" library of the Academia Argentina de Letras in Buenos Aires.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Biblioteca_%22Jorge_Luis_Borges%22_de_la_Academia_Argentina_de_Letras.jpg/220px-Biblioteca_%22Jorge_Luis_Borges%22_de_la_Academia_Argentina_de_Letras.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Coat_of_Arms_of_ASALE.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_ASALE.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Royal Spanish Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy"},{"title":"Association of Spanish Language Academies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Academies_of_the_Spanish_Language"},{"title":"Buenos Aires National Academy of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_National_Academy_of_Medicine"},{"title":"National Academy of History of Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_History_of_Argentina"}]	[{"reference":"\"Academia Argentina de Letras\". www.aal.edu.ar. Retrieved August 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aal.edu.ar/","url_text":"\"Academia Argentina de Letras\""}]},{"reference":"\"Academia Argentina de Letras\". www.asale.org (in Spanish). Retrieved August 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asale.org/academias/academia-argentina-de-letras","url_text":"\"Academia Argentina de Letras\""}]},{"reference":"\"Premio Literario de la Academia Argentina de Letras \| Academia Argentina de Letras\". www.aal.edu.ar. Retrieved August 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aal.edu.ar/?q=node/584","url_text":"\"Premio Literario de la Academia Argentina de Letras \| Academia Argentina de Letras\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boletín de la Academia Argentina de Letras\". www.catalogoweb.com.ar. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaele_Esposito	Raffaele Esposito	["1 References"]	Italian chef Plaque in Naples remembering the centennial of pizza Margherita invention Raffaele Esposito (Italian: ) was an Italian chef and owner of a tavern in Naples called Pizzeria di Pietro e basta così (lit. 'Pietro's Pizzeria and that's enough') in the 19th century that had been founded in 1780 by Pietro Colicchio. Esposito is considered by some to be the father of modern pizza. In 1889, pizza had not yet become a popular or well-known dish and was typically eaten by poor people as a way to utilize various ingredients that would otherwise be wasted. At that time, Esposito was considered the premier pizzaiolo (lit. 'pizza maker') in the city of Naples. According to a popular (but questioned) legend, Esposito was requested to prepare a pizza for Queen Margherita of Savoy, who had traveled to Naples with King Umberto I. Esposito and his wife were admitted to the royal kitchens to prepare this dish as he saw fit. Deeming the traditional garlic topping to be unfit for the royal palate, Esposito instead prepared three different pizzas, the last of which used a combination of tomatoes, mozzarella cheese and basil to emulate the red, white, and green of the Italian flag. It is claimed by some sources that this was the first time pizza was made with mozzarella cheese. Queen Margherita, having never had pizza before, so enjoyed the dish that she had her head of table services send Esposito a letter to commend his pizzas, stating that they "were found to be delicious". Esposito used this recommendation to successfully promote his restaurant, naming the pizza most enjoyed by the Queen, "pizza Margherita". The legend of pizza Margherita is considered a false history, as a pizza made with the same toppings was already present in Naples between 1796 and 1810. It is widely reported that this event caused pizza to become a fad, from which it retained enduring popularity. Because of Esposito's experiments with ingredients and presentation, and his successful preparation of the dish for Queen Margherita, it is suggested by some that Esposito was the father of the modern pizza. Esposito's restaurant still exists on the spot where it was founded by Pietro Colicchio, at Salita Sant'Ana di Palazzo 1/2, although its current name is Pizzeria Brandi. The royal letter favoring Esposito's pizza is on display in the restaurant. Later research cast doubt on this legend, undermining the authenticity of the royal letter of recognition, pointing that no media of the period reported about supposed visit and that both the story and name Margherita were first promoted in the 1930s–1940s. References ^ Luciano Pignataro (2018). La pizza: Una storia contemporanea (in Italian). Hoepli. ^ a b c d e f g Schwartz, Arthur (1998). Naples at Table: Cooking in Campania. Harper Collins. p. 68. ISBN 9780060182618. ^ a b c d Dickie, John (2008). Delizia!: The Epic History of the Italians and Their Food. p. 186. ^ Paul Hofmann, That Fine Italian Hand (1991), p. 32. ^ a b c d Father Giuseppe Orsini, Joseph E. Orsini, Italian Baking Secrets (2007), p. 99. ^ a b "Was margherita pizza really named after Italy's queen?". BBC Food. 28 December 2012. Archived from the original on 31 December 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2012. ^ a b Nowak, Zachary (March 2014). "Folklore, Fakelore, History: Invented Tradition and the Origins of the Pizza Margherita". Food, Culture & Society. 17 (1): 103–124. doi:10.2752/175174414X13828682779249. ISSN 1552-8014. S2CID 142371201. ^ James McNair, Pizza (1987), p. 5. ^ Stradley, Linda (2004). "History and Legends of Pizza". ^ Angelo Forgione (2013). Made in Naples. Magenes. p. 195. ISBN 978-88-6649-039-5.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pizza_Napoli_Brandi.jpeg"},{"link_name":"pizza Margherita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza_Margherita"},{"link_name":"[raffaˈɛːle eˈspɔːzito]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavern"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pignataro-1"},{"link_name":"pizza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwartz-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickie-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hofmann-4"},{"link_name":"pizzaiolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pizzaiolo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orsini-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nowak-7"},{"link_name":"Margherita of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margherita_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"King Umberto I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwartz-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickie-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orsini-5"},{"link_name":"garlic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickie-3"},{"link_name":"tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato"},{"link_name":"mozzarella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozzarella"},{"link_name":"basil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil"},{"link_name":"Italian flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwartz-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickie-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwartz-2"},{"link_name":"promote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwartz-2"},{"link_name":"pizza Margherita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza_Margherita"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"false history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudohistory"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwartz-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orsini-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orsini-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwartz-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nowak-7"}],"text":"Plaque in Naples remembering the centennial of pizza Margherita inventionRaffaele Esposito (Italian: [raffaˈɛːle eˈspɔːzito]) was an Italian chef and owner of a tavern in Naples called Pizzeria di Pietro e basta così (lit. 'Pietro's Pizzeria and that's enough') in the 19th century that had been founded in 1780 by Pietro Colicchio.[1] Esposito is considered by some to be the father of modern pizza.[2][3]In 1889, pizza had not yet become a popular or well-known dish and was typically eaten by poor people as a way to utilize various ingredients that would otherwise be wasted.[4] At that time, Esposito was considered the premier pizzaiolo (lit. 'pizza maker') in the city of Naples.[5]According to a popular (but questioned[6][7]) legend, Esposito was requested to prepare a pizza for Queen Margherita of Savoy, who had traveled to Naples with King Umberto I.[2] Esposito and his wife were admitted to the royal kitchens to prepare this dish as he saw fit.[3][5] Deeming the traditional garlic topping to be unfit for the royal palate, Esposito instead prepared three different pizzas,[3] the last of which used a combination of tomatoes, mozzarella cheese and basil to emulate the red, white, and green of the Italian flag.[2] It is claimed by some sources that this was the first time pizza was made with mozzarella cheese.[8]Queen Margherita, having never had pizza before, so enjoyed the dish that she had her head of table services send Esposito a letter to commend his pizzas, stating that they \"were found to be delicious\".[3][2] Esposito used this recommendation to successfully promote his restaurant,[2] naming the pizza most enjoyed by the Queen, \"pizza Margherita\".[9] The legend of pizza Margherita is considered a false history, as a pizza made with the same toppings was already present in Naples between 1796 and 1810.[10]It is widely reported that this event caused pizza to become a fad,[2][5] from which it retained enduring popularity. Because of Esposito's experiments with ingredients and presentation, and his successful preparation of the dish for Queen Margherita, it is suggested by some that Esposito was the father of the modern pizza.[5]Esposito's restaurant still exists on the spot where it was founded by Pietro Colicchio, at Salita Sant'Ana di Palazzo 1/2, although its current name is Pizzeria Brandi. The royal letter favoring Esposito's pizza is on display in the restaurant.[2] Later research cast doubt on this legend, undermining the authenticity of the royal letter of recognition, pointing that no media of the period reported about supposed visit and that both the story and name Margherita were first promoted in the 1930s–1940s.[6][7]","title":"Raffaele Esposito"}]	[{"image_text":"Plaque in Naples remembering the centennial of pizza Margherita invention","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pizza_Napoli_Brandi.jpeg/220px-Pizza_Napoli_Brandi.jpeg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Luciano Pignataro (2018). La pizza: Una storia contemporanea (in Italian). Hoepli.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Schwartz, Arthur (1998). Naples at Table: Cooking in Campania. Harper Collins. p. 68. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scent-imental_Over_You	Scent-imental Over You	["1 Plot","2 Home media","3 References","4 External links"]	1947 film by Chuck Jones Scent-imental over YouBlue Ribbon reissue title card of Scent-imental Over You.Directed byCharles M. JonesStory byMichael MalteseTedd PierceProduced byEdward Selzer (uncredited)StarringMel Blanc (Pepé Le Pew)Bea Benaderet (various female dogs, uncredited)Narrated byBea Benaderet (uncredited)Music byCarl Stalling(Music Direction)Milt Franklyn (Orchestrator, uncredited)Animation byKen HarrisBasil DavidovichLloyd VaughanBen WashamA.C. Gamer (Effects animator)Layouts byRobert GribbroekBackgrounds byPeter AlvaradoColor processTechnicolorDistributed byWarner Bros. PicturesRelease date March 8, 1947 (1947-03-08) Running time7 minutes (one reel)CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Scent-imental over You is a 1947 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes cartoon directed by Chuck Jones. The short was released on March 8, 1947, and stars Pepé Le Pew. Plot A small jealous Mexican hairless dog, wanting to be friends with the other dogs on Park Avenue, decides to borrow a fur coat. Unfortunately, she borrows a skunk pelt by mistake and frightens the other dogs. As she cries her hurt feelings out, she attracts the unwanted attentions of Stinky. After he corners her in a treehouse, she finally removes the pelt and Pepé reveals he's wearing a mask, showing that he's a dog and the two embrace. Another mask removal proves Pepé is indeed a skunk who doesn't care that his love interest is a dog. Home media Laserdisc- The Golden Age of Looney Tunes Vol 2 DVD- Looney Tunes Super Stars' Pepe Le Pew: Zee Best of Zee Best References ^ Beck, Jerry; Friedwald, Will (1989). Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons. Henry Holt and Co. p. 175. ISBN 0-8050-0894-2. ^ Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. Checkmark Books. p. 117. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved 6 June 2020. External links Scent-imental Over You at IMDb vtePepé Le Pew in animationShort films Odor-able Kitty (1945) Scent-imental Over You (1947) Odor of the Day (1948) For Scent-imental Reasons (1949) Scent-imental Romeo (1951) Little Beau Pepé (1952) Wild Over You (1953) Dog Pounded (1954; cameo) The Cats Bah (1954) Past Perfumance (1955) Two Scent's Worth (1955) Heaven Scent (1956) Touché and Go (1957) Really Scent (1959) Who Scent You? (1960) A Scent of the Matterhorn (1961) Louvre Come Back to Me! (1962) Bugs Bunny's Christmas Carol (1980; cameo) Carrotblanca (1995) Feature filmsTheatrical The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie (1979; archive footage) The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie (1981; cameo) Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island (1983) Space Jam (1996) Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003; cameo) Direct-to-video Tweety's High-Flying Adventure (2000; cameo) Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas (2006; cameo) Looney Tunes: Rabbits Run (2015) TV series Baby Looney Tunes (2002–2005) The Looney Tunes Show (2011–2013) New Looney Tunes (2015–2020) TV specials Bugs Bunny's Easter Special (1977) Bugs Bunny's Looney Christmas Tales (1980; cameo) vteChuck JonesShort subjects1930s The Night Watchman (1938) Dog Gone Modern (1939) Robin Hood Makes Good (1939) Prest-O Change-O (1939) Daffy Duck and the Dinosaur (1939) Naughty but Mice (1939) Old Glory (1939) Snowman's Land (1939) Little Brother Rat (1939) The Little Lion Hunter (1939) The Good Egg (1939) Sniffles and the Bookworm (1939) The Curious Puppy (1939) 1940s Mighty Hunters (1940) Elmer's Candid Camera (1940) Sniffles Takes a Trip (1940) Tom Thumb in Trouble (1940) The Egg Collector (1940) Ghost Wanted (1940) Stage Fright (1940) Good Night Elmer (1940) Bedtime for Sniffles (1940) Elmer's Pet Rabbit (1941) Sniffles Bells the Cat (1941) Joe Glow, the Firefly (1941) Porky's Ant (1941) Toy Trouble (1941) Porky's Prize Pony (1941) Inki and the Lion (1941) Snow Time for Comedy (1941) The Brave Little Bat (1941) Saddle Silly (1941) Porky's Midnight Matinee (1941) The Bird Came C.O.D. (1942) Porky's Cafe (1942) Conrad the Sailor (1942) Dog Tired (1942) The Draft Horse (1942) Hold the Lion, Please (1942) The Squawkin' Hawk (1942) Fox Pop (1942) The Dover Boys at Pimento University; or, The Rivals of Roquefort Hall (1942) My Favorite Duck (1942) Case of the Missing Hare (1942) To Duck or Not to Duck (1943) Flop Goes the Weasel (1943) Super-Rabbit (1943) The Unbearable Bear (1943) The Aristo-Cat (1943) Coming!! Snafu (1943) Wackiki Wabbit (1943) Spies (1943) The Infantry Blues (1943) Fin'n Catty (1943) Inki and the Minah Bird (1943) Point Rationing of Foods (1943) Tom Turk and Daffy (1944) Bugs Bunny and the Three Bears (1944) Private Snafu vs. Malaria Mike (1944) The Weakly Reporter (1944) A Lecture on Camouflage (1944) Going Home (1944, unreleased) Gas (1944) Angel Puss (1944) Outpost (1944) From Hand to Mouse (1944) Lost and Foundling (1944) Hell-Bent for Election (1944) Odor-able Kitty (1945) Private Snafu in The Aleutians—Isles of Enchantment (Oh Brother!) (1945) Trap Happy Porky (1945) It's Murder She Says (1945) Hare Conditioned (1945) Fresh Airedale (1945) No Buddy Atoll (1945) Hare Tonic (1945) Secrets of the Caribbean (1945) Quentin Quail (1946) Hush My Mouse (1946) Hair-Raising Hare (1946) Fair and Worm-er (1946) Roughly Squeaking (1946) Scent-imental Over You (1947) Inki at the Circus (1947) A Pest in the House (1947) House Hunting Mice (1947) Little Orphan Airedale (1947) A Feather in His Hare (1948) What's Brewin', Bruin? (1948) Rabbit Punch (1948) Haredevil Hare (1948) You Were Never Duckier (1948) Daffy Dilly (1948) My Bunny Lies over the Sea (1948) Scaredy Cat (1948) So Much for So Little (1949) Awful Orphan (1949) Mississippi Hare (1949) Mouse Wreckers (1949) The Bee-Deviled Bruin (1949) Long-Haired Hare (1949) Often an Orphan (1949) Fast and Furry-ous (1949) Frigid Hare (1949) For Scent-imental Reasons (1949) Bear Feat (1949) Rabbit Hood (1949) 1950s The Scarlet Pumpernickel (1950) The Ducksters (1950) Dog Gone South (1950) 8 Ball Bunny (1950) The Hypo-Chondri-Cat (1950) Homeless Hare (1950) Caveman Inki (1950) Rabbit of Seville (1950) Two's A Crowd (1950) Bunny Hugged (1951) Scent-imental Romeo (1951) A Hound for Trouble (1951) Rabbit Fire (1951) Chow Hound (1951) The Wearing of the Grin (1951) Cheese Chasers (1951) A Bear for Punishment (1951) Drip-Along Daffy (1951) Operation: Rabbit (1952) Feed the Kitty (1952) Little Beau Pepé (1952) Water, Water Every Hare (1952) Beep, Beep (1952) The Hasty Hare (1952) Going! Going! Gosh! (1952) Mouse-Warming (1952) Rabbit Seasoning (1952) Terrier Stricken (1952) Orange Blossoms for Violet (1952) Don't Give Up the Sheep (1953) Forward March Hare (1953) Kiss Me Cat (1953) Duck Amuck (1953) Much Ado About Nutting (1953) Wild Over You (1953) Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century (1953) Bully for Bugs (1953) Zipping Along (1953) Lumber Jack-Rabbit (1953) Duck! Rabbit, Duck! (1953) Punch Trunk (1953) Feline Frame-Up (1954) No Barking (1954) The Cat's Bah (1954) Claws for Alarm (1954) Bewitched Bunny (1954) Stop! Look! And Hasten! (1954) From A to Z-Z-Z-Z (1954) My Little Duckaroo (1954) Sheep Ahoy (1954) Baby Buggy Bunny (1954) Beanstalk Bunny (1955) Ready, Set, Zoom! (1955) Past Perfumance (1955) Rabbit Rampage (1955) Double or Mutton (1955) Jumpin' Jupiter (1955) Knight-mare Hare (1955) Two Scent's Worth (1955) Guided Muscle (1955) One Froggy Evening (1955) 90 Day Wondering (1956) Bugs' Bonnets (1956) Broom-Stick Bunny (1956) Rocket Squad (1956) Heaven Scent (1956) Gee Whiz-z-z-z-z-z-z (1956) Barbary Coast Bunny (1956) Rocket-Bye Baby (1956) Deduce, You Say! (1956) There They Go-Go-Go! (1956) To Hare Is Human (1956) Scrambled Aches (1957) Ali Baba Bunny (1957) Go Fly a Kit (1957) Boyhood Daze (1957) Steal Wool (1957) What's Opera, Doc? (1957) Zoom and Bored (1957) Touché and Go (1957) Drafty, Isn't It? (1957) Robin Hood Daffy (1958) Hare-Way to the Stars (1958) Whoa, Be-Gone! (1958) To Itch His Own (1958) Hook, Line and Stinker (1958) Hip Hip-Hurry! (1958) Cat Feud (1958) Baton Bunny (1959) Hot-Rod and Reel! (1959) Wild About Hurry (1959) 1960s Fastest with the Mostest (1960) Who Scent You? (1960) Rabbit's Feat (1960) Ready, Woolen and Able (1960) Hopalong Casualty (1960) High Note (1960) Zip 'N Snort (1961) The Mouse on 57th Street (1961) The Abominable Snow Rabbit (1961) Lickety-Splat (1961) A Scent of the Matterhorn (1961) Compressed Hare (1961) Beep Prepared (1961) Nelly's Folly (1961) A Sheep in the Deep (1962) Zoom at the Top (1962) Louvre Come Back to Me! (1962) Martian Through Georgia (1962) I Was a Teenage Thumb (1963) Now Hear This (1963) Hare-Breadth Hurry (1963) Mad as a Mars Hare (1963) Transylvania 6-5000 (1963) To Beep or Not to Beep (1963) Tom and Jerry (cartoon shorts, 1963–1967) War and Pieces (1964) The Dot and the Line: A Romance in Lower Mathematics (1965) The Bear That Wasn't (1967) 1980s Spaced Out Bunny (1980) Soup or Sonic (1980) 1990s Chariots of Fur (1994) Another Froggy Evening (1995) Superior Duck (1996) Pullet Surprise (1997) From Hare to Eternity (1997) Father of the Bird (1997) Televisionspecials How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (1966) The Pogo Special Birthday Special (1969) Horton Hears a Who! (1970) The Cat in the Hat (1971) The Cricket in Times Square (1973) A Very Merry Cricket (1973) Yankee Doodle Cricket (1975) The White Seal (1975) Rikki-Tikki-Tavi (1975) Mowgli's Brothers (1976) Bugs and Daffy's Carnival of the Animals (1976) A Connecticut Rabbit in King Arthur's Court (1978) Raggedy Ann and Andy in The Great Santa Claus Caper (1978) Raggedy Ann and Andy in The Pumpkin Who Couldn't Smile (1979) Bugs Bunny's Looney Christmas Tales (1979) Bugs Bunny's Bustin' Out All Over (1980) Daffy Duck’s Thanks-for-Giving Special (1980) A Chipmunk Christmas (1981) Peter and the Wolf (1995) Feature films Gay Purr-ee (1962, screenplay) The Phantom Tollbooth (1970) The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie (1979) Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988, animation consultant) Gremlins 2: The New Batch (1990, animation sequences) Stay Tuned (1992, animation sequence) Mrs. Doubtfire (1993, animation supervisor) Television series The Bugs Bunny Show (1960-1962, new animated sequences) Off to See the Wizard (1967-1968, animated sequences) Curiosity Shop (1971-1972) Books Daffy Duck for President (1997) Characters Bugs Bunny Charlie Dog Claude Cat Daffy Duck Elmer Fudd Gossamer Henery Hawk Hubie and Bertie Marc Antony and Pussyfoot Marvin the Martian Michigan J. Frog Nasty Canasta Penelope Pussycat Pepé Le Pew Porky Pig Ralph Wolf and Sam Sheepdog Sniffles The Three Bears Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner Witch Hazel Other works Chuck Amuck: The Movie Chuck Jones: Extremes & Inbetweens – A Life in Animation This Looney Tunes–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Looney Tunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes"},{"link_name":"Chuck Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Jones"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beck-1"},{"link_name":"Pepé Le Pew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pep%C3%A9_Le_Pew"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Scent-imental over You is a 1947 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes cartoon directed by Chuck Jones.[1] The short was released on March 8, 1947, and stars Pepé Le Pew.[2]","title":"Scent-imental Over You"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexican hairless dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Hairless_Dog"},{"link_name":"Park Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Stinky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pep%C3%A9_Le_Pew"}],"text":"A small jealous Mexican hairless dog, wanting to be friends with the other dogs on Park Avenue, decides to borrow a fur coat. Unfortunately, she borrows a skunk pelt by mistake and frightens the other dogs. As she cries her hurt feelings out, she attracts the unwanted attentions of Stinky. After he corners her in a treehouse, she finally removes the pelt and Pepé reveals he's wearing a mask, showing that he's a dog and the two embrace. Another mask removal proves Pepé is indeed a skunk who doesn't care that his love interest is a dog.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Looney Tunes Super Stars' Pepe Le Pew: Zee Best of Zee Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes_Super_Stars%27_Pepe_Le_Pew:_Zee_Best_of_Zee_Best"}],"text":"Laserdisc- The Golden Age of Looney Tunes Vol 2\nDVD- Looney Tunes Super Stars' Pepe Le Pew: Zee Best of Zee Best","title":"Home media"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Beck, Jerry; Friedwald, Will (1989). Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons. Henry Holt and Co. p. 175. ISBN 0-8050-0894-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-0894-2","url_text":"0-8050-0894-2"}]},{"reference":"Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. Checkmark Books. p. 117. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved 6 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816038312/page/117/mode/2up","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-3831-7","url_text":"0-8160-3831-7"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816038312/page/117/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0039801/","external_links_name":"Scent-imental Over You"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scent-imental_Over_You&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotdigital	Dotdigital	["1 History","2 Timeline","3 Integration","4 References","5 External links"]	British online marketing company DotdigitalTraded asAIM: DOTDIndustryDigital marketingFounded1999HeadquartersLondon, United KingdomKey peopleSimon Bird(Co-founder)Dave Ivy(Co-Founder)Iain Anderson(Co-founder)Lewis Barclay(Co-founder)Ian (Tink) Taylor(Co-founder)John AdkinsProductsSoftwareWebsitedotdigital.com Dotdigital is an online marketing company listed on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) of the London Stock Exchange as Dotdigital Group PLC. It is an email, marketing automation, and customer engagement service provider, and in 2015 was the UK's largest email marketing automation provider with a capitalization of about £290m. The company headquarters is at No.1 London Bridge, with offices in London, Croydon, Manchester, Cheltenham, New York, Los Angeles, Melbourne, Sydney, Cape Town, and Warsaw. History The company was founded in 1999 by David Ivy, Lewis Barclay, Simon Bird, Iain Anderson and Colin Dawson as Ellipsis Media, a web design agency based in Croydon, United Kingdom. Within twelve months Tink Taylor joined the directors. Briefly Dan Gerrett accompanied him as an early employee. Afterward the company was renamed to dotmailer. Its mail provider was launched in 2002, built especially for the BBC. In 2008 dotmailer became a PLUS market listed PLC, opened its first Manchester office and was included in Deloitte's Technology Fast 500. The company was listed on the London Stock Exchange in 2009. In that year it also opened its third office in Edinburgh, introduced share options for staff and was the recipient of a National Business Award. Timeline In 2010 dotmailer opened offices in Belarus and London (the Belarusian office was closed in 2023). The company was then AIM listed in 2011, and the platform was translated into eight languages – English UK, English US, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese and Russian. In 2012 the company employed about 100 people, and served about 3,000 customers. In 2013 an office was opened in New York, and dotmailer was nominated in the European Business Awards. By 2014, the company had grown to a market capitalization of £100m. An office was opened in London Bridge. Also in 2014, dotmailer was noted as one of the three top mailer services in G2 Crowd’s crowdsourced business software ratings. In July 2014 the company employed about 200 people. Its clients include BP, ODEON and Santander. In early 2019 the company was rebranded again to Dotdigital, as it focused on a move towards cross-channel marketing. It now employs over 400 people. Integration The Dotdigital platform has been integrated with a number of software products, starting with Microsoft Dynamics in 2009. This was followed by Salesforce, and in 2015 Magento. The company introduced its surveys and forms tool in 2011. In 2014, the platform was relaunched with a number of new features, including the drag and drop Automated Program Builder which enables users to create automated communications to target specific market segments, customer behaviours or trigger emails on certain dates. In 2014 the Customer Insight Module was added. which allows marketers to analyse customer data on a behavioural or demographic basis. References ^ Jon Reed (24 October 2013). Get Up to Speed with Online Marketing: How to use websites, blogs, social networking and more to promote your business. Pearson Education Limited. pp. 59–. ISBN 978-1-292-00118-0. ^ Lee Werrell (24 December 2013). Secrets of PDF, Mobi, Kindle and Other EBooks: Advertising, Marketing and Promotions Resources. Lee Werrell. pp. 15–. GGKEY:CKTG0BQNH4C. ^ "Fatal attachment: Dotmailer's Tink Taylor talks automation, dinner parties and kitesurfing". 2014-08-04. Retrieved 2015-08-14. ^ "Croydon the London borough with start-up ambitions". Financial Times. 2014-02-11. Retrieved 2015-08-14. ^ "Move over Shoreditch - Croydon aims to take over as London’s top tech hub" Archived August 16, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. London 24, Alain Tolhurst ^ "DOTDIGITAL GROUP PLC". Overview (free company information from Companies House). 2007-06-22. Retrieved 2019-09-19. ^ "Future Tech City: Croydon’s first large-scale tech event for secondary schools" Archived 2015-06-13 at the Wayback Machine. The Croyden Citizen, By Jonny Rose - 10 April 2015 ^ "National Business Awards: a full list of the winners". Telegraph. 2009-11-11. Retrieved 2015-02-26. ^ "MailChimp, ExactTarget, and DotMailer lead email marketing systems in new ratings" . Venture Beat, John Koetsier April 10, 2014 ^ Jonathan Yates (27 August 2009). All Time Essentials for Entrepreneurs: 100 Things to Know and Do to Make Your Idea Happen. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 56–. ISBN 978-1-907312-34-2. External links Official website White Label SEO	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alternative Investment Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Investment_Market"},{"link_name":"London Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reed2013-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Werrell2013-2"},{"link_name":"email marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_marketing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Overview_(free_company_information_from_Companies_House)_2007-6"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon"}],"text":"Dotdigital is an online marketing company listed on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) of the London Stock Exchange as Dotdigital Group PLC. It is an email, marketing automation, and customer engagement service provider,[1][2] and in 2015 was the UK's largest email marketing automation provider[3][4] with a capitalization of about £290m.[5]The company headquarters is at No.1 London Bridge,[6] with offices in London, Croydon, Manchester, Cheltenham, New York, Los Angeles, Melbourne, Sydney, Cape Town, and Warsaw.","title":"Dotdigital"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph_News-8"}],"text":"The company was founded in 1999 by David Ivy, Lewis Barclay, Simon Bird, Iain Anderson and Colin Dawson as Ellipsis Media, a web design agency based in Croydon, United Kingdom.[7] Within twelve months Tink Taylor joined the directors. Briefly Dan Gerrett accompanied him as an early employee. Afterward the company was renamed to dotmailer.Its mail provider was launched in 2002, built especially for the BBC. In 2008 dotmailer became a PLUS market listed PLC, opened its first Manchester office and was included in Deloitte's Technology Fast 500.The company was listed on the London Stock Exchange in 2009. In that year it also opened its third office in Edinburgh, introduced share options for staff and was the recipient of a National Business Award.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"BP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP"},{"link_name":"ODEON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odeon_Cinemas"},{"link_name":"Santander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santander_Group"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 2010 dotmailer opened offices in Belarus and London (the Belarusian office was closed in 2023). The company was then AIM listed in 2011, and the platform was translated into eight languages – English UK, English US, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese and Russian.In 2012 the company employed about 100 people, and served about 3,000 customers. In 2013 an office was opened in New York, and dotmailer was nominated in the European Business Awards.By 2014, the company had grown to a market capitalization of £100m. An office was opened in London Bridge. Also in 2014, dotmailer was noted as one of the three top mailer services in G2 Crowd’s crowdsourced business software ratings.[9]In July 2014 the company employed about 200 people[citation needed]. Its clients include BP, ODEON and Santander[citation needed].In early 2019 the company was rebranded again to Dotdigital, as it focused on a move towards cross-channel marketing. It now employs over 400 people.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Magento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magento"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yates2009-10"}],"text":"The Dotdigital platform has been integrated with a number of software products, starting with Microsoft Dynamics in 2009. This was followed by Salesforce, and in 2015 Magento.The company introduced its surveys and forms tool in 2011.[10] In 2014, the platform was relaunched with a number of new features, including the drag and drop Automated Program Builder which enables users to create automated communications to target specific market segments, customer behaviours or trigger emails on certain dates. In 2014 the Customer Insight Module was added. which allows marketers to analyse customer data on a behavioural or demographic basis.","title":"Integration"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Jon Reed (24 October 2013). Get Up to Speed with Online Marketing: How to use websites, blogs, social networking and more to promote your business. Pearson Education Limited. pp. 59–. ISBN 978-1-292-00118-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TQ7RAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT59","url_text":"Get Up to Speed with Online Marketing: How to use websites, blogs, social networking and more to promote your business"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-292-00118-0","url_text":"978-1-292-00118-0"}]},{"reference":"Lee Werrell (24 December 2013). Secrets of PDF, Mobi, Kindle and Other EBooks: Advertising, Marketing and Promotions Resources. Lee Werrell. pp. 15–. GGKEY:CKTG0BQNH4C.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BxJuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT15","url_text":"Secrets of PDF, Mobi, Kindle and Other EBooks: Advertising, Marketing and Promotions Resources"}]},{"reference":"\"Fatal attachment: Dotmailer's Tink Taylor talks automation, dinner parties and kitesurfing\". 2014-08-04. Retrieved 2015-08-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cityam.com/1407113665/dotmailer-tink-taylor-automation-dinner-parties-kitesurfing","url_text":"\"Fatal attachment: Dotmailer's Tink Taylor talks automation, dinner parties and kitesurfing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Croydon the London borough with start-up ambitions\". Financial Times. 2014-02-11. Retrieved 2015-08-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/456f3e86-834b-11e3-86c9-00144feab7de.html","url_text":"\"Croydon the London borough with start-up ambitions\""}]},{"reference":"\"DOTDIGITAL GROUP PLC\". Overview (free company information from Companies House). 2007-06-22. Retrieved 2019-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/06289659","url_text":"\"DOTDIGITAL GROUP PLC\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Business Awards: a full list of the winners\". Telegraph. 2009-11-11. Retrieved 2015-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/6541824/National-Business-Awards-a-full-list-of-the-winners.html","url_text":"\"National Business Awards: a full list of the winners\""}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Yates (27 August 2009). All Time Essentials for Entrepreneurs: 100 Things to Know and Do to Make Your Idea Happen. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 56–. ISBN 978-1-907312-34-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-la2zhqtCHgC&pg=PT56","url_text":"All Time Essentials for Entrepreneurs: 100 Things to Know and Do to Make Your Idea Happen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907312-34-2","url_text":"978-1-907312-34-2"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.londonstockexchange.com/stock/DOTD//","external_links_name":"DOTD"},{"Link":"http://dotdigital.com/","external_links_name":"dotdigital.com"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TQ7RAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT59","external_links_name":"Get Up to Speed with Online Marketing: How to use websites, blogs, social networking and more to promote your business"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BxJuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT15","external_links_name":"Secrets of PDF, Mobi, Kindle and Other EBooks: Advertising, Marketing and Promotions Resources"},{"Link":"http://www.cityam.com/1407113665/dotmailer-tink-taylor-automation-dinner-parties-kitesurfing","external_links_name":"\"Fatal attachment: Dotmailer's Tink Taylor talks automation, dinner parties and kitesurfing\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/456f3e86-834b-11e3-86c9-00144feab7de.html","external_links_name":"\"Croydon the London borough with start-up ambitions\""},{"Link":"http://www.london24.com/news/technology-news/move_over_shoreditch_croydon_aims_to_take_over_as_london_s_top_tech_hub_1_3931303","external_links_name":"\"Move over Shoreditch - Croydon aims to take over as London’s top tech hub\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150816000207/http://www.london24.com/news/technology-news/move_over_shoreditch_croydon_aims_to_take_over_as_london_s_top_tech_hub_1_3931303","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/06289659","external_links_name":"\"DOTDIGITAL GROUP PLC\""},{"Link":"http://thecroydoncitizen.com/croydon-tech-city/future-tech-city-croydons-first-large-scale-tech-event-secondary-schools/","external_links_name":"\"Future Tech City: Croydon’s first large-scale tech event for secondary schools\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150613065143/http://thecroydoncitizen.com/croydon-tech-city/future-tech-city-croydons-first-large-scale-tech-event-secondary-schools/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/6541824/National-Business-Awards-a-full-list-of-the-winners.html","external_links_name":"\"National Business Awards: a full list of the winners\""},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2014/04/10/mailchimp-exacttarget-and-dotmailer-lead-all-email-marketing-systems-in-new-ratings/","external_links_name":"\"MailChimp, ExactTarget, and DotMailer lead email marketing systems in new ratings\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-la2zhqtCHgC&pg=PT56","external_links_name":"All Time Essentials for Entrepreneurs: 100 Things to Know and Do to Make Your Idea Happen"},{"Link":"https://dotdigital.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://searchcombat.com/","external_links_name":"White Label SEO"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Rosal	Rosa Rosal	["1 Early life","2 Film career","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","4 Humanitarian activities","4.1 Honors","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]	Filipina actress In this Philippine name for married women, the birth middle name or maternal family name is Lansang, the birth surname or paternal family name is Danon, and the marital name is Gayda. Rosa RosalBornFlorence Lansang Danon (1928-10-16) October 16, 1928 (age 95)Manila, Philippine IslandsOccupationActressYears active1945–presentSpouseWalter GaydaChildrenToni Rose GaydaAwardsFAMAS Best Actress1955 Sonny Boy Florence Danon-Gayda (born Florence Lansang Danon; October 16, 1928), better known as Rosa Rosal (Tagalog: ), is a FAMAS award-winning Filipina film actress dubbed as the "original femme fatale of Philippine cinema." She is also known for her work with the Philippine Red Cross (formerly Philippine National Red Cross). For her humanitarian activities, she received the 1999 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service, an award widely considered as Asia's Nobel Prize. She is the mother of TV host Toni Rose Gayda. Early life Rosal was born Florence Lansang Danon in Manila. Her mother Gloria Lansang hailed from Santa Rita, Pampanga, while her father Julio Danon was of French and Egyptian descent. Her half-brother, Don Danon, once acted as a stand-in for the Hollywood actor Rudolph Valentino. During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, Rosal worked as a newsreader in a Japanese-run radio station. Shortly after the end of the war, Rosal worked part-time at the San Lazaro Hospital. One night, she was passing by a film shooting as she was walking home, and she was spotted by the film's producer, Luis Nolasco. She was offered a film contract by Nolasco, who headed his own outfit, the Nolasco Brothers Studio. Film career The Nolasco Brothers Studio cast Rosal in Fort Santiago (1946). Her screen name was taken from the Tagalog words for "rose" and "gardenia." In 1947, Rosal was cast opposite Leopoldo Salcedo in Kamagong (1947). Her performance drew the attention of the other major film studios, and she was signed to a contract with LVN Pictures by the studio head, Doña Sisang de Leon. She was cast by LVN Pictures in her first starring role in the 1949 film Biglang Yaman. Throughout the 1950s, Rosal starred in costume dramas such as Prinsipe Amante sa Rubitanya (1951), and in such neo-realist dramas as Lamberto Avellana's Anak Dalita (1956) and Badjao (1956), both co-starring with Tony Santos Sr., and Manuel Silos's Biyaya ng Lupa (1959), which she cited as the best film she has ever made. For her role in Anak Dalita, Rosal received a citation from President Ramon Magsaysay. She was named FAMAS Best Actress in 1955 for Sonny Boy, and was nominated three other times, for Dagohoy (1953), Biyaya ng Lupa, and Ang Lahat ng Ito Pati na ang Langit (1989). Notwithstanding her serious roles, Rosal would become best known in the 1950s for her daring appearances in film. She had no qualms appearing onscreen in bathing suits, engaging in kissing scenes or in playing villainous roles. Offscreen, Rosal led a quiet and private life. She enrolled in night classes at the Cosmopolitan Colleges and obtained a degree in Business Administration in 1954. She was married briefly in 1957 to an American pilot, Walter Gayda, with whom she had a child, Toni Rose, who later became a television host. In the 1960s, Rosal became one of the first leading Filipino actors to appear regularly on television. She was a fixture on Cecille Guidote Alvarez's dramatic series Balintataw on ABC-5 (now TV5). In the 1970s, Rosal starred in Iyan ang Misis Ko, a family-oriented sitcom with Ronald Remy. In 1976, Rosal would also appear in Behn Cervantes's Sakada, a film which was banned by the martial law government of President Ferdinand Marcos. Filmography Film Himala ng Birhen (sa Antipolo) (1947) Sarung Banggi (1947) Huling Dalangin (1948) - Lilia Sumpaan (1948) - Sonia Biglang Yaman (1949) - Rosa Virginia (1949) - Carmen / Mameng Prinsipe Amante sa Rubitanya (1951) Amor mio (1951) Correccional (1952) - Salome Aklat ng Buhay (1952) Babaing Hampas-Lupa (1952) - Estrella Sonny Boy (1955) Child of Sorrow (1956) – Cita Badjao (1956) – Bala Amai Alaalang Banal (1958) Blessings of the Land (1959) – Maria Ako'y Magbabalik (1966) Sakada (1976) – Dolores del Mundo Mahal Kita, Walang Iba (1992) – Lola Trining Lagalag: The Eddie Fernandez Story (1994) Esperanza: The Movie (1999) Television Damayan (1969–1972) Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko (1975–1986) Ulila (Forsaken) (1976–1980) Esperanza (1998) – Doña Consuelo Bermudez Ang Iibigin Ay Ikaw (2002–2003) – Lucing Narito ang Puso Ko (2003–2004) – Dolores San Victores Vietnam Rose (2005) – Editha dela Cerna Dolphy Alay Tawa: A Musical Tribute to the King of Philippine Comedy (special; 2012) Humanitarian activities Rosal joined the Philippine National Red Cross as a volunteer-member of its Blood Program in 1950, and was elected to its Board of Governors in 1965. Rosal has become widely known for her efforts to promote blood donation in the Philippines. She helped initiate Red Cross programs that set up bloodletting sessions inside campuses and military camps, including the American military base at Clark. She lobbied political leaders and foreign embassies for donations to upgrade Red Cross facilities. Rosal also established a Women's Crisis love within the Philippine National Red Cross. The love was aimed at assisting unwed and needy pregnant mothers, as well as finding homes for unwanted children. With donations obtained from the pork barrel funds of members of Congress, Rosal has also run in her personal capacity a college scholarship fund for poor but deserving students. Rosal has also hosted two public-service television programs, Damayan and Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko, which solicit financial and medical aid for indigent medical patients. Despite her widespread association with blood donation, Rosal has never donated blood herself, on account of her blood pressure, which is way below the level required for donors. Honors In 1999, Rosa was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service. She was cited for "her lifetime of unstinting voluntary service, inspiring Filipinos to put the needs of others before their own." In 2006, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo bestowed on Rosal the Order of the Golden Heart with the rank of Grand Cross for a lifetime in public service and for her work with the Red Cross. In the 1950s, while in her mid-twenties, Rosal declined President Ramon Magsaysay's offer to appoint her as head of the Social Welfare Administration, the predecessor-agency of the cabinet-level Department of Social Welfare and Development. In November 2008, Rosal was awarded the Ading Fernando Lifetime Achievement Award at the 22nd PMPC Star Awards For TV. Notes ^ a b c d e Lena Pareja (1994). "Philippine Film". In Nicanor Tiongson (ed.). CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art. Vol. VIII (1st ed.). Manila: Cultural Center of the Philippines. p. 310. ISBN 971-8546-31-6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "The 1999 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service: Biography of Rosa Rosal". Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation. Retrieved February 19, 2008. ^ "HAPPY 92nd BIRTHDAY today MS. ROSA ROSAL". Facebook. Retrieved July 18, 2022. ^ a b "The 1999 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service: Rosa Rosal". Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation. Retrieved February 19, 2008. ^ Clare Arthurs (July 25, 2000). "Activists share 'Asian Nobel Prize'". BBC News. Archived from the original on December 28, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2008. ^ "Arvind Kejriwal selected for Magsaysay Award". The Times of India. July 31, 2006. Retrieved February 21, 2008. ^ Ann Bernadette Corvera (October 8, 2003). "'03 RAMON MAGSAYSAY AWARDEES: A LEAGUE OF EXTRAORDINARY MEN & WOMEN". Philippine Star. Retrieved February 21, 2008. ^ a b CCP Encyclopedia, p.309 ^ Francisco, Butch (April 27, 2005). "ROSA ROSAL: DOCTOR OF HUMANITIES". Philippine Headline News Online. Philippine Star. Retrieved February 19, 2008. ^ Jen M. Pangilinan (June 24, 2005). "BEHN CERVANTES' SAKADA PREMIERES ON TV AFTER 30 YEARS". Philippine Headline News Online. Philippine Star. Retrieved February 19, 2008. ^ "PGMA fetes Seguis with Gold Cross Award". The Office of the President: News Page. Archived from the original on October 8, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2008. ^ Philippine Entertainment Portal (December 1, 2008). "GMA bags PMPC's 'Best Station' award". GMANews.TV. Retrieved December 15, 2008. References Lena Pareja (1994). "Philippine Film". In Nicanor Tiongson (ed.). CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art. Vol. VIII (1st ed.). Manila: Cultural Center of the Philippines. pp. 309–310. ISBN 971-8546-31-6. External links Rosa Rosal at IMDb vteFAMAS Award for Best Actress1951–1959 Nena Cardenas (1951) Anita Linda (1952) Alicia Vergel (1953) Carmen Rosales (1954) Gloria Romero (1955) Rosa Rosal (1956) Lolita Rodriguez (1957) Paraluman (1958) Rita Gomez (1959) 1960–1969 Charito Solis (1960) Charito Solis (1961) Tessie Quintana (1962) Perla Bautista (1963) Charito Solis (1964) Marlene Daudén (1965) Barbara Perez (1966) Amalia Fuentes (1967) Marlene Daudén (1968) Charito Solis (1969) 1970–1979 Gloria Sevilla (1970) Rita Gomez (1971) Celia Rodriguez (1972) Boots Anson-Roa & Vilma Santos (1973) Gloria Sevilla (1974) Lolita Rodriguez (1975) Elizabeth Oropesa (1976) Nora Aunor (1977) Susan Roces (1978) Susan Roces (1979) 1980–1989 Nora Aunor (1980) Amy Austria (1981) Vilma Santos (1982) Vilma Santos (1983) Charito Solis (1984) Nora Aunor & Sharon Cuneta (1985) Vivian Velez (1986) Dina Bonnevie (1987) Vilma Santos (1988) Vilma Santos (1989) 1990–1999 Nora Aunor (1990) Nora Aunor (1991) Dawn Zulueta (1992) Lorna Tolentino (1993) Dawn Zulueta (1994) Snooky Serna (1995) Maricel Soriano (1996) Sharon Cuneta (1997) Maricel Soriano (1998) Nida Blanca (1999) 2000–2009 Elizabeth Oropesa (2000) Gloria Romero (2001) Lorna Tolentino (2002) Aleck Bovick (2003) Ara Mina (2004) Claudine Barretto (2005) Claudine Barretto (2006) Judy Ann Santos (2007) Lorna Tolentino (2008) Heart Evangelista (2009) 2010–2019 Lovi Poe (2010) Ai-Ai delas Alas (2011) Anne Curtis (2012) Angel Locsin (2013) KC Concepcion (2014) Toni Gonzaga (2015) Andi Eigenmann (2016) Angelica Panganiban (2017) Agot Isidro (2018) Nadine Lustre (2019) 2020–2029 Janine Gutierrez (2020) Alessandra De Rossi (2021) Charo Santos-Concio (2022) Nadine Lustre (2023) Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippine name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_name"},{"link_name":"married women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wife"},{"link_name":"middle name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"marital name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"[ɾɔsɐ ˈɾɔsɐl]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog"},{"link_name":"FAMAS award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAMAS_award"},{"link_name":"Filipina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actress"},{"link_name":"femme fatale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale"},{"link_name":"Philippine cinema.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccp2-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmb-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Philippine Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay_Award"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rm-4"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Toni Rose Gayda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Rose_Gayda"}],"text":"In this Philippine name for married women, the birth middle name or maternal family name is Lansang, the birth surname or paternal family name is Danon, and the marital name is Gayda.Florence Danon-Gayda (born Florence Lansang Danon; October 16, 1928), better known as Rosa Rosal (Tagalog: [ɾɔsɐ ˈɾɔsɐl]), is a FAMAS award-winning Filipina film actress dubbed as the \"original femme fatale of Philippine cinema.\"[1][2][3] She is also known for her work with the Philippine Red Cross (formerly Philippine National Red Cross). For her humanitarian activities, she received the 1999 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service,[4] an award widely considered as Asia's Nobel Prize.[5][6][7] She is the mother of TV host Toni Rose Gayda.","title":"Rosa Rosal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"Santa Rita, Pampanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Rita,_Pampanga"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmb-2"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Valentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Valentino"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccp-8"},{"link_name":"Japanese occupation of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines#World_War_II_and_Japanese_occupation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmb-2"},{"link_name":"San Lazaro Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Lazaro_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Luis Nolasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_Nolasco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmb-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccp2-1"}],"text":"Rosal was born Florence Lansang Danon in Manila. Her mother Gloria Lansang hailed from Santa Rita, Pampanga, while her father Julio Danon was of French and Egyptian descent.[2] Her half-brother, Don Danon, once acted as a stand-in for the Hollywood actor Rudolph Valentino.[8]During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, Rosal worked as a newsreader in a Japanese-run radio station.[2] Shortly after the end of the war, Rosal worked part-time at the San Lazaro Hospital. One night, she was passing by a film shooting as she was walking home, and she was spotted by the film's producer, Luis Nolasco.[2] She was offered a film contract by Nolasco, who headed his own outfit, the Nolasco Brothers Studio.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tagalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmb-2"},{"link_name":"Leopoldo Salcedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_Salcedo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmb-2"},{"link_name":"LVN Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LVN_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Doña Sisang de Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcisa_de_Leon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccp2-1"},{"link_name":"Lamberto Avellana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamberto_Avellana"},{"link_name":"Anak Dalita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_of_Sorrow_(film)"},{"link_name":"Badjao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badjao:_The_Sea_Gypsies"},{"link_name":"Tony Santos Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Santos,_Sr."},{"link_name":"Manuel Silos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Silos"},{"link_name":"Biyaya ng Lupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyaya_ng_Lupa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmb-2"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Ramon Magsaysay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccp2-1"},{"link_name":"FAMAS Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAMAS_award"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccp-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccp2-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmb-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmb-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-star-9"},{"link_name":"Toni Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Rose_Gayda"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmb-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmb-2"},{"link_name":"Cecille Guidote Alvarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cecille_Guidote_Alvarez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Balintataw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balintataw&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"TV5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"Ronald Remy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Remy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmb-2"},{"link_name":"Behn Cervantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behn_Cervantes"},{"link_name":"Sakada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakada"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Nolasco Brothers Studio cast Rosal in Fort Santiago (1946). Her screen name was taken from the Tagalog words for \"rose\" and \"gardenia.\"[2] In 1947, Rosal was cast opposite Leopoldo Salcedo in Kamagong (1947). Her performance drew the attention of the other major film studios,[2] and she was signed to a contract with LVN Pictures by the studio head, Doña Sisang de Leon. She was cast by LVN Pictures in her first starring role in the 1949 film Biglang Yaman.[1]Throughout the 1950s, Rosal starred in costume dramas such as Prinsipe Amante sa Rubitanya (1951), and in such neo-realist dramas as Lamberto Avellana's Anak Dalita (1956) and Badjao (1956), both co-starring with Tony Santos Sr., and Manuel Silos's Biyaya ng Lupa (1959), which she cited as the best film she has ever made.[2] For her role in Anak Dalita, Rosal received a citation from President Ramon Magsaysay.[1] She was named FAMAS Best Actress in 1955 for Sonny Boy, and was nominated three other times, for Dagohoy (1953), Biyaya ng Lupa, and Ang Lahat ng Ito Pati na ang Langit (1989).[8]Notwithstanding her serious roles, Rosal would become best known in the 1950s for her daring appearances in film. She had no qualms appearing onscreen in bathing suits, engaging in kissing scenes or in playing villainous roles.[1][2] Offscreen, Rosal led a quiet and private life. She enrolled in night classes at the Cosmopolitan Colleges[2][9] and obtained a degree in Business Administration in 1954. She was married briefly in 1957 to an American pilot, Walter Gayda, with whom she had a child, Toni Rose, who later became a television host.[2]In the 1960s, Rosal became one of the first leading Filipino actors to appear regularly on television.[2] She was a fixture on Cecille Guidote Alvarez's dramatic series Balintataw on ABC-5 (now TV5). In the 1970s, Rosal starred in Iyan ang Misis Ko, a family-oriented sitcom with Ronald Remy.[2] In 1976, Rosal would also appear in Behn Cervantes's Sakada, a film which was banned by the martial law government of President Ferdinand Marcos.[10]","title":"Film career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sumpaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sumpaan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Child of Sorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_of_Sorrow_(film)"},{"link_name":"Badjao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badjao:_The_Sea_Gypsies"},{"link_name":"Blessings of the Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessings_of_the_Land"},{"link_name":"Sakada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakada_(film)"},{"link_name":"Esperanza: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanza_(Philippine_TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"Himala ng Birhen (sa Antipolo) (1947)\nSarung Banggi (1947)\nHuling Dalangin (1948) - Lilia\nSumpaan (1948) - Sonia\nBiglang Yaman (1949) - Rosa\nVirginia (1949) - Carmen / Mameng\nPrinsipe Amante sa Rubitanya (1951)\nAmor mio (1951)\nCorreccional (1952) - Salome\nAklat ng Buhay (1952)\nBabaing Hampas-Lupa (1952) - Estrella\nSonny Boy (1955)\nChild of Sorrow (1956) – Cita\nBadjao (1956) – Bala Amai\nAlaalang Banal (1958)\nBlessings of the Land (1959) – Maria\nAko'y Magbabalik (1966)\nSakada (1976) – Dolores del Mundo\nMahal Kita, Walang Iba (1992) – Lola Trining\nLagalag: The Eddie Fernandez Story (1994)\nEsperanza: The Movie (1999)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Damayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damayan"},{"link_name":"Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapwa_Ko_Mahal_Ko"},{"link_name":"Ulila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulila_(TV_series)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Esperanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanza_(Philippine_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ang Iibigin Ay Ikaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Iibigin_Ay_Ikaw"},{"link_name":"Narito ang Puso Ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narito_ang_Puso_Ko_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Vietnam Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Rose"},{"link_name":"Dolphy Alay Tawa: A Musical Tribute to the King of Philippine Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphy_Alay_Tawa:_A_Musical_Tribute_to_the_King_of_Philippine_Comedy"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Damayan (1969–1972)\nKapwa Ko Mahal Ko (1975–1986)\nUlila (Forsaken) (1976–1980)\nEsperanza (1998) – Doña Consuelo Bermudez\nAng Iibigin Ay Ikaw (2002–2003) – Lucing\nNarito ang Puso Ko (2003–2004) – Dolores San Victores\nVietnam Rose (2005) – Editha dela Cerna\nDolphy Alay Tawa: A Musical Tribute to the King of Philippine Comedy (special; 2012)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippine National Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_National_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmb-2"},{"link_name":"blood donation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_donation"},{"link_name":"Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmb-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmb-2"},{"link_name":"pork barrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork_barrel"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapwa_Ko_Mahal_Ko"},{"link_name":"indigent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigent"},{"link_name":"blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmb-2"}],"text":"Rosal joined the Philippine National Red Cross as a volunteer-member of its Blood Program in 1950, and was elected to its Board of Governors in 1965.[2] Rosal has become widely known for her efforts to promote blood donation in the Philippines. She helped initiate Red Cross programs that set up bloodletting sessions inside campuses and military camps, including the American military base at Clark. She lobbied political leaders and foreign embassies for donations to upgrade Red Cross facilities.[2]Rosal also established a Women's Crisis love within the Philippine National Red Cross. The love was aimed at assisting unwed and needy pregnant mothers, as well as finding homes for unwanted children.[2] With donations obtained from the pork barrel funds of members of Congress, Rosal has also run in her personal capacity a college scholarship fund for poor but deserving students.Rosal has also hosted two public-service television programs, Damayan and Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko, which solicit financial and medical aid for indigent medical patients.Despite her widespread association with blood donation, Rosal has never donated blood herself, on account of her blood pressure, which is way below the level required for donors.[2]","title":"Humanitarian activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay_Award"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rm-4"},{"link_name":"Gloria Macapagal Arroyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ramon Magsaysay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay"},{"link_name":"Department of Social Welfare and Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Social_Welfare_and_Development"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmb-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Honors","text":"In 1999, Rosa was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service. She was cited for \"her lifetime of unstinting voluntary service, inspiring Filipinos to put the needs of others before their own.\"[4]In 2006, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo bestowed on Rosal the Order of the Golden Heart with the rank of Grand Cross for a lifetime in public service and for her work with the Red Cross.[11]In the 1950s, while in her mid-twenties, Rosal declined President Ramon Magsaysay's offer to appoint her as head of the Social Welfare Administration, the predecessor-agency of the cabinet-level Department of Social Welfare and Development.[2]In November 2008, Rosal was awarded the Ading Fernando Lifetime Achievement Award at the 22nd PMPC Star Awards For TV.[12]","title":"Humanitarian activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ccp2_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ccp2_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ccp2_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ccp2_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ccp2_1-4"},{"link_name":"Nicanor Tiongson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicanor_Tiongson"},{"link_name":"Cultural Center of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Center_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"971-8546-31-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-8546-31-6"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rmb_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rmb_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rmb_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rmb_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rmb_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rmb_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rmb_2-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rmb_2-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rmb_2-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rmb_2-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rmb_2-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rmb_2-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rmb_2-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rmb_2-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rmb_2-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rmb_2-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rmb_2-16"},{"link_name":"\"The 1999 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service: Biography of Rosa Rosal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rmaward.asia/awardee/rosal-rosa"},{"link_name":"Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay_Award"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"HAPPY 92nd BIRTHDAY today MS. ROSA ROSAL\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.facebook.com/68532301312/posts/d41d8cd9/10157676010911313"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rm_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rm_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"The 1999 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service: Rosa Rosal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationRosalRos.htm"},{"link_name":"Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay_Award"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Activists share 'Asian Nobel Prize'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081228062237/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/851034.stm"},{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/851034.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Arvind Kejriwal selected for Magsaysay Award\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1832474.cms"},{"link_name":"The Times of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"'03 RAMON MAGSAYSAY AWARDEES: A LEAGUE OF EXTRAORDINARY MEN & WOMEN\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newsflash.org/2003/05/si/si001665.htm"},{"link_name":"Philippine Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Star"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ccp_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ccp_8-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-star_9-0"},{"link_name":"\"ROSA ROSAL: DOCTOR OF HUMANITIES\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newsflash.org/2004/02/sb/sb003602.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"BEHN CERVANTES' SAKADA PREMIERES ON TV AFTER 30 YEARS\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newsflash.org/2004/02/sb/sb003638.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"PGMA fetes Seguis with Gold Cross Award\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081008093320/http://www.op.gov.ph/printerfriendly.asp?newsid=16427"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.op.gov.ph/printerfriendly.asp?newsid=16427"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"GMA bags PMPC's 'Best Station' award\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gmanews.tv/story/136747/PEP-GMA-bags-PMPCs-Best-Station-award"}],"text":"^ a b c d e Lena Pareja (1994). \"Philippine Film\". In Nicanor Tiongson (ed.). CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art. Vol. VIII (1st ed.). Manila: Cultural Center of the Philippines. p. 310. ISBN 971-8546-31-6.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q \"The 1999 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service: Biography of Rosa Rosal\". Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation. Retrieved February 19, 2008.\n\n^ \"HAPPY 92nd BIRTHDAY today MS. ROSA ROSAL\". Facebook. Retrieved July 18, 2022.\n\n^ a b \"The 1999 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service: Rosa Rosal\". Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation. Retrieved February 19, 2008.\n\n^ Clare Arthurs (July 25, 2000). \"Activists share 'Asian Nobel Prize'\". BBC News. Archived from the original on December 28, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2008.\n\n^ \"Arvind Kejriwal selected for Magsaysay Award\". The Times of India. July 31, 2006. Retrieved February 21, 2008.\n\n^ Ann Bernadette Corvera (October 8, 2003). \"'03 RAMON MAGSAYSAY AWARDEES: A LEAGUE OF EXTRAORDINARY MEN & WOMEN\". Philippine Star. Retrieved February 21, 2008.\n\n^ a b CCP Encyclopedia, p.309\n\n^ Francisco, Butch (April 27, 2005). \"ROSA ROSAL: DOCTOR OF HUMANITIES\". Philippine Headline News Online. Philippine Star. Retrieved February 19, 2008.\n\n^ Jen M. Pangilinan (June 24, 2005). \"BEHN CERVANTES' SAKADA PREMIERES ON TV AFTER 30 YEARS\". Philippine Headline News Online. Philippine Star. Retrieved February 19, 2008.\n\n^ \"PGMA fetes Seguis with Gold Cross Award\". The Office of the President: News Page. Archived from the original on October 8, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2008.\n\n^ Philippine Entertainment Portal (December 1, 2008). \"GMA bags PMPC's 'Best Station' award\". GMANews.TV. Retrieved December 15, 2008.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Lena Pareja (1994). \"Philippine Film\". In Nicanor Tiongson (ed.). CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art. Vol. VIII (1st ed.). Manila: Cultural Center of the Philippines. p. 310. ISBN 971-8546-31-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicanor_Tiongson","url_text":"Nicanor Tiongson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Center_of_the_Philippines","url_text":"Cultural Center of the Philippines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-8546-31-6","url_text":"971-8546-31-6"}]},{"reference":"\"The 1999 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service: Biography of Rosa Rosal\". Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation. Retrieved February 19, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rmaward.asia/awardee/rosal-rosa","url_text":"\"The 1999 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service: Biography of Rosa Rosal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay_Award","url_text":"Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation"}]},{"reference":"\"HAPPY 92nd BIRTHDAY today MS. ROSA ROSAL\". Facebook. Retrieved July 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.facebook.com/68532301312/posts/d41d8cd9/10157676010911313","url_text":"\"HAPPY 92nd BIRTHDAY today MS. ROSA ROSAL\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 1999 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service: Rosa Rosal\". Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation. Retrieved February 19, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationRosalRos.htm","url_text":"\"The 1999 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service: Rosa Rosal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay_Award","url_text":"Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation"}]},{"reference":"Clare Arthurs (July 25, 2000). \"Activists share 'Asian Nobel Prize'\". BBC News. Archived from the original on December 28, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081228062237/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/851034.stm","url_text":"\"Activists share 'Asian Nobel Prize'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"},{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/851034.stm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Arvind Kejriwal selected for Magsaysay Award\". The Times of India. July 31, 2006. Retrieved February 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1832474.cms","url_text":"\"Arvind Kejriwal selected for Magsaysay Award\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"Ann Bernadette Corvera (October 8, 2003). \"'03 RAMON MAGSAYSAY AWARDEES: A LEAGUE OF EXTRAORDINARY MEN & WOMEN\". Philippine Star. Retrieved February 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsflash.org/2003/05/si/si001665.htm","url_text":"\"'03 RAMON MAGSAYSAY AWARDEES: A LEAGUE OF EXTRAORDINARY MEN & WOMEN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Star","url_text":"Philippine Star"}]},{"reference":"Francisco, Butch (April 27, 2005). \"ROSA ROSAL: DOCTOR OF HUMANITIES\". Philippine Headline News Online. Philippine Star. Retrieved February 19, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/sb/sb003602.htm","url_text":"\"ROSA ROSAL: DOCTOR OF HUMANITIES\""}]},{"reference":"Jen M. Pangilinan (June 24, 2005). \"BEHN CERVANTES' SAKADA PREMIERES ON TV AFTER 30 YEARS\". Philippine Headline News Online. Philippine Star. Retrieved February 19, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/sb/sb003638.htm","url_text":"\"BEHN CERVANTES' SAKADA PREMIERES ON TV AFTER 30 YEARS\""}]},{"reference":"\"PGMA fetes Seguis with Gold Cross Award\". The Office of the President: News Page. Archived from the original on October 8, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081008093320/http://www.op.gov.ph/printerfriendly.asp?newsid=16427","url_text":"\"PGMA fetes Seguis with Gold Cross Award\""},{"url":"http://www.op.gov.ph/printerfriendly.asp?newsid=16427","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Philippine Entertainment Portal (December 1, 2008). \"GMA bags PMPC's 'Best Station' award\". GMANews.TV. Retrieved December 15, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gmanews.tv/story/136747/PEP-GMA-bags-PMPCs-Best-Station-award","url_text":"\"GMA bags PMPC's 'Best Station' award\""}]},{"reference":"Lena Pareja (1994). \"Philippine Film\". In Nicanor Tiongson (ed.). CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art. Vol. VIII (1st ed.). Manila: Cultural Center of the Philippines. pp. 309–310. ISBN 971-8546-31-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicanor_Tiongson","url_text":"Nicanor Tiongson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Center_of_the_Philippines","url_text":"Cultural Center of the Philippines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-8546-31-6","url_text":"971-8546-31-6"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.rmaward.asia/awardee/rosal-rosa","external_links_name":"\"The 1999 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service: Biography of Rosa Rosal\""},{"Link":"https://web.facebook.com/68532301312/posts/d41d8cd9/10157676010911313","external_links_name":"\"HAPPY 92nd BIRTHDAY today MS. ROSA ROSAL\""},{"Link":"http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationRosalRos.htm","external_links_name":"\"The 1999 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service: Rosa Rosal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081228062237/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/851034.stm","external_links_name":"\"Activists share 'Asian Nobel Prize'\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/851034.stm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1832474.cms","external_links_name":"\"Arvind Kejriwal selected for Magsaysay Award\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsflash.org/2003/05/si/si001665.htm","external_links_name":"\"'03 RAMON MAGSAYSAY AWARDEES: A LEAGUE OF EXTRAORDINARY MEN & WOMEN\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/sb/sb003602.htm","external_links_name":"\"ROSA ROSAL: DOCTOR OF HUMANITIES\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/sb/sb003638.htm","external_links_name":"\"BEHN CERVANTES' SAKADA PREMIERES ON TV AFTER 30 YEARS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081008093320/http://www.op.gov.ph/printerfriendly.asp?newsid=16427","external_links_name":"\"PGMA fetes Seguis with Gold Cross Award\""},{"Link":"http://www.op.gov.ph/printerfriendly.asp?newsid=16427","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.gmanews.tv/story/136747/PEP-GMA-bags-PMPCs-Best-Station-award","external_links_name":"\"GMA bags PMPC's 'Best Station' award\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0740944/","external_links_name":"Rosa Rosal"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/220830998","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcGkgbTpjVrw9D8WB7T73","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2011192489","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraggle_Rock:_Back_to_the_Rock	Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock	["1 Plot","2 Characters","3 Episodes","3.1 Season 1 (2022)","3.2 Special (2022)","3.3 Season 2 (2024)","4 Cast","4.1 Puppeteers","4.2 Voices","5 Production","6 Reception","7 References","8 External links"]	2022 television series Fraggle Rock: Back to the RockPromotional poster for Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock.Genre Comedy Children's Slapstick Fantasy Musical Based onFraggle Rockby Jim HensonDeveloped by Matt Fusfeld Alex Cuthbertson Starring Lilli Cooper as Doc Puppet performers: John Tartaglia Karen Prell Donna Kimball Jordan Lockhart Frank Meschkuleit Kevin Clash Dan Garza Aymee Garcia Voices of Dave Goelz Opening theme"Down at Fraggle Rock"ComposerChristopher LennertzCountry of originUnited StatesCanadaOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons2No. of episodes27ProductionExecutive producers Lisa Henson Halle Stanford John Tartaglia Matt Fusfeld Alex Cuthbertson Arnon Milchan Yariv Milchan Dave Goelz Karen Prell ProducerRitamarie PeruggiCinematography Gavin Smith Asaf Benny Editors Duncan Christie Marianna Khoury Paul Winestock Production companies New Regency Fusfeld & Cuthbertson Regional Entertainment The Jim Henson Company Original releaseNetworkApple TV+ReleaseJanuary 21, 2022 (2022-01-21) –present Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock is an American children's musical fantasy comedy puppet television series about interconnected societies of creatures. It is a reboot of the 1983 series Fraggle Rock by Jim Henson. The first season was released on Apple TV+ on January 21, 2022. It was renewed for a second season which was released on March 29, 2024. A holiday special Night of the Lights Holiday Special was released on November 18, 2022. Plot In the house belonging to a woman named Doc and her dog Sprocket, there is a hole that leads into Fraggle Rock. The Fraggles, Gobo, Mokey, Wembley, Boober, and Red live their lives within Fraggle Rock while experiencing different adventures along the way as well as interacting with Doozers and avoiding the Gorgs while harvesting radishes. Characters Main article: List of Fraggle Rock characters Episodes Season 1 (2022) No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date1"Pilot"Paul FoxMatt Fusfeld & Alex CuthbertsonJanuary 21, 2022 (2022-01-21) Gobo Fraggle tries to prove himself a brave explorer when his Uncle Traveling Matt invites him to explore Outer Space. In Outer Space, Doc and Sprocket settle into their new living quarters. 2"Red and the Big Jump"J. J. JohnsonJohn TartagliaJanuary 21, 2022 (2022-01-21) A new Doozer construction proves to be the perfect platform for Red's new diving game. But, when she tries to force Wembley to dive, he literally freezes with fear. Meanwhile, Sprocket feuds with a crab that Doc brings back from the beach. 3"The Merggle Moon Migration"J. J. JohnsonJocelyn StevensonJanuary 21, 2022 (2022-01-21) Mokey has a prophetic dream that convinces her she should trust her own intuition rather than facts, which leads her into trouble as the Fraggles make their way to witness the Merggles's one-in-a-generation migration dance. Meanwhile, Cotterpin and Architect Doozer go out looking for new sources of radishes. In Outer Space, Doc and Sprocket use a drone to watch baby sea turtles hatching. 4"The Glow"Paul FoxSabrina JaleesJanuary 21, 2022 (2022-01-21) Boober discovers his baloobius is able to glow and tries to hide it from his friends, just as the famed Archivist comes to check out an Outer Space artifact sent by Uncle Traveling Matt. Meanwhile, Junior Gorg also makes friends with a plant. In Outer Space, Doc deals with plastic litter on the beach. 5"Four Wembleys and a Birthday"J. J. JohnsonMaurin MwombelaJanuary 21, 2022 (2022-01-21) Wembley's friends want to celebrate his birthday with different activities. His attempts to participate in all of them end up splitting him into four individual versions of himself. Meanwhile, Cotterpin makes a gooey discovery in a strange vine. In Outer Space, Doc takes to the internet to bring attention to the ocean's plastic problem. Note: The episode's title is a reference to Four Weddings and a Funeral. 6"The Legend of Icy Joe"Paul FoxDouglas LyonsJanuary 21, 2022 (2022-01-21) Gobo and Wembley discover the recently-unfrozen body of Icy Joe, a legendary Fraggle explorer whose temperament makes it hard to adjust to modern Fraggle society. Meanwhile, Junior Gorg continues work on the Gorg fountain. In Outer Space, Doc tries to stay awake while writing a paper. 7"Flight of the Flutterflies"Jordan CanningCharley FeldmanJanuary 21, 2022 (2022-01-21) The Troubadours come to the rock to celebrate New Day's Day. Boober becomes the unwilling centerpiece of the festivities, where he must give a holiday speech and release a new swarm of Flutterflies. In Outer Space, Doc prepares to propose her plastic-eating bacteria to her professors. 8"Craggle Lagoon"Jordan CanningMaurin MwombelaJanuary 21, 2022 (2022-01-21) Inspired by the latest correspondence from Uncle Traveling Matt, the Fraggle Five decide to take a vacation at Craggle Lagoon. They discover that all the water has gone missing and Inspector Red helps the Craggles figure out what happened to it. Meanwhile, the Doozers try to find a way to use the mysterious pink goo Cotterpin discovered, and Junior Gorg looks for the perfect place to sun his plant. In Outer Space, Doc and Sprocket take a "staycation". 9"The Giggle Gaggle Games"Jordan CanningSabrina JaleesJanuary 21, 2022 (2022-01-21) Part 1 of 5. To help the Craggles fit in, Mokey Fraggle uses her supposed knowledge of Craggles to come up with a plan: the Fraggles will play all sorts of games with the Craggles. The Craggles do not enjoy Mokey's pandering, and Mokey learns that there's far more to understanding someone then meets the eye. Near the end, Pa Gorg tells Junior to drain all of the water causing Barry Blueberry to declare (and become) a cliffhanger. In Outer Space, Doc tries to contact her landlady and ends up hearing a message from Cotterpin Doozer. 10"Wembley the Spokesfraggle"Jon RosenbaumCharley FeldmanJanuary 21, 2022 (2022-01-21) Part 2 of 5. The Doozers use the pink goo in their Doozer stick recipe, but the Fraggles loathe the taste and avoid eating them. In order to construct more towers, famed and persuasion expert Jack Hammer recruits Wembley to promote them. In Outer Space, Doc creates a robotic replica of herself to take care of Sprocket while she's at work. 11"Deep Dive"Jon RosenbaumDouglas LyonsJanuary 21, 2022 (2022-01-21) Part 3 of 5. With the Merggles now residing in Fraggle Rock with goo-induced hiccups, Red tries to fix all the problems that have been piling up, but injures herself in the process. Gobo, Wembley, and Boober Fraggle find a way to cure the Merggles while Mokey tries to find an outlet for Red's anxiety. Meanwhile, Cotterpin continues finding a way to get rid of the goo which has now made its way to the Gorgs (with mixed reactions). In Outer Space, Doc tries to get Sprocket to take his medicine among other problems. 12"Into the Trash"Adam Stein & Zach LipovskyJohn TartagliaJanuary 21, 2022 (2022-01-21) Part 4 of 5. Boober feels insignificant amid the growing chaos of Fraggles, Craggles, and Merggles when all he's tasked with is making soup. He is soon recruited to help an ailing Marjory the Trash Heap by going into her trash pile to find a cure. Meanwhile, Junior Gorg is forced to give up his plant and Cotterpin finds a solution to the goo problem in Outer Space. In Outer Space, Doc studies her new bacteria for potentially eating microplastics. Note: The Foo Fighters make a special appearance during Uncle Traveling Matt's postcard. 13"All of Us"Adam Stein & Zach LipovskyMatt Fusfeld & Alex CuthbertsonJanuary 21, 2022 (2022-01-21) Part 5 of 5. Gobo has a dream that inspires him to get everybody including Junior Gorg to solve the mounting problems in Fraggle Rock. In Outer Space, Doc puts her bacteria to the test and Uncle Traveling Matt gets trapped by Sprocket. Special (2022) TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date"Night of the Lights"Jon RosenbaumJohn Tartaglia and Matt Fusfeld & Alex CuthbertsonNovember 18, 2022 (2022-11-18) It’s the Night of the Lights, the most Fraggily holiday of the year, and the Rock is filled with songs and cheer. When Jamdolin (voiced by Daveed Diggs) encourages Wembley to make a special wish, the Fraggles head out on an adventure to find the brightest light and, maybe, the true meaning of the holiday. Season 2 (2024) No. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date1"The Great Wind"Jordan CanningMatt Fusfeld & Alex CuthbertsonMarch 29, 2024 (2024-03-29) Doc's wind power experiments create windstorms in the Rock that cause Wembley great distress. Gobo tries to reassure him that there's nothing to worry about. Meanwhile, Pa Gorg forbids Junior from interacting with the Fraggles, and Uncle Traveling Matt returns from Outer Space with his latest discovery: strawberries (or, as Matt designates them, "sweet radishes"). 2"The Twisty-Turny-Thon"Paul FoxMaurin MwombelaMarch 29, 2024 (2024-03-29) Red thinks she'll be a shoo-in for the Twisty-Turny-Thon race, but the windstorms have created obstacles in her established route. Wembley lets the leftover wind gusts (or "gusties") determine his path, and he encourages Red to do the same. Elsewhere, Gobo gives Junior Gorg a souvenir from Uncle Traveling Matt, the Doozers look for a way to detect wind so they can power their turbine, and Sprocket has to adjust to Doc's new work schedule. 3"When Mokey Met Lanford"Jordan CanningJohn TartagliaMarch 29, 2024 (2024-03-29) Mokey takes in a plant that was uprooted by the wind. She names him Lanford and starts devoting all of her attention to him, which concerns her friends. Cotterpin goes overboard installing wind chimes everywhere, including one near the hole to the workshop, catching Doc and Sprocket's attention. Junior Gorg discovers strawberries sprouting in the garden. 4"The Repeatee Birds"Jordan CanningDouglas LyonsMarch 29, 2024 (2024-03-29) When strawberries distract the Fraggles from Boober's "Radish Razzle" experience, Boober uses the Repeatee Birds to spread gossip, causing a Fraggle furor over whether radishes or strawberries are better. Cotterpin and Architect are also split on strawberries, so the Doozers do extensive testing before using them as building material. Meanwhile, Doc reprograms her robotic likeness; this time not to dog-sit Sprocket, but to help with her volunteer teaching. 5"I'm Pogey"John TartagliaCharley FeldmanMarch 29, 2024 (2024-03-29) Wembley develops a new look using Mokey's old robe, but his reflections tell him he can only express himself in one way. Later, he and Pogey meet The Great Glitterini, a transformative creature who shows them they can express themselves however they want to. Meanwhile, Pa Gorg has Junior take part in the sacred Gorg tradition of Boxing Day (involving actual boxes), and Doc is embarrassed by an old video of her singing. 6"Mezzo: Live in Concert"Jordan CanningAnnalise TahranMarch 29, 2024 (2024-03-29) Mezzo is performing for one night only in Fraggle Rock, and superfan Gobo is eager to clear Concert Cave for her presence. He shoos away the Doozers and a swarm of bugs, who turn out to be Mezzo and her band. Meanwhile, the Gorgs look to enlarge their crop of strawberries, and Doc helps Sprocket overcome his fear of bees. 7"This for That"Jordan CanningJocelyn StevensonMarch 29, 2024 (2024-03-29) Mokey meets a Fraggle named Pryce, who comes from a distant community that operates on a "this for that" trading system. The two introduce the concept to Fraggle Rock, with mixed results. Meanwhile, Doc is given a lucrative job offer and weighs the pros and cons of accepting it. 8"Colder Boulders"Paul FoxMaurin MwombelaMarch 29, 2024 (2024-03-29) Red becomes annoyed with the gusties, so she decides to board up the Great Hall, preventing airflow and causing extreme heat. Determined to cool everyone off without unsealing the Hall, Red discovers a colder boulder that Icy Joe keeps in her cave. Red goes off to find more colder boulders, not listening to Icy Joe's warning about respecting the ecosystem. Elsewhere, the Doozers and the Gorgs devise their own delivery systems to transport the enlarged strawberries, and Sprocket subscribes to a doggie treat delivery service. 9"The Great Radish Ball"Paul FoxSabrina JaleesMarch 29, 2024 (2024-03-29) Boober has the most fun of any Fraggle at this year's radish celebration, but disaster strikes when Icy Joe informs everyone that there are no more radishes, not even in the Gorgs' Garden. While frenziedly looking for more radishes, Boober uncovers a tube that turns out to be a time portal to the start of the Great Radish Ball. The Fraggle Five keep jumping down the tube to relive the festivities. Cotterpin finds the Doozers' strawberry delivery service repetitive and develops a way to regrow radishes. Meanwhile, Doc and Sprocket have a never-ending pillow party. 10"Fraggle Up"Jon RosenbaumDouglas LyonsMarch 29, 2024 (2024-03-29) Cotterpin's method of regrowing radishes will take many months to produce results, so Gobo takes charge in searching for radishes. In his leadership, Gobo takes his Uncle Matt's advice and pushes his feelings down. Misinterpreting Marjory the Trash Heap's advice, Gobo directs the others to dig underground for radishes, just as a dust storm — caused by the Gorgs raking up their garden — fills the Great Hall. Meanwhile, Doc has promised to watch Fluffinella for Mrs. Shimmelfinney, and Sprocket tries hiding his fear and acting tough. 11"Lost and Found Fraggles"Jon RosenbaumCharley FeldmanMarch 29, 2024 (2024-03-29) Continuing from the previous episode, the Fraggle Five (along with Cotterpin and Lanford) happen on the underground cave of the Lost Fraggles, who are led by their Leader. The Fraggles pal around with their Lost Fraggle counterparts, with the pointed exception of Mokey, and they learn the true origin of the radishes. Elsewhere, Ma Gorg laments her woes to Marjory the Trash Heap, and Sprocket tampers with Doc's turbine model after being told not to. 12"Letting Go"J. J. JohnsonAnnalise TahranMarch 29, 2024 (2024-03-29) Mokey is posed with the challenge of having to part with Lanford when a special plant is required to help revitalize the Gorgs' Garden. Meanwhile, Doc reluctantly lets Sprocket go to Doggy Day Camp. 13"Hope and Socks"J. J. JohnsonJohn TartagliaMarch 29, 2024 (2024-03-29) Red becomes uncharacteristically hopeful in everyone's ability to power the windmill in the Gorgs' Garden, but she completely loses hope when their first attempt doesn't work. Meanwhile, Doc is stuck on creating a new workable design for an offshore turbine. K-pop group Aespa make a special appearance during Uncle Traveling Matt's postcard. Cast Lilli Cooper as Doc Puppeteers John Tartaglia as Gobo Fraggle, Sprocket, Architect Doozer, Gunge, Barry Blueberry, and Lyle Craggle (puppetry only) Karen Prell as Red Fraggle, Icy Joe, and Merggle Queen (puppetry only) Donna Kimball as Mokey Fraggle, Cotterpin Doozer, and Storyteller Fraggle Jordan Lockhart as Wembley Fraggle, and Murray the Minstrel Frank Meschkuleit as Boober Fraggle (puppetry only), Uncle Traveling Matt (puppetry only in select episodes), The World's Oldest Fraggle (puppetry only), Pa Gorg (face and voice performance), Large Marvin Fraggle, and Mantivore Aymee Garcia as Ma Gorg (face and voice performance), Archivist (puppetry only), Marjorie the Trash Heap, Brool the Minstrel, Henchy Fraggle, Bongo, and Styles Craggle Dan Garza as Junior Gorg (face and voice performance), Philo, and Kyle Craggle Ali J. Eisner as Turbo Doozer, Jack Hammer Doozer (puppetry only), Joogie the Inkspot, and Balsam the Minstrel Kira Hall as Brio the Minstrel Kanja Chen as Pogey Kevin Clash as Uncle Traveling Matt (puppetry only in select episodes) Andy Hayward as Pa Gorg (in-suit performance), Wrench Doozer, Jamdolin (puppetry only), Rupert Fraggle, and Giant Talking Radish Ingrid Hansen as Ma Gorg (in-suit performance), and Skitter Stone Ben Durocher as Junior Gorg (in-suit performance) Anna Cummer as Additional puppeteer Voices Dave Goelz as Boober Fraggle, Uncle Traveling Matt and The World's Oldest Fraggle Daveed Diggs as Jamdolin Cynthia Erivo as Archivist Ed Helms as Lyle Craggle Patti LaBelle as Merggle Queen Kenan Thompson as Jack Hammer Doozer Brett Goldstein as Pryce Fraggle Catherine O'Hara as Lost Fraggles Leader Adam Lambert as The Great Glitterini Ariana DeBose as Mezzo Production The title cards of the original Fraggle Rock TV series states the puppet characters as "Jim Henson's Muppets". After The Jim Henson Company sold the Muppet franchise to The Walt Disney Company in 2004, the Fraggle Rock characters, which Henson retained, stopped being referred to as Muppets (though Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock was co-produced by Regency Enterprises and 20th Century Studios's subsidiary New Regency, owned by The Walt Disney Company following its acquisition of 21st Century Fox's assets on March 20, 2019). On May 26, 2020, following the success of the Fraggle Rock: Rock On! shorts that were released in April 2020, Apple TV+ announced a deal with The Jim Henson Company to produce a full reboot of Fraggle Rock, consisting of half-hour episodes, in addition to exclusive streaming rights to the original series and specials. In January 2021, The Jim Henson Company announced that production had officially started on a reboot of the show. The show is filmed at the Calgary Film Centre. Each episode features original songs, and reprises of songs from the original series. Pre-production on the series began in late 2020 with the working title Raphanis (derived from the Latin word for "radish"). Filming commenced on January 25, 2021, in-studio at the Calgary Film Centre in Calgary, Alberta, Canada and wrapped in June. In November 2021, a trailer revealed the Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock title, and the January 21, 2022 premiere date. Several original characters return, and new characters are voiced by celebrity guests, including Patti LaBelle, Cynthia Erivo, Daveed Diggs, Ed Helms, and Kenan Thompson. Foo Fighters make a cameo in one episode. Reception On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds a score of 100% based on 14 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Back to the Rock gives Jim Henson's beloved production a brand new fleece that fits just right, sure to delight longtime fans while enthralling a whole new generation." On Metacritic, the series has a weighted average score of 89 out of 100 based on eight critics, indicating "universal acclaim". The show won Outstanding Art Direction at the 1st Children's and Family Emmy Awards and received three additional nominations for Best Children's or Family Viewing Series, Outstanding Cinematography and Outstanding Editing. References ^ "Fraggle Rock: Back To The Rock (Season 2)". Production List. 19 September 2022. Retrieved September 22, 2022. ^ Milligan, Mercedes (January 11, 2024). "Apple TV+ Races into 2024 with New 'Peanuts' Special and Returning Kids' Series". Animation Magazine. Retrieved January 12, 2024. ^ "Apple TV+ Rings in the Season with New Specials & Peanuts Classics". 11 October 2022. ^ McClintock, Pamela; Bond, Paul (February 6, 2019). "Anxiety, AWOL Executives and "Bloodshed": How Disney Is Making 21st Century Fox Disappear". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 13, 2019. ^ Vulture "Dance Your Cares Away, a Fraggle Rock Reboot Is Coming to Apple TV+" by Josef Adalian, May 26, 2020 ^ Ahearn, Victoria (January 25, 2021). "Fraggle Rock children's puppet series reboot starts production in Calgary". ^ Calgary Herald "Fraggle Rock reboot to begin production at Calgary Film Centre in mid-January" by Eric Volmers, November 24, 2020 ^ Edmonton Journal "Cameras to roll next week on Calgary-based Fraggle Rock reboot" by Eric Volmers, January 22, 2021 ^ Donna Kimball on Instagram, June 4, 2021 ^ Heldman, Breanne L. (November 15, 2021). "Dance Your Cares Away! Apple TV+'s Fraggle Rock Reboot Teaser Recreates the Original Intro". people.com. Retrieved 2021-11-19. ^ Happy New Year, silly creatures from outer space! “Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock” to debut January 21, 2022 on Apple TV+ Apple, January 5, 2022 ^ "Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved July 5, 2023. ^ "Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock - Season 1 Reviews". Metacritic. Fandom, Inc. Retrieved July 5, 2023. External links Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock at Apple TV Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock at IMDb AppleTV+ Press vteFraggle Rock Episodes Spin-offs and Continuations The Animated Series The Doozers Back to the Rock Characters Gobo Fraggle Red Fraggle Wembley Fraggle Mokey Fraggle Boober Fraggle Uncle Traveling Matt Doc Related The Jim Henson Company Fraggle Rockin': A Collection A Muppet Family Christmas Do It Anyway Category vteApple TV+ original programmingTelevisionCurrent Acapulco (since 2021) Bad Sisters (since 2022) The Big Door Prize (since 2023) The Buccaneers (since 2023) The Changeling (since 2023) The Completely Made-Up Adventures of Dick Turpin (since 2024) Criminal Record (since 2024) Curses! (since 2023) Dark Matter (since 2024) Dr. Brain (since 2021) Drops of God (since 2023) For All Mankind (since 2019) Foundation (since 2021) Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock (since 2022) Friday Night Baseball (since 2022) Hijack (since 2023) Interrupting Chicken (since 2022) Invasion (since 2021) Jane (since 2023) The Last Thing He Told Me (since 2023) Liaison (since 2023) Loot (since 2022) The Morning Show (since 2019) Monarch: Legacy of Monsters (since 2023) Mythic Quest (since 2020) The New Look (since 2024) Pachinko (since 2022) Palm Royale (since 2024) Platonic (since 2023) Prehistoric Planet (since 2022) Presumed Innocent (since 2024) The Reluctant Traveler (since 2023) Severance (since 2022) Shape Island (since 2023) Shrinking (since 2023) Silo (since 2023) Slow Horses (since 2022) The Snoopy Show (since 2021) Sugar (since 2024) Surface (since 2022) Strange Planet (since 2023) Tehran (since 2020) Trying (since 2020) Continuations Carpool Karaoke: The Series (season 5; since 2022) Ended The Afterparty (2022–23) Amazing Stories (2020) Amber Brown (2022) Becoming You (2020) The Big Cigar (2024) Black Bird (2022) Boom! 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(2023) Helpsters (2019–23) High Desert (2023) Home (2020–22) Home Before Dark (2020–21) The Last Days of Ptolemy Grey (2022) Lessons in Chemistry (2023) Lisey's Story (2021) Little America (2020–22) Little Voice (2020) Long Way Up (2020) Losing Alice (2021) Manhunt (2024) Masters of the Air (2024) Messi's World Cup: The Rise of a Legend (2024) The Me You Can't See (2021) The Mosquito Coast (2021–23) Mr. Corman (2021) My Kind of Country (2023) The Oprah Conversation (2020–21) Oprah's Book Club (2019–21) Physical (2021–23) Pinecone & Pony (2022–23) Pretzel and the Puppies (2022–23) The Problem with Jon Stewart (2021–23) Roar (2022) Schmigadoon! (2021–23) See (2019–22) Servant (2019–23) Shantaram (2022) Shining Girls (2022) The Shrink Next Door (2021) Slumberkins (2022) Snoopy in Space (2019–21) Still Up (2023) Stillwater (2020—23) Surfside Girls (2022) Suspicion (2022) Swagger (2021–23) Ted Lasso (2020–23) Tiny World (2020–21) Truth Be Told (2019–23) The Super Models (2023) Visible: Out on Television (2020) Watch the Sound with Mark Ronson (2021) WeCrashed (2022) Wolfboy and the Everything Factory (2021–22) Upcoming Lady in the Lake (2024) Land of Women (2024) Sunny (2024) WondLa (2024) Time Bandits (2024) Bad Monkey (2024) Before (TBA) Chief of War (TBA) Disclaimer (TBA) Firebug (TBA) Government Cheese (TBA) The Last Frontier (TBA) Murderbot (TBA) Prime Target (TBA) The Savant (TBA) Sinking Spring (TBA) The Studio (TBA) Your Friends and Neighbors (TBA) Untitled Vince Gilligan TV series (TBA) FilmsReleased2019 The Elephant Queen Hala 2020 The Banker Beastie Boys Story Dads Greyhound Boys State Bruce Springsteen's Letter to You On the Rocks Fireball: Visitors from Darker Worlds Mariah Carey's Magical Christmas Special Wolfwalkers 2021 Palmer Billie Eilish: The World's a Little Blurry Cherry The Year Earth Changed Fathom CODA 9/11: Inside the President's War Room Come from Away Blush The Velvet Underground Finch Swan Song 2022 The Tragedy of Macbeth The Sky Is Everywhere Cha Cha Real Smooth Luck Sidney The Greatest Beer Run Ever Raymond & Ray Louis Armstrong's Black & Blues Causeway Selena Gomez: My Mind & Me Spirited Emancipation The Boy, the Mole, the Fox and the Horse 2023 Sharper Tetris Ghosted Still: A Michael J. Fox Movie The Beanie Bubble Stephen Curry: Underrated Flora and Son Killers of the Flower Moon The Pigeon Tunnel Fingernails Napoleon The Family Plan 2024 Argylle Girls State Upcoming Fancy Dance (2024) Fly Me to the Moon (2024) The Instigators (2024) Wolfs (2024) Untitled Joseph Kosinski film (2025) Blitz (TBA) Echo Valley (TBA) Fountain of Youth (TBA) Outcome (TBA) The Gorge (TBA) High and Low (TBA) Mayday (TBA) Apple TV tvOS Apple TV app channels Apple Studios vteThe Jim Henson Company Jim Henson Company Lot Jim Henson Foundation Henson family Jim Henson Jane Henson Lisa Henson Cheryl Henson Brian Henson John Henson Heather Henson Major works The Muppets† Sesame Street‡ Theatricalfilms The Dark Crystal (1982) Labyrinth (1986) The Witches (1990) Buddy (1997) Rat (2000) Good Boy! (2003) Five Children and It (2004) MirrorMask (2005) Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day (2014) The Star (2017) TV series The Muppet Show (1976–1981) † Fraggle Rock (1983–1987) Fraggle Rock: The Animated Series (1987–1988) The StoryTeller (1988–1991) The Jim Henson Hour (1989) The Ghost of Faffner Hall (1989) Jim Henson's Mother Goose Stories (1990–1992) Dinosaurs (1991–1994) Dog City (1992–1994) CityKids (1993–1994) Secret Life of Toys (1994) Jim Henson's Animal Show (1994–1998) Aliens in the Family (1996) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss (1996–1998) Bear in the Big Blue House † (1997–2006) Brats of the Lost Nebula (1998) Farscape (1998–2002) Construction Site (1999) Family Rules (1999) Mopatop's Shop (1999–2005) The Fearing Mind (2000) The Hoobs (2001–2003) Telling Stories with Tomie dePaola (2001) Animal Jam (2003) Bambaloo (2003–2007) Pajanimals (2008, 2011–2013) Sid the Science Kid (2008–2013) Dinosaur Train (2009–2020) Me and My Monsters (2010–2011) That Puppet Game Show (2013–2014) Jim Henson's Creature Shop Challenge (2014) The Doozers (2014–2018) Hi Opie! (2014–2016) Word Party (2016–2021) Splash and Bubbles (2016–2018) Dot. (2016–2018) Julie's Greenroom (2017) The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance (2019) Earth to Ned (2020–2021) Duff's Happy Fun Bake Time (2021) Harriet the Spy (2021–2023) Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock (2022–present) Slumberkins (2022) TV specials The Great Santa Claus Switch (1970) Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas (1977) The Tale of the Bunny Picnic (1986) The Christmas Toy (1986) Monster Maker (1989) Mr. Willowby's Christmas Tree (1995) Otherprojects Time Piece (1965, short film) The Cube (1969, teleplay) Gulliver's Travels (1996, miniseries) Jack and the Beanstalk: The Real Story (2001, miniseries) Farscape: The Peacekeeper Wars (2004, miniseries) The Sam Plenty Cavalcade of Action Show Plus Singing! (2008, web series) Unstable Fables (2008, DTV film) Tale of Sand Oscar's Hotel for Fantastical Creatures (2015, web series) Turkey Hollow (2015, TV film) Pinocchio (2022, Netflix film) The Portable Door (2023, Stan film) Jim Henson Idea Man (2024, Disney+ documentary) Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Road Trip (TBA, Disney+ film) HensonAlternative Puppet Up! (2006–present) Late Night Liars (2010) Simian Undercover Detective Squad (2011) Neil's Puppet Dreams (2012–2013) No, You Shut Up! (2013–2016) Good Morning Today (2013–2014) The Happytime Murders (2018) The Curious Creations of Christine McConnell (2018) Divisions Jim Henson's Creature Shop Jim Henson Pictures Jim Henson Records Jim Henson Television Related The Muppets Studio Sesame Workshop HIT Entertainment † Sold to The Walt Disney Company in 2004, ‡ Muppet characters only; sold to Sesame Workshop in 2000	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film"},{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_film"},{"link_name":"comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"puppet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet"},{"link_name":"Fraggle Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraggle_Rock"},{"link_name":"Jim Henson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Henson"},{"link_name":"Apple TV+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TV%2B"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock is an American children's musical fantasy comedy puppet television series about interconnected societies of creatures. It is a reboot of the 1983 series Fraggle Rock by Jim Henson. The first season was released on Apple TV+ on January 21, 2022. It was renewed for a second season which was released on March 29, 2024.[1][2]A holiday special Night of the Lights Holiday Special was released on November 18, 2022.[3]","title":"Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_(Fraggle_Rock)#Reboot"},{"link_name":"Fraggle Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraggle_Rock"},{"link_name":"Gobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobo_Fraggle"},{"link_name":"Mokey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokey_Fraggle"},{"link_name":"Wembley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Fraggle"},{"link_name":"Boober","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boober_Fraggle"},{"link_name":"Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Fraggle"}],"text":"In the house belonging to a woman named Doc and her dog Sprocket, there is a hole that leads into Fraggle Rock. The Fraggles, Gobo, Mokey, Wembley, Boober, and Red live their lives within Fraggle Rock while experiencing different adventures along the way as well as interacting with Doozers and avoiding the Gorgs while harvesting radishes.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1 (2022)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Special (2022)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 2 (2024)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lilli Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilli_Cooper"}],"text":"Lilli Cooper as Doc","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Tartaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tartaglia"},{"link_name":"Gobo Fraggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobo_Fraggle"},{"link_name":"Karen Prell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Prell"},{"link_name":"Red Fraggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Fraggle"},{"link_name":"Mokey Fraggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokey_Fraggle"},{"link_name":"Wembley Fraggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Fraggle"},{"link_name":"Frank Meschkuleit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Meschkuleit"},{"link_name":"Boober Fraggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boober_Fraggle"},{"link_name":"Uncle Traveling Matt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Traveling_Matt"},{"link_name":"Ali J. Eisner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_J._Eisner"},{"link_name":"Kevin Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Clash"},{"link_name":"Uncle Traveling Matt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Traveling_Matt"},{"link_name":"Anna Cummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Cummer"}],"sub_title":"Puppeteers","text":"John Tartaglia as Gobo Fraggle, Sprocket, Architect Doozer, Gunge, Barry Blueberry, and Lyle Craggle (puppetry only)\nKaren Prell as Red Fraggle, Icy Joe, and Merggle Queen (puppetry only)\nDonna Kimball as Mokey Fraggle, Cotterpin Doozer, and Storyteller Fraggle\nJordan Lockhart as Wembley Fraggle, and Murray the Minstrel\nFrank Meschkuleit as Boober Fraggle (puppetry only), Uncle Traveling Matt (puppetry only in select episodes), The World's Oldest Fraggle (puppetry only), Pa Gorg (face and voice performance), Large Marvin Fraggle, and Mantivore\nAymee Garcia as Ma Gorg (face and voice performance), Archivist (puppetry only), Marjorie the Trash Heap, Brool the Minstrel, Henchy Fraggle, Bongo, and Styles Craggle\nDan Garza as Junior Gorg (face and voice performance), Philo, and Kyle Craggle\nAli J. Eisner as Turbo Doozer, Jack Hammer Doozer (puppetry only), Joogie the Inkspot, and Balsam the Minstrel\nKira Hall as Brio the Minstrel\nKanja Chen as Pogey\nKevin Clash as Uncle Traveling Matt (puppetry only in select episodes)\nAndy Hayward as Pa Gorg (in-suit performance), Wrench Doozer, Jamdolin (puppetry only), Rupert Fraggle, and Giant Talking Radish\nIngrid Hansen as Ma Gorg (in-suit performance), and Skitter Stone\nBen Durocher as Junior Gorg (in-suit performance)\nAnna Cummer as Additional puppeteer","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dave Goelz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Goelz"},{"link_name":"Boober Fraggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boober_Fraggle"},{"link_name":"Uncle Traveling Matt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Traveling_Matt"},{"link_name":"Daveed Diggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daveed_Diggs"},{"link_name":"Cynthia Erivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Erivo"},{"link_name":"Ed Helms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Helms"},{"link_name":"Patti LaBelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_LaBelle"},{"link_name":"Kenan Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenan_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Brett Goldstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Goldstein"},{"link_name":"Catherine O'Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_O%27Hara"},{"link_name":"Adam Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Lambert"},{"link_name":"Ariana DeBose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariana_DeBose"}],"sub_title":"Voices","text":"Dave Goelz as Boober Fraggle, Uncle Traveling Matt and The World's Oldest Fraggle\nDaveed Diggs as Jamdolin\nCynthia Erivo as Archivist\nEd Helms as Lyle Craggle\nPatti LaBelle as Merggle Queen\nKenan Thompson as Jack Hammer Doozer\nBrett Goldstein as Pryce Fraggle\nCatherine O'Hara as Lost Fraggles Leader\nAdam Lambert as The Great Glitterini\nAriana DeBose as Mezzo","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muppets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muppets"},{"link_name":"The Jim Henson Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jim_Henson_Company"},{"link_name":"The Walt Disney Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"Regency Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"20th Century Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Studios"},{"link_name":"acquisition of 21st Century Fox's assets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition_of_21st_Century_Fox_by_Disney"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Hollywood_Reporter-4"},{"link_name":"Fraggle Rock: Rock On!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraggle_Rock#Fraggle_Rock:_Rock_On!"},{"link_name":"The Jim Henson Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jim_Henson_Company"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vulture-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Patti LaBelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_LaBelle"},{"link_name":"Cynthia Erivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Erivo"},{"link_name":"Daveed Diggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daveed_Diggs"},{"link_name":"Ed Helms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Helms"},{"link_name":"Kenan Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenan_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Foo Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foo_Fighters"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The title cards of the original Fraggle Rock TV series states the puppet characters as \"Jim Henson's Muppets\". After The Jim Henson Company sold the Muppet franchise to The Walt Disney Company in 2004, the Fraggle Rock characters, which Henson retained, stopped being referred to as Muppets (though Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock was co-produced by Regency Enterprises and 20th Century Studios's subsidiary New Regency, owned by The Walt Disney Company following its acquisition of 21st Century Fox's assets on March 20, 2019).[4]On May 26, 2020, following the success of the Fraggle Rock: Rock On! shorts that were released in April 2020, Apple TV+ announced a deal with The Jim Henson Company to produce a full reboot of Fraggle Rock, consisting of half-hour episodes, in addition to exclusive streaming rights to the original series and specials.[5] In January 2021, The Jim Henson Company announced that production had officially started on a reboot of the show. The show is filmed at the Calgary Film Centre.[6] Each episode features original songs, and reprises of songs from the original series.Pre-production on the series began in late 2020 with the working title Raphanis (derived from the Latin word for \"radish\"). Filming commenced on January 25, 2021, in-studio at the Calgary Film Centre in Calgary, Alberta, Canada[7][8] and wrapped in June.[9]In November 2021, a trailer revealed the Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock title, and the January 21, 2022 premiere date.[10]Several original characters return, and new characters are voiced by celebrity guests, including Patti LaBelle, Cynthia Erivo, Daveed Diggs, Ed Helms, and Kenan Thompson. Foo Fighters make a cameo in one episode.[11]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"1st Children's and Family Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Children%27s_and_Family_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Children's or Family Viewing Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_and_Family_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Children%27s_or_Family_Viewing_Series"}],"text":"On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds a score of 100% based on 14 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The website's critics consensus reads, \"Back to the Rock gives Jim Henson's beloved production a brand new fleece that fits just right, sure to delight longtime fans while enthralling a whole new generation.\"[12] On Metacritic, the series has a weighted average score of 89 out of 100 based on eight critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[13]The show won Outstanding Art Direction at the 1st Children's and Family Emmy Awards and received three additional nominations for Best Children's or Family Viewing Series, Outstanding Cinematography and Outstanding Editing.","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Fraggle Rock: Back To The Rock (Season 2)\". Production List. 19 September 2022. Retrieved September 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://productionlist.com/production/fraggle-rock-back-rock-season-2/","url_text":"\"Fraggle Rock: Back To The Rock (Season 2)\""}]},{"reference":"Milligan, Mercedes (January 11, 2024). \"Apple TV+ Races into 2024 with New 'Peanuts' Special and Returning Kids' Series\". Animation Magazine. Retrieved January 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animationmagazine.net/2024/01/apple-tv-races-into-2024-with-new-peanuts-special-and-returning-kids-series/","url_text":"\"Apple TV+ Races into 2024 with New 'Peanuts' Special and Returning Kids' Series\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apple TV+ Rings in the Season with New Specials & Peanuts Classics\". 11 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animationmagazine.net/2022/10/apple-tv-rings-in-the-season-with-new-specials-peanuts-classics/","url_text":"\"Apple TV+ Rings in the Season with New Specials & Peanuts Classics\""}]},{"reference":"McClintock, Pamela; Bond, Paul (February 6, 2019). \"Anxiety, AWOL Executives and \"Bloodshed\": How Disney Is Making 21st Century Fox Disappear\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/how-disney-will-make-21st-century-fox-disappear-1182704","url_text":"\"Anxiety, AWOL Executives and \"Bloodshed\": How Disney Is Making 21st Century Fox Disappear\""}]},{"reference":"Ahearn, Victoria (January 25, 2021). \"Fraggle Rock children's puppet series reboot starts production in Calgary\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/fraggle-rock-remake-calgary-1.5886851","url_text":"\"Fraggle Rock children's puppet series reboot starts production in Calgary\""}]},{"reference":"Heldman, Breanne L. (November 15, 2021). \"Dance Your Cares Away! Apple TV+'s Fraggle Rock Reboot Teaser Recreates the Original Intro\". people.com. Retrieved 2021-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/tv/fraggle-rock-back-to-the-rock-premiere-date-apple/","url_text":"\"Dance Your Cares Away! Apple TV+'s Fraggle Rock Reboot Teaser Recreates the Original Intro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved July 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/fraggle_rock_back_to_the_rock/s01","url_text":"\"Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_Media","url_text":"Fandango Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock - Season 1 Reviews\". Metacritic. Fandom, Inc. Retrieved July 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/tv/fraggle-rock-back-to-the-rock/season-1","url_text":"\"Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock - Season 1 Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandom,_Inc.","url_text":"Fandom, Inc."}]}]	[{"Link":"https://productionlist.com/production/fraggle-rock-back-rock-season-2/","external_links_name":"\"Fraggle Rock: Back To The Rock (Season 2)\""},{"Link":"https://www.animationmagazine.net/2024/01/apple-tv-races-into-2024-with-new-peanuts-special-and-returning-kids-series/","external_links_name":"\"Apple TV+ Races into 2024 with New 'Peanuts' Special and Returning Kids' Series\""},{"Link":"https://www.animationmagazine.net/2022/10/apple-tv-rings-in-the-season-with-new-specials-peanuts-classics/","external_links_name":"\"Apple TV+ Rings in the Season with New Specials & Peanuts Classics\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/how-disney-will-make-21st-century-fox-disappear-1182704","external_links_name":"\"Anxiety, AWOL Executives and \"Bloodshed\": How Disney Is Making 21st Century Fox Disappear\""},{"Link":"https://www.vulture.com/amp/2020/05/fraggle-rock-reboot-apple-tv.html","external_links_name":"\"Dance Your Cares Away, a Fraggle Rock Reboot Is Coming to Apple TV+\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/fraggle-rock-remake-calgary-1.5886851","external_links_name":"\"Fraggle Rock children's puppet series reboot starts production in Calgary\""},{"Link":"https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/local-arts/fraggle-rock-reboot-to-begin-production-at-calgary-film-centre-in-mid-january/wcm/35c28d03-4215-483e-be04-37fdb42de0a2/amp/","external_links_name":"\"Fraggle Rock reboot to begin production at Calgary Film Centre in mid-January\""},{"Link":"https://edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/television/cameras-to-roll-next-week-on-calgary-based-fraggle-rock-reboot/","external_links_name":"\"Cameras to roll next week on Calgary-based Fraggle Rock reboot\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CPswFTIjvyy/","external_links_name":"Donna Kimball on Instagram"},{"Link":"https://people.com/tv/fraggle-rock-back-to-the-rock-premiere-date-apple/","external_links_name":"\"Dance Your Cares Away! Apple TV+'s Fraggle Rock Reboot Teaser Recreates the Original Intro\""},{"Link":"https://www.apple.com/tv-pr/news/2022/01/happy-new-year-silly-creatures-from-outer-space-fraggle-rock-back-to-the-rock-to-debut-january-21-2022-on-apple-tv/","external_links_name":"Happy New Year, silly creatures from outer space! “Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock” to debut January 21, 2022 on Apple TV+"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/fraggle_rock_back_to_the_rock/s01","external_links_name":"\"Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/tv/fraggle-rock-back-to-the-rock/season-1","external_links_name":"\"Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock - Season 1 Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://tv.apple.com/us/show/fraggle-rock-back-to-the-rock/umc.cmc.2r077021gw7fu0noml0hln2yq?ctx_brand=tvs.sbd.4000","external_links_name":"Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12397680/","external_links_name":"Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock"},{"Link":"https://www.apple.com/tv-pr/originals/fraggle-rock-back-to-the-rock/","external_links_name":"AppleTV+ Press"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Goss	Eleanor Goss	["1 Grand Slam finals","1.1 Singles (1 runner-up)","1.2 Doubles (4 titles, 2 runners-up)","2 References","3 External links"]	American tennis player Eleanor GossFull nameEleanor Goss-LanningCountry (sports)United StatesBorn(1895-11-18)November 18, 1895New York, New York, U.S.DiedNovember 6, 1982 (aged 86)Salisbury, Connecticut, U.S.PlaysRight-handedSinglesGrand Slam singles resultsUS OpenF (1918)DoublesGrand Slam doubles resultsUS OpenW (1918, 1919, 1920, 1926) Martha Bayard and Eleanor Goss (right) Eleanor Goss (November 18, 1895 – November 6, 1982) was an American tennis player of the inter-war period. She first drew attention in tennis by winning titles as a student at Wellesley College. She won the US Women's National Championship in women's doubles four times, including three consecutive titles between 1918 and 1920 with Marion Zinderstein. In 1918, she also reached the women's singles final, where she was beaten by Molla Bjurstedt, and competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics. Grand Slam finals Singles (1 runner-up) Result Year Championship Surface Opponent Score Loss 1918 US National Championships Grass Molla Bjurstedt 4–6, 3–6 Doubles (4 titles, 2 runners-up) Result Year Championship Surface Partner Opponents Score Win 1918 US National Championships Grass Marion Zinderstein Molla Bjurstedt Mrs. Johan Rogge 7–5, 8–6 Win 1919 US National Championships Grass Marion Zinderstein Eleonora Sears Hazel Hotchkiss 10–8, 9–7 Win 1920 US National Championships Grass Marion Zinderstein Eleanor Tennant Helen Baker 6–3, 6–1 Loss 1923 US National Championships Grass Hazel Hotchkiss Kathleen McKane Phyllis Covell 6–2, 2–6, 1–6 Loss 1924 US National Championships Grass Marion Zinderstein Hazel Hotchkiss Helen Wills 4–6, 3–6 Win 1926 US National Championships Grass Elizabeth Ryan Mary Kendall Browne Charlotte Hosmer Chapin 3–6, 6–4, 12–10 References ^ Connecticut Death Index, 1949–2012 ^ "Cream of world's women tennis stars thrilling U.S." Mansfield News-Journal. Mansfield, Ohio. August 19, 1925. p. 11. Retrieved May 25, 2021. ^ "Eleanor Goss". Olympedia. Retrieved November 22, 2021. ^ "Mrs. Rogge, tennis champion of Norway, starts here with victory over Miss Vanderhoef". The New York Times. February 5, 1918. p. 10. External links Tennis portal Eleanor Goss at the International Tennis Federation Eleanor Goss at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived) vteUS Open women's doubles championsAmateur Era 1889: Bertha Townsend / Margarette Ballard 1890: Ellen Roosevelt / Grace Roosevelt 1891: Mabel Cahill / Emma Leavitt-Morgan 1892: Mabel Cahill / Adeline McKinlay 1893: Aline Terry / Harriet Butler 1894: Helen Hellwig / Juliette Atkinson 1895: Helen Hellwig / Juliette Atkinson 1896: Elisabeth Moore / Juliette Atkinson 1897: Juliette Atkinson / Kathleen Atkinson 1898: Juliette Atkinson / Kathleen Atkinson 1899: Jane Craven / Myrtle McAteer 1900: Edith Parker / Hallie Champlin 1901: Juliette Atkinson / Myrtle McAteer 1902: Juliette Atkinson / Marion Jones 1903: Elisabeth Moore / Carrie Neely 1904: May Sutton / Miriam Hall 1905: Helen Homans / Carrie Neely 1906: Ann Burdette Coe / Ethel Bliss Platt 1907: Marie Wimer / Carrie Neely 1908: Evelyn Sears / Margaret Curtis 1909: Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman / Edith Rotch 1910: Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman / Edith Rotch 1911: Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman / Eleonora Sears 1912: Dorothy Green / Mary K. Browne 1913: Mary K. Browne / Louise Riddell Williams 1914: Mary K. Browne / Louise Riddell Williams 1915: Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman / Eleonora Sears 1916: Molla Bjurstedt / Eleonora Sears 1917: Molla Bjurstedt / Eleonora Sears 1918: Marion Zinderstein / Eleanor Goss 1919: Marion Zinderstein / Eleanor Goss 1920: Marion Zinderstein / Eleanor Goss 1921: Mary K. Browne / Louise Riddell Williams 1922: Marion Zinderstein Jessup / Helen Wills Moody 1923: Kitty McKane Godfree / Phyllis Howkins Covell 1924: Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman / Helen Wills Moody 1925: Mary K. Browne / Helen Wills Moody 1926: Elizabeth Ryan / Eleanor Goss 1927: Kitty McKane Godfree / Ermyntrude Harvey 1928: Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman / Helen Wills Moody 1929: Phoebe Holcroft Watson / Peggy Michell 1930: Betty Nuthall / Sarah Palfrey Cooke 1931: Betty Nuthall / Eileen Bennett Whittingstall 1932: Helen Jacobs / Sarah Palfrey Cooke 1933: Betty Nuthall / Freda James 1934: Helen Jacobs / Sarah Palfrey Cooke 1935: Helen Jacobs / Sarah Palfrey Cooke 1936: Marjorie Gladman Van Ryn / Carolin Babcock Stark 1937: Sarah Palfrey Cooke / Alice Marble 1938: Sarah Palfrey Cooke / Alice Marble 1939: Sarah Palfrey Cooke / Alice Marble 1940: Sarah Palfrey Cooke / Alice Marble 1941: Sarah Palfrey Cooke / Margaret Osborne duPont 1942: Louise Brough / Margaret Osborne duPont 1943: Louise Brough / Margaret Osborne duPont 1944: Louise Brough / Margaret Osborne duPont 1945: Louise Brough / Margaret Osborne duPont 1946: Louise Brough / Margaret Osborne duPont 1947: Louise Brough / Margaret Osborne duPont 1948: Louise Brough / Margaret Osborne duPont 1949: Louise Brough / Margaret Osborne duPont 1950: Louise Brough / Margaret Osborne duPont 1951: Doris Hart / Shirley Fry 1952: Doris Hart / Shirley Fry 1953: Doris Hart / Shirley Fry 1954: Doris Hart / Shirley Fry 1955: Louise Brough / Margaret Osborne duPont 1956: Louise Brough / Margaret Osborne duPont 1957: Louise Brough / Margaret Osborne duPont 1958: Jeanne Arth / Darlene Hard 1959: Jeanne Arth / Darlene Hard 1960: Maria Bueno / Darlene Hard 1961: Darlene Hard / Lesley Turner Bowrey 1962: Maria Bueno / Darlene Hard 1963: Robyn Ebbern / Margaret Smith 1964: Billie Jean King / Karen Hantze Susman 1965: Carole Caldwell Graebner / Nancy Richey 1966: Maria Bueno / Nancy Richey 1967: Rosemary Casals / Billie Jean King Open Era 1968: Maria Bueno / Margaret Court 1969: Françoise Dürr / Darlene Hard 1970: Margaret Court / Judy Tegart Dalton 1971: Rosemary Casals / Judy Tegart Dalton 1972: Françoise Dürr / Betty Stöve 1973: Margaret Court / Virginia Wade 1974: Rosemary Casals / Billie Jean King 1975: Margaret Court / Virginia Wade 1976: Delina Boshoff / Ilana Kloss 1977: Martina Navratilova / Betty Stöve 1978: Billie Jean King / Martina Navratilova 1979: Betty Stöve / Wendy Turnbull 1980: Billie Jean King / Martina Navratilova 1981: Kathy Jordan / Anne Smith 1982: Rosemary Casals / Wendy Turnbull 1983: Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1984: Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1985: Claudia Kohde-Kilsch / Helena Suková 1986: Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1987: Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1988: Gigi Fernández / Robin White 1989: Hana Mandlíková / Martina Navratilova 1990: Gigi Fernández / Martina Navratilova 1991: Pam Shriver / Natalia Zvereva 1992: Gigi Fernández / Natalia Zvereva 1993: Arantxa Sánchez Vicario / Helena Suková 1994: Jana Novotná / Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 1995: Gigi Fernández / Natalia Zvereva 1996: Gigi Fernández / Natalia Zvereva 1997: Lindsay Davenport / Jana Novotná 1998: Martina Hingis / Jana Novotná 1999: Serena Williams / Venus Williams 2000: Julie Halard-Decugis / Ai Sugiyama 2001: Lisa Raymond / Rennae Stubbs 2002: Virginia Ruano Pascual / Paola Suárez (2003) Virginia Ruano Pascual / Paola Suárez 2004: Virginia Ruano Pascual / Paola Suárez 2005: Lisa Raymond / Samantha Stosur 2006: Nathalie Dechy / Vera Zvonareva 2007: Nathalie Dechy / Dinara Safina 2008: Cara Black / Liezel Huber 2009: Serena Williams / Venus Williams 2010: Vania King / Yaroslava Shvedova 2011: Liezel Huber / Lisa Raymond 2012: Sara Errani / Roberta Vinci 2013: Andrea Hlaváčková / Lucie Hradecká 2014: Ekaterina Makarova / Elena Vesnina 2015: Martina Hingis / Sania Mirza 2016: Bethanie Mattek-Sands / Lucie Šafářová 2017: Chan Yung-jan / Martina Hingis 2018: Ashleigh Barty / CoCo Vandeweghe 2019: Elise Mertens / Aryna Sabalenka 2020: Laura Siegemund / Vera Zvonareva 2021: Samantha Stosur / Zhang Shuai 2022: Barbora Krejčíková / Kateřina Siniaková 2023: Gabriela Dabrowski / Erin Routliffe Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martha_Bayard_and_Eleanor_Goss.jpg"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"inter-war period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-war_period"},{"link_name":"Wellesley College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"US Women's National Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Marion Zinderstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Zinderstein"},{"link_name":"Molla Bjurstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molla_Mallory"},{"link_name":"1924 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"American tennis playerMartha Bayard and Eleanor Goss (right)Eleanor Goss (November 18, 1895 – November 6, 1982) was an American tennis player of the inter-war period. She first drew attention in tennis by winning titles as a student at Wellesley College.[2] She won the US Women's National Championship in women's doubles four times, including three consecutive titles between 1918 and 1920 with Marion Zinderstein.In 1918, she also reached the women's singles final, where she was beaten by Molla Bjurstedt, and competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics.[3]","title":"Eleanor Goss"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Grand Slam finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles (1 runner-up)","title":"Grand Slam finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Doubles (4 titles, 2 runners-up)","title":"Grand Slam finals"}]	[{"image_text":"Martha Bayard and Eleanor Goss (right)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Martha_Bayard_and_Eleanor_Goss.jpg/200px-Martha_Bayard_and_Eleanor_Goss.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Cream of world's women tennis stars thrilling U.S.\" Mansfield News-Journal. Mansfield, Ohio. August 19, 1925. p. 11. Retrieved May 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/291867493/","url_text":"\"Cream of world's women tennis stars thrilling U.S.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eleanor Goss\". Olympedia. Retrieved November 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/2732","url_text":"\"Eleanor Goss\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mrs. Rogge, tennis champion of Norway, starts here with victory over Miss Vanderhoef\". The New York Times. February 5, 1918. p. 10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1918/02/05/archives/mrs-rogge-tennis-champion-of-norway-starts-here-with-victory-over.html","url_text":"\"Mrs. Rogge, tennis champion of Norway, starts here with victory over Miss Vanderhoef\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/291867493/","external_links_name":"\"Cream of world's women tennis stars thrilling U.S.\""},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/2732","external_links_name":"\"Eleanor Goss\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1918/02/05/archives/mrs-rogge-tennis-champion-of-norway-starts-here-with-victory-over.html","external_links_name":"\"Mrs. Rogge, tennis champion of Norway, starts here with victory over Miss Vanderhoef\""},{"Link":"https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/eleanor-goss/800169830/usa","external_links_name":"Eleanor Goss"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161204/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/go/eleanor-goss-1.html","external_links_name":"Eleanor Goss"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000045286912X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/317275845","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16982917w","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16982917w","external_links_name":"BnF data"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformation_dog_show	Dog show	["1 Judging","2 Winning","3 United Kingdom","4 United States","5 Canada","6 Colombia","7 Notable dog shows","7.1 Crufts","7.2 World Dog Show","7.3 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show","8 Criticism","9 Bench show","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]	For other uses, see Dog show (disambiguation). Competitive exhibition of dogs This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Dog show" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Handlers set up their dogs for judging so that their stance is perfect when the judge views them; this is known as hand stacking. Dogs may also be presented standing freely, in the so-called "self stack" or "free stack". A dog show is an animal show, an event where dogs are exhibited. A conformation show, also referred to as a breed show, is a kind of dog show in which a judge, familiar with a specific dog breed, evaluates individual purebred dogs for how well the dogs conform to the established breed type for their breed, as described in a breed's individual breed standard. Dog shows can be in the means of evaluating dogs for breeding purposes. A conformation championship from a recognised national kennel club is generally considered as an indication of merit. Many breeders consider championships a prerequisite for breeding. Some critics argue that the shows can encourage selective breeding of traits and lower genetic diversity. The first modern conformation dog show was held in Newcastle Town Hall in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, in June 1859. Judging A handler prepares a Silky Terrier to be presented. A conformation dog show is not a comparison of one dog to another but a comparison of each dog to a judge's mental image of the ideal breed type as outlined in the individual breed's breed standard. Dog show judges attempt to identify dogs who epitomise the published standards for each breed. Some judgments must be subjective. As an example, what exactly entails a "full coat" or a "cheerful attitude", descriptions found in breed standards, can be learned different. Judges are generally certified to judge one or several breeds, usually in the same group, but a few "all-breed" judges can judge a large number of breeds. Winning Winning dogs are awarded prizes by the judge. Dogs compete at dog shows to earn points or certification towards championship titles. The Kennel Club (UK) system, which is also used by the Australian National Kennel Council and in other countries, is considered the most difficult to earn a title under. Fédération Cynologique Internationale sponsors international shows that differ from other shows in that dogs first receive individual written descriptions of positive and negative qualities from the judge, and only dogs with high ratings go on to compete against other dogs in the class. A dog must receive four international Certificat d'Aptitude au Championnat International de Beauté (CACIB) to qualify for a championship; one must be won in the dog's own country, and at least two in other countries under at least three different judges. United Kingdom A Maltese in a conformation show There are several types of show in the United Kingdom. The Kennel Club also operates a separate show open only to mixed-breeds, Scruffts, which judges its contestants on character, health, and temperament with people and other dogs. United States Rottweiler breed competition at the Reliant Arena American Kennel Club World Series Dog Show, July 23, 2006 There are seven classes per breed in American Kennel Club dog shows: Puppy (sometimes divided between 6–9 months and 9–12 months) Twelve-To-Eighteen Months (those that fall in this age range are eligible) Novice (dogs over six months old are eligible as long as they have not won any points yet, have not yet won three first place prizes in this class, and have not won first prizes in the Bred-By-Exhibitor, American-bred or Open classes) Amateur Owner Handler (where the owner is exhibiting the dog and has not received funds for showing any other dog) Bred-By-Exhibitor (where the person handling the dog is an owner and breeder of record.) American-Bred (This class is reserved for dogs conceived in the U.S.) Open (Any dog that is over six months old can enter into this class. Champions are not allowed in any of the other classes and are only permitted to enter this class, although in most cases they skip the class competition entirely and are entered directly in Best of Breed.) The American-Bred and Open classes are mandatory for each show, while the others are optional. In some cases, one or more of these classes may be divided by color, height, weight, or coat type. A dog can earn extra points during these awards, depending on the number of dogs of its sex and the Champions that were competing against it. In the American Kennel Club, a dog needs 15 points to become a Champion, with each win gaining anywhere from zero to five points depending on the number of dogs competing and the area where the show is held. At least two wins must be a set of three or more points ("majors") under two different judges; at least one additional win under a third judge is also required. The rules for the United Kennel Club (UKC) use a different points system. A championship requires a combination of points and competition wins. Points are awarded at breed level for each win; for example, winning the class earns 10 points in non-variety breeds and 5 in variety breeds, even if there are no other dogs to beat in the class. Competition Wins are wins over at least one other dog, whether in their own breed (such as going Best Fe/male or Best of Winners) or higher level (placing above at least one other dog in the group or Best/Reserve Best in Multi-Breed show). A championship requires a total of 100 points and three competition wins. Canada An American Cocker Spaniel with its ears wrapped in preparation for a dog show Canadian Kennel Club shows are nearly identical to American Kennel Club dog shows, with the exception of a "Canadian-Bred" class replacing the AKC's "American-Bred". The main difference is the number of points required for a Championship, and the way those points are calculated. Under the Canadian Kennel Club rules, 10 points are needed for a Championship, with wins awarded by at least three different judges and at least one "major" win of two or more points. Once a Championship is completed, dogs may earn points toward their Grand Championship. As of January 1, 2013, to reach a Grand Championship, 20 points are needed with two "majors". Next is the Grand Excellent Championship which may be awarded to dogs who accumulate 100 points and have won at least one Best in the show. Region is not a factor in determining points for a win in Canada—the point schedule is the same across the country. Colombia In Colombia, dog shows are maintained and organised by the Association Colombian Kennel Club (Asociacion Club Canino Colombiano). Their conformation shows follow the rules of the International Federation of Kennel Clubs. (Fédération Cynologique Internationale). According to the ACCC, only purebred dogs recognised by the FCI are allowed to participate. Purebreds of Colombian origin must be registered with the ACCC, and therefore they must hold an LOC number (Number in the Colombian Book of Origins). Notable dog shows Toy Poodle in Riga, 2013 Crufts In the United Kingdom, the international championship show Crufts was first held in 1891. Since its centenary year in 1991, the show has officially been recognised as the world's largest and most prestigious dog show by the Guinness Book of Records, with a total of 22,991 dogs being exhibited that year. 22,964 dogs were exhibited in 2008, 27 short of the previous record. World Dog Show The World Dog Show is sponsored by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale for international championships in conformation and other dog sports. The location rotates between member countries. The 2008 show was held in Stockholm, Sweden; the 2009 show in Bratislava, Slovakia; and the 2010 show in Herning, Denmark. A poster for a dog show in Chicago Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show is an all-breed conformation show, historically held in the New York City area. It is one of a handful of benched shows in the United States. It is often compared to the World Dog Show; the World Dog Show is considered a bit more valuable reputation-wise. Criticism See also: Pedigree Dogs Exposed Baltic Winner dog show in Tallinn, 2009 Part of the AKC hound group at a show in Houston, Texas Some critics state that conformation shows lead to the selection of breeding dogs based solely upon appearance, which is seen by some as detrimental to working qualities and, at worst, as a promotion of eugenics. The shows have been criticized for encouraging breeding of traits that are harmful to the dogs; for example, the Pekingese dog who won at Britain's most prestigious dog show in 2003 had to be photographed while lying on an icepack after winning the show because the dog could not breathe well enough to efficiently cool his own overheated body. Breeding selective traits reduces genetic diversity, which can create some health problems in dogs. In the United States, some working dog breed organisations, such as the American Border Collie Association and the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America, have tried to fight to keep their breeds from being recognised by the AKC and some other kennel clubs, as they thought that the introduction of their breeds to the show ring would lead to decreasing numbers of working dogs with adequate qualities. In August 2008, BBC1 televised a documentary film titled Pedigree Dogs Exposed, which investigated the subject of health issues affecting pedigree dogs in the United Kingdom, with a particular emphasis on dogs bred for showing. The programme provoked criticisms of kennel clubs. Following the broadcast, the BBC withdrew its television coverage of the Crufts dog show from 2009, with other sponsors and partners also withdrawing support, including Pedigree Petfoods, the RSPCA, PDSA and the Dog's Trust. In response to the programme, the Kennel Club in the UK announced a review of all breed standards. They stated that they will impose a ban on breeding between dogs that are closely related and will impose greater monitoring to prevent unhealthy dogs from being entered. Bench show A bench show is a show which requires dogs to be on display in an assigned location (show bench) during the entirety of the show, except when being shown in the ring, groomed for showing, or taken outside to eliminate. The purpose is for spectators and breeders to have an opportunity to see all the entered dogs. In the more common unbenched shows, dogs are required to be present only at assigned ring times. In the United States, benched shows used to be the norm, but now there are only six left, including the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show, and the National Dog Show. Among field trial participants, where dogs are judged on their performance and not their looks, the term bench show refers to any conformation show. See also Championship (dog) Conformation (dog) List of dog diseases List of dog sports List of individual dogs Junior showmanship Specialty show Dog health Dog type Canine reproduction Purebred dog World's Ugliest Dog Contest References ^ "Dog show \| Description & History \| Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-01-03. Retrieved 2024-01-16. ^ "History of the Kennel Club". Kennel Club. Retrieved 2 August 2020. ^ "Regulations Part 5 Show" (PDF). Australian National Kennel Council. October 2010. Retrieved April 6, 2011. ^ "Regulations". Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Retrieved April 6, 2011. ^ "Rules, Regulations & Policies". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 20 June 2021. ^ "A Beginner's Guide to Dog Shows". American Kennel Club. Retrieved April 6, 2011. ^ American Kennel Club. "Counting Points at Dog Shows". ^ American Kennel Club. "Points Schedule". ^ New FAQ Archived April 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ Canadian Kennel Club. "Championship Points Earned at Canadian Dog Shows". Archived from the original on 2006-09-09. Retrieved 2006-09-22. ^ "Reglamento de Exposiciones – ACCC" (in Spanish). Asociación Club Canino Colombiano. March 2011. Archived from the original on 2003-08-12. Retrieved April 6, 2011. ^ "Crufts – Highest Entry For Three Years". Archived from the original on 2015-09-06. Retrieved 2014-05-04. ^ "Pooches parade for Crufts". 2008-05-03. Retrieved 2014-05-04. ^ "Championships". Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2011. ^ "World Dog Show 2010". World Dog Show 2010. Archived from the original on September 1, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2011. ^ Gingold, Alfred (8 February 2005). Dog World: And the Humans Who Live There. Harmony/Rodale. ISBN 9780767920216. ^ Westminster Eugenics Show Archived 2009-07-31 at the Wayback Machine National Review Online ^ a b Keith, Christie (2009-02-03). "Are dog shows hurting dogs?". SFGATE. Retrieved 2021-06-30. ^ "Jack Russell Terrier Club of America – JRTCA". Jack Russell Terrier Club of America. Retrieved April 6, 2011. ^ "What is a Benched Show?". westminsterkc.tripod.com. ^ Reznik, Allan (March 6, 2019). "Engaging Positively With the Public at Dog Shows". American Kennel Club. ^ "Judging". The National Dog Show. ^ "About Bench Shows – Show Format". AKC Coonhounds. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dog shows. New direction for kennel club regulations and breed standards – Canadian Veterinary Journal vteDogsTypes African village dogs Feral dogs Pye-dogs Street dogs Hairless dogs Herding dogs Collies Livestock guardian dogs Sheepdogs Hunting dogs Curs Feists Lurchers Gun dogs Pointers Retrievers Setters Spaniels Water dogs Hounds Scenthounds Bassets Coonhounds Foxhounds Sighthounds Longdogs Terriers Bull-type terriers Pinschers Schnauzers Mastiffs Bulldogs Spitz Huskies Laikas Tugous Toy dogs Bichons Turnspit dogs Breeds List of breeds List of crossbreeds Mixed-breed dogs Crossbreeds Extinct breeds Most popular Roles Assistance dogs Autism dogs Guide dogs Hearing dogs Medical response dogs Seizure dogs Mobility assistance dogs Therapy dogs Psychiatric service dogs Attack dogs Bay dogs Carriage dogs Catch dogs Companion dogs Detection dogs Fighting dogs Guard dogs Lap dogs Meat dogs Mercy dogs Pet dogs Police dogs usage by country Search and rescue dogs Sled dogs War dogs Behavior Communication Barking Howling Human–canine bond Intelligence Dog–cat relationship Human–doginteraction Animal testing Baiting Breed-specific legislation Dog bite Dog fighting Dog park Dog show Human–canine bond Dog sports Dog walking Dog daycare Dog grooming Therapy Fear of dogs Dog licence Dog meat Dog food dog biscuit 2007 recalls Dogs in religion Dogs in space Origin of the domestic dog Health Aging (List of longest-living dogs) Anatomy Breeding Coat Conformation Diseases Dog food Odor Rabies in animals Rage syndrome Reproduction Skin disorders Vaccination Training Clicker Crate training Training Housebreaking Socialization Related List of individual dogs List of fictional dogs Category Portal vteMajor dog sports Agility Carting Conformation shows Disc dog Dock jumping Earthdog trials Field trials Fighting Flyball Greyhound racing Junior Showmanship Lure coursing Musical canine freestyle Mushing Obedience Rally obedience Schutzhund Sheepdog trials Skijoring Sled dog racing Tracking Weight pulling	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dog show (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_show_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:English-Springer-Spaniel_show.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kandestack_62406.jpg"},{"link_name":"animal show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_show"},{"link_name":"breed show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed_show"},{"link_name":"judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog-show_judge"},{"link_name":"dog breed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_breed"},{"link_name":"purebred dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purebred_dog"},{"link_name":"breed type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed_type_(dog)"},{"link_name":"breed standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed_standard_(dog)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"kennel club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennel_club"},{"link_name":"selective breeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_breeding"},{"link_name":"genetic diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_diversity"},{"link_name":"Newcastle Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For other uses, see Dog show (disambiguation).Competitive exhibition of dogsHandlers set up their dogs for judging so that their stance is perfect when the judge views them; this is known as hand stacking.Dogs may also be presented standing freely, in the so-called \"self stack\" or \"free stack\".A dog show is an animal show, an event where dogs are exhibited. A conformation show, also referred to as a breed show, is a kind of dog show in which a judge, familiar with a specific dog breed, evaluates individual purebred dogs for how well the dogs conform to the established breed type for their breed, as described in a breed's individual breed standard.[1]Dog shows can be in the means of evaluating dogs for breeding purposes. A conformation championship from a recognised national kennel club is generally considered as an indication of merit. Many breeders consider championships a prerequisite for breeding. Some critics argue that the shows can encourage selective breeding of traits and lower genetic diversity.The first modern conformation dog show was held in Newcastle Town Hall in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, in June 1859.[2]","title":"Dog show"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinkdaniel200.jpg"},{"link_name":"Silky Terrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Silky_Terrier"},{"link_name":"breed type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed_type_(dog)"},{"link_name":"breed standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed_standard"},{"link_name":"Dog show judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_show_judge"},{"link_name":"group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed_group_(dog)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A handler prepares a Silky Terrier to be presented.A conformation dog show is not a comparison of one dog to another but a comparison of each dog to a judge's mental image of the ideal breed type as outlined in the individual breed's breed standard. Dog show judges attempt to identify dogs who epitomise the published standards for each breed. Some judgments must be subjective. As an example, what exactly entails a \"full coat\" or a \"cheerful attitude\", descriptions found in breed standards, can be learned different.Judges are generally certified to judge one or several breeds, usually in the same group, but a few \"all-breed\" judges can judge a large number of breeds.[citation needed]","title":"Judging"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kehleyr.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Kennel Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kennel_Club"},{"link_name":"Australian National Kennel Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_Kennel_Council"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Fédération Cynologique Internationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Cynologique_Internationale"},{"link_name":"Certificat d'Aptitude au Championnat International de Beauté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Dog_Show"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Winning dogs are awarded prizes by the judge.Dogs compete at dog shows to earn points or certification towards championship titles.The Kennel Club (UK) system, which is also used by the Australian National Kennel Council[3] and in other countries, is considered the most difficult to earn a title under.Fédération Cynologique Internationale sponsors international shows that differ from other shows in that dogs first receive individual written descriptions of positive and negative qualities from the judge, and only dogs with high ratings go on to compete against other dogs in the class. A dog must receive four international Certificat d'Aptitude au Championnat International de Beauté (CACIB) to qualify for a championship; one must be won in the dog's own country, and at least two in other countries under at least three different judges.[4]","title":"Winning"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maltese_Show_Dog_Image_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maltese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_dog"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Scruffts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scruffts"}],"text":"A Maltese in a conformation showThere are several types of show in the United Kingdom.The Kennel Club also operates a separate show open only to mixed-breeds, Scruffts, which judges its contestants on character, health, and temperament with people and other dogs.","title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rottweiler_Conformation_Showing.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rottweiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rottweiler"},{"link_name":"Reliant Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRG_Arena"},{"link_name":"American Kennel Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Kennel_Club"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Puppy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AKCPoints-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AKCPointSchedule-8"},{"link_name":"United Kennel Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kennel_Club"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Rottweiler breed competition at the Reliant Arena American Kennel Club World Series Dog Show, July 23, 2006There are seven classes per breed in American Kennel Club dog shows:[5]Puppy (sometimes divided between 6–9 months and 9–12 months)\nTwelve-To-Eighteen Months (those that fall in this age range are eligible)\nNovice (dogs over six months old are eligible as long as they have not won any points yet, have not yet won three first place prizes in this class, and have not won first prizes in the Bred-By-Exhibitor, American-bred or Open classes)\nAmateur Owner Handler (where the owner is exhibiting the dog and has not received funds for showing any other dog)\nBred-By-Exhibitor (where the person handling the dog is an owner and breeder of record.)\nAmerican-Bred (This class is reserved for dogs conceived in the U.S.)\nOpen (Any dog that is over six months old can enter into this class. Champions are not allowed in any of the other classes and are only permitted to enter this class, although in most cases they skip the class competition entirely and are entered directly in Best of Breed.)The American-Bred and Open classes are mandatory for each show, while the others are optional.[6] In some cases, one or more of these classes may be divided by color, height, weight, or coat type. A dog can earn extra points during these awards, depending on the number of dogs of its sex and the Champions that were competing against it.[7]In the American Kennel Club, a dog needs 15 points to become a Champion, with each win gaining anywhere from zero to five points depending on the number of dogs competing and the area where the show is held.[8] At least two wins must be a set of three or more points (\"majors\") under two different judges; at least one additional win under a third judge is also required.The rules for the United Kennel Club (UKC) use a different points system. A championship requires a combination of points and competition wins. Points are awarded at breed level for each win; for example, winning the class earns 10 points in non-variety breeds and 5 in variety breeds, even if there are no other dogs to beat in the class. Competition Wins are wins over at least one other dog, whether in their own breed (such as going Best Fe/male or Best of Winners) or higher level (placing above at least one other dog in the group or Best/Reserve Best in Multi-Breed show). A championship requires a total of 100 points and three competition wins.[9]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_cocker_dogshow.jpg"},{"link_name":"American Cocker Spaniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cocker_Spaniel"},{"link_name":"Canadian Kennel Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Kennel_Club"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CKCPointSchedule-10"}],"text":"An American Cocker Spaniel with its ears wrapped in preparation for a dog showCanadian Kennel Club shows are nearly identical to American Kennel Club dog shows, with the exception of a \"Canadian-Bred\" class replacing the AKC's \"American-Bred\". The main difference is the number of points required for a Championship, and the way those points are calculated.Under the Canadian Kennel Club rules, 10 points are needed for a Championship, with wins awarded by at least three different judges and at least one \"major\" win of two or more points. Once a Championship is completed, dogs may earn points toward their Grand Championship.As of January 1, 2013, to reach a Grand Championship, 20 points are needed with two \"majors\". Next is the Grand Excellent Championship which may be awarded to dogs who accumulate 100 points and have won at least one Best in the show. Region is not a factor in determining points for a win in Canada—the point schedule is the same across the country.[10]","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Fédération Cynologique Internationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Cynologique_Internationale"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In Colombia, dog shows are maintained and organised by the Association Colombian Kennel Club (Asociacion Club Canino Colombiano). Their conformation shows follow the rules of the International Federation of Kennel Clubs. (Fédération Cynologique Internationale). According to the ACCC, only purebred dogs recognised by the FCI are allowed to participate. Purebreds of Colombian origin must be registered with the ACCC, and therefore they must hold an LOC number (Number in the Colombian Book of Origins).[11]","title":"Colombia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toy_Poodle_in_Riga_2.JPG"}],"text":"Toy Poodle in Riga, 2013","title":"Notable dog shows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crufts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crufts"},{"link_name":"Guinness Book of Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_Records"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Crufts","text":"In the United Kingdom, the international championship show Crufts was first held in 1891. Since its centenary year in 1991, the show has officially been recognised as the world's largest and most prestigious dog show by the Guinness Book of Records, with a total of 22,991 dogs being exhibited that year.[12] 22,964 dogs were exhibited in 2008, 27 short of the previous record.[13]","title":"Notable dog shows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Dog Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Dog_Show"},{"link_name":"Fédération Cynologique Internationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Cynologique_Internationale"},{"link_name":"dog sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_sports"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Stockholm, Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Bratislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Herning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herning"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chicago_Kennel_Club%27s_Dog_Show,_advertising_poster,_1902.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"}],"sub_title":"World Dog Show","text":"The World Dog Show is sponsored by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale for international championships in conformation and other dog sports. The location rotates between member countries.[14] The 2008 show was held in Stockholm, Sweden; the 2009 show in Bratislava, Slovakia; and the 2010 show in Herning, Denmark.[15]A poster for a dog show in Chicago","title":"Notable dog shows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Kennel_Club_Dog_Show"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"World Dog Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Dog_Show"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show","text":"The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show is an all-breed conformation show, historically held in the New York City area. It is one of a handful of benched shows in the United States.It is often compared to the World Dog Show; the World Dog Show is considered a bit more valuable reputation-wise.[16]","title":"Notable dog shows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pedigree Dogs Exposed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedigree_Dogs_Exposed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dogshow,_Baltic_Winner_2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tallinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AKC_hounds.jpg"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"eugenics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Pekingese dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekingese"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"},{"link_name":"genetic diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_diversity"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"},{"link_name":"working dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_dog"},{"link_name":"American Border Collie Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Border_Collie_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jack Russell Terrier Club of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Russell_Terrier_Club_of_America&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"AKC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Kennel_Club"},{"link_name":"kennel clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennel_club"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"BBC1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC1"},{"link_name":"Pedigree Dogs Exposed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedigree_Dogs_Exposed"},{"link_name":"Crufts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crufts"},{"link_name":"Pedigree Petfoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedigree_Petfoods"},{"link_name":"RSPCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals"},{"link_name":"PDSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Dispensary_for_Sick_Animals"},{"link_name":"Dog's Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog%27s_Trust"},{"link_name":"closely related","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbreeding"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"See also: Pedigree Dogs ExposedBaltic Winner dog show in Tallinn, 2009Part of the AKC hound group at a show in Houston, TexasSome critics state that conformation shows lead to the selection of breeding dogs based solely upon appearance, which is seen by some as detrimental to working qualities and, at worst, as a promotion of eugenics.[17] The shows have been criticized for encouraging breeding of traits that are harmful to the dogs; for example, the Pekingese dog who won at Britain's most prestigious dog show in 2003 had to be photographed while lying on an icepack after winning the show because the dog could not breathe well enough to efficiently cool his own overheated body.[18] Breeding selective traits reduces genetic diversity, which can create some health problems in dogs.[18]In the United States, some working dog breed organisations, such as the American Border Collie Association and the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America, have tried to fight to keep their breeds from being recognised by the AKC and some other kennel clubs,[19] as they thought that the introduction of their breeds to the show ring would lead to decreasing numbers of working dogs with adequate qualities.In August 2008, BBC1 televised a documentary film titled Pedigree Dogs Exposed, which investigated the subject of health issues affecting pedigree dogs in the United Kingdom, with a particular emphasis on dogs bred for showing. The programme provoked criticisms of kennel clubs. Following the broadcast, the BBC withdrew its television coverage of the Crufts dog show from 2009, with other sponsors and partners also withdrawing support, including Pedigree Petfoods, the RSPCA, PDSA and the Dog's Trust. In response to the programme, the Kennel Club in the UK announced a review of all breed standards. They stated that they will impose a ban on breeding between dogs that are closely related and will impose greater monitoring to prevent unhealthy dogs from being entered.[citation needed]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"show bench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/show_bench"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Kennel_Club_Dog_Show"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"National Dog Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Dog_Show"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"field trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_trial"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"A bench show is a show which requires dogs to be on display in an assigned location (show bench) during the entirety of the show, except when being shown in the ring, groomed for showing, or taken outside to eliminate. The purpose is for spectators and breeders to have an opportunity to see all the entered dogs. In the more common unbenched shows, dogs are required to be present only at assigned ring times.[20]In the United States, benched shows used to be the norm, but now there are only six left, including the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show,[21] and the National Dog Show.[22]Among field trial participants, where dogs are judged on their performance and not their looks, the term bench show refers to any conformation show.[23]","title":"Bench show"}]	[{"image_text":"Handlers set up their dogs for judging so that their stance is perfect when the judge views them; this is known as hand stacking.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/English-Springer-Spaniel_show.jpg/220px-English-Springer-Spaniel_show.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dogs may also be presented standing freely, in the so-called \"self stack\" or \"free stack\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kandestack_62406.jpg/220px-Kandestack_62406.jpg"},{"image_text":"A handler prepares a Silky Terrier to be presented.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pinkdaniel200.jpg/220px-Pinkdaniel200.jpg"},{"image_text":"Winning dogs are awarded prizes by the judge.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kehleyr.jpg/200px-Kehleyr.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Maltese in a conformation show","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Maltese_Show_Dog_Image_001.jpg/192px-Maltese_Show_Dog_Image_001.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rottweiler breed competition at the Reliant Arena American Kennel Club World Series Dog Show, July 23, 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Rottweiler_Conformation_Showing.jpg/220px-Rottweiler_Conformation_Showing.jpg"},{"image_text":"An American Cocker Spaniel with its ears wrapped in preparation for a dog show","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/American_cocker_dogshow.jpg/220px-American_cocker_dogshow.jpg"},{"image_text":"Toy Poodle in Riga, 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Toy_Poodle_in_Riga_2.JPG/220px-Toy_Poodle_in_Riga_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"A poster for a dog show in Chicago","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chicago_Kennel_Club%27s_Dog_Show%2C_advertising_poster%2C_1902.jpg/220px-Chicago_Kennel_Club%27s_Dog_Show%2C_advertising_poster%2C_1902.jpg"},{"image_text":"Baltic Winner dog show in Tallinn, 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Dogshow%2C_Baltic_Winner_2009.jpg/220px-Dogshow%2C_Baltic_Winner_2009.jpg"},{"image_text":"Part of the AKC hound group at a show in Houston, Texas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/AKC_hounds.jpg/220px-AKC_hounds.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Championship (dog)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship_(dog)"},{"title":"Conformation (dog)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformation_(dog)"},{"title":"List of dog diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dog_diseases"},{"title":"List of dog sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dog_sports"},{"title":"List of individual dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_individual_dogs"},{"title":"Junior showmanship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_showmanship"},{"title":"Specialty show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialty_show"},{"title":"Dog health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_health"},{"title":"Dog type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_type"},{"title":"Canine reproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_reproduction"},{"title":"Purebred dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purebred_dog"},{"title":"World's Ugliest Dog Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Ugliest_Dog_Contest"}]	[{"reference":"\"Dog show \| Description & History \| Britannica\". www.britannica.com. 2024-01-03. Retrieved 2024-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/sports/dog-show","url_text":"\"Dog show \| Description & History \| Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Kennel Club\". Kennel Club. Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/our-resources/about-the-kennel-club/history-of-the-kennel-club/","url_text":"\"History of the Kennel Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regulations Part 5 Show\" (PDF). Australian National Kennel Council. October 2010. Retrieved April 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://ankc.org.au/media/9305/5-ankc-ltd-reg5_shows_june-18v3.pdf","url_text":"\"Regulations Part 5 Show\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regulations\". Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Retrieved April 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fci.be/reglements.aspx","url_text":"\"Regulations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rules, Regulations & Policies\". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 20 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.akc.org/rules/","url_text":"\"Rules, Regulations & Policies\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Beginner's Guide to Dog Shows\". American Kennel Club. Retrieved April 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.akc.org/events/conformation/beginners.cfm","url_text":"\"A Beginner's Guide to Dog Shows\""}]},{"reference":"American Kennel Club. \"Counting Points at Dog Shows\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.akc.org/events/conformation/counting_points.cfm","url_text":"\"Counting Points at Dog Shows\""}]},{"reference":"American Kennel Club. \"Points Schedule\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.akc.org/events/conformation/counting_points.cfm","url_text":"\"Points Schedule\""}]},{"reference":"Canadian Kennel Club. \"Championship Points Earned at Canadian Dog Shows\". Archived from the original on 2006-09-09. Retrieved 2006-09-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060909235733/http://dogbiz.com/dog-shows-can/show-win-pts-ckc.htm","url_text":"\"Championship Points Earned at Canadian Dog Shows\""},{"url":"http://www.dogbiz.com/dog-shows-can/show-win-pts-ckc.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Reglamento de Exposiciones – ACCC\" [Show Regulations – ACCC] (in Spanish). Asociación Club Canino Colombiano. March 2011. Archived from the original on 2003-08-12. Retrieved April 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030812035552/http://www.accc.com.co/regexposiciones.asp","url_text":"\"Reglamento de Exposiciones – ACCC\""},{"url":"http://www.accc.com.co/regexposiciones.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Crufts – Highest Entry For Three Years\". Archived from the original on 2015-09-06. Retrieved 2014-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150906162805/http://www.bestinshowdaily.com/blog/crufts-highest-entry-for-three-years/","url_text":"\"Crufts – Highest Entry For Three Years\""},{"url":"http://www.bestinshowdaily.com/blog/crufts-highest-entry-for-three-years/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pooches parade for Crufts\". 2008-05-03. Retrieved 2014-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expressandstar.com/news/2008/03/05/pooches-parade-for-crufts/","url_text":"\"Pooches parade for Crufts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Championships\". Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720082526/http://www.fci.be/championships.aspx","url_text":"\"Championships\""},{"url":"http://www.fci.be/championships.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World Dog Show 2010\". World Dog Show 2010. Archived from the original on September 1, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110901231215/http://www.worlddogshow2010.dk/?GB.aspx","url_text":"\"World Dog Show 2010\""},{"url":"http://www.worlddogshow2010.dk/?GB.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gingold, Alfred (8 February 2005). Dog World: And the Humans Who Live There. Harmony/Rodale. ISBN 9780767920216.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ILHu81VHrGcC&pg=PA162","url_text":"Dog World: And the Humans Who Live There"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780767920216","url_text":"9780767920216"}]},{"reference":"Keith, Christie (2009-02-03). \"Are dog shows hurting dogs?\". SFGATE. Retrieved 2021-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/pets/yourwholepet/article/Are-dog-shows-hurting-dogs-2481938.php","url_text":"\"Are dog shows hurting dogs?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jack Russell Terrier Club of America – JRTCA\". Jack Russell Terrier Club of America. Retrieved April 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.terrier.com/jrtca/noakc.php4","url_text":"\"Jack Russell Terrier Club of America – JRTCA\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is a Benched Show?\". westminsterkc.tripod.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://westminsterkc.tripod.com/benched.html","url_text":"\"What is a Benched Show?\""}]},{"reference":"Reznik, Allan (March 6, 2019). \"Engaging Positively With the Public at Dog Shows\". American Kennel Club.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/sports/allan-unleashed-engaging-positively-public/","url_text":"\"Engaging Positively With the Public at Dog Shows\""}]},{"reference":"\"Judging\". The National Dog Show.","urls":[{"url":"https://nds.nationaldogshow.com/event-info/judging/","url_text":"\"Judging\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Bench Shows – Show Format\". AKC Coonhounds.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.akccoonhounds.org/akc-events/bench-show-format/","url_text":"\"About Bench Shows – Show Format\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dog+show%22","external_links_name":"\"Dog show\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dog+show%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dog+show%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dog+show%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dog+show%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dog+show%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/sports/dog-show","external_links_name":"\"Dog show \| Description & History \| Britannica\""},{"Link":"https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/our-resources/about-the-kennel-club/history-of-the-kennel-club/","external_links_name":"\"History of the Kennel Club\""},{"Link":"http://ankc.org.au/media/9305/5-ankc-ltd-reg5_shows_june-18v3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Regulations Part 5 Show\""},{"Link":"http://www.fci.be/reglements.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Regulations\""},{"Link":"https://www.akc.org/rules/","external_links_name":"\"Rules, Regulations & Policies\""},{"Link":"http://www.akc.org/events/conformation/beginners.cfm","external_links_name":"\"A Beginner's Guide to Dog Shows\""},{"Link":"http://www.akc.org/events/conformation/counting_points.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Counting Points at Dog Shows\""},{"Link":"http://www.akc.org/events/conformation/counting_points.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Points Schedule\""},{"Link":"http://mail.ukcdogs.com/UKCweb.nsf/9256478a18e74b25852570ce006f68a4/bfd1cebf8b3dd945852570ce006cfecb?OpenDocument","external_links_name":"New FAQ"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080420075749/http://mail.ukcdogs.com/UKCweb.nsf/9256478a18e74b25852570ce006f68a4/bfd1cebf8b3dd945852570ce006cfecb?OpenDocument","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060909235733/http://dogbiz.com/dog-shows-can/show-win-pts-ckc.htm","external_links_name":"\"Championship Points Earned at Canadian Dog Shows\""},{"Link":"http://www.dogbiz.com/dog-shows-can/show-win-pts-ckc.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030812035552/http://www.accc.com.co/regexposiciones.asp","external_links_name":"\"Reglamento de Exposiciones – ACCC\""},{"Link":"http://www.accc.com.co/regexposiciones.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150906162805/http://www.bestinshowdaily.com/blog/crufts-highest-entry-for-three-years/","external_links_name":"\"Crufts – Highest Entry For Three Years\""},{"Link":"http://www.bestinshowdaily.com/blog/crufts-highest-entry-for-three-years/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.expressandstar.com/news/2008/03/05/pooches-parade-for-crufts/","external_links_name":"\"Pooches parade for Crufts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720082526/http://www.fci.be/championships.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Championships\""},{"Link":"http://www.fci.be/championships.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110901231215/http://www.worlddogshow2010.dk/?GB.aspx","external_links_name":"\"World Dog Show 2010\""},{"Link":"http://www.worlddogshow2010.dk/?GB.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ILHu81VHrGcC&pg=PA162","external_links_name":"Dog World: And the Humans Who Live There"},{"Link":"http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=OTYyM2Y4YzEyNDJmYWIzNjNmYjE0M2NlY2MzYzlkMDA=","external_links_name":"Westminster Eugenics Show"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090731140116/http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=OTYyM2Y4YzEyNDJmYWIzNjNmYjE0M2NlY2MzYzlkMDA=","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.sfgate.com/pets/yourwholepet/article/Are-dog-shows-hurting-dogs-2481938.php","external_links_name":"\"Are dog shows hurting dogs?\""},{"Link":"http://www.terrier.com/jrtca/noakc.php4","external_links_name":"\"Jack Russell Terrier Club of America – JRTCA\""},{"Link":"http://westminsterkc.tripod.com/benched.html","external_links_name":"\"What is a Benched Show?\""},{"Link":"https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/sports/allan-unleashed-engaging-positively-public/","external_links_name":"\"Engaging Positively With the Public at Dog Shows\""},{"Link":"https://nds.nationaldogshow.com/event-info/judging/","external_links_name":"\"Judging\""},{"Link":"http://www.akccoonhounds.org/akc-events/bench-show-format/","external_links_name":"\"About Bench Shows – Show Format\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1950109/","external_links_name":"New direction for kennel club regulations and breed standards"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin_Botanic_Gardens	Dunedin Botanic Garden	["1 The garden","1.1 Lower Gardens","1.2 Upper Gardens","2 History","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 45°51′27″S 170°31′21″E / 45.85750°S 170.52250°E / -45.85750; 170.52250Botanical garden Dunedin Botanic GardenThe lower gardens in 2008TypeBotanical gardenLocationDunedin, New ZealandCoordinates45°51′27″S 170°31′21″E / 45.85750°S 170.52250°E / -45.85750; 170.52250Created1863Operated byDunedin City CouncilStatusOpen all year The Dunedin Botanic Garden (known in local slang as the "Botans", "Botang", Botanic or Botanical Gardens) is located at the northern end of central Dunedin, in the South Island of New Zealand. The garden is close to the University of Otago and one of the city's most historic cemeteries, the Northern Cemetery, on a spur of Signal Hill and on the river plain immediately below it. The location of the gardens makes them popular with university students, as they lie between the university and the mouth of North East Valley, which houses a substantial proportion of the city's tertiary students. The gardens are also easily accessible by road from the city centre, being located close to the northern end of the city's main business street, George Street, and at the northern end of the city's one-way street system, part of State Highway 1. A small suburban shopping centre lies close to the garden's northern entrance at an intersection known as The Gardens Corner. The garden The two parts of the Dunedin Botanic Garden are known simply as the upper gardens and the lower gardens. The lower gardens are at an altitude of some 25 metres; the upper gardens rise up the hill-spur to a height of 85 metres. Lower Gardens The lower gardens' features include the Winter Garden, a heated Edwardian glass house, rose and herb gardens, a duck pond, children's playground, sound shell, and Japanese garden, the latter commemorating links with Dunedin's Japanese sister city, Otaru. A small tributary of the Leith, the Lindsay Creek, flows through the lower gardens. A cafe and visitors' centre are located to the west of this creek, next to the large duck pond and tropical glass house. The lower gardens are also noted for their sculptures and statues, among them an ornate fountain, a gift of Wolf Harris, and a pair of statues by Cecil Thomas depicting Peter Pan and the Darling children from the novel Peter Pan. A near replica of the Peter Pan sculpture can be found close to Rotokawau Virginia Lake in Whanganui. A more modern sculpture, in the form of pillars representing fern shoots in stylised Māori koru, decorates the northern entrance to the gardens. Two places within the lower gardens are listed as Category II Historic Places by Heritage New Zealand: the Wolf Harris fountain (listed in 1982), and the sound shell (listed in 1986). Upper Gardens The upper gardens are split by a winding public road, Lovelock Avenue (named for former Dunedin resident, Olympic gold medallist Jack Lovelock). Along each side of this road are bush walks. The upper garden features a geographic plant collection, a small aviary, native plant collection and an extensive rhododendron dell. Also a geological walking trail shows the Dunedin Volcano's different eruptive phases in the upper gardens and along the Water of Leith. History Inside the glasshouse, 1926 The Dunedin Botanic Garden is the oldest botanical garden in New Zealand, and was established in 1863 on a site surrounding the Water of Leith now occupied by the University of Otago. After extensive flooding in 1868, the gardens were moved to their current site in 1869. The name of the former site is still recorded in corrupted form in the now little-used name of Tanna or Tani (i.e., Botanic) Hill for the small but steep rise located close to the university's registry building). The garden was extensively enlarged during the early years of the 20th century under the stewardship of David Tannock. The garden forms part of Dunedin's Town Belt, a green belt surrounding the inner city, and covers a total of 28 ha (69 acres). In July 2010, the Dunedin Botanic Garden was awarded a rank of "Garden of International Significance" by the New Zealand Gardens Trust, becoming one of only six gardens nationwide to be awarded this honour. The only other garden in the South Island with this ranking is also in Dunedin, at Larnach Castle. Gallery The gardens in the 1920s The upper gardens in 2005 Cecil Thomas's Peter Pan statue, one of a pair of statues based on J.M. Barrie's novel, added to the garden in 1965 The Wolf Harris Fountain was erected in 1890, and is listed as a Category II Historic Place The sound shell, built in 1914, is also a Category II Historic Place See also Christchurch Botanic Gardens Glenfalloch Gardens (Dunedin) Larnach Castle and gardens (Dunedin) Queenstown Gardens References ^ "Fountain (Wolf Harris)". Heritage New Zealand. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019. ^ "Sound Shell". Heritage New Zealand. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019. ^ "A city born of fire and rock". Otago Daily Times Online News. 2018-11-19. Archived from the original on 2019-01-10. Retrieved 2019-01-10. ^ Dann, C. and Peat, N. (1989) Dunedin, North and South Otago. Wellington: GP Books. ^ Herd, J. and Griffiths, G.J. (1980) Discovering Dunedin. Dunedin: John McIndoe. ^ "About the Dunedin Botanic Garden Archived 2014-12-20 at the Wayback Machine, Dunedin Botanic Garden website. ^ David Loughrey (15 July 2010) Botanic Garden earns quite a laurel.,Otago Daily Times, p. 5. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dunedin Botanic Garden. Official website Authority control databases International ISNI Geographic BGCI garden Other Te Papa (New Zealand)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dunedin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin"},{"link_name":"South Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"University of Otago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Otago"},{"link_name":"Northern Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cemetery,_Dunedin"},{"link_name":"Signal Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_Hill,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"North East Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_Valley"},{"link_name":"George Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Street,_Dunedin"},{"link_name":"State Highway 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_1"},{"link_name":"The Gardens Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gardens_Corner"}],"text":"Botanical gardenThe Dunedin Botanic Garden (known in local slang as the \"Botans\", \"Botang\", Botanic or Botanical Gardens) is located at the northern end of central Dunedin, in the South Island of New Zealand. The garden is close to the University of Otago and one of the city's most historic cemeteries, the Northern Cemetery, on a spur of Signal Hill and on the river plain immediately below it.The location of the gardens makes them popular with university students[citation needed], as they lie between the university and the mouth of North East Valley, which houses a substantial proportion of the city's tertiary students. The gardens are also easily accessible by road from the city centre, being located close to the northern end of the city's main business street, George Street, and at the northern end of the city's one-way street system, part of State Highway 1. A small suburban shopping centre lies close to the garden's northern entrance at an intersection known as The Gardens Corner.","title":"Dunedin Botanic Garden"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The two parts of the Dunedin Botanic Garden are known simply as the upper gardens and the lower gardens. The lower gardens are at an altitude of some 25 metres; the upper gardens rise up the hill-spur to a height of 85 metres.","title":"The garden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sister city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city"},{"link_name":"Otaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaru"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Creek"},{"link_name":"Cecil Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Thomas_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan"},{"link_name":"Rotokawau Virginia Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotokawau_Virginia_Lake"},{"link_name":"Whanganui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whanganui"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_art"},{"link_name":"koru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koru"},{"link_name":"Category II Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_New_Zealand#The_List"},{"link_name":"Heritage New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heritage1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heritage2-2"}],"sub_title":"Lower Gardens","text":"The lower gardens' features include the Winter Garden, a heated Edwardian glass house, rose and herb gardens, a duck pond, children's playground, sound shell, and Japanese garden, the latter commemorating links with Dunedin's Japanese sister city, Otaru. A small tributary of the Leith, the Lindsay Creek, flows through the lower gardens. A cafe and visitors' centre are located to the west of this creek, next to the large duck pond and tropical glass house.The lower gardens are also noted for their sculptures and statues, among them an ornate fountain, a gift of Wolf Harris, and a pair of statues by Cecil Thomas depicting Peter Pan and the Darling children from the novel Peter Pan. A near replica of the Peter Pan sculpture can be found close to Rotokawau Virginia Lake in Whanganui. A more modern sculpture, in the form of pillars representing fern shoots in stylised Māori koru, decorates the northern entrance to the gardens.Two places within the lower gardens are listed as Category II Historic Places by Heritage New Zealand: the Wolf Harris fountain (listed in 1982),[1] and the sound shell (listed in 1986).[2]","title":"The garden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Jack Lovelock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lovelock"},{"link_name":"bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_bush#New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"aviary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviary"},{"link_name":"rhododendron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendron"},{"link_name":"geological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Dunedin Volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin_Volcano"},{"link_name":"eruptive phases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Upper Gardens","text":"The upper gardens are split by a winding public road, Lovelock Avenue (named for former Dunedin resident, Olympic gold medallist Jack Lovelock). Along each side of this road are bush walks. The upper garden features a geographic plant collection, a small aviary, native plant collection and an extensive rhododendron dell. Also a geological walking trail shows the Dunedin Volcano's different eruptive phases in the upper gardens and along the Water of Leith.[3]","title":"The garden"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glasshouse_fernery_at_Dunedin_Botanic_Garden_ATLIB_313968.png"},{"link_name":"Water of Leith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_of_Leith,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"University of Otago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Otago"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"registry building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Otago_Registry_Building"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Town Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin_Town_Belt"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Gardens Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Gardens_Trust"},{"link_name":"Larnach Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larnach_Castle"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Inside the glasshouse, 1926The Dunedin Botanic Garden is the oldest botanical garden in New Zealand, and was established in 1863 on a site surrounding the Water of Leith now occupied by the University of Otago. After extensive flooding in 1868, the gardens were moved to their current site in 1869.[4] The name of the former site is still recorded in corrupted form in the now little-used name of Tanna or Tani (i.e., Botanic) Hill for the small but steep rise located close to the university's registry building).The garden was extensively enlarged during the early years of the 20th century under the stewardship of David Tannock.[5] The garden forms part of Dunedin's Town Belt, a green belt surrounding the inner city, and covers a total of 28 ha (69 acres).[6]In July 2010, the Dunedin Botanic Garden was awarded a rank of \"Garden of International Significance\" by the New Zealand Gardens Trust, becoming one of only six gardens nationwide to be awarded this honour. The only other garden in the South Island with this ranking is also in Dunedin, at Larnach Castle.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Botanical_Gardens,_Dunedin_ATLIB_291949.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dunedin_Botanic_Garden_05.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_Peter_Pan_and_Tinkerbell_in_Dunedin_Botanic_Gardens,_Dunedin,_New_Zealand.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wolf_Harris_Fountain,_Dunedin,_NZ.jpg"},{"link_name":"Category II Historic Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_New_Zealand#The_List"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dunedin_Botanic_Garden_bandstand.jpg"}],"text":"The gardens in the 1920s\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe upper gardens in 2005\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCecil Thomas's Peter Pan statue, one of a pair of statues based on J.M. Barrie's novel, added to the garden in 1965\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Wolf Harris Fountain was erected in 1890, and is listed as a Category II Historic Place\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe sound shell, built in 1914, is also a Category II Historic Place","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"Inside the glasshouse, 1926","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Glasshouse_fernery_at_Dunedin_Botanic_Garden_ATLIB_313968.png/220px-Glasshouse_fernery_at_Dunedin_Botanic_Garden_ATLIB_313968.png"}]	[{"title":"Christchurch Botanic Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Botanic_Gardens"},{"title":"Glenfalloch Gardens (Dunedin)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenfalloch_Gardens"},{"title":"Larnach Castle and gardens (Dunedin)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larnach_Castle"},{"title":"Queenstown Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenstown_Gardens"}]	[{"reference":"\"Fountain (Wolf Harris)\". Heritage New Zealand. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heritage.org.nz/the-list/details/2156","url_text":"\"Fountain (Wolf Harris)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_New_Zealand","url_text":"Heritage New Zealand"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191221045802/https://www.heritage.org.nz/the-list/details/2156","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sound Shell\". Heritage New Zealand. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heritage.org.nz/the-list/details/3172","url_text":"\"Sound Shell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_New_Zealand","url_text":"Heritage New Zealand"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191221053226/https://www.heritage.org.nz/the-list/details/3172","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A city born of fire and rock\". Otago Daily Times Online News. 2018-11-19. Archived from the original on 2019-01-10. Retrieved 2019-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.odt.co.nz/lifestyle/magazine/city-born-fire-and-rock","url_text":"\"A city born of fire and rock\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190110234942/https://www.odt.co.nz/lifestyle/magazine/city-born-fire-and-rock","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dunedin_Botanic_Garden&params=45_51_27_S_170_31_21_E_type:landmark_region:NZ","external_links_name":"45°51′27″S 170°31′21″E / 45.85750°S 170.52250°E / -45.85750; 170.52250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dunedin_Botanic_Garden&params=45_51_27_S_170_31_21_E_type:landmark_region:NZ","external_links_name":"45°51′27″S 170°31′21″E / 45.85750°S 170.52250°E / -45.85750; 170.52250"},{"Link":"https://www.heritage.org.nz/the-list/details/2156","external_links_name":"\"Fountain (Wolf Harris)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191221045802/https://www.heritage.org.nz/the-list/details/2156","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.heritage.org.nz/the-list/details/3172","external_links_name":"\"Sound Shell\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191221053226/https://www.heritage.org.nz/the-list/details/3172","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.odt.co.nz/lifestyle/magazine/city-born-fire-and-rock","external_links_name":"\"A city born of fire and rock\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190110234942/https://www.odt.co.nz/lifestyle/magazine/city-born-fire-and-rock","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.dunedinbotanicgarden.co.nz/about","external_links_name":"About the Dunedin Botanic Garden"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141220231207/http://www.dunedinbotanicgarden.co.nz/about","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.dunedinbotanicgarden.co.nz/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000404740436","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://www.bgci.org/garden.php?id=74","external_links_name":"BGCI garden"},{"Link":"https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/40688","external_links_name":"Te Papa (New Zealand)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performances_(Selena_video)	Performances (Selena video)	["1 Track listing","1.1 DVD chapters","2 Release history","3 Background","4 References"]	2010 video by SelenaPerformancesThe cover for the Performances DVD.Video by SelenaReleasedNovember 23, 2010Recorded1993–1994GenreTejano pop, R&B, Latin popLength100 minutes LanguageSpanish, EnglishLabelEMI/EMI LatinSelena DVD chronology Through The Years DVD(2007) Performances(2010) Performances Live(2011) Performances is a live DVD that features previously unreleased footages of Selena during the Johnny Canales Show, a live coverage music television show, from the periods of 1993 to 1994. Track listing The DVD comes in with two different styles, one being made of super jewel and another made of Amaray. The two contain the same track listings and features. The DVD movie features half of the movie of live performances while the other half includes a Selena special which is presented by Johnny Canales. DVD chapters "Intro" "Como La Flor" "Band Relationships" "Las Cadenas" "Loss of Selena" "Missing My Baby" "Selena Interview 1" "¿Qué Creias?" "Opening Doors" "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" "Selena Interview 2" "No Me Queda Mas" "Favorite Song" "Amor Prohibido" "Memorable Show" "Si Una Vez" "Selena Interview 3" "El Chico Del Apartamento 512" "Why People Love Selena" Release history Country Date Format Label Rating Catalogue United States November 23, 2010 Amaray EMI Records/EMI Latin NR B00475XUEW Super Jewel B004763SMU Canada DVD compact Japan EMI Music Japan B00005YWZN Background Selena Performances was originally named Johnny Canales presenta... Selena (English: Johnny Canales presents... Selena) and was going to be released during the fall of 2008. Due to new management for EMI Latin Records the DVD was postponed. The DVD was originally planned to be a DVD of various performances of Selena during the Johnny Canales Show from 1990 to 1994 but the record company compiled for a DVD that included both various live performances and a special that would talk about Selena's legacy currently. The promotional poster, talks about an upcoming Television film based on Selena's death, similar to the Famous Crime Scene: Selena that aired on VH1. The television film will be produced by The Walt Disney Company set to be released in 2011. The upcoming Selena United States Stamp Collection and the upcoming Selena museum tour is also talked about on the promotional poster. References ^ a b c d "Performances". Amazon.com. 2010-10-14. Retrieved 15 October 2010. ^ "Performances release in the United States". Amazon.com. Retrieved 18 December 2010. ^ "Performances now available in stores". Amazon.co.ca. Retrieved 18 December 2010. ^ パフォーマンス (in Japanese). Amazon.co.jp. Retrieved 18 December 2010. vteSelena Albums discography Singles discography Songs Videography Awards Studio albums Selena Ven Conmigo Entre a Mi Mundo Amor Prohibido Dreaming of You Soundtrack albums Selena: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Selena: The Series Soundtrack Live albums Selena Live! Live! The Last Concert Unforgettable: The Live Album Selena ¡Vive! Remix albums Siempre Selena Anthology Enamorada de Ti Moonchild Mixes Compilation albums 16 Super Exitos Originales Mis Mejores Canciones – 17 Super Éxitos 12 Super Éxitos Las Reinas del Pueblo Éxitos y Recuerdos All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos All My Hits: Todos Mis Éxitos Vol. 2 Ones Greatest Hits Momentos Intimos Unforgettable Dos Historias Through the Years / A Traves de los Años La Leyenda Lo Mejor de Selena Video albums Selena Remembered Live! The Last Concert Performances Family Abraham Quintanilla (father) A.B. Quintanilla (brother) Chris Pérez (husband) Related articles Selena y Los Dinos Fiesta de la Flor Mirador de la Flor To Selena, with Love Q-Productions Selena Etc. Selena Forever Selena ¡VIVE! Selenidad Murder of Selena El secreto de Selena Yolanda Saldívar Trial of Yolanda Saldívar Selena Selena: The Series Corpus: A Home Movie About Selena Ricky Vela Pete Astudillo Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"footages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footage"},{"link_name":"Selena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena"},{"link_name":"Johnny Canales Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Canales"},{"link_name":"music television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_television"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM-1"}],"text":"Performances is a live DVD that features previously unreleased footages of Selena during the Johnny Canales Show, a live coverage music television show, from the periods of 1993 to 1994.[1]","title":"Performances (Selena video)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"super jewel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_packaging"},{"link_name":"Amaray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_packaging"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM-1"},{"link_name":"Johnny Canales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Canales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM-1"}],"text":"The DVD comes in with two different styles, one being made of super jewel and another made of Amaray.[1] The two contain the same track listings and features. The DVD movie features half of the movie of live performances while the other half includes a Selena special which is presented by Johnny Canales.[1]","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Como La Flor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Como_La_Flor_(song)"},{"link_name":"¿Qué Creias?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%BFQu%C3%A9_Creias%3F"},{"link_name":"Bidi Bidi Bom Bom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidi_Bidi_Bom_Bom"},{"link_name":"No Me Queda Mas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Me_Queda_Mas"},{"link_name":"Amor Prohibido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor_Prohibido_(song)"},{"link_name":"Si Una Vez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_Una_Vez"},{"link_name":"El Chico Del Apartamento 512","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Chico_Del_Apartamento_512"}],"sub_title":"DVD chapters","text":"\"Intro\"\n\"Como La Flor\"\n\"Band Relationships\"\n\"Las Cadenas\"\n\"Loss of Selena\"\n\"Missing My Baby\"\n\"Selena Interview 1\"\n\"¿Qué Creias?\"\n\"Opening Doors\"\n\"Bidi Bidi Bom Bom\"\n\"Selena Interview 2\"\n\"No Me Queda Mas\"\n\"Favorite Song\"\n\"Amor Prohibido\"\n\"Memorable Show\"\n\"Si Una Vez\"\n\"Selena Interview 3\"\n\"El Chico Del Apartamento 512\"\n\"Why People Love Selena\"","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EMI Latin Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI_Latin"},{"link_name":"Television film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_film"},{"link_name":"Famous Crime Scene: Selena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famous_Crime_Scene"},{"link_name":"VH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"The Walt Disney Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"United States Stamp Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM-1"}],"text":"Selena Performances was originally named Johnny Canales presenta... Selena (English: Johnny Canales presents... Selena) and was going to be released during the fall of 2008. Due to new management for EMI Latin Records the DVD was postponed. The DVD was originally planned to be a DVD of various performances of Selena during the Johnny Canales Show from 1990 to 1994 but the record company compiled for a DVD that included both various live performances and a special that would talk about Selena's legacy currently. The promotional poster, talks about an upcoming Television film based on Selena's death, similar to the Famous Crime Scene: Selena that aired on VH1. The television film will be produced by The Walt Disney Company set to be released in 2011.[needs update] The upcoming Selena United States Stamp Collection and the upcoming Selena museum tour is also talked about on the promotional poster.[1]","title":"Background"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Performances\". Amazon.com. 2010-10-14. Retrieved 15 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00471JSTM","url_text":"\"Performances\""}]},{"reference":"\"Performances release in the United States\". Amazon.com. Retrieved 18 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B004763SMU","url_text":"\"Performances release in the United States\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com","url_text":"Amazon.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Performances now available in stores\". Amazon.co.ca. Retrieved 18 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B004763SMU","url_text":"\"Performances now available in stores\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com","url_text":"Amazon.co.ca"}]},{"reference":"パフォーマンス (in Japanese). Amazon.co.jp. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Special_Envoy_for_Post-Holocaust_Issues	United Kingdom Special Envoy for Post-Holocaust Issues	["1 List of special envoys","2 References"]	The United Kingdom Special Envoy for Post-Holocaust Issues is responsible for developing and implementing UK Government policy with respect to encouraging the restitution of Holocaust-era assets, including art and immovable property; ensuring the accessibility and preservation of the Bad Arolsen archival record of the Nazi era and its aftermath, and promoting Holocaust education, remembrance and research. Robert Andrew Burns served as the first envoy from 2010 to 2015. He was succeeded by Eric Pickles, who was appointed in 2015. List of special envoys Special Envoys Term of office Length of Term Prime Minister Sir Robert Andrew Burns June 2010 10 September 2015 5 years, 3 months weeks David Cameron Eric PicklesBaron Pickles 10 September 2015 Incumbent 8 years, 9 months Theresa May Boris Johnson Liz Truss Rishi Sunak References ^ "United Kingdom Envoy for Post-Holocaust Issues - a Freedom of Information request to Foreign and Commonwealth Office". WhatDoTheyKnow. 15 June 2010. ^ "The Rt Hon Lord Pickles". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2 April 2021. This article related to government in the United Kingdom or its constituent countries is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Andrew Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Andrew_Burns"},{"link_name":"Eric Pickles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Pickles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Robert Andrew Burns served as the first envoy from 2010 to 2015. He was succeeded by Eric Pickles, who was appointed in 2015.[2]","title":"United Kingdom Special Envoy for Post-Holocaust Issues"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of special envoys"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"United Kingdom Envoy for Post-Holocaust Issues - a Freedom of Information request to Foreign and Commonwealth Office\". WhatDoTheyKnow. 15 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/united_kingdom_envoy_for_post_ho","url_text":"\"United Kingdom Envoy for Post-Holocaust Issues - a Freedom of Information request to Foreign and Commonwealth Office\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Rt Hon Lord Pickles\". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/people/eric-pickles","url_text":"\"The Rt Hon Lord Pickles\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/united_kingdom_envoy_for_post_ho","external_links_name":"\"United Kingdom Envoy for Post-Holocaust Issues - a Freedom of Information request to Foreign and Commonwealth Office\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/people/eric-pickles","external_links_name":"\"The Rt Hon Lord Pickles\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_Special_Envoy_for_Post-Holocaust_Issues&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Maley	Tom Maley	["1 References"]	Scottish footballer and manager For the English sculptor, see Tom Maley (sculptor). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tom Maley" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Thomas Edward Maley (8 November 1864 – 24 August 1935) was a Scottish football player and manager. Born in Portsmouth to a soldier from County Clare, Maley spent his entire playing career in Scotland, with Partick Thistle, Dundee Harp, Hibernian, Third Lanark and Celtic (playing on the losing side in the 1889 Scottish Cup Final). An amateur during his playing days, he worked as a school teacher and later governor. He left this role in 1902 to become manager of Manchester City, helping them to their first major honour, the 1903–04 FA Cup. He was involved in the 1905 English football bribery scandal which resulted in him being banned from football. After leaving City in 1906 he became manager of Bradford Park Avenue then later assisted Southport. Two of Maley's brothers also found fame in the footballing world. Alex Maley was a manager with Clyde, Clydebank, Hibernian and Crystal Palace while Willie Maley was a Scottish international and later manager of Celtic between 1897 and 1940. It was on a visit to the family home in Cathcart in December 1887 to invite Tom Maley to join Celtic that Brother Walfrid and the rest of the Celtic deputation first met Willie Maley (Tom was out courting his wife-to-be), and their casual invitation to Willie to also come along was perhaps the most important in Celtic's history. Maley died in 1935 and was buried at Kentigern RC cemetery in Glasgow. References ^ (Hibernian player) Maley, Tom, FitbaStats ^ (Celtic player) Maley, Tom, FitbaStats ^ John Litster (October 2012). "A Record of pre-war Scottish League Players". Scottish Football Historian magazine. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) vteFA Cup winning managers 1872: Alcock 1873: Alcock 1874: Unknown 1875: Unknown 1876: Kenrick 1877: Kenrick 1878: Kenrick 1879: Unknown 1880: Unknown 1881: Unknown 1882: Unknown 1883: Hunter 1884: Fielding 1885: Fielding 1886: Fielding 1887: Ramsay 1888: Ford 1889: Sudell 1890: Mitchell 1891: Mitchell 1892: Ford 1893: Addenbrooke 1894: Harris 1895: Ramsay 1896: Dickinson 1897: Ramsay 1898: Hallam 1899: J. Nicholson 1900: Hamer 1901: Cameron 1902: J. Nicholson 1903: Hamer 1904: Maley 1905: Ramsay 1906: Cuff 1907: Dickinson 1908: Addenbrooke 1909: Mangnall 1910: Watt 1911: O'Rourke 1912: Fairclough 1913: Ramsay 1914: Haworth 1915: J. Nicholson 1920: Ramsay 1921: McWilliam 1922: Chapman 1923: Foweraker 1924: Watt 1925: J. Nicholson 1926: Foweraker 1927: Stewart 1928: Crompton 1929: Foweraker 1930: Chapman 1931: Everiss 1932: Cunningham 1933: McIntosh 1934: Wild 1935: Walker 1936: Allison 1937: Cochrane 1938: Taylor 1939: Tinn 1946: McMillan 1947: Seed 1948: Busby 1949: Cullis 1950: Whittaker 1951: Seymour 1952: Seymour 1953: Smith 1954: Buckingham 1955: Livingstone 1956: McDowall 1957: Houghton 1958: Ridding 1959: Walker 1960: Cullis 1961: B. Nicholson 1962: B. Nicholson 1963: Busby 1964: Greenwood 1965: Shankly 1966: Catterick 1967: B. Nicholson 1968: Ashman 1969: Mercer 1970: Sexton 1971: Mee 1972: Revie 1973: Stokoe 1974: Shankly 1975: Lyall 1976: McMenemy 1977: Docherty 1978: Robson 1979: Neill 1980: Lyall 1981: Burkinshaw 1982: Burkinshaw 1983: Atkinson 1984: Kendall 1985: Atkinson 1986: Dalglish 1987: Sillett 1988: Gould 1989: Dalglish 1990: Ferguson 1991: Venables 1992: Souness 1993: Graham 1994: Ferguson 1995: Royle 1996: Ferguson 1997: Gullit 1998: Wenger 1999: Ferguson 2000: Vialli 2001: Houllier 2002: Wenger 2003: Wenger 2004: Ferguson 2005: Wenger 2006: Benítez 2007: Mourinho 2008: Redknapp 2009: Hiddink 2010: Ancelotti 2011: Mancini 2012: Di Matteo 2013: Martínez 2014: Wenger 2015: Wenger 2016: Van Gaal 2017: Wenger 2018: Conte 2019: Guardiola 2020: Arteta 2021: Rodgers 2022: Klopp 2023: Guardiola 2024: Ten Hag vteManchester City F.C. – managers Hopkinson (1880–82) Kitchen (1884–87) Chew (1887–89) Furniss (1889–93) Parlby (1893–95) Ormerod (1895–1902) Maley (1902–06) Newbould (1906–12) Committee (1912) Mangnall (1912–24) Ashworth (1924–25) Committee (overseen by Albert Alexander Sr.) (1925–26) Hodge (1926–32) Wild (1932–46) Cowan (1946–47) Wildc (1947) Thomson (1947–50) McDowall (1950–63) Poyser (1963–65) Committee (1965) Mercer (1965–71) Allison (1971–73) Hart (1973) Bookc (1973) Saunders (1973–74) Book (1974–79) Allison (1979–80) Bookc (1980) Bond (1980–83) Benson (1983) McNeill (1983–86) Frizzell (1986–87) Machin (1987–89) Bookc (1989) Kendall (1989–90) Reid (1990–93) Bookc (1993) Horton (1993–95) Hartfordc (1996) Ball (1995–96) Coppell (1996) Nealc (1996) Clark (1996–98) Royle (1998–2001) Keegan (2001–05) Pearce (2005–07) Eriksson (2007–08) Hughes (2008–09) Mancini (2009–13) Kiddc (2013) Pellegrini (2013–16) Guardiola (2016–) (c) = caretaker manager vteBradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. – managers Halliday (1907–08) Maley (1911–24) O'Rourke (1924–25) Ingram (1925–34) Hardy (1934–36) Steele (1936–43) Buckingham (1951–53) Kirkman (1953–54) Breedon (1955) Corkhill (1956) Scoular (1960–64) McCalman (1968) Brown (1968–69) McCalman (1969–70) Leighton (1970–73) Mackay (1989–93) Rayner (1993–97) Storton (1997–2004) Shutt (2004–05) Brook (2005–06) Sharpe (2006–07) Phillips (2007–08) Cameron (2008) Marsh and Stokes (2008) Deacey (2008–09) Sinnott (2009) Deacey (2009–10) Collins (2010) Deacey (2010–15) Drury (2015–16) Edmondson (2016) Meechan (2016) Bower (2016–19) Thompson (2019) Bower (2019–23) Whitaker (2023–) vteSouthport F.C. – managers Clayton (1921–25) Maley (1925) Parker (1925–29) Commins (1928–30) Pelham (1930–33) Commins (1933–36) Hunt (1936–58) Hitchen (1958–59) Fielding (1959–60) Newcomb (1960–64) Hunt (1964) Cunningham (1964–65) Bingham (1965–68) McEvoy (1968–70) Peat (1970) Parker (1970–71) Meadows (1971–73) Ball (1973–75) Melia (1975) Welbourne (1975–76) Brown (1976) Henderson (1976–77) Fisher (1977–78) McNally (1978–79) Hampson (1979–80) Brown (1980–81) Johnson (1981–83) Ross (1983) Perkins (1984) Gibson (1984) Murphy (1984–85) Griffiths (1985–87) Taylor (1987–89) Kettle (1989–95) Ayre (1995–96) Joel (1996–97) Moore (1997) Futcher (1997–99) M.Wright (1999–01) Wilson (2001–03) Walsh (2003) Watson (2003–06) Cook (2006–07) Davenport (2007–08) Brabin (2008) Watson (2008–13) A.Wright (2013) Coleman (2013–14) Foyle (2014) Brabin (2014–15) Carden (2015) Maamria (2015–16) Bishop (2016) Burr (2016–17) Preece (2017) Davies (2017–18) Watson (2018–23) Bentley (2023–) This biographical article related to association football in Scotland, about a midfielder born in the 1860s, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Maley (sculptor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Maley_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"County Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Clare"},{"link_name":"Partick Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partick_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dundee Harp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_Harp_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Third Lanark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Lanark_A.C."},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"1889 Scottish Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1889_Scottish_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-litsterprewar-3"},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"1903–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903%E2%80%9304_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"English football bribery scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_football_bribery_scandal"},{"link_name":"Bradford Park Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_(Park_Avenue)_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Southport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southport_F.C."},{"link_name":"Alex Maley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Maley"},{"link_name":"Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_F.C."},{"link_name":"Clydebank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clydebank_F.C._(1914)"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C."},{"link_name":"Willie Maley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Maley"},{"link_name":"Scottish international","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Cathcart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathcart,_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Brother Walfrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Walfrid"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"}],"text":"For the English sculptor, see Tom Maley (sculptor).Thomas Edward Maley (8 November 1864 – 24 August 1935) was a Scottish football player and manager.Born in Portsmouth to a soldier from County Clare, Maley spent his entire playing career in Scotland, with Partick Thistle, Dundee Harp, Hibernian,[1] Third Lanark and Celtic (playing on the losing side in the 1889 Scottish Cup Final).[2][3] An amateur during his playing days, he worked as a school teacher and later governor. He left this role in 1902 to become manager of Manchester City, helping them to their first major honour, the 1903–04 FA Cup. He was involved in the 1905 English football bribery scandal which resulted in him being banned from football. After leaving City in 1906 he became manager of Bradford Park Avenue then later assisted Southport.Two of Maley's brothers also found fame in the footballing world. Alex Maley was a manager with Clyde, Clydebank, Hibernian and Crystal Palace while Willie Maley was a Scottish international and later manager of Celtic between 1897 and 1940. It was on a visit to the family home in Cathcart in December 1887 to invite Tom Maley to join Celtic that Brother Walfrid and the rest of the Celtic deputation first met Willie Maley (Tom was out courting his wife-to-be), and their casual invitation to Willie to also come along was perhaps the most important in Celtic's history.Maley died in 1935 and was buried at Kentigern RC cemetery in Glasgow.","title":"Tom Maley"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"John Litster (October 2012). \"A Record of pre-war Scottish League Players\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophon_of_Corinth	Xenophon of Corinth	["1 References"]	5th-century BC Greek Olympic victor Xenophon of Corinth, son of Thessalus, was a victor at the Olympic Games, both in the foot-race and in the pentathlon, in the 79th Olympiad (464 BC). His family belonged to the stock of the Oligaethidae, and was one of the ruling families of Corinth. Pindar's 13th Olympic Ode celebrates his double victory. References The Extant Odes of Pindar translated by Ernest Myers, Page 69, ISBN 978-1-4353-8274-9 (2008) Bockh and Dissen on Pindar, I. c. ; Diod. xi. 70 ; Paus. iv. 24. § 5, ed. Bekker ; Athen. xiii. p. 573 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) vteAncient Olympic GamesGeneral Archaeological Museum of Olympia Ancient Greek Olympic festivals Hellanodikai Stadium at Olympia SportsFoot races Diaulos Dolichos Hoplitodromos Stadion Horse races Apene Chariot of polos Decapolon Kalpe Keles Perfect chariot Polos Synoris Synoris of polos Tethrippon Tethrippon of polos Combat Boxing Pankration Wrestling Special Herald and Trumpet contest Pentathlon WinnersAcanthus of SpartaAgasias of ArcadiaAgesarchus of TritaeaAlcibiades of AthensAlexander I of MacedonAnaxilas of MesseniaAratus of SicyonArchelaus of MacedonArrhichion of PhigaliaArsinoe IIAstylos of CrotonBerenice II of EgyptBilisticheChaeron of PelleneChilon of PatrasChionis of SpartaCimon CoalemosCoroebus of ElisCylon of AthensCynisca of SpartaDamarchusDemaratus of SpartaDesmon of CorinthDiagoras of RhodesDiocles of CorinthErgoteles of HimeraEuryleonisHerodorus of MegaraHiero I of SyracuseHypenus of ElisHysmon of ElisIccus of TarantoLeonidas of RhodesLeophronMilo of CrotonNero Caesar AugustusOebotas of DymeOnomastus of SmyrnaOrsippus of MegaraPeisistratos of AthensPhanas of PellenePhilinus of CosPhilip II of MacedonPhilippus of CrotonPhrynon of AthensPolydamas of SkotoussaPythagoras of LaconiaPythagoras of SamosSostratus of PelleneTheagenes of ThasosTheron of AcragasTiberius Caesar AugustusTimasitheus of DelphiTroilus of ElisVarazdat of ArmeniaXenophon of AegiumXenophon of CorinthLists of winners Ancient Olympic victors Stadion race Archaic period Classical period Hellenistic period Roman period Olympic Games portal Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Corinth"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"foot-race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion_(running_race)"},{"link_name":"pentathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_pentathlon"},{"link_name":"Pindar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar"},{"link_name":"13th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympian_13"}],"text":"Xenophon of Corinth, son of Thessalus, was a victor at the Olympic Games, both in the foot-race and in the pentathlon, in the 79th Olympiad (464 BC). His family belonged to the stock of the Oligaethidae, and was one of the ruling families of Corinth. Pindar's 13th Olympic Ode celebrates his double victory.","title":"Xenophon of Corinth"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ozQc2x8XJiMC&dq=Xenophon+of+Corinth&pg=PA69","external_links_name":"Page 69"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Borg_El_Arab	New Borg El Arab	["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 General Scheme","4 Population","5 Religion","6 Services","6.1 Health","6.2 Education","6.3 Sports and Entertainment","7 Infrastructure","7.1 Transportation","7.2 Drinking water and sewage","7.3 Electricity and Natural gas","7.4 Telecommunications","8 Economy","8.1 Banks","8.2 Industrial areas","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]	Coordinates: 30°50′56″N 29°36′42″E / 30.84889°N 29.61167°E / 30.84889; 29.61167This article is about New Borg El Arab city. For other uses, see Borg El Arab (disambiguation). City in Alexandria, EgyptNew Borg El Arab برج العرب الجديده Borg Elarab ElgedidaCitySome of the city's landmarks FlagMapNew Borg El ArabLocation in EgyptCoordinates: 30°50′56″N 29°36′42″E / 30.84889°N 29.61167°E / 30.84889; 29.61167CountryEgyptGovernorateAlexandriaFounded1979Government • Head of city AuthorityEl Sayed HammamArea • Total165.9 km2 (64.1 sq mi)Elevation28 m (92 ft)Population (2021) • Total45,865 • Density280/km2 (720/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3Post code21934Area code(+20) 3WebsiteNew Borg El Arab Authority New Borg El Arab (Egyptian Arabic: برج العرب الجديده Borg el-ʿArab el-Gedīda) is a new Egyptian city of the first generation, located in Alexandria Governorate, and administratively affiliated to the New Urban Communities Authority. It was established by decree of the President of the Arab Republic of Egypt No. 506 dated December 5, 1979 under the name" New Amria City", and it remained in that name until the decision of the Chairman of the council was issued. Ministers No. 1532 dated July 31, 1989 amending its name to become the New Borg El Arab city, with a total area of 47,403 acres (191 km2), about 55 km away from Alexandria, about 8 km from the Mediterranean coast and the Alexandria Matrouh coastal road, and about 3 km from Borg El Arab. New Borg El Arab was established to reduce congestion in Alexandria and to be a natural extension of it. The city is organizationally divided into thirteen residential neighborhoods, comprising many schools, nurseries, buildings for government services, commercial complexes, hospitals, banks, sports clubs, recreational areas, and an area for universities And a technological zone, as well as ten industrial zones that include various industrial activities. The city's location is characterized by being located on a land 28 meters higher than sea level, which makes its climate dry and not humid. The population of the city, according to the statistics of 2022, is about 170,000 people. History The history of the establishment of New Borg El Arab city dates back to 1979, when the President of the Arab Republic of Egypt, Anwar Sadat, issued Decree No. 506 on December 5, 1979, which stipulated the allocation of state-owned desert lands in the Matrouh Governorate to establish a new urban complex under the name "New Amiriya City", The area of the new city was determined at 225 km2, and actual planning for the city began in 1981, and the city remained in this name until the decision of the Egyptian Prime Minister Atef Sedky No. 1032 on September 14, 1989 to amend its name to become "New Borg El Arab city", after the visit of the President Egyptian Hosni Mubarak to the city in November 1988. Since its inception, the city was within the administrative scope of Matrouh Governorate, and remained so until it was annexed to the Alexandria Governorate by decision of the President of the Arab Republic of Egypt Hosni Mubarak No. 101 on March 8, 1990, and the city at that time consisted only of some areas of the first district, where the number of units that It was built into approximately 2,500 housing units divided into low-cost housing, economic housing, medium housing, and above-average housing, in addition to the first and second industrial areas, and in the same year the population of the city reached nearly 4000 people, while the plan included that the city's population would reach about 100,000 people within ten years of its establishment. In 1992, a plot of 100 acres was allocated for the establishment of The City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, and in 2009 a plot of 200 acres was allocated for the establishment of the Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, and in 2012 the Ministry of Housing, Utilities & Urban Communities began preparing the new general plan for the city. Until the year 2032, which is the second plan of the city since its establishment, where the new plan aims to increase the residential neighborhoods and industrial areas, and the Ministry completed the development of the general plan in January 2014, and was officially approved in 2018, and in May 2019 the general plan was modified by changing the activities of the Green Belt. Geography New Borg El Arab is located in Alexandria Governorate, Egypt, at latitude 30° 50' 56" North, longitude 29° 36' 42" East, bounded on the north by Borg El Arab city, on the east Borg El Arab Airport, on the west El Hamam in the Matrouh Governorate and on the south Amreya. The prevailing climate in New Borg El Arab city is desert climate, characterized by its hot summer and somewhat humid winter, and the average annual temperature is 24.42 degrees Celsius, and January is the coldest month of the year with an average of 11.9 degrees Celsius, and August is the hottest with an average of 25.3 degrees Celsius, and for the level of humidity It is low due to the dry nature of the area and its height above sea level of about 28 meters. The average annual rainfall is about 109 mm. Climate The city is characterized by a relative calm wind, except during the times of "The Khamaseen" winds and during the winter periods, and it blows during the autumn and summer from the north and northwest direction, and from the southeast direction during the spring and winter seasons. Climate data for New Borg El Arab Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 17.0(62.6) 18.0(64.4) 19.9(67.8) 24.0(75.2) 26.4(79.5) 29.4(84.9) 29.5(85.1) 30.5(86.9) 28.1(82.6) 27.4(81.3) 23.4(74.1) 19.4(66.9) 24.42(75.96) Daily mean °C (°F) 11.9(53.4) 13.0(55.4) 14.7(58.5) 17.8(64.0) 21.0(69.8) 24.1(75.4) 24.9(76.8) 25.3(77.5) 23.9(75.0) 21.7(71.1) 18.1(64.6) 14.2(57.6) 19.22(66.60) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.9(44.4) 8.1(46.6) 9.5(49.1) 11.7(53.1) 15.6(60.1) 18.9(66.0) 20.4(68.7) 20.2(68.4) 19.7(67.5) 16.1(61.0) 12.8(55.0) 9.1(48.4) 14.08(57.34) Average rainfall mm (inches) 31(1.2) 16(0.6) 10(0.4) 1(0.0) 1(0.0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 3(0.1) 23(0.9) 24(0.9) 109(4.3) Average relative humidity (%) 65 61 59 58 61 66 68 70 66 67 66 66 64.4 Mean daily sunshine hours 7.3 8 9.1 10.5 11.3 11.7 11.4 10.3 9.8 8.6 7.9 7.2 9.4 Source: climate-data.org, General Scheme Dar MisrMallCentral ParkThe central axisTechnological UniversityVillaStreet The total area of New Borg El Arab city is 47,403 acres, divided into residential, service, industrial, and recreational areas. The city is organizationally divided into thirteen residential neighborhoods, other than the industrial areas, as follows: The first district which is the city center and includes various categories of housing, economic, average, above average, and distinguished, as well as the city authority, the banks area, the city of engineers, the general hospital, the medical administration, private medical centers, commercial complexes, the police department, a civil defense point, The Civil Registry, the Palace of Culture, the Youth center, the Post Office, public and private schools, and the Central Park. The second district includes economic and medium housing categories, a health unit, commercial complexes, public and private schools, and a civil defense point. The third district includes the middle and above-average housing categories, Petrosport Club, the Supply Office, the new court, commercial complexes, the National Social Security Authority building, public schools, the temporary building of the Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, and the high-end housing project "Dar Misr". The fourth district includes distinct housing categories, residential complexes under construction, and sports clubs, which are Smouha SC, Al Ittihad Alexandria Club – under construction – and Egyptian Shooting Club – under construction -. The fifth district includes the categories of upper-middle and distinguished housing, housing complexes, and plots of land under construction. The sixth district includes economic and medium housing categories, a drinking water lift station, and the Justice City project. The seventh district includes the economic and medium housing categories, the "Build Your Home" residential projects and housing for lawyers. The eighth district includes the economic and medium housing categories, the social housing project, the Ministry of Awqaf buildings project, government schools, a youth center, a health unit, and commercial centers. The ninth district includes economic and medium housing categories, and a housing project for all Egyptians. The tenth district includes economic and medium housing categories, and some private residential complexes. The districts 11, 12 and 13 are still empty lands that have not been allocated or connected to facilities. The Universities district is located between the third district and the sixth district. It includes the City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, Alexandria International University, Borg El Arab Technological University, Arab Open University – under construction – and The technology zone. The central axis which is the main service axis in the city, and extends throughout the city from east to west, and includes Senghor University – under construction -, the city center, mosques, a civil defense point, the Church of the Virgin Mary, Borg El Arab University Hospital, the public parking For passenger transport, commercial complexes, car licensing unit, and the central wholesale market. The East of the city area a mixed area east of the city, extends to Borg El Arab International Airport, which includes cemeteries, Saint Mark's College Club, a central security camp, an armed forces camp, and industrial areas under construction. Industrial zones the first, second and sixth industrial zones are located in the east of the city, while the third, fourth and fifth are located in the south of the city Population The Population The population of New Borg El Arab city in 2007 was about 111,391 people, and the population of the city rose in 2011 to about 150 thousand people, and reached about 170 thousand people in 2022, and the population density is about 14.7 people / km2, most of the city's residents are educated and educated people. The city attracted its residents from the surrounding regions, cities and governorates, especially from Alexandria, Beheira Governorate, Matrouh Governorate, and Kafr El Sheikh Governorate. Therefore, the city's residents belong to different and different social groups, backgrounds and cultures, and the majority of the city's residents work as employees or workers in industrial areas or in other professions, artisanal or commercial. Religion Sattar Latif MosqueAbdul Rahman bin Auf mosque New Borg El Arab city includes many of places of worship, such as: Ancient mosque Sattar Latif Mosque Rahman Mosque Mosque of conquest Abdul Rahman bin Auf mosque Nour Al Eman mosque Taqwa mosque Ahmed Mansy mosque Al-Isra Mosque Ansar al-Sunna Mosque Saint George church Saint Virgin Mary church Services Health New Borg El Arab city includes many of hospitals and medical centers such as: New Borg El Arab Hospital Al Salam Royal Hospital. New Borg El Arab Hospital. Borg El Arab University Hospital. Juweili Medical Center. Mabaret Al Borg Medical Center. Abdul Fadil Medical Center. Education New Borg El Arab city includes many of the nurseries, schools and universities such as: Egypt-Japan UniversityCity of Scientific Research Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology. Alexandria International University. City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications. Senghor University. Borg El Arab Technological University. Arab Open University. Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology. Borg El Arab Industrial Secondary School. GIT School of Applied Technology. Egyptian Japanese Schools. Harvest International School. Alexandria STEM School. Sports and Entertainment New Borg El Arab city includes many facilities, sports clubs and recreational areas, such as: Petrosport club Smouha SC. Al Ittihad Alexandria Club. Egyptian Shooting Club. Petrosport club. Candela Recreational Area. Central park. The Children's park. Infrastructure Transportation New Borg El Arab Train Station Intersection road The total road networks in New Borg El Arab city are approximately 630 km, and they are linked to the Cairo–Alexandria desert road through the 27 km long Kafoury-New Borg El Arab road, and to the international coastal road through an 8 km long road, and to Borg El Arab International Airport through a road with a length of 13 km, and there is an internal transport system consisting of buses that follow the city's authority and others that follow the General Authority for Passenger Transport in Alexandria, service lines, and taxis. The city is also connected to Alexandria through a train that runs from Sidi Gaber railway station to the city. A main station is currently being constructed within the first line of High-speed rail in Egypt project next to the northern entrance to the city, and it is also planned that the Alexandria metro project, in its third phase, will reach the city. It has minibus taxis and bus lines that connect the city with the areas of Misr Station, Mahatet El Raml, El Manshiyya, Azarita, Moharam Bek, Amreya, Borg El Arab, KM 21 and the capital Cairo. Drinking water and sewage Pumping station New Borg El Arab city is fed with drinking water through the 40 kilometer water treatment plant "Mariot 2" located on the Cairo–Alexandria desert road, affiliated to the Alexandria Water Company, through three lines with diameters of 1000, 1500 and 1500mm, with a capacity of about 166 thousand m3 Daily, to three water pumping stations in the city with a lifting capacity of about 92,880 m3/day, in addition to the number of two Water towers in the second industrial zone and the sixth district for use in times of emergency. The length of the city's water distribution networks is about 655 km. The city includes two sewage treatment plants belonging to the Alexandria Sewage Company. The first operates with an oxidation pond system with a capacity of 100,000 m3/day and is located east of the city, while the second operates with a triple treatment system with a capacity of 115 thousand m3/day with a total energy of 345 thousand m3/day. It will be implemented in three phases and is located to the west of the city. The length of the city's Sewerage is about 446 km. Electricity and Natural gas Natgas Company brunchPostal service center The length of electrical wires network in the city is approximately 2100 km, the capacity of electrical stations is 325 MV, the number of transformers in the city is 87 transformers, and a number of 19 distributors in various residential neighborhoods and industrial areas. As for natural gas networks, the length of the city's gas lines reaches more than 100 km, the capacity of gas stations is 100 thousand m 3 / hour, and the number of network organizers is 12 on all lines. Telecommunications The length of the city's terrestrial communications network is approximately 410 km distributed across all residential neighborhoods and industrial areas, through the City Central Building of Telecom Egypt with a capacity of 30,000 land lines that can be increased, in addition to the presence of relay towers for mobile phone networks throughout the city. The city also includes a postal services center affiliated to the Egypt Post and is located in the first district. Economy Banks New Borg El Arab includes a designated area for banks, housing branches of most major banks operating in Egypt, such as: Banque Misr branch Housing and Development Bank Banque Misr Commercial International Bank CIB Housing and Development Bank Export Development Bank of Egypt Industrial Development Bank of Egypt Arab African International Bank Bank of Alexandria National Bank of Egypt Al Baraka Bank Egypt QNB Al Ahli bank Banque du Caire Crédit Agricole The united bank Suez Canal Bank Industrial areas The total area allocated for industrial activity in the city is currently about 4453 acres, divided into five existing industrial zones, other than five areas to be established, comprising more than 1,300 factories with a capital of about £E17.7 billion, with an annual production of about £E21.7 billion. These factories allowed nearly 103 thousand job opportunities with annual wages amounting to £E411 million. See also Egypt portal 6th of October City New Cairo References ^ "الصفحة الرئيسية – برج العرب الجديدة". Newcities.gov.eg (in Arabic). 31 August 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2017. ^ Yasmine Karam (28 March 2022). "وزير الإسكان يصدر قرارًا بحركة تكليفات بأجهزة المدن الجديدة". almasryalyoum (in Arabic). Retrieved 20 April 2022. ^ a b c "Madīnat Burj al-'Arab al-Jadīdah (New City, Egypt) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 17 March 2023. ^ "New Borg El Arab Post Office". Egypt postal code. Retrieved 21 August 2022. ^ "Alexandria Governorate". State Information Service. Retrieved 21 August 2022. ^ "about us". New Urban Communities Authority. Retrieved 21 August 2022. ^ "إصدار قانون إنشاء الجامعات التكنولوجية". Manshurat.org (in Arabic). 3 June 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2022. ^ "New Urban Communities Authority Portal". New Cities Government of Egypt. Retrieved 18 November 2016. ^ "Creativity Complex in Technological Zone, New Borg El Arab". Presidency.eg. Retrieved 21 August 2022. ^ a b "Industry sector in new borg el arab". New Cities Government of Egypt. Retrieved 18 November 2016. ^ ""الحكم رقم 10276 لسنة 47 قضائي"". بوابة مصر للقانون والقضاء (in Arabic). Retrieved 4 June 2022. ^ "قرار رقم 993 لسنة 1982 بإنشاء نقطة شرطة مؤقتة بمدينة العامرية الجديدة بمحافظة مطروح". بوابة مصر للقانون والقضاء (in Arabic). Retrieved 4 June 2022. ^ "إنشاء الهيئة العامة لمدينة مبارك للأبحاث العلمية والتطبيقات التكنولوجية". منشورات قضائية (in Arabic). Retrieved 4 June 2022. ^ "Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST)". Jica. Retrieved 4 June 2022. ^ "المهندس عبدالله الكيلانى فى حوار لـ"المال": مخطط استراتيجى جديد لمدينة برج العرب". المال (in Arabic). 20 December 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2022. ^ "قرار وزير الإسكان والمرافق والمجتمعات العمرانية رقم 447 لسنة 2019". نقابة المحامين (in Arabic). 27 August 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2022. ^ Description of the New Borg El Arab city, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, 2016 ^ "CLIMATE QARYAT SHAKUSH, Alexandria Governorate". Retrieved 7 June 2022. ^ Nasser Al-Sharqawi (30 May 2021). "رفع مخلفات الأشجار فى مدينة المهندسين ببرج العرب بالإسكندرية". AlmasryAlyoum (in Arabic). Retrieved 20 April 2022. ^ "مركز شباب برج العرب الجديدة". Ministry of Youth and Sports (in Arabic). Retrieved 21 August 2022. ^ "إنشاء مدرسة تعليم أساسي الحي الثاني مدينة برج العرب الجديدة". Egypt's Projects Map (in Arabic). Retrieved 21 August 2022. ^ Gehad Abbas (7 May 2020). "طرح 1000 وحدة "دار مصر".. والأقل سعرا في "برج العرب"". Elwatannews (in Arabic). Retrieved 20 April 2022. ^ Mahmoud Hussien (12 June 2019). ""اقتراحات البرلمان" توافق على اقتراح بإنشاء مدينة العدالة ببرج العرب الجديدة". youm7 (in Arabic). Retrieved 20 April 2022. ^ "City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications". Egyptian Cancer Research Network. Retrieved 20 April 2022. ^ "THE OPENING CEREMONY OF EGYPT-JAPAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (E-JUST)". States News Service. 3 June 2010. Archived from the original on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2013. ^ "Dr. Essam Al-Kordi, inspected a land of 339-acre, facilities and university hospital in Borg Al-Arab". Alexandria University. Retrieved 7 June 2022. ^ Mohamed Alaa El-Din (28 July 2021). "Silicon Waha, P Maestro launch 2nd Startup Factory programme at Borg El-Arab Technological Zone". Dailynewsegypt. Retrieved 21 August 2022. ^ "State keen on backing establishment of new universities". State Information Service. 28 June 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2022. ^ "مستشفى برج العرب المركزي ب". ccs.gov (in Arabic). Retrieved 8 June 2022. ^ "Borg El Arab University Hospital is the first governmental specialized center for the treatment of pediatric cancer in Egypt". shorouknews (in Arabic). 5 August 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2022. ^ "THE OPENING CEREMONY OF EGYPT-JAPAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (E-JUST)". States News Service. 3 June 2010. Archived from the original on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2016. ^ "Egypt-Japan Science and Technology University opens in Borg El Arab". Research-Technology Management. 1 September 2010. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2016. ^ "Establishing a new branch of the Faculty of Medicine in Borg El Arab". ahram gate (in Arabic). 29 October 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2022. ^ "About". City of Scientific Research and Technological Applicationscom (in Arabic). Retrieved 7 June 2022. ^ "Egypt's PM: State keen on backing establishment of new universities". Egypttoday. 28 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2022. ^ "Faraj Amer reopens the Smouha branch in Burj Al Arab, two years after it was closed". youm7. Retrieved 17 April 2022. ^ "The Alexandrian Union officially receives the land of Burj Al Arab, with an area of 52.4 acres". youm7. Retrieved 17 April 2022. ^ "إنشاء وصلة الكافوري - برج العرب بمحافظة الإسكندرية". خريطة مشروعات مصر (in Arabic). Retrieved 4 June 2022. ^ "Full details of the first electrified train in Alexandria before its implementation". elbaladnews. 6 September 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2022. ^ "محطات الشركة وروافعها". Alex water (in Arabic). Retrieved 8 June 2022. ^ "محطة معالجة الصرف الصحى والصناعى ببرج العرب". Egy map project (in Arabic). Retrieved 8 June 2022. ^ "Housing Minister: Investments of separating industrial drainage from human worth EGP 1.5bn at Borg el Arab". State Information Service. 26 December 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2022. ^ Ahmed Abdel Fattah (15 September 2021). "وزير العدل يكلف بإنشاء فرع توثيق مكتب بريد برج العرب الجديدة بالإسكندرية". Akhbar Elyom (in Arabic). Retrieved 7 June 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Borg El Arab. New Borg El Arab Authority Egypt Government's New Cities website Portals: Egypt Geography Cities vte New Egyptian citiesFirst generation 10th of Ramadan 15th of May Sadat 6th of October New Borg El Arab New Damietta El Salheya El Gedida Second generation Badr Obour New Beni Suef New Minya New Nubariya Sheikh Zayed City Third generation El Shorouk New Aswan New Cairo New Asyut New Thebes New Sohag New Qena New Faiyum New Akhmim New Luxor Fourth generation New Toshka East Port Said New Administrative Capital New Obour New Ismailia New Mansoura West Qena New 6th of October October Gardens New Rafah New Bir al-Abed New Alamein New El Fashn New Mallawi New Naser New Rosetta Al Galala Capital Gardens New Alexandria New Sphinx vteCities and towns of EgyptCairo GovernorateCairoGiza GovernorateGiza, 6th of October City, Sheikh Zayed City, El Hawamdeya, El Badrashein, El Saff, Atfih, El Ayyat, Bawiti, Manshiyat al Qanater, Awsim, Kerdasa, Abu El NumrusQalyubia GovernorateBenha, Qalyub, Shubra El Kheima, El Qanater El Khayreya, Khanka, Kafr Shukr, Toukh, Qaha, Obour City, Khusus, Shibin El Qanater, Saryaqos, El KulzomAlexandria GovernorateAlexandria, Borg El Arab, New Borg El ArabBeheira GovernorateDamanhur, Kafr El Dawwar, Rosetta, Edku, Abu El Matamir, Abu Hummus, El Delengat, El Mahmoudiyah, El Rahmaniya, Itay El Barud, Hosh Issa, Shubra Khit, Koum Hamada, Badr, Wadi El Natrun, New NubariyaMatrouh GovernorateMersa Matruh, El Hamam, El Alamein, El Dabaa, El Negaila, Sidi Barrani, Sallum, Siwa OasisDamietta GovernorateDamietta, New Damietta, Ras El Bar, Faraskur, Kafr Saad, El Zarqa, Assarw, Arrawda, Kafr El Battikh, Ezbet El Borg, Mit Abu GhalebDakahlia GovernorateMansoura, Talkha, Mit Ghamr, Dekernes, Aga, Minyat An-Nasr, El Senbellawein, El Kurdi, Bani Ebaid, El Manzala, Temay El Amdeed, El Gammalia, Sherbin, El Matareya, Dakahlia, Belqas, Mit Salsil, Gamasa, Mahallat Damana, NabaruhKafr El Sheikh GovernorateKafr El Sheikh, Desouk, Fuwwah, Metoubes, Baltim, El Hamool, Biyala, El Reyad, Sidi Salem, Qallin, Sidi Ghazi, Borg El BurulusGharbia GovernorateTanta, El Mahalla El Kubra, Kafr Az-Zayyat, Zefta, El Santa, Qutur, Basyoun, SebennytosMonufia GovernorateShibin El Kom, Sadat (city), Menouf, Sirs Al-Layyan, Ashmoun, El Bagour, Quesna, Birket El Sab, Tala, ShuhadaSharqia GovernorateZagazig, 10th of Ramadan (city), Minya El Qamh, Bilbeis, Mashtool El Souk, Al-Qinayat, Abu Hammad, El Qurein, Hihya, Abu Kebir, Faqous, El Salheya El Gedida, El Ibrahimiya, Diyarb Negm, Kafr Saqr, Awlad Saqr, El Husseiniya, Tanis, Minshat Abu Omar, QantirPort Said GovernoratePort Said, Port FuadIsmailia GovernorateIsmailia, Fayed, El Qantara, Tell El Kebir, Abu Suwir, KassassinSuez GovernorateSuezNorth Sinai GovernorateArish, Sheikh Zuweid, Rafah, Bir al-Abd, El Hasana, NekhelSouth Sinai GovernorateEl Tor, Sharm El Sheikh, Dahab, Nuweiba, Taba, Saint Catherine, Abou Redis, Abu Zenima, Ras SedrBeni Suef GovernorateBeni Suef, New Beni Suef, Al Wasta, Nasser, Heracleopolis Magna, Biba, Sumusta, El FashnFaiyum GovernorateFaiyum, New Faiyum, Tamiya, Sinnuris, Itsa, Ibsheway, Yousef El SeddikMinya GovernorateMinya, New Minya, El Idwa, Maghagha, Beni Mazar, Matai, Samalut, Mallawi, Dir Mawas, Aba al-Waqf, Dir Mawas, Dalga, Bahnasa, Idmo, Tuna el-Gebel, Al Madinah Al FikriyyahAsyut GovernorateAsyut, New Asyut, Dairut, Dayrut al-Sharif, Manfalut, El Quseyya, Abnub, Abu Tig, El Ghanayem, Sahel Selim, El Badari, Sidfa, Manqabad, MushaNew Valley GovernorateEl Kharga, Baris, Mut, Farafra, Balat, Abu MinqarRed Sea GovernorateHurghada, Ras Ghareb, Safaga, El Qoseir, Marsa Alam, Shalateen, HalayebSohag GovernorateSohag, New Sohag, Akhmim, New Akhmim, El Balyana, El Maragha, Ptolemais Hermiou, Dar El Salam, Girga, West Juhayna, Saqultah, Tima, TahtaQena GovernorateQena, New Qena, Abu Tesht, Nag Hammadi, Dishna, El Waqf, Qift, Naqada, Qus, Farshut, ShaaraniLuxor GovernorateLuxor, New Luxor, New Thebes, Zainiya, Bayadiya, Kurna, Armant, El-Tod, Esna, MedamudAswan GovernorateAswan, New Aswan, Daraw, Kom Ombo, Nasr Al-Nuba, Kalabsha, Edfu, Radisia, Busylia, Sebaiya, Abu SimbelCapital cities are in bold font. vteEgyptian cities and towns by population1,000,000 and more Alexandria Cairo Giza Shubra El Kheima 300,000–999,999 Asyut Bilbeis Damietta Faiyum Imbaba Ismailia El Mahalla El Kubra Kom Ombo Mansoura Luxor Port Said Suez Tanta Zagazig 100,000–299,999 6th of October Arish Aswan Benha Beni Suef Damanhur Desouk Edfu Hurghada Kafr El Dawwar Kafr El Sheikh Mallawi Minya New Borg El Arab New Cairo Obour Qena Shibin El Kom Sohag <99,999 Abydos Ain Sokhna Akhmim Dahab Dakhla Dendera Dekernes El Alamein El Gouna Esna Port Fuad Hamrah Dom Hala'ib Kharga Marsa Alam Marsa Matruh Nag Hammadi New Nubariya Nuweiba Rosetta Sadat Safaga Saint Catherine Siwa Sharm El Sheikh Taba Talkha	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Borg El Arab (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borg_El_Arab_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Alexandria Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Governorate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"New Urban Communities Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Urban_Communities_Authority"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"acres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acres"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"Borg El Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borg_El_Arab"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newcities1-10"}],"text":"This article is about New Borg El Arab city. For other uses, see Borg El Arab (disambiguation).City in Alexandria, EgyptNew Borg El Arab (Egyptian Arabic: برج العرب الجديده Borg el-ʿArab el-Gedīda) is a new Egyptian city of the first generation, located in Alexandria Governorate,[5] and administratively affiliated to the New Urban Communities Authority.[6] It was established by decree of the President of the Arab Republic of Egypt No. 506 dated December 5, 1979 under the name\" New Amria City\",[7] and it remained in that name until the decision of the Chairman of the council was issued. Ministers No. 1532 dated July 31, 1989 amending its name to become the New Borg El Arab city, with a total area of 47,403 acres (191 km2), about 55 km away from Alexandria, about 8 km from the Mediterranean coast and the Alexandria Matrouh coastal road, and about 3 km from Borg El Arab.[8]New Borg El Arab was established to reduce congestion in Alexandria and to be a natural extension of it. The city is organizationally divided into thirteen residential neighborhoods, comprising many schools, nurseries, buildings for government services, commercial complexes, hospitals, banks, sports clubs, recreational areas, and an area for universities And a technological zone,[9] as well as ten industrial zones that include various industrial activities. The city's location is characterized by being located on a land 28 meters higher than sea level, which makes its climate dry and not humid. The population of the city, according to the statistics of 2022, is about 170,000 people.[10]","title":"New Borg El Arab"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anwar Sadat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Sadat"},{"link_name":"Matrouh Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrouh_Governorate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Atef Sedky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atef_Sedky"},{"link_name":"Hosni Mubarak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak"},{"link_name":"Matrouh Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrouh_Governorate"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Alexandria Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Governorate"},{"link_name":"acres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acres"},{"link_name":"The City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Scientific_Research_and_Technological_Applications"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt-Japan_University_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"the Ministry of Housing, Utilities & Urban Communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing,_Utilities_%26_Urban_Communities_(Egypt)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The history of the establishment of New Borg El Arab city dates back to 1979, when the President of the Arab Republic of Egypt, Anwar Sadat, issued Decree No. 506 on December 5, 1979, which stipulated the allocation of state-owned desert lands in the Matrouh Governorate to establish a new urban complex under the name \"New Amiriya City\",[11] The area of the new city was determined at 225 km2, and actual planning for the city began in 1981, and the city remained in this name until the decision of the Egyptian Prime Minister Atef Sedky No. 1032 on September 14, 1989 to amend its name to become \"New Borg El Arab city\", after the visit of the President Egyptian Hosni Mubarak to the city in November 1988.Since its inception, the city was within the administrative scope of Matrouh Governorate,[12] and remained so until it was annexed to the Alexandria Governorate by decision of the President of the Arab Republic of Egypt Hosni Mubarak No. 101 on March 8, 1990, and the city at that time consisted only of some areas of the first district, where the number of units that It was built into approximately 2,500 housing units divided into low-cost housing, economic housing, medium housing, and above-average housing, in addition to the first and second industrial areas, and in the same year the population of the city reached nearly 4000 people, while the plan included that the city's population would reach about 100,000 people within ten years of its establishment.In 1992, a plot of 100 acres was allocated for the establishment of The City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications,[13] and in 2009 a plot of 200 acres was allocated for the establishment of the Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology,[14] and in 2012 the Ministry of Housing, Utilities & Urban Communities began preparing the new general plan for the city. Until the year 2032, which is the second plan of the city since its establishment, where the new plan aims to increase the residential neighborhoods and industrial areas,[15] and the Ministry completed the development of the general plan in January 2014, and was officially approved in 2018, and in May 2019 the general plan was modified by changing the activities of the Green Belt.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexandria Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Borg El Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borg_El_Arab"},{"link_name":"Borg El Arab Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borg_El_Arab_Airport"},{"link_name":"El Hamam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Hamam"},{"link_name":"Matrouh Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrouh_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Amreya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amreya"},{"link_name":"desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"New Borg El Arab is located in Alexandria Governorate, Egypt, at latitude 30° 50' 56\" North, longitude 29° 36' 42\" East, bounded on the north by Borg El Arab city, on the east Borg El Arab Airport, on the west El Hamam in the Matrouh Governorate and on the south Amreya.The prevailing climate in New Borg El Arab city is desert climate, characterized by its hot summer and somewhat humid winter, and the average annual temperature is 24.42 degrees Celsius, and January is the coldest month of the year with an average of 11.9 degrees Celsius, and August is the hottest with an average of 25.3 degrees Celsius, and for the level of humidity It is low due to the dry nature of the area and its height above sea level of about 28 meters. The average annual rainfall is about 109 mm.[17]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"The city is characterized by a relative calm wind, except during the times of \"The Khamaseen\" winds and during the winter periods, and it blows during the autumn and summer from the north and northwest direction, and from the southeast direction during the spring and winter seasons.Climate data for New Borg El Arab\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n17.0(62.6)\n\n18.0(64.4)\n\n19.9(67.8)\n\n24.0(75.2)\n\n26.4(79.5)\n\n29.4(84.9)\n\n29.5(85.1)\n\n30.5(86.9)\n\n28.1(82.6)\n\n27.4(81.3)\n\n23.4(74.1)\n\n19.4(66.9)\n\n24.42(75.96)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n11.9(53.4)\n\n13.0(55.4)\n\n14.7(58.5)\n\n17.8(64.0)\n\n21.0(69.8)\n\n24.1(75.4)\n\n24.9(76.8)\n\n25.3(77.5)\n\n23.9(75.0)\n\n21.7(71.1)\n\n18.1(64.6)\n\n14.2(57.6)\n\n19.22(66.60)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n6.9(44.4)\n\n8.1(46.6)\n\n9.5(49.1)\n\n11.7(53.1)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n18.9(66.0)\n\n20.4(68.7)\n\n20.2(68.4)\n\n19.7(67.5)\n\n16.1(61.0)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n9.1(48.4)\n\n14.08(57.34)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n31(1.2)\n\n16(0.6)\n\n10(0.4)\n\n1(0.0)\n\n1(0.0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n3(0.1)\n\n23(0.9)\n\n24(0.9)\n\n109(4.3)\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n65\n\n61\n\n59\n\n58\n\n61\n\n66\n\n68\n\n70\n\n66\n\n67\n\n66\n\n66\n\n64.4\n\n\nMean daily sunshine hours\n\n7.3\n\n8\n\n9.1\n\n10.5\n\n11.3\n\n11.7\n\n11.4\n\n10.3\n\n9.8\n\n8.6\n\n7.9\n\n7.2\n\n9.4\n\n\nSource: climate-data.org,[18]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Borg_El_Arab_City_38.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Borg_El_Arab_City_51.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Borg_El_Arab_City_30.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Borg_El_Arab_City_14.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Borg_El_Arab_Technological_University.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Borg_El_Arab_City_123.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Borg_El_Arab_City_124.jpg"},{"link_name":"acres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acres"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Youth center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_center"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt-Japan_University_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Smouha SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smouha_SC"},{"link_name":"Al Ittihad Alexandria Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Ittihad_Alexandria_Club"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Shooting Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Shooting_Club"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Scientific_Research_and_Technological_Applications"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt-Japan_University_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Alexandria International University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_International_University"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Borg El Arab Technological University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borg_El_Arab_Technological_University"},{"link_name":"Arab Open University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Open_University"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Senghor University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senghor_University"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Borg El Arab University Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borg_El_Arab_University_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Borg El Arab International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borg_El_Arab_International_Airport"}],"text":"Dar MisrMallCentral ParkThe central axisTechnological UniversityVillaStreetThe total area of New Borg El Arab city is 47,403 acres, divided into residential, service, industrial, and recreational areas. The city is organizationally divided into thirteen residential neighborhoods, other than the industrial areas, as follows:The first district which is the city center and includes various categories of housing, economic, average, above average, and distinguished, as well as the city authority, the banks area, the city of engineers,[19] the general hospital, the medical administration, private medical centers, commercial complexes, the police department, a civil defense point, The Civil Registry, the Palace of Culture, the Youth center,[20] the Post Office, public and private schools, and the Central Park.\nThe second district includes economic and medium housing categories, a health unit, commercial complexes, public and private schools,[21] and a civil defense point.\nThe third district includes the middle and above-average housing categories, Petrosport Club, the Supply Office, the new court, commercial complexes, the National Social Security Authority building, public schools, the temporary building of the Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, and the high-end housing project \"Dar Misr\".[22]\nThe fourth district includes distinct housing categories, residential complexes under construction, and sports clubs, which are Smouha SC, Al Ittihad Alexandria Club – under construction – and Egyptian Shooting Club – under construction -.\nThe fifth district includes the categories of upper-middle and distinguished housing, housing complexes, and plots of land under construction.\nThe sixth district includes economic and medium housing categories, a drinking water lift station, and the Justice City project.[23]\nThe seventh district includes the economic and medium housing categories, the \"Build Your Home\" residential projects and housing for lawyers.\nThe eighth district includes the economic and medium housing categories, the social housing project, the Ministry of Awqaf buildings project, government schools, a youth center, a health unit, and commercial centers.\nThe ninth district includes economic and medium housing categories, and a housing project for all Egyptians.\nThe tenth district includes economic and medium housing categories, and some private residential complexes.\nThe districts 11, 12 and 13 are still empty lands that have not been allocated or connected to facilities.\nThe Universities district is located between the third district and the sixth district. It includes the City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications,[24] Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology,[25] Alexandria International University,[26] Borg El Arab Technological University, Arab Open University – under construction – and The technology zone.[27]\nThe central axis which is the main service axis in the city, and extends throughout the city from east to west, and includes Senghor University – under construction -,[28] the city center, mosques, a civil defense point, the Church of the Virgin Mary, Borg El Arab University Hospital, the public parking For passenger transport, commercial complexes, car licensing unit, and the central wholesale market.\nThe East of the city area a mixed area east of the city, extends to Borg El Arab International Airport, which includes cemeteries, Saint Mark's College Club, a central security camp, an armed forces camp, and industrial areas under construction.\nIndustrial zones the first, second and sixth industrial zones are located in the east of the city, while the third, fourth and fifth are located in the south of the city","title":"General Scheme"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Borg_El_Arab_City_70.jpg"},{"link_name":"Beheira Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beheira_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Matrouh Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrouh_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Kafr El Sheikh Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr_El_Sheikh_Governorate"}],"text":"The PopulationThe population of New Borg El Arab city in 2007 was about 111,391 people, and the population of the city rose in 2011 to about 150 thousand people, and reached about 170 thousand people in 2022, and the population density is about 14.7 people / km2, most of the city's residents are educated and educated people.The city attracted its residents from the surrounding regions, cities and governorates, especially from Alexandria, Beheira Governorate, Matrouh Governorate, and Kafr El Sheikh Governorate. Therefore, the city's residents belong to different and different social groups, backgrounds and cultures, and the majority of the city's residents work as employees or workers in industrial areas or in other professions, artisanal or commercial.","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Borg_El_Arab_City_50.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Borg_El_Arab_City_112.jpg"}],"text":"Sattar Latif MosqueAbdul Rahman bin Auf mosqueNew Borg El Arab city includes many of places of worship, such as:Ancient mosque\nSattar Latif Mosque\nRahman Mosque\nMosque of conquest\nAbdul Rahman bin Auf mosque\nNour Al Eman mosque\nTaqwa mosque\nAhmed Mansy mosque\nAl-Isra Mosque\nAnsar al-Sunna Mosque\nSaint George church\nSaint Virgin Mary church","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Borg_El_Arab_Hospital_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Borg El Arab University Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borg_El_Arab_University_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Health","text":"New Borg El Arab city includes many of hospitals and medical centers such as:New Borg El Arab HospitalAl Salam Royal Hospital.\nNew Borg El Arab Hospital.[29]\nBorg El Arab University Hospital.[30]\nJuweili Medical Center.\nMabaret Al Borg Medical Center.\nAbdul Fadil Medical Center.","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E-JUST_7.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SRTA-City.jpg"},{"link_name":"Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt-Japan_University_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Alexandria International University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_International_University"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Scientific_Research_and_Technological_Applications"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Senghor University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senghor_University"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Borg El Arab Technological University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borg_El_Arab_Technological_University"},{"link_name":"Arab Open University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Open_University"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Japanese Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Japanese_Schools&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"New Borg El Arab city includes many of the nurseries, schools and universities such as:Egypt-Japan UniversityCity of Scientific ResearchEgypt-Japan University of Science and Technology.[31][32]\nAlexandria International University.[33]\nCity of Scientific Research and Technological Applications.[34]\nSenghor University.[35]\nBorg El Arab Technological University.\nArab Open University.\nHigher Institute of Engineering and Technology.\nBorg El Arab Industrial Secondary School.\nGIT School of Applied Technology.\nEgyptian Japanese Schools.\nHarvest International School.\nAlexandria STEM School.","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Borg_El_Arab_City_12.jpg"},{"link_name":"Smouha SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smouha_SC"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Al Ittihad Alexandria Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Ittihad_Alexandria_Club"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Shooting Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Shooting_Club"}],"sub_title":"Sports and Entertainment","text":"New Borg El Arab city includes many facilities, sports clubs and recreational areas, such as:Petrosport clubSmouha SC.[36]\nAl Ittihad Alexandria Club.[37]\nEgyptian Shooting Club.\nPetrosport club.\nCandela Recreational Area.\nCentral park.\nThe Children's park.","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Borg_El_Arab_City_106.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Borg_El_Arab_City_21.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cairo–Alexandria desert road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo%E2%80%93Alexandria_desert_road"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Borg El Arab International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borg_El_Arab_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Sidi Gaber railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidi_Gaber_railway_station"},{"link_name":"High-speed rail in Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"minibus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minibus"},{"link_name":"Misr Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_railway_station_(Egypt)"},{"link_name":"Mahatet El Raml","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatet_El_Raml"},{"link_name":"El Manshiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Manshiyya"},{"link_name":"Azarita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azarita"},{"link_name":"Moharam Bek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moharam_Bek"},{"link_name":"Amreya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amreya"},{"link_name":"Borg El Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borg_El_Arab"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"}],"sub_title":"Transportation","text":"New Borg El Arab Train StationIntersection roadThe total road networks in New Borg El Arab city are approximately 630 km, and they are linked to the Cairo–Alexandria desert road through the 27 km long Kafoury-New Borg El Arab road,[38] and to the international coastal road through an 8 km long road, and to Borg El Arab International Airport through a road with a length of 13 km, and there is an internal transport system consisting of buses that follow the city's authority and others that follow the General Authority for Passenger Transport in Alexandria, service lines, and taxis. The city is also connected to Alexandria through a train that runs from Sidi Gaber railway station to the city.A main station is currently being constructed within the first line of High-speed rail in Egypt project next to the northern entrance to the city, and it is also planned that the Alexandria metro project, in its third phase, will reach the city.[39] It has minibus taxis and bus lines that connect the city with the areas of Misr Station, Mahatet El Raml, El Manshiyya, Azarita, Moharam Bek, Amreya, Borg El Arab, KM 21 and the capital Cairo.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Borg_El_Arab_City_19.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cairo–Alexandria desert road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo%E2%80%93Alexandria_desert_road"},{"link_name":"Alexandria Water Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Water_Company"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"pumping stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumping_station"},{"link_name":"Water towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_tower"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Drinking water and sewage","text":"Pumping stationNew Borg El Arab city is fed with drinking water through the 40 kilometer water treatment plant \"Mariot 2\" located on the Cairo–Alexandria desert road, affiliated to the Alexandria Water Company,[40] through three lines with diameters of 1000, 1500 and 1500mm, with a capacity of about 166 thousand m3 Daily, to three water pumping stations in the city with a lifting capacity of about 92,880 m3/day, in addition to the number of two Water towers in the second industrial zone and the sixth district for use in times of emergency. The length of the city's water distribution networks is about 655 km.The city includes two sewage treatment plants belonging to the Alexandria Sewage Company. The first operates with an oxidation pond system with a capacity of 100,000 m3/day and is located east of the city,[41] while the second operates with a triple treatment system with a capacity of 115 thousand m3/day with a total energy of 345 thousand m3/day. It will be implemented in three phases and is located to the west of the city. The length of the city's Sewerage is about 446 km.[42]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Borg_El_Arab_City_84.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Borg_El_Arab_City_post_office.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Electricity and Natural gas","text":"Natgas Company brunchPostal service centerThe length of electrical wires network in the city is approximately 2100 km, the capacity of electrical stations is 325 MV, the number of transformers in the city is 87 transformers, and a number of 19 distributors in various residential neighborhoods and industrial areas.As for natural gas networks, the length of the city's gas lines reaches more than 100 km, the capacity of gas stations is 100 thousand m 3 / hour, and the number of network organizers is 12 on all lines.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Egypt Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_Post"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Telecommunications","text":"The length of the city's terrestrial communications network is approximately 410 km distributed across all residential neighborhoods and industrial areas, through the City Central Building of Telecom Egypt with a capacity of 30,000 land lines that can be increased, in addition to the presence of relay towers for mobile phone networks throughout the city. The city also includes a postal services center affiliated to the Egypt Post and is located in the first district.[43]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banque_Misr.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Housing_and_Development_Bank.jpg"},{"link_name":"Banque Misr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_Misr"},{"link_name":"Commercial International Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_International_Bank"},{"link_name":"Housing and Development Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_and_Development_Bank"},{"link_name":"Bank of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"National Bank of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Al Baraka Bank Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Baraka_Banking_Group"},{"link_name":"QNB Al Ahli bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QNB_Group"},{"link_name":"Banque du Caire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_du_Caire"},{"link_name":"Crédit Agricole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal_Bank"}],"sub_title":"Banks","text":"New Borg El Arab includes a designated area for banks, housing branches of most major banks operating in Egypt, such as:Banque Misr branchHousing and Development BankBanque Misr\nCommercial International Bank CIB\nHousing and Development Bank\nExport Development Bank of Egypt\nIndustrial Development Bank of Egypt\nArab African International Bank\nBank of Alexandria\nNational Bank of Egypt\nAl Baraka Bank Egypt\nQNB Al Ahli bank\nBanque du Caire\nCrédit Agricole\nThe united bank\nSuez Canal Bank","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"£E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pound"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newcities1-10"}],"sub_title":"Industrial areas","text":"The total area allocated for industrial activity in the city is currently about 4453 acres, divided into five existing industrial zones, other than five areas to be established, comprising more than 1,300 factories with a capital of about £E17.7 billion, with an annual production of about £E21.7 billion. These factories allowed nearly 103 thousand job opportunities with annual wages amounting to £E411 million.[10]","title":"Economy"}]	[{"image_text":"The Population","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/New_Borg_El_Arab_City_70.jpg/200px-New_Borg_El_Arab_City_70.jpg"},{"image_text":"New Borg El Arab Hospital","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/New_Borg_El_Arab_Hospital_3.jpg/200px-New_Borg_El_Arab_Hospital_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Petrosport club","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/New_Borg_El_Arab_City_12.jpg/200px-New_Borg_El_Arab_City_12.jpg"},{"image_text":"New Borg El Arab Train Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/New_Borg_El_Arab_City_106.jpg/200px-New_Borg_El_Arab_City_106.jpg"},{"image_text":"Intersection road","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/New_Borg_El_Arab_City_21.jpg/200px-New_Borg_El_Arab_City_21.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pumping station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/New_Borg_El_Arab_City_19.jpg/200px-New_Borg_El_Arab_City_19.jpg"},{"image_text":"Banque Misr branch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Banque_Misr.jpg/200px-Banque_Misr.jpg"},{"image_text":"Housing and Development Bank","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Housing_and_Development_Bank.jpg/200px-Housing_and_Development_Bank.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Egypt portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Egypt"},{"title":"6th of October City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_of_October_City"},{"title":"New Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Cairo"}]	[{"reference":"\"الصفحة الرئيسية – برج العرب الجديدة\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A2lcele_(Olt)	Vâlcele (Olt)	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 45°48′27″N 25°38′43″E / 45.8076°N 25.6453°E / 45.8076; 25.6453River in Covasna County, RomaniaVâlceleLocationCountryRomaniaCountiesCovasna CountyVillagesVâlcele, AraciPhysical characteristicsMouthOlt • locationVâlcele • coordinates45°48′27″N 25°38′43″E / 45.8076°N 25.6453°E / 45.8076; 25.6453Length11 km (6.8 mi)Basin size32 km2 (12 sq mi)Basin featuresProgressionOlt→ Danube→ Black SeaTributaries • leftSipoș, Pârâul Pietros • rightAraci The Vâlcele is a right tributary of the river Olt in Romania. It discharges into the Olt in Araci. Its length is 11 km (6.8 mi) and its basin size is 32 km2 (12 sq mi). References ^ "Planul național de management. Sinteza planurilor de management la nivel de bazine/spații hidrografice, anexa 7.1" (PDF, 5.1 MB). Administrația Națională Apele Române. 2010. p. 658. ^ a b Atlasul cadastrului apelor din România. Partea 1 (in Romanian). Bucharest: Ministerul Mediului. 1992. p. 272. OCLC 895459847. River code: VIII.1.49 ^ Valcele (jud. Covasna), e-calauza.ro Portal: Romania This article related to a river in Covasna County is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Olt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olt_(river)"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RO_Annex7658-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RO_Atlas272VIII.1.49-2"},{"link_name":"Araci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A2lcele,_Covasna"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RO_Atlas272VIII.1.49-2"}],"text":"River in Covasna County, RomaniaThe Vâlcele is a right tributary of the river Olt in Romania.[1][2] It discharges into the Olt in Araci.[3] Its length is 11 km (6.8 mi) and its basin size is 32 km2 (12 sq mi).[2]","title":"Vâlcele (Olt)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Planul național de management. Sinteza planurilor de management la nivel de bazine/spații hidrografice, anexa 7.1\" (PDF, 5.1 MB). Administrația Națională Apele Române. 2010. p. 658.","urls":[{"url":"https://rowater.ro/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Anexe-7-PlanNationalManagement-vol.III_.pdf","url_text":"\"Planul național de management. Sinteza planurilor de management la nivel de bazine/spații hidrografice, anexa 7.1\""}]},{"reference":"Atlasul cadastrului apelor din România. Partea 1 (in Romanian). Bucharest: Ministerul Mediului. 1992. p. 272. OCLC 895459847.","urls":[{"url":"https://pdfslide.net/documents/184635870-atlasul-cadastrului-apelor-din-romaniapdf.html","url_text":"Atlasul cadastrului apelor din România. Partea 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/895459847","url_text":"895459847"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=V%C3%A2lcele_(Olt)&params=45.8076_N_25.6453_E_type:river","external_links_name":"45°48′27″N 25°38′43″E / 45.8076°N 25.6453°E / 45.8076; 25.6453"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=V%C3%A2lcele_(Olt)&params=45.8076_N_25.6453_E_type:river","external_links_name":"45°48′27″N 25°38′43″E / 45.8076°N 25.6453°E / 45.8076; 25.6453"},{"Link":"https://rowater.ro/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Anexe-7-PlanNationalManagement-vol.III_.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Planul național de management. Sinteza planurilor de management la nivel de bazine/spații hidrografice, anexa 7.1\""},{"Link":"https://pdfslide.net/documents/184635870-atlasul-cadastrului-apelor-din-romaniapdf.html","external_links_name":"Atlasul cadastrului apelor din România. Partea 1"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/895459847","external_links_name":"895459847"},{"Link":"http://www.e-calauza.ro/index.php?afiseaza=pluta_noua&rau=2064","external_links_name":"Valcele (jud. Covasna)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A2lcele_(Olt)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickfilming	Brickfilm	["1 History","1.1 1960s–1970s: Early brickfilms","1.2 1980s–1990s","1.3 2000s–present","2 Technique","3 Franchises","4 Brickfilming communities and festivals","4.1 Communities","4.2 Film festivals","5 Documentary","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Type of technical animation This article is about films revolving about or using construction set bricks. For the 2005 live-action film, see Brick (film). For the 2014 movie, see The Lego Movie. For films and TV series produced by The Lego Group, see List of Lego films and TV series. A brickfilm is a film or Internet video made by either shooting stop motion animation using construction set bricks like Lego bricks (and figures) or using computer-generated imagery or traditional animation to imitate the look. They can sometimes also be live action films featuring plastic construction toys (or representations of them). Since the 2000s The Lego Group has released various films and TV series and brickfilms have also become popular on (social-) media websites. The term “brick film” was coined by Jason Rowoldt, founder of the website brickfilms.com. History 1960s–1970s: Early brickfilms The earliest known brickfilm was a German advertisement for Lego, released around 1960. It features various brick-built animal characters, including dogs, cats, and camels, all animated using stop-motion. Little information is known about the advertisement, other than it was released for German cinemas. A display featuring the advertisement is located in the History Collection of Lego House, in Billund, Denmark. The first known amateur brickfilm, En rejse til månen (Danish for 'Journey to the Moon'), was created in 1973 by Lars C. Hassing and Henrik Hassing. The six-minute video featured both stop motion animation and live action, and was filmed on Super 8 film. It depicted Apollo 17 and was made for their grandparents' golden wedding anniversary. The film was later shown to Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, who had a personal copy made, though the film was not released to the public until May 2013, when the creator uploaded it to YouTube. Other early brickfilms are known to have been created from 1975 onwards. Many were independent projects while others were promos or advertisements made by Lego itself. 1980s–1990s A well-known early brickfilm was made between 1985 and 1989 in Perth, Western Australia by Lindsay Fleay, named The Magic Portal. It was filmed on a Bolex 16mm camera with 16mm film and features animated Lego, Plasticine, and cardboard characters and objects, mixing both stop motion animation and live action footage, with Fleay making a live action appearance. The Magic Portal had high production values for a brickfilm of its time, with a five-figure budget granted by the Australian Film Commission. However, due to legal issues with The Lego Group, it did not see a wide release for years. The Lego Group eventually backed down on these charges. More early brickfilms were produced in the Lego Sport Champions series, officially commissioned by The Lego Group in 1987. During this time, Dave Lennie and Andrew Boyer started making "Legomation" using a VHS camera and professional video equipment. An early brickfilm with no involvement from The Lego Group to be widely released was a music video for the UK dance act Ethereal for their song Zap on Truelove Records. Released in 1991, the film was shown across the MTV network and other music channels and was the first time a full-length stop-motion brickfilm has been released across public channels. The film again attracted the attention of The Lego Group's legal department. The film was directed by filmmaker David Betteridge with animation direction handled by Phil Burgess and Art Direction by Daniel Betteridge. The story was an interpretation of scenes from Apocalypse Now adapted to the rave culture of the late eighties, following three heroic Lego men as they battle and overcome evil. The film's budget was £3,000 GBP, enabling the filmmakers to shoot on 35mm film using a hand-cranked camera built in 1903 and modified with an animation motor. Originally scheduled to take two weekends, the film's production took three and a half months to complete. In the late 1990s, the age of film and video brickfilms ended as digital cameras became more and more accessible. Also, the internet allowed brickfilmers to produce and distribute their work more easily. 2000s–present Throughout the 2000s, brickfilms increased in sophistication and garnered some media attention. Higher-end films would often feature digital effects, created frame-by-frame with image editors or inserted via video compositing software. In 2000, the brickfilm Rick & Steve: The Happiest Gay Couple in All the World was accepted to over 80 film festivals, including Sundance. The Lego Group officially encouraged the creation of brickfilms with the release of Lego Studios in 2000. Since then, The Lego Group has used various brickfilms and TV series to help advertise new themes and sets. The founding of Brickfilms.com in 2000 provided a centralized location for brickfilmers to share their work online. The site did not directly host its members' films, but rather allowed members to link to webpages where they could be downloaded or streamed from. These actions both significantly increased brickfilming's popularity through the mid-2000s. The Deluxe Edition DVD of Monty Python and the Holy Grail contained an extra in the form of a brickfilm of the "Camelot Song", produced by Spite Your Face Productions. Throughout the early 2000s, Spite Your Face Productions created several viral brickfilms in collaboration with The Lego Group, including The Han Solo Affair and The Peril of Doc Ock. In 2005, Lego released the official computer-generated brickfilm Lego Star Wars: Revenge of the Brick to tie in with the release of Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith. It premiered on Cartoon Network and was later included on the second DVD volume of Star Wars: Clone Wars TV series. In the mid-2000s, brickfilms became more widespread upon the rise of YouTube. In 2007, Lego hosted the Lego Star Wars Movie Making Contest, further publicizing brickfilms online. In 2010, The Lego Group produced and released Lego's first official feature-length film, Lego: The Adventures of Clutch Powers. Since then, Lego has produced four more brickfilm-like feature films, The Lego Movie (2014) The Lego Batman Movie (2017), The Lego Ninjago Movie (2017), and The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part (2019). The Lego Group also produced multiple animated series for multiple franchises like Ninjago, Star Wars (e.g. Lego Star Wars: The Freemaker Adventures (2016–17), Friends or Legends of Chima (2013–14). While these are created using primarily computer generated animation, they are styled in such a way as to emulate the look of stop-motion brickfilms, even being influenced by some popular brickfilms such as The Magic Portal. Lego additionally also releases video games (e.g. Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga (2007)) featuring Lego bricks and minifigures. In 2024, Lego and Universal Pictures released a brickfilm-style take on the theatrical trailer for the first of the two-part film adaptation of Wicked. For years, almost all brickfilming was created using digital cameras and webcams. However, since the advent of stop-motion apps on mobile devices, brickfilming is accessible to many more people. After the release of The Lego Batman Movie, The Lego Group produced a stop-motion animation themed construction set which was compatible with smartphones and encouraged the art of brickfilming (853650). Technique Modern brickfilms are captured with digital still cameras (sometimes in the form of webcams, DSLRs or camcorders with still image capability). The most widely used framerates for brickfilms are 12, 15, or 24 frames per second. Animators also tend to use a standard 4-frame minifigure walk cycle. To capture images for the animation, most brickfilmers prefer to use dedicated stop motion software, such as the free Stop Motion Studio, Boats Animator, and Eagle Animation, or professional software such as Dragonframe. Afterwards, compositing software such as Adobe After Effects can be used to add visual effects and a video editor can be used to compile the frames with audio tracks and complete the production of the film. Franchises Main article: List of Lego films and TV series The Lego Group produced various short films, feature films and video games featuring Lego minifigures and bricks. Most of these are based on other already existing franchises like Star Wars or DC Comics. These films are created using primarily computer generated animation, they are styled in such a way as to emulate the look of stop-motion brickfilms. Multiple video games also feature Lego minifigures and bricks are inspired by brickfilms. Brickfilming communities and festivals Communities Brickfilms.com by Brick à Brack is an online community dedicated to brickfilming. Founded December 16, 2000 by Jason Rowoldt, Brickfilms.com was the first internet brickfilming community ever created. The website hosts a brickfilm directory, threads for filmmakers, technical articles, resources and organizes many brickfilm contests. In 2007 the site was the Internet's "main hub for Lego filmmaking", according to the Wall Street Journal. Brickfilms.com was acquired by the French non-profit organization Brick à Brack in 2022. This group also contributes to many Lego events to share brickfilming with other fans of Lego. It is currently one of the largest active brickfilming community on the Internet. Bricks in Motion is an online community focused on the art of brickfilming. It was originally founded in 2001 as the personal website of pioneering brickfilmer Thomas Foote, and the current incarnation was founded by Jonathan Schlaepfer in 2008 as a new community-focused brickfilming website, featuring a forum and later a film directory. Starting in 2008, it became the main home of the English-speaking brickfilming community at the time, following an exodus from Brickfilms.com. The current administrators are Chris Wynn and Sean Willis. It is one of the largest and most active online communities. Bricks in Motion annually hosts the two largest community-run brickfilming contests, the Twenty-Four-Hour-Animation Contest (abbreviated to THAC) and the Brickfilm Rapidly All Week Long contest (abbreviated to BRAWL). Brickfilm Day is an online community known for its annual Brickfilm Day event, in which participants submit a brickfilm or a video about brickfilming, all to be released on one day. The first Brickfilm Day festival was in 2018, celebrating the 45th anniversary of En rejse til månen (Danish for Journey to the Moon). They have organized several brickfilm community projects, such as recreations of popular movie trailers and scenes. Brickfilm Day does not have a dedicated website, but does have a community on Discord. Film festivals There are multiple film festivals in the brickfilming community that are dedicated entirely to the screening of brickfilms, usually as part of a wider Lego convention. A few notable festivals are the Brickworld Film Festival, based in Chicago, Cine Brick, a Portugal-based brickfilming festival, and Steinerei, a German brickfilming festival. Documentary The official Bricks in Motion documentary poster In 2014, The owner of the Bricks In Motion website, Philip Heinrich, and his production company, Ergo Possum, started a Kickstarter campaign to crowdsource the funding of a feature-length movie, Bricks in Motion, a documentary that follows brickfilmers from around the world and showcases their diverse personalities and their love for the craft. It reached a total of $12,800 and started production in 2014. Production was completed in December 2015, and the film was released on various streaming services in 2017. See also Lego Animation References ^ "Non Lego characters (Page 1) - Updates & Feedback - Forums - Bricks in Motion". www.bricksinmotion.com. ^ a b "Jason Rowoldt". LinkedIn. Archived from the original on February 27, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2018. ^ "We interviewed the First Brickfilmer..." YouTube. 2023-05-12. Retrieved 2023-08-08. ^ "Animation : 954". News.lugnet.com. 2013-05-16. Retrieved 2013-08-19. ^ "En rejse til månen (Journey to the Moon)". YouTube. 1973-05-16. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11. Retrieved 2013-08-25. ^ "The Brickfilm Archival Project (Page 4) – General Film Discussion – Forums – Bricks in Motion". www.bricksinmotion.com. Retrieved 2018-01-09. ^ "The History of Brickfilms: 1970s & 1980s – More Lego animations than you might think!". YouTube. 2018-02-10. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11. Retrieved 2018-02-11. ^ Furniss, Maureen (2008). The animation bible : a practical guide to the art of animating, from flipbooks to flash. New York : Abrams. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-0-8109-9545-1. ^ Haubursin, Christophe; Cardiff, Morgan (2017-06-15). How fan films shaped The Lego Movie (YouTube video). Vox. Event occurs at 5:36. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11. Retrieved 2019-03-29. ^ "Legosports". YouTube. Retrieved 2013-08-19. ^ "Lego Sports Champions(1987)". BrickFilms. Archived from the original on 2013-08-22. Retrieved 2013-08-25. ^ "Olympic Lego Animations: Then and Now". Brickanimation.com. 2012-08-16. Retrieved 2013-08-25. ^ "Lego Sport Champions". Filmwest.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-23. Retrieved 2013-08-19. ^ "Archived Document". Archived from the original on 2015-10-28. Retrieved 2013-11-14. ^ "Truelove". www.truelove.co.uk. ^ "Vintage Lego Brickfilm" – via www.youtube.com. ^ "David Betteridge". David Betteridge. ^ https://www.linkedin.com/pub/phil-burgess/67/471/60 ^ "Production Design". Production Design. ^ "In This Film Industry It Really Helps To Be a Blockhead - WSJ.com". Online.wsj.com. 2007-10-06. Retrieved 2013-08-19. ^ "Masking and bowling". YouTube. 2007-08-27. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11. Retrieved 2013-08-19. ^ New offering from Lego for auteurs of bricks New Straits Times, Jan. 18, 2001 ^ "Lego & Steven Spielberg MovieMaker Set – PC World Business". Pcworld.idg.com.au. 2001-02-10. Archived from the original on 2014-03-23. Retrieved 2013-08-25. ^ "Lego Ads". YouTube. 2008-01-28. Archived from the original on 2014-07-22. Retrieved 2013-08-25. ^ "Monty Python Lego". Spike TV. September 13, 2001. Archived from the original on 2011-02-21. Retrieved 2013-08-25. ^ "Han Solo Affair release page". 2002-08-05. Archived from the original on 2002-08-05. Retrieved 2023-08-08. ^ "The Peril of Doc Ock release page". 2004-07-03. Archived from the original on 2004-07-03. Retrieved 2023-08-08. ^ "Star Wars – Clone Wars, Vol. 2 : DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video". Dvdtalk.com. Retrieved 2013-08-25.. ^ "Lego Star Wars Movie Making Contest rules". 2007-07-27. Archived from the original on 2007-07-27. Retrieved 2023-08-08. ^ https://www.nbc.com/nbc-insider/wicked-universal-pictures-trailer-reimagined-with-legos ^ "Brick Films". Ampsvideo.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-24. Retrieved 2013-08-25. ^ "The Lego Batman Movie Batman Movie Maker Set 853650". www.lego.com. ^ "Minifig Walking Tutorial". Thehowlingfantods.com. Retrieved 2013-08-19. ^ "LegoStop-motion animation videos & movies". Brickfilms.com by Brick à Brack. ^ Lavallee, Andrew (2007-10-06). "In This Film Industry It Really Helps To Be a Blockhead - WSJ.com". Online.wsj.com. Retrieved 2012-11-29. ^ "Retour sur l'exposition de Puissance Brick à Chelles". Brickfilms.com by Brick à Brack. ^ "Users". Brickfilms.com by Brick à Brack. ^ "bricksinmotion.com". September 28, 2001. Archived from the original on September 28, 2001. Retrieved April 28, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Bricks in Motion". December 31, 2008. Archived from the original on December 31, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Brickfilm Chronicle article on the Brickfilms.com exodus". 2008. Archived from the original on 2017-05-01. Retrieved 2023-08-08. ^ "THAC 2023 accepted entries list". 2023-01-07. Retrieved 2023-08-08. ^ "BRAWL 2023 accepted entries list". 2023-06-24. Retrieved 2023-08-08. ^ "Brickfilm Day YouTube channel". YouTube. Retrieved 2023-08-08. ^ "What is Brickfilm Day?". YouTube. 2017-10-28. Retrieved 2023-08-08. ^ "Brickfilm Festival". Brickworld. ^ "Cine Brick". Cine Brick. ^ "Steinerei - Das Brickfilmfestival bringt die besten Stop-Motion-Filme aus Lego-Steinen ins Kino". ^ "Bricks in Motion – A Documentary about Lego Filmmaking". ^ Possum, Ergo (January 18, 2016). "Watch Bricks in Motion Online" – via Vimeo. ^ "Watch Bricks in Motion". www.amazon.com. ^ "Bricks in Motion – A Documentary about Lego Filmmaking". Kickstarter. Retrieved 2018-04-28. ^ Possum, Ergo (2017-01-28), Watch Bricks in Motion Online, retrieved 2018-04-28 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brickfilms. Official Lego Company website Brickfilms.com Bricks in Motion WMBF.pl vteFilm genresBy style Action Arthouse Heroic bloodshed Hong Kong action Adventure Survival Art Biographical Christian Comedy Action Black Commedia all'italiana Sexy Bromantic Dramedy Gross out Horror Parody Mo lei tau Thriller Remarriage Romantic Sex Screwball Silent Slapstick Cyberpunk Japanese Documentary Animated City symphony Docudrama Mockumentary Mondo Pseudo Semi Travel Video essay Drama Calligrafismo Dramedy Historical Legal Melodrama Korean Erotic Commedia sexy all'italiana Pink Sexploitation Thriller Educational Social guidance Epic Sword-and-sandal Experimental Exploitation see Exploitation film template Fantasy Comedy Contemporary Fantastique High Historical Magic realism Science Film noir Neo-noir Pulp noir Tech noir Gothic Romance Southern Space Suburban Urban Horror Arthouse Body Cannibal Chinese horror Christmas horror Comedy Eco Fantastique Found footage German underground Ghost Giallo Holiday Japanese horror Korean horror Lovecraftian Natural New French Extremity Psycho-biddy Psychological Religious Science fiction Slasher Splatter Satanic Maximalist film Minimalist film Mumblecore Musical Arthouse Backstage Jukebox Musicarello Operetta Sceneggiata Mystery Detective Occult detective Whodunit Giallo Pop culture fiction Crossover Pornographic Hardcore pornography Softcore pornography (Malayalam) Propaganda Reality Romantic Comedy Bromantic Fantasy Gothic Paranormal Thriller Science fiction Art Comedy Fantastique Fantasy Gothic Horror Military New Wave Planetary romance Space opera Steampunk Tokusatsu Western Slice of life Slow cinema Thriller Comedy Erotic Financial Giallo Legal New French Extremity Political Psychological Romantic Techno Transgressive Cinema of Transgression Extreme cinema New French Extremity Trick By theme Animals Beach party Body swap Buddy Buddy cop Female Cannibal Chicano Colonial Coming-of-age Concert Crime Detective Gangster Gentleman thief Gokudō Gong'an Heist Heroic bloodshed Hood Mafia Mafia comedy Mumbai underworld Poliziotteschi Yakuza Dance Disaster Apocalyptic Drug Psychedelic Stoner Dystopian Ecchi Economic Ethnographic Exploitation Blaxploitation Mexploitation Turksploitation Extraterrestrial Food and drink Gendai-geki Ghost Goona-goona epic Gothic Romance Space Suburban Girls with guns Harem Hentai Lolicon Shotacon Tentacle erotica Homeland Isekai Jidaigeki Samurai Kaitō LGBT Yaoi Yuri Luchador Magical girl Martial arts Bruceploitation Chopsocky Gun fu Kung fu Ninja Wuxia Mecha Anime Monster Giant monster Kaiju Mummy Vampire Zombie Zombie comedy Mountain Mouth of Garbage Muslim social Nature Environmental issues Opera Outlaw biker Ozploitation Partisan film Prison Women Race Rape and revenge Road Rubble Rumberas Sexploitation Bavarian porn Commedia sexy all'italiana Mexican sex comedy Nazi exploitation Pornochanchada Nunsploitation Sex report Shoshimin-eiga Slavery Slice of life Snuff South Seas Sports Spy Eurospy Superhero Surfing Swashbuckler Sword-and-sandal Sword and sorcery Travel Trial Vigilante War Anti-war Euro War Submarine Western Acid Contemporary Western Dacoit Western Fantasy Florida Horror Meat pie Northern Ostern Revisionist Science fiction Singing cowboy Space Spaghetti Weird Western Zapata Western By movement or period Absolute American eccentric cinema New Objectivity Australian New Wave Auteur films Berlin School Bourekas Brighton School British New Wave Kitchen sink realism Budapest school Calligrafismo Cannibal boom Cinéma du look Cinema Novo Cinema of Transgression Cinéma pur Commedia all'italiana Czechoslovak New Wave Documentary Film Movement Dogme 95 Erra Cinema European art cinema Film d'art Film gris Free Cinema French New Wave German Expressionist German underground horror Nigerian Golden Age Grupo Cine Liberación Heimatfilm Hollywood on the Tiber Hong Kong New Wave Indiewood Iranian New Wave Italian futurist Italian neorealist Japanese New Wave Kammerspielfilm L.A. Rebellion Lettrist Modernist film Mumblecore Neorealist New French Extremity New German New generation New Hollywood New Nollywood New Queer No wave Nuevo Cine Mexicano Pan-Indian film Parallel cinema Persian Film Poetic realist Polish Film School Poliziotteschi Praška filmska škola Prussian film Pure Film Movement Remodernist Romanian New Wave Slow cinema Spaghetti Western Socialist realist Social realist Kitchen sink realism Soviet parallel Structural Surrealist Sword-and-sandal Telefoni Bianchi Third Cinema Toronto New Wave Vulgar auteurism Yugoslav Black Wave By demographic Adult Black Children and family Anime Men Seinen Stag Teen Shōnen Shōjo Women Chick flick Josei By format, technique, approach, or production 3D Actuality Animation Anime Art Cartoon Computer Stop-motion Traditional Anthology Art B movie Behind-the-scenes Black-and-white Blockbuster Cinéma vérité Classical Hollywood cinema Collage Color Compilation Composite Computer screen Cult midnight movie Database cinema Docufiction Ethnofiction Experimental Abstract Feature Featurette Film à clef Film-poem Found footage Grindhouse Hyperlink cinema Independent Guerrilla filmmaking List of American independent films Interstitial art Live action animation Low-budget Major film studios Masala Maximalist film Message picture Meta-film Minimalist film Mockbuster Modernist film Musical short Mythopoeia Neorealist No-budget One-shot Paracinema Participatory Poetry Postmodernist Reverse motion Satire Sceneggiata Semidocumentary Serial Shinpa Short Silent Slow cinema Socialist realist Sound Underground Video nasty Vulgar auteurism Z movie Category Portal vteLego The Lego Group Kirkbi PeopleKristiansen family Ole Kirk Christiansen Godtfred Kirk Christiansen Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen Thomas Kirk Kristiansen Sofie Kirk Kristiansen Agnete Kirk Thinggaard Notable executives Jørgen Vig Knudstorp Bali Padda Niels Christiansen History Timeline Interlego AG v Tyco Industries Inc Kirkbi AG v Ritvik Holdings Inc Product rangesCurrent Architecture Art Avatar BrickHeadz Brick Sketches Cars City Creator Icons Modular Buildings Despicable Me Disney DOTS Dreamzzz Duplo Dune Education Friends Gabby's Dollhouse Ghostbusters Harry Potter Ideas Jurassic World The Lord of the Rings Minecraft Minifigures Monkie Kid Ninjago Overwatch Sonic the Hedgehog Speed Champions Star Wars Super Heroes Super Mario Technic Trains Discontinued 4+ Adventurers Agents Alpha Team The Angry Birds Movie Aqua Raiders Aquazone Atlantis Avatar: The Last Airbender Primo / Baby Batman Belville Ben 10: Alien Force Bionicle Castle Dacta DC Super Hero Girls Dino Elves Exo-Force Fabuland FORMA Fusion Galidor Games Hero Factory Hidden Side The Hobbit Homemaker Indiana Jones Jack Stone Juniors Legends of Chima The Lego Batman Movie The Lego Movie The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part The Lego Ninjago Movie Life of George The Lone Ranger Mars Mission Mindstorms Mixels Monster Fighters Nexo Knights Ninja Pharaoh's Quest Pirates Pirates of the Caribbean Power Miners The Powerpuff Girls Prince of Persia Racers RoboRiders Rock Raiders Scooby-Doo The Simpsons Space Speed Racer Spider-Man SpongeBob SquarePants Sports Spybotics Stranger Things Studios Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Toy Story Trolls World Tour Ultra Agents Unikitty! Vidiyo Wild West World Racers Znap Other products Games Serious Play Media Films & TV series The Lego Movie franchise The Lego Movie The Lego Batman Movie The Lego Ninjago Movie The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part Piece by Piece Software Lego Life Design byME Lego Digital Designer Lego Interactive List of video games Lego Ninjago (video game franchise) Lego Universe Lego Club Magazine Lego White Noise Theme parks Legoland Billund California Deutschland Dubai Florida Japan Korea Malaysia New York Sichuan Windsor Legoland Discovery Centre Boston Chicago Dallas Fort Worth Kansas City Toronto Westchester Events BrickCon BrickFair BrickFest Brickfête Brick Fiesta Brickworld FIRST Lego League FIRST Lego League Jr. Robofest In popular culture A Lego Brickumentary "Brick Like Me" The Brick Bible The Toys That Made Us Related companies The Lego Group Merlin Entertainments TT Games Traveller's Tales Gameloft Epic Games WildBrain Studios Other topics Lego fandom Brickfilm LDraw Violence and Lego Lego House LUGNET Minifigure Hilary Page Tokio Express Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brick (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Lego Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lego_Movie"},{"link_name":"The Lego Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lego_Group"},{"link_name":"List of Lego films and TV series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lego_films_and_TV_series"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"Internet video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_video"},{"link_name":"stop motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_motion"},{"link_name":"construction set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_set"},{"link_name":"Lego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego"},{"link_name":"figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_minifigure"},{"link_name":"computer-generated imagery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery"},{"link_name":"traditional animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_animation"},{"link_name":"live action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_action"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The Lego Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lego_Group"},{"link_name":"social","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"websites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website"},{"link_name":"brickfilms.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//brickfilms.com"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"This article is about films revolving about or using construction set bricks. For the 2005 live-action film, see Brick (film). For the 2014 movie, see The Lego Movie. For films and TV series produced by The Lego Group, see List of Lego films and TV series.A brickfilm is a film or Internet video made by either shooting stop motion animation using construction set bricks like Lego bricks (and figures) or using computer-generated imagery or traditional animation to imitate the look. They can sometimes also be live action films featuring plastic construction toys (or representations of them).[1] Since the 2000s The Lego Group has released various films and TV series and brickfilms have also become popular on (social-) media websites. The term “brick film” was coined by Jason Rowoldt, founder of the website brickfilms.com.[2]","title":"Brickfilm"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lego House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_House_(Billund)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Super 8 film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_8_film"},{"link_name":"Apollo 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17"},{"link_name":"Godtfred Kirk Christiansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godtfred_Kirk_Christiansen"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"1960s–1970s: Early brickfilms","text":"The earliest known brickfilm was a German advertisement for Lego, released around 1960. It features various brick-built animal characters, including dogs, cats, and camels, all animated using stop-motion. Little information is known about the advertisement, other than it was released for German cinemas. A display featuring the advertisement is located in the History Collection of Lego House, in Billund, Denmark.[3]The first known amateur brickfilm, En rejse til månen (Danish for 'Journey to the Moon'), was created in 1973 by Lars C. Hassing and Henrik Hassing.[4] The six-minute video featured both stop motion animation and live action, and was filmed on Super 8 film. It depicted Apollo 17 and was made for their grandparents' golden wedding anniversary. The film was later shown to Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, who had a personal copy made, though the film was not released to the public until May 2013, when the creator uploaded it to YouTube.[5]Other early brickfilms are known to have been created from 1975 onwards. Many were independent projects while others were promos or advertisements made by Lego itself.[6][7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Magic Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Portal"},{"link_name":"Bolex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolex"},{"link_name":"Plasticine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticine"},{"link_name":"cardboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardboard"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Furniss-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Apocalypse Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse_Now"},{"link_name":"internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"}],"sub_title":"1980s–1990s","text":"A well-known early brickfilm was made between 1985 and 1989 in Perth, Western Australia by Lindsay Fleay, named The Magic Portal. It was filmed on a Bolex 16mm camera with 16mm film and features animated Lego, Plasticine, and cardboard characters and objects, mixing both stop motion animation and live action footage, with Fleay making a live action appearance.[8] The Magic Portal had high production values for a brickfilm of its time, with a five-figure budget granted by the Australian Film Commission. However, due to legal issues with The Lego Group, it did not see a wide release for years. The Lego Group eventually backed down on these charges.[9]More early brickfilms were produced in the Lego Sport Champions series,[10] officially commissioned by The Lego Group in 1987.[11][12][13] During this time, Dave Lennie and Andrew Boyer started making \"Legomation\" using a VHS camera and professional video equipment.[14]An early brickfilm with no involvement from The Lego Group to be widely released was a music video for the UK dance act Ethereal for their song Zap on Truelove Records.[15] Released in 1991, the film was shown across the MTV network and other music channels and was the first time a full-length stop-motion brickfilm has been released across public channels.[16] The film again attracted the attention of The Lego Group's legal department. The film was directed by filmmaker David Betteridge[17] with animation direction handled by Phil Burgess[18] and Art Direction by Daniel Betteridge.[19] The story was an interpretation of scenes from Apocalypse Now adapted to the rave culture of the late eighties, following three heroic Lego men as they battle and overcome evil. The film's budget was £3,000 GBP, enabling the filmmakers to shoot on 35mm film using a hand-cranked camera built in 1903 and modified with an animation motor. Originally scheduled to take two weekends, the film's production took three and a half months to complete.In the late 1990s, the age of film and video brickfilms ended as digital cameras became more and more accessible. Also, the internet allowed brickfilmers to produce and distribute their work more easily.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Rick & Steve: The Happiest Gay Couple in All the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_%26_Steve:_The_Happiest_Gay_Couple_in_All_the_World"},{"link_name":"Sundance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"The Lego Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lego_Group"},{"link_name":"Lego Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Studios"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Deluxe Edition DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail#Home_video_editions"},{"link_name":"Monty Python and the Holy Grail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Spite Your Face Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spite_Your_Face_Productions"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Lego Star Wars: Revenge of the Brick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Star_Wars:_Revenge_of_the_Brick"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_III_%E2%80%93_Revenge_of_the_Sith"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network"},{"link_name":"second DVD volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Clone_Wars_(2003_TV_series)#DVD_releases"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: Clone Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Clone_Wars_(2003_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"The Lego Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lego_Group"},{"link_name":"Lego: The Adventures of Clutch Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego:_The_Adventures_of_Clutch_Powers"},{"link_name":"The Lego Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lego_Movie"},{"link_name":"The Lego Batman Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lego_Batman_Movie"},{"link_name":"The Lego Ninjago Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lego_Ninjago_Movie"},{"link_name":"The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lego_Movie_2:_The_Second_Part"},{"link_name":"animated series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_series"},{"link_name":"Ninjago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninjago_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Star_Wars#Television_series"},{"link_name":"Lego Star Wars: The Freemaker Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Star_Wars:_The_Freemaker_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Friends#Series"},{"link_name":"Legends of Chima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_of_Chima"},{"link_name":"The Magic Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Portal"},{"link_name":"Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Star_Wars:_The_Complete_Saga"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Wicked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicked_(2024_film)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMPS-31"},{"link_name":"apps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app"},{"link_name":"mobile devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_device"},{"link_name":"853650","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lego_Batman_Movie_(Lego_theme)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"2000s–present","text":"Throughout the 2000s, brickfilms increased in sophistication and garnered some media attention.[20] Higher-end films would often feature digital effects, created frame-by-frame with image editors[21] or inserted via video compositing software. In 2000, the brickfilm Rick & Steve: The Happiest Gay Couple in All the World was accepted to over 80 film festivals, including Sundance.[22]The Lego Group officially encouraged the creation of brickfilms with the release of Lego Studios in 2000.[23] Since then, The Lego Group has used various brickfilms and TV series to help advertise new themes and sets.[24] The founding of Brickfilms.com in 2000 provided a centralized location for brickfilmers to share their work online. The site did not directly host its members' films, but rather allowed members to link to webpages where they could be downloaded or streamed from.[2] These actions both significantly increased brickfilming's popularity through the mid-2000s.The Deluxe Edition DVD of Monty Python and the Holy Grail contained an extra in the form of a brickfilm of the \"Camelot Song\",[25] produced by Spite Your Face Productions. Throughout the early 2000s, Spite Your Face Productions created several viral brickfilms in collaboration with The Lego Group, including The Han Solo Affair[26] and The Peril of Doc Ock.[27]In 2005, Lego released the official computer-generated brickfilm Lego Star Wars: Revenge of the Brick to tie in with the release of Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith. It premiered on Cartoon Network and was later included on the second DVD volume of Star Wars: Clone Wars TV series.[28]In the mid-2000s, brickfilms became more widespread upon the rise of YouTube. In 2007, Lego hosted the Lego Star Wars Movie Making Contest,[29] further publicizing brickfilms online.In 2010, The Lego Group produced and released Lego's first official feature-length film, Lego: The Adventures of Clutch Powers. Since then, Lego has produced four more brickfilm-like feature films, The Lego Movie (2014) The Lego Batman Movie (2017), The Lego Ninjago Movie (2017), and The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part (2019). The Lego Group also produced multiple animated series for multiple franchises like Ninjago, Star Wars (e.g. Lego Star Wars: The Freemaker Adventures (2016–17), Friends or Legends of Chima (2013–14). While these are created using primarily computer generated animation, they are styled in such a way as to emulate the look of stop-motion brickfilms, even being influenced by some popular brickfilms such as The Magic Portal. Lego additionally also releases video games (e.g. Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga (2007)) featuring Lego bricks and minifigures.In 2024, Lego and Universal Pictures released a brickfilm-style take on the theatrical trailer for the first of the two-part film adaptation of Wicked.[30]For years, almost all brickfilming was created using digital cameras and webcams.[31] However, since the advent of stop-motion apps on mobile devices, brickfilming is accessible to many more people. After the release of The Lego Batman Movie, The Lego Group produced a stop-motion animation themed construction set which was compatible with smartphones and encouraged the art of brickfilming (853650).[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Dragonframe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonframe"},{"link_name":"Adobe After Effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_After_Effects"}],"text":"Modern brickfilms are captured with digital still cameras (sometimes in the form of webcams, DSLRs or camcorders with still image capability). The most widely used framerates for brickfilms are 12, 15, or 24 frames per second. Animators also tend to use a standard 4-frame minifigure walk cycle.[33]To capture images for the animation, most brickfilmers prefer to use dedicated stop motion software, such as the free Stop Motion Studio, Boats Animator, and Eagle Animation, or professional software such as Dragonframe. Afterwards, compositing software such as Adobe After Effects can be used to add visual effects and a video editor can be used to compile the frames with audio tracks and complete the production of the film.","title":"Technique"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lego minifigures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_minifigure"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Multiple video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lego_video_games"}],"text":"The Lego Group produced various short films, feature films and video games featuring Lego minifigures and bricks. Most of these are based on other already existing franchises like Star Wars or DC Comics. These films are created using primarily computer generated animation, they are styled in such a way as to emulate the look of stop-motion brickfilms.Multiple video games also feature Lego minifigures and bricks are inspired by brickfilms.","title":"Franchises"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Brickfilming communities and festivals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Communities","text":"Brickfilms.com by Brick à Brack is an online community dedicated to brickfilming. Founded December 16, 2000 by Jason Rowoldt, Brickfilms.com was the first internet brickfilming community ever created. The website hosts a brickfilm directory, threads for filmmakers, technical articles, resources and organizes many brickfilm contests.[34] In 2007 the site was the Internet's \"main hub for Lego filmmaking\", according to the Wall Street Journal.[35] Brickfilms.com was acquired by the French non-profit organization Brick à Brack in 2022. This group also contributes to many Lego events to share brickfilming with other fans of Lego.[36] It is currently one of the largest active brickfilming community on the Internet.[37]Bricks in Motion is an online community focused on the art of brickfilming. It was originally founded in 2001 as the personal website of pioneering brickfilmer Thomas Foote,[38] and the current incarnation was founded by Jonathan Schlaepfer in 2008 as a new community-focused brickfilming website, featuring a forum and later a film directory.[39] Starting in 2008, it became the main home of the English-speaking brickfilming community at the time, following an exodus from Brickfilms.com.[40] The current administrators are Chris Wynn and Sean Willis. It is one of the largest and most active online communities. Bricks in Motion annually hosts the two largest community-run brickfilming contests, the Twenty-Four-Hour-Animation Contest (abbreviated to THAC)[41] and the Brickfilm Rapidly All Week Long contest (abbreviated to BRAWL).[42]Brickfilm Day is an online community known for its annual Brickfilm Day event,[43] in which participants submit a brickfilm or a video about brickfilming, all to be released on one day. The first Brickfilm Day festival was in 2018,[44] celebrating the 45th anniversary of En rejse til månen (Danish for Journey to the Moon). They have organized several brickfilm community projects, such as recreations of popular movie trailers and scenes. Brickfilm Day does not have a dedicated website, but does have a community on Discord.","title":"Brickfilming communities and festivals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_festival"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Film festivals","text":"There are multiple film festivals in the brickfilming community that are dedicated entirely to the screening of brickfilms, usually as part of a wider Lego convention. A few notable festivals are the Brickworld Film Festival, based in Chicago,[45] Cine Brick, a Portugal-based brickfilming festival,[46] and Steinerei, a German brickfilming festival.[47]","title":"Brickfilming communities and festivals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bricks_in_Motion_The_Documentary_Promotional_Poster.jpg"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"The official Bricks in Motion documentary posterIn 2014, The owner of the Bricks In Motion website, Philip Heinrich, and his production company, Ergo Possum, started a Kickstarter campaign to crowdsource the funding of a feature-length movie, Bricks in Motion, a documentary that follows brickfilmers from around the world and showcases their diverse personalities and their love for the craft. It reached a total of $12,800 and started production in 2014.[48] Production was completed in December 2015, and the film was released on various streaming services in 2017.[49][50]","title":"Documentary"}]	[{"image_text":"The official Bricks in Motion documentary poster","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2f/Bricks_in_Motion_The_Documentary_Promotional_Poster.jpg/220px-Bricks_in_Motion_The_Documentary_Promotional_Poster.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Lego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego"},{"title":"Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation"}]	[{"reference":"\"Non Lego characters (Page 1) - Updates & Feedback - Forums - Bricks in Motion\". www.bricksinmotion.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bricksinmotion.com/forums/post/359006/","url_text":"\"Non Lego characters (Page 1) - Updates & Feedback - Forums - Bricks in Motion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jason Rowoldt\". LinkedIn. Archived from the original on February 27, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160227045443/https://www.linkedin.com/in/jason-rowoldt-67677233","url_text":"\"Jason Rowoldt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn","url_text":"LinkedIn"},{"url":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/jason-rowoldt-67677233","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"We interviewed the First Brickfilmer...\" YouTube. 2023-05-12. Retrieved 2023-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cx5wuuDYz40","url_text":"\"We interviewed the First Brickfilmer...\""}]},{"reference":"\"Animation : 954\". News.lugnet.com. 2013-05-16. Retrieved 2013-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.lugnet.com/animation/?n=954","url_text":"\"Animation : 954\""}]},{"reference":"\"En rejse til månen (Journey to the Moon)\". YouTube. 1973-05-16. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11. Retrieved 2013-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SW583kCiOWo","url_text":"\"En rejse til månen (Journey to the Moon)\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/SW583kCiOWo","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Brickfilm Archival Project (Page 4) – General Film Discussion – Forums – Bricks in Motion\". www.bricksinmotion.com. Retrieved 2018-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bricksinmotion.com/forums/topic/19480/the-brickfilm-archival-project/page/4/","url_text":"\"The Brickfilm Archival Project (Page 4) – General Film Discussion – Forums – Bricks in Motion\""}]},{"reference":"\"The History of Brickfilms: 1970s & 1980s – More Lego animations than you might think!\". YouTube. 2018-02-10. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11. Retrieved 2018-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YH-DxDmIXVU","url_text":"\"The History of Brickfilms: 1970s & 1980s – More Lego animations than you might think!\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/YH-DxDmIXVU","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Furniss, Maureen (2008). The animation bible : a practical guide to the art of animating, from flipbooks to flash. New York : Abrams. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-0-8109-9545-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/animationbiblepr0000furn/page/242/mode/2up?q=fleay","url_text":"The animation bible : a practical guide to the art of animating, from flipbooks to flash"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-9545-1","url_text":"978-0-8109-9545-1"}]},{"reference":"Haubursin, Christophe; Cardiff, Morgan (2017-06-15). How fan films shaped The Lego Movie (YouTube video). Vox. Event occurs at 5:36. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11. Retrieved 2019-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TVe5XPU10Zc","url_text":"How fan films shaped The Lego Movie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(website)","url_text":"Vox"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/TVe5XPU10Zc","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Legosports\". YouTube. Retrieved 2013-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/user/LEGOsports","url_text":"\"Legosports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lego Sports Champions(1987)\". BrickFilms. Archived from the original on 2013-08-22. Retrieved 2013-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130822140044/http://brickfilms.com/topic/lego-sports-champions1987/","url_text":"\"Lego Sports Champions(1987)\""},{"url":"http://brickfilms.com/topic/lego-sports-champions1987/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Olympic Lego Animations: Then and Now\". Brickanimation.com. 2012-08-16. Retrieved 2013-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://brickanimation.com/2012/08/olympic-lego-then-and-now/","url_text":"\"Olympic Lego Animations: Then and Now\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lego Sport Champions\". Filmwest.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-23. Retrieved 2013-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140323225117/http://www.filmwest.com/Catalogue/itemdetail/2395/","url_text":"\"Lego Sport Champions\""},{"url":"http://www.filmwest.com/Catalogue/itemdetail/2395/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived Document\". Archived from the original on 2015-10-28. Retrieved 2013-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151028134218/http://wdln.tv/legoshorts.htm","url_text":"\"Archived Document\""},{"url":"http://www.wdln.tv/legoshorts.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Truelove\". www.truelove.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.truelove.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Truelove\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vintage Lego Brickfilm\" – via www.youtube.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uJno9tFd8Tw","url_text":"\"Vintage Lego Brickfilm\""}]},{"reference":"\"David Betteridge\". David Betteridge.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.davidbetteridge.com/","url_text":"\"David Betteridge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Production Design\". Production Design.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.danbetteridge.com/","url_text":"\"Production Design\""}]},{"reference":"\"In This Film Industry It Really Helps To Be a Blockhead - WSJ.com\". Online.wsj.com. 2007-10-06. Retrieved 2013-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119161384425050432","url_text":"\"In This Film Industry It Really Helps To Be a Blockhead - WSJ.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Masking and bowling\". YouTube. 2007-08-27. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11. Retrieved 2013-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xfnAQnYCHs","url_text":"\"Masking and bowling\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/2xfnAQnYCHs","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lego & Steven Spielberg MovieMaker Set – PC World Business\". Pcworld.idg.com.au. 2001-02-10. Archived from the original on 2014-03-23. 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Retrieved 2013-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110221154432/http://www.spike.com/video/monty-python-lego/2405283","url_text":"\"Monty Python Lego\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Network","url_text":"Spike TV"},{"url":"http://www.spike.com/video/monty-python-lego/2405283","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Han Solo Affair release page\". 2002-08-05. Archived from the original on 2002-08-05. Retrieved 2023-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lego.com/eng/studios/screening/movie.asp?title=starwars","url_text":"\"Han Solo Affair release page\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020805193352/http://www.lego.com/eng/studios/screening/movie.asp?title=starwars","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Peril of Doc Ock release page\". 2004-07-03. Archived from the original on 2004-07-03. Retrieved 2023-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://movies.yahoo.com/movies/feature/spiderman2.html","url_text":"\"The Peril of Doc Ock release page\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040703041346/http://movies.yahoo.com/movies/feature/spiderman2.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Star Wars – Clone Wars, Vol. 2 : DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video\". Dvdtalk.com. Retrieved 2013-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/19013/star-wars-clone-wars-vol-2/","url_text":"\"Star Wars – Clone Wars, Vol. 2 : DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lego Star Wars Movie Making Contest rules\". 2007-07-27. Archived from the original on 2007-07-27. Retrieved 2023-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legostarwarsmoviemakingcontest.com/rules.htm","url_text":"\"Lego Star Wars Movie Making Contest rules\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070727202910/http://www.legostarwarsmoviemakingcontest.com/rules.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Brick Films\". Ampsvideo.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-24. Retrieved 2013-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100924224545/http://www.ampsvideo.com/film-talk/brick-films.htm","url_text":"\"Brick Films\""},{"url":"http://www.ampsvideo.com/film-talk/brick-films.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Lego Batman Movie Batman Movie Maker Set 853650\". www.lego.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lego.com/en-ca/product/the-lego-batman-movie-batman-movie-maker-set-853650","url_text":"\"The Lego Batman Movie Batman Movie Maker Set 853650\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minifig Walking Tutorial\". Thehowlingfantods.com. Retrieved 2013-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehowlingfantods.com/bricktastic/walktute.htm","url_text":"\"Minifig Walking Tutorial\""}]},{"reference":"\"LegoStop-motion animation videos & movies\". Brickfilms.com by Brick à Brack.","urls":[{"url":"https://brickfilms.com/","url_text":"\"LegoStop-motion animation videos & movies\""}]},{"reference":"Lavallee, Andrew (2007-10-06). \"In This Film Industry It Really Helps To Be a Blockhead - WSJ.com\". Online.wsj.com. Retrieved 2012-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119161384425050432?mod=home_we_banner_left","url_text":"\"In This Film Industry It Really Helps To Be a Blockhead - WSJ.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Retour sur l'exposition de Puissance Brick à Chelles\". Brickfilms.com by Brick à Brack.","urls":[{"url":"https://brickfilms.com/news/QXJ0aWNsZTo4ODI=/retour-sur-lexposition-de-puissance-brick-a-chelles","url_text":"\"Retour sur l'exposition de Puissance Brick à Chelles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Users\". Brickfilms.com by Brick à Brack.","urls":[{"url":"https://brickfilms.com/users/","url_text":"\"Users\""}]},{"reference":"\"bricksinmotion.com\". September 28, 2001. Archived from the original on September 28, 2001. Retrieved April 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010928223631/http://www.bricksinmotion.com/","url_text":"\"bricksinmotion.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bricks in Motion\". December 31, 2008. Archived from the original on December 31, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081231041209/http://www.bricksinmotion.com/","url_text":"\"Bricks in Motion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brickfilm Chronicle article on the Brickfilms.com exodus\". 2008. Archived from the original on 2017-05-01. Retrieved 2023-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://escobar.id.au/chronicle.html","url_text":"\"Brickfilm Chronicle article on the Brickfilms.com exodus\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170501211603/http://escobar.id.au:80/chronicle.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"THAC 2023 accepted entries list\". 2023-01-07. Retrieved 2023-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://bricksinmotion.com/forums/topic/29699/thac-2023-is-over/","url_text":"\"THAC 2023 accepted entries list\""}]},{"reference":"\"BRAWL 2023 accepted entries list\". 2023-06-24. Retrieved 2023-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://bricksinmotion.com/forums/topic/30050/brawl-2023-is-over/","url_text":"\"BRAWL 2023 accepted entries list\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brickfilm Day YouTube channel\". YouTube. Retrieved 2023-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/@BrickfilmDay","url_text":"\"Brickfilm Day YouTube channel\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is Brickfilm Day?\". YouTube. 2017-10-28. Retrieved 2023-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHh4tez2ncQ","url_text":"\"What is Brickfilm Day?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brickfilm Festival\". Brickworld.","urls":[{"url":"https://brickworld.com/brickfilm-festival/","url_text":"\"Brickfilm Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cine Brick\". Cine Brick.","urls":[{"url":"https://cinebrick.wordpress.com/","url_text":"\"Cine Brick\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steinerei - Das Brickfilmfestival bringt die besten Stop-Motion-Filme aus Lego-Steinen ins Kino\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.steinerei.de/","url_text":"\"Steinerei - Das Brickfilmfestival bringt die besten Stop-Motion-Filme aus Lego-Steinen ins Kino\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bricks in Motion – A Documentary about Lego Filmmaking\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1497819042/bricks-in-motion-a-documentary-about-lego-filmmaki","url_text":"\"Bricks in Motion – A Documentary about Lego Filmmaking\""}]},{"reference":"Possum, Ergo (January 18, 2016). \"Watch Bricks in Motion Online\" – via Vimeo.","urls":[{"url":"https://vimeo.com/ondemand/bricksinmotion","url_text":"\"Watch Bricks in Motion Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watch Bricks in Motion\". www.amazon.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Bricks-Motion-Steffen-Troeger/dp/B0784X92RN","url_text":"\"Watch Bricks in Motion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bricks in Motion – A Documentary about Lego Filmmaking\". Kickstarter. Retrieved 2018-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1497819042/bricks-in-motion-a-documentary-about-lego-filmmaki/","url_text":"\"Bricks in Motion – A Documentary about Lego Filmmaking\""}]},{"reference":"Possum, Ergo (2017-01-28), Watch Bricks in Motion Online, retrieved 2018-04-28","urls":[{"url":"https://vimeo.com/ondemand/bricksinmotion","url_text":"Watch Bricks in Motion Online"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://brickfilms.com/","external_links_name":"brickfilms.com"},{"Link":"https://www.bricksinmotion.com/forums/post/359006/","external_links_name":"\"Non Lego characters (Page 1) - Updates & Feedback - Forums - Bricks in Motion\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160227045443/https://www.linkedin.com/in/jason-rowoldt-67677233","external_links_name":"\"Jason Rowoldt\""},{"Link":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/jason-rowoldt-67677233","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cx5wuuDYz40","external_links_name":"\"We interviewed the First Brickfilmer...\""},{"Link":"http://news.lugnet.com/animation/?n=954","external_links_name":"\"Animation : 954\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SW583kCiOWo","external_links_name":"\"En rejse til månen (Journey to the Moon)\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/SW583kCiOWo","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bricksinmotion.com/forums/topic/19480/the-brickfilm-archival-project/page/4/","external_links_name":"\"The Brickfilm Archival Project (Page 4) – General Film Discussion – Forums – Bricks in Motion\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YH-DxDmIXVU","external_links_name":"\"The History of Brickfilms: 1970s & 1980s – More Lego animations than you might think!\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/YH-DxDmIXVU","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/animationbiblepr0000furn/page/242/mode/2up?q=fleay","external_links_name":"The animation bible : a practical guide to the art of animating, from flipbooks to flash"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TVe5XPU10Zc","external_links_name":"How fan films shaped The Lego Movie"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/TVe5XPU10Zc","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/user/LEGOsports","external_links_name":"\"Legosports\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130822140044/http://brickfilms.com/topic/lego-sports-champions1987/","external_links_name":"\"Lego Sports Champions(1987)\""},{"Link":"http://brickfilms.com/topic/lego-sports-champions1987/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://brickanimation.com/2012/08/olympic-lego-then-and-now/","external_links_name":"\"Olympic Lego Animations: Then and Now\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140323225117/http://www.filmwest.com/Catalogue/itemdetail/2395/","external_links_name":"\"Lego Sport Champions\""},{"Link":"http://www.filmwest.com/Catalogue/itemdetail/2395/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151028134218/http://wdln.tv/legoshorts.htm","external_links_name":"\"Archived Document\""},{"Link":"http://www.wdln.tv/legoshorts.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.truelove.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Truelove\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uJno9tFd8Tw","external_links_name":"\"Vintage Lego Brickfilm\""},{"Link":"https://www.davidbetteridge.com/","external_links_name":"\"David Betteridge\""},{"Link":"https://www.linkedin.com/pub/phil-burgess/67/471/60","external_links_name":"https://www.linkedin.com/pub/phil-burgess/67/471/60"},{"Link":"https://www.danbetteridge.com/","external_links_name":"\"Production Design\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119161384425050432","external_links_name":"\"In This Film Industry It Really Helps To Be a Blockhead - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Crimea	Council of Ministers of Crimea	["1 History","2 Powers and responsibilities","3 Composition during the annexation","4 Dissolved Council","5 Previous Chairmen of Republican Committees","6 Others","7 References","8 External links"]	Former subnational governmental body in Ukraine Building of Council of Ministers of Crimea This article is part of a series on thepolitics and government ofCrimea Autonomous Republic of Crimea (within Ukraine, 1991–present) Constitution Presidential representative: Tamila Tasheva Verkhovna Rada (dissolved) Chairman (vacant) Council of Ministers Chairman: (vacant) Prosecutor Elections Parliamentary: 19941998200220062010 Presidential: 1994 Referendums: 199119942014 Republic of Crimea (territory occupied by Russia 2014–present) Constitution State Council Head: Sergey Aksyonov Prime Minister: Yury Gotsanyuk Recent elections Parliamentary: 20142019 Political parties See also Political status of CrimeaPolitics of Russia • Politics of Ukraine Other countries vte The Council of Ministers of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukrainian: Рада міністрів Автономної Республіки Крим; Russian: Совет министров Автономной Республики Крым), briefly SovMin, is the executive branch of government of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, a republic within southern Ukraine that is currently suspended due to Russian occupation of the Crimean Peninsula since February 27, 2014. The Council of Ministers derived its authority from the Constitution and laws of Ukraine and normative acts of the Verkhovna Rada of Crimea which bring them into its competency. The Chairman, who is appointed by the Verkhovna Rada (parliament) with approval of the President of Ukraine, headed the cabinet. On 27 February 2014, during the 2014 Russian aggression against Ukraine, masked gunmen seized the building of the Council of Ministers and members of the Council. Under siege, the Supreme Council of Crimea, chaired by Vladimir Konstantinov, passed a motion of no confidence in the Council of Ministers of Crimea and adopted a resolution to terminate its powers. The parliament dismissed the chairman of the Crimean Council of Ministers Anatolii Mohyliov, and replaced him with a pro-Russian deputy Sergey Aksyonov, who was proclaimed the de facto leader by the ousted president Victor Yanukovych. The ensuing interim Crimean Parliament promptly scheduled a referendum on the independence of Crimea to be held on March 16, 2014. History The Council of Ministers of Crimea was formed March 22, 1991 in connection with the re-creation of the USSR as part of the Crimean Autonomous Republic, by converting the executive committee of the Crimean regional council. In the years 1994–1997 the highest executive body of the Crimean autonomy of Crimea was called by the Government, with the February 3, 1997 – Council of Ministers of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. February 27, 2014 the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea adopted a decision on "vote of no confidence to the Council of Ministers of Crimea and the termination of its activities", after which the then Prime Minister of Crimea, Anatolii Mohyliov, was dismissed, and the existing body appointed Sergey Aksenov. There was a total of 63 votes, 60 of which being in favor of the dissolution, with 0 against and 3 abstained from voting. Various media accounts have disputed whether there was a quorum of 50 deputies before the session convened that day, and some Crimean legislators who were registered as present have said they did not come near the building. March 6, 2014 the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea has decided to amend the system and structure of executive bodies. In accordance with the decree, republican authorities formed by the Supreme Council of Crimea by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Crimea, and appointment and dismissal of the heads of national authorities carried out the Crimean Parliament in accordance with the Constitution of the Autonomic Republic of Crimea. March 17, 2014, based on the results of the referendum and adopted the All-Crimean March 11 Declaration of Independence was proclaimed an independent and sovereign Republic of Crimea. On the same day in accordance with the decision of the Crimean Parliament "On the official names of the authorities of the Republic of Crimea and other bodies" executive authority of the State is called the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Crimea. After the adoption of the Crimean Republic of the Russian Federation 18 March 2014 the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Crimea has been transformed into an executive authority of the Russian Federation. According to the Constitution of the Republic of Crimea, approved April 11, 2014, the Council of Ministers of Crimea headed directly or Head of the Republic of Crimea – the highest official of the Republic (in order to combine with the office of the Prime Minister) – Chairman of the Board or of Ministers appointed by the head of the Republic of Crimea with the consent of the State Council . Currently in force government was formed February 28, 2014. On April 11, 2014 the Council of Ministers decided to establish the Ministry of Construction and Architecture of the Crimea to replace the existing National Committee for Construction and Architecture. Appointed minister Vladimir Nikolov. Powers and responsibilities In accordance with Article 83 of the Constitution of the Republic of Crimea, the Council of Ministers of the Republic: Develop and implement measures to ensure an integrated socio-economic development of the Republic of Crimea; Provides within its powers the unified state policy in the field of finance, science, education, culture, health, physical culture and sports, social security, road safety and ecology; Carries within its authority measures for the implementation, maintenance and protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens, protect property and public order, fighting terrorism and extremism, and crime; Carries within its authority measures to ensure state guarantees the equality of rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens regardless of race, nationality, language, religion, and other circumstances; prevent restriction of rights and discrimination on grounds of social, racial, national, linguistic or religious affiliation; preservation and development of ethnic and cultural diversity of the peoples of the Russian Federation, residing in the territory of the Republic of Crimea, their languages and cultures; Protection of National Minorities; Social and cultural integration of migrants; the prevention of interethnic (ethnic) conflict and the promotion of inter-ethnic and inter-religious harmony; Developed to represent the Head of the Republic of Crimea to the State Council of the Republic of Crimea draft budget of the Republic of Crimea and projects of socio-economic development of the Republic of Crimea; Ensures the implementation of the budget of the Republic of Crimea, is preparing a report on its implementation, as well as reports on the implementation of socio-economic development of the Republic of Crimea; Forms other executive bodies of the Republic of Crimea; Manages and disposes of the property of the Republic of Crimea in accordance with the laws of the Republic of Crimea, and manages federal property transferred Republic of Crimea in the management in accordance with federal laws and other normative legal acts of the Russian Federation; Holds the right to offer the local government body, elected or other official of local government to align with the legislation of the Russian Federation issued their legal acts if these acts contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and other normative legal acts of the Russian Federation, the Constitution, laws and other normative legal acts of the Republic of Crimea, as well as the right to appeal these acts in a judicial order; Exercise other powers established by federal laws, the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Crimea, as well as agreements with the federal executive authorities, concluded in accordance with Article 78 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. In the limits of the powers of the government of the republic, they are binding on all its territory. Decisions and orders of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Crimea shall not contradict the Constitution and laws of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Crimea, as well as decrees of the President of the Russian Federation and the Russian Federation Government Resolution. Composition during the annexation Composition was disputed as none of the appointments were approved by the President of Ukraine, while voting for the new council is challenged by the Ukrainian parliament. Chairman – Sergey Aksyonov First Deputy – Rustam Temirgaliev Minister of Information – Dmitry Polonsky Minister of Defense – Valery Kuznetsov Dissolved Council Chairman – Anatolii Mohyliov First Deputy Chairman – Pavlo Burlakov Deputy Chairman/Minister of Economical Development and Trade – Kateryna Yurchenko Deputy Chairman/Minister of Resorts and Tourism – Heorhiy Psarev Deputy Chairman/Minister of Regional Development and Communal Living – Aziz Abdullayev Head of Office of Sovmin Affairs – Olha Udovina Minister of Finance – Mykola Skoryk Minister of Culture – Olena Plakida Minister of Agrarian Policy and Food – Valeriy Kravets Minister of Social Policy – Yelena Semichastna Minister of Education and Science, Youth and Sport – Vitalina Dzoz Minister of Healthcare – Ihor Shpak Previous Chairmen of Republican Committees In transportation and communication – Mykola Cherevkov In fuel, energy and innovation policy – Ihor Zosimov In land resources – Oleksandr Chabanov In construction – Andriy Lyashevsky In inter-ethnic relationships – Eduard Dudakov In protection of Cultural Heritage – Serhiy Tur In water management construction and land improvement – Ihor Vail In information – Vadym Volchenko In protection of Natural Environment – Yevhen Bubnov In forestry and hunting – Ihor Katsai Others Chief of MVS in Crimea is the Deputy Minister of Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine References ^ Ukrainian News: Unknown Persons Seize Buildings Of Crimea's Supreme Council, Council of Ministers (09:32, Thursday, February 27, 2014) Archived March 1, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Intefax. 27 February 2014. ^ Crimean parliament dismisses autonomous republic's government Feb. 27, 2014 ^ Crimean parliament dismisses autonomous republic's government Feb. 27, 2014 ^ Ukraine Alleges Russian “Invasion” Of Crimea As Obama Warns Of “Costs” March 1, 2014. ^ "Депутат: Крымский премьер известен в криминальных кругах как "Гоблин"". Ukrayinska Pravda. Retrieved 26 November 2018. ^ "Putin's Man in Crimea Is Ukraine's Worst Nightmare". Time. Before dawn on Feb. 27, at least two dozen heavily armed men stormed the Crimean parliament building and the nearby headquarters of the regional government, bringing with them a cache of assault rifles and rocket propelled grenades. A few hours later, Aksyonov walked into the parliament and, after a brief round of talks with the gunmen, began to gather a quorum of the chamber's lawmakers. External links vteAnnexation of Crimea by the Russian FederationPart of the Russo-Ukrainian WarMain topics Timeline International reaction List of military units International sanctions List of sanctioned individuals List of companies that applied sanctions 2014 anti-war protests in Russia Reaction of Russian intelligentsia 2014 Crimean status referendum UN General Assembly Resolution 68/262 Declaration of Independence Republic of Crimea 2014 Constitution of Crimea Political status Crimean Federal District Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin Medal "For the Return of Crimea" Capture of the Crimean Parliament Capture of Southern Naval Base 2014 Simferopol incident Background History of Crimea 1783 annexation by Russian Empire Crimean People's Republic 1921–1945 Crimean ASSR 1944 deportation of the Crimean Tatars 1945–1991 Crimean Oblast 1954 transfer of Crimea 1991–1992 Crimean ASSR Republic of Crimea (1992 to 1995) 1992 constitution of Crimea Autonomous Republic of Crimea (since 1995) 1994–1995 President of Crimea Yuriy Meshkov 1994 Budapest Memorandum 1997 Partition Treaty 1998 Constitution of Crimea 2003 Tuzla Island conflict 2006 anti-NATO protests in Feodosia 2010 Kharkiv Pact 2012 law on languages 2013–2014 Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity 40th G7 summit Main places Simferopol Simferopol Airport Building of the Supreme Council of Crimea Sevastopol Belbek Airport Crimean Bridge Donuzlav Ochakov scuttling Perevalne Armiansk Dzhankoi Chonhar Port Krym Strilkove Arabat Spit Novofedorivka Pro-RussianOrganizations Supreme Council of Crimea Council of Ministers of Crimea Sevastopol City Council Russian Armed Forces Black Sea Fleet Russian Airborne Troops Little green men Crimean Berkut Russian Unity Night Wolves Kuban Cossacks Ukrainian Choice Lead figures (Russia) Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Sergey Shoigu Vladislav Surkov Sergey Lavrov Valery Gerasimov Igor Sergun Aleksandr Vitko Oleg Belaventsev Rustam Minnikhanov Lead figures (Crimea) Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Rustam Temirgaliev Denis Berezovsky Sergei Yeliseyev Aleksei Chaly Igor Besler Pro-UkrainianOrganizations Yatsenyuk government Parliamentary parties Batkivshchyna Svoboda UDAR Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Ukrainian Navy National Guard of Ukraine Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People Right Sector Lead figures (Ukraine) Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Ihor Tenyukh Mykhailo Kutsyn Serhiy Hayduk Lead figures (Crimea) Mustafa Dzhemilev Refat Chubarov İlmi Ümerov Ahtem Chiygoz Serhiy Kunitsyn Yuliy Mamchur	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"executive branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_branch"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Republic of Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Crimean Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Crimea"},{"link_name":"Verkhovna 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The Council of Ministers derived its authority from the Constitution and laws of Ukraine and normative acts of the Verkhovna Rada of Crimea which bring them into its competency.The Chairman, who is appointed by the Verkhovna Rada (parliament) with approval of the President of Ukraine, headed the cabinet.On 27 February 2014, during the 2014 Russian aggression against Ukraine, masked gunmen seized the building of the Council of Ministers and members of the Council.[1] Under siege, the Supreme Council of Crimea, chaired by Vladimir Konstantinov, passed a motion of no confidence in the Council of Ministers of Crimea and adopted a resolution to terminate its powers.[2] The parliament dismissed the chairman of the Crimean Council of Ministers Anatolii Mohyliov, and replaced him with a pro-Russian deputy Sergey Aksyonov, who was proclaimed the de facto leader by the ousted president Victor Yanukovych.[3] The ensuing interim Crimean Parliament promptly scheduled a referendum on the independence of Crimea to be held on March 16, 2014.[4]","title":"Council of Ministers of Crimea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anatolii Mohyliov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolii_Mohyliov"},{"link_name":"Sergey Aksenov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Aksenov"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"executive authority of the Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Constitution of the Republic of Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Crimea"},{"link_name":"Head of the Republic of Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_the_Republic_of_Crimea"}],"text":"The Council of Ministers of Crimea was formed March 22, 1991 in connection with the re-creation of the USSR as part of the Crimean Autonomous Republic, by converting the executive committee of the Crimean regional council. In the years 1994–1997 the highest executive body of the Crimean autonomy of Crimea was called by the Government, with the February 3, 1997 – Council of Ministers of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.February 27, 2014 the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea adopted a decision on \"vote of no confidence to the Council of Ministers of Crimea and the termination of its activities\", after which the then Prime Minister of Crimea, Anatolii Mohyliov, was dismissed, and the existing body appointed Sergey Aksenov. There was a total of 63 votes, 60 of which being in favor of the dissolution, with 0 against and 3 abstained from voting.[5] Various media accounts have disputed whether there was a quorum of 50 deputies before the session convened that day, and some Crimean legislators who were registered as present have said they did not come near the building.[6]March 6, 2014 the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea has decided to amend the system and structure of executive bodies. In accordance with the decree, republican authorities formed by the Supreme Council of Crimea by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Crimea, and appointment and dismissal of the heads of national authorities carried out the Crimean Parliament in accordance with the Constitution of the Autonomic Republic of Crimea.March 17, 2014, based on the results of the referendum and adopted the All-Crimean March 11 Declaration of Independence was proclaimed an independent and sovereign Republic of Crimea. On the same day in accordance with the decision of the Crimean Parliament \"On the official names of the authorities of the Republic of Crimea and other bodies\" executive authority of the State is called the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Crimea.After the adoption of the Crimean Republic of the Russian Federation 18 March 2014 the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Crimea has been transformed into an executive authority of the Russian Federation.According to the Constitution of the Republic of Crimea, approved April 11, 2014, the Council of Ministers of Crimea headed directly or Head of the Republic of Crimea – the highest official of the Republic (in order to combine with the office of the Prime Minister) – Chairman of the Board or of Ministers appointed by the head of the Republic of Crimea with the consent of the State Council . Currently in force government was formed February 28, 2014.On April 11, 2014 the Council of Ministers decided to establish the Ministry of Construction and Architecture of the Crimea to replace the existing National Committee for Construction and Architecture. Appointed minister Vladimir Nikolov.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In accordance with Article 83 of the Constitution of the Republic of Crimea, the Council of Ministers of the Republic:Develop and implement measures to ensure an integrated socio-economic development of the Republic of Crimea;\nProvides within its powers the unified state policy in the field of finance, science, education, culture, health, physical culture and sports, social security, road safety and ecology;\nCarries within its authority measures for the implementation, maintenance and protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens, protect property and public order, fighting terrorism and extremism, and crime;\nCarries within its authority measures to ensure state guarantees the equality of rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens regardless of race, nationality, language, religion, and other circumstances; prevent restriction of rights and discrimination on grounds of social, racial, national, linguistic or religious affiliation; preservation and development of ethnic and cultural diversity of the peoples of the Russian Federation, residing in the territory of the Republic of Crimea, their languages and cultures; Protection of National Minorities;\nSocial and cultural integration of migrants; the prevention of interethnic (ethnic) conflict and the promotion of inter-ethnic and inter-religious harmony;\nDeveloped to represent the Head of the Republic of Crimea to the State Council of the Republic of Crimea draft budget of the Republic of Crimea and projects of socio-economic development of the Republic of Crimea;\nEnsures the implementation of the budget of the Republic of Crimea, is preparing a report on its implementation, as well as reports on the implementation of socio-economic development of the Republic of Crimea;\nForms other executive bodies of the Republic of Crimea;\nManages and disposes of the property of the Republic of Crimea in accordance with the laws of the Republic of Crimea, and manages federal property transferred Republic of Crimea in the management in accordance with federal laws and other normative legal acts of the Russian Federation;\nHolds the right to offer the local government body, elected or other official of local government to align with the legislation of the Russian Federation issued their legal acts if these acts contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and other normative legal acts of the Russian Federation, the Constitution, laws and other normative legal acts of the Republic of Crimea, as well as the right to appeal these acts in a judicial order;\nExercise other powers established by federal laws, the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Crimea, as well as agreements with the federal executive authorities, concluded in accordance with Article 78 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.In the limits of the powers of the government of the republic, they are binding on all its territory. Decisions and orders of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Crimea shall not contradict the Constitution and laws of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Crimea, as well as decrees of the President of the Russian Federation and the Russian Federation Government Resolution.","title":"Powers and responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_parliament"},{"link_name":"Sergey Aksyonov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Aksyonov"},{"link_name":"Rustam Temirgaliev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustam_Temirgaliev"}],"text":"Composition was disputed as none of the appointments were approved by the President of Ukraine, while voting for the new council is challenged by the Ukrainian parliament.Chairman – Sergey Aksyonov\nFirst Deputy – Rustam Temirgaliev\nMinister of Information – Dmitry Polonsky\nMinister of Defense – Valery Kuznetsov","title":"Composition during the annexation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anatolii Mohyliov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolii_Mohyliov"}],"text":"Chairman – Anatolii Mohyliov\nFirst Deputy Chairman – Pavlo Burlakov\nDeputy Chairman/Minister of Economical Development and Trade – Kateryna Yurchenko\nDeputy Chairman/Minister of Resorts and Tourism – Heorhiy Psarev\nDeputy Chairman/Minister of Regional Development and Communal Living – Aziz Abdullayev\nHead of Office of Sovmin Affairs – Olha Udovina\nMinister of Finance – Mykola Skoryk\nMinister of Culture – Olena Plakida\nMinister of Agrarian Policy and Food – Valeriy Kravets\nMinister of Social Policy – Yelena Semichastna\nMinister of Education and Science, Youth and Sport – Vitalina Dzoz\nMinister of Healthcare – Ihor Shpak","title":"Dissolved Council"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In transportation and communication – Mykola Cherevkov\nIn fuel, energy and innovation policy – Ihor Zosimov\nIn land resources – Oleksandr Chabanov\nIn construction – Andriy Lyashevsky\nIn inter-ethnic relationships – Eduard Dudakov\nIn protection of Cultural Heritage – Serhiy Tur\nIn water management construction and land improvement – Ihor Vail\nIn information – Vadym Volchenko\nIn protection of Natural Environment – Yevhen Bubnov\nIn forestry and hunting – Ihor Katsai","title":"Previous Chairmen of Republican Committees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MVS in Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"Deputy Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Minister"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Internal Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"}],"text":"Chief of MVS in Crimea is the Deputy Minister of Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine","title":"Others"}]	[{"image_text":"Building of Council of Ministers of Crimea","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Депутат: Крымский премьер известен в криминальных кругах как \"Гоблин\"\". Ukrayinska Pravda. Retrieved 26 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2014/03/2/7016976/","url_text":"\"Депутат: Крымский премьер известен в криминальных кругах как \"Гоблин\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda","url_text":"Ukrayinska Pravda"}]},{"reference":"\"Putin's Man in Crimea Is Ukraine's Worst Nightmare\". Time. Before dawn on Feb. 27, at least two dozen heavily armed men stormed the Crimean parliament building and the nearby headquarters of the regional government, bringing with them a cache of assault rifles and rocket propelled grenades. A few hours later, Aksyonov walked into the parliament and, after a brief round of talks with the gunmen, began to gather a quorum of the chamber's lawmakers.","urls":[{"url":"http://time.com/19097/putin-crimea-russia-ukraine-aksyonov/","url_text":"\"Putin's Man in Crimea Is Ukraine's Worst Nightmare\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://un.ua/eng/article/494754.html","external_links_name":"Ukrainian News: Unknown Persons Seize Buildings Of Crimea's Supreme Council, Council of Ministers (09:32, Thursday, February 27, 2014)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140301233036/http://un.ua/eng/article/494754.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/crimean-parliament-dismisses-autonomous-republics-government-337803.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/crimean-parliament-dismisses-autonomous-republics-government-337803.html","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://www.countercurrents.org/marsden010314.htm","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2014/03/2/7016976/","external_links_name":"\"Депутат: Крымский премьер известен в криминальных кругах как \"Гоблин\"\""},{"Link":"http://time.com/19097/putin-crimea-russia-ukraine-aksyonov/","external_links_name":"\"Putin's Man in Crimea Is Ukraine's Worst Nightmare\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_century	7th century	["1 Events","2 Inventions, discoveries, introductions","2.1 Inventions","3 References","4 Sources"]	One hundred years, from 601 to 700 Millennium 1st millennium Centuries 6th century 7th century 8th century Timelines 6th century 7th century 8th century State leaders 6th century 7th century 8th century Decades 600s 610s 620s 630s 640s 650s 660s 670s 680s 690s Categories: Births – Deaths Establishments – Disestablishments vte Eastern Hemisphere at the beginning of the 7th century. Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 7th century. The 7th century is the period from 601 through 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. The spread of Islam and the Muslim conquests began with the unification of Arabia by the Islamic prophet Muhammad starting in 622. After Muhammad's death in 632, Islam expanded beyond the Arabian Peninsula under the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) and the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750). The Muslim conquest of Persia in the 7th century led to the downfall of the Sasanian Empire. Also conquered during the 7th century were Syria, Palestine, Armenia, Egypt, and North Africa. The Byzantine Empire suffered setbacks during the rapid expansion of the Caliphate and a mass incursion of Slavs in the Balkans which reduced its territorial limits. The decisive victory at the Siege of Constantinople in the 670s led the empire to retain Asia Minor which assured the existence of the empire. In the Iberian Peninsula, the 7th century was known as the Siglo de Concilios (century of councils) referring to the Councils of Toledo. Northumbria established dominance in the British Isles from Mercia, while the Lombards maintained its hold in most of Italy. In China, the Sui dynasty was replaced by the Tang dynasty, which set up its military bases from Korea to Central Asia. China began to reach its height. Silla allied itself with the Tang dynasty, subjugating Baekje and defeating Goguryeo to unite the Korean Peninsula under one ruler. While the Asuka period persisted in Japan throughout the 7th century. Harsha united Northern India, which had reverted to small republics and states after the fall of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century. Events Pages of a late 7th century Quran An Anglo-Saxon helmet found at Sutton Hoo, probably belonging to Rædwald of East Anglia circa 625. Silk cloth with four horsemen hunting lions, 7th century. Horyu-ji temple, Japan. The world's population shrinks to about 208 million people. (from 257 million in 200 AD) The Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy emerges at the beginning of this century or the last in England. Sutton Hoo ship burial, East Anglia, England. Earliest attested English poetry. The first known Croatian archon Porga establishes the Duchy of Croatia. The Bulgars arrive in the Balkans; establishment of the powerful Bulgarian Empire. Xuanzang traveled from China to India, before returning to Chang'an in China to translate Buddhist scriptures. Guangzhou, China, becomes a major international seaport, hosting maritime travelers from the Middle East, East Africa, India, and South East Asia. The main compound of Hōryū-ji temple in Nara is built during the Asuka period. Timgad, Algeria, is destroyed by Berbers. Islam begins in Arabia; the Quran is documented. Nobatia annexed by its southern neighbor Makuria sometime before the Arab-Nubian wars. Arab traders penetrate the area of Lake Chad. End of sporadic Buddhist rule in the Sindh. Teotihuacan is sacked. The political and religious buildings are burned. The religion of Shugendō evolves from Buddhism, Taoism, Shinto and other influences in the mountains of Japan. Early 7th century: Croats enter their present territory, settling in six distinct tribal delimitations. 7th and 9th century: Mosaics and side panels above the apse of Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe are made. 600: Smallpox spreads from India into Europe. 602: The Third Chinese domination of Vietnam starts following the collapse of the Early Lý dynasty. 603: Last mention of the Roman Senate in Gregorian Register. It mentions that the senate acclaimed the statues of emperor Phocas and empress Leontia. 606: Pope Boniface III elected to the papacy on the death of Pope Sabinian. He sought and obtained a decree from Byzantine Emperor Phocas which stated that "the See of Blessed Peter the Apostle should be the head of all the Churches". This ensured that the title of "Universal Bishop" belonged exclusively to the Bishop of Rome. 607: Hōryū-ji temple believed to have been completed in Ikaruga, Japan. 610: A great number of Slavs enter the Roman lands of the Balkans. Later forming tribal confederacies. 610: Heraclius arrives by ship from Roman Carthage at Constantinople, overthrows Eastern Roman Emperor Phocas and becomes Emperor. His first major act is to change the official language of the Eastern Roman Empire from Latin to Greek (already the language of the vast majority of the population). 615: The Sasanian Empire under Shah Khosrow II sacks Jerusalem, taking away the relic of the True Cross. 615: Pacal the Great becomes king of the Mayan city-state of Palenque. 616: Shah Khosrow II invades Egypt. 616: Æthelfrith of Northumbria defeats the Welsh in a battle at Chester in England. 618: Tang dynasty of China do initiated by Li Yuan. 618: The Chenla kingdom completely absorbed Funan. 622: Year one of the Islamic calendar begins, during which the Hijrah occurs—Muhammad and his followers emigrate from Mecca to Medina in September. 623: The Frankish merchant Samo, supporting the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers, becomes the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe. 626: The Avars, the Slavs and the Persians jointly besiege but fail to capture Constantinople. 627: Emperor Heraclius defeats the Persians, ending the Roman–Persian Wars. 629: The Arab–Byzantine wars begin. Much of the Roman Empire is conquered by Muslim Arabs led by Khalid ibn al-Walid. 629–630: Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks, Chinese Tang dynasty forces under commanders Li Jing and Li Shiji destroy the Göktürk Khanate. 632: The Muslim conquests begin. 635–649: Alopen, a Persian Christian priest, introduces Nestorian Christianity into China. 636: Around this time the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah resulted in a decisive victory for Muslims in the Muslim conquest of Persia, the Persian Empire is conquered by Muslim Arabs led by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas. 638: Emperor Taizong (627-649) issues an edict of universal toleration of religions; Nestorian Christians build a church in Chang'an. 638: Muslim conquest of Palestine. 639: Muslim conquest of Egypt and Armenia. 639: Unsuccessful revolt of Ashina Jiesheshuai of the Turkic people against Tang China. 641: The Coptic period, in its more specific definition, ends when Islam is introduced into Egypt. 642: Arab armies face first Defeat in The First Battle of Dongola against Christian Nubians 649–683: Chinese Emperor Gaozong permits establishment of Christian monasteries in each of 358 prefectures. 650: The Arab–Khazar wars begin. The Tang dynasty Giant Wild Goose Pagoda of Chang'an, built in 652, in modern-day Xi'an, China. Mid-7th century: Durga Mahishasura-mardini (Durga as Slayer of the Buffalo Demon), rock-cut relief, Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu, India, is made. Pallava period. It is now kept at Asian Art Archives, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Mid-7th century: Portrait of Lord Pacal, from his tomb, Temple of the Inscriptions, Palenque, Mexico, is made. Maya culture. It is now kept at National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico City. Mid-7th century: Dharmaraja Ratha, Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu, India, is built. Pallava period. 651: Emperor Yazdegerd III is murdered in Merv, ending the rule of Sassanid dynasty in Persia. 652: Arab armies defeated again in the Second Battle of Dongola resulting in the baqt possibly the longest treaty in history. 656–661: The First Fitna occurs. 657: The Chinese Tang dynasty under Emperor Gaozong of Tang defeats Western Turkic Kaganate. 658: Two Chinese monks, Zhi Yu and Zhi You, reconstruct the 3rd century south-pointing chariot mechanical compass-vehicle for Emperor Tenji of Japan. 661: Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib is assassinated. His successor Hasan ibn Ali abdicated the Caliphate to Muawiyah I, marking the beginning of the Umayyad Caliphate. 663: The Tang dynasty of China and Korean Silla Kingdom gain victory against the Korean Baekje Kingdom and their Yamato Japanese allies in the naval Battle of Baekgang. 664: Conquest of Kabul by Muslims. 664: A Tang dynasty Chinese source written by I-tsing, mentioned about Holing (Kalingga) kingdom, located somewhere in the northern coast of Central Java. 668: The end of the Goguryeo–Tang War, as Goguryeo fell to a joint attack by Tang China and Unified Silla of Korea, the latter of which held the former Goguryeo domains. 670: In 670 an Arab Muslim army under Uqba ibn Nafi entered the region of Ifriqiya. In the late 670s conquest of North Africa was completed. 671: I-tsing visited Srivijaya and Malayu in Sumatra and Kedah in Malay peninsula on his way to Nalanda, India. 674: The first Arab siege of Constantinople begins. 677: Most of the Arab fleet is destroyed by Greek fire; the Persian crown prince flees to the T'ang court. 680: Decisive victory of the Bulgars over the Byzantines in the Battle of Ongal.Qajar era painting of Muhammad at the Battle of Karbala in 680 680: Battle of Karbala took place near Kufa, which resulted in the death of Husayn ibn Ali and the division of Muslim community. 681: Bulgaria is recognized as independent country by the Byzantine Empire. 682: Revival of the Turkic Khaganate by the efforts of Ilterish Qaghan and Tonyukuk 683: Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa performed Siddhayatra as the journey to expand his influence. The event mentioned in several inscriptions such as Telaga Batu inscription, Talang Tuo inscription and Kedukan Bukit inscription. The beginning of Srivijaya hegemony over the maritime region around Malacca Strait and Sunda Strait. 683–685: The Second Fitna. 686: Srivijaya launch a naval invasion of Java, which is mentioned in Kota Kapur inscription. This likely contributed to the end of Tarumanagara kingdom. 687: I-tsing returned to Srivijaya in on his way back from India to China. In his record he reported that the Kingdom of Malayu was captured by Srivijaya. 688: Emperor Justinian II of the Byzantine Empire defeats the Bulgarians. 690: Pro-Buddhist imperial consort Wu Zetian seizes power and rules as Empress of China. 691: Buddhism is made the state religion of China. 698: The Arabs capture Carthage from the Byzantine Empire. 698: Active but unofficial anti-Christian persecution begins in China 698: North–South States Period begins in Korea. 700: The Mount Edziza volcanic complex erupts in northern British Columbia, Canada. 700: The Sumatra-based Srivijaya naval kingdom flourishes and declines. 700: Wet-field rice cultivation, small towns and kingdoms flourish. Trade links are established with China and India. c. late 7th century: The Sojomerto inscription (discovered in Batang, Central Java) is dated around this time, it mentions Dapunta Selendra, possibly the ancestor of the Sailendra dynasty. The inscription was written in Old Malay, suggesting a Srivijayan link to this family. Inventions, discoveries, introductions Earliest known record of the game Chaturanga, a predecessor to Chess. The Indian Mathematician Brahmagupta presented the first instance of finite difference interpolation. 636: The Xumi Pagoda in Zhengding, China is built. 650: The first Chinese paper money is issued. 650s: After sailing from Ethiopia, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas allegedly introduced Islam to China, and established the first Islamic mosque of China in Guangzhou. 670s: Greek fire invented in Constantinople. Late 7th century: The stirrup introduced to Persia from China. In the 7th century the cookie was invented in Persia. Inventions This section is an excerpt from Timeline of historic inventions § 7th century. 619: Toothbrush in China during the Tang dynasty 672: Greek fire in Constantinople, Byzantine Empire: Greek fire, an incendiary weapon likely based on petroleum or naphtha, is invented by Kallinikos, a Lebanese Greek refugee from Baalbek, as described by Theophanes. However, the historicity and exact chronology of this account is dubious, and it could be that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon. 7th century: Banknote in Tang dynasty China: The banknote is first developed in China during the Tang and Song dynasties, starting in the 7th century. Its roots are in merchant receipts of deposit during the Tang dynasty (618–907), as merchants and wholesalers desire to avoid the heavy bulk of copper coinage in large commercial transactions. 7th century: Porcelain in Tang dynasty China: True porcelain is manufactured in northern China from roughly the beginning of the Tang dynasty in the 7th century, while true porcelain was not manufactured in southern China until about 300 years later, during the early 10th century. References ^ a b Ostrogorsky, George (1959). "The Byzantine Empire in the World of the Seventh Century". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 13: 3. doi:10.2307/1291126. ISSN 0070-7546. JSTOR 1291126. ^ "An Introduction to Early Medieval England". English Heritage. Retrieved 2022-08-26. ^ Jonathan V. Last, Philadelphia Inquirer, The good and bad of a population drop, November 29, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20121006203612/http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20061129/news_lz1e29last.html ^ a b c d e Roberts, J: History of the World.. Penguin, 1994. ^ Richards, Jeffrey (January 1, 1979). The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476-752. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 9780710000989 – via Google Books. ^ Drs. R. Soekmono (1988) . Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed (5th reprint ed.). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 37. ^ Junjiro Takakusu, (1896), A record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago AD 671–695, by I-tsing, Oxford, London. ^ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.38 ^ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.39 ^ "Buddhist Monks Pilgrimage of Tang Dynasty". Archived from the original on 2008-12-31. Retrieved 2013-04-29. ^ Taylor (2003), pp. 22–26; Ricklefs (1991), p. 3. ^ Taylor (2003), pp. 8–9, 15–18 ^ Boechari (1966). "Preliminary report on the discovery of an Old Malay inscription at Sojomerto". MISI. III: 241–251. ^ Kamouch, Mohammed (2006). "Jewels of the Muslim Chinese Heritage". Muslim Heritage. Retrieved 4 December 2021. ^ Kumar, Jayanth V. (2011). "Oral hygiene aids". Textbook of preventive and community dentistry (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 412–413. ISBN 978-81-312-2530-1. ^ Pryor & Jeffreys 2006, pp. 607–609 ^ Theophanes & Turtledove 1982, p. 52 ^ Roland 1992, p. 657; Pryor & Jeffreys 2006, p. 608 ^ Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais (2006), 156. ^ Bowman (2000), 105. ^ Gernet (1962), 80. ^ Wood (1999), 49. Sources Pryor, John H.; Jeffreys, Elizabeth M. (2006), The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ: The Byzantine Navy ca. 500–1204, Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-9004151970 Roland, Alex (1992), "Secrecy, Technology, and War: Greek Fire and the Defense of Byzantium", Technology and Culture, 33 (4): 655–679, doi:10.2307/3106585, JSTOR 3106585, S2CID 113017993 Theophanes; Turtledove, Harry (Transl.) (1982), The chronicle of Theophanes: an English translation of anni mundi 6095–6305 (A.D. 602–813), University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 978-0812211283 MillenniaCenturiesDecadesYears vteDecades and years7th century5th century ← 6th century ← ↔ → 8th century → 9th century 590s 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600s 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610s 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620s 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630s 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640s 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650s 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660s 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670s 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680s 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690s 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700s 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 vteCenturies and millennia Millennium Century BC (BCE) 4th 40th 39th 38th 37th 36th 35th 34th 33rd 32nd 31st 3rd 30th 29th 28th 27th 26th 25th 24th 23rd 22nd 21st 2nd 20th 19th 18th 17th 16th 15th 14th 13th 12th 11th 1st 10th 9th 8th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st AD (CE) 1st 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 2nd 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 3rd 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Authority control databases: National Israel United States Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East-Hem_600ad.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East-Hem_700ad.jpg"},{"link_name":"601","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/601"},{"link_name":"700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/700"},{"link_name":"Julian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar"},{"link_name":"Christian Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Era"},{"link_name":"spread of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"Muslim conquests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Arabian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Rashidun Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Umayyad Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Muslim conquest of Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia"},{"link_name":"Sasanian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Siege of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(674%E2%80%93678)"},{"link_name":"Asia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Minor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Iberian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Councils of Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Councils_of_Toledo"},{"link_name":"Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumbria"},{"link_name":"British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles"},{"link_name":"Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lombards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards"},{"link_name":"Sui dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Silla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silla"},{"link_name":"Baekje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baekje"},{"link_name":"Korean Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Asuka period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuka_period"},{"link_name":"Harsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsha"},{"link_name":"Gupta Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_Empire"}],"text":"Eastern Hemisphere at the beginning of the 7th century.Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 7th century.The 7th century is the period from 601 through 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era.The spread of Islam and the Muslim conquests began with the unification of Arabia by the Islamic prophet Muhammad starting in 622. After Muhammad's death in 632, Islam expanded beyond the Arabian Peninsula under the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) and the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750). The Muslim conquest of Persia in the 7th century led to the downfall of the Sasanian Empire. Also conquered during the 7th century were Syria, Palestine, Armenia, Egypt, and North Africa.[1]The Byzantine Empire suffered setbacks during the rapid expansion of the Caliphate and a mass incursion of Slavs in the Balkans which reduced its territorial limits. The decisive victory at the Siege of Constantinople in the 670s led the empire to retain Asia Minor which assured the existence of the empire.[1]In the Iberian Peninsula, the 7th century was known as the Siglo de Concilios (century of councils) referring to the Councils of Toledo. Northumbria established dominance in the British Isles from Mercia,[2] while the Lombards maintained its hold in most of Italy.In China, the Sui dynasty was replaced by the Tang dynasty, which set up its military bases from Korea to Central Asia. China began to reach its height. Silla allied itself with the Tang dynasty, subjugating Baekje and defeating Goguryeo to unite the Korean Peninsula under one ruler. While the Asuka period persisted in Japan throughout the 7th century.Harsha united Northern India, which had reverted to small republics and states after the fall of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century.","title":"7th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unknown,_Arabia,_late_7th_Century_-_Pages_from_a_Qur%27an_in_Hijazi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sutton_Hoo_helmet_2016.png"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Anglo-Saxon_invasion_and_takeover_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet"},{"link_name":"Sutton Hoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Hoo"},{"link_name":"Rædwald of East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A6dwald_of_East_Anglia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horyu-ji_silk.tiff"},{"link_name":"Horyu-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horyu-ji"},{"link_name":"world's 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Fitna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Fitna"},{"link_name":"657","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/657"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Emperor Gaozong of Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"Western Turkic Kaganate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Turkic_Kaganate"},{"link_name":"658","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/658"},{"link_name":"south-pointing chariot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-pointing_chariot"},{"link_name":"compass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass"},{"link_name":"Emperor Tenji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Tenji"},{"link_name":"661","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/661"},{"link_name":"Ali ibn Abi Talib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib"},{"link_name":"Hasan ibn Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali"},{"link_name":"Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Muawiyah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muawiyah_I"},{"link_name":"Umayyad Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"},{"link_name":"663","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/663"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Silla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silla"},{"link_name":"Baekje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baekje"},{"link_name":"Yamato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamato_Province"},{"link_name":"Battle of Baekgang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Baekgang"},{"link_name":"664","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/664"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"I-tsing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Ching_(monk)"},{"link_name":"Kalingga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalingga"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soekmono-6"},{"link_name":"668","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/668"},{"link_name":"Goguryeo–Tang War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Tang_War"},{"link_name":"Unified Silla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Silla"},{"link_name":"670","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/670"},{"link_name":"Uqba ibn Nafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uqba_ibn_Nafi"},{"link_name":"Ifriqiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya"},{"link_name":"conquest of North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_North_Africa"},{"link_name":"671","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/671"},{"link_name":"I-tsing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yijing_(monk)"},{"link_name":"Srivijaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Takakusu-7"},{"link_name":"674","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/674"},{"link_name":"first Arab siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(674%E2%80%93678)"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"677","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/677"},{"link_name":"Greek fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_fire"},{"link_name":"680","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/680"},{"link_name":"Bulgars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgars"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ongal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ongal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Prophet_at_the_battle_of_Karbala,_Qajar_Persia,_second_half_19th_century.jpg"},{"link_name":"Qajar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_Iran"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Battle of Karbala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala"},{"link_name":"Kufa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufa"},{"link_name":"Husayn ibn Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali"},{"link_name":"681","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/681"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"682","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/682"},{"link_name":"Turkic Khaganate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate"},{"link_name":"Ilterish Qaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilterish_Qaghan"},{"link_name":"Tonyukuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonyukuk"},{"link_name":"683","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/683"},{"link_name":"Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dapunta_Hyang_Sri_Jayanasa"},{"link_name":"Telaga Batu inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telaga_Batu_inscription"},{"link_name":"Talang Tuo inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talang_Tuo_inscription"},{"link_name":"Kedukan Bukit inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedukan_Bukit_inscription"},{"link_name":"Srivijaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya"},{"link_name":"Malacca Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca_Strait"},{"link_name":"Sunda Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_Strait"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"683","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/683"},{"link_name":"685","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/685"},{"link_name":"Second Fitna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Fitna"},{"link_name":"686","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/686"},{"link_name":"Kota Kapur inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Kapur_inscription"},{"link_name":"Tarumanagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarumanagara"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"687","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/687"},{"link_name":"Srivijaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Malayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"688","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/688"},{"link_name":"Justinian II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_II"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Bulgarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"690","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/690"},{"link_name":"Wu Zetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Zetian"},{"link_name":"691","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/691"},{"link_name":"698","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/698"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"698","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/698"},{"link_name":"North–South States Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_States_Period"},{"link_name":"700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/700"},{"link_name":"Mount Edziza volcanic complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Srivijaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sojomerto inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojomerto_inscription"},{"link_name":"Sailendra dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailendra_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Old Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Malay"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boechari-13"}],"text":"Pages of a late 7th century QuranAn Anglo-Saxon helmet found at Sutton Hoo, probably belonging to Rædwald of East Anglia circa 625.Silk cloth with four horsemen hunting lions, 7th century. Horyu-ji temple, Japan.The world's population shrinks to about 208 million people. (from 257 million in 200 AD)[3]\nThe Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy emerges at the beginning of this century or the last in England.[4]\nSutton Hoo ship burial, East Anglia, England.\nEarliest attested English poetry.\nThe first known Croatian archon Porga establishes the Duchy of Croatia.\nThe Bulgars arrive in the Balkans; establishment of the powerful Bulgarian Empire.\nXuanzang traveled from China to India, before returning to Chang'an in China to translate Buddhist scriptures.\nGuangzhou, China, becomes a major international seaport, hosting maritime travelers from the Middle East, East Africa, India, and South East Asia.\nThe main compound of Hōryū-ji temple in Nara is built during the Asuka period.\nTimgad, Algeria, is destroyed by Berbers.\nIslam begins in Arabia; the Quran is documented.\nNobatia annexed by its southern neighbor Makuria sometime before the Arab-Nubian wars.\nArab traders penetrate the area of Lake Chad.\nEnd of sporadic Buddhist rule in the Sindh.\nTeotihuacan is sacked. The political and religious buildings are burned.\nThe religion of Shugendō evolves from Buddhism, Taoism, Shinto and other influences in the mountains of Japan.\nEarly 7th century: Croats enter their present territory, settling in six distinct tribal delimitations.\n7th and 9th century: Mosaics and side panels above the apse of Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe are made.\n600: Smallpox spreads from India into Europe.\n602: The Third Chinese domination of Vietnam starts following the collapse of the Early Lý dynasty.\n603: Last mention of the Roman Senate in Gregorian Register. It mentions that the senate acclaimed the statues of emperor Phocas and empress Leontia.[5]\n606: Pope Boniface III elected to the papacy on the death of Pope Sabinian. He sought and obtained a decree from Byzantine Emperor Phocas which stated that \"the See of Blessed Peter the Apostle should be the head of all the Churches\". This ensured that the title of \"Universal Bishop\" belonged exclusively to the Bishop of Rome.\n607: Hōryū-ji temple believed to have been completed in Ikaruga, Japan.\n610: A great number of Slavs enter the Roman lands of the Balkans. Later forming tribal confederacies.\n610: Heraclius arrives by ship from Roman Carthage at Constantinople, overthrows Eastern Roman Emperor Phocas and becomes Emperor. His first major act is to change the official language of the Eastern Roman Empire from Latin to Greek (already the language of the vast majority of the population).\n615: The Sasanian Empire under Shah Khosrow II sacks Jerusalem, taking away the relic of the True Cross.[4]\n615: Pacal the Great becomes king of the Mayan city-state of Palenque.\n616: Shah Khosrow II invades Egypt.[4]\n616: Æthelfrith of Northumbria defeats the Welsh in a battle at Chester in England.\n618: Tang dynasty of China do initiated by Li Yuan.\n618: The Chenla kingdom completely absorbed Funan.\n622: Year one of the Islamic calendar begins, during which the Hijrah occurs—Muhammad and his followers emigrate from Mecca to Medina in September.\n623: The Frankish merchant Samo, supporting the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers, becomes the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe.\n626: The Avars, the Slavs and the Persians jointly besiege but fail to capture Constantinople.\n627: Emperor Heraclius defeats the Persians, ending the Roman–Persian Wars.\n629: The Arab–Byzantine wars begin. Much of the Roman Empire is conquered by Muslim Arabs led by Khalid ibn al-Walid.\n629–630: Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks, Chinese Tang dynasty forces under commanders Li Jing and Li Shiji destroy the Göktürk Khanate.\n632: The Muslim conquests begin.\n635–649: Alopen, a Persian Christian priest, introduces Nestorian Christianity into China.\n636: Around this time the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah resulted in a decisive victory for Muslims in the Muslim conquest of Persia, the Persian Empire is conquered by Muslim Arabs led by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas.\n638: Emperor Taizong (627-649) issues an edict of universal toleration of religions; Nestorian Christians build a church in Chang'an.\n638: Muslim conquest of Palestine.\n639: Muslim conquest of Egypt and Armenia.\n639: Unsuccessful revolt of Ashina Jiesheshuai of the Turkic people against Tang China.\n641: The Coptic period, in its more specific definition, ends when Islam is introduced into Egypt.\n642: Arab armies face first Defeat in The First Battle of Dongola against Christian Nubians\n649–683: Chinese Emperor Gaozong permits establishment of Christian monasteries in each of 358 prefectures.\n650: The Arab–Khazar wars begin.The Tang dynasty Giant Wild Goose Pagoda of Chang'an, built in 652, in modern-day Xi'an, China.Mid-7th century: Durga Mahishasura-mardini (Durga as Slayer of the Buffalo Demon), rock-cut relief, Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu, India, is made. Pallava period. It is now kept at Asian Art Archives, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.\nMid-7th century: Portrait of Lord Pacal, from his tomb, Temple of the Inscriptions, Palenque, Mexico, is made. Maya culture. It is now kept at National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico City.\nMid-7th century: Dharmaraja Ratha, Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu, India, is built. Pallava period.\n651: Emperor Yazdegerd III is murdered in Merv, ending the rule of Sassanid dynasty in Persia.\n652: Arab armies defeated again in the Second Battle of Dongola resulting in the baqt possibly the longest treaty in history.\n656–661: The First Fitna occurs.\n657: The Chinese Tang dynasty under Emperor Gaozong of Tang defeats Western Turkic Kaganate.\n658: Two Chinese monks, Zhi Yu and Zhi You, reconstruct the 3rd century south-pointing chariot mechanical compass-vehicle for Emperor Tenji of Japan.\n661: Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib is assassinated. His successor Hasan ibn Ali abdicated the Caliphate to Muawiyah I, marking the beginning of the Umayyad Caliphate.[4]\n663: The Tang dynasty of China and Korean Silla Kingdom gain victory against the Korean Baekje Kingdom and their Yamato Japanese allies in the naval Battle of Baekgang.\n664: Conquest of Kabul by Muslims.\n664: A Tang dynasty Chinese source written by I-tsing, mentioned about Holing (Kalingga) kingdom, located somewhere in the northern coast of Central Java.[6]\n668: The end of the Goguryeo–Tang War, as Goguryeo fell to a joint attack by Tang China and Unified Silla of Korea, the latter of which held the former Goguryeo domains.\n670: In 670 an Arab Muslim army under Uqba ibn Nafi entered the region of Ifriqiya. In the late 670s conquest of North Africa was completed.\n671: I-tsing visited Srivijaya and Malayu in Sumatra and Kedah in Malay peninsula on his way to Nalanda, India.[7]\n674: The first Arab siege of Constantinople begins.\n677: Most of the Arab fleet is destroyed by Greek fire; the Persian crown prince flees to the T'ang court.\n680: Decisive victory of the Bulgars over the Byzantines in the Battle of Ongal.Qajar era painting of Muhammad at the Battle of Karbala in 680\n680: Battle of Karbala took place near Kufa, which resulted in the death of Husayn ibn Ali and the division of Muslim community.\n681: Bulgaria is recognized as independent country by the Byzantine Empire.\n682: Revival of the Turkic Khaganate by the efforts of Ilterish Qaghan and Tonyukuk\n683: Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa performed Siddhayatra as the journey to expand his influence. The event mentioned in several inscriptions such as Telaga Batu inscription, Talang Tuo inscription and Kedukan Bukit inscription. The beginning of Srivijaya hegemony over the maritime region around Malacca Strait and Sunda Strait.[8]\n683–685: The Second Fitna.\n686: Srivijaya launch a naval invasion of Java, which is mentioned in Kota Kapur inscription. This likely contributed to the end of Tarumanagara kingdom.[9]\n687: I-tsing returned to Srivijaya in on his way back from India to China. In his record he reported that the Kingdom of Malayu was captured by Srivijaya.[10]\n688: Emperor Justinian II of the Byzantine Empire defeats the Bulgarians.\n690: Pro-Buddhist imperial consort Wu Zetian seizes power and rules as Empress of China.\n691: Buddhism is made the state religion of China.\n698: The Arabs capture Carthage from the Byzantine Empire.\n698: Active but unofficial anti-Christian persecution begins in China\n698: North–South States Period begins in Korea.\n700: The Mount Edziza volcanic complex erupts in northern British Columbia, Canada.\n700: The Sumatra-based Srivijaya naval kingdom flourishes and declines.[11]\n700: Wet-field rice cultivation, small towns and kingdoms flourish. Trade links are established with China and India.[12]\nc. late 7th century: The Sojomerto inscription (discovered in Batang, Central Java) is dated around this time, it mentions Dapunta Selendra, possibly the ancestor of the Sailendra dynasty. The inscription was written in Old Malay, suggesting a Srivijayan link to this family.[13]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chaturanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaturanga"},{"link_name":"Chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"Brahmagupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmagupta"},{"link_name":"Xumi Pagoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xumi_Pagoda"},{"link_name":"Zhengding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengding"},{"link_name":"650","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/650"},{"link_name":"paper money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_money"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"},{"link_name":"650s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/650s"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27d_ibn_Abi_Waqqas"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abi_Waqqas_Mosque-14"},{"link_name":"670s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/670s"},{"link_name":"Greek fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_fire"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"stirrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirrup"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"}],"text":"Earliest known record of the game Chaturanga, a predecessor to Chess.\nThe Indian Mathematician Brahmagupta presented the first instance of finite difference interpolation.\n636: The Xumi Pagoda in Zhengding, China is built.\n650: The first Chinese paper money is issued.[4]\n650s: After sailing from Ethiopia, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas allegedly introduced Islam to China, and established the first Islamic mosque of China in Guangzhou.[14]\n670s: Greek fire invented in Constantinople.\nLate 7th century: The stirrup introduced to Persia from China.\nIn the 7th century the cookie was invented in Persia.","title":"Inventions, discoveries, introductions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timeline of historic inventions § 7th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions#7th_century"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_historic_inventions&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Toothbrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothbrush"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timeline_of_historic_inventions_kumar-412413-15"},{"link_name":"Greek fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_fire"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"incendiary weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendiary_device"},{"link_name":"petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"naphtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphtha"},{"link_name":"Baalbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek"},{"link_name":"Theophanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Banknote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknote"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"first developed in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Song_dynasty#The_world's_first_paper_money"},{"link_name":"Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"receipts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receipt"},{"link_name":"merchants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_occupations#The_shang_(%E5%95%86)"},{"link_name":"wholesalers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wholesaler"},{"link_name":"copper coinage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_coins"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timeline_of_historic_inventions_Ebrey,_Walthall,_and_Palais-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timeline_of_historic_inventions_Bowman-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timeline_of_historic_inventions_gernet_1962_80-21"},{"link_name":"Porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcelain"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Inventions","text":"This section is an excerpt from Timeline of historic inventions § 7th century.[edit]\n619: Toothbrush in China during the Tang dynasty[15]\n672: Greek fire in Constantinople, Byzantine Empire: Greek fire, an incendiary weapon likely based on petroleum or naphtha, is invented by Kallinikos, a Lebanese Greek refugee from Baalbek, as described by Theophanes.[16] However, the historicity and exact chronology of this account is dubious,[17] and it could be that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon.[18]\n7th century: Banknote in Tang dynasty China: The banknote is first developed in China during the Tang and Song dynasties, starting in the 7th century. Its roots are in merchant receipts of deposit during the Tang dynasty (618–907), as merchants and wholesalers desire to avoid the heavy bulk of copper coinage in large commercial transactions.[19][20][21]\n7th century: Porcelain in Tang dynasty China: True porcelain is manufactured in northern China from roughly the beginning of the Tang dynasty in the 7th century, while true porcelain was not manufactured in southern China until about 300 years later, during the early 10th century.[22]","title":"Inventions, discoveries, 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control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8089#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534068505171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85120428"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ch460545&CON_LNG=ENG"}],"text":"Pryor, John H.; Jeffreys, Elizabeth M. (2006), The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ: The Byzantine Navy ca. 500–1204, Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-9004151970\nRoland, Alex (1992), \"Secrecy, Technology, and War: Greek Fire and the Defense of Byzantium\", Technology and Culture, 33 (4): 655–679, doi:10.2307/3106585, JSTOR 3106585, S2CID 113017993\nTheophanes; Turtledove, Harry (Transl.) (1982), The chronicle of Theophanes: an English translation of anni mundi 6095–6305 (A.D. 602–813), University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 978-0812211283MillenniaCenturiesDecadesYears\nvteDecades and years7th century5th century ← 6th century ← ↔ → 8th century → 9th century\n\n\n\n590s\n\n590\n\n591\n\n592\n\n593\n\n594\n\n595\n\n596\n\n597\n\n598\n\n599\n\n\n600s\n\n600\n\n601\n\n602\n\n603\n\n604\n\n605\n\n606\n\n607\n\n608\n\n609\n\n\n610s\n\n610\n\n611\n\n612\n\n613\n\n614\n\n615\n\n616\n\n617\n\n618\n\n619\n\n\n620s\n\n620\n\n621\n\n622\n\n623\n\n624\n\n625\n\n626\n\n627\n\n628\n\n629\n\n\n630s\n\n630\n\n631\n\n632\n\n633\n\n634\n\n635\n\n636\n\n637\n\n638\n\n639\n\n\n640s\n\n640\n\n641\n\n642\n\n643\n\n644\n\n645\n\n646\n\n647\n\n648\n\n649\n\n\n650s\n\n650\n\n651\n\n652\n\n653\n\n654\n\n655\n\n656\n\n657\n\n658\n\n659\n\n\n660s\n\n660\n\n661\n\n662\n\n663\n\n664\n\n665\n\n666\n\n667\n\n668\n\n669\n\n\n670s\n\n670\n\n671\n\n672\n\n673\n\n674\n\n675\n\n676\n\n677\n\n678\n\n679\n\n\n680s\n\n680\n\n681\n\n682\n\n683\n\n684\n\n685\n\n686\n\n687\n\n688\n\n689\n\n\n690s\n\n690\n\n691\n\n692\n\n693\n\n694\n\n695\n\n696\n\n697\n\n698\n\n699\n\n\n700s\n\n700\n\n701\n\n702\n\n703\n\n704\n\n705\n\n706\n\n707\n\n708\n\n709\n\nvteCenturies and millennia\n\nMillennium\nCentury\n\n\nBC (BCE)\n\n\n4th\n40th\n39th\n38th\n37th\n36th\n35th\n34th\n33rd\n32nd\n31st\n\n\n3rd\n30th\n29th\n28th\n27th\n26th\n25th\n24th\n23rd\n22nd\n21st\n\n\n2nd\n20th\n19th\n18th\n17th\n16th\n15th\n14th\n13th\n12th\n11th\n\n\n1st\n10th\n9th\n8th\n7th\n6th\n5th\n4th\n3rd\n2nd\n1st\n\n\nAD (CE)\n\n\n1st\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\n\n\n2nd\n11th\n12th\n13th\n14th\n15th\n16th\n17th\n18th\n19th\n20th\n\n\n3rd\n21st\n22nd\n23rd\n24th\n25th\n26th\n27th\n28th\n29th\n30thAuthority control databases: National \nIsrael\nUnited States\nCzech Republic","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Eastern Hemisphere at the beginning of the 7th century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/East-Hem_600ad.jpg/300px-East-Hem_600ad.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 7th century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/East-Hem_700ad.jpg/300px-East-Hem_700ad.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pages of a late 7th century Quran","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Unknown%2C_Arabia%2C_late_7th_Century_-_Pages_from_a_Qur%27an_in_Hijazi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Unknown%2C_Arabia%2C_late_7th_Century_-_Pages_from_a_Qur%27an_in_Hijazi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"image_text":"An Anglo-Saxon helmet found at Sutton Hoo, probably belonging to Rædwald of East Anglia circa 625.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sutton_Hoo_helmet_2016.png/220px-Sutton_Hoo_helmet_2016.png"},{"image_text":"Silk cloth with four horsemen hunting lions, 7th century. Horyu-ji temple, Japan.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Horyu-ji_silk.tiff/lossless-page1-220px-Horyu-ji_silk.tiff.png"},{"image_text":"The Tang dynasty Giant Wild Goose Pagoda of Chang'an, built in 652, in modern-day Xi'an, China.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Wild_goose_pagoda_xian_china.jpg/220px-Wild_goose_pagoda_xian_china.jpg"},{"image_text":"Qajar era painting of Muhammad at the Battle of Karbala in 680","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_Prophet_at_the_battle_of_Karbala%2C_Qajar_Persia%2C_second_half_19th_century.jpg/220px-The_Prophet_at_the_battle_of_Karbala%2C_Qajar_Persia%2C_second_half_19th_century.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Ostrogorsky, George (1959). \"The Byzantine Empire in the World of the Seventh Century\". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 13: 3. doi:10.2307/1291126. ISSN 0070-7546. JSTOR 1291126.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291126","url_text":"\"The Byzantine Empire in the World of the Seventh Century\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291126","url_text":"10.2307/1291126"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0070-7546","url_text":"0070-7546"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291126","url_text":"1291126"}]},{"reference":"\"An Introduction to Early Medieval England\". English Heritage. Retrieved 2022-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/story-of-england/early-medieval/","url_text":"\"An Introduction to Early Medieval England\""}]},{"reference":"Richards, Jeffrey (January 1, 1979). The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476-752. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 9780710000989 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tsE9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA246","url_text":"The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476-752"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710000989","url_text":"9780710000989"}]},{"reference":"Drs. R. Soekmono (1988) [1973]. Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed (5th reprint ed.). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 37.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Buddhist Monks Pilgrimage of Tang Dynasty\". Archived from the original on 2008-12-31. Retrieved 2013-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081231024421/http://www.buddhist-canon.com/history/T510007c.htm","url_text":"\"Buddhist Monks Pilgrimage of Tang Dynasty\""},{"url":"http://www.buddhist-canon.com/history/T510007c.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Boechari (1966). \"Preliminary report on the discovery of an Old Malay inscription at Sojomerto\". MISI. III: 241–251.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boechari&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Boechari"}]},{"reference":"Kamouch, Mohammed (2006). \"Jewels of the Muslim Chinese Heritage\". Muslim Heritage. Retrieved 4 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://muslimheritage.com/jewels-of-the-muslim-chinese-heritage/","url_text":"\"Jewels of the Muslim Chinese Heritage\""}]},{"reference":"Kumar, Jayanth V. (2011). \"Oral hygiene aids\". Textbook of preventive and community dentistry (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 412–413. ISBN 978-81-312-2530-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-312-2530-1","url_text":"978-81-312-2530-1"}]},{"reference":"Pryor, John H.; Jeffreys, Elizabeth M. (2006), The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ: The Byzantine Navy ca. 500–1204, Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-9004151970","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004151970","url_text":"978-9004151970"}]},{"reference":"Roland, Alex (1992), \"Secrecy, Technology, and War: Greek Fire and the Defense of Byzantium\", Technology and Culture, 33 (4): 655–679, doi:10.2307/3106585, JSTOR 3106585, S2CID 113017993","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3106585","url_text":"10.2307/3106585"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3106585","url_text":"3106585"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:113017993","url_text":"113017993"}]},{"reference":"Theophanes; Turtledove, Harry (Transl.) (1982), The chronicle of Theophanes: an English translation of anni mundi 6095–6305 (A.D. 602–813), University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 978-0812211283","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor","url_text":"Theophanes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Turtledove","url_text":"Turtledove, Harry (Transl.)"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lK5wIPb4Vi4C","url_text":"The chronicle of Theophanes: an English translation of anni mundi 6095–6305 (A.D. 602–813)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812211283","url_text":"978-0812211283"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_historic_inventions&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291126","external_links_name":"\"The Byzantine Empire in the World of the Seventh Century\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291126","external_links_name":"10.2307/1291126"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0070-7546","external_links_name":"0070-7546"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291126","external_links_name":"1291126"},{"Link":"https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/story-of-england/early-medieval/","external_links_name":"\"An Introduction to Early Medieval England\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121006203612/http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20061129/news_lz1e29last.html","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121006203612/http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20061129/news_lz1e29last.html"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tsE9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA246","external_links_name":"The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476-752"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081231024421/http://www.buddhist-canon.com/history/T510007c.htm","external_links_name":"\"Buddhist Monks Pilgrimage of Tang Dynasty\""},{"Link":"http://www.buddhist-canon.com/history/T510007c.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://muslimheritage.com/jewels-of-the-muslim-chinese-heritage/","external_links_name":"\"Jewels of the Muslim Chinese Heritage\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3106585","external_links_name":"10.2307/3106585"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3106585","external_links_name":"3106585"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:113017993","external_links_name":"113017993"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lK5wIPb4Vi4C","external_links_name":"The chronicle of Theophanes: an English translation of anni mundi 6095–6305 (A.D. 602–813)"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534068505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85120428","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ch460545&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymelife	Lymelife	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","5 Reception","6 References","7 External links"]	2008 filmLymelifeTheatrical release posterDirected byDerick MartiniWritten by Derick Martini Steven Martini Produced by Alec Baldwin Steven Martini Barbara DeFina Jon Cornick Angela Somerville Michele Tayler Starring Rory Culkin Alec Baldwin Kieran Culkin Emma Roberts CinematographyFrank GodwinEdited by Derick Martini Steven Martini Mark Yoshikawa Music by Steven Martini The Spaceship Martini ProductioncompanyBartlett FilmsDistributed byScreen Media FilmsRelease dates September 8, 2008 (2008-09-08) (TIFF) April 8, 2009 (2009 -04-08) (United States; limited) Running time94 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$1.5 million Box office$526,245 Lymelife is a 2008 American comedy-drama film written by brothers Derick Martini and Steven Martini, and directed by Derick Martini, depicting aspects of their life in 1970s Long Island from a teenager's perspective. It stars Alec Baldwin, Rory Culkin, Kieran Culkin and Emma Roberts. Martin Scorsese served as an executive producer. The film debuted at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival in September 2008, and won the International Federation of Film Critics Award (FIPRESCI). After its theatrical release in 2009, writer director Derick Martini was nominated for a Gotham Award for Breakthrough Director. Plot Set in 1979 Syosset, Long Island, New York, Lymelife follows two families, the Bartletts and the Braggs, who crumble when tangled relationships, real-estate problems, and Lyme disease converge in the heart of suburbia. 15-year-old Scott Bartlett is a gentle boy, radically different from his blustery father Mickey and mother Brenda. An outbreak of Lyme disease, as well as the accompanying paranoia, hits their community hard. When the Bartlett's neighbor, Charlie Bragg, is diagnosed with the illness, Charlie is unable to work and his wife Melissa must keep the income flowing herself. She is hired by Mickey, a friendly favor motivated by lust. Mickey's history of philandering is one of the many things upsetting Brenda. Scott has been in love with the Braggs' one year-older daughter Adrianna for all his life; she is starting to return his interest. Charlie spends days hiding in his basement, while his wife believes he is in Manhattan on job interviews. He is obsessed with hunting deer. Scott and Charlie have a good relationship, one of the only ones Charlie is able to maintain throughout his illness. Things heat up when Jimmy, Scott's older brother, comes home from the army on their mom's birthday. Brenda leaves early from Jimmy's going-away party when it is clear that there is a relationship between Mickey and Melissa. Jimmy and Mickey have a confrontation. Scott learns of the affair and confronts his mother. Adrianna helps him through this, but shuns him after a rumor spread from a lie he tells a friend. Brenda kicks Mickey out of the house and is once again able to act the role of an effective parent. Charlie also confronts Mickey after he inadvertently witnesses the affair; when his wife finds out that he has been letting her earn the family's keep, she packs to leave. Scott and Adrianna reconnect and lose their virginity to each other. Brenda lets Mickey spend the night at their house but on the couch. Cast Rory Culkin as Scott Bartlett Alec Baldwin as Mickey Bartlett Emma Roberts as Adrianna Bragg Jill Hennessy as Brenda Bartlett Kieran Culkin as Jimmy Bartlett Timothy Hutton as Charlie Bragg Cynthia Nixon as Melissa Bragg Logan Huffman as Blaze Salado Brandon Thane Wilson as Stuart Adam Scarimbolo as Todd O'Leary Derick Martini as Photographer (uncredited) Steven Martini as Taxi driver (uncredited) Matthew Martini as Jimmy's friend (uncredited) Production The film had a budget of $1.5 million. Portions of the film were shot at Montclair High School in Montclair, New Jersey. Release The film began its North American theatrical release in April 2009. Initially, Lymelife was only shown on screens in New York and Los Angeles but eventually expanded to 35 screens. The film grossed $421,307 in the United States and an additional $104,938 internationally for a total worldwide gross of $526,245. Reception The film premiered at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival and won the International Federation of Film Critics award (FIPRESCI). The film received a 63% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 109 reviews; the average rating is 6.1/10. The consensus states: "Lymelife features sharp performances, but the story lacks the emotional depth or focus worthy of its talented cast." References ^ a b c "Lymelife (2009)". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved May 11, 2018. ^ "LYMELIFE (15)". British Board of Film Classification. 2010-05-10. Retrieved 2012-09-22. ^ a b "Indie Wire "Lymelife"". indie wire. 7 January 2009. Retrieved 14 June 2021. ^ a b "Lymelife". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 11, 2018. ^ a b Vlessing, Etan (August 14, 2008). "Toronto puts 'Lymelife' in Discovery lineup: Alec Baldwin starrer will have world premiere at the festival". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 20, 2008. ^ Evans, Ian (2008). "Lymelife premiere at TIFF 2008". Retrieved 2009-12-02. ^ a b "9/13/2008 \| Festival Closes 2008 Edition With Awards Announcement". Toronto International Film Festival. September 13, 2008. Archived from the original on September 18, 2008. Retrieved May 11, 2018. ^ Read, Philip (May 13, 2008). "Montclair on screens big and small". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved August 21, 2008. Earlier this spring, filmmakers quietly lined up Montclair High to film Lymelife, a drama that chronicles the moral deterioration of a family as it navigates the pitfalls of a failing marriage. ^ "Lymelife (2008)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 11, 2018. External links Lymelife Lymelife at IMDb Lymelife at AllMovie Lymelife at Box Office Mojo Lymelife at Rotten Tomatoes Lymelife at Metacritic vteFilms directed by Derick Martini Lymelife (2008) Hick (2011) The Curse of Downers Grove (2015) vteAlec Baldwin Filmography Awards and nominations Films produced The Confession (1999) Shortcut to Happiness (2007, also directed) Lymelife (2008) Seduced and Abandoned (2013) Crown Vic (2019) Rust (TBA) Family Kim Basinger (first wife) Ireland Baldwin (daughter) Hilaria Thomas (second wife) Daniel Baldwin (brother) William Baldwin (brother) Stephen Baldwin (brother) Hailey Bieber (niece) Related articles Rust shooting incident Jack Donaghy	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy-drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy-drama"},{"link_name":"Derick Martini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derick_Martini"},{"link_name":"Steven Martini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Martini"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"Alec Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Rory Culkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Culkin"},{"link_name":"Kieran Culkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieran_Culkin"},{"link_name":"Emma Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Roberts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vlessing-5"},{"link_name":"Martin Scorsese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Scorsese"},{"link_name":"executive producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_producer"},{"link_name":"2008 Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans2008-6"},{"link_name":"International Federation of Film Critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Film_Critics"},{"link_name":"FIPRESCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPRESCI"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tiff-7"},{"link_name":"Gotham Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_Award"},{"link_name":"Breakthrough Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_Independent_Film_Award_for_Breakthrough_Director"}],"text":"Lymelife is a 2008 American comedy-drama film written by brothers Derick Martini and Steven Martini, and directed by Derick Martini, depicting aspects of their life in 1970s Long Island from a teenager's perspective. It stars Alec Baldwin, Rory Culkin, Kieran Culkin and Emma Roberts.[5] Martin Scorsese served as an executive producer. The film debuted at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival[6] in September 2008, and won the International Federation of Film Critics Award (FIPRESCI).[7] After its theatrical release in 2009, writer director Derick Martini was nominated for a Gotham Award for Breakthrough Director.","title":"Lymelife"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syosset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syosset"},{"link_name":"Long Island, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Lyme disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease"},{"link_name":"suburbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbia"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"}],"text":"Set in 1979 Syosset, Long Island, New York, Lymelife follows two families, the Bartletts and the Braggs, who crumble when tangled relationships, real-estate problems, and Lyme disease converge in the heart of suburbia. 15-year-old Scott Bartlett is a gentle boy, radically different from his blustery father Mickey and mother Brenda. An outbreak of Lyme disease, as well as the accompanying paranoia, hits their community hard.When the Bartlett's neighbor, Charlie Bragg, is diagnosed with the illness, Charlie is unable to work and his wife Melissa must keep the income flowing herself. She is hired by Mickey, a friendly favor motivated by lust. Mickey's history of philandering is one of the many things upsetting Brenda. Scott has been in love with the Braggs' one year-older daughter Adrianna for all his life; she is starting to return his interest.Charlie spends days hiding in his basement, while his wife believes he is in Manhattan on job interviews. He is obsessed with hunting deer. Scott and Charlie have a good relationship, one of the only ones Charlie is able to maintain throughout his illness. Things heat up when Jimmy, Scott's older brother, comes home from the army on their mom's birthday. Brenda leaves early from Jimmy's going-away party when it is clear that there is a relationship between Mickey and Melissa. Jimmy and Mickey have a confrontation.Scott learns of the affair and confronts his mother. Adrianna helps him through this, but shuns him after a rumor spread from a lie he tells a friend. Brenda kicks Mickey out of the house and is once again able to act the role of an effective parent. Charlie also confronts Mickey after he inadvertently witnesses the affair; when his wife finds out that he has been letting her earn the family's keep, she packs to leave. Scott and Adrianna reconnect and lose their virginity to each other. Brenda lets Mickey spend the night at their house but on the couch.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rory Culkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Culkin"},{"link_name":"Alec Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Emma Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Jill Hennessy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Hennessy"},{"link_name":"Kieran Culkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieran_Culkin"},{"link_name":"Timothy Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Hutton"},{"link_name":"Cynthia Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Logan Huffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Huffman"},{"link_name":"Derick Martini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derick_Martini"},{"link_name":"Steven Martini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Martini"}],"text":"Rory Culkin as Scott Bartlett\nAlec Baldwin as Mickey Bartlett\nEmma Roberts as Adrianna Bragg\nJill Hennessy as Brenda Bartlett\nKieran Culkin as Jimmy Bartlett\nTimothy Hutton as Charlie Bragg\nCynthia Nixon as Melissa Bragg\nLogan Huffman as Blaze Salado\nBrandon Thane Wilson as Stuart\nAdam Scarimbolo as Todd O'Leary\nDerick Martini as Photographer (uncredited)\nSteven Martini as Taxi driver (uncredited)\nMatthew Martini as Jimmy's friend (uncredited)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indie_wire:_derick_Martini_(Lymelife)-3"},{"link_name":"Montclair High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montclair_High_School_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Montclair, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montclair,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-star-8"}],"text":"The film had a budget of $1.5 million.[3] Portions of the film were shot at Montclair High School in Montclair, New Jersey.[8]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mojo-4"}],"text":"The film began its North American theatrical release in April 2009. Initially, Lymelife was only shown on screens in New York and Los Angeles but eventually expanded to 35 screens. The film grossed $421,307 in the United States and an additional $104,938 internationally for a total worldwide gross of $526,245.[4]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2008 Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vlessing-5"},{"link_name":"International Federation of Film Critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Film_Critics"},{"link_name":"FIPRESCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPRESCI"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tiff-7"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The film premiered at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival[5] and won the International Federation of Film Critics award (FIPRESCI).[7] The film received a 63% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 109 reviews; the average rating is 6.1/10. The consensus states: \"Lymelife features sharp performances, but the story lacks the emotional depth or focus worthy of its talented cast.\"[9]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Lymelife (2009)\". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved May 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/64937?cxt=filmography","url_text":"\"Lymelife (2009)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI_Catalog_of_Feature_Films","url_text":"AFI Catalog of Feature Films"}]},{"reference":"\"LYMELIFE (15)\". British Board of Film Classification. 2010-05-10. Retrieved 2012-09-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bbfc.co.uk/AFF268825/","url_text":"\"LYMELIFE (15)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification","url_text":"British Board of Film Classification"}]},{"reference":"\"Indie Wire \"Lymelife\"\". indie wire. 7 January 2009. Retrieved 14 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiewire.com/2009/01/derick-martini-lymelife-artistic-honesty-perfection-and-success-2-70980/","url_text":"\"Indie Wire \"Lymelife\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lymelife\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lymelife.htm","url_text":"\"Lymelife\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"Vlessing, Etan (August 14, 2008). \"Toronto puts 'Lymelife' in Discovery lineup: Alec Baldwin starrer will have world premiere at the festival\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 20, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3i1fefd617b092181059b6699641d7ba42","url_text":"\"Toronto puts 'Lymelife' in Discovery lineup: Alec Baldwin starrer will have world premiere at the festival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Ian (2008). \"Lymelife premiere at TIFF 2008\". Retrieved 2009-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalhit.com/galleries/31/483/","url_text":"\"Lymelife premiere at TIFF 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"9/13/2008 \| Festival Closes 2008 Edition With Awards Announcement\". Toronto International Film Festival. September 13, 2008. Archived from the original on September 18, 2008. Retrieved May 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080918014713/http://tiff08.ca/press/pressreleases/default.aspx?newsId=596","url_text":"\"9/13/2008 \| Festival Closes 2008 Edition With Awards Announcement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival","url_text":"Toronto International Film Festival"},{"url":"http://tiff08.ca/press/pressreleases/default.aspx?newsId=596","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Read, Philip (May 13, 2008). \"Montclair on screens big and small\". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved August 21, 2008. Earlier this spring, filmmakers quietly lined up Montclair High to film Lymelife, a drama that chronicles the moral deterioration of a family as it navigates the pitfalls of a failing marriage.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nj.com/montclairguide/index.ssf/2008/05/ready_for_its_closeup.html","url_text":"\"Montclair on screens big and small\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star-Ledger","url_text":"The Star-Ledger"}]},{"reference":"\"Lymelife (2008)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/lymelife/","url_text":"\"Lymelife (2008)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/64937?cxt=filmography","external_links_name":"\"Lymelife (2009)\""},{"Link":"http://www.bbfc.co.uk/AFF268825/","external_links_name":"\"LYMELIFE (15)\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiewire.com/2009/01/derick-martini-lymelife-artistic-honesty-perfection-and-success-2-70980/","external_links_name":"\"Indie Wire \"Lymelife\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lymelife.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lymelife\""},{"Link":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3i1fefd617b092181059b6699641d7ba42","external_links_name":"\"Toronto puts 'Lymelife' in Discovery lineup: Alec Baldwin starrer will have world premiere at the festival\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalhit.com/galleries/31/483/","external_links_name":"\"Lymelife premiere at TIFF 2008\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080918014713/http://tiff08.ca/press/pressreleases/default.aspx?newsId=596","external_links_name":"\"9/13/2008 \| Festival Closes 2008 Edition With Awards Announcement\""},{"Link":"http://tiff08.ca/press/pressreleases/default.aspx?newsId=596","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nj.com/montclairguide/index.ssf/2008/05/ready_for_its_closeup.html","external_links_name":"\"Montclair on screens big and small\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/lymelife/","external_links_name":"\"Lymelife (2008)\""},{"Link":"http://www.screenmediafilms.net/lymelife","external_links_name":"Lymelife"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0363780/","external_links_name":"Lymelife"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v469357","external_links_name":"Lymelife"},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lymelife.htm","external_links_name":"Lymelife"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/lymelife","external_links_name":"Lymelife"},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/lymelife","external_links_name":"Lymelife"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAD_Greekz	MAD Greekz	["1 Programs","2 See also"]	Television channel MAD GreekzCountryGreeceProgrammingPicture format4:3 (576i, SDTV)OwnershipOwnerSolar Media Inc.Sister channelsMADHistoryLaunchedSeptember 12, 2008 MAD Greekz is a 24-hour Greek cable music channel that launched on September 12, 2008. It is a spin-off channel of MAD TV. It is available exclusively on NOVA and is commercial free. Programs Juke Box - music clips requested by viewers Take 5 - spotlight on a different artist each day, five songs in a row Love Mix - focus on ballads from pop to rock Time Machine - a retro show featuring songs from the '90s Late Show - live performances from various artists After Hours - music mix featuring the latest hits Greeklish - Greek artists' adaptation of foreign hits Big Ten - Ten songs in a row from a specific artist or theme First Table Pista - Top hits from artists currently part of the Athens night scene See also MAD MAD World vte Television in GreecePublic ERT1 ERT2 ERT3 ERT News Vouli Tileorasi Private Networks Alpha ANT1 Makedonia TV Mega Open Skai Star International free-to-air BBC News RIK Sat TV5Monde Europe Cable channels Animal Planet Cartoonito Cosmote Cinema Cosmote Sport Deutsche Welle Discovery Channel Disney Channel Disney Junior FX FX Life MAD Greekz MAD Viral National Geographic Nova Cinema HD Novalife HD Novasports Sirina TV Village Cinema HD DVB-T providers Digea DVB-S providers Nova Cosmote TV OTT ANT1+ Cosmote TV Ertflix EON Vodafone TV Defunct providers Alpha Digital On Telecoms Wind Vision International satellite 4E Alpha Sat ANT1 Europe ANT1 Pacific ANT1 Satellite ERT World Greek Cinema MAD World MEGA Cosmos New Greek TV RIK Sat SportPlus TV Star International Defunct channels 902 AFIS Alter Cine+/Sport+ Cine+/Studio+ Dimosia Tileorasi ERT Sports FOX HD NERIT Prisma+ Sport+/Info+ Tempo TV Lists Television awards Television channels Television series This Greek television–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MAD TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAD_TV_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"NOVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_(Forthnet)"}],"text":"MAD Greekz is a 24-hour Greek cable music channel that launched on September 12, 2008. It is a spin-off channel of MAD TV. It is available exclusively on NOVA and is commercial free.","title":"MAD Greekz"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Juke Box - music clips requested by viewers\nTake 5 - spotlight on a different artist each day, five songs in a row\nLove Mix - focus on ballads from pop to rock\nTime Machine - a retro show featuring songs from the '90s\nLate Show - live performances from various artists\nAfter Hours - music mix featuring the latest hits\nGreeklish - Greek artists' adaptation of foreign hits\nBig Ten - Ten songs in a row from a specific artist or theme\nFirst Table Pista - Top hits from artists currently part of the Athens night scene","title":"Programs"}]	[]	[{"title":"MAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAD_TV_(TV_channel)"},{"title":"MAD 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HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Life"},{"title":"Novasports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novasports"},{"title":"Sirina TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitris_Sirinakis"},{"title":"Village Cinema HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Cinema"},{"title":"DVB-T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVB-T"},{"title":"Digea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digea"},{"title":"DVB-S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVB-S"},{"title":"Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_(Greece)"},{"title":"Cosmote TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmote_TV"},{"title":"OTT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-top_media_service"},{"title":"ANT1+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANT1"},{"title":"Cosmote TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmote_TV"},{"title":"Ertflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"title":"EON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_(Greece)"},{"title":"Vodafone TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone_Greece#Vodafone_TV"},{"title":"Alpha Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Digital"},{"title":"On Telecoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Telecoms"},{"title":"Wind Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_Vision"},{"title":"4E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4E_TV"},{"title":"Alpha Sat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_TV#Alpha_Sat"},{"title":"ANT1 Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANT1_Europe"},{"title":"ANT1 Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANT1_Pacific"},{"title":"ANT1 Satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANT1#ANT1_International_channels"},{"title":"ERT 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Red_Alert	Command & Conquer: Red Alert	["1 Gameplay","1.1 Factions","2 Plot","3 Connection to the Tiberian games","4 Freeware release","5 Development","6 Soundtrack","7 Reception","7.1 Ads","7.2 Sales","7.3 Critical reviews","8 Expansion packs","8.1 Counterstrike and The Aftermath (1997)","8.2 Retaliation (1998)","9 Open source","9.1 OpenRA","10 References","11 External links"]	This article is about the video game. For the video game series, see Command & Conquer: Red Alert (series). For the iPhone game, see Command & Conquer: Red Alert (2009 video game). 1996 video gameCommand & Conquer: Red AlertDeveloper(s)Westwood StudiosPublisher(s)NA: Westwood StudiosEU: Virgin Interactive EntertainmentProducer(s)Edward Alexander Del CastilloDesigner(s)Adam P. IsgreenMichael LightnerErik YeoProgrammer(s)Joseph BosticBarry GreenSteve TallArtist(s)Christopher D. DemersMatthew HanselJoseph B. Hewitt IVWriter(s)Ron SmithComposer(s)Frank KlepackiSeriesCommand & Conquer: Red AlertPlatform(s)MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows, PlayStationReleasePCNA: November 22, 1996EU: December 4, 1996PlayStationNA: November 1997EU: November 1997Genre(s)Real-time strategyMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer Command & Conquer: Red Alert is a real-time strategy video game in the Command & Conquer franchise, developed and published by Westwood Studios in 1996. The second game to bear the Command & Conquer title, Red Alert is the prequel to the original Command & Conquer of 1995, and takes place in the alternate early history of Command & Conquer when Allied Forces battle an aggressive Soviet Union for control over the European mainland. It was initially available for PC (MS-DOS and Windows 95 versions included in one package) and was subsequently ported to PlayStation. The PlayStation version was also re-released as a download on the PlayStation Network for PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 3. On August 31, 2008, Electronic Arts, who acquired Westwood Studios in 1998, rendered Command & Conquer: Red Alert freeware. The Command & Conquer Remastered Collection, released on June 5, 2020, through the services Origin and Steam, contains a graphically rebuilt Red Alert, the expansions Counterstrike and The Aftermath, additional missions and briefing videos that were exclusive to the PlayStation's Retaliation port, and an unlockable gallery of unused and "making-of" materials. Gameplay Like Tiberian Dawn, the game has split routes for most missions. The objective stays the same but the map layout differs. The single-player campaign is complemented by live-action cinematic sequences. Players can queue commands, create unit groups that can be selected by a number key, and control numerous units at a time. Players mine resources (consisting of ores and gems, as the Tiberium mineral in the regular C&C series has not yet arrived on Earth), which are processed into credits to make in-game purchases including building structures, produce vehicles, training troops, and making repairs. Rare gems are worth significantly more credits, but unlike ores, they do not regenerate within the map. Players can build additional ore refineries and ore trucks to mine these resources faster; however, excess unspent credits require storage in special 'ore silos' that can be constructed. Resource management, including acquiring ore quickly to build up one's own forces as well as denial of ore to opponents, is often key to victory. While building a base, a player has to construct power plants to keep up with the growing demands of electricity, otherwise high-powered installations such as radar and Tesla Coils will not function; as such, power plants are often the first to be targeted in a base attack. An opponent's critical damaged structures can be captured with the use of engineers, allowing the player to produce units from that structure even if not part of one's own faction (i.e. if an Allied player captures a Soviet war factory, they can produce Soviet units like the Mammoth Tank). In addition to the single-player campaign and a multiplayer mode, Red Alert includes a map editor and the bonus software Westwood Chat. Factions The game features two factions with differing styles of play. Red Alert requires each player to use their side's strengths in order to compensate for their weaknesses, in contrast to games such as Total Annihilation or Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness, in which both sides have units with similar abilities and rely on outnumbering or possessing a better-balanced force than their opponent. In-game beta screenshot of a Soviet base on the PC version The Soviets' vehicles tend to be more durable and powerful than Allied vehicles, but are usually slower-moving and more expensive. The Soviets also have superior defensive capabilities against ground attacks, with Flame Towers (guard towers outfitted with heavy flamethrowers) and weaponized Tesla coils, with the latter being able to destroy most Allied armour in 1-2 hits, although it has very high power consumption and cannot function without a sufficient and continuous supply of electricity. The Soviets' main weakness is at sea; their only offensive naval unit is the submarine (produced in the submarine pen), which only exists to counter Allied warships and gain intelligence. It is normally invisible except when surfacing to attack when it is vulnerable to destroyers and gunboats. They also have a wide selection of air units for assault; the Yak-9 plane armed with machine guns for strafing infantry and light structures, MiG-23 strike fighter (though erroneously depicted as a MiG-29 in cut-scenes) whose missiles are suited for heavily armored vehicles and buildings, and Mi-24 Hind helicopter gunship whose YakB rotary gun is effective against light and heavy targets; the unprotected Yak-9 and MiG are designed for hit-and-run attacks as they release their payload all at once, while the armored Hind can remain in combat longer and unleashes its firepower more gradually. In addition, the Soviets also have access to periodic map revelation through spy planes, and can deploy infantry by air through paratroopers. In the latter half of the Soviet campaign (but not in multiplayer/skirmish mode), they also have access to periodic airstrikes from Badger bombers. The Soviets' secret weapon is the Iron Curtain, a device that renders a selected unit invulnerable to attacks for a short period of time. The Soviet 'tank rush' was a popular strategy online, involving building many heavy tanks and overwhelming the opponent with sheer numbers. The Allies' forces are generally cheaper, faster to build and more agile. Their infantry can survive longer with good use of their Medic unit. The Allies' strongest tank (the Medium Tank) is weaker in a one-on-one engagement against the Soviets' starting tank (the Heavy Tank), but it is also slightly faster and less expensive. The Allies also have anti-tank minelayers to counter superior Soviet armour. The Allies have only one air unit, the anti-tank AH-64 Apache attack helicopter (erroneously called 'Longbow' despite lacking the distinctive FCR of the same name), compared to three Soviet air units; however, the Allies also have anti-aircraft guns (more powerful but shorter-ranged than Soviet Surface to Air Missiles). Allied defenses against ground assaults — pillboxes and turret emplacements — are less powerful than the Soviets' Tesla Coil, but cheaper and better protected while also less dependent on electricity. On maps with water, Allies possess a major advantage in naval power thanks to the Destroyer, a versatile medium-sized warship armed with guided missiles capable of engaging all targets on land, sea and air, and the Cruiser (erroneously depicted as an Iowa-class battleship in cut-scenes), a large warship for shore bombardment equipped with turret-mounted 8-inch naval guns giving it the longest-ranged and most powerful surface-to-surface attack in the game. The Allies also possess several other tools of subterfuge and military intelligence, such as spies to gain information on or disable enemy facilities, and thieves for stealing enemy resources, hiding their own units and structures from detection via the 'gap generator' (a special tower outfitted with electronic warfare equipment, which creates a "fog of war" preventing enemy players from being able to see the tower or anything else in a large radius around itself), and revealing the whole game map with a prototype GPS satellite. The Allies' secret weapon is the Chronosphere, which temporarily teleports a selected unit to another part of the map. In online play and computer skirmish, both Allied and Soviet forces have access to the transport helicopters and the missile silo, which is not available to either side in single-player mode (though missile silos are found in some Soviet bases in the latter half of the Allied campaign). In online play and computer skirmishes, the Soviets have access to two of the Allied side's infantry: the Rocket Soldier (for anti-air and anti-tank fighting) and Tanya, a commando capable of easily killing infantry and destroying structures with demolition charges. Unlike the standard Allied/Soviet factions in the single-player campaigns, in multiplayer/skirmish, players choose a particular country to play as, each with its own unique advantage over the others. Allied countries consist of Germany (greater firepower), England (better durability) and France (faster rate of fire), while Soviet countries consist of Russia (lower costs) and Ukraine (faster movement speed). Plot Command & Conquer: Red Alert takes place in a parallel universe. At the Trinity Site in New Mexico in 1946, Albert Einstein prepares to travel back in time. He activates his experimental time machine to find himself in Landsberg, Germany, on December 20, 1924, where he meets a young Adolf Hitler just after the latter's release from Landsberg Prison. Following a brief conversation between the two, Einstein shakes Hitler's hand, which erases him from the timeline. Hitler's death prevents him from rising to power as leader of Nazi Germany, effectively creating a new timeline. Without Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union (USSR) grows powerful under the rule of Joseph Stalin. The USSR seizes land from China and then invades Eastern Europe, to achieve Joseph Stalin's vision of a Soviet Union stretching across the entire Eurasian landmass. In response, the countries of Western Europe (including an already-rearmed Germany) form the Allied Nations and start a guerrilla war against the invading Soviet Army. Over the course of the game's story, the Allies and Soviets fight for control over the European mainland in an alternate World War II: Allied ending: Following the siege of Moscow, an Allied platoon discovers Stalin buried alive in the rubble of the Kremlin. As they begin attempting to remove the debris from the fallen Soviet leader, General Stavros unexpectedly enters the room and stops them. He "convinces" them that they saw nothing and orders them to leave the premises. Stavros then stuffs a handkerchief into Stalin's mouth before covering his head with a large stone and walking away. Soviet ending: As the Soviets celebrate their victory at the newly captured Buckingham Palace, Stalin commends the Commander (the player), but is poisoned by Nadia, who guns him down as the poison overcomes his body. Following Stalin's death, Nadia tells the Commander that the Soviet Union is now under the rule of the Brotherhood of Nod, who plan to return to the shadows again and reemerge in the 1990s, leaving the player as the puppet ruler of the USSR, ready to do the Brotherhood of Nod bidding for "the foreseeable future". She is betrayed and shot in the back by Kane, who reveals to "Comrade Chairman" that he is the true mastermind. Connection to the Tiberian games Kane (standing) advises Joseph Stalin (center), with Nadia (left) and Gradenko (right). Westwood Studios designed Command & Conquer: Red Alert to be the prequel of Command & Conquer: Tiberian Dawn, and by proxy of the Tiberian series as a whole. During the course of the Soviet's campaign, Kane is seen to make infrequent appearances as a mysterious counselor to Joseph Stalin, and the story implies that he has in fact been the instigator of the world war between the USSR and the Allied nations in order to further the long-term goals of the Brotherhood of Nod. Indeed, Nadia, the head of the NKVD, Stalin's mistress and evidently a secretive member of the Brotherhood herself as early as the 1950s, instructs the player to "keep the peace" until Nod would "tire of the USSR in the early 1990s" upon the campaign's successful conclusion. Kane, however, shoots her without warning and proclaims to the player that he " the future". Moreover, during the fifth cutscene of the Allied campaign, a news announcer reporting on the Allies' loss of Greece is suddenly heard stating that the United Nations are in the process of bringing about a unique military task force aimed at preventing future globalized conflicts. This task force is heavily implied to have been "Special Operations Group Echo: Black Ops 9"—the covert and international peace enforcing unit of the United Nations and the precursor of the Global Defense Initiative, one of the two main and iconic factions of the Tiberian series alongside the Brotherhood of Nod. A much debated theory intended to resolve the apparent timeline error which came to exist between Command & Conquer: Tiberian Dawn and Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2 is to consider Red Alert as the genesis of two parallel storylines. If the Soviet campaign were to be completed in Red Alert, the USSR would emerge as the dominant Eurasian power and Kane and the Brotherhood of Nod would subsequently take control of this new empire. Conversely, if the Allied campaign were to be completed, the Allies would emerge victorious and the timeline would instead lead into the events of Red Alert 2 (though the latter completely ignores anything that could connect it to the Tiberium timeline). However, Command & Conquer: Tiberian Dawn has the Brotherhood of Nod start out as an underground terrorist organisation, not as a political force in control of the late Soviet empire. This is further confirmed by former C&C designer Adam Isgreen, who confirms that Tiberian Dawn in fact follows on the conclusion of Red Alert's Allies campaign, while Red Alert 2 and Yuri's Revenge take place in a second parallel universe, created by a new attempt to alter history in "Tiberian Incursion", the working title of Westwood Studios' cancelled version of Command & Conquer 3. Isgreen also implied that Nikola Tesla may have been responsible for inadvertently having attracted the attention of the Scrin through his experiments, and thus for the arrival of Tiberium on Earth. When the Command & Conquer: The First Decade compilation pack was released in February 2006, Electronic Arts adopted the policy of considering the C&C franchise to consist of three distinct universes, with this decision apparently violating the storyline connections between Red Alert and Tiberian Dawn established by Westwood Studios. With the release of Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars in March 2007, Electronic Arts published a document wherein an implicit reference to Kane's appearance in Red Alert is made, revealing that GDI's "InOps" intelligence division is in the possession of photos of Kane which were taken by CIA that, if genuine, would mean that Kane's age by year 2030 is close to 125. Freeware release To mark the 13th anniversary of Command and Conquer and the announcement of Red Alert 3, EA released Command and Conquer: Red Alert as freeware. After the promotion ended they allowed third-party mirrors to pick up and also ship the addons for free. The community has started repackaging it to installers that do not require burning the original ISO images and included their latest fan patches that modernize the renderer, remove duplicate files, fix bugs and include content from the PlayStation release. Those repacks typically also include modding tools as well as network utilities for multiplayer matches. Development The game was developed by close to 30 people. Soundtrack Main article: Music of the Command & Conquer series § Command & Conquer: Red Alert The game's original score was composed by Frank Klepacki and was voted the best video game soundtrack of 1996 by PC Gamer and Gameslice magazines. Reception Ads Westwood Studios started a controversial ad campaign portraying previous dictators next to current military leaders with the subtitle "Previous High Scores". Sales In the United States, Command & Conquer: Red Alert debuted at No. 2 on PC Data's computer game sales chart for November 1996, behind Microsoft Flight Simulator. Following a third-place finish in December, it became the United States' seventh-best-selling computer game of 1996 as a whole. According to PC Data, its domestic sales totaled 347,844 units during the period, which drew revenues of $16.5 million. In 1997, Red Alert held a position in PC Data's top 3 for the first four months of the year, peaking at No. 2 in April. It was ultimately the fourth-biggest seller of 1997's first half in the United States, after finishing at No. 4 in May and June. While the game remained in the top 10 through September, it was absent from the top 20 by October. Red Alert ended 1997 as the United States' eighth-best seller among computer titles, with sales of 363,207 units for the year. The game's lifetime sales rose to 869,623 copies in the United States by September 1999. At the time, PC Data declared it the country's 17th-best-selling computer game released since January 1993. In August 1998, Red Alert received a "Platinum" sales award from the Verband der Unterhaltungssoftware Deutschland (VUD), indicating sales of at least 200,000 units across Germany, Austria and Switzerland. In Germany alone, the game sold 400,000 copies in 1996. Red Alert was a commercial success, with global sales of 1.5 million copies in its debut month. Over half of these sales derived from North America. It sold close to 2 million copies by mid-February 1997. Critical reviews ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings91% (PC)81% (PS)Metacritic90/100 (PC)Review scoresPublicationScoreAllGame (PC) (PS)Electronic Gaming Monthly8.75/10 (PS)Game Informer9/10 (SAT)GameSpot9.5/10 (PC)7.6/10 (PS)IGN8/10 (PS)Next Generation (PC)PC GamesA− (PC) The PC version of the game scored 90.91% on GameRankings based on 11 reviews, while the PlayStation version scored 81.40% based on 5 reviews. A reviewer for Next Generation commented that Command & Conquer: Red Alert retains the gameplay elements of the outstanding original game while enhancing the graphics, expanding warfare to both air and sea, and rebalancing the gameplay so that players cannot succeed by simply using the same tactics which worked in the original. He concluded that "in a holiday season swamped with C&C clones, discerning gamers won't go wrong by sticking to the real thing." Vince Broady of GameSpot also commented on the saturation of real-time strategy games in the 1996 holiday shopping season and concluded Red Alert to clearly be the best choice. He praised the unit design and variety, particularly that "the units of the two opposing sides aren't mere copies of each other, but instead maintain a sort of karmic balance." Additionally complimenting the level design, cutscenes, graphics, sound effects, and music, he judged that, "Red Alert belongs in the same category as Civilization II and Quake, games that followed legendary predecessors and immediately eclipsed them." In a review for PC Games which was also published in its sister magazine GamePro, Rob Smith summarized, "The new units, the great story, and the variety of mission styles make up for the limited improvement in the A.I." He also noted that the control interface allows players to quickly and easily select units and order them into combat. Command & Conquer won the 1996 Spotlight Award for "Best Strategy/War Game" from the Game Developers Conference. Computer Gaming World gave it the Strategy Game of the Year award (Readers' Choice). The game was a finalist for Computer Gaming World's 1996 "Strategy Game of the Year" award, which ultimately went to Civilization II. The PlayStation version was also positively received, but generally not as enthusiastically as the PC original. IGN hailed it as "one of the best PC to PlayStation ports we've ever seen", citing the inclusion of PC version's entire content, the control with the PlayStation Mouse, and the PlayStation Link Cable support. Most reviewers, however, noted that the PlayStation Mouse was difficult to find at this time, and that control with the standard PlayStation controller takes a good deal of time and patience to master. In addition to its being even rarer than the PlayStation Mouse, they noted that the PlayStation Link Cable was not a practical option for most gamers. Some also found this version's inability to save mid-mission to be frustrating. GamePro ultimately recommended it, though only to those for whom the PC version is not an option, citing the addictive gameplay, engaging cutscenes, "both exciting and subtle" music, and improved A.I. over the PC version. GameSpot also recommended it, while advising that it is more of a tweaking and expansion of the original Command & Conquer than a "true sequel". Electronic Gaming Monthly's team of four reviewers all gave it an 8.5/10 or better, particularly noting its strategic depth and high quality FMV cutscenes, with Kraig Kujawa concluding, "Although Red Alert isn't as good as its PC counterpart, you won't find a better realtime strategy game on the PlayStation." Electronic Gaming Monthly also named it "Strategy Game of the Year" at their 1997 Editors' Choice Awards, calling it "the best console realtime strategy game of all time". In 1998, PC Gamer declared it the 14th-best computer game ever released, and the editors called it "a perfectly balanced and action-packed epic that functions brilliantly in both the multi-play and the solo campaigns". Expansion packs Counterstrike and The Aftermath (1997) In 1997, two expansion packs for Red Alert were released for the PC, Command & Conquer: Red Alert: Counterstrike and Command & Conquer: Red Alert: The Aftermath. The expansion packs were designed by Westwood Studios with the "apprenticeship" of Intelligent Games, a London-based game developer. Much of the development on multiplayer maps was undertaken by players from the Compuserve Red Alert ladder. New units, missions, maps, and music were included in the expansions. By October 1997, Counterstrike had sold 650,000 copies worldwide after its launch in April of that year. According to Westwood, this made it the all-time fastest-selling expansion pack for a computer game by that point. The Counterstrike add-on included the secret Ant Missions titled "It Came from Red Alert", where the player battles against an army of giant, mutant ants. The Aftermath add-on contained many new units available in single and multiplayer modes. New Allied units include the Field Mechanic and the Chrono Tank. New Soviet units include the Missile Sub, the Shock Trooper, the M.A.D Tank and the Tesla Tank. In addition, both sides receive the Demolition Truck. The add-on also includes hundreds of new maps as well as a new, significantly larger, map size. Retaliation (1998) On August 28, 1998, Westwood Studios released Command & Conquer Red Alert: Retaliation for the PlayStation, a compilation of the two PC expansion packs, including the secret Ant Missions. It is almost identical to the PlayStation port of the original Red Alert, except that it allows the player to save mid-mission, introduced some new units like Tesla Tank, Shock Trooper, Chrono Tank and Missile Sub, and includes 105 skirmish maps. The gameplay also includes an in-game sidebar code called Soylent Green Mode. In this mode, all ore fields turn to people/civilians, and ore trucks harvest them with grisly sound effects. It also included 19 exclusive briefing FMV (full-motion video) clips that were not in any of the PC expansion packs, which had none. All of the videos are shown when the player either starts playing through the operational theatre from the beginning or when all the missions of the theatre are accomplished. In other cases, the briefing text is shown. The FMVs include a general for each side telling the player the mission objectives; The Allied General Carville later appears in Red Alert 2 while Soviet General Topolov has made no further appearances in the Red Alert series. The Retaliation videos were made available for the PC Red Alert in the modification The Lost Files. This modification adds the Retaliation videos to the Counterstrike and Aftermath missions. The Command & Conquer Remastered Collection officially includes the Retaliation cutscenes, linking them to their respective expansion missions in the same way the mod does. Red Alert Retaliation was released as a download for PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 3 from the PlayStation Network in Europe on March 27, 2008, and in North America on December 3, 2009. Red Alert Retaliation was a nominee for "8th Annual GamePro Readers' Choice Awards" for "Best Strategy Game of The Year", but lost to Pokémon Red and Blue for Game Boy. Open source Coinciding with the release of Command & Conquer Remastered Collection in 2020, Electronic Arts released the original source code for both Tiberian Dawn and Red Alert through GitHub under the GNU General Public License in collaboration between EA and the Command & Conquer community to aid in the development of mods. The source release has also allowed community developers to produce source ports of the original PC version of the game which was released as freeware. This now includes unofficial ports to platforms such as the PlayStation Vita derived from an upstream project called Vanilla-Conquer. OpenRA ReceptionReview scorePublicationScoreFull Circle4/5 OpenRA is an open source game engine reimplementation and remake of several Command & Conquer games, including Red Alert. It is built using OpenGL and SDL, has support for HiDPI, and is cross platform, supporting Windows, Linux, macOS, and FreeBSD. The engine has support for custom mods via an SDK. The games are remade for modern computers with updated gameplay, new campaigns, user-created and curated maps, and online play. Deviations from the originals include a choice between “right click” and classic “left click” control schemes, an overhauled sidebar interfaces for managing productions, support for game replays and an observer interface designed for video game live streaming. Fog of war that obscures the battlefield outside your units’ line of sight, civilian structures that can be captured to provide benefits and units gain experience as they fight and improve when they earn new ranks. The game supports handicapping players, Discord integration and community ladders. Experimental support for the remastered assets was published in 2023 as a binary compatible yet separate mod. References ^ Hancock, David (November 30, 1996). "Virgin fury at price cut". Daily Mirror. p. 64. Retrieved December 11, 2023. 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The GitHub Blog. ^ "Fans Remake Classic RTS Games Like Command & Conquer, Red Alert". Kotaku Australia. May 10, 2016. ^ Dawe, Liam (March 22, 2021). "OpenRA has a massive new release improving the classic Westwood RTS games". GamingOnLinux. ^ Dawe, Liam (February 28, 2023). "OpenRA gets a big new stable release, lots of fun for classic RTS fans". GamingOnLinux. External links Command & Conquer: Red Alert at MobyGames Red Alert on Command & Conquer Wiki Command & Conquer: Red Alert at Curlie vteCommand & ConquerMain series Command & Conquer: Tiberian Dawn Tiberian Sun 3: Tiberium Wars Kane's Wrath 4: Tiberian Twilight Red Alert Red Alert Red Alert 2 Yuri's Revenge Red Alert 3 Uprising Red Alert (Mobile) Other games Renegade Generals Zero Hour The First Decade Tiberium Alliances The Ultimate Collection Rivals Remastered Collection Other Media Music Canceled games Generals 2 Renegade X vteGames using W3D / SAGE engineC&C1 Command & Conquer Sole Survivor Command & Conquer: Red Alert C&C2 Voxel Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2 W3D Earth & Beyond Command & Conquer: Renegade SAGE Command & Conquer: Generals Zero Hour The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II The Rise of the Witch-king Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars Kane's Wrath SAGE 2.0 Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3 Uprising Command & Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight vteWestwood StudiosBattleTech series The Crescent Hawk's Inception The Crescent Hawk's Revenge Command & Conquer series Command & Conquer Red Alert Tiberian Sun Red Alert 2 Yuri's Revenge Renegade Dune series Dune II Dune 2000 Emperor: Battle for Dune Dungeons & Dragons Hillsfar DragonStrike Eye of the Beholder II: The Legend of Darkmoon Order of the Griffon Warriors of the Eternal Sun Lands of Lore series The Throne of Chaos Guardians of Destiny III Fables and Fiends series The Legend of Kyrandia The Hand of Fate Malcolm's Revenge Other games Questron II Donald's Alphabet Chase BlackJack Academy Mars Saga Mines of Titan Circuit's Edge Young Merlin The Lion King Monopoly Blade Runner Golden Nugget 64 Recoil Sports Car GT Nox Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat Earth & Beyond People Brett Sperry Frank Klepacki Joseph D. Kucan Louis Castle David Arkenstone Related articles List of games SAGE Petroglyph Games EA Los Angeles Authority control databases National France BnF data Other MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Red Alert (series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Red_Alert_(series)"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Red Alert (2009 video game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Red_Alert_(2009_video_game)"},{"link_name":"real-time strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_strategy"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer"},{"link_name":"Westwood Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_Studios"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_in_video_gaming"},{"link_name":"prequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prequel"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_(1995_video_game)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rafaq-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccfaq-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cc95faq-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kanedossier-7"},{"link_name":"alternate early history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_history"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"MS-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"},{"link_name":"Windows 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_95"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_(console)"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Network"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-threespeech-8"},{"link_name":"Electronic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts"},{"link_name":"freeware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freeware-release-news-9"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer Remastered Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_Remastered_Collection"},{"link_name":"Origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_(service)"},{"link_name":"Steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(service)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"This article is about the video game. For the video game series, see Command & Conquer: Red Alert (series). For the iPhone game, see Command & Conquer: Red Alert (2009 video game).1996 video gameCommand & Conquer: Red Alert is a real-time strategy video game in the Command & Conquer franchise, developed and published by Westwood Studios in 1996. The second game to bear the Command & Conquer title, Red Alert is the prequel to the original Command & Conquer of 1995,[4][5][6][7] and takes place in the alternate early history of Command & Conquer when Allied Forces battle an aggressive Soviet Union for control over the European mainland.It was initially available for PC (MS-DOS and Windows 95 versions included in one package) and was subsequently ported to PlayStation. The PlayStation version was also re-released as a download on the PlayStation Network for PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 3.[8] On August 31, 2008, Electronic Arts, who acquired Westwood Studios in 1998, rendered Command & Conquer: Red Alert freeware.[9]The Command & Conquer Remastered Collection, released on June 5, 2020, through the services Origin and Steam, contains a graphically rebuilt Red Alert, the expansions Counterstrike and The Aftermath, additional missions and briefing videos that were exclusive to the PlayStation's Retaliation port, and an unlockable gallery of unused and \"making-of\" materials.[10]","title":"Command & Conquer: Red Alert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GPro101-11"}],"text":"Like Tiberian Dawn, the game has split routes for most missions. The objective stays the same but the map layout differs. The single-player campaign is complemented by live-action cinematic sequences.Players can queue commands, create unit groups that can be selected by a number key, and control numerous units at a time.Players mine resources (consisting of ores and gems, as the Tiberium mineral in the regular C&C series has not yet arrived on Earth), which are processed into credits to make in-game purchases including building structures, produce vehicles, training troops, and making repairs. Rare gems are worth significantly more credits, but unlike ores, they do not regenerate within the map. Players can build additional ore refineries and ore trucks to mine these resources faster; however, excess unspent credits require storage in special 'ore silos' that can be constructed. Resource management, including acquiring ore quickly to build up one's own forces as well as denial of ore to opponents, is often key to victory.While building a base, a player has to construct power plants to keep up with the growing demands of electricity, otherwise high-powered installations such as radar and Tesla Coils will not function; as such, power plants are often the first to be targeted in a base attack. An opponent's critical damaged structures can be captured with the use of engineers, allowing the player to produce units from that structure even if not part of one's own faction (i.e. if an Allied player captures a Soviet war factory, they can produce Soviet units like the Mammoth Tank).In addition to the single-player campaign and a multiplayer mode, Red Alert includes a map editor and the bonus software Westwood Chat.[11]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSrev-12"},{"link_name":"Total Annihilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Annihilation"},{"link_name":"Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warcraft_II:_Tides_of_Darkness"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RedAlertScreenshot.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tesla coils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_coils"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"submarine pen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_pen"},{"link_name":"Yak-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yak-9"},{"link_name":"MiG-23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiG-23"},{"link_name":"MiG-29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiG-29"},{"link_name":"Mi-24 Hind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi-24_Hind"},{"link_name":"YakB rotary gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YakB-12.7_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"paratroopers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratroopers"},{"link_name":"Badger bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu-16_Badger"},{"link_name":"Iron Curtain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Curtain"},{"link_name":"Medic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medic"},{"link_name":"AH-64 Apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH-64_Apache"},{"link_name":"Surface to Air Missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_to_Air_Missiles"},{"link_name":"Destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided-missile_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Iowa-class battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"8-inch naval guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-inch/55-caliber_gun"},{"link_name":"subterfuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_deception"},{"link_name":"\"fog of war\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog_of_war#In_video_games"},{"link_name":"transport helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CH-47_Chinook"},{"link_name":"missile silo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_silo"}],"sub_title":"Factions","text":"The game features two factions with differing styles of play.[12] Red Alert requires each player to use their side's strengths in order to compensate for their weaknesses, in contrast to games such as Total Annihilation or Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness, in which both sides have units with similar abilities and rely on outnumbering or possessing a better-balanced force than their opponent.In-game beta screenshot of a Soviet base on the PC versionThe Soviets' vehicles tend to be more durable and powerful than Allied vehicles, but are usually slower-moving and more expensive. The Soviets also have superior defensive capabilities against ground attacks, with Flame Towers (guard towers outfitted with heavy flamethrowers) and weaponized Tesla coils, with the latter being able to destroy most Allied armour in 1-2 hits, although it has very high power consumption and cannot function without a sufficient and continuous supply of electricity. The Soviets' main weakness is at sea; their only offensive naval unit is the submarine (produced in the submarine pen), which only exists to counter Allied warships and gain intelligence. It is normally invisible except when surfacing to attack when it is vulnerable to destroyers and gunboats. They also have a wide selection of air units for assault; the Yak-9 plane armed with machine guns for strafing infantry and light structures, MiG-23 strike fighter (though erroneously depicted as a MiG-29 in cut-scenes) whose missiles are suited for heavily armored vehicles and buildings, and Mi-24 Hind helicopter gunship whose YakB rotary gun is effective against light and heavy targets; the unprotected Yak-9 and MiG are designed for hit-and-run attacks as they release their payload all at once, while the armored Hind can remain in combat longer and unleashes its firepower more gradually. In addition, the Soviets also have access to periodic map revelation through spy planes, and can deploy infantry by air through paratroopers. In the latter half of the Soviet campaign (but not in multiplayer/skirmish mode), they also have access to periodic airstrikes from Badger bombers. The Soviets' secret weapon is the Iron Curtain, a device that renders a selected unit invulnerable to attacks for a short period of time. The Soviet 'tank rush' was a popular strategy online, involving building many heavy tanks and overwhelming the opponent with sheer numbers.The Allies' forces are generally cheaper, faster to build and more agile. Their infantry can survive longer with good use of their Medic unit. The Allies' strongest tank (the Medium Tank) is weaker in a one-on-one engagement against the Soviets' starting tank (the Heavy Tank), but it is also slightly faster and less expensive. The Allies also have anti-tank minelayers to counter superior Soviet armour. The Allies have only one air unit, the anti-tank AH-64 Apache attack helicopter (erroneously called 'Longbow' despite lacking the distinctive FCR of the same name), compared to three Soviet air units; however, the Allies also have anti-aircraft guns (more powerful but shorter-ranged than Soviet Surface to Air Missiles). Allied defenses against ground assaults — pillboxes and turret emplacements — are less powerful than the Soviets' Tesla Coil, but cheaper and better protected while also less dependent on electricity. On maps with water, Allies possess a major advantage in naval power thanks to the Destroyer, a versatile medium-sized warship armed with guided missiles capable of engaging all targets on land, sea and air, and the Cruiser (erroneously depicted as an Iowa-class battleship in cut-scenes), a large warship for shore bombardment equipped with turret-mounted 8-inch naval guns giving it the longest-ranged and most powerful surface-to-surface attack in the game. The Allies also possess several other tools of subterfuge and military intelligence, such as spies to gain information on or disable enemy facilities, and thieves for stealing enemy resources, hiding their own units and structures from detection via the 'gap generator' (a special tower outfitted with electronic warfare equipment, which creates a \"fog of war\" preventing enemy players from being able to see the tower or anything else in a large radius around itself), and revealing the whole game map with a prototype GPS satellite. The Allies' secret weapon is the Chronosphere, which temporarily teleports a selected unit to another part of the map.In online play and computer skirmish, both Allied and Soviet forces have access to the transport helicopters and the missile silo, which is not available to either side in single-player mode (though missile silos are found in some Soviet bases in the latter half of the Allied campaign). In online play and computer skirmishes, the Soviets have access to two of the Allied side's infantry: the Rocket Soldier (for anti-air and anti-tank fighting) and Tanya, a commando capable of easily killing infantry and destroying structures with demolition charges.Unlike the standard Allied/Soviet factions in the single-player campaigns, in multiplayer/skirmish, players choose a particular country to play as, each with its own unique advantage over the others. Allied countries consist of Germany (greater firepower), England (better durability) and France (faster rate of fire), while Soviet countries consist of Russia (lower costs) and Ukraine (faster movement speed).","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trinity Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Site"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"Landsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsberg_am_Lech"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Landsberg Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsberg_Prison"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Eurasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia"},{"link_name":"Western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"already-rearmed Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_rearmament"},{"link_name":"Allied Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bloc"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Kremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin"},{"link_name":"Buckingham Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Palace"},{"link_name":"Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kane_(Command_%26_Conquer)"},{"link_name":"Chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union"}],"text":"Command & Conquer: Red Alert takes place in a parallel universe. At the Trinity Site in New Mexico in 1946, Albert Einstein prepares to travel back in time. He activates his experimental time machine to find himself in Landsberg, Germany, on December 20, 1924, where he meets a young Adolf Hitler just after the latter's release from Landsberg Prison. Following a brief conversation between the two, Einstein shakes Hitler's hand, which erases him from the timeline.Hitler's death prevents him from rising to power as leader of Nazi Germany, effectively creating a new timeline. Without Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union (USSR) grows powerful under the rule of Joseph Stalin. The USSR seizes land from China and then invades Eastern Europe, to achieve Joseph Stalin's vision of a Soviet Union stretching across the entire Eurasian landmass. In response, the countries of Western Europe (including an already-rearmed Germany) form the Allied Nations and start a guerrilla war against the invading Soviet Army. Over the course of the game's story, the Allies and Soviets fight for control over the European mainland in an alternate World War II:Allied ending: Following the siege of Moscow, an Allied platoon discovers Stalin buried alive in the rubble of the Kremlin. As they begin attempting to remove the debris from the fallen Soviet leader, General Stavros unexpectedly enters the room and stops them. He \"convinces\" them that they saw nothing and orders them to leave the premises. Stavros then stuffs a handkerchief into Stalin's mouth before covering his head with a large stone and walking away.\nSoviet ending: As the Soviets celebrate their victory at the newly captured Buckingham Palace, Stalin commends the Commander (the player), but is poisoned by Nadia, who guns him down as the poison overcomes his body. Following Stalin's death, Nadia tells the Commander that the Soviet Union is now under the rule of the Brotherhood of Nod, who plan to return to the shadows again and reemerge in the 1990s, leaving the player as the puppet ruler of the USSR, ready to do the Brotherhood of Nod bidding for \"the foreseeable future\". She is betrayed and shot in the back by Kane, who reveals to \"Comrade Chairman\" that he is the true mastermind.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kane_with_Stalin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kane_(Command_%26_Conquer)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Westwood Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_Studios"},{"link_name":"prequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prequel"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Tiberian Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_(1995_video_game)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rafaq-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccfaq-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cc95faq-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kanedossier-7"},{"link_name":"Tiberian series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Tiberian_series"},{"link_name":"Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kane_(Command_%26_Conquer)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"NKVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD"},{"link_name":"mistress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistress_(lover)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"task force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_force"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Booklet-17"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Red_Alert_2"},{"link_name":"Eurasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia"},{"link_name":"empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Yuri's Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Yuri%27s_Revenge"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"working title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_title"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Nikola Tesla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer: The First Decade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_The_First_Decade"},{"link_name":"Electronic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts"},{"link_name":"C&C franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_3:_Tiberium_Wars"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Kane (standing) advises Joseph Stalin (center), with Nadia (left) and Gradenko (right).Westwood Studios designed Command & Conquer: Red Alert to be the prequel of Command & Conquer: Tiberian Dawn,[4][5][6][7] and by proxy of the Tiberian series as a whole.During the course of the Soviet's campaign, Kane is seen to make infrequent appearances as a mysterious counselor to Joseph Stalin, and the story implies that he has in fact been the instigator of the world war between the USSR and the Allied nations in order to further the long-term goals of the Brotherhood of Nod.[13] Indeed, Nadia, the head of the NKVD, Stalin's mistress and evidently a secretive member of the Brotherhood herself as early as the 1950s, instructs the player to \"keep the peace\" until Nod would \"tire of the USSR in the early 1990s\" upon the campaign's successful conclusion.[14] Kane, however, shoots her without warning and proclaims to the player that he \"[is] the future\".[15] Moreover, during the fifth cutscene of the Allied campaign, a news announcer reporting on the Allies' loss of Greece is suddenly heard stating that the United Nations are in the process of bringing about a unique military task force aimed at preventing future globalized conflicts.[16] This task force is heavily implied to have been \"Special Operations Group Echo: Black Ops 9\"—the covert and international peace enforcing unit of the United Nations and the precursor of the Global Defense Initiative,[17] one of the two main and iconic factions of the Tiberian series alongside the Brotherhood of Nod.A much debated theory intended to resolve the apparent timeline error which came to exist between Command & Conquer: Tiberian Dawn and Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2 is to consider Red Alert as the genesis of two parallel storylines. If the Soviet campaign were to be completed in Red Alert, the USSR would emerge as the dominant Eurasian power and Kane and the Brotherhood of Nod would subsequently take control of this new empire. Conversely, if the Allied campaign were to be completed, the Allies would emerge victorious and the timeline would instead lead into the events of Red Alert 2 (though the latter completely ignores anything that could connect it to the Tiberium timeline). However, Command & Conquer: Tiberian Dawn has the Brotherhood of Nod start out as an underground terrorist organisation, not as a political force in control of the late Soviet empire. This is further confirmed by former C&C designer Adam Isgreen, who confirms that Tiberian Dawn in fact follows on the conclusion of Red Alert's Allies campaign,[18] while Red Alert 2 and Yuri's Revenge take place in a second parallel universe, created by a new attempt to alter history in \"Tiberian Incursion\",[19] the working title of Westwood Studios' cancelled version of Command & Conquer 3.[20] Isgreen also implied that Nikola Tesla may have been responsible for inadvertently having attracted the attention of the Scrin through his experiments, and thus for the arrival of Tiberium on Earth.[21]When the Command & Conquer: The First Decade compilation pack was released in February 2006, Electronic Arts adopted the policy of considering the C&C franchise to consist of three distinct universes, with this decision apparently violating the storyline connections between Red Alert and Tiberian Dawn established by Westwood Studios. With the release of Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars in March 2007, Electronic Arts published a document wherein an implicit reference to Kane's appearance in Red Alert is made, revealing that GDI's \"InOps\" intelligence division is in the possession of photos of Kane which were taken by CIA that, if genuine, would mean that Kane's age by year 2030 is close to 125.[22]","title":"Connection to the Tiberian games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Alert 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Red_Alert_3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freeware-release-news-9"},{"link_name":"mirrors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_mirror"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"ISO images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_image"},{"link_name":"fan patches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_patch"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"To mark the 13th anniversary of Command and Conquer and the announcement of Red Alert 3, EA released Command and Conquer: Red Alert as freeware.[9] After the promotion ended they allowed third-party mirrors to pick up and also ship the addons for free.[23] The community has started repackaging it to installers that do not require burning the original ISO images and included their latest fan patches that modernize the renderer, remove duplicate files, fix bugs and include content from the PlayStation release. Those repacks typically also include modding tools as well as network utilities for multiplayer matches.[24][25][26]","title":"Freeware release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"The game was developed by close to 30 people.[27]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Klepacki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Klepacki"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-behindra-28"}],"text":"The game's original score was composed by Frank Klepacki and was voted the best video game soundtrack of 1996 by PC Gamer and Gameslice magazines.[28]","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Ads","text":"Westwood Studios started a controversial ad campaign portraying previous dictators next to current military leaders with the subtitle \"Previous High Scores\".[29]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PC Data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Data"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Flight Simulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Flight_Simulator"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nov1996-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-novdec96-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slow-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jan1997-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feb1997-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mar1997-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apr1997-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6months-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-may1997-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jun1997-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jul1997-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aug1997-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sep1997-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oct1997-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1997sales-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alltimesales-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vud1998-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vudgoldplat-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-firstmonth-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mill1-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2mill-51"}],"sub_title":"Sales","text":"In the United States, Command & Conquer: Red Alert debuted at No. 2 on PC Data's computer game sales chart for November 1996, behind Microsoft Flight Simulator.[30] Following a third-place finish in December,[31] it became the United States' seventh-best-selling computer game of 1996 as a whole. According to PC Data, its domestic sales totaled 347,844 units during the period, which drew revenues of $16.5 million.[32] In 1997, Red Alert held a position in PC Data's top 3 for the first four months of the year, peaking at No. 2 in April.[33][34][35][36] It was ultimately the fourth-biggest seller of 1997's first half in the United States,[37] after finishing at No. 4 in May and June.[38][39] While the game remained in the top 10 through September,[40][41][42] it was absent from the top 20 by October.[43] Red Alert ended 1997 as the United States' eighth-best seller among computer titles, with sales of 363,207 units for the year.[44] The game's lifetime sales rose to 869,623 copies in the United States by September 1999. At the time, PC Data declared it the country's 17th-best-selling computer game released since January 1993.[45]In August 1998, Red Alert received a \"Platinum\" sales award from the Verband der Unterhaltungssoftware Deutschland (VUD),[46] indicating sales of at least 200,000 units across Germany, Austria and Switzerland.[47] In Germany alone, the game sold 400,000 copies in 1996.[48] Red Alert was a commercial success, with global sales of 1.5 million copies in its debut month. Over half of these sales derived from North America.[49][50] It sold close to 2 million copies by mid-February 1997.[51]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRPC-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRPS-53"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"AllGame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllGame"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGM102-55"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSrev-12"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSPS-57"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNPS-58"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen25-59"},{"link_name":"PC Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgamesrev-60"},{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRPC-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRPS-53"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen25-59"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"Civilization II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization_II"},{"link_name":"Quake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quake_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSrev-12"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GPro101-11"},{"link_name":"Spotlight Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotlight_Awards"},{"link_name":"Game Developers Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Developers_Conference"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spotlight1997-63"},{"link_name":"Computer Gaming World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgwpremiernominees1996-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgwpremier1996-66"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Mouse"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Link Cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Link_Cable"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNPS-58"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGM102-55"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSPS-57"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GPro112-67"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGM102-55"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GPro112-67"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSPS-57"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GPro112-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GPro112-67"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSPS-57"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGM102-55"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgtop50-69"}],"sub_title":"Critical reviews","text":"ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings91% (PC)[52]81% (PS)[53]Metacritic90/100 (PC)[54]Review scoresPublicationScoreAllGame (PC)[61] (PS)[62]Electronic Gaming Monthly8.75/10 (PS)[55]Game Informer9/10 (SAT)[56]GameSpot9.5/10 (PC)[12]7.6/10 (PS)[57]IGN8/10 (PS)[58]Next Generation (PC)[59]PC GamesA− (PC)[60]The PC version of the game scored 90.91% on GameRankings based on 11 reviews,[52] while the PlayStation version scored 81.40% based on 5 reviews.[53] A reviewer for Next Generation commented that Command & Conquer: Red Alert retains the gameplay elements of the outstanding original game while enhancing the graphics, expanding warfare to both air and sea, and rebalancing the gameplay so that players cannot succeed by simply using the same tactics which worked in the original. He concluded that \"in a holiday season swamped with C&C clones, discerning gamers won't go wrong by sticking to the real thing.\"[59] Vince Broady of GameSpot also commented on the saturation of real-time strategy games in the 1996 holiday shopping season and concluded Red Alert to clearly be the best choice. He praised the unit design and variety, particularly that \"the units of the two opposing sides aren't mere copies of each other, but instead maintain a sort of karmic balance.\" Additionally complimenting the level design, cutscenes, graphics, sound effects, and music, he judged that, \"Red Alert belongs in the same category as Civilization II and Quake, games that followed legendary predecessors and immediately eclipsed them.\"[12] In a review for PC Games which was also published in its sister magazine GamePro, Rob Smith summarized, \"The new units, the great story, and the variety of mission styles make up for the limited improvement in the A.I.\" He also noted that the control interface allows players to quickly and easily select units and order them into combat.[11]Command & Conquer won the 1996 Spotlight Award for \"Best Strategy/War Game\" from the Game Developers Conference.[63] Computer Gaming World gave it the Strategy Game of the Year award (Readers' Choice).[64] The game was a finalist for Computer Gaming World's 1996 \"Strategy Game of the Year\" award,[65] which ultimately went to Civilization II.[66]The PlayStation version was also positively received, but generally not as enthusiastically as the PC original. IGN hailed it as \"one of the best PC to PlayStation ports we've ever seen\", citing the inclusion of PC version's entire content, the control with the PlayStation Mouse, and the PlayStation Link Cable support.[58] Most reviewers, however, noted that the PlayStation Mouse was difficult to find at this time, and that control with the standard PlayStation controller takes a good deal of time and patience to master.[55][57][67] In addition to its being even rarer than the PlayStation Mouse, they noted that the PlayStation Link Cable was not a practical option for most gamers.[55][67] Some also found this version's inability to save mid-mission to be frustrating.[57][67] GamePro ultimately recommended it, though only to those for whom the PC version is not an option, citing the addictive gameplay, engaging cutscenes, \"both exciting and subtle\" music, and improved A.I. over the PC version.[67] GameSpot also recommended it, while advising that it is more of a tweaking and expansion of the original Command & Conquer than a \"true sequel\".[57] Electronic Gaming Monthly's team of four reviewers all gave it an 8.5/10 or better, particularly noting its strategic depth and high quality FMV cutscenes, with Kraig Kujawa concluding, \"Although Red Alert isn't as good as its PC counterpart, you won't find a better realtime strategy game on the PlayStation.\"[55] Electronic Gaming Monthly also named it \"Strategy Game of the Year\" at their 1997 Editors' Choice Awards, calling it \"the best console realtime strategy game of all time\".[68]In 1998, PC Gamer declared it the 14th-best computer game ever released, and the editors called it \"a perfectly balanced and action-packed epic that functions brilliantly in both the multi-play and the solo campaigns\".[69]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Expansion packs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Intelligent Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Games"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powerplaysales-70"},{"link_name":"M.A.D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction"}],"sub_title":"Counterstrike and The Aftermath (1997)","text":"In 1997, two expansion packs for Red Alert were released for the PC, Command & Conquer: Red Alert: Counterstrike and Command & Conquer: Red Alert: The Aftermath. The expansion packs were designed by Westwood Studios with the \"apprenticeship\" of Intelligent Games, a London-based game developer. Much of the development on multiplayer maps was undertaken by players from the Compuserve Red Alert ladder. New units, missions, maps, and music were included in the expansions.By October 1997, Counterstrike had sold 650,000 copies worldwide after its launch in April of that year. According to Westwood, this made it the all-time fastest-selling expansion pack for a computer game by that point.[70] The Counterstrike add-on included the secret Ant Missions titled \"It Came from Red Alert\", where the player battles against an army of giant, mutant ants.The Aftermath add-on contained many new units available in single and multiplayer modes. New Allied units include the Field Mechanic and the Chrono Tank. New Soviet units include the Missile Sub, the Shock Trooper, the M.A.D Tank and the Tesla Tank. In addition, both sides receive the Demolition Truck. The add-on also includes hundreds of new maps as well as a new, significantly larger, map size.","title":"Expansion packs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westwood Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_Studios"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_(console)"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Soylent Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soylent_Green"},{"link_name":"Red Alert 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Red_Alert_2"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Command & Conquer Remastered Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_Remastered_Collection"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Network"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_PSN_Update!!!-75"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"Pokémon Red and Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Red_and_Blue"},{"link_name":"Game Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"sub_title":"Retaliation (1998)","text":"On August 28, 1998, Westwood Studios released Command & Conquer Red Alert: Retaliation for the PlayStation, a compilation of the two PC expansion packs, including the secret Ant Missions. It is almost identical to the PlayStation port of the original Red Alert, except that it allows the player to save mid-mission,[71] introduced some new units like Tesla Tank, Shock Trooper, Chrono Tank and Missile Sub, and includes 105 skirmish maps. The gameplay also includes an in-game sidebar code called Soylent Green Mode. In this mode, all ore fields turn to people/civilians, and ore trucks harvest them with grisly sound effects.It also included 19 exclusive briefing FMV (full-motion video) clips that were not in any of the PC expansion packs, which had none. All of the videos are shown when the player either starts playing through the operational theatre from the beginning or when all the missions of the theatre are accomplished. In other cases, the briefing text is shown. The FMVs include a general for each side telling the player the mission objectives; The Allied General Carville later appears in Red Alert 2 while Soviet General Topolov has made no further appearances in the Red Alert series.The Retaliation videos were made available for the PC Red Alert in the modification The Lost Files.[72] This modification adds the Retaliation videos to the Counterstrike and Aftermath missions. The Command & Conquer Remastered Collection officially includes the Retaliation cutscenes, linking them to their respective expansion missions in the same way the mod does.[73]Red Alert Retaliation was released as a download for PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 3 from the PlayStation Network in Europe on March 27, 2008, and in North America on December 3, 2009.[74][75]Red Alert Retaliation was a nominee for \"8th Annual GamePro Readers' Choice Awards\" for \"Best Strategy Game of The Year\", but lost to Pokémon Red and Blue for Game Boy.[76][77]","title":"Expansion packs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Command & Conquer Remastered Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer_Remastered_Collection"},{"link_name":"GitHub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub"},{"link_name":"GNU General Public License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GPL-78"},{"link_name":"source ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_port"},{"link_name":"freeware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Vita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Vita"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"text":"Coinciding with the release of Command & Conquer Remastered Collection in 2020, Electronic Arts released the original source code for both Tiberian Dawn and Red Alert through GitHub under the GNU General Public License in collaboration between EA and the Command & Conquer community to aid in the development of mods.[78] The source release has also allowed community developers to produce source ports of the original PC version of the game which was released as freeware. This now includes unofficial ports to platforms such as the PlayStation Vita derived from an upstream project called Vanilla-Conquer.[79]","title":"Open source"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Full Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Circle_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"OpenRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.openra.net/"},{"link_name":"game engine reimplementation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_engine_recreation"},{"link_name":"OpenGL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL"},{"link_name":"SDL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer"},{"link_name":"HiDPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_density"},{"link_name":"cross platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-platform_software"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"mods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_(computer_game)"},{"link_name":"SDK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_kit"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"game replays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_replay"},{"link_name":"video game live streaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_live_streaming"},{"link_name":"Fog of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog_of_war"},{"link_name":"experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_point"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"handicapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicapping"},{"link_name":"Discord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discord_(software)"},{"link_name":"ladders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standings"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"sub_title":"OpenRA","text":"ReceptionReview scorePublicationScoreFull Circle4/5[80]OpenRA is an open source game engine reimplementation and remake of several Command & Conquer games, including Red Alert. It is built using OpenGL and SDL, has support for HiDPI, and is cross platform, supporting Windows, Linux, macOS, and FreeBSD.[81] The engine has support for custom mods via an SDK.[82] The games are remade for modern computers with updated gameplay, new campaigns, user-created and curated maps, and online play.[83] Deviations from the originals include a choice between “right click” and classic “left click” control schemes, an overhauled sidebar interfaces for managing productions, support for game replays and an observer interface designed for video game live streaming. Fog of war that obscures the battlefield outside your units’ line of sight, civilian structures that can be captured to provide benefits and units gain experience as they fight and improve when they earn new ranks.[84] The game supports handicapping players, Discord integration and community ladders.[85] Experimental support for the remastered assets was published in 2023 as a binary compatible yet separate mod.[86]","title":"Open source"}]	[{"image_text":"In-game beta screenshot of a Soviet base on the PC version","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/RedAlertScreenshot.jpg/220px-RedAlertScreenshot.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kane (standing) advises Joseph Stalin (center), with Nadia (left) and Gradenko (right).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/73/Kane_with_Stalin.jpg/220px-Kane_with_Stalin.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/86/RA1_Counterstrike_and_Aftermath.PNG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/15/C%26C_Red_Alert_Retaliation.PNG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Hancock, David (November 30, 1996). \"Virgin fury at price cut\". Daily Mirror. p. 64. Retrieved December 11, 2023. A cut-price battle is looming in the High Street over Red Alert, the PC game tipped to be the Christmas best-seller. Woolworth and Comet have promised to sell it for £29.99 instead of the recommended £44.99 when it is released next Wednesday.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/790538892/?terms=%22command%20%26%20conquer%22&match=1","url_text":"\"Virgin fury at price cut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror","url_text":"Daily Mirror"}]},{"reference":"\"Software Retailers on full alert as Westwood Studios' Red Alert Ships(Archive.org)\". Westwood Studios. November 22, 1996. Archived from the original on June 5, 1997. Retrieved November 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19970605014303/http://www.westwood.com/infodir/news/prraretail.html","url_text":"\"Software Retailers on full alert as Westwood Studios' Red Alert Ships(Archive.org)\""},{"url":"http://www.westwood.com/infodir/news/prraretail.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gentry, Perry (October 27, 1997). \"Red Alert for PSX Ships Next Week\". Gamecenter.com. CNET. Archived from the original on August 17, 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000817192508/http://www.gamecenter.com/News/Item/0,3,0-1241,00.html","url_text":"\"Red Alert for PSX Ships Next Week\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET","url_text":"CNET"},{"url":"http://www.gamecenter.com/News/Item/0,3,0-1241,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Westwood Studios (October 24, 1997). \"Westwood Studios Official Command & Conquer: Red Alert FAQ List\". Westwood Studios. Archived from the original on March 14, 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Slaton	John M. Slaton	["1 Early life","2 Personal life","3 Career","3.1 Leo Frank trial","3.2 Later years","4 Death","5 Legacy and awards","5.1 In popular culture","5.2 Historical marker","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	American politician (1866–1955) John M. Slaton60th Governor of GeorgiaIn officeJune 28, 1913 – June 26, 1915Preceded byJoseph M. BrownSucceeded byNathaniel E. HarrisIn officeNovember 16, 1911 – January 25, 1912Preceded byM. Hoke SmithSucceeded byJoseph M. BrownMember of the Georgia SenateIn office1909-1913Member of the Georgia House of RepresentativesIn office1896-1909 Personal detailsBornJohn Marshall Slaton(1866-12-25)December 25, 1866Meriwether County, Georgia, U.S.DiedJanuary 11, 1955(1955-01-11) (aged 88)Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.Resting placeOakland CemeteryNationalityAmericanPolitical partyDemocraticSpouse Sarah "Sally" Frances Grant (m. 1898; died 1945)Alma materUniversity of Georgia (MA) John Marshall Slaton (December 25, 1866 – January 11, 1955) served two non-consecutive terms as the 60th Governor of Georgia. His political career was ended in 1915 after he commuted the death sentence of Atlanta factory boss Leo Frank, who had been convicted for the murder of a 13-year-old employee, Mary Phagan. Because of Slaton's law firm partnership with Frank's defense counsel, claims were made that Slaton's involvement raised a conflict of interest. Soon after Slaton's action, Frank was lynched. After Slaton's term as governor ended, he and his wife left the state for a decade. Slaton later served as president of the Georgia State Bar Association. Slaton and his wife, Sarah Frances Grant Early life Slaton was born on December 25, 1866, near Greenville in Meriwether County, Georgia to Nancy Jane Martin and William Franklin Slaton. His father was the Superintendent of Schools in Atlanta. He graduated from Boys High School in Atlanta in 1880. Slaton received a Master of Arts degree with highest honors from the University of Georgia in 1886. He was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity and the Phi Kappa Literary Society. He later studied law. Personal life Slaton married Sarah Frances Grant on July 12, 1898. She was the daughter of Captain William D. Grant. Career Slaton joined John T. Glenn and started the law firm Glenn & Slaton. Slaton represented Fulton County in the Georgia House of Representatives from 1896 to 1909. He was the Speaker of the Georgia House from 1905 to 1909. He represented the 35th District of the Georgia Senate from 1909 to 1913. He also served as President of the senate from 1909 to 1911. After Governor Hoke Smith was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1911, Slaton was appointed acting governor and served in that capacity from 1911 to 1912. Slaton was later elected to the governorship for a non-consecutive second term from 1913 to 1915. In 1913 Slaton paroled Mose Houston, the convicted murderer of Delia Green, after serving but twelve years of his life sentence. Leo Frank trial In 1915, Slaton commuted the sentence for Leo Frank from death to life imprisonment. "I can endure misconstruction, abuse and condemnation,... but I cannot stand the constant companionship, of an accusing conscience which would remind me that I, as governor of Georgia, failed to do what I thought to be right.... It means that I must live in obscurity the rest of my days, but I would rather be plowing in a field than to feel that I had that blood on my hands." Because of the almost universal hostility toward Leo Frank among the general public in Georgia, Governor Slaton's decision to commute his death sentence was widely condemned as unethical, particularly due to his business interests with Leo Frank’s defense team. Public disapproval of Slaton persisted, long afterwards. Sparing Frank's life had the effect of ending Slaton's political career, -- as he had himself predicted. Some opined that Frank's commutation by Slaton constituted a conflict of interest, in light of Slaton having a law partner who served Frank's lead defense counsel. Slaton's actions led to threats of mob violence against him, and the Georgia National Guard and local police provided him protection. Fear of violence against him, and/or his wife, led them to leave Georgia, not to return for a decade. Later years After his political service, Slaton served as the President of the Georgia State Bar Association (1928–1929) and as a member of the General Council of the American Bar Association. Death Slaton died in Atlanta on January 11, 1955, and was interred with his wife Sarah Frances Grant Slaton (1870-1945) in the Grant family mausoleum at Atlanta's Oakland Cemetery. Legacy and awards In 1939, he received an honorary degree in Doctor of Laws from the University of Georgia and Oglethorpe University. He was given the Legion of Honour by the government of France given his interest in French. In popular culture Slaton is depicted in the musical Parade, which tells the story of the Leo Frank trial and lynching. In act two, the show portrays Slaton's efforts to commute Frank's death penalty sentence. While some scenes are fictionalized –– such as an encounter between Lucille Frank (Leo's wife) and Slaton at a party at the Governor's Mansion –– the show accurately captures Slaton's work on the Frank case and the ramifications on his political career. Slaton has also been depicted on screen. An episode of the 1964 TV series Profiles in Courage dramatized Governor John M. Slaton's decision to commute Frank's sentence. The episode starred Walter Matthau as Governor Slaton. The 1988 TV miniseries The Murder of Mary Phagan was broadcast on NBC, starring Jack Lemmon as Gov. John Slaton. Historical marker This section is too long. Consider splitting it into new pages, adding subheadings, or condensing it. (August 2021) Georgia Historical Society marker for Governor John M. Slaton On June 17, 2015, the Georgia Historical Society, the Atlanta History Center and the Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation dedicated a Georgia Historical Society marker honoring Governor John M. Slaton at the Atlanta History Center. It was the first public honoring of Governor Slaton since his controversial commutation of the Leo Frank death sentence almost 100 years ago to the day. Participating and in attendance were senior members of the Georgia state and local governments, the judiciary, the Anti-Defamation League, Slaton family members, local and national historical societies and the public. Georgia Supreme Court Justice David Nahmias, a speaker at the dedication said: "In the final blot that the case placed on the history of our state, a mob kidnapped Leo Frank, drove him to Marietta, and lynched him...It is altogether right that we still celebrate what Governor Slaton did, because we need to remember those who stood tall in defense of the rule of law, to inspire all of us who need to stand tall when the rule of law is again threatened, as it is in one way or another almost every day. We need to fight for equal justice under the law, even if we do not immediately prevail. Governor Slaton is, and should be, a particular inspiration to people like me—judges on the courts of Georgia and on the federal courts—the kind of judges who were unable to protect Leo Frank from the unjust ending that the mob demanded." Letters of support for Governor Slaton were presented by Jerry Klinger, President of the Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation, from Georgia Governor Nathan Deal, U.S. Senator David Perdue, U.S. Senator Johnny Isakson, and Congressman John Lewis. The marker text reads: "John Marshall Slaton was born in Meriwether County and graduated from the University of Georgia before practicing law in Atlanta. Slaton served in both houses of the Georgia legislature and two terms as governor (1911-12 and 1913-15). While in office, he modernized Georgia's tax system and roads. Concerned by the sensationalized atmosphere and circumstantial evidence that led to the notorious 1913 conviction of Jewish businessman Leo Frank in the murder of teenager Mary Phagan, Slaton granted Frank clemency in June 1915. Slaton's commutation of Frank's death sentence drew national attention but hostile local backlash resulted in Frank's lynching in August 1915 and the end of Slaton's political career. Slaton lived on property adjacent to today's Atlanta History Center and Slaton Drive (named in his honor). He is buried in Oakland Cemetery. Erected by the Georgia Historical Society, the Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation and the Atlanta History Center." See also Biography portal List of speakers of the Georgia House of Representatives References ^ a b c d "Man Who Governed Georgia During Leo Frank Case Dies". The Tampa Tribune. January 12, 1955. p. 2. Retrieved August 16, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d e f g h i Lashly, Jacob Mark (1940). "Sketches of Nominees". American Bar Association Journal. 26 (2). American Bar Association: 127–129. JSTOR 25712656 – via JSTOR. ^ "A Political Suicide". Time. January 24, 1955. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. ^ Leonard Dinnerstein, The Leo Frank Case, 1999, page 124 ^ The Outlook magazine, A Courageous Governor, June 30, 1915, pages 492 to 493 ^ Catherine Cocks, Peter C. Holloran, Alan Lessoff, The A to Z of the Progressive Era, 2009, page 153 ^ George C. Kohn, The , New Encyclopedia of American Scandal, 2001, page 146 ^ , Kirby, Bill; (2010, May 15), "A lawyer you want on your side",The Augusta Chronicle ^ Matthew Bernstein, Screening a Lynching: The Leo Frank Case on Film and Television, 2009, page 143 ^ "Sarah Frances Grant Slaton". Atlanta History Photograph Collection, Atlanta History Center. Digital Library of Georgia. Archived from the original on June 25, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016. ^ Ren Davis, Helen Davis, Timothy J. Crimmins, Atlanta's Oakland Cemetery: An Illustrated History and Guide, 2012, page 96 ^ Cathy Kaemmerlen, CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22john%20m%20slaton%22%20oakland%20cemetery&f=false The Historic Oakland Cemetery, 2007, pages 107 to 108 ^ "Honorary Degrees Awarded by Oglethorpe University". Oglethorpe University. Archived from the original on March 19, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2015. ^ "Profiles in Courage: Governor John M. Slaton (TV)". The Paley Center for Media. Retrieved December 11, 2016. ^ "The Murder of Mary Phagan". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 11, 2016. ^ "Marker honors Georgia governor who commuted Leo Frank's death sentence". Southern Jewish Life. 25 (7). July 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2016. ^ "A Lesson for Judges in Memory of the Governor Who Granted Clemency to Leo Frank". ^ To: The attendees of the Governor John Slaton Historical Marker Dedication Ceremony Greetings: I am pleased to extend my warmest regards to the Georgia Historical Society, the Atlanta History Center, and the Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation as you host the dedication ceremony for Governor John Slaton’s historical marker. On behalf of the State of Georgia, it is a pleasure to be part of this historically signify cant event recognizing the late Governor Slaton. Please allow me to welcome today’s distinguished guests, relatives of Govern Slaton, and other attendees. Governor Slaton played a vital role in the State of Georgia, first as a member of the Georgia General Assembly and later as the state’s 60th governor. He demonstrated a continued commitment to the wellbeing of our state, nation, and his fellow citizens. I applaud those attending today’s reception for being a part of this event which celebrates his exceptional life of service and acknowledges his countless contributions to our great state. It is my hope that the memorialization of this marker will afford future generations the opportunity to now of and appreciate govern Slaton and his place in Georgia’s history. I commend the various groups and individuals who had a hand in organizing this important event. Sandra and I send our best wishes for a successful and memorable ceremony. Sincerely, Nathan Deal ^ Mr. Jerry Klinger President, JASHP 16405 Equestrian Lane Rockville, Md. 20855 Dear Mr. Klinger It is with great privilege that I join you, the Georgia Historical Society, the Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation, and the Atlanta History Center in honoring the life and legacy of Governor John Marshall Slaton. As our state’s sixtieth governor, Slaton served as a model of unwavering principle. Governor Slaton’s conviction for his constitutional duty is a reminder of the solemn dedication by our public officials. His devotion to these principles, over public opinion and at known personal cost, demonstrated extraordinary courage and resolve that serves as an example to all. There is no better tribute to Governor Slaton than by honoring him this month, the 100th anniversary of his courageous decision, with this historical marker. May it serve as a reminder of his significant contributions to our state and inspire future generations to imitate his commitment to the rule of law and justice for all. Kindest regards, David A. Perdue ^ Georgia Historical Society 260 14th Street, Northwest Suite A-148 Atlanta, Georgia 30318 Greetings, It is with great pleasure that I send my heartfelt thanks to the Georgia Historical Society, the Atlanta History Center, and the Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation for ensuring that Governor John Slaton’s courageous role in Georgia’s history is recognized with today’s historical marker dedication. I wish you well as you celebrate the placement of this marker. I am proud and grateful that there are organizations such as yours that are dedicated to preserving our state’s history and honoring those leaders from whom future generations can learn. With my warmest personal regards, Sincerely, Johnny Isakson ^ Dear Friends: I write to congratulate you on the dedication of the new Georgia Historical Society marker honoring Governor John Slaton. Governor Slaton’s role in the Leo Frank case should be an inspiration to all Georgians. Though it cost him his political career, Governor Slaton did the right thing by commuting Leo Frank’s sentence. He is one in a long line of Georgians who have stood against the forces of racial prejudice and mob violence. I am proud that he is being recognized today. I hope many visitors to the Atlanta History Center will read this historic marker and learn the importance of courage in the face of discrimination. Keep the faith, John Lewis Member of Congress External links Portrait of John Marshall Slaton The official and personal papers of John Marshall Slaton are housed at the Georgia Archives. Executive Clemency Decision for Leo Frank, June 21, 1915 John Marshall Slaton at Find a Grave Georgia Encyclopedia entry for John Marshall Slaton Meriweather County bio of John Marshall Slaton Party political offices Preceded byJoseph Mackey Brown Democratic nominee for Governor of Georgia 1912 Succeeded byNathaniel Edwin Harris Political offices Preceded byHoke Smith Governor of Georgia 1911 – 1912 Succeeded byJoseph M. Brown Preceded byJoseph M. Brown Governor of Georgia 1913 – 1915 Succeeded byNathaniel E. Harris vteGovernors of Georgia1777–present Bulloch Gwinnett Treutlen Houstoun Glascock Cuthbert Wereat Walton Howly George Wells Humphrey Wells Heard Davies Brownson Martin Hall Houstoun Elbert Telfair Mathews Handley Walton Telfair Mathews Irwin Jackson Emanuel Tattnall Milledge Irwin Mitchell Early Mitchell Rabun Talbot Clark Troup Forsyth Gilmer Lumpkin Schley Gilmer McDonald Crawford Towns Cobb H. Johnson J. E. Brown J. Johnson Jenkins Ruger Bullock Conley J. Smith Colquitt Stephens Boynton McDaniel Gordon Northen Atkinson Candler Terrell H. Smith J. M. Brown H. Smith Slaton J. M. Brown Slaton N. Harris Dorsey Hardwick Walker Hardman Russell E. Talmadge Rivers E. Talmadge Arnall H. Talmadge Thompson H. Talmadge Griffin Vandiver Sanders Maddox Carter Busbee J. Harris Miller Barnes Perdue Deal Kemp Category vteSpeakers of the Georgia House of Representatives N. W. Jones Whitefield N. W. Jones W. Glascock Brownson Gibbons Saltus J. Clay Habersham Houstoun N. W. Jones Gibbons James Habersham Joseph Habersham Gibbons Brownson Powell S. Jones Gibbons Napier Stevens D. Meriwether Jackson Whitaker Iverson Whitaker Adams Witt Adams Daniel Adams Abercrombie Murray Hudson Jourdan Hull T. Glascock Joseph Day C. J. Jenkins Wofford C.J. Jenkins Anderson J. Meriwether Ward Stiles Underwood Irvin Williams Akin Hardeman McWhorter J. M. Smith Cumming Bacon Hardeman Bacon Garrard W. A. Little A. S. Clay Howell Atkinson Fleming H. A. Jenkins J. D. Little Morris Slaton Holder Burwell Holder Neill Russell Tucker Rivers Harris Evans Harris Hand Moate G. L. Smith G. T. Smith G. L. Smith Murphy Coleman Richardson Burkhalter Ralston Jones (acting) Burns Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"60th Governor of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"commuted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutation_of_sentence"},{"link_name":"Leo Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Frank"},{"link_name":"conflict of interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest"},{"link_name":"lynched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching"},{"link_name":"Georgia State Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Bar_of_Georgia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Slaton_and_wife.jpg"}],"text":"John Marshall Slaton (December 25, 1866 – January 11, 1955) served two non-consecutive terms as the 60th Governor of Georgia. His political career was ended in 1915 after he commuted the death sentence of Atlanta factory boss Leo Frank, who had been convicted for the murder of a 13-year-old employee, Mary Phagan. Because of Slaton's law firm partnership with Frank's defense counsel, claims were made that Slaton's involvement raised a conflict of interest. Soon after Slaton's action, Frank was lynched. After Slaton's term as governor ended, he and his wife left the state for a decade. Slaton later served as president of the Georgia State Bar Association.Slaton and his wife, Sarah Frances Grant","title":"John M. 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She was the daughter of Captain William D. 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Glenn and started the law firm Glenn & Slaton.[2] Slaton represented Fulton County in the Georgia House of Representatives from 1896 to 1909. He was the Speaker of the Georgia House from 1905 to 1909. He represented the 35th District of the Georgia Senate from 1909 to 1913. He also served as President of the senate from 1909 to 1911.[citation needed]After Governor Hoke Smith was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1911, Slaton was appointed acting governor and served in that capacity from 1911 to 1912.[citation needed] Slaton was later elected to the governorship for a non-consecutive second term from 1913 to 1915.[1]In 1913 Slaton paroled Mose Houston, the convicted murderer of Delia Green, after serving but twelve years of his life sentence.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leo Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Frank"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"conflict of interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Georgia National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Leo Frank trial","text":"In 1915, Slaton commuted the sentence for Leo Frank from death to life imprisonment. \"I can endure misconstruction, abuse and condemnation,... but I cannot stand the constant companionship, of an accusing conscience which would remind me that I, as governor of Georgia, failed to do what I thought to be right.... It means that I must live in obscurity the rest of my days, but I would rather be plowing in a field than to feel that I had that blood on my hands.\"[3]Because of the almost universal hostility toward Leo Frank among the general public in Georgia, Governor Slaton's decision to commute his death sentence was widely condemned as unethical, particularly due to his business interests with Leo Frank’s defense team. Public disapproval of Slaton persisted, long afterwards. Sparing Frank's life had the effect of ending Slaton's political career, -- as he had himself predicted.Some opined that Frank's commutation by Slaton constituted a conflict of interest, in light of Slaton having a law partner who served Frank's lead defense counsel.[4] Slaton's actions led to threats of mob violence against him, and the Georgia National Guard and local police provided him protection.[5][6][7]Fear of violence against him, and/or his wife, led them to leave Georgia, not to return for a decade.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgia State Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Bar_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"American Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Later years","text":"After his political service, Slaton served as the President of the Georgia State Bar Association (1928–1929) and as a member of the General Council of the American Bar Association.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interment"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Oakland Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Cemetery_(Atlanta)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Slaton died in Atlanta on January 11, 1955, and was interred with his wife Sarah Frances Grant Slaton (1870-1945)[10] in the Grant family mausoleum at Atlanta's Oakland Cemetery.[11][12]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doctor of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"Oglethorpe University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oglethorpe_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sketch-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sketch-2"}],"text":"In 1939, he received an honorary degree in Doctor of Laws from the University of Georgia and Oglethorpe University.[2][13] He was given the Legion of Honour by the government of France given his interest in French.[2]","title":"Legacy and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parade_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Profiles in Courage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Walter Matthau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Matthau"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Murder of Mary Phagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Murder_of_Mary_Phagan"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Jack Lemmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lemmon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"In popular culture","text":"Slaton is depicted in the musical Parade, which tells the story of the Leo Frank trial and lynching. In act two, the show portrays Slaton's efforts to commute Frank's death penalty sentence. While some scenes are fictionalized –– such as an encounter between Lucille Frank (Leo's wife) and Slaton at a party at the Governor's Mansion –– the show accurately captures Slaton's work on the Frank case and the ramifications on his political career.Slaton has also been depicted on screen. An episode of the 1964 TV series Profiles in Courage dramatized Governor John M. Slaton's decision to commute Frank's sentence. The episode starred Walter Matthau as Governor Slaton.[14] The 1988 TV miniseries The Murder of Mary Phagan was broadcast on NBC, starring Jack Lemmon as Gov. John Slaton.[15]","title":"Legacy and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gov._John_M._Slaton_marker.jpg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"David Nahmias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nahmias"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"David Perdue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Perdue"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Historical marker","text":"Georgia Historical Society marker for Governor John M. SlatonOn June 17, 2015, the Georgia Historical Society, the Atlanta History Center and the Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation dedicated a Georgia Historical Society marker honoring Governor John M. Slaton at the Atlanta History Center.[16] It was the first public honoring of Governor Slaton since his controversial commutation of the Leo Frank death sentence almost 100 years ago to the day.Participating and in attendance were senior members of the Georgia state and local governments, the judiciary, the Anti-Defamation League, Slaton family members, local and national historical societies and the public.Georgia Supreme Court Justice David Nahmias, a speaker at the dedication said:\"In the final blot that the case placed on the history of our state, a mob kidnapped Leo Frank, drove him to Marietta, and lynched him...It is altogether right that we still celebrate what Governor Slaton did, because we need to remember those who stood tall in defense of the rule of law, to inspire all of us who need to stand tall when the rule of law is again threatened, as it is in one way or another almost every day. We need to fight for equal justice under the law, even if we do not immediately prevail. Governor Slaton is, and should be, a particular inspiration to people like me—judges on the courts of Georgia and on the federal courts—the kind of judges who were unable to protect Leo Frank from the unjust ending that the mob demanded.\"[17]Letters of support for Governor Slaton were presented by Jerry Klinger, President of the Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation, from Georgia Governor Nathan Deal,[18] U.S. Senator David Perdue,[19] U.S. Senator Johnny Isakson,[20] and Congressman John Lewis.[21]The marker text reads:\"John Marshall Slaton was born in Meriwether County and graduated from the University of Georgia before practicing law in Atlanta. Slaton served in both houses of the Georgia legislature and two terms as governor (1911-12 and 1913-15). While in office, he modernized Georgia's tax system and roads. Concerned by the sensationalized atmosphere and circumstantial evidence that led to the notorious 1913 conviction of Jewish businessman Leo Frank in the murder of teenager Mary Phagan, Slaton granted Frank clemency in June 1915. Slaton's commutation of Frank's death sentence drew national attention but hostile local backlash resulted in Frank's lynching in August 1915 and the end of Slaton's political career. Slaton lived on property adjacent to today's Atlanta History Center and Slaton Drive (named in his honor). He is buried in Oakland Cemetery.Erected by the Georgia Historical Society, the Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation and the Atlanta History Center.\"","title":"Legacy and awards"}]	[{"image_text":"Slaton and his wife, Sarah Frances Grant","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/John_Slaton_and_wife.jpg/220px-John_Slaton_and_wife.jpg"},{"image_text":"Georgia Historical Society marker for Governor John M. Slaton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gov._John_M._Slaton_marker.jpg/220px-Gov._John_M._Slaton_marker.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"List of speakers of the Georgia House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Georgia_House_of_Representatives"}]	[{"reference":"\"Man Who Governed Georgia During Leo Frank Case Dies\". The Tampa Tribune. January 12, 1955. p. 2. Retrieved August 16, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83533232/man-who-governed-georgia-during-leo-fran/","url_text":"\"Man Who Governed Georgia During Leo Frank Case Dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tampa_Tribune","url_text":"The Tampa Tribune"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Lashly, Jacob Mark (1940). \"Sketches of Nominees\". American Bar Association Journal. 26 (2). American Bar Association: 127–129. JSTOR 25712656 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25712656","url_text":"\"Sketches of Nominees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association","url_text":"American Bar Association"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25712656","url_text":"25712656"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR","url_text":"JSTOR"}]},{"reference":"\"A Political Suicide\". Time. January 24, 1955. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071017180345/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,861129,00.html","url_text":"\"A Political Suicide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,861129,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sarah Frances Grant Slaton\". Atlanta History Photograph Collection, Atlanta History Center. Digital Library of Georgia. Archived from the original on June 25, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160625145522/http://collectionsdev.atlantahistorycenter.com:2011/cdm/ref/collection/athpc/id/594","url_text":"\"Sarah Frances Grant Slaton\""},{"url":"http://collectionsdev.atlantahistorycenter.com:2011/cdm/ref/collection/athpc/id/594","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Honorary Degrees Awarded by Oglethorpe University\". Oglethorpe University. Archived from the original on March 19, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150319104000/http://www.oglethorpe.edu/about_us/history/honorary_degrees.asp","url_text":"\"Honorary Degrees Awarded by Oglethorpe University\""},{"url":"http://www.oglethorpe.edu/about_us/history/honorary_degrees.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Profiles in Courage: Governor John M. Slaton (TV)\". The Paley Center for Media. Retrieved December 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=the&p=947&item=T77:0312","url_text":"\"Profiles in Courage: Governor John M. Slaton (TV)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Murder of Mary Phagan\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_murder_of_mary_phagan/","url_text":"\"The Murder of Mary Phagan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marker honors Georgia governor who commuted Leo Frank's death sentence\". Southern Jewish Life. 25 (7). July 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=jss&AN=108513919&site=eds-live","url_text":"\"Marker honors Georgia governor who commuted Leo Frank's death sentence\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Lesson for Judges in Memory of the Governor Who Granted Clemency to Leo Frank\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailyreportonline.com/id=1202729836658/A-Lesson-for-Judges-in-Memory-of-the-Governor-Who-Granted-Clemency-to-Leo-Frank#ixzz3dn3L0Reg","url_text":"\"A Lesson for Judges in Memory of the Governor Who Granted Clemency to Leo Frank\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83533232/man-who-governed-georgia-during-leo-fran/","external_links_name":"\"Man Who Governed Georgia During Leo Frank Case Dies\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25712656","external_links_name":"\"Sketches of Nominees\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25712656","external_links_name":"25712656"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071017180345/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,861129,00.html","external_links_name":"\"A Political Suicide\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,861129,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3vnRrYTnCFkC&pg=PA124","external_links_name":"The Leo Frank Case"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qp7PAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA493","external_links_name":"A Courageous Governor"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Rt3243E-Wm0C&pg=PA153","external_links_name":"The A to Z of the Progressive Era"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uzdWTBytwAIC&pg=PA146","external_links_name":"The , New Encyclopedia of American Scandal"},{"Link":"http://chronicle.augusta.com/content/blog-post/bill-kirby/2010-05-15/lawyer-you-want-your-side?c=5","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://books.googl.om/books?id=Y_JnsmXU_sUC&pg=PA143&dq=%22john+m+slaton%22+president+georgia+bar+association&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zAfmUPv1BY309gTR1oCAAw&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22john%20m%20slaton%22%20president%20georgia%20bar%20association&f=false","external_links_name":"Screening a Lynching: The Leo Frank Case on Film and Television"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160625145522/http://collectionsdev.atlantahistorycenter.com:2011/cdm/ref/collection/athpc/id/594","external_links_name":"\"Sarah Frances Grant Slaton\""},{"Link":"http://collectionsdev.atlantahistorycenter.com:2011/cdm/ref/collection/athpc/id/594","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books/id=Ns7721QnpQMC&pg=PA96&dq=oakland+cemetery+atlanta+john+slaton&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WgXmUJqaAouc8gSAloC4Cg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=oakland%20cemetery%20atlanta%20john%20slaton&f=false","external_links_name":"Atlanta's Oakland Cemetery: An Illustrated History and Guide"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zQ4npo_QdpsC&dq=%22john+m+slaton%22+oakland+cemetery&pg=PA108","external_links_name":"CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22john%20m%20slaton%22%20oakland%20cemetery&f=false The Historic Oakland Cemetery"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150319104000/http://www.oglethorpe.edu/about_us/history/honorary_degrees.asp","external_links_name":"\"Honorary Degrees Awarded by Oglethorpe University\""},{"Link":"http://www.oglethorpe.edu/about_us/history/honorary_degrees.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=the&p=947&item=T77:0312","external_links_name":"\"Profiles in Courage: Governor John M. Slaton (TV)\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_murder_of_mary_phagan/","external_links_name":"\"The Murder of Mary Phagan\""},{"Link":"http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=jss&AN=108513919&site=eds-live","external_links_name":"\"Marker honors Georgia governor who commuted Leo Frank's death sentence\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailyreportonline.com/id=1202729836658/A-Lesson-for-Judges-in-Memory-of-the-Governor-Who-Granted-Clemency-to-Leo-Frank#ixzz3dn3L0Reg","external_links_name":"\"A Lesson for Judges in Memory of the Governor Who Granted Clemency to Leo Frank\""},{"Link":"http://www.sos.state.ga.us/onlinetour/2ndfloor/portarits/john_marshall_slaton.html","external_links_name":"Portrait of John Marshall Slaton"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192332/http://sos.ga.gov/archives/","external_links_name":"Georgia Archives"},{"Link":"http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/frank/frankclemency.html","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7937575","external_links_name":"John Marshall Slaton"},{"Link":"http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/ArticlePrintable.jsp?id=h-2137","external_links_name":"Georgia Encyclopedia entry for John Marshall Slaton"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060503233915/http://www.meriwether.ga.us/history/HIS-2D.HTM","external_links_name":"Meriweather County bio of John Marshall Slaton"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/121464/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/58001235","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqqycGQwgdMYGmWfW6Yfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1193673844","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83217430","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_order	State order	["1 See also","2 References"]	A state order, or national order, is an order that is granted by a sovereign state as part of its national honours system. These orders, which are generally awarded to recipients for their accomplishments, are typically categorised as either orders of chivalry or orders of merit. Orders that are bestowed by formerly reigning dynasties are not considered to be state orders per se, but they can be referred to as dynastic orders. See also State decoration References ^ https://www.pressreader.com/lebanon/the-daily-star-lebanon/20180724/281573766486143. Retrieved 18 December 2023 – via PressReader. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) vtePhaleristicsAuxiliary science of history and numismatics about orders, decorations, and medalsDistinctions(Lists)By confereeFounts of honour* States and their national/public/official authorities Dynasties heads of currently or formerly sovereign royal families Private Ecclesiastical Organisations Commercial (Self-styled order) By typeOrders Order of chivalry Military order Colonial order Order of merit Royal family order Titles(Styles,Post-nominal)By function Grand master Chancellor Treasurer Assessor Bailiff Prior Chaplain Master of ceremonies Grand Cross/Grand Cordon Commander Officer Hospitaller Knight/Dame Postulant Squire PageJurisdictions Charter Bailiwick Chapter Commandery Obedience Grand Lodge Lodge Others,by fieldMilitary(List) List of highest Campaign medal Law enforcement Civilian(List)Society Peace Intellectual freedom Human rights Law Humanitarianism Politics Volunteer Culture Architecture Art Film History Literature Music Philosophy Poetry Theatre Science Religion-related Ecclesiastical Sports Scouting Beauty By insignia(Named after people)For wearing(decorations)Formal Collar Grand Cross/Grand Cordon with sash Medal Necklet Medal bar Medal ribbon Other Rosette Award pin Lapel pin Collar pin Tie pin Badge Heraldic Pilgrim Epaulette Ribbon Ring Button Campaign Service Shoulder mark Prizes Trophy War Plaquette Rosette Money Prizes known as the Nobel of a field Ceremonies and events Accolade Vigil Feoffment Passage fee Festival Vow Collar day Related organisations Fraternity Confraternity Fraternal order Fraternities and sororities Secret society Guild Syndicate Learned society Fellowship Honor society Hereditary society Club Gentlemen's club International Commission for Orders of Chivalry Magical organization Religious order Related concepts Numismatics Heraldry Vexillology Service flag Battle honour Campaign streamer Nobility Order of precedence Honorary degree Devotional medal Awareness ribbon Code of honor * = Direct or indirect reference to fount of honour is the accepted criterion for official distinctions Category:Orders, decorations, and medals Wikipedia:WikiProject Orders, decorations, and medals Wikipedia:WikiProject Awards This article related to orders, decorations, and medals is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynastic orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastic_order"}],"text":"Orders that are bestowed by formerly reigning dynasties are not considered to be state orders per se, but they can be referred to as dynastic orders.","title":"State order"}]	[]	[{"title":"State decoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_decoration"}]	[{"reference":"https://www.pressreader.com/lebanon/the-daily-star-lebanon/20180724/281573766486143. Retrieved 18 December 2023 – via PressReader.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressreader.com/lebanon/the-daily-star-lebanon/20180724/281573766486143","url_text":"https://www.pressreader.com/lebanon/the-daily-star-lebanon/20180724/281573766486143"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.pressreader.com/lebanon/the-daily-star-lebanon/20180724/281573766486143","external_links_name":"https://www.pressreader.com/lebanon/the-daily-star-lebanon/20180724/281573766486143"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_order&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramli_Ngah_Talib	Ramli Ngah Talib	["1 Early life and career","2 Politics","3 Election results","4 Honours","4.1 Honours of Malaysia","5 References"]	Malaysian politician This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: uncyclopædic style. Please help improve this article if you can. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Ramli Ngah Talib" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In this Malay name, there is no surname or family name. The name Ngah Talib is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by their given name, Ramli. The word "bin" or "binti"/"binte" means 'son of' or 'daughter of', respectively. Yang Berbahagia Tan Sri Dato' Seri DiRajaRamli Ngah TalibPSM SPSA SPCM PCM JP AMNرملي ڠه طالب7th Speaker of the Dewan RakyatIn office22 November 2004 – 13 February 2008MonarchsSirajuddinMizan Zainal AbidinPrime MinisterAbdullah Ahmad BadawiDeputyLim Si Cheng Yusof YacobPreceded byMohamed Zahir IsmailSucceeded byPandikar Amin MuliaConstituencyPasir Salak8th Menteri Besar of PerakIn office1 March 1983 – 2 December 1999MonarchsIdris IIAzlan ShahPrime MinisterMahathir MohamadPreceded byWan Mohamed Wan TehSucceeded byTajol Rosli Mohd Ghazali Personal detailsBornRamli bin Ngah Talib (1941-03-16) 16 March 1941 (age 83)Pasir Salak, Perak, British Malaya (now Malaysia)CitizenshipMalaysianPolitical partyUnited Malays National Organisation (UMNO)Other politicalaffiliationsBarisan Nasional (BN)Perikatan Nasional (PN)Muafakat Nasional (MN)SpousePuan Sri Datin Seri Diraja Dato' Raja Noora Ashikin binti Raja AbdullahChildrenToh Muda Dato’ Rizal AshramRamelle AshramPutri Azalea AshramPutri Yasmin AshramAlma materQueen's University Belfast Ramli bin Ngah Talib (born 16 March 1941) is a Malaysian politician who was active in the United Malays National Organisation. He served as the 8th Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) of Perak from 1982 to 1999 and was the Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat of the Malaysian Parliament from 2004 to 2008. Early life and career Born in the Malaysian rural heartland of Pasir Salak, Perak, he was raised in a kampong upbringing. Both his great grandfather Tok Anjang Pelita and great great grandfather Dato' Sagor, Dato Maharaja Lela and other Malay warriors were involved in the rebellion against British occupation in Malaya, resulting in the killing of the first British Resident of Perak, Mr. J. W. W. Birch on 2 November 1875. With the essential qualification he was accepted to the school of his choice, furthering his studies at the Malay College, Kuala Kangsar. Successful, he pursued his studies in Law at Queens University, Belfast where he obtained an LL.B. (Hons) before obtaining his Barrister-at-Law degree at Lincoln’s Inn, London. In the 1960s whilst in the United Kingdom, he was active in the Students Union in Belfast of Northern Ireland, the political secretary and magazine editor of Kesatuan Melayu United Kingdom(United Kingdom Malay Students Association) based in London. On returning to Malaysia, he became a Law Lecturer at the Institute Technology Mara (now known as UITM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of Malaya in the early 70’s. In 1971 he became the first inhouse legal advisor of Lembaga Letrik Negara (now known as TNB) and at the same time he became qualified as an Advocate and Solicitor of the High Court of Malaya. He started practising law in Kadir, Tan & Ramli which he co-founded in 1977. Around this time he was appointed as a member of the Board of Directors of Utusan Melayu, a Malay mainstream media and a member of the Board of Directors of Lembaga Lektrik Negara (now Tenaga Nasional Bhd), the country's biggest power utility company. Politics Tan Sri Ramli was first elected as Perak State Assemblyman for his area Kg. Gajah Perak, in 1978, then appointed as a member of the State Executive Council, Perak. In the first year of the second term as State Assemblyman, he has reached the pinnacle of his chosen vocation by being appointed as the Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) of Perak and remained as one for more than 17 years, the longest serving Chief Minister of Perak. He became a Member of Malaysian Parliament in 2004 for the Pasir Salak constituency. During the first term as a Member of Parliament, he was appointed as head of the public custodian committee as Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee. In 2004 as a Member of Parliament, he was elected by the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives) as its Speaker. On the literary front, when he was the Chief Minister of Perak, he wrote a book entitled ‘Pasir Salak: Sehamparan Sejarah Perjuangan’, a book about the Malay rebellion against British rule in Perak on 2 November 1875, and at the same time he also produced assortments of pamphlets and booklets on tourism for Pasir Salak and Perak. At the end of 2010, he completed a book written in Malay entitled ‘Meniti Zaman’ (Going Through Eras). Here he describes the beautiful, simple but tough rural life during and after the Japanese occupation. The people of his village endured a harsh rural life, right up to the time when he entered politics in the 1970s. His next acclaimed book, ‘Mr. Speaker, Sir; From Kampung Boy to the Helm of Parliament’ was published in 2012. In it he describes in vivid details the proceedings in Parliament in a manner not done before; the technicalities, the political posturings and the unanswered questions. He also contributed as a writer for the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association magazine. The Pasir Salak Historical complex, consisting of 42 dioramas carved on wood depicting all the important events in the history of Malaysia and the Malays was built on his instructions in the early 1990s. It is the first of its kind and is certainly very instructive in this aspect of Malaysian history. His stress on bringing in more institutions of higher education to Perak saw him inviting ITM (now UITM-University Teknologi Mara ) to establish their first campus in Perak by giving shop houses belonging to the State Government free of rent. Some years later land was made avlaible in Sri Iskandar, Perak for UITM permanent campus. Among other more notable projects he helped to promote when he was the Chief Minister of Perak were the constructions of Proton City in Tanjung Malim, the Lumut Port, educational facilities like Universiti Sains Malaysia (later taken over by Petronas University), Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim (UPSI), the development of Meru Raya at Ipoh, the Pasir Salak Historical Complex and the development of rural centers and the promotion of industrial centers including those in the rural areas. He however likes more to be remembered as having eradicated hardcore poverty in Perak in 1996. His sporting activities varied from badminton, football, hiking, trekking, playing polo and flying ultra-light planes and small aircraft. He has a license to fly both types of aircraft which he had obtained in 2002. He is also the President of the Perak Aero Club and the President of Malaysia Chess Federation since 2007. He was President of Perak Football Association which saw Perak winning the first Malaysia cup. In 2007 while still a Speaker of Malaysian Parliament, he took time off to climb Malaysian Peninsula’s highest mountain, Gunung Tahan. Other areas where he partake, is mountain trekking in Norway, Bhutan and Nepal. In 1986, he was awarded the title Dato' Seri Maharaja Lela Mangkubumi by a panel of Acheh’s customary chiefs for promoting good relations between Acheh and Perak. In 1996 he was awarded the Honorary Doctor of Laws LL.D. (Hon.) by the University of Sheffield, United Kingdom for promoting closer relation between Perak and Sheffield University and also for promoting cooperation in the joint establishment of the Perak Medical College in Ipoh with Sheffield University. In politics, among other posts he was the Chairman of Perak UMNO Liaison Committee from 1984-2000 and a member of the UMNO Supreme Council from 1980-2006. In 2014 he was appointed as the Pro-Chancellor of the University of Malaya. He is also a permanent member of Dewan Negara Perak (Privy Council Perak) and a holder of the title Orang Kaya-Kaya Seri Agar Diraja (Dato’ Sagor), which he inherited from his great great grandfather Dato’ Sagor. For his services he was awarded SPSA (Dato’ Seri DiRaja) by the Sultan of Perak and PSM (Tan Sri) by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. He was also awarded the J.P (Justice of the Peace), the SPCM (Dato' Seri) by the Sultan of Perak and a holder of Paul Harris Fellowship. Election results Parliament of Malaysia Year Constituency Candidate Votes Pct Opponent(s) Votes Pct Ballots cast Majority Turnout 1999 P070 Pasir Salak, Perak Ramli Ngah Talib (UMNO) 16,792 58.84% Osman Abdul Rahman (KeADILan) 11,747 41.16% 29,649 5,045 68.58% 2004 P073 Pasir Salak, Perak Ramli Ngah Talib (UMNO) 19,422 64.11% Muhaimin Sulam (PAS) 10,875 35.89% 31,310 8,547 72.88% Perak State Legislative Assembly Year Constituency Candidate Votes Pct Opponent(s) Votes Pct Ballots cast Majority Turnout 1978 N35 Kampong Gajah Ramli Ngah Talib (UMNO) 1982 Ramli Ngah Talib (UMNO) 1986 N38 Kampong Gajah Ramli Ngah Talib (UMNO) 9,538 78.44% Mokhtar Ngah Ibrahim (PAS) 1,950 16.04% 12,159 7,588 66.27% 1990 Ramli Ngah Talib (UMNO) 11,579 82.28% Arifen Esa (S46) 1,792 12.73% 14,073 9,787 70.87% 1995 N43 Kampong Gajah Ramli Ngah Talib (UMNO) 11,718 84.03% Ahmad Mustafa Abdullah (S46) 1,598 11.46% 13,945 10,120 64.62% Honours Honours of Malaysia Malaysia : Member of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (AMN) (1980) Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) – Tan Sri (1989) Perak : Commander of the Order of Cura Si Manja Kini (PCM) (1982) Knight Grand Commander of the Order of Cura Si Manja Kini (SPCM) – Dato' Seri (1984) Justice of the Peace (JP) (1986) Ordinary Class of the Perak Family Order of Sultan Azlan Shah (SPSA) – Dato' Seri DiRaja (2000) References ^ Muhammad, Amir (16 September 2007). Malaysian politicians say the darndest things. MATAHARI BOOKS. p. 112. ISBN 978-983-43596-0-7. Retrieved 3 April 2011. ^ a b "KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE-12". semak.spr.gov.my. Retrieved 19 March 2022. ^ "Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang Dan Pingat" (PDF). Retrieved 23 March 2022. ^ "Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1989" (PDF). ^ "PCM 1982". pingat.perak.gov.my. Retrieved 23 March 2022. ^ "SPCM 1984". pingat.perak.gov.my. Retrieved 23 March 2022. ^ "JP 1986". pingat.perak.gov.my. Retrieved 21 August 2022. ^ "SPSA 2000". pingat.perak.gov.my. Retrieved 23 March 2022. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ramli Ngah Talib. Political offices Preceded byWan Mohamed Wan Teh Chief Minister of Perak 1983–1999 Succeeded byTajol Rosli Mohd Ghazali Preceded byMohamed Zahir Ismail Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat 2004–2008 Succeeded byPandikar Amin Mulia vteCommanders of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of MalaysiaCommanders 1965: Abdul Kadir Shamsuddin 1966: Abdul Aziz Yeop 1966: Abdul Hamid Bidin 1966: Abdul Hamid Mustapha 1966: C. M. Hashim 1966: Foo Yin Chiew 1966: Hussain Mohd Sidek 1966: Khoo Teck Puat 1966: Tan Seng Kee 1966: Yaacob Abdul Latiff 1967: Jamal Abdul Latiff 1967: Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim 1967: Nik Daud Nik Mat 1967: Ong Hock Thye 1967: Raja Mohar 1967: Tuanku Bujang 1967: Zaiton Ibrahim Ahmad 1968: Abdul Jalil Hassan 1968: Dominic Vendargon 1968: Gan Teck Yeow 1968: Low Yat 1968: Roland Koh Peck Chiang 1968: Syed Zahiruddin 1968: Yahya Mohd Seth 1968: Yusoff Ibrahim 1969: Mubin Sheppard 1969: Ismail Khan 1969: Mohamed Jamil 1970: Abdul Aziz Mohd Zain 1970: Ali Hassan 1970: Donald Stephens 1970: Johari Mohd Daud 1970: Lim Leong Seng 1970: Mohd Ariff Darus 1970: Philip Kuok Hock Khee 1970: Raja Zainal Raja Suleiman 1970: Sarwan Singh Gill 1970: Sheikh Abdullah Sheikh Abu Bakar 1970: T. J. Danaraj 1970: Wan Hamzah Wan Mohd 1971: Abu Bakar Samad Mohd Noor 1971: Ong Hock Sim 1971: Lokman Yusof 1971: Mohamed Salleh Abas 1971: R. Sathiah 1971: Tengku Ngah Mohamed Tengku Sri Akar 1971: Ungku Nazaruddin Ungku Mohamed 1972: Raja Azlan Shah 1972: Hamzah Sendut 1972: Mohd Yatim Yahya 1972: S. M. Yong 1972: Sheikh Hussain Sheikh Mohamed 1973: Abdul Majid Ismail 1973: Chong Hon Nyan 1973: Gerunsin Lembat 1973: Ibrahim Ali 1973: Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah 1973: S. O. K. Ubaidulla 1974: Abdul Khalid Awang Osman 1974: Hamdan Sheikh Tahir 1974: Lee Yan Lian 1974: Lim Ching Hwa 1974: Mohd Ibrahim Basinau 1974: Mohd Rashdan Baba 1974: Richard Allan Lind 1974: Thong Yaw Hong 1974: William Tan Ho Choon 1975: Ainuddin Wahid 1975: Ibrahim Salleh 1975: Khoo Chong Kong 1975: Raja Aznam Raja Ahmad 1975: Wan Sulaiman Pawan Teh 1976: Abdullah Ayub 1976: Abu Zarim Omar 1976: Athi Nahappan 1976: Balachandra Chakkingal Sekhar 1976: John Gnanadickam Daniel 1976: Lee Boon Chim 1976: Mahfoz Khalid 1976: Mahmood Mohd Yunus 1976: Mohd Sany Abdul Ghaffar 1976: Muhammad Su'aut Tahir 1976: Osman Talib 1976: Yacob Hitam 1977: Anuwar Mahmud 1977: Daiman Jamaluddin 1977: M. S. Sundaram 1977: Mohd Hassan Abdul Wahab 1977: Murad Ahmad 1977: Nasruddin Mohamed 1977: V. M. Hutson 1977: Yeh Pao Tzu 1978: Abdul Aziz Zakaria 1978: C. Sinnadurai 1978: Chang Min Tat 1978: Hashim Aman 1978: Zainon Munshi Sulaiman 1978: Kishenchand T. Jethanand 1978: Lee Loy Seng 1978: Lee Siew Yee 1978: Mohd Ali 1978: Mohd Ghazali Mohd Seth 1978: Mohd Osman Samsudin Cassim 1978: Raja Ahmad Noordin Raja Shahbuddin 1978: Thomas Joseph Jayasuriya 1978: Zainal Abidin Abas 1978: Zakaria Mohd Ali 1979: Ahmad Noordin Zakaria 1979: Chong Kok Lim 1979: Ganapathy Kalyana Rama Iyer 1979: Ishak Pateh Akhir 1979: Lee Siow Meng 1979: Lim Goh Tong 1979: Lim Taik Choon 1979: Murad Mohd Noor 1979: Ong Guan Bee 1979: Raja Muhammad Alias Raja Muhammad 1979: Syed Ahmad Shahabuddin 1979: Syed Othman Ali 1980: Abdul Kadir Talib 1980: Abdul Rahman Abdul Jalal 1980: Arshad Ayub 1980: Chin Fung Kee 1980: Halaluddin Mohamed Ishak 1980: Ibrahim Abdul Manan 1980: John G. Savarimuthu 1980: Lim Eng 1980: Mohamad Bakri 1980: Mohd Amin Osman 1980: R. P. Pillay 1980: Suffian Koroh 1980: Tan Chee Khoon 1981: Abdul Hamid Omar 1981: Abu Talib Othman 1981: Sim Kheng Hong 1981: Jamil Mohd Jan 1981: Kamarul Ariffin Mohd Yassin 1981: Mansor Mohd Noor 1981: Mohd Yusof Abdul Rahman 1981: Tan Yuet Foh 1981: Zain Mahmud Hashim 1981: Zainal Abidin Sulong 1982: Abdul Aziz Taha 1982: Awang Had Salleh 1982: Benedict Stephens 1982: Ibrahim Mohamed 1982: Lim Thiam Leong 1982: Low Keng Huat 1982: Muhammad Yusoff Muhammad Yunus 1982: Rozhan Kuntom 1982: Sallehuddin Mohamed 1982: Saw Huat Lye 1982: Syed Hassan Aidid 1983: Abdul Hamid Egoh 1983: Ling Beng Siew 1983: Chelliah Selvarajah 1983: Hashim Yeop Abdullah Sani 1983: Shariff Ahmad 1983: Sheikh Abdul Mohsein Salleh 1983: Teh Ewe Lim 1983: Teh Hong Piow 1983: Tengku Ibrahim Sultan Abu Bakar 1983: V. Jayaratnam 1984: Abang Marzuki Noor 1984: Abdul Rahim Tak 1984: Basir Ismail 1984: Eusoffe Abdoolcader 1984: Muhammad Azmi Kamaruddin 1984: Othman Abdul Malek 1984: Raja Khalid Raja Harun 1984: Sulaiman Ninam Shah 1984: Tengku Meriam Sultan Ahmad Shah 1984: Wee Boon Ping 1984: Tien Kuang Wen 1984: Zain Azraai Zainal Abidin 1985: Abdul Khalid Sahan 1985: Mohd Ghazali Che Mat 1985: N. S. Maniam 1985: Wan Hamzah Wan Muhammad Salleh 1985: Wong Yoke Meng 1985: Yeoh Tiong Lay 1986: Alwi Jantan 1986: Khoo Kay Peng 1986: Radin Soenarno Radin Soenario 1986: Syed Agil Barakbah 1986: Too Chee Chew 1987: Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim 1987: Ahmad Yusof 1987: Azizan Zainul Abidin 1987: Hashim Mohd Ali 1987: Ishak Tadin 1987: Jaffar Abdul 1987: Jaffar Hussein 1987: Wong Tok Chai 1988: Abdul Rahman Arshad 1988: Abdul Wahab Nawi 1988: Azman Hashim 1988: Loh Boon Siew 1988: Md Jalaluddin Zainuddin 1988: Mohamed Ngah Said 1988: Mohamed Yaacob 1988: Muhyiddin Yassin 1988: Wan Mokhtar Ahmad 1988: Yaacob Mat Zain 1988: Yahya Abdul Wahab 1989: Abdul Aziz Abdul Rahman 1989: Abdul Hamid Abdul Rahman 1989: Abdul Taib Mahmud 1989: Arumugam Packiri 1989: Azahari Md. Taib 1989: Eric Chia Eng Hock 1989: Pasamanickam Ganapathy 1989: Geh Ik Cheong 1989: Mohd Khalil Yaakob 1989: Muhammad Muhammad Taib 1989: Nayan Ariffin 1989: Ramon Navaratnam 1989: Ramli Ngah Talib 1989: Shamsuddin Abdul Kadir 1989: Talha Mohamad Hashim 1989: Wong Chik Lim 1989: Wong Kum Choon 1990: Abdul Rahim Thamby Chik 1990: Abdul Rahim Mohd Noor 1990: Bujang Mohd Nor 1990: Elyas Omar 1990: Harun Mahmud Hashim 1990: P. Ramlee 1990: Sakaran Dandai 1990: Tunku Ahmad Tunku Yahaya 1990: Wan Sidek Wan Abdul Rahman 1991: Abdullah Abdul Rahman 1991: Che Ani Arope 1991: Cheng Heng Jem 1991: Gunn Chit Tuan 1991: Hamdan Sirat 1991: Khoo Kay Por 1991: Lin Hai Moh 1991: Mahmud Taib 1991: Mohd Isa Abdul Samad 1991: Mustafa Abdul Jabar 1991: Osman Aroff 1991: Razali Ismail 1991: Vincent Tan Chee Yioun 1991: Zainol Mahmood 1992: Abdul Samad Ismail 1992: Ahmad Kamil Jaafar 1992: Chan Choong Tak 1992: Hanafiah Ahmad 1992: Lim Geok Chan 1992: Looi Ah Kaw 1992: Low Yow Chuan 1992: Mohd Abu Bakar Mohd Noor 1992: Mohd Sheriff Mohd Kassim 1992: Mohd Yusof Hashim 1992: Nasrudin Bahari 1992: Wan Azmi Wan Hamzah 1992: Tunku Imran Tuanku Ja'afar 1992: Tunku Shahriman Tunku Sulaiman 1992: Wan Abdul Rahman Wan Yaacob 1992: Yusoff Mohamed 1992: Zulkifli Mahmood 1993: Abdul Rashid Hussain 1993: Abu Bakar Suleiman 1993: Ahmad Mustafa Babjee 1993: Ahmad Sabki Jahidin 1993: Ali Abul Hassan Sulaiman 1993: Borhan Ahmad 1993: Chang Joo Chiang 1993: Edgar Joseph Jr. 1993: Ismail Hussein 1993: Lee Shin Cheng 1993: Mohd Eusoff Chin 1993: Mohd Othman Yob Abdullah 1993: Augustine Ong Soon Hock 1993: Tharmalingam Arunasalam 1993: Wong Soon Kai 1993: Yom Ahmad Ngah Ahmad 1994: Abdul Hamid Pawanteh 1994: Abdul Rahim Din 1994: Ahmad Farouk Isahak 1994: Ibrahim Menudin 1994: Mohamed Noordin Hassan 1994: Mohd Shariff Ishak 1994: Musa Mohamad 1994: Omar Abdul Rahman 1994: Quek Leng Chan 1994: Shahrizaila Abdullah 1994: Simon Sipaun 1994: Ting Pek Khiing 1994: Vadiveloo Govindasamy 1994: Wan Mohd Zahid Mohd Noordin 1995: Abdul Kader Talip 1995: Aboo Samah Aboo Bakar 1995: Alfred Jabu Numpang 1995: Anuar Zainal Abidin 1995: Chen Lip Keong 1995: Clifford Francis Herbert 1995: Devaki Ayathurai Krishnan 1995: Halim Saad 1995: Kamaruzzaman Shariff 1995: Koh Tsu Koon 1995: Lamin Mohd Yunus 1995: Lim Kok Wing 1995: Lim Yan Hai 1995: Melan Abdullah 1995: Shoib Ahmad 1995: Stephen Kalong Ningkan 1995: Tajudin Ramli 1996: Ahmad Azizuddin Zainal Abidin 1996: Anwar A. Malik 1996: Kontek Kamariah Ahmad 1996: Husein Ahmad 1996: Jeffrey Cheah Fook Ling 1996: K. R. Somasundram 1996: Kamsiah Abdul Majid 1996: Kasitah Gaddam 1996: Mohamed Tahir Abdul Majid 1996: Mohtar Abdullah 1996: Muhammad Khatib Abdul Hamid 1996: Ngan Ching Wen 1996: Peter Lo Sui Yin 1996: Samsuri Arshad 1996: Shafie Abdullah 1996: Stephen Yong Kuet Tze 1996: Tan Kok Ping 1996: Yahaya Ahmad 1997: Abdullah Sanusi Ahmad 1997: Ahmad Mohd Don 1997: Asmat Kamaludin 1997: Bernard Giluk Dompok 1997: Francis Yeoh Sock Ping 1997: Karnail Singh Nijhar 1997: Lee Kim Yew 1997: Mazlan Ahmad 1997: Mohd Hassan Marican 1997: Nik Mohamad Nik Yaakob 1997: Noordin Sopiee 1997: Redzuan Salim 1997: Salma Ismail 1997: Sanusi Junid 1997: Syed Kechik Syed Mohamed 1997: Teong Teck Leng 1998: Abdul Aziz Ismail 1998: Abdul Aziz Tapa 1998: Abdul Khalid Ibrahim 1998: Ahmad Johan 1998: Ajit Singh 1998: Azizan Husain 1998: Chan Ah Chye 1998: Cheah Cheng Kooi 1998: Hamid Bugo 1998: Jamilus Hussein 1998: Johari Mat 1998: Khalil Jamalul 1998: Low Keng Seng 1998: Mohd Saleh Sulong 1998: Norian Mai 1998: Omar Ibrahim 1998: SM Nasimuddin SM Amin 1998: Soong Siew Hoong 1998: Syed Jalaludin Syed Salim 1998: Tharumagnanam Thambiah 1998: Tunku Dara Naquiah Tuanku Ja'afar 1998: Tunku Osman Ahmad 1999: Abdul Ghani Gilong 1999: Abdullah Ahmad 1999: Ahmad Razali Mohd Ali 1999: Ahmad Tajuddin Ali 1999: Aris Osman 1999: Chong Siew Fai 1999: Joseph Kurup 1999: Khalid Abdullah 1999: Mohd Ramli Kushairi 1999: Mohd Zahidi Zainuddin 1999: Mustapha Kamal Abu Bakar 1999: R. P. Lingam 1999: Samsudin Osman 1999: Teo Soo Cheng 1999: Tiong Hiew King 1999: Tunku Abdullah 1999: Wan Adnan Ismail 1999: William Chek Lin Kwai 2000: Abu Sahid Mohamed 2000: Ahmad Saruji Che Rose 2000: Ahmad Zaharudin Idrus 2000: Alexander Lee Yu Lung 2000: Chong Chin Shoong 2000: Gnanalingam Gunanathlingam 2000: George Chan Hong Nam 2000: Halim Mohammad 2000: James Peter Chin Soon Swee 2000: Kuek Ho Yao 2000: Lal Chand Vohrah 2000: Lau Ban Tin 2000: Lau Gek Poh 2000: Lee Kim Sai 2000: Lim Cheng Ean 2000: Lim Guan Teik 2000: Mahalingam Muthukrishnen 2000: Megat Junid Megat Ayub 2000: Mohamed Basir Ahmad 2000: Mohamed Rahmat 2000: Mohamed Dzaiddin Abdullah 2000: Mohan Swami 2000: Mohd Razali Abdul Rahman 2000: Muhammad Ali Hashim 2000: Nor Mohamed Yakcop 2000: Nuraizah Abdul Hamid 2000: Othman Mohd Rijal 2000: Rozali Ismail 2000: Sabbaruddin Chik 2000: Sulaiman Daud 2000: Syed Mokhtar Albukhary 2000: Tan Lai Kim 2000: Tee Hock Seng 2000: Tengku Mahaleel Tengku Ariff 2000: Zaki Azmi 2001: Abdul Hamid Othman 2001: Abdul Kadir Mohamad 2001: Abu Bakar Abdul Jamal 2001: Amin Shah Omar Shah 2001: Hanafiah Hussain 2001: Lim Cheng Pow 2001: Low Nam Hui 2001: Mahadevan Mahalingam 2001: Md Hashim Hussein 2001: Mohd Jamil Johari 2001: Othman Merican 2001: P. Alagendra 2001: S. M. Salim 2001: Samsudin Hitam 2001: Steve Lip Kiong 2001: Syed Abbas Alhabshee 2001: Tan Beng Tong 2001: Tan Hua Choon 2001: Zeti Akhtar Aziz 2002: Ab. Rahman Omar 2002: Abu Hassan Othman 2002: Ahmad Fairuz Abdul Halim 2002: Chua Hock Chin 2002: Engku Ibrahim Engku Ngah 2002: Hashim Meon 2002: Hasmy Agam 2002: Hew See Tong 2002: Jamaluddin Ahmad Damanhuri 2002: Lee Lam Thye 2002: Lim Kok Thay 2002: Michael Chen Wing Sum 2002: Mohamad Taha Arif 2002: Mohd Yusoff Md Nor 2002: Muhammad Radzi Mansor 2002: Nik Ibrahim Nik Ahmad Kamil 2002: Pandikar Amin Mulia 2002: Tai Sing Chii 2003: Ab. Rashid Ab. Rahman 2003: Abdul Gani Patail 2003: Abdul Halil Abd. Mutalif 2003: Abdul Majid Khan 2003: Abdullah Ali 2003: Ahmad Fuzi Abdul Razak 2003: Anuwar Ali 2003: Chai Kin Kong 2003: Lodin Wok Kamaruddin 2003: Gan Kong Seng 2003: Haidar Mohamed Noor 2003: Hamdan Mohamad 2003: Hari Narayanan Govindasamy 2003: Ng Lay Swee 2003: Sak Cheng Lum 2003: Tan Chee Sing 2003: Ting Chew Peh 2003: Yahya Awang 2003: Zaini Omar 2003: Zainol Abidin Abd. Rashid 2003: Zaleha Ismail 2004: Abdul Rafie Mahat 2004: Abdul Rahim Mohamad 2004: Abdul Rashid Abdul Manaf 2004: Abdul Razak Ramli 2004: Abdullah Mohd Tahir 2004: Abu Hassan Omar 2004: Adam Kadir 2004: Chong Kah Kiat 2004: Hadenan Abdul Jalil 2004: Hamad Kama Piah Che Othman 2004: Lim Ah Lek 2004: Md Desa Pachi 2004: Mohamed Hashim Ahmad Makaruddin 2004: Saleha Mohd Ali 2004: Yusof Basirun 2004: Zainul Ariff Hussain 2005: Abdul Malek Ahmad 2005: Abi Musa Asa'ari Mohamed Nor 2005: Adzmi Abdul Wahab 2005: Leo Moggie Irok 2005: Ambrin Buang 2005: Aseh Che Mat 2005: Che Onn Ismail 2005: Dol Ramli 2005: Ghazzali Sheikh Abd. Khalid 2005: James Alfred A. David 2005: Khalid Ahmad Sulaiman 2005: Kua Sian Kooi 2005: Law Hieng Ding 2005: Mazlan Nordin 2005: Md Nor Md Yusof 2005: Megat Zaharuddin Megat Mohd Nor 2005: Mohd Ibrahim Mohd Zain 2005: Mohd Zuki Kamaluddin 2005: Mohd Sedek Mohd Ali 2005: Siti Norma Yaakob 2005: Soh Thiam Hong 2005: Subhan Jasmon 2005: Tan Tiong Hian 2005: Wong See Wah 2005: Yahaya Ibrahim 2006: Abdul Aziz Zainal 2006: Abdul Aziz Mohd Yusof 2006: Abdul Razak Alias 2006: Ampikiapakan S. Kandiah 2006: Darshan Singh Gurdial Singh 2006: Ilyas Din 2006: Ismail Adam 2006: Izzuddin Dali 2006: Khalid Ramli 2006: Lau Yin Pin 2006: Liew Kee Sin 2006: Marzuki Mohammad Noor 2006: Mohamed Ismail Merican 2006: Mohd Kamal Hassan 2006: Mohd Sidek Hassan 2006: Musa Hassan 2006: Nik Ismail Nik Mohamed 2006: Pheng Yin Huah 2006: Syed Zainol Anwar Jamalullail 2006: Tan Kay Hock 2007: Abdul Aziz Husain 2007: Abdul Kadir Sheikh Fadzir 2007: Abu Zahar Ujang 2007: Ahmad Nordin Md Amin 2007: Asiah Abu Samah 2007: Azizan Ariffin 2007: Chai Yu Lan 2007: Chin Fook Weng 2007: Rosemary Chow Poh Kheng 2007: Eugenio Antonio da Luz Campos 2007: Gajaraj Munusamy Dhanarajan 2007: Gnananpandythan Muthandi 2007: Kumaran Karunagaran 2007: Thanabalasingam Karalasingam 2007: Lau Tuang Nguang 2007: Lim Gait Tong 2007: Lim Wee Chai 2007: Mohamad Noor Abdul Rahim 2007: Mohamed Zain Shamsuddin 2007: Mohamed Mansor Feteh Din 2007: Mohamed Salleh Mohamed Yasin 2007: Mohd Ariffin Mohd Yusuf 2007: Mohd Zulkifli Mohd Ghazali 2007: Mohd Najib Abdul Aziz 2007: Muhammad Ismail Jamaluddin 2007: Napsiah Omar 2007: Ninian Mogan Lourdenadin 2007: Nordin Kardi 2007: Ramlan Mohamed Ali 2007: Rastam Mohd Isa 2007: Richard Malanjum 2007: Robert Phang Miow Sin 2007: Syed Mohd Yusof Syed Nasir 2007: Tajudin Ali 2007: Tong Yoke Kim 2007: Yong Poh Kon 2007: Zulkurnain Awang 2008: Abdul Rahman Mamat 2008: Ahmad Othman Merican 2008: Alauddin Mohd Sheriff 2008: Amirsham Abdul Aziz 2008: Annuar Musa 2008: Azman Mokhtar 2008: Chan Kong Choy 2008: Chua Ma Yu 2008: Dzulkifli Abdul Razak 2008: Sheikh Ghazali Abdul Rahman 2008: Syaikh Ismail Muhamad 2008: Ismail Omar 2008: Kamal Salih 2008: Khoo Kay Kim 2008: Kok Onn 2008: Lim Ewe Jin 2008: Mazidah Abdul Majid 2008: Megat Najmuddin Megat Khas 2008: Mohamed Jawhar Hassan 2008: Mohd Munir Abdul Majid 2008: Muhammad Rais Abdul Karim 2008: Murphy Nicholas Xavier Pakiam 2008: Ng Teck Fong 2008: Prince Guneratnam 2008: Rajandram Chellapah 2008: Sulaiman Mahbob 2008: Sulaiman Sujak 2008: Tay Ah Lek 2008: Wan Abdul Aziz Wan Abdullah 2008: Yap Suan Chee 2009: Abdul Aziz Jaafar 2009: Abdul Aziz Mohamad 2009: Ahmad Ramli Mohd Nor 2009: Alimuddin Mohd Dom 2009: Ampong Puyon 2009: Arifin Zakaria 2009: Azlan Mohd Zainol 2009: Bashir Ahmad Abdul Majid 2009: Chan Sau Lai 2009: Faizah Mohd Tahir 2009: Gurdial Singh Gill 2009: Harussani Zakaria 2009: Hassan Azhari 2009: Herman Luping 2009: Ibrahim Abu Shah 2009: Ibrahim Lembut 2009: Jemilah Mahmood 2009: Ravindran Kutty Krishnan 2009: Kam Woon Wah 2009: Kamal Mohamed Hashim Che Din 2009: Lau Hieng Wui 2009: Leong Hoy Kum 2009: Liew Yun Fah 2009: Lim Bah 2009: Lim Kang Yew 2009: Mohd Shahrom Nordin 2009: Mohd Yusof Hitam 2009: Mustafa Mansur 2009: Nik Hashim Nik Abdul Rahman 2009: Raja Arshad Raja Tun Uda 2009: Salleh Mohd Nor 2009: Sharifah Hapsah Syed Hasan 2009: Syed Azman Syed Ibrahim 2009: Ta Kin Yan 2009: Tan Ming Swee 2009: Yap Yong Seong 2009: Zainuddin Maidin 2009: Zarinah Sameehah Anwar 2010: Abd Razak Abd Latiff 2010: Abdul Aziz Shamsuddin 2010: Abdul Rashid Abdul Rahman 2010: Abdul Shukor Abdullah 2010: Abdul Shukor Husin 2010: Adenan Satem 2010: Andrew Liew Sui Fatt 2010: Andrew Sheng Len Tao 2010: Cecil Wilbert Mohanaraj Abraham 2010: Fong Chan Onn 2010: Hasmah Abdullah 2010: James Foong Cheng Yuen 2010: Jegathesan Manikavasagam 2010: Koo Yuen Kim 2010: Kuan Yong Kuan 2010: Lau Cho Kun 2010: Lee Oi Hian 2010: Lim Kim Hong 2010: Lim Soon Peng 2010: Lim Tong Yong 2010: Ling Chiong Ho 2010: Low Boon Eng 2010: Marimuthu Thangaveloo 2010: Tajol Rosli Mohd Ghazali 2010: Mohd Ghazali Mohd Yusoff 2010: Mohd Noor Ismail 2010: Mohd Yunus Mohd Tasi 2010: Nik Mustapha Raja Abdullah 2010: Robaayah Zambahari 2010: Rodzali Daud 2010: Tan Cheng Swee 2010: Tan King Tai 2010: Tang Yeam Soon 2010: Yaw Teck Seng 2010: Zulkefli A. Hassan 2010: Zulkefli Ahmad Makinudin 2011: Abdul Hamid Zainal Abidin 2011: Abdul Samad Alias 2011: Abdull Hamid Embong 2011: Abu Bakar Abdullah 2011: Ahmad Fuad Ismail 2011: Ainum Mohamed Saaid 2011: Leonard Linggi Jugah 2011: Anthony Francis Fernandes 2011: Cham Hak Lim 2011: Che Md Noor Mat Arshad 2011: Ghauth Jasmon 2011: Goh Teck Chai 2011: Hussin Ismail 2011: James Jemut Masing 2011: Lakshmanan Krishnan 2011: Lim Yew Loong 2011: Mahmood Adam 2011: Md Raus Sharif 2011: Mohd Azumi Mohamed 2011: Mohd Hussin Abd Hamid 2011: Mohd Nasir Mohd Ashraf 2011: Mohd Radzi Abdul Rahman 2011: Mohd Zaman Khan 2011: Omar Din Mawaidin 2011: P. G. Lim 2011: Rafiah Salim 2011: Rashpal Singh Jesawant Singh 2011: Ridzwan Abu Bakar 2011: Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas 2011: Tan Boon Seng 2011: Tee Tiam Lee 2011: Tengku Azlan 2011: Tunku Sallehuddin 2011: Wan Abu Bakar Omar 2011: William Mawan Ikom 2011: Yuen Yuet Leng 2011: Zulkifeli Mohd Zin 2012: Abd. Ghafar Mahmud 2012: Abd. 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Nannithamby 2016: Raja Iskandar Dzulkarnain 2016: Ramly Ali 2016: Ranjit Singh Ajit Singh 2016: Saw Choo Boon 2016: Shahrizat Abdul Jalil 2016: Sulong Matjeraie 2016: Tan Koon Swan 2016: Tan Seng Leong 2016: Tiong Su Kouk 2016: Tunku Soraya 2016: Veerasingam Suppiah 2016: Wences Angang 2016: Wong Mook Leong 2016: Zaharah Ibrahim 2016: Zainul Azman Zainul Aziz 2017: Abang Khalid Abang Marzuki 2017: Affendi Buang 2017: Ahmad Zaki Ansore Mohd Yusof 2017: Aziah Ali 2017: Chang Koon Wah 2017: Mohd Hashim Abdullah 2017: Dzulkifli Ahmad 2017: Goh Tian Chuan 2017: Halim Syafie 2017: Ismail Yusof 2017: Joseph Adaikalam 2017: Kamaluddin Abdullah 2017: Koh Cheng Keong 2017: Koon Poh Keong 2017: Kunasingam Sittampalam 2017: Lim Keng Cheng 2017: Lim Kuang Sia 2017: Lim Pau Chang 2017: Mat Shah Sapuan 2017: Mhd Amin Nordin Abdul Aziz 2017: Muhammad Ibrahim 2017: Leo Michael Toyad 2017: Murugan Doraisamy 2017: Musa Aman 2017: Noor Azlan Ghazali 2017: Ooi Kee Liang 2017: Rahamat Bivi Yusoff 2017: Rajoo Dasari 2017: Vigneswaran Sanasee 2017: Selvarajo Sinnaiyah 2017: Sharifah Zarah Syed Ahmad 2017: Siti Zaharah Sulaiman 2017: Suleiman Mohamed 2017: Syed Danial Syed Ahmad 2017: Tee Cheng York 2017: Tengku Mohamad Rizam Tengku Abdul Aziz 2017: Tengku Noor Zakiah Tengku Ismail 2017: Ter Leong Yap 2017: Wan Zaki Wan Muda 2017: Wan Zulkiflee 2017: Zainal Rahim Seman 2017: Zainudin Karjan 2017: Zulkiple Kassim 2019: Abdul Hamid Bador 2019: Ahmad Badri Mohd Zahir 2019: Ahmad Hasbullah Mohd Nawawi 2019: Alwi Ibrahim 2019: Badariah Arshad 2019: Balia Yusof Wahi 2019: Borhan Dolah 2019: Chuah Hean Teik 2019: Mahamad Fathil Mahmood 2019: Mohamad Ariff Md Yusof 2019: Mohd Reza Mohd Sany 2019: Soh Thian Lai 2019: Tommy Thomas 2019: Wong Dak Wah 2020: Ackbal Abdul Samad 2020: Ahmad Nizam Salleh 2020: Chew Chee Kin 2020: Doraisingam Rengasamy 2020: Gan Yu Chai 2020: Mazlan Mansor 2020: Mohamad Norza Zakaria 2020: Mohd Khairul Adib Abd Rahman 2020: Noor Hisham Abdullah 2020: Nor Shamsiah Mohd Yunus 2020: Rohana Yusoff 2020: Syed Zainal Abidin Syed Mohamed Tahir 2020: Tan Boon Hock 2020: Zamrose Mohd Zain 2021: Abang Iskandar Abang Hashim 2021: Abdul Hadi Awang 2021: Azam Baki 2021: Azhar Azizan Harun 2021: Ismail Ibrahim 2021: Lau Eng Guang 2021: Leow Chong Howa 2021: Liow Tiong Lai 2021: Mazlan Othman 2021: Mohamad Asfia Awang Nassar 2021: Nazir Razak 2021: Mohammed Azlan Hashim 2021: Mohd Daud Bakar 2021: Mohd Shariff Omar 2021: Muhammad Shahrul Ikram Yaakob 2021: Shahril Ridza Ridzuan 2021: Tan Jyh Yaong 2021: Tong Kooi Ong 2022: Abdul Farid Alias 2022: Adnan Yaakob 2022: Azmi Rohani 2022: Che Khalib Mohamad Noh 2022: Idris Jusoh 2022: Lee Yoon Kong 2022: Low Kian Chuan 2022: Mazlan Lazim 2022: Mazlan Yusoff 2022: Mohd Annuar Zaini 2022: Mohd Asghar Khan Goriman Khan 2022: Noormustafa Kamal Yahya 2022: Ong Ka Chuan 2022: Osu Sukam 2022: Razarudin Husain 2022: Subramaniam Sathasivam 2022: Tajuddin Atan HonoraryCommanders 1967: C.G. Ferguson 1967: Kriangsak Chamanan 1969: Tan Chin Tuan 1970: Donald Bernard Waters Good 1970: Tan Hian Tsin 1971: Chamras Mandukananda 1971: Nai Swate Komalabhhuti 1971: Pote Bekanan 1971: R. Sudomo 1971: Saiyud Kerdphol 1971: Sumitro 1971: Suwoto Sukendar 1972: Kemal Idris 1972: A.J. Wood 1972: Geoffrey Hardy-Roberts 1972: Lek Naeomali 1972: Sutopo Juwono 1972: Thongkampleo Thongyai 1972: Umar Wirahadikusumah 1973: Frank Wen King Tsao 1973: L.C. Bateman 1973: Mohamad Hasan 1976: Makmum Murod 1976: Widodo Budidarmo 1977: Faiz Mohamed Alofy 1979: Ashadi Tjahjadi 1979: Panieng Kantarat 1979: Tan Teck Khim 1979: Waleojo Soegito 1979: R. Widodo 1981: Samut Sahanavin 1982: Anthony Synnot 1982: Dakleow Susilvorn 1982: Hussein bin Al-Jazairi 1982: Prayudh Charumani 1982: Abdul Mohsen bin Jalawi 1982: Saud bin Abdul Muhsin Al Saud 1982: Shigeo Nagano 1982: Somboon Chuapaibul 1983: Abdul Rahman Ramli 1984: Nissai Vejjajiva 1986: Klaus Blech 1986: Muhammad M. 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Bertelson 1997: Edi Sudradjat 1997: Mohammed Hassan Abdul Wali 1997: Walanachi Wootisin 1998: Harmoko 1998: Katsanouke Maeda 1998: Isa Ibrahim 1999: Ernest Zulliger 1999: Mahmoud Muhammad Safar 1999: Mongkon Ampornpisit 2000: Lin Cheng Yuan 2002: Just Faaland 2003: Da'i Bachtiar 2003: Giuseppe Balboni Acqua 2003: Giuseppe Baldocci 2004: Ahmed El-Farra 2004: Iyad bin Amin Madani 2004: Hamed M.A. Yahya 2004: Marek Paszucha 2004: Masajuro Shiokawa 2005: David Chiu Tat-cheong 2005: Khoo Boon Hui 2005: Carl Philip 2005: Madeline 2006: Chang Yung-fa 2006: Fumihiko Konishi 2007: Rainer Althoff 2009: Albert Cheng Yong Kim 2009: Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu 2009: Peter Sondakh 2009: Zainuddin Jalani 2010: Bambang Hendarso Danuri 2011: Wichean Potephosree 2011: Zuhair Abdul Hamid Mokhtar Sadayo 2012: Peter Ong Boon Kwee 2012: Surin Upatkoon 2014: Adul Saengsingkaew 2015: Lim Jock Seng 2015: Moeldoko 2015: Surin Pitsuwan 2016: Abdulrahman bin Saleh Al-Bunyan 2017: Charoen Sirivadhanabhakdi 2017: Chuang Chou Wen 2017: Gerry Tung Ching Sai 2017: Steve Miligan 2017: Yuhao Aixinjueluo 2019: Ali Mehsin Fetais 2019: Adul Sangsingkeo 2020: Badrodin Haiti 2020: Budi Gunawan vteSpeaker of the Dewan Rakyat Mohamed Noah Omar Syed Esa Alwee Chik Mohamed Yusuf Sheikh Abdul Rahman Nik Ahmad Kamil Nik Mahmud Syed Nasir Ismail Mohamed Zahir Ismail Ramli Ngah Talib Pandikar Amin Mulia Mohamad Ariff Md Yusof Azhar Azizan Harun Johari Abdul vte Public Accounts CommitteeChairman Wong Kah Woh Deputy Chairman Azizah Mohd Dun Members Nurul Izzah Anwar Choong Shiau Yoon Ahmad Hamzah Takiyuddin Hassan William Leong Hasanuddin Mohd Yunus Robert Lawson Chuat Vincent Entering Wong Chen Wong Hon Wai Wong Shu Qi Muslimin Yahaya Former Chairmen Abdul Hamid Khan Ahmad Mohamed Shah Hanafiah Hussain Tan Toh Hong Walter Loh Poh Khan Abdul Aziz Yeop Lee Boon Peng Oo Gin Sun Ismail Said Affifudin Omar Jamaluddin Jarjis Ramli Ngah Talib Shahrir Abdul Samad Azmi Khalid Nur Jazlan Mohamed Hasan Arifin Ronald Kiandee Former Deputy/Vice Chairmen Mohd. Bakri Abdul Rais Daud Taha Abdul Hadi Derani Mohd. Zihin Mohd. Hassan Ahmad Husni Hanadzlah Tan Seng Giaw Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malay name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_names#Malay_names"},{"link_name":"surname or family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"United Malays National Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Menteri Besar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menteri_Besar"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister"},{"link_name":"Perak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Dewan_Rakyat"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muhammad2007-1"}],"text":"In this Malay name, there is no surname or family name. The name Ngah Talib is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by their given name, Ramli. The word \"bin\" or \"binti\"/\"binte\" means 'son of' or 'daughter of', respectively.Ramli bin Ngah Talib (born 16 March 1941) is a Malaysian politician who was active in the United Malays National Organisation. He served as the 8th Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) of Perak from 1982 to 1999 and was the Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat of the Malaysian Parliament[1] from 2004 to 2008.","title":"Ramli Ngah Talib"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dato Maharaja Lela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dato_Maharaja_Lela"},{"link_name":"J. W. W. Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._W._W._Birch"},{"link_name":"Utusan Melayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utusan_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Lembaga Lektrik Negara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenaga_Nasional"}],"text":"Born in the Malaysian rural heartland of Pasir Salak, Perak, he was raised in a kampong upbringing. Both his great grandfather Tok Anjang Pelita and great great grandfather Dato' Sagor, Dato Maharaja Lela and other Malay warriors were involved in the rebellion against British occupation in Malaya, resulting in the killing of the first British Resident of Perak, Mr. J. W. W. Birch on 2 November 1875.With the essential qualification he was accepted to the school of his choice, furthering his studies at the Malay College, Kuala Kangsar. Successful, he pursued his studies in Law at Queens University, Belfast where he obtained an LL.B. (Hons) before obtaining his Barrister-at-Law degree at Lincoln’s Inn, London. In the 1960s whilst in the United Kingdom, he was active in the Students Union in Belfast of Northern Ireland, the political secretary and magazine editor of Kesatuan Melayu United Kingdom(United Kingdom Malay Students Association) based in London. On returning to Malaysia, he became a Law Lecturer at the Institute Technology Mara (now known as UITM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of Malaya in the early 70’s. In 1971 he became the first inhouse legal advisor of Lembaga Letrik Negara (now known as TNB) and at the same time he became qualified as an Advocate and Solicitor of the High Court of Malaya. He started practising law in Kadir, Tan & Ramli which he co-founded in 1977. Around this time he was appointed as a member of the Board of Directors of Utusan Melayu, a Malay mainstream media and a member of the Board of Directors of Lembaga Lektrik Negara (now Tenaga Nasional Bhd), the country's biggest power utility company.","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dewan Rakyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Rakyat"},{"link_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_Sains_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Idris_Education_University"},{"link_name":"Dewan Negara Perak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Negara_Negeri_Perak"},{"link_name":"SPSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles"},{"link_name":"PSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles"},{"link_name":"Yang di-Pertuan Agong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong"},{"link_name":"J.P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles"},{"link_name":"Dato' Seri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles"}],"text":"Tan Sri Ramli was first elected as Perak State Assemblyman for his area Kg. Gajah Perak, in 1978, then appointed as a member of the State Executive Council, Perak. In the first year of the second term as State Assemblyman, he has reached the pinnacle of his chosen vocation by being appointed as the Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) of Perak and remained as one for more than 17 years, the longest serving Chief Minister of Perak. He became a Member of Malaysian Parliament in 2004 for the Pasir Salak constituency. During the first term as a Member of Parliament, he was appointed as head of the public custodian committee as Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee. In 2004 as a Member of Parliament, he was elected by the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives) as its Speaker.\nOn the literary front, when he was the Chief Minister of Perak, he wrote a book entitled ‘Pasir Salak: Sehamparan Sejarah Perjuangan’, a book about the Malay rebellion against British rule in Perak on 2 November 1875, and at the same time he also produced assortments of pamphlets and booklets on tourism for Pasir Salak and Perak. At the end of 2010, he completed a book written in Malay entitled ‘Meniti Zaman’ (Going Through Eras). Here he describes the beautiful, simple but tough rural life during and after the Japanese occupation. The people of his village endured a harsh rural life, right up to the time when he entered politics in the 1970s. His next acclaimed book, ‘Mr. Speaker, Sir; From Kampung Boy to the Helm of Parliament’ was published in 2012. In it he describes in vivid details the proceedings in Parliament in a manner not done before; the technicalities, the political posturings and the unanswered questions. He also contributed as a writer for the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association magazine.The Pasir Salak Historical complex, consisting of 42 dioramas carved on wood depicting all the important events in the history of Malaysia and the Malays was built on his instructions in the early 1990s. It is the first of its kind and is certainly very instructive in this aspect of Malaysian history. His stress on bringing in more institutions of higher education to Perak saw him inviting ITM (now UITM-University Teknologi Mara ) to establish their first campus in Perak by giving shop houses belonging to the State Government free of rent. Some years later land was made avlaible in Sri Iskandar, Perak for UITM permanent campus. Among other more notable projects he helped to promote when he was the Chief Minister of Perak were the constructions of Proton City in Tanjung Malim, the Lumut Port, educational facilities like Universiti Sains Malaysia (later taken over by Petronas University), Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim (UPSI), the development of Meru Raya at Ipoh, the Pasir Salak Historical Complex and the development of rural centers and the promotion of industrial centers including those in the rural areas. He however likes more to be remembered as having eradicated hardcore poverty in Perak in 1996.His sporting activities varied from badminton, football, hiking, trekking, playing polo and flying ultra-light planes and small aircraft. He has a license to fly both types of aircraft which he had obtained in 2002. He is also the President of the Perak Aero Club and the President of Malaysia Chess Federation since 2007. He was President of Perak Football Association which saw Perak winning the first Malaysia cup. In 2007 while still a Speaker of Malaysian Parliament, he took time off to climb Malaysian Peninsula’s highest mountain, Gunung Tahan. Other areas where he partake, is mountain trekking in Norway, Bhutan and Nepal.In 1986, he was awarded the title Dato' Seri Maharaja Lela Mangkubumi by a panel of Acheh’s customary chiefs for promoting good relations between Acheh and Perak. In 1996 he was awarded the Honorary Doctor of Laws LL.D. (Hon.) by the University of Sheffield, United Kingdom for promoting closer relation between Perak and Sheffield University and also for promoting cooperation in the joint establishment of the Perak Medical College in Ipoh with Sheffield University.In politics, among other posts he was the Chairman of Perak UMNO Liaison Committee from 1984-2000 and a member of the UMNO Supreme Council from 1980-2006. In 2014 he was appointed as the Pro-Chancellor of the University of Malaya. He is also a permanent member of Dewan Negara Perak (Privy Council Perak) and a holder of the title Orang Kaya-Kaya Seri Agar Diraja (Dato’ Sagor), which he inherited from his great great grandfather Dato’ Sagor.For his services he was awarded SPSA (Dato’ Seri DiRaja) by the Sultan of Perak and PSM (Tan Sri) by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. He was also awarded the J.P (Justice of the Peace), the SPCM (Dato' Seri) by the Sultan of Perak and a holder of Paul Harris Fellowship.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MY_Darjah_Yang_Mulia_Pangkuan_Negara_(Defender_of_the_Realm)_-_SMN.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Defender of the Realm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Defender_of_the_Realm#Member"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_Loyalty_to_the_Crown_of_Malaysia_-_PSM.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Loyalty_to_the_Crown_of_Malaysia#Commander"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Perak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MY-PERA_Order_of_Cura_Si_Manja_Kini_(before_2001).svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Cura Si Manja Kini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Perak"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MY-PERA_Order_of_Cura_Si_Manja_Kini_(before_2001).svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Cura Si Manja Kini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Perak"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MY-PERA_Perak_Family_Order_of_Sultan_Azlan_Shah_-_SPSA_(2000).svg"},{"link_name":"Perak Family Order of Sultan Azlan Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Perak"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Honours of Malaysia","text":"Malaysia :\n Member of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (AMN) (1980)[3]\n Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) – Tan Sri (1989)[4]\n Perak :\n Commander of the Order of Cura Si Manja Kini (PCM) (1982)[5]\n Knight Grand Commander of the Order of Cura Si Manja Kini (SPCM) – Dato' Seri (1984)[6]\nJustice of the Peace (JP) (1986)[7]\n Ordinary Class of the Perak Family Order of Sultan Azlan Shah (SPSA) – Dato' Seri DiRaja (2000)[8]","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Muhammad, Amir (16 September 2007). Malaysian politicians say the darndest things. MATAHARI BOOKS. p. 112. ISBN 978-983-43596-0-7. Retrieved 3 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7UPKxRaGyCEC&pg=PA112","url_text":"Malaysian politicians say the darndest things"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-43596-0-7","url_text":"978-983-43596-0-7"}]},{"reference":"\"KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE-12\". semak.spr.gov.my. Retrieved 19 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://semak.spr.gov.my/spr/laporan/5_KedudukanAkhir.php","url_text":"\"KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE-12\""}]},{"reference":"\"Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang Dan Pingat\" (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-flow_analysis	Power-flow study	["1 Model","2 Power-flow problem formulation","3 Newton–Raphson solution method","4 Other power-flow methods","5 DC power-flow","6 References"]	Numerical analysis of electric power flow In power engineering, the power-flow study, or load-flow study, is a numerical analysis of the flow of electric power in an interconnected system. A power-flow study usually uses simplified notations such as a one-line diagram and per-unit system, and focuses on various aspects of AC power parameters, such as voltages, voltage angles, real power and reactive power. It analyzes the power systems in normal steady-state operation. Power-flow or load-flow studies are important for planning future expansion of power systems as well as in determining the best operation of existing systems. The principal information obtained from the power-flow study is the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage at each bus, and the real and reactive power flowing in each line. Commercial power systems are usually too complex to allow for hand solution of the power flow. Special-purpose network analyzers were built between 1929 and the early 1960s to provide laboratory-scale physical models of power systems. Large-scale digital computers replaced the analog methods with numerical solutions. In addition to a power-flow study, computer programs perform related calculations such as short-circuit fault analysis, stability studies (transient and steady-state), unit commitment and economic dispatch. In particular, some programs use linear programming to find the optimal power flow, the conditions which give the lowest cost per kilowatt hour delivered. A load flow study is especially valuable for a system with multiple load centers, such as a refinery complex. The power-flow study is an analysis of the system’s capability to adequately supply the connected load. The total system losses, as well as individual line losses, also are tabulated. Transformer tap positions are selected to ensure the correct voltage at critical locations such as motor control centers. Performing a load-flow study on an existing system provides insight and recommendations as to the system operation and optimization of control settings to obtain maximum capacity while minimizing the operating costs. The results of such an analysis are in terms of active power, reactive power, voltage magnitude and phase angle. Furthermore, power-flow computations are crucial for optimal operations of groups of generating units. In term of its approach to uncertainties, load-flow study can be divided to deterministic load flow and uncertainty-concerned load flow. Deterministic load-flow study does not take into account the uncertainties arising from both power generations and load behaviors. To take the uncertainties into consideration, there are several approaches that has been used such as probabilistic, possibilistic, information gap decision theory, robust optimization, and interval analysis. Model An alternating current power-flow model is a model used in electrical engineering to analyze power grids. It provides a nonlinear system of equations which describes the energy flow through each transmission line. The problem is non-linear because the power flow into load impedances is a function of the square of the applied voltages. Due to nonlinearity, in many cases the analysis of large network via AC power-flow model is not feasible, and a linear (but less accurate) DC power-flow model is used instead. Usually analysis of a three-phase power system is simplified by assuming balanced loading of all three phases. Sinusoidal steady-state operation is assumed, with no transient changes in power flow or voltage due to load or generation changes, meaning all current and voltage waveforms are sinusoidal with no DC offset and have the same constant frequency. The previous assumption is the same as assuming the power system is linear time-invariant (even though the system of equations is nonlinear), driven by sinusoidal sources of same frequency, and operating in steady-state, which allows to use phasor analysis, another simplification. A further simplification is to use the per-unit system to represent all voltages, power flows, and impedances, scaling the actual target system values to some convenient base. A system one-line diagram is the basis to build a mathematical model of the generators, loads, buses, and transmission lines of the system, and their electrical impedances and ratings. Power-flow problem formulation The goal of a power-flow study is to obtain complete voltages angle and magnitude information for each bus in a power system for specified load and generator real power and voltage conditions. Once this information is known, real and reactive power flow on each branch as well as generator reactive power output can be analytically determined. Due to the nonlinear nature of this problem, numerical methods are employed to obtain a solution that is within an acceptable tolerance. The solution to the power-flow problem begins with identifying the known and unknown variables in the system. The known and unknown variables are dependent on the type of bus. A bus without any generators connected to it is called a Load Bus. With one exception, a bus with at least one generator connected to it is called a Generator Bus. The exception is one arbitrarily-selected bus that has a generator. This bus is referred to as the slack bus. In the power-flow problem, it is assumed that the real power PD and reactive power QD at each Load Bus are known. For this reason, Load Buses are also known as PQ Buses. For Generator Buses, it is assumed that the real power generated PG and the voltage magnitude \|V\| is known. For the Slack Bus, it is assumed that the voltage magnitude \|V\| and voltage phase Θ are known. Therefore, for each Load Bus, both the voltage magnitude and angle are unknown and must be solved for; for each Generator Bus, the voltage angle must be solved for; there are no variables that must be solved for the Slack Bus. In a system with N buses and R generators, there are then 2 ( N − 1 ) − ( R − 1 ) {\displaystyle 2(N-1)-(R-1)} unknowns. In order to solve for the 2 ( N − 1 ) − ( R − 1 ) {\displaystyle 2(N-1)-(R-1)} unknowns, there must be 2 ( N − 1 ) − ( R − 1 ) {\displaystyle 2(N-1)-(R-1)} equations that do not introduce any new unknown variables. The possible equations to use are power balance equations, which can be written for real and reactive power for each bus. The real power balance equation is: 0 = − P i + ∑ k = 1 N \| V i \| \| V k \| ( G i k cos ⁡ θ i k + B i k sin ⁡ θ i k ) {\displaystyle 0=-P_{i}+\sum _{k=1}^{N}\|V_{i}\|\|V_{k}\|(G_{ik}\cos \theta _{ik}+B_{ik}\sin \theta _{ik})} where P i {\displaystyle P_{i}} is the net active power injected at bus i, G i k {\displaystyle G_{ik}} is the real part of the element in the bus admittance matrix YBUS corresponding to the i t h {\displaystyle i_{th}} row and k t h {\displaystyle k_{th}} column, B i k {\displaystyle B_{ik}} is the imaginary part of the element in the YBUS corresponding to the i t h {\displaystyle i_{th}} row and k t h {\displaystyle k_{th}} column and θ i k {\displaystyle \theta _{ik}} is the difference in voltage angle between the i t h {\displaystyle i_{th}} and k t h {\displaystyle k_{th}} buses ( θ i k = θ i − θ k {\displaystyle \theta _{ik}=\theta _{i}-\theta _{k}} ). The reactive power balance equation is: 0 = − Q i + ∑ k = 1 N \| V i \| \| V k \| ( G i k sin ⁡ θ i k − B i k cos ⁡ θ i k ) {\displaystyle 0=-Q_{i}+\sum _{k=1}^{N}\|V_{i}\|\|V_{k}\|(G_{ik}\sin \theta _{ik}-B_{ik}\cos \theta _{ik})} where Q i {\displaystyle Q_{i}} is the net reactive power injected at bus i. Equations included are the real and reactive power balance equations for each Load Bus and the real power balance equation for each Generator Bus. Only the real power balance equation is written for a Generator Bus because the net reactive power injected is assumed to be unknown and therefore including the reactive power balance equation would result in an additional unknown variable. For similar reasons, there are no equations written for the Slack Bus. In many transmission systems, the impedance of the power network lines is primarily inductive, i.e. the phase angles of the power lines impedance are usually relatively large and very close to 90 degrees. There is thus a strong coupling between real power and voltage angle, and between reactive power and voltage magnitude, while the coupling between real power and voltage magnitude, as well as reactive power and voltage angle, is weak. As a result, real power is usually transmitted from the bus with higher voltage angle to the bus with lower voltage angle, and reactive power is usually transmitted from the bus with higher voltage magnitude to the bus with lower voltage magnitude. However, this approximation does not hold when the phase angle of the power line impedance is relatively small. Newton–Raphson solution method There are several different methods of solving the resulting nonlinear system of equations. The most popular is a variation of the Newton–Raphson method. The Newton-Raphson method is an iterative method which begins with initial guesses of all unknown variables (voltage magnitude and angles at Load Buses and voltage angles at Generator Buses). Next, a Taylor Series is written, with the higher order terms ignored, for each of the power balance equations included in the system of equations. The result is a linear system of equations that can be expressed as: [ Δ θ Δ \| V \| ] = − J − 1 [ Δ P Δ Q ] {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}\Delta \theta \\\Delta \|V\|\end{bmatrix}}=-J^{-1}{\begin{bmatrix}\Delta P\\\Delta Q\end{bmatrix}}} where Δ P {\displaystyle \Delta P} and Δ Q {\displaystyle \Delta Q} are called the mismatch equations: Δ P i = − P i + ∑ k = 1 N \| V i \| \| V k \| ( G i k cos ⁡ θ i k + B i k sin ⁡ θ i k ) {\displaystyle \Delta P_{i}=-P_{i}+\sum _{k=1}^{N}\|V_{i}\|\|V_{k}\|(G_{ik}\cos \theta _{ik}+B_{ik}\sin \theta _{ik})} Δ Q i = − Q i + ∑ k = 1 N \| V i \| \| V k \| ( G i k sin ⁡ θ i k − B i k cos ⁡ θ i k ) {\displaystyle \Delta Q_{i}=-Q_{i}+\sum _{k=1}^{N}\|V_{i}\|\|V_{k}\|(G_{ik}\sin \theta _{ik}-B_{ik}\cos \theta _{ik})} and J {\displaystyle J} is a matrix of partial derivatives known as a Jacobian: J = [ ∂ Δ P ∂ θ ∂ Δ P ∂ \| V \| ∂ Δ Q ∂ θ ∂ Δ Q ∂ \| V \| ] {\displaystyle J={\begin{bmatrix}{\dfrac {\partial \Delta P}{\partial \theta }}&{\dfrac {\partial \Delta P}{\partial \|V\|}}\\{\dfrac {\partial \Delta Q}{\partial \theta }}&{\dfrac {\partial \Delta Q}{\partial \|V\|}}\end{bmatrix}}} . The linearized system of equations is solved to determine the next guess (m + 1) of voltage magnitude and angles based on: θ m + 1 = θ m + Δ θ {\displaystyle \theta _{m+1}=\theta _{m}+\Delta \theta \,} \| V \| m + 1 = \| V \| m + Δ \| V \| {\displaystyle \|V\|_{m+1}=\|V\|_{m}+\Delta \|V\|\,} The process continues until a stopping condition is met. A common stopping condition is to terminate if the norm of the mismatch equations is below a specified tolerance. A rough outline of solution of the power-flow problem is: Make an initial guess of all unknown voltage magnitudes and angles. It is common to use a "flat start" in which all voltage angles are set to zero and all voltage magnitudes are set to 1.0 p.u. Solve the power balance equations using the most recent voltage angle and magnitude values. Linearize the system around the most recent voltage angle and magnitude values Solve for the change in voltage angle and magnitude Update the voltage magnitude and angles Check the stopping conditions, if met then terminate, else go to step 2. Other power-flow methods Gauss–Seidel method: This is the earliest devised method. It shows slower rates of convergence compared to other iterative methods, but it uses very little memory and does not need to solve a matrix system. Fast-decoupled-load-flow method is a variation on Newton–Raphson that exploits the approximate decoupling of active and reactive flows in well-behaved power networks, and additionally fixes the value of the Jacobian during the iteration in order to avoid costly matrix decompositions. Also referred to as "fixed-slope, decoupled NR". Within the algorithm, the Jacobian matrix gets inverted only once, and there are three assumptions. Firstly, the conductance between the buses is zero. Secondly, the magnitude of the bus voltage is one per unit. Thirdly, the sine of phases between buses is zero. Fast decoupled load flow can return the answer within seconds whereas the Newton Raphson method takes much longer. This is useful for real-time management of power grids. Holomorphic embedding load flow method: A recently developed method based on advanced techniques of complex analysis. It is direct and guarantees the calculation of the correct (operative) branch, out of the multiple solutions present in the power-flow equations. Backward-Forward Sweep (BFS) method: A method developed to take advantage of the radial structure of most modern distribution grids. It involves choosing an initial voltage profile and separating the original system of equations of grid components into two separate systems and solving one, using the last results of the other, until convergence is achieved. Solving for the currents with the voltages given is called the backward sweep (BS) and solving for the voltages with the currents given is called the forward sweep (FS). Laurent Power Flow (LPF) method: Power flow formulation that provides guarantee of uniqueness of solution and independence on initial conditions for electrical distribution systems. The LPF is based on the current injection method (CIM) and applies the Laurent series expansion. The main characteristics of this formulation are its proven numerical convergence and stability, and its computational advantages, showing to be at least ten times faster than the BFS method both in balanced and unbalanced networks. Since it is based on the system's admittance matrix, the formulation is able to consider radial and meshed network topologies without additional modifications (contrary to the compensation-based BFS). The simplicity and computational efficiency of the LPF method make it an attractive option for recursive power flow problems, such as those encountered in time-series analyses, metaheuristics, probabilistic analysis, reinforcement learning applied to power systems, and other related applications. DC power-flow Direct current load flow gives estimations of lines power flows on AC power systems. Direct current load flow looks only at active power flows and neglects reactive power flows. This method is non-iterative and absolutely convergent but less accurate than AC Load Flow solutions. Direct current load flow is used wherever repetitive and fast load flow estimations are required. References ^ Low, S. H. (2013). "Convex relaxation of optimal power flow: A tutorial". 2013 IREP Symposium Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control - IX Optimization, Security and Control of the Emerging Power Grid. pp. 1–06. doi:10.1109/IREP.2013.6629391. ISBN 978-1-4799-0199-9. S2CID 14195805. ^ Aien, Morteza; Hajebrahimi, Ali; Fotuhi-Firuzabad, Mahmud (2016). "A comprehensive review on uncertainty modeling techniques in power system studies". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 57: 1077–1089. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.070. ^ Grainger, J.; Stevenson, W. (1994). Power System Analysis. New York: McGraw–Hill. ISBN 0-07-061293-5. ^ Andersson, G: Lectures on Modelling and Analysis of Electric Power Systems Archived 2017-02-15 at the Wayback Machine ^ Stott, B.; Alsac, O. (May 1974). "Fast Decoupled Load Flow". IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems. PAS-93 (3): 859–869. Bibcode:1974ITPAS..93..859S. doi:10.1109/tpas.1974.293985. ISSN 0018-9510. ^ Petridis, S.; Blanas, O.; Rakopoulos, D.; Stergiopoulos, F.; Nikolopoulos, N.; Voutetakis, S. An Efficient Backward/Forward Sweep Algorithm for Power Flow Analysis through a Novel Tree-Like Structure for Unbalanced Distribution Networks. Energies 2021, 14, 897. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040897, https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/4/897 ^ Giraldo, J. S., Montoya, O. D., Vergara, P. P., & Milano, F. (2022). A fixed-point current injection power flow for electric distribution systems using Laurent series. Electric Power Systems Research, 211, 108326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.108326 ^ Shirmohammadi, D., Hong, H. W., Semlyen, A., & Luo, G. X. (1988). A compensation-based power flow method for weakly meshed distribution and transmission networks. IEEE Transactions on power systems, 3(2), 753-762. https://doi.org/10.1109/59.192932 ^ Seifi, H. &. (2011). Appendix A: DC Load Flow. In H. &. Seifi, Electric power system planning: issues, algorithms and solutions (pp. 245-249). Berlin: Springer vteElectricity deliveryConcepts Automatic generation control Backfeeding Base load Demand factor Droop speed control Electric power Electric power quality Electrical fault Energy demand management Energy return on investment Grid code Grid energy storage Grid strength Home energy storage Load-following Merit order Nameplate capacity Peak demand Power factor Power-flow study Repowering Utility frequency Variability Vehicle-to-grid SourcesNon-renewable Fossil fuel power station Coal Natural gas Oil shale Petroleum Nuclear Renewable Biofuel Biogas Biomass Geothermal Hydro Marine Current Osmotic Thermal Tidal Wave Solar Sustainable biofuel Wind Generation AC power Cogeneration Combined cycle Cooling tower Induction generator Micro CHP Microgeneration Rankine cycle Three-phase electric power Virtual power plant Transmissionand distribution Demand response Distributed generation Dynamic demand Electric power distribution Electric power system Electric power transmission Electrical busbar system Electrical grid Electrical substation Electricity retailing High-voltage direct current High-voltage shore connection Interconnector Load management Mains electricity by country Overhead power line Power station Pumped hydro Single-wire earth return Smart grid Super grid Transformer Transmission system operator (TSO) Transmission tower Utility pole Failure modes Black start Brownout Cascading failure Power outage Rolling blackout Protectivedevices Arc-fault circuit interrupter Circuit breaker Earth-leakage Sulfur hexafluoride Generator interlock kit Numerical relay Power system protection Protective relay Residual-current device (GFI) Economicsand policies Availability factor Capacity factor Carbon offsets and credits Cost of electricity by source Energy subsidies Environmental tax Feed-in tariff Fossil fuel phase-out Load factor Net metering Pigouvian tax Renewable Energy Certificates Renewable energy commercialization Renewable Energy Payments Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread Statistics andproduction Electric energy consumption List of electricity sectors Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"power engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_engineering"},{"link_name":"numerical analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_analysis"},{"link_name":"one-line diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-line_diagram"},{"link_name":"per-unit system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per-unit_system"},{"link_name":"AC power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power"},{"link_name":"bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busbar"},{"link_name":"network analyzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_analyzer_(AC_power)"},{"link_name":"short-circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit"},{"link_name":"unit commitment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_commitment"},{"link_name":"economic dispatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_dispatch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"linear programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_programming"},{"link_name":"kilowatt hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt_hour"},{"link_name":"optimal operations of groups of generating units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_commitment_problem_in_electrical_power_production"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In power engineering, the power-flow study, or load-flow study, is a numerical analysis of the flow of electric power in an interconnected system. A power-flow study usually uses simplified notations such as a one-line diagram and per-unit system, and focuses on various aspects of AC power parameters, such as voltages, voltage angles, real power and reactive power. It analyzes the power systems in normal steady-state operation.Power-flow or load-flow studies are important for planning future expansion of power systems as well as in determining the best operation of existing systems. The principal information obtained from the power-flow study is the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage at each bus, and the real and reactive power flowing in each line.Commercial power systems are usually too complex to allow for hand solution of the power flow. Special-purpose network analyzers were built between 1929 and the early 1960s to provide laboratory-scale physical models of power systems. Large-scale digital computers replaced the analog methods with numerical solutions.In addition to a power-flow study, computer programs perform related calculations such as short-circuit fault analysis, stability studies (transient and steady-state), unit commitment and economic dispatch.[1] In particular, some programs use linear programming to find the optimal power flow, the conditions which give the lowest cost per kilowatt hour delivered.A load flow study is especially valuable for a system with multiple load centers, such as a refinery complex. The power-flow study is an analysis of the system’s capability to adequately supply the connected load. The total system losses, as well as individual line losses, also are tabulated. Transformer tap positions are selected to ensure the correct voltage at critical locations such as motor control centers. Performing a load-flow study on an existing system provides insight and recommendations as to the system operation and optimization of control settings to obtain maximum capacity while minimizing the operating costs. The results of such an analysis are in terms of active power, reactive power, voltage magnitude and phase angle. Furthermore, power-flow computations are crucial for optimal operations of groups of generating units.In term of its approach to uncertainties, load-flow study can be divided to deterministic load flow and uncertainty-concerned load flow. Deterministic load-flow study does not take into account the uncertainties arising from both power generations and load behaviors. To take the uncertainties into consideration, there are several approaches that has been used such as probabilistic, possibilistic, information gap decision theory, robust optimization, and interval analysis.[2]","title":"Power-flow study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"power grids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_grids"},{"link_name":"nonlinear system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_systems"},{"link_name":"phasor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasor"},{"link_name":"per-unit system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per-unit_system"},{"link_name":"one-line diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-line_diagram"}],"text":"An alternating current power-flow model is a model used in electrical engineering to analyze power grids. It provides a nonlinear system of equations which describes the energy flow through each transmission line. The problem is non-linear because the power flow into load impedances is a function of the square of the applied voltages. Due to nonlinearity, in many cases the analysis of large network via AC power-flow model is not feasible, and a linear (but less accurate) DC power-flow model is used instead.Usually analysis of a three-phase power system is simplified by assuming balanced loading of all three phases. Sinusoidal steady-state operation is assumed, with no transient changes in power flow or voltage due to load or generation changes, meaning all current and voltage waveforms are sinusoidal with no DC offset and have the same constant frequency. The previous assumption is the same as assuming the power system is linear time-invariant (even though the system of equations is nonlinear), driven by sinusoidal sources of same frequency, and operating in steady-state, which allows to use phasor analysis, another simplification. A further simplification is to use the per-unit system to represent all voltages, power flows, and impedances, scaling the actual target system values to some convenient base. A system one-line diagram is the basis to build a mathematical model of the generators, loads, buses, and transmission lines of the system, and their electrical impedances and ratings.","title":"Model"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"slack bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack_bus"},{"link_name":"bus admittance matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ybus_matrix"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The goal of a power-flow study is to obtain complete voltages angle and magnitude information for each bus in a power system for specified load and generator real power and voltage conditions.[3] Once this information is known, real and reactive power flow on each branch as well as generator reactive power output can be analytically determined. Due to the nonlinear nature of this problem, numerical methods are employed to obtain a solution that is within an acceptable tolerance.The solution to the power-flow problem begins with identifying the known and unknown variables in the system. The known and unknown variables are dependent on the type of bus. A bus without any generators connected to it is called a Load Bus. With one exception, a bus with at least one generator connected to it is called a Generator Bus. The exception is one arbitrarily-selected bus that has a generator. This bus is referred to as the slack bus.In the power-flow problem, it is assumed that the real power PD and reactive power QD at each Load Bus are known. For this reason, Load Buses are also known as PQ Buses. For Generator Buses, it is assumed that the real power generated PG and the voltage magnitude \|V\| is known. For the Slack Bus, it is assumed that the voltage magnitude \|V\| and voltage phase Θ are known. Therefore, for each Load Bus, both the voltage magnitude and angle are unknown and must be solved for; for each Generator Bus, the voltage angle must be solved for; there are no variables that must be solved for the Slack Bus. In a system with N buses and R generators, there are then \n \n \n \n 2\n (\n N\n −\n 1\n )\n −\n (\n R\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2(N-1)-(R-1)}\n \n unknowns.In order to solve for the \n \n \n \n 2\n (\n N\n −\n 1\n )\n −\n (\n R\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2(N-1)-(R-1)}\n \n unknowns, there must be \n \n \n \n 2\n (\n N\n −\n 1\n )\n −\n (\n R\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2(N-1)-(R-1)}\n \n equations that do not introduce any new unknown variables. The possible equations to use are power balance equations, which can be written for real and reactive power for each bus.\nThe real power balance equation is:0\n =\n −\n \n P\n \n i\n \n \n +\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n N\n \n \n \n \|\n \n \n V\n \n i\n \n \n \n \|\n \n \n \|\n \n \n V\n \n k\n \n \n \n \|\n \n (\n \n G\n \n i\n k\n \n \n cos\n ⁡\n \n θ\n \n i\n k\n \n \n +\n \n B\n \n i\n k\n \n \n sin\n ⁡\n \n θ\n \n i\n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0=-P_{i}+\\sum _{k=1}^{N}\|V_{i}\|\|V_{k}\|(G_{ik}\\cos \\theta _{ik}+B_{ik}\\sin \\theta _{ik})}where \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{i}}\n \n is the net active power injected at bus i, \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n i\n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{ik}}\n \n is the real part of the element in the bus admittance matrix YBUS corresponding to the \n \n \n \n \n i\n \n t\n h\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle i_{th}}\n \n row and \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n t\n h\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k_{th}}\n \n column, \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n i\n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{ik}}\n \n is the imaginary part of the element in the YBUS corresponding to the \n \n \n \n \n i\n \n t\n h\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle i_{th}}\n \n row and \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n t\n h\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k_{th}}\n \n column and \n \n \n \n \n θ\n \n i\n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta _{ik}}\n \n is the difference in voltage angle between the \n \n \n \n \n i\n \n t\n h\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle i_{th}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n t\n h\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k_{th}}\n \n buses (\n \n \n \n \n θ\n \n i\n k\n \n \n =\n \n θ\n \n i\n \n \n −\n \n θ\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta _{ik}=\\theta _{i}-\\theta _{k}}\n \n). The reactive power balance equation is:0\n =\n −\n \n Q\n \n i\n \n \n +\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n N\n \n \n \n \|\n \n \n V\n \n i\n \n \n \n \|\n \n \n \|\n \n \n V\n \n k\n \n \n \n \|\n \n (\n \n G\n \n i\n k\n \n \n sin\n ⁡\n \n θ\n \n i\n k\n \n \n −\n \n B\n \n i\n k\n \n \n cos\n ⁡\n \n θ\n \n i\n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0=-Q_{i}+\\sum _{k=1}^{N}\|V_{i}\|\|V_{k}\|(G_{ik}\\sin \\theta _{ik}-B_{ik}\\cos \\theta _{ik})}where \n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q_{i}}\n \n is the net reactive power injected at bus i.Equations included are the real and reactive power balance equations for each Load Bus and the real power balance equation for each Generator Bus. Only the real power balance equation is written for a Generator Bus because the net reactive power injected is assumed to be unknown and therefore including the reactive power balance equation would result in an additional unknown variable. For similar reasons, there are no equations written for the Slack Bus.In many transmission systems, the impedance of the power network lines is primarily inductive, i.e. the phase angles of the power lines impedance are usually relatively large and very close to 90 degrees. There is thus a strong coupling between real power and voltage angle, and between reactive power and voltage magnitude, while the coupling between real power and voltage magnitude, as well as reactive power and voltage angle, is weak. As a result, real power is usually transmitted from the bus with higher voltage angle to the bus with lower voltage angle, and reactive power is usually transmitted from the bus with higher voltage magnitude to the bus with lower voltage magnitude. However, this approximation does not hold when the phase angle of the power line impedance is relatively small.[4]","title":"Power-flow problem formulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Newton–Raphson method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%E2%80%93Raphson_method"},{"link_name":"iterative method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterative_method"},{"link_name":"Taylor Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Series"},{"link_name":"Jacobian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobian_matrix_and_determinant"},{"link_name":"norm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_norm"}],"text":"There are several different methods of solving the resulting nonlinear system of equations. The most popular[according to whom?] is a variation of the Newton–Raphson method. The Newton-Raphson method is an iterative method which begins with initial guesses of all unknown variables (voltage magnitude and angles at Load Buses and voltage angles at Generator Buses). Next, a Taylor Series is written, with the higher order terms ignored, for each of the power balance equations included in the system of equations. The result is a linear system of equations that can be expressed as:[\n \n \n \n Δ\n θ\n \n \n \n \n Δ\n \n \|\n \n V\n \n \|\n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n =\n −\n \n J\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n Δ\n P\n \n \n \n \n Δ\n Q\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{bmatrix}\\Delta \\theta \\\\\\Delta \|V\|\\end{bmatrix}}=-J^{-1}{\\begin{bmatrix}\\Delta P\\\\\\Delta Q\\end{bmatrix}}}where \n \n \n \n Δ\n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta P}\n \n and \n \n \n \n Δ\n Q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta Q}\n \n are called the mismatch equations:Δ\n \n P\n \n i\n \n \n =\n −\n \n P\n \n i\n \n \n +\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n N\n \n \n \n \|\n \n \n V\n \n i\n \n \n \n \|\n \n \n \|\n \n \n V\n \n k\n \n \n \n \|\n \n (\n \n G\n \n i\n k\n \n \n cos\n ⁡\n \n θ\n \n i\n k\n \n \n +\n \n B\n \n i\n k\n \n \n sin\n ⁡\n \n θ\n \n i\n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta P_{i}=-P_{i}+\\sum _{k=1}^{N}\|V_{i}\|\|V_{k}\|(G_{ik}\\cos \\theta _{ik}+B_{ik}\\sin \\theta _{ik})}Δ\n \n Q\n \n i\n \n \n =\n −\n \n Q\n \n i\n \n \n +\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n N\n \n \n \n \|\n \n \n V\n \n i\n \n \n \n \|\n \n \n \|\n \n \n V\n \n k\n \n \n \n \|\n \n (\n \n G\n \n i\n k\n \n \n sin\n ⁡\n \n θ\n \n i\n k\n \n \n −\n \n B\n \n i\n k\n \n \n cos\n ⁡\n \n θ\n \n i\n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta Q_{i}=-Q_{i}+\\sum _{k=1}^{N}\|V_{i}\|\|V_{k}\|(G_{ik}\\sin \\theta _{ik}-B_{ik}\\cos \\theta _{ik})}and \n \n \n \n J\n \n \n {\\displaystyle J}\n \n is a matrix of partial derivatives known as a Jacobian:\n\n \n \n \n J\n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n Δ\n P\n \n \n ∂\n θ\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n Δ\n P\n \n \n ∂\n \n \|\n \n V\n \n \|\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n Δ\n Q\n \n \n ∂\n θ\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n Δ\n Q\n \n \n ∂\n \n \|\n \n V\n \n \|\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle J={\\begin{bmatrix}{\\dfrac {\\partial \\Delta P}{\\partial \\theta }}&{\\dfrac {\\partial \\Delta P}{\\partial \|V\|}}\\\\{\\dfrac {\\partial \\Delta Q}{\\partial \\theta }}&{\\dfrac {\\partial \\Delta Q}{\\partial \|V\|}}\\end{bmatrix}}}\n \n.The linearized system of equations is solved to determine the next guess (m + 1) of voltage magnitude and angles based on:θ\n \n m\n +\n 1\n \n \n =\n \n θ\n \n m\n \n \n +\n Δ\n θ\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta _{m+1}=\\theta _{m}+\\Delta \\theta \\,}\|\n \n V\n \n \n \|\n \n \n m\n +\n 1\n \n \n =\n \n \|\n \n V\n \n \n \|\n \n \n m\n \n \n +\n Δ\n \n \|\n \n V\n \n \|\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \|V\|_{m+1}=\|V\|_{m}+\\Delta \|V\|\\,}The process continues until a stopping condition is met. A common stopping condition is to terminate if the norm of the mismatch equations is below a specified tolerance.A rough outline of solution of the power-flow problem is:Make an initial guess of all unknown voltage magnitudes and angles. It is common to use a \"flat start\" in which all voltage angles are set to zero and all voltage magnitudes are set to 1.0 p.u.\nSolve the power balance equations using the most recent voltage angle and magnitude values.\nLinearize the system around the most recent voltage angle and magnitude values\nSolve for the change in voltage angle and magnitude\nUpdate the voltage magnitude and angles\nCheck the stopping conditions, if met then terminate, else go to step 2.","title":"Newton–Raphson solution method"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gauss–Seidel method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Seidel_method"},{"link_name":"Fast-decoupled-load-flow method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fast-decoupled-load-flow_method&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jacobian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobian_matrix_and_determinant"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Holomorphic embedding load flow method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomorphic_embedding_load_flow_method"},{"link_name":"Backward-Forward Sweep (BFS) method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backward-Forward_Sweep_(BFS)_method&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Laurent Power Flow (LPF) method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laurent_Power_Flow_(LPF)_method&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Gauss–Seidel method: This is the earliest devised method. It shows slower rates of convergence compared to other iterative methods, but it uses very little memory and does not need to solve a matrix system.\nFast-decoupled-load-flow method is a variation on Newton–Raphson that exploits the approximate decoupling of active and reactive flows in well-behaved power networks, and additionally fixes the value of the Jacobian during the iteration in order to avoid costly matrix decompositions. Also referred to as \"fixed-slope, decoupled NR\". Within the algorithm, the Jacobian matrix gets inverted only once, and there are three assumptions. Firstly, the conductance between the buses is zero. Secondly, the magnitude of the bus voltage is one per unit. Thirdly, the sine of phases between buses is zero. Fast decoupled load flow can return the answer within seconds whereas the Newton Raphson method takes much longer. This is useful for real-time management of power grids.[5]\nHolomorphic embedding load flow method: A recently developed method based on advanced techniques of complex analysis. It is direct and guarantees the calculation of the correct (operative) branch, out of the multiple solutions present in the power-flow equations.\nBackward-Forward Sweep (BFS) method: A method developed to take advantage of the radial structure of most modern distribution grids. It involves choosing an initial voltage profile and separating the original system of equations of grid components into two separate systems and solving one, using the last results of the other, until convergence is achieved. Solving for the currents with the voltages given is called the backward sweep (BS) and solving for the voltages with the currents given is called the forward sweep (FS).[6]\nLaurent Power Flow (LPF) method: Power flow formulation that provides guarantee of uniqueness of solution and independence on initial conditions for electrical distribution systems. The LPF is based on the current injection method (CIM) and applies the Laurent series expansion. The main characteristics of this formulation are its proven numerical convergence and stability, and its computational advantages, showing to be at least ten times faster than the BFS method both in balanced and unbalanced networks.[7] Since it is based on the system's admittance matrix, the formulation is able to consider radial and meshed network topologies without additional modifications (contrary to the compensation-based BFS[8]). The simplicity and computational efficiency of the LPF method make it an attractive option for recursive power flow problems, such as those encountered in time-series analyses, metaheuristics, probabilistic analysis, reinforcement learning applied to power systems, and other related applications.","title":"Other power-flow methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"active power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_power"},{"link_name":"reactive power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_power"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Direct current load flow gives estimations of lines power flows on AC power systems. Direct current load flow looks only at active power flows and neglects reactive power flows. This method is non-iterative and absolutely convergent but less accurate than AC Load Flow solutions. Direct current load flow is used wherever repetitive and fast load flow estimations are required.[9]","title":"DC power-flow"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Low, S. H. (2013). \"Convex relaxation of optimal power flow: A tutorial\". 2013 IREP Symposium Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control - IX Optimization, Security and Control of the Emerging Power Grid. pp. 1–06. doi:10.1109/IREP.2013.6629391. ISBN 978-1-4799-0199-9. S2CID 14195805.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIREP.2013.6629391","url_text":"10.1109/IREP.2013.6629391"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4799-0199-9","url_text":"978-1-4799-0199-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14195805","url_text":"14195805"}]},{"reference":"Aien, Morteza; Hajebrahimi, Ali; Fotuhi-Firuzabad, Mahmud (2016). \"A comprehensive review on uncertainty modeling techniques in power system studies\". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 57: 1077–1089. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.070.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2015.12.070","url_text":"10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.070"}]},{"reference":"Grainger, J.; Stevenson, W. (1994). Power System Analysis. New York: McGraw–Hill. ISBN 0-07-061293-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-061293-5","url_text":"0-07-061293-5"}]},{"reference":"Stott, B.; Alsac, O. (May 1974). \"Fast Decoupled Load Flow\". IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems. PAS-93 (3): 859–869. Bibcode:1974ITPAS..93..859S. doi:10.1109/tpas.1974.293985. ISSN 0018-9510.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974ITPAS..93..859S","url_text":"1974ITPAS..93..859S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ftpas.1974.293985","url_text":"10.1109/tpas.1974.293985"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9510","url_text":"0018-9510"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIREP.2013.6629391","external_links_name":"10.1109/IREP.2013.6629391"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14195805","external_links_name":"14195805"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2015.12.070","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.070"},{"Link":"http://www.eeh.ee.ethz.ch/uploads/tx_ethstudies/modelling_hs08_script_02.pdf","external_links_name":"Andersson, G: Lectures on Modelling and Analysis of Electric Power Systems"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170215042633/http://www.eeh.ee.ethz.ch/uploads/tx_ethstudies/modelling_hs08_script_02.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974ITPAS..93..859S","external_links_name":"1974ITPAS..93..859S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ftpas.1974.293985","external_links_name":"10.1109/tpas.1974.293985"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9510","external_links_name":"0018-9510"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040897","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040897"},{"Link":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/4/897","external_links_name":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/4/897"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.108326","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.108326"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109/59.192932","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.1109/59.192932"},{"Link":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-3-642-17989-1%2F1.pdf","external_links_name":"Seifi, H. &. (2011). Appendix A: DC Load Flow. In H. &. Seifi, Electric power system planning: issues, algorithms and solutions (pp. 245-249). Berlin: Springer"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ros_Serey_Sothea	Ros Serey Sothea	["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Music career","1.3 Personal life","1.4 Disappearance and death","2 Legacy","3 Partial discography","3.1 Rock","3.2 Romvong","3.3 Saravann","3.4 Slow","3.5 Duets with Sinn Sisamouth","3.6 Duets with Other Artists","4 References","5 External links"]	Cambodian singer (c. 1948–c. 1977) In this Cambodian name, the surname is Ros. In accordance with Cambodian custom, this person should be referred to by the given name, Sothea. Ros Serey SotheaSothea in the 1960sBackground informationBirth nameRos SotheaBornc. 1948Battambang province, French protectorate of CambodiaOriginBattambang, CambodiaDiedc. 1977 (aged 28–29)GenresPsychedelic rockgarage rockkbachromvongsaravanbluesbossa novafilm musicclassical Khmer musicOccupation(s)SingeractressYears active1967–1975Musical artist This article contains Khmer text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Khmer script. Ros Serey Sothea (Khmer: រស់ សេរីសុទ្ធា/រស់ សិរីសុទ្ធា ; c. 1948 – c. 1977) was a Cambodian singer. She was active during the final years of the First Kingdom of Cambodia and into the Khmer Republic period. She sang in a variety of genres; romantic ballads emerged as her most popular works. Despite a relatively brief career she is credited with singing hundreds of songs. She also ventured into acting, starring in a few films. Details of her life are relatively scarce. She disappeared during the Khmer Rouge regime of the late 1970s but the circumstances of her fate remain a mystery. Norodom Sihanouk granted Sothea the honorary title "Queen with the Golden Voice." Biography Early life Ros Sothea was born in circa 1948 to Ros Bun (Khmer: រស់ ប៊ុន) and Nath Samien (Khmer: ណាត់ សាមៀន) in Battambang province, French protectorate of Cambodia. Growing up relatively poor on a farm, Ros Sothea was the second youngest of five children; her older sister Ros Saboeut later became known as an activist. She displayed vocal talent as a toddler and grew up listening to early Cambodian pop singers like Mao Sareth and Chhoun Malay. Sothea's talent would remain relatively hidden until friends persuaded her to join a regional singing contest in 1963. After winning the contest she became widely known in her home province and was invited to join a musical troupe that regularly performed at Stung Khiev restaurant in Battambang; she also performed in a family band with her brother Serey. It is believed that Im Song Seurm, a singer from the National Radio service, heard of Sothea's talents and invited her to Phnom Penh in 1967. Music career Ros Serey Sothea In Phnom Penh, she adopted the alias Ros Serey Sothea and became a singer for the National Radio service, first performing duets with Im Song Seurm. Her first hit, "Stung Khieu (Blue River)" appeared in 1967 and she quickly became popular across Cambodia, particularly for her high and clear voice. Eventually she became a regular partner with Sinn Sisamouth, the era's leading singer, resulting in many popular duet recordings. She also collaborated with other prominent singers of the era like Pen Ran, Huoy Meas, and Sos Mat, while maintaining an active solo career as well. Sothea's early recordings were largely traditional Cambodian ballads. She would eventually adopt a more contemporary style incorporating French and American influences, adding western pop/rock instrumentation, as was common in Cambodian music starting in the late 1960s. Eventually Sothea and her contemporaries were strongly influenced by American radio that had been transmitted to U.S. troops in nearby South Vietnam, inspiring experimentation with American/British rock and soul sounds. Sothea combined her high and clear voice with backing provided by young rock musicians, characterized by prominent electric guitars, drums, and Farfisa organs. This resulted in a sound that is often described as psychedelic or garage rock, and Sothea became the leading female singer in the thriving Cambodian rock scene. Sothea was also one of many singers in that scene to create new versions of popular western rock songs with Khmer lyrics, such as "Cry Loving Me" (based on "Proud Mary" by Creedence Clearwater Revival) and "Wolly Polly" (based on "Wooly Bully" by Sam the Sham). Romantic ballads would remain her most endearing work amongst the more conservative populace. She was often sought out by film directors to perform songs in their movies. Sothea's collaboration with the Cambodian film industry is invaluable in identifying over 250 films lost during the Khmer Rouge regime. Sothea never sang under any one record label and made a modest living as a musician. She was recognized as a national treasure and was honored by Head of State Norodom Sihanouk with the royal title of Preah Reich Theany Somlang Meas, the "Queen with the Golden Voice" (sometimes translated as "Golden Voice of the Royal Capital"). During the Cambodian Civil War in the early 1970s, Sothea became involved in the Khmer Republic military and recorded patriotic songs supporting the Republic's stance against the Khmer Rouge insurgents. Her career would continue until the Khmer Rouge captured Phnom Penh in April 1975. Personal life Ros Sereysothea – Chnam oun Dop-Pram Muy Sample from Ros Sereysothea – Chnam oun Dop-Pram Muy from the compilation Cambodian Rocks Problems playing this file? See media help. Little information about Ros Serey Sothea's personal life has survived, though her personality has been described as modest and reserved. She is known to have been involved in a few high-profile relationships. As documented in the film Don't Think I've Forgotten, when she arrived in Phnom Penh she was courted by fellow singer Sos Mat and they eventually married. As Sothea's career moved forward, Sos Mat became jealous of her success and of the men who came to watch her perform, culminating in physical abuse. Sothea fled the marriage within six months and obtained a divorce. Believing that her career would be ruined by the stigma of divorce, Sothea went back to her family in Battambang but was convinced by Sinn Sisamouth to return to Phnom Penh and resume her career. Sothea's popularity rebounded and she met a prominent member of a film-making family while recording film songs. This relationship led to marriage and the birth of a son, but for undocumented reasons the marriage was short-lived. The film Don't Think I've Forgotten also reports that Sothea had a relationship with an officer in the Khmer Republic army and learned to be a paratrooper during the Cambodian Civil War, though her boyfriend is believed to have been killed in combat. This relationship increased her participation with the military; a film of Sothea parachuting out of a plane during a paratrooper exercise is the only known video footage of her to have survived. Fans believe that Sothea's unhappy relationships were a primary influence on her singing style and lyrics, indicated by song titles (in translation) like "Don't Be Mad," "Brokenhearted Woman," and "Wicked Husband." Disappearance and death Ros Serey Sothea disappeared during the Khmer Rouge genocide and her exact fate has never been confirmed, with multiple sources making contradictory claims. For example, her sisters have alleged that Sothea is likely to have died immediately after the Khmer Rouge seized control of Cambodia in April 1975; as a famous entertainer with "western" influences, qualities widely known to be disdained by the Khmer Rouge, she would have been targeted for imprisonment or execution immediately. Her whereabouts at the time are also uncertain, with some sources claiming that she had traveled to Pailin Province for the 1975 Buddhist New Year, as the lyrics of her final recordings are on that topic, although others are skeptical of this claim because of the dangers of traveling in Cambodia during that period. She may have also been in Phnom Penh at the time and was forced to evacuate like all other residents, and some sources also claim that the outgoing government made efforts to get her out of the country. Further sources claim that Sothea, like most city dwellers, was relocated to the Cambodian countryside for farm work; having grown up on a farm she was able to adjust to the work and hide her identity for a time. According to this story, she was eventually discovered, after which she was forced by Pol Pot to marry one of his officers and perform regularly for the party leadership. This story contends that her marriage to the officer was abusive and the party leadership determined that her presence was too controversial, so she was allegedly led away and executed in 1977. Yet more sources claim that Sothea died from overwork in a Khmer Rouge agricultural camp, or that she survived until the Vietnamese invasion of late 1978/early 1979 but soon died in a hospital from malnutrition. Whatever the cause, Sothea almost certainly died during the Khmer Rouge regime but her remains have never been discovered. Legacy A Ros Serey Sothea record cover from the early 1970s Many of Ros Serey Sothea's master recordings were either destroyed by the Khmer Rouge regime in its efforts to eliminate foreign influences from Cambodian society, or deteriorated rapidly in the tropical environment. However, many vinyl records have survived and have been reissued on cassette or compact disc. Many of the reissued recordings contained overdubs of drum machines and keyboards, and were sometimes sped up. Thus, the original recordings by Sothea and her contemporaries are highly sought by collectors and preservationists. Sothea's older sister Ros Saboeut is widely credited with reuniting Cambodia's surviving musicians and bands in the aftermath of the Khmer Rouge era. Surviving musicians had initially contacted Ros Saboeut to inquire about Sothea's fate; Saboeut used the opportunity to reunite the survivors. According to Youk Chhang, the executive director of the Documentation Center of Cambodia, Ros Saboeut sought to restore Cambodian music as a tribute to her sister, saying "I think she was bound by the legacy of her sister to help." Her efforts were widely credited with rebuilding the country's rock genre. Ros Serey Sothea has remained extremely popular posthumously in Cambodia and Cambodian communities scattered throughout the United States, France, Australia, and Canada. Western listeners were introduced to her work starting in the late 1990s with the release of the Cambodian Rocks bootleg album, followed by the soundtrack to the film City of Ghosts. The Los Angeles band Dengue Fever, featuring Cambodian lead singer Chhom Nimol, covers a number of songs by Sothea and her contemporaries in the Cambodian rock scene, as does the band Cambodian Space Project. Sothea was the subject of the 2006 short film The Golden Voice, in which she is played by actress Sophea Pel. Ros Serey Sothea is also profiled extensively in the 2015 documentary film Don't Think I've Forgotten, in which several interview subjects describe her as one of the most important singers in the history of Cambodian popular music. Partial discography Rock "Chnam Oun Dap Pram Muoy" (I'm 16) "Cry Loving Me" "Kom Kung Twer Evey" (Don't Be Mad) "Hair Cut, Hair Cut" "Have You Seen My Love" "I'm So Shy" "Phey! Phey!" (Scared! Scared!) "Since When You Knew Me" "Wait Ten Months" (Jam 10 Kai Theit / "Wait 10 Months More") "Wicked Husband" "Mdech Ka Dar tam Khnhom?" (Why Do You Follow Me?) "Khlin Joep Nersa" (The Fragrant That Lasts With Me) "Rom Woolly Bully" "Bong Srolanh Oun Ponman Dae" (Tell Me How Much You Love Me) "Po Preuk Po Lngeach" "Penh Chet Tae Bong Muoy" (A Go Go) "Komlos Sey Chaom" (Love God) Jas Bong Ju Am Penh Chet Tae Bong Mouy (I Love Only You) Romvong "Kaduk Dol Heuy" "Komping Puoy" "Rolum Saen Kraw" "Sarika Keo Kauch" "Tha Cho Chok" "Or! Champey Euy" "Leour So Skol Thoun" "Kae Rognea Heuy Me" "Pkah Lmeath" "Chong Ban Chea Kou Veasna" Saravann "Sra Muy Keo" (One Shot) Slow "Kaun Komsott" "Bopha Akasajal" "Jomno Pailin" "Kom Plich Oun Na" "New Year's Eve" "Pink Night" "Pga Reige Leu Maik" "Pruos Reing Awej?" "Lort sene duong chan" "Chross O'yadao" "Somnerng Bopha prey phnom" (Songs of the jungle girl) "Sralmall sene khyum" (Shadow of my love) "Chmreing sene khyum" (Story of my love) "Alay bong cher net" (Always misses you) "Teurk hoe teu" (River flow) "Bong ban sonyah" (You've promise) "Soum ros khbere bong" "Oun soum angvor" (I beg of you) "Oun neul tharl rong jum" (I will still wait) "Bomplej men ban" (Can't forget) "Oun smak bong smoss" "Oun sralnane bong nas" (I love you so much) "San nuk alay" "Men guor sralane bong" (I shouldn't love you) "Chup sralane men ban" (Can't stop loving you) "Jum neu tharl jum" "Oun jum bong cher neth" "Phnom Kong'rei" (Phnom Kong Rei) "Pros bondoll chiet" "Kum keng oun na bong" "Rom cha cha cha" "Jum loss sone" "Bong tver oy oun yum" (You made me cry) "Yume samrap thngay nis" "Sall anosaovary" "Leng knhom tv" (Let me go) "Bondam stung keiv" "Reastrei buth sene" (Missing lover of the night) "Pkah orchid" "Auh! seneha khnom" "Verjah boross" (The word of men) "Popol gomah" "Prot svamei" "Oun soum phneu chheung" "San klotpsa" "Chhba mon reing khyum" "Norok lokei" (The sin of man) "Ahso kasalmerlerr" "Rolok songka therm svamei" "Thmnorng leakina" "Thgnay lett oun sralnoss" (When sunset, I miss u) "Tropeang Peay" "San chok chem" "Pathchere sralnoss" "Konseng nisei" "Machass sne oun" "Jomreang avasan" Konsaeng Krohom" (Red Scarf) Bros Del K'bot Chet" (Man who betrays) Veal Srae Sronos" Duets with Sinn Sisamouth See also: Sinn Sisamouth discography "Ae Na Promajarey" "Bong Ban Khernh Sre" "Bos Choong" "Chom Chait Pesaey" "Chao Luoch Jet" "Have a Caramel" "Jang ban pka avey?" (What flower do you want?) "Kay Tha Knyom Jass" "Kamnap snaeha" (Love poem) "Komnoch veyo" "Pneik Kamhuoch" "Niw Tae Srolanh" "Oh! snaeha euy!" (Oh! Love...) "Oun Rom Som Te?" "Sranah Ou chrow" "Soniya 3 Tngai" (A Promise for 3 Days) "Tehsepheap Prolim" "Tiev Euy Srey Tiev" "Tmor Kol Sromol Snae" "Tok Bong Om Skat" "Yaop Yun Thun Trojeak" "Yerng Kom Plich Khnea" Duets with Other Artists "Khmao Euy Khmao" (with Im Song Soeum-1972) "Kamlos Kromum Heu Ha" (with Im Song Soeum-1972) "Kamlos Kramom Srok Srae" "Hann Pnal Da Ey" (with Eng Nary) "Soll Tae Card" "Pka Sarai" "Srolanh Sok Krong (with Chea Savoeun) References ^ a b c d e f g h "Woman who reunited early rockers dies at 72". The Phnom Penh Post. 10 March 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014. ^ a b c d e f g Cohn, Nik (19 May 2007). "A voice from the killing fields". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 February 2018. ^ a b c d "Ros Serey Sothea". Khmer Music. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2018. ^ Sangvavan, Pich (30 December 2007). "Queen of Golden Voice: A Biography of Ros Serey Sothea". Khmerization. Retrieved 13 February 2018. ^ a b c Sisario, Ben (9 April 2015). "'Don't Think I've Forgotten,' a Documentary, Revives Cambodia's Silenced Sounds". The New York Times. ^ Downing, Andy (28 May 2015). "Film preview: Director John Pirozzi traces the history of early Cambodian rock 'n' roll in "Don't Think I've Forgotten"". Columbus Alive. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2018. ^ Novak, David (Fall 2011). "The Sublime Frequencies of New Old Media" (PDF). Public Culture. 23 (3): 603–634. doi:10.1215/08992363-1336435. S2CID 147700736. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. ^ Chambers-Letson, Joshua (2011). ""No, I Can't Forget": Performance and Memory in Dengue Fever's Cambodian America". Journal of Popular Music Studies. 23 (3): 259–287. doi:10.1111/j.1533-1598.2011.01293.x. ^ Dow, Steve (13 September 2013). "Golden era of Cambodian music given its second airing". The Sydney Morning Herald. ^ Vandy Muong; Harriet Fitch Little (8 March 2016). "The man who painted Cambodian cinema's 'golden age'". The Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 13 February 2018. ^ a b "Ros Sereysothea in the army (1972)". Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2018 – via YouTube. ^ a b c Woolfson, Daniel (19 September 2014). "Cambodian Surf Rockers Were Awesome, but the Khmer Rouge Killed Them". Vice. Retrieved 13 February 2018. ^ Biron, E.L. (16 August 2017). "Who Killed the Golden Voice?". Paperhouse. Retrieved 13 February 2018. ^ a b Saphan, LinDa (December 2017). "Cambodian Popular Musical Influences from the 1950s to the Present Day". ResearchGate. Retrieved 13 February 2018. ^ "The Golden Voice". The Golden Voice. Retrieved 13 February 2018. External links The Golden Voice, short film about Ros Sereysothea by Greg Cahill Don't Think I've Forgotten – A documentary about the Khmer rock and roll scene. Ros Sereysothea – Biography, Videos, Music, Pictures Archived 22 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine – A fan site. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambodian name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language"},{"link_name":"rendering support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)"},{"link_name":"question marks, boxes, or other symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character"},{"link_name":"Khmer script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_script"},{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language"},{"link_name":"[ruəh serəjsotʰiə]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Khmer"},{"link_name":"First Kingdom of Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Kingdom_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Khmer Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Republic"},{"link_name":"Khmer Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rouge"},{"link_name":"Norodom Sihanouk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pppost-1"}],"text":"In this Cambodian name, the surname is Ros. In accordance with Cambodian custom, this person should be referred to by the given name, Sothea.Musical artistThis article contains Khmer text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Khmer script.Ros Serey Sothea (Khmer: រស់ សេរីសុទ្ធា/រស់ សិរីសុទ្ធា [ruəh serəjsotʰiə]; c. 1948 – c. 1977) was a Cambodian singer. She was active during the final years of the First Kingdom of Cambodia and into the Khmer Republic period. She sang in a variety of genres; romantic ballads emerged as her most popular works. Despite a relatively brief career she is credited with singing hundreds of songs. She also ventured into acting, starring in a few films. Details of her life are relatively scarce. She disappeared during the Khmer Rouge regime of the late 1970s but the circumstances of her fate remain a mystery. Norodom Sihanouk granted Sothea the honorary title \"Queen with the Golden Voice.\"[1]","title":"Ros Serey Sothea"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language"},{"link_name":"រស់ ប៊ុន","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8B_%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%93"},{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language"},{"link_name":"ណាត់ សាមៀន","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%8B_%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%93"},{"link_name":"Battambang province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battambang_province"},{"link_name":"French protectorate of Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cohn-2"},{"link_name":"Ros Saboeut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ros_Saboeut"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pppost-1"},{"link_name":"Mao Sareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Sareth"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KhmerMusic-3"},{"link_name":"Phnom Penh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom_Penh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Ros Sothea was born in circa 1948 to Ros Bun (Khmer: រស់ ប៊ុន) and Nath Samien (Khmer: ណាត់ សាមៀន) in Battambang province, French protectorate of Cambodia.[2] Growing up relatively poor on a farm, Ros Sothea was the second youngest of five children; her older sister Ros Saboeut later became known as an activist.[1] She displayed vocal talent as a toddler and grew up listening to early Cambodian pop singers like Mao Sareth and Chhoun Malay. Sothea's talent would remain relatively hidden until friends persuaded her to join a regional singing contest in 1963. After winning the contest she became widely known in her home province and was invited to join a musical troupe that regularly performed at Stung Khiev restaurant in Battambang; she also performed in a family band with her brother Serey.[3] It is believed that Im Song Seurm, a singer from the National Radio service, heard of Sothea's talents and invited her to Phnom Penh in 1967.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ros_Sereysothea.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KhmerMusic-3"},{"link_name":"Sinn Sisamouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_Sisamouth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cohn-2"},{"link_name":"Pen Ran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_Ran"},{"link_name":"Huoy Meas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huoy_Meas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cohn-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sisario-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"electric guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitars"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums"},{"link_name":"Farfisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farfisa"},{"link_name":"psychedelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_rock"},{"link_name":"garage rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_rock"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Cambodian rock scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_rock_(1960s-70)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cohn-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chambersletson-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dow-9"},{"link_name":"Proud Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proud_Mary"},{"link_name":"Creedence Clearwater Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creedence_Clearwater_Revival"},{"link_name":"Wooly Bully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooly_Bully"},{"link_name":"Sam the Sham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_the_Sham"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cohn-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cohn-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Norodom Sihanouk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pppost-1"},{"link_name":"Cambodian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Khmer Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Republic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youtube-11"},{"link_name":"Khmer Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rouge"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woolfson-12"}],"sub_title":"Music career","text":"Ros Serey SotheaIn Phnom Penh, she adopted the alias Ros Serey Sothea and became a singer for the National Radio service, first performing duets with Im Song Seurm. Her first hit, \"Stung Khieu (Blue River)\" appeared in 1967 and she quickly became popular across Cambodia, particularly for her high and clear voice.[3] Eventually she became a regular partner with Sinn Sisamouth, the era's leading singer, resulting in many popular duet recordings.[2] She also collaborated with other prominent singers of the era like Pen Ran, Huoy Meas, and Sos Mat, while maintaining an active solo career as well.Sothea's early recordings were largely traditional Cambodian ballads. She would eventually adopt a more contemporary style incorporating French and American influences, adding western pop/rock instrumentation, as was common in Cambodian music starting in the late 1960s.[2] Eventually Sothea and her contemporaries were strongly influenced by American radio that had been transmitted to U.S. troops in nearby South Vietnam, inspiring experimentation with American/British rock and soul sounds.[5][6] Sothea combined her high and clear voice with backing provided by young rock musicians, characterized by prominent electric guitars, drums, and Farfisa organs. This resulted in a sound that is often described as psychedelic or garage rock,[7] and Sothea became the leading female singer in the thriving Cambodian rock scene.[2][8][9] Sothea was also one of many singers in that scene to create new versions of popular western rock songs with Khmer lyrics, such as \"Cry Loving Me\" (based on \"Proud Mary\" by Creedence Clearwater Revival) and \"Wolly Polly\" (based on \"Wooly Bully\" by Sam the Sham).Romantic ballads would remain her most endearing work amongst the more conservative populace.[2] She was often sought out by film directors to perform songs in their movies.[2][10] Sothea's collaboration with the Cambodian film industry is invaluable in identifying over 250 films lost during the Khmer Rouge regime.[citation needed] Sothea never sang under any one record label and made a modest living as a musician. She was recognized as a national treasure and was honored by Head of State Norodom Sihanouk with the royal title of Preah Reich Theany Somlang Meas, the \"Queen with the Golden Voice\" (sometimes translated as \"Golden Voice of the Royal Capital\").[1] During the Cambodian Civil War in the early 1970s, Sothea became involved in the Khmer Republic military[11] and recorded patriotic songs supporting the Republic's stance against the Khmer Rouge insurgents. Her career would continue until the Khmer Rouge captured Phnom Penh in April 1975.[12]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ros Sereysothea – Chnam oun Dop-Pram Muy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cambodian_Rocks_02_-_Ros_Sereysothea_-_Chnam_oun_Dop-Pram_Muy_(sample).ogg"},{"link_name":"Cambodian Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_Rocks"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"Don't Think I've Forgotten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Think_I%27ve_Forgotten"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sisario-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Don't Think I've Forgotten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Think_I%27ve_Forgotten"},{"link_name":"Khmer Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Republic"},{"link_name":"Cambodian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KhmerMusic-3"},{"link_name":"paratrooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratrooper"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youtube-11"}],"sub_title":"Personal life","text":"Ros Sereysothea – Chnam oun Dop-Pram Muy\n\nSample from Ros Sereysothea – Chnam oun Dop-Pram Muy from the compilation Cambodian Rocks\nProblems playing this file? See media help.Little information about Ros Serey Sothea's personal life has survived, though her personality has been described as modest and reserved. She is known to have been involved in a few high-profile relationships. As documented in the film Don't Think I've Forgotten, when she arrived in Phnom Penh she was courted by fellow singer Sos Mat and they eventually married. As Sothea's career moved forward, Sos Mat became jealous of her success and of the men who came to watch her perform, culminating in physical abuse.[5] Sothea fled the marriage within six months and obtained a divorce. Believing that her career would be ruined by the stigma of divorce, Sothea went back to her family in Battambang but was convinced by Sinn Sisamouth to return to Phnom Penh and resume her career.[13]Sothea's popularity rebounded and she met a prominent member of a film-making family while recording film songs. This relationship led to marriage and the birth of a son, but for undocumented reasons the marriage was short-lived.[better source needed] The film Don't Think I've Forgotten also reports that Sothea had a relationship with an officer in the Khmer Republic army and learned to be a paratrooper during the Cambodian Civil War, though her boyfriend is believed to have been killed in combat.[3] This relationship increased her participation with the military; a film of Sothea parachuting out of a plane during a paratrooper exercise is the only known video footage of her to have survived.[11] Fans believe that Sothea's unhappy relationships were a primary influence on her singing style and lyrics, indicated by song titles (in translation) like \"Don't Be Mad,\" \"Brokenhearted Woman,\" and \"Wicked Husband.\"","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khmer Rouge genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_genocide"},{"link_name":"Pailin Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pailin_Province"},{"link_name":"Phnom Penh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom_Penh"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woolfson-12"},{"link_name":"Pol Pot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_Pot"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KhmerMusic-3"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cohn-2"}],"sub_title":"Disappearance and death","text":"Ros Serey Sothea disappeared during the Khmer Rouge genocide and her exact fate has never been confirmed, with multiple sources making contradictory claims. For example, her sisters have alleged that Sothea is likely to have died immediately after the Khmer Rouge seized control of Cambodia in April 1975; as a famous entertainer with \"western\" influences, qualities widely known to be disdained by the Khmer Rouge, she would have been targeted for imprisonment or execution immediately. Her whereabouts at the time are also uncertain, with some sources claiming that she had traveled to Pailin Province for the 1975 Buddhist New Year, as the lyrics of her final recordings are on that topic, although others are skeptical of this claim because of the dangers of traveling in Cambodia during that period. She may have also been in Phnom Penh at the time and was forced to evacuate like all other residents, and some sources also claim that the outgoing government made efforts to get her out of the country.[12]Further sources claim that Sothea, like most city dwellers, was relocated to the Cambodian countryside for farm work; having grown up on a farm she was able to adjust to the work and hide her identity for a time. According to this story, she was eventually discovered, after which she was forced by Pol Pot to marry one of his officers and perform regularly for the party leadership. This story contends that her marriage to the officer was abusive and the party leadership determined that her presence was too controversial, so she was allegedly led away and executed in 1977.[3]Yet more sources claim that Sothea died from overwork in a Khmer Rouge agricultural camp, or that she survived until the Vietnamese invasion of late 1978/early 1979 but soon died in a hospital from malnutrition.[2] Whatever the cause, Sothea almost certainly died during the Khmer Rouge regime but her remains have never been discovered.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RosSS_vinyl_cover2.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woolfson-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saphan-14"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ros Saboeut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ros_Saboeut"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pppost-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pppost-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pppost-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pppost-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pppost-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saphan-14"},{"link_name":"Cambodian Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_Rocks"},{"link_name":"City of Ghosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Ghosts_(2002_film)"},{"link_name":"Dengue Fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_Fever_(band)"},{"link_name":"Chhom Nimol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhom_Nimol"},{"link_name":"The Golden Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Voice_(film)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Don't Think I've Forgotten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Think_I%27ve_Forgotten"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sisario-5"}],"text":"A Ros Serey Sothea record cover from the early 1970sMany of Ros Serey Sothea's master recordings were either destroyed by the Khmer Rouge regime in its efforts to eliminate foreign influences from Cambodian society,[12] or deteriorated rapidly in the tropical environment. However, many vinyl records have survived and have been reissued on cassette or compact disc.[14] Many of the reissued recordings contained overdubs of drum machines and keyboards, and were sometimes sped up.[citation needed] Thus, the original recordings by Sothea and her contemporaries are highly sought by collectors and preservationists.Sothea's older sister Ros Saboeut is widely credited with reuniting Cambodia's surviving musicians and bands in the aftermath of the Khmer Rouge era.[1] Surviving musicians had initially contacted Ros Saboeut to inquire about Sothea's fate;[1] Saboeut used the opportunity to reunite the survivors.[1] According to Youk Chhang, the executive director of the Documentation Center of Cambodia, Ros Saboeut sought to restore Cambodian music as a tribute to her sister, saying \"I think she was bound by the legacy of her sister to help.\"[1] Her efforts were widely credited with rebuilding the country's rock genre.[1]Ros Serey Sothea has remained extremely popular posthumously in Cambodia and Cambodian communities scattered throughout the United States, France, Australia, and Canada.[14] Western listeners were introduced to her work starting in the late 1990s with the release of the Cambodian Rocks bootleg album, followed by the soundtrack to the film City of Ghosts. The Los Angeles band Dengue Fever, featuring Cambodian lead singer Chhom Nimol, covers a number of songs by Sothea and her contemporaries in the Cambodian rock scene, as does the band Cambodian Space Project. Sothea was the subject of the 2006 short film The Golden Voice, in which she is played by actress Sophea Pel.[15] Ros Serey Sothea is also profiled extensively in the 2015 documentary film Don't Think I've Forgotten, in which several interview subjects describe her as one of the most important singers in the history of Cambodian popular music.[5]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Partial discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rock","text":"\"Chnam Oun Dap Pram Muoy\" (I'm 16)\n\"Cry Loving Me\"\n\"Kom Kung Twer Evey\" (Don't Be Mad)\n\"Hair Cut, Hair Cut\"\n\"Have You Seen My Love\"\n\"I'm So Shy\"\n\"Phey! Phey!\" (Scared! Scared!)\n\"Since When You Knew Me\"\n\"Wait Ten Months\" (Jam 10 Kai Theit / \"Wait 10 Months More\")\n\"Wicked Husband\"\n\"Mdech Ka Dar tam Khnhom?\" (Why Do You Follow Me?)\n\"Khlin Joep Nersa\" (The Fragrant That Lasts With Me)\n\"Rom Woolly Bully\"\n\"Bong Srolanh Oun Ponman Dae\" (Tell Me How Much You Love Me)\n\"Po Preuk Po Lngeach\"\n\"Penh Chet Tae Bong Muoy\" (A Go Go)\n\"Komlos Sey Chaom\" (Love God)\nJas Bong Ju Am\nPenh Chet Tae Bong Mouy (I Love Only You)","title":"Partial discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Romvong","text":"\"Kaduk Dol Heuy\"\n\"Komping Puoy\"\n\"Rolum Saen Kraw\"\n\"Sarika Keo Kauch\"\n\"Tha Cho Chok\"\n\"Or! Champey Euy\"\n\"Leour So Skol Thoun\"\n\"Kae Rognea Heuy Me\"\n\"Pkah Lmeath\"\n\"Chong Ban Chea Kou Veasna\"","title":"Partial discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Saravann","text":"\"Sra Muy Keo\" (One Shot)","title":"Partial discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phnom Kong Rei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom_Kong_Rei"}],"sub_title":"Slow","text":"\"Kaun Komsott\"\n\"Bopha Akasajal\"\n\"Jomno Pailin\"\n\"Kom Plich Oun Na\"\n\"New Year's Eve\"\n\"Pink Night\"\n\"Pga Reige Leu Maik\"\n\"Pruos Reing Awej?\"\n\"Lort sene duong chan\"\n\"Chross O'yadao\"\n\"Somnerng Bopha prey phnom\" (Songs of the jungle girl)\n\"Sralmall sene khyum\" (Shadow of my love)\n\"Chmreing sene khyum\" (Story of my love)\n\"Alay bong cher net\" (Always misses you)\n\"Teurk hoe teu\" (River flow)\n\"Bong ban sonyah\" (You've promise)\n\"Soum ros khbere bong\"\n\"Oun soum angvor\" (I beg of you)\n\"Oun neul tharl rong jum\" (I will still wait)\n\"Bomplej men ban\" (Can't forget)\n\"Oun smak bong smoss\"\n\"Oun sralnane bong nas\" (I love you so much)\n\"San nuk alay\"\n\"Men guor sralane bong\" (I shouldn't love you)\n\"Chup sralane men ban\" (Can't stop loving you)\n\"Jum neu tharl jum\"\n\"Oun jum bong cher neth\"\n\"Phnom Kong'rei\" (Phnom Kong Rei)\n\"Pros bondoll chiet\"\n\"Kum keng oun na bong\"\n\"Rom cha cha cha\"\n\"Jum loss sone\"\n\"Bong tver oy oun yum\" (You made me cry)\n\"Yume samrap thngay nis\"\n\"Sall anosaovary\"\n\"Leng knhom tv\" (Let me go)\n\"Bondam stung keiv\"\n\"Reastrei buth sene\" (Missing lover of the night)\n\"Pkah orchid\"\n\"Auh! seneha khnom\"\n\"Verjah boross\" (The word of men)\n\"Popol gomah\"\n\"Prot svamei\"\n\"Oun soum phneu chheung\"\n\"San klotpsa\"\n\"Chhba mon reing khyum\"\n\"Norok lokei\" (The sin of man)\n\"Ahso kasalmerlerr\"\n\"Rolok songka therm svamei\"\n\"Thmnorng leakina\"\n\"Thgnay lett oun sralnoss\" (When sunset, I miss u)\n\"Tropeang Peay\"\n\"San chok chem\"\n\"Pathchere sralnoss\"\n\"Konseng nisei\"\n\"Machass sne oun\"\n\"Jomreang avasan\"\nKonsaeng Krohom\" (Red Scarf)\nBros Del K'bot Chet\" (Man who betrays)\nVeal Srae Sronos\"","title":"Partial discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sinn Sisamouth discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Sinn_Sisamouth#Duets_with_Ros_Sereysothea"}],"sub_title":"Duets with Sinn Sisamouth","text":"See also: Sinn Sisamouth discography\"Ae Na Promajarey\"\n\"Bong Ban Khernh Sre\"\n\"Bos Choong\"\n\"Chom Chait Pesaey\"\n\"Chao Luoch Jet\"\n\"Have a Caramel\"\n\"Jang ban pka avey?\" (What flower do you want?)\n\"Kay Tha Knyom Jass\"\n\"Kamnap snaeha\" (Love poem)\n\"Komnoch veyo\"\n\"Pneik Kamhuoch\"\n\"Niw Tae Srolanh\"\n\"Oh! snaeha euy!\" (Oh! Love...)\n\"Oun Rom Som Te?\"\n\"Sranah Ou chrow\"\n\"Soniya 3 Tngai\" (A Promise for 3 Days)\n\"Tehsepheap Prolim\"\n\"Tiev Euy Srey Tiev\"\n\"Tmor Kol Sromol Snae\"\n\"Tok Bong Om Skat\"\n\"Yaop Yun Thun Trojeak\"\n\"Yerng Kom Plich Khnea\"","title":"Partial discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Duets with Other Artists","text":"\"Khmao Euy Khmao\" (with Im Song Soeum-1972)\n\"Kamlos Kromum Heu Ha\" (with Im Song Soeum-1972)\n\"Kamlos Kramom Srok Srae\"\n\"Hann Pnal Da Ey\" (with Eng Nary)\n\"Soll Tae Card\"\n\"Pka Sarai\"\n\"Srolanh Sok Krong (with Chea Savoeun)","title":"Partial discography"}]	[{"image_text":"Ros Serey Sothea","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ros_Sereysothea.jpg/220px-Ros_Sereysothea.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A Ros Serey Sothea record cover from the early 1970s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e4/RosSS_vinyl_cover2.jpg/220px-RosSS_vinyl_cover2.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Woman who reunited early rockers dies at 72\". The Phnom Penh Post. 10 March 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phnompenhpost.com/lifestyle/woman-who-reunited-early-rockers-dies-72","url_text":"\"Woman who reunited early rockers dies at 72\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phnom_Penh_Post","url_text":"The Phnom Penh Post"}]},{"reference":"Cohn, Nik (19 May 2007). \"A voice from the killing fields\". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/may/20/worldmusic.features","url_text":"\"A voice from the killing fields\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ros Serey Sothea\". Khmer Music. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121022043243/http://khmermusic.thecoleranch.com/rossereysothea.html","url_text":"\"Ros Serey Sothea\""},{"url":"http://khmermusic.thecoleranch.com/rossereysothea.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sangvavan, Pich (30 December 2007). \"Queen of Golden Voice: A Biography of Ros Serey Sothea\". Khmerization. Retrieved 13 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://khmerization.blogspot.com/2007/12/queen-of-golden-voice-biography-of-ros.html","url_text":"\"Queen of Golden Voice: A Biography of Ros Serey Sothea\""}]},{"reference":"Sisario, Ben (9 April 2015). \"'Don't Think I've Forgotten,' a Documentary, Revives Cambodia's Silenced Sounds\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/12/movies/dont-think-ive-forgotten-a-documentary-revives-cambodias-silenced-sounds.html","url_text":"\"'Don't Think I've Forgotten,' a Documentary, Revives Cambodia's Silenced Sounds\""}]},{"reference":"Downing, Andy (28 May 2015). \"Film preview: Director John Pirozzi traces the history of early Cambodian rock 'n' roll in \"Don't Think I've Forgotten\"\". Columbus Alive. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190617142633/https://www.columbusalive.com/content/stories/2015/05/28/film-preview-director-john-pirozzi-traces-the-history-of-early-cambodian-rock-n-roll-in-dont-think-ive-forgotten.html","url_text":"\"Film preview: Director John Pirozzi traces the history of early Cambodian rock 'n' roll in \"Don't Think I've Forgotten\"\""},{"url":"http://www.columbusalive.com/content/stories/2015/05/28/film-preview-director-john-pirozzi-traces-the-history-of-early-cambodian-rock-n-roll-in-dont-think-ive-forgotten.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Novak, David (Fall 2011). \"The Sublime Frequencies of New Old Media\" (PDF). Public Culture. 23 (3): 603–634. doi:10.1215/08992363-1336435. S2CID 147700736. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923180859/http://www.music.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.musi.d7/files/sitefiles/people/novak/Novak2011SFPublicCulture.pdf","url_text":"\"The Sublime Frequencies of New Old Media\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1215%2F08992363-1336435","url_text":"10.1215/08992363-1336435"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147700736","url_text":"147700736"},{"url":"http://www.music.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.musi.d7/files/sitefiles/people/novak/Novak2011SFPublicCulture.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chambers-Letson, Joshua (2011). \"\"No, I Can't Forget\": Performance and Memory in Dengue Fever's Cambodian America\". Journal of Popular Music Studies. 23 (3): 259–287. doi:10.1111/j.1533-1598.2011.01293.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1533-1598.2011.01293.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1533-1598.2011.01293.x"}]},{"reference":"Dow, Steve (13 September 2013). \"Golden era of Cambodian music given its second airing\". The Sydney Morning Herald.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/golden-era-of-cambodian-music-given-its-second-airing-20130912-2tnbf.html","url_text":"\"Golden era of Cambodian music given its second airing\""}]},{"reference":"Vandy Muong; Harriet Fitch Little (8 March 2016). \"The man who painted Cambodian cinema's 'golden age'\". The Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 13 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phnompenhpost.com/post-weekend/man-who-painted-cambodian-cinemas-golden-age","url_text":"\"The man who painted Cambodian cinema's 'golden age'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ros Sereysothea in the army (1972)\". Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2018 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oI3ZWySJeHU","url_text":"\"Ros Sereysothea in the army (1972)\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/oI3ZWySJeHU","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Woolfson, Daniel (19 September 2014). \"Cambodian Surf Rockers Were Awesome, but the Khmer Rouge Killed Them\". Vice. Retrieved 13 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/4w7b8p/the-tragic-bloody-history-of-cambodian-surf-rock-930","url_text":"\"Cambodian Surf Rockers Were Awesome, but the Khmer Rouge Killed Them\""}]},{"reference":"Biron, E.L. (16 August 2017). \"Who Killed the Golden Voice?\". Paperhouse. Retrieved 13 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://papierhuis.com/2017/08/16/who-killed-the-golden-voice/","url_text":"\"Who Killed the Golden Voice?\""}]},{"reference":"Saphan, LinDa (December 2017). \"Cambodian Popular Musical Influences from the 1950s to the Present Day\". ResearchGate. Retrieved 13 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321686547","url_text":"\"Cambodian Popular Musical Influences from the 1950s to the Present Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Golden Voice\". The Golden Voice. Retrieved 13 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://thegoldenvoicemovie.com/","url_text":"\"The Golden Voice\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.phnompenhpost.com/lifestyle/woman-who-reunited-early-rockers-dies-72","external_links_name":"\"Woman who reunited early rockers dies at 72\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/may/20/worldmusic.features","external_links_name":"\"A voice from the killing fields\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121022043243/http://khmermusic.thecoleranch.com/rossereysothea.html","external_links_name":"\"Ros Serey Sothea\""},{"Link":"http://khmermusic.thecoleranch.com/rossereysothea.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://khmerization.blogspot.com/2007/12/queen-of-golden-voice-biography-of-ros.html","external_links_name":"\"Queen of Golden Voice: A Biography of Ros Serey Sothea\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/12/movies/dont-think-ive-forgotten-a-documentary-revives-cambodias-silenced-sounds.html","external_links_name":"\"'Don't Think I've Forgotten,' a Documentary, Revives Cambodia's Silenced Sounds\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190617142633/https://www.columbusalive.com/content/stories/2015/05/28/film-preview-director-john-pirozzi-traces-the-history-of-early-cambodian-rock-n-roll-in-dont-think-ive-forgotten.html","external_links_name":"\"Film preview: Director John Pirozzi traces the history of early Cambodian rock 'n' roll in \"Don't Think I've Forgotten\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.columbusalive.com/content/stories/2015/05/28/film-preview-director-john-pirozzi-traces-the-history-of-early-cambodian-rock-n-roll-in-dont-think-ive-forgotten.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923180859/http://www.music.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.musi.d7/files/sitefiles/people/novak/Novak2011SFPublicCulture.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Sublime Frequencies of New Old Media\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1215%2F08992363-1336435","external_links_name":"10.1215/08992363-1336435"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147700736","external_links_name":"147700736"},{"Link":"http://www.music.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.musi.d7/files/sitefiles/people/novak/Novak2011SFPublicCulture.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1533-1598.2011.01293.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1533-1598.2011.01293.x"},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/golden-era-of-cambodian-music-given-its-second-airing-20130912-2tnbf.html","external_links_name":"\"Golden era of Cambodian music given its second airing\""},{"Link":"http://www.phnompenhpost.com/post-weekend/man-who-painted-cambodian-cinemas-golden-age","external_links_name":"\"The man who painted Cambodian cinema's 'golden age'\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oI3ZWySJeHU","external_links_name":"\"Ros Sereysothea in the army (1972)\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/oI3ZWySJeHU","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/4w7b8p/the-tragic-bloody-history-of-cambodian-surf-rock-930","external_links_name":"\"Cambodian Surf Rockers Were Awesome, but the Khmer Rouge Killed Them\""},{"Link":"https://papierhuis.com/2017/08/16/who-killed-the-golden-voice/","external_links_name":"\"Who Killed the Golden Voice?\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321686547","external_links_name":"\"Cambodian Popular Musical Influences from the 1950s to the Present Day\""},{"Link":"http://thegoldenvoicemovie.com/","external_links_name":"\"The Golden Voice\""},{"Link":"http://www.thegoldenvoicemovie.com/","external_links_name":"The Golden Voice, short film about Ros Sereysothea by Greg Cahill"},{"Link":"http://www.dtifcambodia.com/","external_links_name":"Don't Think I've Forgotten"},{"Link":"http://khmermusic.thecoleranch.com/rossereysothea.html","external_links_name":"Ros Sereysothea – Biography, Videos, Music, Pictures"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121022043243/http://khmermusic.thecoleranch.com/rossereysothea.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000410238725","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/304670549","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtX3Xy3ThMRVPxjpGmTpP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16694035h","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16694035h","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2018133919","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/5efc7a06-d7a1-48bc-b982-c2c09e2787d8","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlayson_Channel	Finlayson Channel	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 52°38′N 128°28′W / 52.633°N 128.467°W / 52.633; -128.467Finlayson Channel Finlayson Channel is a channel of the British Columbia Coast, Canada. It is a northern extension of Milbanke Sound. To its west are Swindle and Sarah Islands, to its east Roderick, Susan and Dowager Islands. It was first charted in 1793 by James Johnstone, one of George Vancouver's lieutenants during his 1791-95 expedition. Finlayson Channel is home to Lophelia reef, the Pacific Ocean's northernmost known coral reef, and Canada's only known living example. References ^ "Finlayson Channel". BC Geographical Names. ^ Vancouver, George, and John Vancouver (1801). A voyage of discovery to the North Pacific ocean, and round the world. London: J. Stockdale.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Shen, Nono (12 March 2024). "Coral reef that 'shouldn't exist' thrives off B.C.'s coast in Pacific Ocean, biologist says". CTV News. The Canadian Press. Retrieved 13 March 2024. 52°38′N 128°28′W / 52.633°N 128.467°W / 52.633; -128.467 This article about a location on the North Coast of British Columbia, Canada is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inside_Passage_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"British Columbia Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Coast"},{"link_name":"Milbanke Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milbanke_Sound"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bcgnis-1"},{"link_name":"Swindle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindle_Island"},{"link_name":"Sarah Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Island_(British_Columbia)"},{"link_name":"Roderick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Island"},{"link_name":"Susan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Island"},{"link_name":"Dowager Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowager_Island"},{"link_name":"James Johnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Johnstone_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"1791-95 expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Expedition"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vancouver1801-2"},{"link_name":"Lophelia reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophelia_reef"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"coral reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Finlayson ChannelFinlayson Channel is a channel of the British Columbia Coast, Canada. It is a northern extension of Milbanke Sound.[1] To its west are Swindle and Sarah Islands, to its east Roderick, Susan and Dowager Islands. It was first charted in 1793 by James Johnstone, one of George Vancouver's lieutenants during his 1791-95 expedition.[2]Finlayson Channel is home to Lophelia reef, the Pacific Ocean's northernmost known coral reef, and Canada's only known living example.[3]","title":"Finlayson Channel"}]	[{"image_text":"Finlayson Channel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inside_Passage_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-Inside_Passage_-_panoramio.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Finlayson Channel\". BC Geographical Names.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/28348.html","url_text":"\"Finlayson Channel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Geographical_Names","url_text":"BC Geographical Names"}]},{"reference":"Vancouver, George, and John Vancouver (1801). A voyage of discovery to the North Pacific ocean, and round the world. London: J. Stockdale.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qwol8bPaYxsC","url_text":"A voyage of discovery to the North Pacific ocean, and round the world"}]},{"reference":"Shen, Nono (12 March 2024). \"Coral reef that 'shouldn't exist' thrives off B.C.'s coast in Pacific Ocean, biologist says\". CTV News. The Canadian Press. Retrieved 13 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://bc.ctvnews.ca/coral-reef-that-shouldn-t-exist-thrives-off-b-c-s-pacific-ocean-biologist-says-1.6804096#:~:text=%E2%80%9CLophelia%20reef%20is%20very%20important,other%20creatures%2C%20Du%20Preez%20said.","url_text":"\"Coral reef that 'shouldn't exist' thrives off B.C.'s coast in Pacific Ocean, biologist says\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Finlayson_Channel&params=52_38_N_128_28_W_","external_links_name":"52°38′N 128°28′W / 52.633°N 128.467°W / 52.633; -128.467"},{"Link":"https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/28348.html","external_links_name":"\"Finlayson Channel\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qwol8bPaYxsC","external_links_name":"A voyage of discovery to the North Pacific ocean, and round the world"},{"Link":"https://bc.ctvnews.ca/coral-reef-that-shouldn-t-exist-thrives-off-b-c-s-pacific-ocean-biologist-says-1.6804096#:~:text=%E2%80%9CLophelia%20reef%20is%20very%20important,other%20creatures%2C%20Du%20Preez%20said.","external_links_name":"\"Coral reef that 'shouldn't exist' thrives off B.C.'s coast in Pacific Ocean, biologist says\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Finlayson_Channel&params=52_38_N_128_28_W_","external_links_name":"52°38′N 128°28′W / 52.633°N 128.467°W / 52.633; -128.467"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finlayson_Channel&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isuca	Isuca	["1 Plot","2 Characters","2.1 Main characters","2.2 Supporting characters","3 Media","3.1 Manga","3.2 Anime","4 Reception","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]	Japanese manga series IsucaCover of the first manga volume featuring Sakuya Shimazu.イスカ(Isuka)GenreDark fantasy, harem, supernatural MangaWritten byOsamu TakahashiPublished byKadokawa ShotenMagazineYoung AceDemographicSeinenOriginal runJuly 4, 2009 – April 2017Volumes9 (List of volumes) Anime television seriesDirected byAkira IwanagaProduced byTakeshi YasudaGomi KenjiroWritten byMasashi SuzukiMusic byNaoki ChibaRUKASusumu AkizukiStudioArmsLicensed byAUS: Madman EntertainmentNA: Crunchyroll (streaming)Discotek Media (home video)Original networkTokyo MX, AT-X, BS11, TV Saitama, CTC, tvk, Sun TV, TVQ, GBSOriginal run January 24, 2015 – March 28, 2015Episodes10 + OVA Isuca (Japanese: イスカ, Hepburn: Isuka) is a Japanese manga series by Osamu Takahashi. It was serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's magazine Young Ace from July 2009 to April 2017 and has been collected into nine tankōbon volumes. An anime adaptation by Arms aired in Japan between January and March 2015. Plot The story revolves around Shinichirō, a male student who gets a job as a housekeeper in order to pay his rent. When he unintentionally releases a strange creature into the world he learns that his female employer, named Sakuya Shimizu, is the head of the Shimizu clan that hunts these creatures. Shinichirō cooperates with her to hunt down the monsters that are running loose. Characters Main characters Shinichirō Asano (浅野真一郎, Asano Shin'ichirō) Voiced by: Keisuke Koumoto Shinichirō appears to be an average high-school student but he has an unusual ability: the Eyes of Truth, which allows him to divine the True Name of a supernatural being or person with supernatural powers when he kisses them. Since the first person to speak an individual's true name gains the ability to compel said individual to do whatever he wants (within reason), he becomes a powerful ally in Sakuya's work. Unfortunately, he learns and speaks Sakuya's true name, leaving her unable to disobey him. Originally, he lived alone in his parents' apartment, since they had gone to Europe for job training (in the manga, his father is a bad stage magician and his mother his father's assistant), but later was moved into Sakuya's house (ostensibly as her housekeeper) after they began working together. He becomes the wielder of the spirit sword Yashaou after learning its True Name when it possessed Sakuya and used her to nearly kill him. Sakuya Shimazu (島津朔邪, Shimazu Sakuya) Voiced by: Ibuki Kido Sakuya is the de facto or provisional 37th head of the Shimazu Family, but is in a power struggle with her younger cousin for the position. She wishes to become head of the family in order to find out what happened to her parents several years before the present. Her family is tasked with sealing monsters and spirits that cross over into this world but, unlike many in her family, does not believe that the ends justify the means and tries to keep collateral damage to a minimum. She uses a bow and arrow with several spiritual attacks in combat and, when charged-up by Shinichirō, those attacks are amplified ten-fold. At first she is reluctant to do so since it involves kissing him, but over time she comes to have feelings for him. Although she maintains a haughty attitude, her facade hides a young lady who just wants to live like a normal person. When Shinichirō discovers her True Name, she becomes unable to disobey any of his orders. In order to save face and avoid losing her position in the family, she forces Shinichirō to become her fiancé, if only in name. This twist is omitted from the anime, but is hinted at by Nami Shimazu, Sakuya's grandmother, when she calls Shinichrō "Mr. Husband". Her True Name is Isuca, a name she chose after a plush bird toy given to her by her father; the Isuca is supposed to bring luck and prevent illness. Her weakness is a fear of rats and roaches. Suseri Shimazu (島津須世璃, Shimazu Suseri) Voiced by: M·A·O Suseri is Sakuya's cousin who is in the running to be the next head of the Shimazu family. She specializes in spirit summoning and wind magic. In the beginning, she seems somewhat emotionless and focused on only becoming the next head. She even tries to increase her chances of becoming the next head by attempting to steal Shinichirō away from Sakuya; an attempt by Suseri to discover Sakuya's True Name by using Shinichirō's Eyes of Truth went wrong when Shinichirō spoke Sakuya's True Name first. She later transfers to the same school as Sakuya not only to steal Shinichirō away but to also investigate the appearance of so many specters at the school. As time passes, she begins to develop feelings for Shinichirō. Because she is envious and secretly admires her older cousin, Suseri chooses her True Name to be Sakuya. Supporting characters Tamako (タマ子) Voiced by: Kaori Sadohara A two-tailed cat-spirit with red hair and a large bosom. She can change into a giant cat form and is the first spirit whom Shinichiro meets; in the manga, she can also assume the form of a normal-sized cat. He learns her true name when she kisses him as thanks for saving her from Sakuya (in the anime, this happens after he clears her from suspicion of a lightning beast attack). Her True Name is Tama, but at her request Shinichirō gives her the name Tamako in order to disguise her True Name. Like most spirits she needs life energy to survive, though she has never attacked anyone. True to her cat-like nature, she licks Shinichirō in affection, likes to curl up in his lap and tends to eat her meals on the floor. She also has a disturbing tendency of catching prey and bringing it to him. Nadeshiko Sōma (相馬撫子, Sōma Nadeshiko) Voiced by: Saeko Zōgō Shinichirō and Sakuya's homeroom teacher at the high school that they attend. She has a connection with the Shimazu Family, has been appointed by the Shimazu Family as the guardian of both Sakuya and Suseri and helps to clean up the messes left behind Sakuya's work. She is also responsible for getting Shinichirō his job as Sakuya's housekeeper; later, she has Shinichirō moved into Sakuya's house as part of the plan to have them pose as intending to marry and moves in as well to both keep an eye on them and to investigate Shinichirō's True Name. Although she helps Sakuya, Nadeshiko supports Suseri as the next head of the family, and she loves stirring the pot now and then by flirting with Shinichirō or suggesting to the other girls ways to get closer to Shinichirō in order to make life at Sakuya's mansion interesting. Nami Shimazu (島津那巳) Voiced by: Ikue Ōtani Nami is the grandmother of Sakuya and Suseri and head of the Shimazu Family. Despite her age, she maintains the image of a young girl through the use of an artificial body created by Nadeshiko and loves to play video games. She is intrigued by Shinichirō's powers as a magan and declares that the next head of the family must marry him. When her powers to control the artificial body fades, she entrusts a jewel containing great spiritual powers to Shinichirō in hopes that he can find a way to seal it. Nami had a previous encounter with the homunculus Isuca, which is the basis of Isuca's grudge against the Shimazu family. Matsuri Sōma (相馬茉莉, Sōma Matsuri) Voiced by: Akane Kohinata Matsuri is Suseri's attendant and assistant. She also specializes in healing spells to lower collateral damage to innocent bystanders from battles with specters. Isuca (イスカ, Isuka) Voiced by: Ayumi Fujimura Isuca holds a grudge against the Shimazu family but seems to be focusing mainly on Sakuya. However, she doesn't want to kill her immediately: she first wants to torment Sakuya by killing the people closest to her until she has given in to despair and only then will she kill her. She is revealed to be a homunculus from the Asahina family, a rival family of magic users. It is not revealed why her name is the same as Sakuya's True Name, but at the end of the anime it is shown that Sakuya's father may be involved too. Media Manga No. Release date ISBN 1 May 21, 2010978-4-04-715458-2 2 February 23, 2011978-4-04-715625-8 3 November 21, 2012978-4-04-120502-0 4 August 22, 2013978-4-04-120851-9 5 June 26, 2014978-4-04-102025-8 6 December 29, 2014978-4-04-102026-5 7 September 4, 2015978-4-04-102803-2 8 October 4, 2016978-4-04-104418-6 9 May 2, 2017978-4-04-105464-2 Anime The opening song theme for the anime was "Never say Never" by Afilia Saga, while the ending song theme was "Somebody to Love" by TWO-FORMULA, a duo consisted of the singers and voice actresses Saeko Zōgō and Kaori Sadohara. No. Title Original air date 1"Chance Meeting"Transliteration: "Kaikō" (Japanese: 邂逅)January 24, 2015 (2015-01-24) Shinichirō Asano, living by himself and jobless, finds himself thrust into a strange and dangerous world of magic and specters after he is first saved from a centipede specter by Sakuya Shimazu, then must help her face a lightning beast. 2"True Name"Transliteration: "Mana" (Japanese: 真名)January 31, 2015 (2015-01-31) When Shinichiro learns and speaks her True Name, cat-girl Tama becomes his servant, much to Sakuya's displeasure; then he and Sakuya must then deal with an infestation of rat specters in their school. Shinichiro becomes Sakuya's housekeeper and gives Tama the name "Tamako". 3"Confrontation"Transliteration: "Tairitsu" (Japanese: 対立)February 7, 2015 (2015-02-07) Shinichiro is moved into Sakuya's house. Sakuya's cousin Suseri shows up with her assistant Matsuri and shows an interest in Shinichiro in more ways than one, leaving Shinichiro in the middle of Sakuya and Suseri's battle to be head of the Shimazu Family. Suseri's abducting Shinichiro becomes secondary when they all become trapped in another dimension and must face specter cars. 4"Shadow Play"Transliteration: "An'yaku" (Japanese: 暗躍)February 14, 2015 (2015-02-14) Murderous specters may seem like small potatoes compared to Suseri's transferring into Shinichiro and Sakuya's school. However, there may be more to Suseri's presence than at first glance, including the fact that a samurai golem is on the loose with a sword containing a murderous specter and that the opening of so many magical gates is for some reason putting Sakuya under suspicion. 5"Eye of Truth"Transliteration: "Shingan" (Japanese: 真眼)February 21, 2015 (2015-02-21) Sakuya is upset by the fact that special investigative teams have been sent by the Shimazu Family to infiltrate the school and who are being picked off one by one by a wall specter summoned by the Western Mage, and even more because Shinichiro can access True Names through kissing, which means he can learn her True Name! 6"Promise"Transliteration: "Yakusoku" (Japanese: 約束)February 28, 2015 (2015-02-28) Shinichiro's life has become more complicated now that he knows Sakuya's True Name because his knowledge may cause Sakuya to be exiled from her Family. While the Shimazu clan debates Sakuya's future, Shinichiro tries to rebuild his relationship with her. Sakuya finally opens up to him and tells him about her parents (especially her father, who was a Western Mage) and about the situation within the Shimazu Family that caused her to leave. A mysterious mirror arrives but turns out to be a magical trap, and Shinichiro and Sakuya must defeat the specter inside the mirror in order to return, but it's using Sakuya's negative feelings against her. 7"Light and Dark"Transliteration: "Meian" (Japanese: 明暗)March 7, 2015 (2015-03-07) Life in the Shimazu house is back to its usual ridiculous routine, but the new closeness between Shinichiro and Sakuya causes some complications. Shinichiro takes possession of the sword whose True Name he learned earlier, and just in time to help Sakuya and the team face a smoke specter in a subway tunnel. While Sakuya and the other fight to revive a fallen Shinichiro, Suseri battles the Western Mage, but is defeated. Enraged, Sakuya uses her ultimate technique to bring down the Western Mage (who calls herself "Isuca"), but at a terrible cost to herself. 8"Trials"Transliteration: "Shiren" (Japanese: 試練)March 14, 2015 (2015-03-14) Sakuya is in a coma, due to her terrific expenditure of spiritual energy, and Shinichiro is the only one who can bring her out of it. Over the objections of Suseri's mother Sagiri (who is extremely ambitious to have her daughter declared Family Head), Sakuya's grandmother decrees that Sakuya will not be punished. Suseri accompanies Shinichiro on a shopping expedition and gets a taste of ordinary life...something she's never experienced before and which everyone else mistakes for a date! Later, Suseri attempts a rite of exorcism against a lightning specter on her own to heighten her powers, but when it goes wrong Shinichiro demands to be allowed to assist her; it is allowed, but on the condition that Shinichiro and Suseri must do it alone. With Shinichiro's help, Suseri both tames the lightning specter and discovers her own path. 9"Attack"Transliteration: "Shūgeki" (Japanese: 襲撃)March 21, 2015 (2015-03-21) Isuca is healing from her battle with Sakuya, but her anger and hatred are even fiercer than before. Various shrines, temples and churches are being destroyed by an unknown male Mage to weaken the area's spiritual energy, and Sakuya's reaction worries Shinichiro. A plan to protect the last spiritual energy stronghold fails. Shinichiro meets Nami, Sakuya's grandmother, who is both not quite as and much more than she appears to be, and learns about both the Asahina Family, the Shimazu Family's greatest rival and Sakuya's father's family, and Isuca's origins. Shinichiro is given a choice about his future and Isuca makes her boldest and most vicious attack yet. 10"Resolution"Transliteration: "Ketchaku" (Japanese: 決着)March 28, 2015 (2015-03-28) Sakuya barely escapes Isuca's killing move with some last-second help from Shinichiro. The others battles the giant snake specter and by combining their powers destroy it, while Shinichiro and Sakuya battle Isuca, whose hatred is spiraling out of control and causes the mansion to burn. When Shinichiro and Sakuya reveal their true feelings for each other, Shinichiro gives Sakuya enough spiritual power to smash through Isuca's defenses and eventually defeat her. 11 (OVA)"Paradise"Transliteration: "Gokuraku" (Japanese: 極楽)August 26, 2015 (2015-08-26) Shinichiro, Sakuya, the gang and Nami travel to an island, but the combination of sun, surf, swimsuits and the misadventures that come with them mean things may get out of hand. When members of the party start disappearing one by one, things are DEFINITELY getting out of hand! Reception Allen Moody of THEM Anime Reviews wrote that the show had "more nudity (and less plot) than many H shows", and there was a lot of censored nudity in the Crunchyroll version such as a bath scene that "looks like an explosion in a White-Out factory" and "it seems like a black spot over the villainess' chest was an actual feature of her anatomy." He also wrote that the "continuity errors in a cartoon are just shameful." Chris Beveridge of The Fandom Post stated that "this might have been a decent six episode OVA series twenty years ago, but today it’s just one more brick in the wall of bland stories with milquetoast characters and nothing compelling to say". Theron Martin of Anime News Network called it a cross between Shakugan no Shana and Kekkaishi but with a lot more harem elements. He thought that the sense of timing was poor with characters talking too much during critical battle scenes, and the fanservice being pushed too hard in some places. On the positive side, the music and sound were appreciable. The theme song "Somebody to Love" by Two-Formula reached number 135 on the Oricon charts. Notes ^ "Ch." is shortened form for chapter and refers to a chapter number of the Isuca manga ^ "Ep." is shortened form for episode and refers to an episode number of the Isuca anime References ^ a b Moody, Allen (2015). "THEM Anime Reviews 4.0 - Isuca". THEM Anime Reviews. Retrieved August 1, 2016. ^ "Osamu Takahashi's Isuca Manga Will End in 9th Volume". Anime News Network. October 8, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2016. ^ a b "Isuca Action Anime Slated For 2015 With Director Akira Iwanaga". Anime News Network. August 31, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2014. ^ a b c d e f g h "アニメ「ISUCA」公式サイト". アニメ「ISUCA」公式サイト. Retrieved May 12, 2017. ^ "Ikue Ōtani and Toshiyuki Morikawa Join "Isuca" Cast". crunchyroll.com. Retrieved May 12, 2017. ^ "ISUCA (1)" (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Retrieved June 17, 2014. ^ "ISUCA (2)" (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Retrieved June 17, 2014. ^ "ISUCA (3)" (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Retrieved June 17, 2014. ^ "ISUCA (4)" (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Retrieved June 17, 2014. ^ "ISUCA (5)" (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Retrieved June 17, 2014. ^ "ISUCA (6)" (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Retrieved March 12, 2015. ^ "ISUCA (7)" (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Retrieved October 8, 2016. ^ "ISUCA (8)" (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Retrieved October 8, 2016. ^ "ISUCA (9)" (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ "STORY" (in Japanese). Arms. Retrieved September 27, 2015. ^ "ISUCA". Media Arts Database (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on August 15, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016. ^ Beveridge, Chris (March 29, 2015). "ISUCA Episode #10 Anime Review (Series Finale)". The Fandom Post. Retrieved August 1, 2016. ^ Martin, Theron (April 6, 2015). "Isuca Episodes 1-10 streaming". Anime News Network. Retrieved August 1, 2016. ^ "TWO-FORMULA(藏合紗恵子・佐土原かおり)". oricon.co.jp. Retrieved May 12, 2017. External links Official anime website(in Japanese) vteYoung Ace seriesYoung AceCurrent Bio Booster Armor Guyver (2009) The Kurosagi Corpse Delivery Service (2009) Drug & Drop (2011) Bungo Stray Dogs (2012) Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel (2015) Isekai Izakaya "Nobu" (2015) Deaimon (2016) The Ideal Sponger Life (2017) The Case Files of Lord El-Melloi II (2017) More Than a Married Couple, But Not Lovers (2018) Show by Rock!! (2020) The Teen Exorcist (2023) Mayonaka Punch (2024) 2009–2010s The Disappearance of Nagato Yuki-chan (2009) Isuca (2009) Multiple Personality Detective Psycho (2009) Neon Genesis Evangelion (2009) Summer Wars (2009) Upotte!! (2009) Blood Lad (2009) Nana Maru San Batsu (2010) Another (2010) Inari, Konkon, Koi Iroha (2010) Panty & Stocking with Garterbelt (2010) Shururun Yukiko Hime-chan feat. Dororon Enma-kun (2010) Fate/Zero (2010) Last Exile: Fam, the Silver Wing (2011) Erased (2012) Saenai Heroine no Sodatekata: Egoistic-Lily (2013) Magudala de Nemure (2013) Kill la Kill (2013) Watari-kun's ****** Is About to Collapse (2014) Beautiful Bones: Sakurako's Investigation (2015) Concrete Revolutio (2015) April Showers Bring May Flowers (2016) Kabukibu! (2017) Dive!! (2017) For the Kid I Saw in My Dreams (2017) Steins;Gate 0 (2017) The Thousand Musketeers (2018) Last Round Arthurs (2019) Carole & Tuesday (2019) Id:Invaded #Brake Broken (2019) 2020s Appare-Ranman! (2020) Trump (2020) Your Forma (2021) Sugar Apple Fairy Tale (2021) Young Ace UPCurrent Accomplishments of the Duke's Daughter (2015) Bungo Stray Dogs: Wan! (2015) So I'm a Spider, So What? (2015) Today's Menu for the Emiya Family (2016) Wise Man's Grandchild (2016) Redo of Healer (2017) I'm Quitting Heroing (2018) The World's Finest Assassin Gets Reincarnated in Another World as an Aristocrat (2019) Please Go Home, Miss Akutsu! (2019) The Insipid Prince's Furtive Grab for The Throne (2019) I Kept Pressing the 100-Million Button and Came Out on Top (2020) Magical Explorer (2020) SK8 Chill Out! (2021) The Summer Hikaru Died (2021) Gamera Rebirth (2023) Finished Do You Love Your Mom and Her Two-Hit Multi-Target Attacks? (2017) Catch These Hands! (2018) The Deer King (2021) vteArmsTelevision series Mezzo DSA (2004) Elfen Lied (2004) Kakyūsei 2 (2004) Girls High (2006) Himawari! (2006) Himawari Too!! (2007) Ikki Tōsen: Dragon Destiny (2007) Genshiken Pt.2 (2007) Ikki Tōsen: Great Guardians (2008) Queen's Blade: The Exiled Virgin (2009) Queen's Blade 2: The Evil Eye (2009) Hyakka Ryōran: Samurai Girls (2010) Queen's Blade Rebellion (2012) Aesthetica of a Rogue Hero (2012) Maoyū: Archenemy & Hero (2013) Hyakka Ryōran: Samurai Bride (2013) Wanna Be the Strongest in the World! (2013) Wizard Barristers: Benmashi Cecil (2014) Brynhildr in the Darkness (2014) Isuca (2015) Valkyrie Drive -Mermaid- (2015) Shin Ikki Tousen (2022) OVAs Welcome to Pia Carrot!! 2 DX (1999–2000) Mezzo Forte (2000–2001) One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e (2001–2002) Nakoruru: Ano Hito kara no Okurimono (2002) From I"s (2002–2003) Elfen Lied: In the Passing Rain (2005) I"s Pure (2005–2006) Saiyuki Reload: Burial (2007) Queen's Blade: Utsukushiki Tōshi-tachi (2010–2011) Queen's Blade Rebellion (2011–2012) Ikki Tōsen: Shūgaku Tōshi Keppūroku (2011) Brynhildr in the Darkness: Much Ado About Nothing (2014) Ikki Tōsen: Extravaganza Epoch (2014) Hyakka Ryōran: Samurai After (2015) Isuca: Paradise (2015) Ikki Tōsen: Western Wolves (2019) Films Kite (1998) Kite Liberator (2008) Hentai La Blue Girl (1992–1993) New La Blue Girl (1994) Venus 5 (1994) Dōkyūsei: End of Summer (1994–1995) New Angel (1994–1995) My Sexual Harassment (1994–1995) Dragon Knight Gaiden (1995) Dōkyūsei: Climax (1995–1996) Lady Blue (1996) Dōkyūsei 2 (1996–1998) Welcome to Pia Carrot!! (1997–1998) Midnight Panther (1998) Welcome to Pia Carrot!! 2 (1998–1999) Words Worth (1999–2000) Él (2001) La Blue Girl Returns (2001–2002) Words Worth Gaiden (2002) Mizuiro (2002) Dark Shell: Lust in the Cage (2003) One: True Stories (2003–2004) Another Lady Innocent (2005) Night Shift Nurses: Experiment (2005–2006) Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"Kadokawa Shoten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadokawa_Shoten"},{"link_name":"Young Ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Ace"},{"link_name":"tankōbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_(company)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isuca-3"}],"text":"Isuca (Japanese: イスカ, Hepburn: Isuka) is a Japanese manga series by Osamu Takahashi. It was serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's magazine Young Ace from July 2009 to April 2017 and has been collected into nine tankōbon volumes.[2] An anime adaptation by Arms aired in Japan between January and March 2015.[3]","title":"Isuca"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isuca-3"}],"text":"The story revolves around Shinichirō, a male student who gets a job as a housekeeper in order to pay his rent. When he unintentionally releases a strange creature into the world he learns that his female employer, named Sakuya Shimizu, is the head of the Shimizu clan that hunts these creatures. Shinichirō cooperates with her to hunt down the monsters that are running loose.[3]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jp_cast-4"},{"link_name":"ch. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ch.1"},{"link_name":"ch. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ch.4"},{"link_name":"Ibuki Kido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibuki_Kido"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jp_cast-4"},{"link_name":"ch. 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ch.7"},{"link_name":"ch. 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ch.11"},{"link_name":"M·A·O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C2%B7A%C2%B7O"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jp_cast-4"},{"link_name":"ch. 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ch.7"}],"sub_title":"Main characters","text":"Shinichirō Asano (浅野真一郎, Asano Shin'ichirō)\nVoiced by: Keisuke Koumoto[4]\nShinichirō appears to be an average high-school student but he has an unusual ability: the Eyes of Truth, which allows him to divine the True Name of a supernatural being or person with supernatural powers when he kisses them. Since the first person to speak an individual's true name gains the ability to compel said individual to do whatever he wants (within reason), he becomes a powerful ally in Sakuya's work. Unfortunately, he learns and speaks Sakuya's true name, leaving her unable to disobey him. Originally, he lived alone in his parents' apartment, since they had gone to Europe for job training (in the manga, his father is a bad stage magician and his mother his father's assistant),[ch. 1] but later was moved into Sakuya's house (ostensibly as her housekeeper) after they began working together. He becomes the wielder of the spirit sword Yashaou after learning its True Name when it possessed Sakuya and used her to nearly kill him.[ch. 4]\nSakuya Shimazu (島津朔邪, Shimazu Sakuya)\nVoiced by: Ibuki Kido[4]\nSakuya is the de facto or provisional 37th head of the Shimazu Family, but is in a power struggle with her younger cousin for the position. She wishes to become head of the family in order to find out what happened to her parents several years before the present. Her family is tasked with sealing monsters and spirits that cross over into this world but, unlike many in her family, does not believe that the ends justify the means and tries to keep collateral damage to a minimum. She uses a bow and arrow with several spiritual attacks in combat and, when charged-up by Shinichirō, those attacks are amplified ten-fold. At first she is reluctant to do so since it involves kissing him, but over time she comes to have feelings for him. Although she maintains a haughty attitude, her facade hides a young lady who just wants to live like a normal person. When Shinichirō discovers her True Name, she becomes unable to disobey any of his orders.[ch. 7] In order to save face and avoid losing her position in the family, she forces Shinichirō to become her fiancé, if only in name. This twist is omitted from the anime, but is hinted at by Nami Shimazu, Sakuya's grandmother, when she calls Shinichrō \"Mr. Husband\". Her True Name is Isuca, a name she chose after a plush bird toy given to her by her father; the Isuca is supposed to bring luck and prevent illness. Her weakness is a fear of rats and roaches.[ch. 11]\nSuseri Shimazu (島津須世璃, Shimazu Suseri)\nVoiced by: M·A·O[4]\nSuseri is Sakuya's cousin who is in the running to be the next head of the Shimazu family. She specializes in spirit summoning and wind magic. In the beginning, she seems somewhat emotionless and focused on only becoming the next head. She even tries to increase her chances of becoming the next head by attempting to steal Shinichirō away from Sakuya; an attempt by Suseri to discover Sakuya's True Name by using Shinichirō's Eyes of Truth went wrong when Shinichirō spoke Sakuya's True Name first.[ch. 7] She later transfers to the same school as Sakuya not only to steal Shinichirō away but to also investigate the appearance of so many specters at the school. As time passes, she begins to develop feelings for Shinichirō. Because she is envious and secretly admires her older cousin, Suseri chooses her True Name to be Sakuya.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaori Sadohara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaori_Sadohara"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jp_cast-4"},{"link_name":"Saeko Zōgō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeko_Z%C5%8Dg%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jp_cast-4"},{"link_name":"ch. 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ch.6"},{"link_name":"ch. 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ch.9"},{"link_name":"Ikue Ōtani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikue_%C5%8Ctani"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jp_cast-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cr_20150221-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jp_cast-4"},{"link_name":"Ayumi Fujimura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumi_Fujimura"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jp_cast-4"}],"sub_title":"Supporting characters","text":"Tamako (タマ子)\nVoiced by: Kaori Sadohara[4]\nA two-tailed cat-spirit with red hair and a large bosom. She can change into a giant cat form and is the first spirit whom Shinichiro meets; in the manga, she can also assume the form of a normal-sized cat. He learns her true name when she kisses him as thanks for saving her from Sakuya (in the anime, this happens after he clears her from suspicion of a lightning beast attack). Her True Name is Tama, but at her request Shinichirō gives her the name Tamako in order to disguise her True Name. Like most spirits she needs life energy to survive, though she has never attacked anyone. True to her cat-like nature, she licks Shinichirō in affection, likes to curl up in his lap and tends to eat her meals on the floor. She also has a disturbing tendency of catching prey and bringing it to him.\nNadeshiko Sōma (相馬撫子, Sōma Nadeshiko)\nVoiced by: Saeko Zōgō[4]\nShinichirō and Sakuya's homeroom teacher at the high school that they attend. She has a connection with the Shimazu Family, has been appointed by the Shimazu Family as the guardian of both Sakuya and Suseri [ch. 6] and helps to clean up the messes left behind Sakuya's work. She is also responsible for getting Shinichirō his job as Sakuya's housekeeper; later, she has Shinichirō moved into Sakuya's house as part of the plan to have them pose as intending to marry and moves in as well to both keep an eye on them and to investigate Shinichirō's True Name.[ch. 9] Although she helps Sakuya, Nadeshiko supports Suseri as the next head of the family, and she loves stirring the pot now and then by flirting with Shinichirō or suggesting to the other girls ways to get closer to Shinichirō in order to make life at Sakuya's mansion interesting.\nNami Shimazu (島津那巳)\nVoiced by: Ikue Ōtani[4][5]\nNami is the grandmother of Sakuya and Suseri and head of the Shimazu Family. Despite her age, she maintains the image of a young girl through the use of an artificial body created by Nadeshiko and loves to play video games. She is intrigued by Shinichirō's powers as a magan and declares that the next head of the family must marry him. When her powers to control the artificial body fades, she entrusts a jewel containing great spiritual powers to Shinichirō in hopes that he can find a way to seal it. Nami had a previous encounter with the homunculus Isuca, which is the basis of Isuca's grudge against the Shimazu family.\nMatsuri Sōma (相馬茉莉, Sōma Matsuri)\nVoiced by: Akane Kohinata[4]\nMatsuri is Suseri's attendant and assistant. She also specializes in healing spells to lower collateral damage to innocent bystanders from battles with specters.\nIsuca (イスカ, Isuka)\nVoiced by: Ayumi Fujimura[4]\nIsuca holds a grudge against the Shimazu family but seems to be focusing mainly on Sakuya. However, she doesn't want to kill her immediately: she first wants to torment Sakuya by killing the people closest to her until she has given in to despair and only then will she kill her. She is revealed to be a homunculus from the Asahina family, a rival family of magic users. It is not revealed why her name is the same as Sakuya's True Name, but at the end of the anime it is shown that Sakuya's father may be involved too.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Manga","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afilia Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afilia_Saga"},{"link_name":"Saeko Zōgō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeko_Z%C5%8Dg%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Kaori Sadohara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaori_Sadohara"}],"sub_title":"Anime","text":"The opening song theme for the anime was \"Never say Never\" by Afilia Saga, while the ending song theme was \"Somebody to Love\" by TWO-FORMULA, a duo consisted of the singers and voice actresses Saeko Zōgō and Kaori Sadohara.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-them-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Anime News Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network"},{"link_name":"Shakugan no Shana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakugan_no_Shana"},{"link_name":"Kekkaishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekkaishi"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Allen Moody of THEM Anime Reviews wrote that the show had \"more nudity (and less plot) than many H shows\", and there was a lot of censored nudity in the Crunchyroll version such as a bath scene that \"looks like an explosion in a White-Out factory\" and \"it seems like a black spot over the villainess' chest was an actual feature of her anatomy.\" He also wrote that the \"continuity errors in a cartoon are just shameful.\"[1] Chris Beveridge of The Fandom Post stated that \"this might have been a decent six episode OVA series twenty years ago, but today it’s just one more brick in the wall of bland stories with milquetoast characters and nothing compelling to say\".[17] Theron Martin of Anime News Network called it a cross between Shakugan no Shana and Kekkaishi but with a lot more harem elements. He thought that the sense of timing was poor with characters talking too much during critical battle scenes, and the fanservice being pushed too hard in some places. On the positive side, the music and sound were appreciable.[18]The theme song \"Somebody to Love\" by Two-Formula reached number 135 on the Oricon charts.[19]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Chapter"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Episode"}],"text":"^ \"Ch.\" is shortened form for chapter and refers to a chapter number of the Isuca manga\n^ \"Ep.\" is shortened form for episode and refers to an episode number of the Isuca anime","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Moody, Allen (2015). \"THEM Anime Reviews 4.0 - Isuca\". THEM Anime Reviews. Retrieved August 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.themanime.org/viewreview.php?id=1752","url_text":"\"THEM Anime Reviews 4.0 - Isuca\""}]},{"reference":"\"Osamu Takahashi's Isuca Manga Will End in 9th Volume\". Anime News Network. October 8, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-10-08/osamu-takahashi-isuca-manga-will-end-in-9th-volume/.107280","url_text":"\"Osamu Takahashi's Isuca Manga Will End in 9th Volume\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Isuca Action Anime Slated For 2015 With Director Akira Iwanaga\". Anime News Network. August 31, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-08-31/isuca-action-anime-slated-for-2015-with-director-akira-iwanaga/.78218","url_text":"\"Isuca Action Anime Slated For 2015 With Director Akira Iwanaga\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"アニメ「ISUCA」公式サイト\". アニメ「ISUCA」公式サイト. Retrieved May 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://isuca.net/staffcast/","url_text":"\"アニメ「ISUCA」公式サイト\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ikue Ōtani and Toshiyuki Morikawa Join \"Isuca\" Cast\". crunchyroll.com. Retrieved May 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2015/02/21/ikue-tani-and-toshiyuki-morikawa-join-isuca-cast","url_text":"\"Ikue Ōtani and Toshiyuki Morikawa Join \"Isuca\" Cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISUCA (1)\" (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Retrieved June 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kadokawa.co.jp/product/201003000145/","url_text":"\"ISUCA (1)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterbrain","url_text":"Enterbrain"}]},{"reference":"\"ISUCA (2)\" (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Retrieved June 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kadokawa.co.jp/product/201008000622/","url_text":"\"ISUCA (2)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISUCA (3)\" (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Retrieved June 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kadokawa.co.jp/product/321206000087/","url_text":"\"ISUCA (3)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISUCA (4)\" (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Retrieved June 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kadokawa.co.jp/product/321304000166/","url_text":"\"ISUCA (4)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISUCA (5)\" (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Retrieved June 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kadokawa.co.jp/product/321404000292/","url_text":"\"ISUCA (5)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISUCA (6)\" (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Retrieved March 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kadokawa.co.jp/product/321404000293/","url_text":"\"ISUCA (6)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISUCA (7)\" (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Retrieved October 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kadokawa.co.jp/product/321410000173/","url_text":"\"ISUCA (7)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISUCA (8)\" (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Retrieved October 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kadokawa.co.jp/product/321602000552/","url_text":"\"ISUCA (8)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISUCA (9)\" (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Retrieved May 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kadokawa.co.jp/product/321611000688/","url_text":"\"ISUCA (9)\""}]},{"reference":"\"STORY\" (in Japanese). Arms. Retrieved September 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://isuca.net/story/","url_text":"\"STORY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_(company)","url_text":"Arms"}]},{"reference":"\"ISUCA\". Media Arts Database (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on August 15, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160815150936/http://mediaarts-db.jp/an/anime_series/19142","url_text":"\"ISUCA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs","url_text":"Agency for Cultural Affairs"},{"url":"http://mediaarts-db.jp/an/anime_series/19142","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beveridge, Chris (March 29, 2015). \"ISUCA Episode #10 Anime Review (Series Finale)\". The Fandom Post. Retrieved August 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fandompost.com/2015/03/29/isuca-episode-10-anime-review-series-finale/","url_text":"\"ISUCA Episode #10 Anime Review (Series Finale)\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Theron (April 6, 2015). \"Isuca Episodes 1-10 streaming\". Anime News Network. Retrieved August 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/isuca/episodes-1-10/.86609","url_text":"\"Isuca Episodes 1-10 streaming\""}]},{"reference":"\"TWO-FORMULA(藏合紗恵子・佐土原かおり)\". oricon.co.jp. Retrieved May 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/598995/","url_text":"\"TWO-FORMULA(藏合紗恵子・佐土原かおり)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.themanime.org/viewreview.php?id=1752","external_links_name":"\"THEM Anime Reviews 4.0 - Isuca\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-10-08/osamu-takahashi-isuca-manga-will-end-in-9th-volume/.107280","external_links_name":"\"Osamu Takahashi's Isuca Manga Will End in 9th Volume\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-08-31/isuca-action-anime-slated-for-2015-with-director-akira-iwanaga/.78218","external_links_name":"\"Isuca Action Anime Slated For 2015 With Director Akira Iwanaga\""},{"Link":"http://isuca.net/staffcast/","external_links_name":"\"アニメ「ISUCA」公式サイト\""},{"Link":"http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2015/02/21/ikue-tani-and-toshiyuki-morikawa-join-isuca-cast","external_links_name":"\"Ikue Ōtani and Toshiyuki Morikawa Join \"Isuca\" Cast\""},{"Link":"http://www.kadokawa.co.jp/product/201003000145/","external_links_name":"\"ISUCA (1)\""},{"Link":"http://www.kadokawa.co.jp/product/201008000622/","external_links_name":"\"ISUCA (2)\""},{"Link":"http://www.kadokawa.co.jp/product/321206000087/","external_links_name":"\"ISUCA (3)\""},{"Link":"http://www.kadokawa.co.jp/product/321304000166/","external_links_name":"\"ISUCA (4)\""},{"Link":"http://www.kadokawa.co.jp/product/321404000292/","external_links_name":"\"ISUCA (5)\""},{"Link":"http://www.kadokawa.co.jp/product/321404000293/","external_links_name":"\"ISUCA (6)\""},{"Link":"http://www.kadokawa.co.jp/product/321410000173/","external_links_name":"\"ISUCA (7)\""},{"Link":"http://www.kadokawa.co.jp/product/321602000552/","external_links_name":"\"ISUCA (8)\""},{"Link":"http://www.kadokawa.co.jp/product/321611000688/","external_links_name":"\"ISUCA (9)\""},{"Link":"http://isuca.net/story/","external_links_name":"\"STORY\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160815150936/http://mediaarts-db.jp/an/anime_series/19142","external_links_name":"\"ISUCA\""},{"Link":"http://mediaarts-db.jp/an/anime_series/19142","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.fandompost.com/2015/03/29/isuca-episode-10-anime-review-series-finale/","external_links_name":"\"ISUCA Episode #10 Anime Review (Series Finale)\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/isuca/episodes-1-10/.86609","external_links_name":"\"Isuca Episodes 1-10 streaming\""},{"Link":"http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/598995/","external_links_name":"\"TWO-FORMULA(藏合紗恵子・佐土原かおり)\""},{"Link":"http://isuca.net/","external_links_name":"Official anime website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidi_Alioum	Sidi Alioum	["1 References"]	Cameroonian football referee Sidi AlioumBorn (1982-07-17) 17 July 1982 (age 41)Maroua, CameroonDomesticYears League Role Elite One RefereeInternationalYears League Role2008– FIFA listed Referee Sidi Alioum (born 17 July 1982) is a Cameroonian football referee. He has officiated at five editions of the Africa Cup of Nations and was the referee for the 2019 final. Alioum has also officiated at two editions of the FIFA Club World Cup, two FIFA U-20 World Cups, and the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup. References ^ "Sidi Alioum at Football-Lineups.com". Football-Lineups.com. Football-Lineups.com. Retrieved 10 July 2020. ^ Anchunda, Benly (19 July 2019). "2019 AFCON: Cameroonian Referee, Sidi Alioum to officiate final match". CRTV.cm. Cameroon Radio Television. Retrieved 10 July 2020. ^ Sidi Alioum referee profile at WorldFootball.net This biographical article related to Cameroonian football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"referee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referee_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Africa Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"2019 final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Africa_Cup_of_Nations_Final"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"FIFA Club World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Club_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"FIFA U-20 World Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_U-20_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Sidi Alioum (born 17 July 1982) is a Cameroonian football referee.[1] He has officiated at five editions of the Africa Cup of Nations and was the referee for the 2019 final.[2] Alioum has also officiated at two editions of the FIFA Club World Cup, two FIFA U-20 World Cups, and the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup.[3]","title":"Sidi Alioum"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Sidi Alioum at Football-Lineups.com\". Football-Lineups.com. Football-Lineups.com. Retrieved 10 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.football-lineups.com/referee/2990/","url_text":"\"Sidi Alioum at Football-Lineups.com\""}]},{"reference":"Anchunda, Benly (19 July 2019). \"2019 AFCON: Cameroonian Referee, Sidi Alioum to officiate final match\". CRTV.cm. Cameroon Radio Television. Retrieved 10 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crtv.cm/2019/07/2019-afcon-cameroonian-referee-sidi-alioum-to-officiate-final-match/","url_text":"\"2019 AFCON: Cameroonian Referee, Sidi Alioum to officiate final match\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_Radio_Television","url_text":"Cameroon Radio Television"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.football-lineups.com/referee/2990/","external_links_name":"\"Sidi Alioum at Football-Lineups.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.crtv.cm/2019/07/2019-afcon-cameroonian-referee-sidi-alioum-to-officiate-final-match/","external_links_name":"\"2019 AFCON: Cameroonian Referee, Sidi Alioum to officiate final match\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/referee_summary/sidi-alioum/#wac_660x40_top","external_links_name":"Sidi Alioum referee profile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sidi_Alioum&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Harty	Russell Harty	["1 Early life","2 Teaching career","3 Broadcasting career","4 Personal life","5 Death","6 References","7 External links"]	English television presenter Russell HartyPortrait by Allan WarrenBornFrederic Russell Harty(1934-09-05)5 September 1934Blackburn, Lancashire, EnglandDied8 June 1988(1988-06-08) (aged 53)Leeds, West Yorkshire, EnglandResting placeSt Alkelda Church, Giggleswick, North Yorkshire, EnglandOccupationTalk show hostYears active1967–1988 Frederic Russell Harty (5 September 1934 – 8 June 1988) was an English television presenter of arts programmes and chat shows. Early life Harty was born in Blackburn, Lancashire, the son of greengrocer Fred Harty, who ran a fruit-and-vegetable stall on the local market, and Myrtle Rishton. He attended Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School on West Park Road in Blackburn, where he enjoyed appearing in school plays and met, for the first time, the then English teacher Ronald Eyre, who directed a number of the productions. Thereafter he studied at Exeter College, Oxford, where he obtained a degree in English literature. Teaching career On leaving university, he taught briefly at Blakey Moor Secondary Modern School in Blackburn, then became an English and drama teacher at Giggleswick School in North Yorkshire. "I got a first-class degree, and was a hopeless teacher", Harty later said. However, his friend and Oxford contemporary Alan Bennett commented in his 2016 memoir Keeping On Keeping On that Harty "had a third-class degree and taught brilliantly". Harty's entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography also states he was awarded a third-class degree in 1957. Among Harty's pupils at the Giggleswick School were the journalist and television presenter Richard Whiteley and the actors Graham Hamilton and Anthony Daniels. In the mid-1960s Harty spent a year lecturing in English literature at the City University of New York. Broadcasting career He began his broadcasting career in 1967 when he became a radio producer for the BBC Third Programme, reviewing arts and literature. He got his first break in 1970 presenting the arts programme Aquarius, that was intended to be London Weekend Television's response to the BBC's Omnibus. One programme involving a "meeting of cultures" saw Harty travelling to Italy in 1974 to engineer an encounter between the entertainer Gracie Fields and the composer William Walton, two fellow Lancastrians now living on the neighbouring islands of Capri and Ischia. A documentary on Salvador Dalí ("Hello Dalí") directed by Bruce Gowers, won an Emmy. Another award-winning documentary was Finnan Games about a Scottish community, Glenfinnan, where "Bonnie Prince Charlie" raised his standard to begin the Jacobite rising of 1745, and its Highland Games. In 1972 he interviewed Marc Bolan, who at that time was at the height of his fame as a teen idol and king of glam rock. During the interview Harty asked Bolan what he thought he would be doing when he was forty or sixty years old, Bolan replying that he didn't think he would live that long. (Bolan subsequently was killed in a car crash at age 29 on 16 September 1977.) In 1972 he was given his own series, Russell Harty Plus (later simply titled Russell Harty), conducting lengthy celebrity interviews, on ITV, which placed him against the BBC's Parkinson. Parts of Russell Harty's interview with the Who in 1973 were included in Jeff Stein's 1979 film The Kids Are Alright, providing notable moments, such as Pete Townshend and Keith Moon ripping off each other's shirt sleeves. In 1975, he interviewed Alice Cooper and French singer Claude François, and was one of the first to acknowledge the fact that the Paul Anka song "My Way" was based on a French song of Claude's called "Comme d'habitude". He would also interview François again in 1977. The show lasted until 1981 and some of his interviews included show business legends Tony Curtis, Danny Kaye, Rita Hayworth, Veronica Lake, David Carradine, John Gielgud, Diana Dors and Ralph Richardson. In 1973 Harty won a Pye Television Award for the Most Outstanding New Personality of the Year. He remained with ITV until 1980, at which point his show moved to the BBC. In November 1980 he interviewed the model Grace Jones. Jones was nervous and distracted during the interview before a live studio audience, and Harty found the interview an uneasy one to conduct, and appeared to be intimidated by Jones, commenting nervously to the audience regarding her demeanour on stage as "It's coming to life, it's coming to life!" Joined later on stage by other guests, Harty was compelled by the seating arrangement on stage to turn his back on Jones, who was left sitting there in silence for an extended period, and after several protests she repeatedly slapped him on the shoulder, causing an entertainment event in 1980s British television that Harty's career would be primarily remembered by. Initially shown on BBC2 in a mid-evening slot, Harty's chatshow ran until 1982 before being moved to an early evening BBC1 slot in 1983 where it was now simply titled Harty. The show ended in late 1984, though Harty would continue to present factual programmes for the BBC for some time afterwards. In 1985, Harty was invited to the Prince's Palace of Monaco, by Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, to conduct his first interview since the death of Grace Kelly in 1982. He was the subject of This Is Your Life in December 1980, when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the London department store Selfridges. In 1986 he interviewed Dirk Bogarde at his house in France, for Yorkshire Television, at Bogarde's invitation. He began working on a new series Russell Harty's Grand Tour for the BBC in 1987. Personal life For the last six years of his life, his partner was the Irish novelist Jamie O'Neill. Latterly they resided in Harty's cottage in Giggleswick, North Yorkshire. Harty was a friend of the playwright Alan Bennett, who talks about him and his family, in relation to Bennett's own family, in the essay "Written on the Body", taken from his semi-biography Untold Stories. Death In mid-1988 Harty became ill with hepatitis B and was admitted to St James's University Hospital, Leeds. Around this time The Sun tabloid newspaper began publishing stories about his health and private life, claiming that the disease was "related to an HIV/AIDS" infection, and that Harty was in the habit of using teenage male prostitutes. He died in St James' University Hospital on 8 June 1988 at the age of 53 from liver failure caused by hepatitis. At his funeral Alan Bennett commented in his eulogy that "the gutter press had finished Harty off." His body was buried in the graveyard of St Alkelda Church at Giggleswick. References ^ a b c d Stevens, Christopher (2010). Born Brilliant: The Life of Kenneth Williams. John Murray. p. 403. ISBN 978-1-84854-195-5. ^ a b c d "Russell Harty \| British writer and television personality". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 May 2019. ^ "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/40158. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/40158. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Brief Lives- Twentieth-century Pen Portraits from the Dictionary of National Biography, H. C. G. Matthew, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 271 ^ "Harty appreciation". The Independent. 6 June 1998. Retrieved 17 May 2019. ^ Walton, Susana (May 1988). William Walton: Behind the Façade. Oxford University Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-19-315156-7. ^ Interview of Marc Bolan by Russell Harty, BBC (08:55) ^ Grace Jones – The Russell Harty Show interview, published on Youtube, 25 October 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLLtS50UCBQ ^ "BBC Programme Index". ^ Moss, Stephen (23 November 2000). "Out of the shadows". Guardian. Retrieved 3 December 2022. ^ "BFI Screenonline: Harty, Russell (1934–88) Biography". screenonline.org.uk. Retrieved 17 May 2019. ^ a b Clews Colin.Gay in the 80s: From Fighting our Rights to Fighting for our Lives, Troubador Publishing, 2017, ISBN 978-1788036740 ^ "Heading into the Dales and exploring a timeless village". Bury Times. 14 April 2019. ^ "Giggleswick Church". Lancashire County Council: Red Rose Collections. Retrieved 1 December 2022. External links Russell Harty at IMDb Interview with Debbie Harry Interview with Dirk Bogarde Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Netherlands People Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stevens-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"television presenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_presenter"},{"link_name":"chat shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chat_show"}],"text":"Frederic Russell Harty[1] (5 September 1934 – 8 June 1988)[2] was an English television presenter of arts programmes and chat shows.","title":"Russell Harty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth%27s_Grammar_School,_Blackburn"},{"link_name":"Ronald Eyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Eyre"},{"link_name":"Exeter College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"English literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Harty was born in Blackburn, Lancashire, the son of greengrocer[3] Fred Harty, who ran a fruit-and-vegetable stall on the local market, and Myrtle Rishton. He attended Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School on West Park Road in Blackburn, where he enjoyed appearing in school plays and met, for the first time, the then English teacher Ronald Eyre, who directed a number of the productions. Thereafter he studied at Exeter College, Oxford, where he obtained a degree in English literature.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giggleswick School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giggleswick_School"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Alan Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bennett"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Richard Whiteley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Whiteley"},{"link_name":"Graham Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Anthony Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Daniels"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"City University of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"}],"text":"On leaving university, he taught briefly at Blakey Moor Secondary Modern School in Blackburn, then became an English and drama teacher at Giggleswick School in North Yorkshire. \"I got a first-class degree, and was a hopeless teacher\", Harty later said. However, his friend and Oxford contemporary Alan Bennett commented in his 2016 memoir Keeping On Keeping On that Harty \"had a third-class degree and taught brilliantly\". Harty's entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography also states he was awarded a third-class degree in 1957.[5]Among Harty's pupils at the Giggleswick School were the journalist and television presenter Richard Whiteley and the actors Graham Hamilton and Anthony Daniels.[6] In the mid-1960s Harty spent a year lecturing in English literature at the City University of New York.[2]","title":"Teaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"BBC Third Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Third_Programme"},{"link_name":"Aquarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarius_(UK_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stevens-1"},{"link_name":"London Weekend Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Weekend_Television"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Omnibus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus_(BBC)"},{"link_name":"Gracie Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracie_Fields"},{"link_name":"William Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Walton"},{"link_name":"Lancastrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Capri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capri"},{"link_name":"Ischia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walton1988-7"},{"link_name":"Salvador Dalí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Prince Charlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Prince_Charlie"},{"link_name":"Jacobite rising of 1745","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745"},{"link_name":"Highland Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Games"},{"link_name":"Marc Bolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Bolan"},{"link_name":"glam rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Network"},{"link_name":"Parkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stevens-1"},{"link_name":"the Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"The Kids Are Alright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kids_Are_Alright_(1979_film)"},{"link_name":"Pete Townshend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Townshend"},{"link_name":"Keith Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Moon"},{"link_name":"Alice Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Claude François","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois"},{"link_name":"Paul Anka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Anka"},{"link_name":"My Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Way"},{"link_name":"Comme d'habitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comme_d%27habitude"},{"link_name":"Tony Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Danny Kaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Kaye"},{"link_name":"Rita Hayworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Hayworth"},{"link_name":"Veronica Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_Lake"},{"link_name":"David Carradine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Carradine"},{"link_name":"John Gielgud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gielgud"},{"link_name":"Diana Dors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Dors"},{"link_name":"Ralph Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Pye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pye_Records"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Grace Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Jones"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Prince's Palace of Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%27s_Palace_of_Monaco"},{"link_name":"Rainier III, Prince of Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainier_III,_Prince_of_Monaco"},{"link_name":"Grace Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Kelly"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"This Is Your Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Your_Life_(UK_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Eamonn Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamonn_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Selfridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfridges"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Dirk Bogarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Bogarde"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Television"}],"text":"He began his broadcasting career in 1967 when he became a radio producer[2] for the BBC Third Programme, reviewing arts and literature.He got his first break in 1970 presenting the arts programme Aquarius,[1] that was intended to be London Weekend Television's response to the BBC's Omnibus. One programme involving a \"meeting of cultures\" saw Harty travelling to Italy in 1974 to engineer an encounter between the entertainer Gracie Fields and the composer William Walton, two fellow Lancastrians now living on the neighbouring islands of Capri and Ischia.[7] A documentary on Salvador Dalí (\"Hello Dalí\") directed by Bruce Gowers, won an Emmy. Another award-winning documentary was Finnan Games about a Scottish community, Glenfinnan, where \"Bonnie Prince Charlie\" raised his standard to begin the Jacobite rising of 1745, and its Highland Games.In 1972 he interviewed Marc Bolan, who at that time was at the height of his fame as a teen idol and king of glam rock. During the interview Harty asked Bolan what he thought he would be doing when he was forty or sixty years old, Bolan replying that he didn't think he would live that long.[8] (Bolan subsequently was killed in a car crash at age 29 on 16 September 1977.)In 1972 he was given his own series, Russell Harty Plus (later simply titled Russell Harty), conducting lengthy celebrity interviews, on ITV, which placed him against the BBC's Parkinson.[1] Parts of Russell Harty's interview with the Who in 1973 were included in Jeff Stein's 1979 film The Kids Are Alright, providing notable moments, such as Pete Townshend and Keith Moon ripping off each other's shirt sleeves. In 1975, he interviewed Alice Cooper and French singer Claude François, and was one of the first to acknowledge the fact that the Paul Anka song \"My Way\" was based on a French song of Claude's called \"Comme d'habitude\". He would also interview François again in 1977. The show lasted until 1981 and some of his interviews included show business legends Tony Curtis, Danny Kaye, Rita Hayworth, Veronica Lake, David Carradine, John Gielgud, Diana Dors and Ralph Richardson. In 1973 Harty won a Pye Television Award for the Most Outstanding New Personality of the Year.[citation needed]He remained with ITV until 1980,[2] at which point his show moved to the BBC. In November 1980 he interviewed the model Grace Jones. Jones was nervous and distracted during the interview before a live studio audience, and Harty found the interview an uneasy one to conduct, and appeared to be intimidated by Jones, commenting nervously to the audience regarding her demeanour on stage as \"It's coming to life, it's coming to life!\" Joined later on stage by other guests, Harty was compelled by the seating arrangement on stage to turn his back on Jones, who was left sitting there in silence for an extended period, and after several protests she repeatedly slapped him on the shoulder, causing an entertainment event in 1980s British television that Harty's career would be primarily remembered by.[9] Initially shown on BBC2 in a mid-evening slot, Harty's chatshow ran until 1982 before being moved to an early evening BBC1 slot in 1983 where it was now simply titled Harty. The show ended in late 1984, though Harty would continue to present factual programmes for the BBC for some time afterwards. In 1985, Harty was invited to the Prince's Palace of Monaco, by Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, to conduct his first interview since the death of Grace Kelly in 1982.[10]He was the subject of This Is Your Life in December 1980, when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the London department store Selfridges.[citation needed]In 1986 he interviewed Dirk Bogarde at his house in France, for Yorkshire Television, at Bogarde's invitation. He began working on a new series Russell Harty's Grand Tour for the BBC in 1987.","title":"Broadcasting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamie O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Giggleswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giggleswick"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"playwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright"},{"link_name":"Alan Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bennett"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"For the last six years of his life, his partner was the Irish novelist Jamie O'Neill. Latterly they resided in Harty's cottage in Giggleswick, North Yorkshire.[11]Harty was a friend of the playwright Alan Bennett,[12] who talks about him and his family, in relation to Bennett's own family, in the essay \"Written on the Body\", taken from his semi-biography Untold Stories.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hepatitis B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B"},{"link_name":"St James's University Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27s_University_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"The Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"tabloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabloid_journalism"},{"link_name":"HIV/AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gay-13"},{"link_name":"liver failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_failure"},{"link_name":"Alan Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bennett"},{"link_name":"eulogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulogy"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gay-13"},{"link_name":"St Alkelda Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Alkelda,_Giggleswick"},{"link_name":"Giggleswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giggleswick"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In mid-1988 Harty became ill with hepatitis B and was admitted to St James's University Hospital, Leeds. Around this time The Sun tabloid newspaper began publishing stories about his health and private life, claiming that the disease was \"related to an HIV/AIDS\" infection, and that Harty was in the habit of using teenage male prostitutes.[13]He died in St James' University Hospital on 8 June 1988 at the age of 53 from liver failure caused by hepatitis. At his funeral Alan Bennett commented in his eulogy that \"the gutter press had finished Harty off.\"[13] His body was buried in the graveyard of St Alkelda Church at Giggleswick.[14] [15]","title":"Death"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Stevens, Christopher (2010). Born Brilliant: The Life of Kenneth Williams. John Murray. p. 403. ISBN 978-1-84854-195-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84854-195-5","url_text":"978-1-84854-195-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Russell Harty \| British writer and television personality\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Russell-Harty","url_text":"\"Russell Harty \| British writer and television personality\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/40158. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-40158","url_text":"\"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F40158","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/40158"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8","url_text":"978-0-19-861412-8"}]},{"reference":"\"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/40158. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-40158","url_text":"\"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F40158","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/40158"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8","url_text":"978-0-19-861412-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Harty appreciation\". The Independent. 6 June 1998. Retrieved 17 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/harty-appreciation-1163245.html","url_text":"\"Harty appreciation\""}]},{"reference":"Walton, Susana (May 1988). William Walton: Behind the Façade. Oxford University Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-19-315156-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susana,_Lady_Walton","url_text":"Walton, Susana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-315156-7","url_text":"978-0-19-315156-7"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Programme Index\".","urls":[{"url":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/5cc619cb468c463da528f0c0f339a3a3","url_text":"\"BBC Programme Index\""}]},{"reference":"Moss, Stephen (23 November 2000). \"Out of the shadows\". Guardian. Retrieved 3 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/nov/23/fiction.features11","url_text":"\"Out of the shadows\""}]},{"reference":"\"BFI Screenonline: Harty, Russell (1934–88) Biography\". screenonline.org.uk. Retrieved 17 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/1405472/index.html","url_text":"\"BFI Screenonline: Harty, Russell (1934–88) Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heading into the Dales and exploring a timeless village\". Bury Times. 14 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.burytimes.co.uk/news/17563709.weekend-walk-heading-dales-exploring-timeless-village/","url_text":"\"Heading into the Dales and exploring a timeless village\""}]},{"reference":"\"Giggleswick Church\". Lancashire County Council: Red Rose Collections. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinxiu_Road_Station	Jinxiu Road station	[]	Coordinates: 31°11′23″N 121°32′05″E / 31.1897°N 121.5347°E / 31.1897; 121.5347Shanghai Metro station This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Jinxiu Road station" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Jinxiu Road锦绣路Station platformGeneral informationLocationWest Gaoke Road (高科西路) and Jinxiu Road, Pudong New Area, ShanghaiChinaCoordinates31°11′23″N 121°32′05″E / 31.1897°N 121.5347°E / 31.1897; 121.5347Operated byShanghai No. 3 Metro Operation Co. Ltd.Line(s) Line 7Platforms2 (1 island platform)Tracks2ConstructionStructure typeUndergroundAccessibleYesHistoryOpenedDecember 5, 2009Services Preceding station Shanghai Metro Following station South Yanggao Roadtowards Meilan Lake Line 7 Fanghua Roadtowards Huamu Road Jinxiu Road (simplified Chinese: 锦绣路; traditional Chinese: 錦繡路; pinyin: Jǐnxiù Lù) is a station on Line 7 of the Shanghai Metro. vtePudongAreas Gaoqiao Lujiazui Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park EducationPublic highschools No. 2 High School Attached to East China Normal University Jianping High School Dongchang High School of ECNU Pudong Foreign Languages School of Shanghai International Studies University Private schools Concordia International School Shanghai Dulwich College Shanghai Harrow International School Shanghai Nord Anglia International School Shanghai Pudong Shanghai American School Pudong Campus The SMIC Private School Shanghai Gold Apple Bilingual School Shanghai Japanese School Pudong campus Shanghai Pinghe School Shanghai Shangde Experimental School Wellington College International Shanghai Colleges anduniversities China Executive Leadership Academy in Pudong Fudan University Zhangjiang Campus New York University Shanghai Shanghai Maritime University Landmarks Century Avenue Century Park Jin Mao Tower Grand Hyatt Shanghai Jiuduansha Oriental Art Center Oriental Pearl Tower Shanghai Detention Center Shanghai Disney Resort More information Shanghai Expo Park Shanghai New International Expo Center Shanghai Science and Technology Museum Shanghai Tower Shanghai World Financial Center Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Gigafactory Shanghai TransportAviation Shanghai Pudong International Airport Maglev Shanghai Maglev Train Shanghai Metrostations Century Avenue Century Park Changqing Road China Art Museum Chuansha Dongchang Road East Huaxia Road Fanghua Road (formerly Hunan Road) Guanglan Road Haitiansan Road Houtan Huamu Road Jinke Road Jinxiu Road Lancun Road Lingkong Road Lingzhao Xincun Longyang Road Lujiazui Middle Chuangxin Road (formerly Tang Town East) Oriental Sports Center Pudian Road (Line 4) Pudian Road (Line 6) Pudong Avenue Pudong International Airport Shanghai Science and Technology Museum South Yanggao Road Tangqiao Tangzhen West Gaoke Road (formerly Hi-Tech West Road) Yangsi station Yaohua Road Yuandong Avenue Yuntai Road This list is incomplete.German School Shanghai and French School of Shanghai formerly had campuses in Pudong. vteShanghai Metro stationsPart of Transport in ShanghaiLine 7 Meilan Lake Luonan Xincun Panguang Road Liuhang Gucun Park 15 Qihua Road Shanghai University Nanchen Road Shangda Road Changzhong Road Dachang Town Xingzhi Road Dahuasan Road Xincun Road Langao Road Zhenping Road 3 4 Changshou Road 13 Changping Road Jing'an Temple 2 14 Changshu Road 1 Zhaojiabang Road 9 Dong'an Road 4 Middle Longhua Road 12 Houtan Changqing Road 13 Yaohua Road 8 Yuntai Road West Gaoke Road 6 South Yanggao Road Jinxiu Road Fanghua Road Longyang Road 2 16 18 Maglev Huamu Road Stations in italics have yet to open. Further information: MuseumRolling stockStationsTimeline See also: Suburban RailMaglevMetroTramBusFerryShanghai Public Transport Card This Shanghai Metro-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Line 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_7_(Shanghai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Metro"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pudong"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Pudong"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pudong"},{"link_name":"Pudong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudong"},{"link_name":"Gaoqiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaoqiao,_Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Lujiazui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lujiazui"},{"link_name":"Waigaoqiao Free Trade 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7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_7_(Shanghai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Meilan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meilan_Lake_station"},{"link_name":"Luonan Xincun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luonan_Xincun_station"},{"link_name":"Panguang Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panguang_Road_station"},{"link_name":"Liuhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuhang_station"},{"link_name":"Gucun Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gucun_Park_station"},{"link_name":"15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_15_(Shanghai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Qihua Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qihua_Road_station"},{"link_name":"Shanghai University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_University_station"},{"link_name":"Nanchen Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanchen_Road_station"},{"link_name":"Shangda Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangda_Road_station"},{"link_name":"Changzhong Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changzhong_Road_station"},{"link_name":"Dachang Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachang_Town_station"},{"link_name":"Xingzhi Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xingzhi_Road_station"},{"link_name":"Dahuasan Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahuasan_Road_station"},{"link_name":"Xincun Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xincun_Road_station"},{"link_name":"Langao Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langao_Road_station"},{"link_name":"Zhenping Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhenping_Road_station"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_3_(Shanghai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_4_(Shanghai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Changshou Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changshou_Road_station"},{"link_name":"13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_13_(Shanghai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Changping 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Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Longhua_Road_station"},{"link_name":"12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_12_(Shanghai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Houtan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houtan_station"},{"link_name":"Changqing Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changqing_Road_station"},{"link_name":"13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_13_(Shanghai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Yaohua Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaohua_Road_station"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_8_(Shanghai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Yuntai Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuntai_Road_station"},{"link_name":"West Gaoke Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Gaoke_Road_station"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_6_(Shanghai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"South Yanggao Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yanggao_Road_station"},{"link_name":"Jinxiu Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Fanghua Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanghua_Road_station"},{"link_name":"Longyang Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyang_Road_station"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_2_(Shanghai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_16_(Shanghai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_18_(Shanghai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Maglev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_maglev_train"},{"link_name":"Huamu Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huamu_Road_station"},{"link_name":"Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Metro_Museum"},{"link_name":"Rolling 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Card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Public_Transport_Card"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jinxiu_Road_station&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Shanghai-metro-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Shanghai-metro-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai-metro-stub"}],"text":"Shanghai Metro stationJinxiu Road (simplified Chinese: 锦绣路; traditional Chinese: 錦繡路; pinyin: Jǐnxiù Lù) is a station on Line 7 of the Shanghai Metro.vtePudongAreas\nGaoqiao\nLujiazui\nWaigaoqiao Free Trade Zone\nZhangjiang Hi-Tech Park\nEducationPublic highschools\nNo. 2 High School Attached to East China Normal University\nJianping High 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Museum\nShanghai Tower\nShanghai World Financial Center\nZhangjiang Hi-Tech Park\nGigafactory Shanghai\nTransportAviation\nShanghai Pudong International Airport\nMaglev\nShanghai Maglev Train \nShanghai Metrostations\nCentury Avenue\nCentury Park\nChangqing Road\nChina Art Museum\nChuansha\nDongchang Road\nEast Huaxia Road\nFanghua Road (formerly Hunan Road)\nGuanglan Road\nHaitiansan Road\nHoutan\nHuamu Road\nJinke Road\nJinxiu Road\nLancun Road\nLingkong Road\nLingzhao Xincun\nLongyang Road\nLujiazui\nMiddle Chuangxin Road (formerly Tang Town East)\nOriental Sports Center\nPudian Road (Line 4)\nPudian Road (Line 6)\nPudong Avenue\nPudong International Airport\nShanghai Science and Technology Museum\nSouth Yanggao Road\nTangqiao\nTangzhen\nWest Gaoke Road (formerly Hi-Tech West Road)\nYangsi station\nYaohua Road\nYuandong Avenue\nYuntai Road\nThis list is incomplete.German School Shanghai and French School of Shanghai formerly had campuses in Pudong.vteShanghai Metro stationsPart of Transport in ShanghaiLine 7\nMeilan Lake\nLuonan Xincun\nPanguang Road\nLiuhang\nGucun Park 15 \nQihua Road\nShanghai University\nNanchen Road\nShangda Road\nChangzhong Road\nDachang Town\nXingzhi Road\nDahuasan Road\nXincun Road\nLangao Road\nZhenping Road 3 4 \nChangshou Road 13 \nChangping Road\nJing'an Temple 2 14 \nChangshu Road 1 \nZhaojiabang Road 9 \nDong'an Road 4 \nMiddle Longhua Road 12 \nHoutan\nChangqing Road 13 \nYaohua Road 8 \nYuntai Road\nWest Gaoke Road 6 \nSouth Yanggao Road\nJinxiu Road\nFanghua Road\nLongyang Road 2 16 18 Maglev \nHuamu Road\nStations in italics have yet to open. Further information: MuseumRolling stockStationsTimeline See also: Suburban RailMaglevMetroTramBusFerryShanghai Public Transport CardThis Shanghai Metro-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Jinxiu Road station"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jinxiu_Road_station&params=31.1897_N_121.5347_E_source:kolossus-zhwiki_type:railwaystation_region:CN","external_links_name":"31°11′23″N 121°32′05″E / 31.1897°N 121.5347°E / 31.1897; 121.5347"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jinxiu+Road+station%22","external_links_name":"\"Jinxiu Road station\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Jinxiu+Road+station%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Jinxiu+Road+station%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Jinxiu+Road+station%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Jinxiu+Road+station%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Jinxiu+Road+station%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jinxiu_Road_station&params=31.1897_N_121.5347_E_source:kolossus-zhwiki_type:railwaystation_region:CN","external_links_name":"31°11′23″N 121°32′05″E / 31.1897°N 121.5347°E / 31.1897; 121.5347"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jinxiu_Road_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Harrigan	Stephen Harrigan	["1 Life","2 Publishing career","3 Screenwriting career","4 Personal life","5 Works","5.1 Novels","5.2 Non-fiction","5.3 Essays","6 References","7 External links"]	American journalist This article is about the author. For the TV news correspondent, see Steve Harrigan. Stephen HarriganBorn1948 (age 75–76)Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S.OccupationWriterNationalityAmericanAlma materUniversity of Texas at AustinGenreNovelist, screenwriterNotable awardsSpur Award James Fenimore Cooper Award Stephen Harrigan (born 1948) is an American novelist, journalist and screenwriter. He is best known as the author of the bestselling The Gates of the Alamo, for other novels such as Remember Ben Clayton and A Friend of Mr. Lincoln, and for his magazine work in Texas Monthly. Life He was born in Oklahoma City in 1948 as Michael Stephen McLaughlin, the second son of Marjorie Berney McLaughlin, an Army nurse, and of James Erwin McLaughlin, a decorated fighter pilot in World War II who was killed in a plane crash on Mt. Pilchuck northeast of Seattle six months before Harrigan was born. When he was five, his mother married Tom Harrigan, a Texas-based independent oilman. The family moved to Abilene, and then to Corpus Christi. Stephen Harrigan graduated from the University of Texas at Austin in 1971 and—after several years working as a yardman—began writing for the newly established magazine Texas Monthly and launched his career as a freelance writer. His articles and essays have appeared there and in a wide variety of other magazines, including Outside, Esquire, The New York Times Book Review, National Geographic, American History, The Wall Street Journal, and Slate. Publishing career Harrigan at the LBJ Presidential Library in 2019 Harrigan's novel, The Gates of the Alamo, published in 2000, was a New York Times bestseller and the recipient of a number of awards, including the TCU Texas Book Award, the Western Heritage Award from the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum and the Spur Award for Best Novel of the West from the Western Writers of America. His 2011 novel Remember Ben Clayton also won the Spur Award, as well as the Jesse H. Jones Award from the Texas Institute of Letters and the James Fenimore Cooper Prize from the Society of American Historians for best historical novel. His latest novel is A Friend of Mr. Lincoln, a work of fiction centering on Abraham Lincoln's early career as a lawyer and state legislator in Springfield, Illinois. A starred review in Publishers Weekly hailed the book as “superb” and, in the judgment of Pulitzer Prize winning historian Joseph J. Ellis, it is “historical fiction at its very best.” He has recently finished a sweeping history of Texas, from prehistory to the present, entitled "Big Wonderful Thing". It is already a bestseller on Amazon. Screenwriting career Stephen Harrigan has also been a prolific screenwriter, principally in the field of made-for-television movies, a career he recounted in a Slate essay titled "I Was an A-List Writer of B-List Productions." Among the films he has written are The Last of His Tribe (HBO), Beyond the Prairie: The True Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder (CBS), King of Texas (TNT) and The Colt (The Hallmark Channel.) He worked with Robert Altman on a feature version of S. R. Bindler's documentary, Hands on a Hard Body, about an endurance contest to win a pickup truck. Altman was in pre-production on the movie at the time of his death in November 2006. More recently, he has collaborated with William Broyles Jr. on a screenplay based on Conn Igulden's series of novels about Julius Caesar. That project is in development with Exclusive Media. Robert Duvall optioned—as producer and star—another screenplay, The Which Way Tree, based on the novel by Elizabeth Crook. Harrigan and Crook co-wrote the screenplay. Personal life (L-R) Lawrence Wright, Harrigan and Matthew McConaughey at the LBJ Presidential Library in 2018 Harrigan and his wife Sue Ellen live in Austin, Texas. They have three daughters and five grandchildren. For twenty years, he taught creative writing in the MFA program at the Michener Center for Writers at the University of Texas at Austin. He is a founding member of Capital Area Statues, Inc., an organization that raises money for public monuments that celebrate the history and culture of Texas. He was inducted into the Texas Literary Hall of Fame and has won lifetime achievement awards from the Texas Book Festival and the Texas Institute of Letters. Works Novels Aransas (1980) Jacob's Well (1984) The Gates of the Alamo (2000) Challenger Park (2006) Remember Ben Clayton (2011) A Friend of Mr. Lincoln (2016) The Leopard Is Loose (2022) Non-fiction Water and Light: A Diver's Journey to a Coral Reef (1992) They Came from the Sky (preview of a forthcoming Texas history) (2017) Big Wonderful Thing: A History of Texas (2019) Essays A Natural State (1988) Comanche Midnight (1995) The Eye of the Mammoth (2013) References ^ "Off Course". Texas Monthly. 2016-06-16. Retrieved 2017-09-25. ^ "Fiction Book Review: A Friend of Mr. Lincoln by Stephen Harrigan. Knopf, $27.95 (432p) ISBN 978-0-307-70067-4". PublishersWeekly.com. Retrieved 2017-09-25. ^ Harrigan, Stephen (2017-01-24). A Friend of Mr. Lincoln (Reprint ed.). Vintage. ISBN 9780307745330. ^ Harrigan, Stephen (2012-07-11). "I Was an A-List Writer of B-List Productions". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2017-09-25. ^ "Film News". Retrieved 2017-09-25. ^ "Texas Literary Hall of Fame". Fort Worth Library. Retrieved 2017-09-25. ^ "Stephen Harrigan – Collective Vision \| Photoblog for the Austin American-Statesman". photoblog.statesman.com. Retrieved 2017-09-25. ^ "Texas Classic: Stephen Harrigan goes 'Texanic!'". Dallas News. 2014-08-22. Retrieved 2017-09-25. External links Articles and columns at Texas Monthly Personal website Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Harrigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Harrigan"}],"text":"This article is about the author. For the TV news correspondent, see Steve Harrigan.Stephen Harrigan (born 1948) is an American novelist, journalist and screenwriter. He is best known as the author of the bestselling The Gates of the Alamo, for other novels such as Remember Ben Clayton and A Friend of Mr. Lincoln, and for his magazine work in Texas Monthly.","title":"Stephen Harrigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oklahoma City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Mt. Pilchuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pilchuck"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Abilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin"},{"link_name":"Texas Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Monthly"}],"text":"He was born in Oklahoma City in 1948 as Michael Stephen McLaughlin, the second son of Marjorie Berney McLaughlin, an Army nurse, and of James Erwin McLaughlin, a decorated fighter pilot in World War II who was killed in a plane crash on Mt. Pilchuck northeast of Seattle six months before Harrigan was born.[1] When he was five, his mother married Tom Harrigan, a Texas-based independent oilman. The family moved to Abilene, and then to Corpus Christi. Stephen Harrigan graduated from the University of Texas at Austin in 1971 and—after several years working as a yardman—began writing for the newly established magazine Texas Monthly and launched his career as a freelance writer. His articles and essays have appeared there and in a wide variety of other magazines, including Outside, Esquire, The New York Times Book Review, National Geographic, American History, The Wall Street Journal, and Slate.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stephen_Harrigan_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cowboy_%26_Western_Heritage_Museum"},{"link_name":"Western Writers of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Writers_of_America"},{"link_name":"Texas Institute of Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Institute_of_Letters"},{"link_name":"Society of American Historians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_American_Historians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Joseph J. Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ellis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Harrigan at the LBJ Presidential Library in 2019Harrigan's novel, The Gates of the Alamo, published in 2000, was a New York Times bestseller and the recipient of a number of awards, including the TCU Texas Book Award, the Western Heritage Award from the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum and the Spur Award for Best Novel of the West from the Western Writers of America. His 2011 novel Remember Ben Clayton also won the Spur Award, as well as the Jesse H. Jones Award from the Texas Institute of Letters and the James Fenimore Cooper Prize from the Society of American Historians for best historical novel. His latest novel is A Friend of Mr. Lincoln, a work of fiction centering on Abraham Lincoln's early career as a lawyer and state legislator in Springfield, Illinois. A starred review in Publishers Weekly hailed the book as “superb”[2] and, in the judgment of Pulitzer Prize winning historian Joseph J. Ellis, it is “historical fiction at its very best.”[3] He has recently finished a sweeping history of Texas, from prehistory to the present, entitled \"Big Wonderful Thing\". It is already a bestseller on Amazon.","title":"Publishing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Beyond the Prairie: The True Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_the_Prairie:_The_True_Story_of_Laura_Ingalls_Wilder"},{"link_name":"King of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"The Colt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colt_(film)"},{"link_name":"Robert Altman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Altman"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"William Broyles Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Broyles_Jr."},{"link_name":"Robert Duvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Duvall"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Crook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Crook"}],"text":"Stephen Harrigan has also been a prolific screenwriter, principally in the field of made-for-television movies, a career he recounted in a Slate essay titled \"I Was an A-List Writer of B-List Productions.\"[4] Among the films he has written are The Last of His Tribe (HBO), Beyond the Prairie: The True Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder (CBS), King of Texas (TNT) and The Colt (The Hallmark Channel.) He worked with Robert Altman on a feature version of S. R. Bindler's documentary, Hands on a Hard Body, about an endurance contest to win a pickup truck. Altman was in pre-production on the movie at the time of his death in November 2006.[5] More recently, he has collaborated with William Broyles Jr. on a screenplay based on Conn Igulden's series of novels about Julius Caesar. That project is in development with Exclusive Media. Robert Duvall optioned—as producer and star—another screenplay, The Which Way Tree, based on the novel by Elizabeth Crook. Harrigan and Crook co-wrote the screenplay.","title":"Screenwriting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DIG14239-206.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Wright"},{"link_name":"Matthew McConaughey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_McConaughey"},{"link_name":"Michener Center for Writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michener_Center_for_Writers"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Texas Book Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Book_Festival"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Texas Institute of Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Institute_of_Letters"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"(L-R) Lawrence Wright, Harrigan and Matthew McConaughey at the LBJ Presidential Library in 2018Harrigan and his wife Sue Ellen live in Austin, Texas. They have three daughters and five grandchildren. For twenty years, he taught creative writing in the MFA program at the Michener Center for Writers at the University of Texas at Austin. He is a founding member of Capital Area Statues, Inc., an organization that raises money for public monuments that celebrate the history and culture of Texas. He was inducted into the Texas Literary Hall of Fame[6] and has won lifetime achievement awards from the Texas Book Festival[7] and the Texas Institute of Letters.[8]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Novels","text":"Aransas (1980)\nJacob's Well (1984)\nThe Gates of the Alamo (2000)\nChallenger Park (2006)\nRemember Ben Clayton (2011)\nA Friend of Mr. Lincoln (2016)\nThe Leopard Is Loose (2022)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Non-fiction","text":"Water and Light: A Diver's Journey to a Coral Reef (1992)\nThey Came from the Sky (preview of a forthcoming Texas history) (2017)\nBig Wonderful Thing: A History of Texas (2019)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Essays","text":"A Natural State (1988)\nComanche Midnight (1995)\nThe Eye of the Mammoth (2013)","title":"Works"}]	[{"image_text":"Harrigan at the LBJ Presidential Library in 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Stephen_Harrigan_2019.jpg/220px-Stephen_Harrigan_2019.jpg"},{"image_text":"(L-R) Lawrence Wright, Harrigan and Matthew McConaughey at the LBJ Presidential Library in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/DIG14239-206.jpg/220px-DIG14239-206.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Off Course\". Texas Monthly. 2016-06-16. Retrieved 2017-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/finding-the-father-i-never-knew/","url_text":"\"Off Course\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fiction Book Review: A Friend of Mr. Lincoln by Stephen Harrigan. Knopf, $27.95 (432p) ISBN 978-0-307-70067-4\". PublishersWeekly.com. Retrieved 2017-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-307-70067-4","url_text":"\"Fiction Book Review: A Friend of Mr. Lincoln by Stephen Harrigan. Knopf, $27.95 (432p) ISBN 978-0-307-70067-4\""}]},{"reference":"Harrigan, Stephen (2017-01-24). A Friend of Mr. Lincoln (Reprint ed.). Vintage. ISBN 9780307745330.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Friend-Mr-Lincoln-Stephen-Harrigan/dp/0307745333","url_text":"A Friend of Mr. Lincoln"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307745330","url_text":"9780307745330"}]},{"reference":"Harrigan, Stephen (2012-07-11). \"I Was an A-List Writer of B-List Productions\". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2017-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2012/07/made_for_tv_movies_my_career_writing_the_o_j_simpson_story_take_me_home_the_john_denver_story_and_more_.html","url_text":"\"I Was an A-List Writer of B-List Productions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1091-2339","url_text":"1091-2339"}]},{"reference":"\"Film News\". Retrieved 2017-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.austinchronicle.com/screens/2006-12-01/424324/","url_text":"\"Film News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Texas Literary Hall of Fame\". Fort Worth Library. Retrieved 2017-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://fortworthtexas.gov/library/about/texas-literary-hall-of-fame/","url_text":"\"Texas Literary Hall of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stephen Harrigan – Collective Vision \| Photoblog for the Austin American-Statesman\". photoblog.statesman.com. Retrieved 2017-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://photoblog.statesman.com/tag/stephen-harrigan","url_text":"\"Stephen Harrigan – Collective Vision \| Photoblog for the Austin American-Statesman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Texas Classic: Stephen Harrigan goes 'Texanic!'\". Dallas News. 2014-08-22. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_M_Li	Winnie M Li	["1 Early life and education","2 Rape","3 Writing and activism","4 Dark Chapter (2017)","5 Complicit","6 References","7 External links"]	American writer, novelist and activist Winnie M Li is an American writer, novelist and activist. Li's first novel, Dark Chapter, released in 2017, was based on her own experience of a stranger rape in 2008. Her second novel, Complicit, was published in 2022. Early life and education Winnie Li was born in New Haven, Connecticut, to Taiwanese immigrants. Her family lived in Pennsylvania before settling in Wayne, New Jersey. After graduating from high school, she attended Harvard University where she majored in Folklore and Mythology. After graduating Phi Beta Kappa from Harvard, she moved to Cork, Ireland, to pursue an MA in English at National University of Ireland, Cork. In 2000 Li was selected in the inaugural class of George Mitchell Scholars. Rape In April 2008 Li was raped by a 15-year-old boy in Colin Glen Forest Park in Belfast. Li was in Belfast to attend a conference to celebrate the 10-year anniversary of the Northern Ireland peace process. Li suffered 39 separate injuries from the assault. The case caused outcry in Belfast and received national media attention. A community vigil was held in the park a week after the assault. The perpetrator was arrested and ultimately convicted. Writing and activism In the aftermath of the assault Li began writing about her experience. Li contributed an essay about her assault to the book Sushi and Tapas in 2011. Li wrote several articles for the Huffington Post starting in 2014 on her assault and broader themes of sexual violence. In 2015 Li co-founded the Clear Lines Festival, addressing themes of sexual assault and consent through the arts and discussion. Li regularly appears on BBC and Sky News commenting on themes of sexual abuse and violence. Li has also had featured interviews in The Guardian, The Times, The Irish Times, The Irish Examiner, The LA Review of Books and Ms Magazine. In 2018, Li received an honorary doctorate from the National University of Ireland for her contribution to the arts in the advocacy of women's rights. Li's writings have appeared in a variety of magazines and newspapers including The Guardian, The Times, The Mail on Sunday, The Stylist, The Huffington Post and Grazia. Dark Chapter (2017) In 2017 Li published her first novel Dark Chapter, a fictionalised account of the rape written from the perspective of both the victim and perpetrator. The book won the Guardian newspaper's Not the Booker Prize in 2017. Dark Chapter was also nominated for The Edgar Award for best first novel and shortlisted for The Authors' Club Best first novel award. The book has been translated into ten languages. Northern Ireland Screen awarded development funding for a feature film adaptation of Dark Chapter, with Li writing the screenplay. Complicit Li's second novel Complicit was inspired by the MeToo movement and the investigation into predators like Harvey Weinstein's in the film industry. She also drew upon her experience as a former film producer in writing the novel. World rights to the book were sold in a 48-hour pre-empt to Orion Publishing Group, and US rights were contested in a five-way auction, with Emily Bestler at Atria Publishing Group ultimately winning. Complicit was published in Summer 2022. It was selected by The New York Times for their 'Group Text' monthly book club. It also earned positive reviews from The Guardian, The Times, The Irish Times, The Daily Mail, and The Belfast Telegraph. Li was interviewed by Mariella Frostrup at Times Radio, Ryan Tubridy at RTE Radio 1, and on the PBS TV show Story in the Public Square. Complicit appeared on the "Best Crime Novels of 2022" list by The Irish Times and CrimeReads, and "Best Books of 2022" lists by Grazia and Glamour magazines. The audiobook version of Complicit was recorded by actor Katie Leung. References ^ Li, Winnie M (September 2017). Dark Chapter (First ed.). New Jersey: Polis Books. p. 341. ISBN 9781943818624. Retrieved 16 March 2020. ^ a b Complicit. 16 August 2022. ISBN 978-1-9821-9082-8. ^ "Phi Beta Kappa Members". Harvard University. Retrieved 16 March 2020. ^ "I am Selected as a Mitchell Scholar, Now What?". US-Ireland Alliance. Retrieved 16 March 2020. ^ McCurry, Cate. "Tourist raped by teen during trip to Northern Ireland tells how she has made it her life's work to support other victims of sex crime". The Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 16 March 2020. ^ "Woman attacked and raped in park". BBC. Retrieved 16 March 2020. ^ "West Belfast Rape Vigil Held". 4NInews. 21 April 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2020. ^ "Young rapist is jailed for attack on US tourist". Belfast Telegraph. 9 May 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2020. ^ "Woman speaks about her rape ordeal in Colin Glen Forest Park in Belfast". BBC. 2 December 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2020. ^ Li, Winnie. "Profile at the Huffington Post". Huffington Post. Retrieved 16 March 2020. ^ "HOME 2". ClearLines. Retrieved 14 April 2023. ^ Brown, Sophie (9 July 2015). "London Festival Clear Lines Promising To Open Up Sexual Assault Debate Exceeds Crowdfunding Target". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 17 March 2020. ^ Hussein, Sara (10 July 2015). "'You can't have a comedy about rape?' Lambeth Clear Lines Festival breaks the silence on sexual assault". SW Londoner. Retrieved 17 March 2020. ^ "Recovery After Rape". Four Thought. BBC. Retrieved 17 March 2020. ^ "The Conversation". BBC World Service. 15 April 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2020. ^ "Woman's Hour". Woman's Hour. BBC. Retrieved 17 March 2020. ^ Paterson, Niall (23 May 2019). "Divided". Sky News. Retrieved 17 March 2020. ^ Tickle, Louise (31 July 2017). "'I fell between the cracks': author Winnie M Li on how rape survivors are failed by the system". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 March 2020. ^ Li, Winnie (29 June 2017). "I was raped by a 15-year-old boy". The Times. Retrieved 17 March 2020. ^ McKay, Susan (26 September 2015). "'Dark Chapter': my rape, regrowth and recovery". The Irish Times. Retrieved 17 March 2020. ^ Young, Lauren (17 April 2017). "Out of the Darkness: A Conversation with Winnie M. Li". The Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved 17 March 2020. ^ Nelson, Elizabeth (14 June 2018). "Dark Chapter: Why Winnie M. Li Wrote About Rape". Ms Magazine. Retrieved 17 March 2020. ^ "Press Release - NUI Honorary Conferring Ceremony 2018". National University of Ireland. ^ Li, Winnie. "Profile". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 March 2020. ^ Li, Winnie. "I was raped by a 15-year-old boy". The Times. Retrieved 16 March 2020. ^ Li, Winnie. "A message to everyone who dares to say women shouldn't travel alone". The Stylist. Retrieved 16 March 2020. ^ Li, Winnie. "Profile at Huffington Post". Huffington Post. Retrieved 16 March 2020. ^ "I Googled My Rapist And Was Horrified By What I Found". Grazia. Retrieved 14 April 2023. ^ "Not the Booker prize 2017: Dark Chapter by Winnie M Li wins". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 March 2020. ^ "Dark Chapter". Polis Books. Retrieved 16 March 2020. ^ "Editions of Dark Chapter". Goodreads. Retrieved 16 March 2020. ^ "SCREEN FUND AWARDS 2020-21" (PDF). ^ O'Shea \|, Sinéad. "Winnie M. Li Will Not Be 'Complicit'". PublishersWeekly.com. Retrieved 15 April 2023. ^ "Orion signs Winnie M Li in 48-hour pre-empt". The Bookseller. Retrieved 15 April 2023. ^ Complicit. 23 December 2021. ISBN 978-1-3987-0506-7. ^ "Winnie M Li's film industry thriller goes in five-way auction for North American rights". The Bookseller. Retrieved 15 April 2023. ^ "Group Text". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 April 2023. ^ Merritt, Stephanie (27 June 2022). "Complicit by Winnie M Li review – bitterly convincing tale of abuse in the film industry". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 15 April 2023. ^ Nicol, Patricia. "The best popular fiction books of 2022 so far". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 15 April 2023. ^ "Crime fiction: The Island marks Adrian McKinty's return to lyrical prose". The Irish Times. Retrieved 15 April 2023. ^ "Complicit author Winnie M Li: 'There's an assumption in film that it's going to be men who have the skills and talent'". BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 15 April 2023. ^ Sexual abuse in the film industry \| Winnie M Li, retrieved 15 April 2023 ^ "Winnie M Li - Complicit". RTE Radio. Retrieved 15 April 2023. ^ Story in the Public Square \| Story in the Public Square 8/14/2022 \| Season 12 \| Episode 6 \| PBS, retrieved 15 April 2023 ^ "The best crime fiction of 2022, chosen by Declan Hughes and Declan Burke". The Irish Times. Retrieved 15 April 2023. ^ "The Best Crime Novels of the Year: 2022". CrimeReads. 8 December 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2023. ^ "Grazia's Pick Of The Best Books Of 2022". Grazia. Retrieved 15 April 2023. ^ "The 40 Best Books of 2022". Glamour. 2 January 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2023. ^ "harry Potter star Katie Leung to read Orion audiobook of Li's film industry thriller". The Bookseller. Retrieved 15 April 2023. External links Winnie Li's personal website Winnie Li on IMDB 'Reframing the way we think we think about sexual violence' talk for TedX London	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Winnie M Li is an American writer, novelist and activist.Li's first novel, Dark Chapter, released in 2017, was based on her own experience of a stranger rape in 2008.[1] Her second novel, Complicit, was published in 2022.[2]","title":"Winnie M Li"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Haven, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Wayne, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Phi Beta Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"George Mitchell Scholars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Scholarship"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Winnie Li was born in New Haven, Connecticut, to Taiwanese immigrants. Her family lived in Pennsylvania before settling in Wayne, New Jersey. After graduating from high school, she attended Harvard University where she majored in Folklore and Mythology. After graduating Phi Beta Kappa from Harvard, she moved to Cork, Ireland, to pursue an MA in English at National University of Ireland, Cork.[3] In 2000 Li was selected in the inaugural class of George Mitchell Scholars.[4]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Ireland peace process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In April 2008 Li was raped by a 15-year-old boy in Colin Glen Forest Park in Belfast. Li was in Belfast to attend a conference to celebrate the 10-year anniversary of the Northern Ireland peace process. Li suffered 39 separate injuries from the assault.[5] The case caused outcry in Belfast and received national media attention.[6] A community vigil was held in the park a week after the assault.[7] The perpetrator was arrested and ultimately convicted.[8]","title":"Rape"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Sky News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"The Irish Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times"},{"link_name":"The Irish Examiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Examiner"},{"link_name":"The LA Review of Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Review_of_Books"},{"link_name":"Ms Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"National University of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"The Mail on Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mail_on_Sunday"},{"link_name":"The Stylist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stylist"},{"link_name":"The Huffington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post"},{"link_name":"Grazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazia"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"In the aftermath of the assault Li began writing about her experience. Li contributed an essay about her assault to the book Sushi and Tapas in 2011.[9] Li wrote several articles for the Huffington Post starting in 2014 on her assault and broader themes of sexual violence.[10] In 2015 Li co-founded the Clear Lines Festival, addressing themes of sexual assault and consent through the arts and discussion.[11][12][13] Li regularly appears on BBC and Sky News commenting on themes of sexual abuse and violence.[14][15][16][17] Li has also had featured interviews in The Guardian, The Times, The Irish Times, The Irish Examiner, The LA Review of Books and Ms Magazine.[18][19][20][21][22] In 2018, Li received an honorary doctorate from the National University of Ireland for her contribution to the arts in the advocacy of women's rights.[23]Li's writings have appeared in a variety of magazines and newspapers including The Guardian, The Times, The Mail on Sunday, The Stylist, The Huffington Post and Grazia.[24][25][26][27][28]","title":"Writing and activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"In 2017 Li published her first novel Dark Chapter, a fictionalised account of the rape written from the perspective of both the victim and perpetrator. The book won the Guardian newspaper's Not the Booker Prize in 2017.[29] Dark Chapter was also nominated for The Edgar Award for best first novel and shortlisted for The Authors' Club Best first novel award.[30] The book has been translated into ten languages.[31] Northern Ireland Screen awarded development funding for a feature film adaptation of Dark Chapter, with Li writing the screenplay.[32]","title":"Dark Chapter (2017)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MeToo movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeToo_movement"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Orion Publishing Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Publishing_Group"},{"link_name":"Atria Publishing Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atria_Publishing_Group"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"The Irish Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times"},{"link_name":"The Daily Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail"},{"link_name":"The Belfast Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Times Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Radio"},{"link_name":"RTE Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"Story in the Public Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_in_the_Public_Square"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"The Irish Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times"},{"link_name":"CrimeReads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CrimeReads"},{"link_name":"Grazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazia"},{"link_name":"Glamour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Katie Leung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Leung"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"Li's second novel Complicit was inspired by the MeToo movement and the investigation into predators like Harvey Weinstein's in the film industry. She also drew upon her experience as a former film producer in writing the novel.[33] World rights to the book were sold in a 48-hour pre-empt to Orion Publishing Group, and US rights were contested in a five-way auction, with Emily Bestler at Atria Publishing Group ultimately winning.[34] Complicit was published in Summer 2022.[2][35][36] It was selected by The New York Times for their 'Group Text' monthly book club.[37] It also earned positive reviews from The Guardian, The Times, The Irish Times, The Daily Mail, and The Belfast Telegraph.[38][39][40][41] Li was interviewed by Mariella Frostrup at Times Radio, Ryan Tubridy at RTE Radio 1, and on the PBS TV show Story in the Public Square.[42][43][44] Complicit appeared on the \"Best Crime Novels of 2022\" list by The Irish Times and CrimeReads, and \"Best Books of 2022\" lists by Grazia and Glamour magazines.[45][46][47][48]The audiobook version of Complicit was recorded by actor Katie Leung.[49]","title":"Complicit"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Li, Winnie M (September 2017). Dark Chapter (First ed.). New Jersey: Polis Books. p. 341. ISBN 9781943818624. Retrieved 16 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polisbooks.com/books/dark-chapter/","url_text":"Dark Chapter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781943818624","url_text":"9781943818624"}]},{"reference":"Complicit. 16 August 2022. ISBN 978-1-9821-9082-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Complicit/Winnie-M-Li/9781982190828","url_text":"Complicit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-9082-8","url_text":"978-1-9821-9082-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Phi Beta Kappa Members\". Harvard University. Retrieved 16 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://pbk.fas.harvard.edu/previous-years","url_text":"\"Phi Beta Kappa Members\""}]},{"reference":"\"I am Selected as a Mitchell Scholar, Now What?\". US-Ireland Alliance. Retrieved 16 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.us-irelandalliance.org/content/412/en/Life%20as%20a%20Mitchell%20Scholar.html","url_text":"\"I am Selected as a Mitchell Scholar, Now What?\""}]},{"reference":"McCurry, Cate. \"Tourist raped by teen during trip to Northern Ireland tells how she has made it her life's work to support other victims of sex crime\". The Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 16 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/tourist-raped-by-teen-during-trip-to-northern-ireland-tells-how-she-has-made-it-her-lifes-work-to-support-other-victims-of-sex-crime-35714854.html","url_text":"\"Tourist raped by teen during trip to Northern Ireland tells how she has made it her life's work to support other victims of sex crime\""}]},{"reference":"\"Woman attacked and raped in park\". BBC. 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Retrieved 16 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-15998547","url_text":"\"Woman speaks about her rape ordeal in Colin Glen Forest Park in Belfast\""}]},{"reference":"Li, Winnie. \"Profile at the Huffington Post\". Huffington Post. Retrieved 16 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/author/winnie-m-li","url_text":"\"Profile at the Huffington Post\""}]},{"reference":"\"HOME 2\". ClearLines. Retrieved 14 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://clearlines.org.uk/","url_text":"\"HOME 2\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Sophie (9 July 2015). \"London Festival Clear Lines Promising To Open Up Sexual Assault Debate Exceeds Crowdfunding Target\". The Huffington Post. 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Retrieved 17 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/i-was-raped-by-a15-year-old-boy-xdf8g8qgw","url_text":"\"I was raped by a 15-year-old boy\""}]},{"reference":"McKay, Susan (26 September 2015). \"'Dark Chapter': my rape, regrowth and recovery\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 17 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/dark-chapter-my-rape-regrowth-and-recovery-1.2366419","url_text":"\"'Dark Chapter': my rape, regrowth and recovery\""}]},{"reference":"Young, Lauren (17 April 2017). \"Out of the Darkness: A Conversation with Winnie M. Li\". The Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved 17 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/-of-the-darkness-a-conversation-with-winnie-m-li/","url_text":"\"Out of the Darkness: A Conversation with Winnie M. Li\""}]},{"reference":"Nelson, Elizabeth (14 June 2018). \"Dark Chapter: Why Winnie M. Li Wrote About Rape\". Ms Magazine. Retrieved 17 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://msmagazine.com/2018/06/14/dark-chapter-winnie-m-li-wrote-rape/","url_text":"\"Dark Chapter: Why Winnie M. Li Wrote About Rape\""}]},{"reference":"\"Press Release - NUI Honorary Conferring Ceremony 2018\". National University of Ireland.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nui.ie/news/2018/NUIHonoraryConferring/press_release.asp","url_text":"\"Press Release - NUI Honorary Conferring Ceremony 2018\""}]},{"reference":"Li, Winnie. \"Profile\". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/profile/winnie-m-li","url_text":"\"Profile\""}]},{"reference":"Li, Winnie. \"I was raped by a 15-year-old boy\". The Times. Retrieved 16 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/i-was-raped-by-a15-year-old-boy-xdf8g8qgw","url_text":"\"I was raped by a 15-year-old boy\""}]},{"reference":"Li, Winnie. \"A message to everyone who dares to say women shouldn't travel alone\". The Stylist. Retrieved 16 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stylist.co.uk/life/a-message-to-everyone-who-dares-to-say-women-shouldnt-travel-alone/241921","url_text":"\"A message to everyone who dares to say women shouldn't travel alone\""}]},{"reference":"Li, Winnie. \"Profile at Huffington Post\". Huffington Post. Retrieved 16 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/author/winnie-m-li?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAARPsyole_dRnUwaMiBDEKgcSLuazb6RzGty7O7pOnm0kim__-kr8cu9RRTr3s01bVMhGKG8HWg_r2GzkKzA8p_sUOfVsrDx1kZMmPBAgA3k0TOqUXBeHoAuEc_u8dvllr5oVFmQe8pyNwoSpRpE6MRuARExOMb_ssX3KrXsPkVM","url_text":"\"Profile at Huffington Post\""}]},{"reference":"\"I Googled My Rapist And Was Horrified By What I Found\". Grazia. 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ISBN 978-1-3987-0506-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.orionbooks.co.uk/titles/winnie-m-li/complicit/9781398705067/","url_text":"Complicit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3987-0506-7","url_text":"978-1-3987-0506-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Winnie M Li's film industry thriller goes in five-way auction for North American rights\". The Bookseller. Retrieved 15 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebookseller.com/rights/winnie-m-li-s-metoo-film-industry-thriller-goes-substantial-six-figure-sum-us-1240648","url_text":"\"Winnie M Li's film industry thriller goes in five-way auction for North American rights\""}]},{"reference":"\"Group Text\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. 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Lambeth Clear Lines Festival breaks the silence on sexual assault\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000c8sm","external_links_name":"\"Recovery After Rape\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csynj1","external_links_name":"\"The Conversation\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09drjf4","external_links_name":"\"Woman's Hour\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSeAnscwC5c&feature=youtu.be","external_links_name":"\"Divided\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/jul/31/winnie-m-li-rape-survivors-system","external_links_name":"\"'I fell between the cracks': author Winnie M Li on how rape survivors are failed by the system\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/i-was-raped-by-a15-year-old-boy-xdf8g8qgw","external_links_name":"\"I was raped by a 15-year-old boy\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/dark-chapter-my-rape-regrowth-and-recovery-1.2366419","external_links_name":"\"'Dark Chapter': my rape, regrowth and recovery\""},{"Link":"https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/-of-the-darkness-a-conversation-with-winnie-m-li/","external_links_name":"\"Out of the Darkness: A Conversation with Winnie M. Li\""},{"Link":"https://msmagazine.com/2018/06/14/dark-chapter-winnie-m-li-wrote-rape/","external_links_name":"\"Dark Chapter: Why Winnie M. 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Li Will Not Be 'Complicit'\""},{"Link":"https://www.thebookseller.com/rights/orion-snaps-winnie-m-li-48-hour-pre-empt-1237538","external_links_name":"\"Orion signs Winnie M Li in 48-hour pre-empt\""},{"Link":"https://www.orionbooks.co.uk/titles/winnie-m-li/complicit/9781398705067/","external_links_name":"Complicit"},{"Link":"https://www.thebookseller.com/rights/winnie-m-li-s-metoo-film-industry-thriller-goes-substantial-six-figure-sum-us-1240648","external_links_name":"\"Winnie M Li's film industry thriller goes in five-way auction for North American rights\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/column/book-club-books","external_links_name":"\"Group Text\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/jun/27/complicit-by-winnie-m-li-review-bitterly-convincing-tale-of-abuse-in-the-film-industry","external_links_name":"\"Complicit by Winnie M Li review – bitterly convincing tale of abuse in the film industry\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712","external_links_name":"0029-7712"},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-best-popular-fiction-books-of-2022-so-far-bbbhqlnw0","external_links_name":"\"The best popular fiction books of 2022 so far\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","external_links_name":"0140-0460"},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/crime-fiction-the-island-marks-adrian-mckinty-s-return-to-lyrical-prose-1.4877643","external_links_name":"\"Crime fiction: The Island marks Adrian McKinty's return to lyrical prose\""},{"Link":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/books/complicit-author-winnie-m-li-theres-an-assumption-in-film-that-its-going-to-be-men-who-have-the-skills-and-talent/41826469.html","external_links_name":"\"Complicit author Winnie M Li: 'There's an assumption in film that it's going to be men who have the skills and talent'\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","external_links_name":"0307-1235"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fg8ZcF0WejQ","external_links_name":"Sexual abuse in the film industry \| Winnie M Li"},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/radio/radio1/clips/22120652/","external_links_name":"\"Winnie M Li - Complicit\""},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/video/story-in-the-public-square-8142022-y3b3qx/","external_links_name":"Story in the Public Square \| Story in the Public Square 8/14/2022 \| Season 12 \| Episode 6 \| PBS"},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/2022/12/10/the-best-crime-fiction-of-2022-chosen-by-declan-hughes-and-delcan-burke/","external_links_name":"\"The best crime fiction of 2022, chosen by Declan Hughes and Declan Burke\""},{"Link":"https://crimereads.com/the-best-crime-novels-of-the-year-2022/","external_links_name":"\"The Best Crime Novels of the Year: 2022\""},{"Link":"https://graziadaily.co.uk/life/books/best-books/","external_links_name":"\"Grazia's Pick Of The Best Books Of 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.glamour.com/gallery/the-best-books-of-2022","external_links_name":"\"The 40 Best Books of 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.thebookseller.com/news/leung-to-read-orion-audiobook-of-lis-film-industry-thriller","external_links_name":"\"harry Potter star Katie Leung to read Orion audiobook of Li's film industry thriller\""},{"Link":"http://www.winniemli.com/","external_links_name":"Winnie Li's personal website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1398437/","external_links_name":"Winnie Li on IMDB"},{"Link":"https://www.ted.com/talks/winnie_m_li_reframing_the_way_we_think_about_sexual_violence","external_links_name":"'Reframing the way we think we think about sexual violence' talk for TedX London"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumont_Hannant	Beaumont Hannant	["1 Biography","2 Discography","3 References","4 External links"]	British musician, producer and DJ This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Beaumont Hannant" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Beaumont Hannant (born c. 1970) is a British musician, producer and DJ from York, England. His work includes ambient techno, IDM, hip hop and indie rock. Hannant has received positive critical reviews, and he was named one of "The Faces of '94" by music magazine Select. Biography Hannant became a hip-hop/electro DJ in 1986, after witnessing the 1986 World Mixing Championships. During 1993–1994, he released several solo albums on General Production Recordings rooted in ambient techno. His music from this period has been described as eclectic, densely layered and textured. Hannant's album Texturology (1994) resulted in a top three independent album chart placing. Music from the album was used in a theatre presentation of the 17th-century play The Traitor. By 1994, Hannant began to diversify. He provided remixes for Autechre, Björk and Ned's Atomic Dustbin, produced Lida Husik (who provided the vocals to some of his compositions) and managed Shed Seven. With his long-term engineer Richard Brown, Hannant started the trip hop duo Outcast, signing to the indie label One Little Indian in 1996. Discography Releases All on General Production Recordings 1993: Tastes and Textures, Vol. 1 (EP) 1993: Tastes and Textures, Vol. 2: Basic Data Manipulation (CD and double LP) 1994: Tastes and Textures, Vol. 3 (EP) 1994: Texturology (CD and double LP) 1994: Texturology (limited additional double LP) 1994: Ormeau (single) 1994: Sculptured (CD and double LP) 1994: Bitter Sweet (recorded as YO3 alias) 1995: Psi-Onyx (EP) 1995: Notions of Tonality, Vol. 1 (EP) 1996: Notions of Tonality, Vol. 2 (EP) The cover of Notions of Tonality, Vol. 2 mentions a forthcoming album, Tones, but General Production Recordings folded before it could be released, and the album never surfaced. Appearances include 1994: "Utuba" on Artificial Intelligence II 1996: Green Blue Fire album by Husikesque Remixes include 1994: "Beaumonthannanttwomx" and "12/4cadetmx" on Basscadet EP by Autechre 1995: Two remixes of "All I Ask of Myself Is That I Hold Together" and two remixes of "Premonition" by Ned's Atomic Dustbin 1995: Three remixes of "Hyperballad" by Björk: "Girls Blouse Mix", "Over the Edge Mix" and "Subtle Abuse Mix" References ^ a b c Colin Larkin, ed. (1998). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Dance Music (First ed.). Virgin Books. p. 147. ISBN 0-7535-0252-6. ^ After the release of the main album both as a CD (GPRCD04) and a double LP (GPRLP04), came a limited additional double LP (GPRLLP04) with different tracks; though it is simply titled "Texturology" (in golden letters instead of the main release's black text), it is tagged "" to differentiate it from the main release. External links Beaumont Hannant biography at AllMusic Beaumont Hannant interview Hyperreal Music Archive Beaumont Hannant discography at Discogs Authority control databases International ISNI 2 Artists MusicBrainz 2 This article about an English musician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"DJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York"},{"link_name":"ambient techno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_techno"},{"link_name":"IDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_dance_music"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop"},{"link_name":"indie rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinDM-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Select","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Select_(magazine)"}],"text":"Beaumont Hannant (born c. 1970) is a British musician, producer and DJ from York, England. His work includes ambient techno, IDM, hip hop and indie rock.[1] Hannant has received positive critical reviews,[citation needed] and he was named one of \"The Faces of '94\"[citation needed] by music magazine Select.","title":"Beaumont Hannant"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro_(music)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinDM-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinDM-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"remixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix"},{"link_name":"Autechre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autechre"},{"link_name":"Björk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk"},{"link_name":"Ned's Atomic Dustbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned%27s_Atomic_Dustbin"},{"link_name":"Lida Husik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lida_Husik"},{"link_name":"Shed Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shed_Seven"},{"link_name":"trip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip_hop"},{"link_name":"One Little Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Little_Indian_Records"}],"text":"Hannant became a hip-hop/electro DJ in 1986, after witnessing the 1986 World Mixing Championships.[citation needed] During 1993–1994, he released several solo albums on General Production Recordings rooted in ambient techno.[1] His music from this period has been described[citation needed] as eclectic, densely layered and textured.Hannant's album Texturology (1994)[1] resulted in a top three independent album chart[citation needed] placing. Music from the album was used in a theatre presentation of the 17th-century play The Traitor.[citation needed]By 1994, Hannant began to diversify. He provided remixes for Autechre, Björk and Ned's Atomic Dustbin, produced Lida Husik (who provided the vocals to some of his compositions) and managed Shed Seven. With his long-term engineer Richard Brown, Hannant started the trip hop duo Outcast, signing to the indie label One Little Indian in 1996.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Artificial Intelligence II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_II"},{"link_name":"Green Blue Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Blue_Fire"},{"link_name":"Husikesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lida_Husik"},{"link_name":"Basscadet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basscadet"},{"link_name":"Autechre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autechre"},{"link_name":"All I Ask of Myself Is That I Hold Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_I_Ask_of_Myself_Is_That_I_Hold_Together"},{"link_name":"Ned's Atomic Dustbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned%27s_Atomic_Dustbin"},{"link_name":"Hyperballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperballad"},{"link_name":"Björk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk"}],"text":"ReleasesAll on General Production Recordings1993: Tastes and Textures, Vol. 1 (EP)\n1993: Tastes and Textures, Vol. 2: Basic Data Manipulation (CD and double LP)\n1994: Tastes and Textures, Vol. 3 (EP)\n1994: Texturology (CD and double LP)\n1994: Texturology [Vol. 2] (limited additional double LP)[2]\n1994: Ormeau (single)\n1994: Sculptured (CD and double LP)\n1994: Bitter Sweet (recorded as YO3 alias)\n1995: Psi-Onyx (EP)\n1995: Notions of Tonality, Vol. 1 (EP)\n1996: Notions of Tonality, Vol. 2 (EP)The cover of Notions of Tonality, Vol. 2 mentions a forthcoming album, Tones, but General Production Recordings folded before it could be released, and the album never surfaced.Appearances include1994: \"Utuba\" on Artificial Intelligence II\n1996: Green Blue Fire album by HusikesqueRemixes include1994: \"Beaumonthannanttwomx\" and \"12/4cadetmx\" on Basscadet EP by Autechre\n1995: Two remixes of \"All I Ask of Myself Is That I Hold Together\" and two remixes of \"Premonition\" by Ned's Atomic Dustbin\n1995: Three remixes of \"Hyperballad\" by Björk: \"Girls Blouse Mix\", \"Over the Edge Mix\" and \"Subtle Abuse Mix\"","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansi_(disambiguation)	Mansi	["1 See also"]	Look up mansi or Mansi in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Mansi may refer to: Mansi people, an Indigenous people of Russia Mansi language Mansi (name), given name and surname Mansi Junction railway station Mansi, Myanmar, a town in the Kachin State of Myanmar (Burma) Mansi Township, Myanmar Mansi, Banmauk, a village in Myanmar (Burma) Lake Mansi Villa Mansi See also All pages with titles containing Mansi Al-Mansi (disambiguation) Minsi (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Mansi.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mansi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mansi"},{"link_name":"Mansi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mansi"},{"link_name":"Mansi people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansi_people"},{"link_name":"Mansi language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansi_language"},{"link_name":"Mansi (name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansi_(name)"},{"link_name":"Mansi Junction railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansi_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Mansi, Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansi,_Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Mansi Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansi_Township"},{"link_name":"Mansi, Banmauk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansi,_Banmauk"},{"link_name":"Lake Mansi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Mansi"},{"link_name":"Villa Mansi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Mansi"}],"text":"Look up mansi or Mansi in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Mansi may refer to:Mansi people, an Indigenous people of Russia\nMansi language\nMansi (name), given name and surname\nMansi Junction railway station\nMansi, Myanmar, a town in the Kachin State of Myanmar (Burma)\nMansi Township, Myanmar\nMansi, Banmauk, a village in Myanmar (Burma)\nLake Mansi\nVilla Mansi","title":"Mansi"}]	[]	[{"title":"All pages with titles containing Mansi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22Mansi%22"},{"title":"Al-Mansi (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansi_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Minsi (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsi_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Mansi&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Mansi&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oruj_Qeshlaq-e_Hajj_Almas_Khan	Oruj Qeshlaq-e Hajj Almas Khan	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 39°32′00″N 47°46′00″E / 39.53333°N 47.76667°E / 39.53333; 47.76667Village in Ardabil, IranOruj Qeshlaq-e Hajj Almas Khan اروج قشلاق حاج الماس خانvillageOruj Qeshlaq-e Hajj Almas KhanCoordinates: 39°32′00″N 47°46′00″E / 39.53333°N 47.76667°E / 39.53333; 47.76667Country IranProvinceArdabilCountyParsabadBakhshCentralRural DistrictQeshlaq-e ShomaliPopulation (2006) • Total102Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) Oruj Qeshlaq-e Hajj Almas Khan (Persian: اروج قشلاق حاج الماس خان, also Romanized as Orūj Qeshlāq-e Ḩājj Almās Khān) is a village in Qeshlaq-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Parsabad County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 102, in 21 families. References ^ Oruj Qeshlaq-e Hajj Almas Khan can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3816369" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Parsabad CountyCapital Parsabad DistrictsCentralCities Parsabad Rural Districts and villagesQeshlaq-e Shomali(North Qeshlaq) Abadabad Agricultural Research Station Amurab Moghan Lake Camp Ayaz Kandi Ebrahim Kandi-ye Olya Ebrahim Kandi-ye Sofla Ebrahim Kandi-ye Vosta Ebrahimabad-e Jadid Eslamabad-e Jadid Eslamabad-e Qadim Eslamabad-e Sofla Hajj Hasan Kandi Havar Kandi Qeshlaqi Hezar Kandi Khalil Kandi Luleh Daraq-e Hajj Najaf Oruj Qeshlaq-e Hajj Almas Khan Oruj Qeshlaq-e Hajj Esmail Oruj Qeshlaq-e Hajj Omran Oruj Qeshlaq-e Morad Owltan Pirayuvatlu Qarah Daghlu Qaravaghli Ayibi Qeshlaq-e Ayyub Gikalu Qeshlaq-e Babakhan Qeshlaq-e Eslamabad-e Shomareh-ye Do Qeshlaq-e Eslamabad-e Shomareh-ye Seh Qeshlaq-e Guneshli Qeshlaq-e Hajj Ali Qoli Abdol Qeshlaq-e Hajj Ali Qoli Ayaz Qeshlaq-e Hajj Ali Qoli Jafar Qeshlaq-e Hajj Ali Qoli Jelal va Khan Aqa Qeshlaq-e Hajj Almas Khan Qeshlaq-e Hajj Amir Forman Qeshlaq-e Hajj Amir Maherem Qeshlaq-e Hajj Amir Mashhadi Safer Qeshlaq-e Hajj Aymanlu Mahteman Qeshlaq-e Hajj Dowlat Ahmad Qeshlaq-e Hajj Dowlat Savad Qeshlaq-e Hajj Dowlat Yadollah Qeshlaq-e Hajj Fathali Qeshlaq-e Hajj Fathali Mansur Qeshlaq-e Hajj Mahmud Qeshlaq-e Hajj Tumar Hajj Jamshid Shahbazi Qeshlaq-e Hajji Ayman Kandi-ye Olya Qeshlaq-e Hajji Dowlat Badar Qeshlaq-e Hajji Hasan Qeshlaq-e Hajji Hasan Hajj Eslam Qeshlaq-e Hajji Qujakhan Qeshlaq-e Hatem Qeshlaq-e Khalillu Aziz Qeshlaq-e Khalillu Gholam Qeshlaq-e Khalilu Heydar Qeshlaq-e Luleh Darreh Hajji Hasan Qeshlaq-e Luleh Darreh Jamshid Qeshlaq-e Malek Kandi Qeshlaq-e Mehr Ali Kandi Qeshlaq-e Qarah Tappeh Maleklar Qeshlaq-e Qarah Tappeh Tamaq Ali Qeshlaq-e Qaravgholi Jabar Qeshlaq-e Qitranlu Hajj Mohammad Kandi Qeshlaq-e Sufilar Hajj Mirza Ali Aqa Qeshlaq-e Sufilar Hamid Qeshlaq-e Tumar Hajj Sad Qitranlu Soltani Rahim Kandi Salmanabad Shahrak-e Gharbi Tumaraqa Khan Tupraq Kandi Uzun Tappeh-ye Olya Uzun Tappeh-ye Sofla Savalan Abdol Rezaabad Ajirlu Arablu Kandi Bahramabad Dust Kandi Gushlu Hajji Jafar Kandi Hamdollahabad Iranabad Khan Qeshlaqi-ye Yek Majidabad Molla Kandi Para Qeshlaq Petli Kand Qatarabad Quja Beyglu Takah Chi Tazeh Kand-e Kian Tazehabad Urtlu Aslan DuzCities Aslan Duz Rural Districts and villagesAslan Duz Afchi Aq Qabaq-e Olya Aq Qabaq-e Sofla Aq Qabaq-e Vosta Asad Kandi Asad Qeshlaqi Shomareh-ye Seh Asad Qeshlaqi-ye Do Asad Qeshlaqi-ye Yek Ayvazlu Bagheshlu Kandi Buzcheh-ye Olya Buzcheh-ye Sofla Buzcheh-ye Vosta Gedaylu Gurshad Kandi Hajj Amir Kandi Hoseyn Qeshlaqi Gurabazlu Hoseyn Qeshlaqi Hajj Khvajehlu Idir-e Olya Idir-e Sofla Kampab Mantqehi Maghan Khanlar Qeshlaqi Hajj Bala Beyglu Khanlar Qeshlaqi-ye Hajj Alam Qoli Kurlar Mahbub Kandi Maqsudlu-ye Olya Maqsudlu-ye Sofla Maqsudlu-ye Vosta Nur Mohammad Kandi-ye Olya Nur Mohammad Kandi-ye Sofla Nur Mohammad Kandi-ye Vosta Omranabad Palanglu Qarash Qa Tappehsi-ye Sofla Qareh Qabaq-e Olya Qareh Qabaq-e Sofla Qelich Khan Kandi Qeshlaq-e Ahmadi Qeshlaq-e Balaja Qeshlaq-e Buzcheh-ye Olya Qeshlaq-e Buzcheh-ye Sofla-e Yek Qeshlaq-e Gablu Qeshlaq-e Gadilu Qeshlaq-e Hajj Aqaqoli Qeshlaq-e Hajj Aspar Kandi Qeshlaq-e Hajji Bayandar Qeshlaq-e Hajji Nasi Qeshlaq-e Qaharmanlu Qeshlaq-e Seyf Khanlu-ye Do Qeshlaq-e Seyf Khanlu-ye Yek Sarkhai Beyglu Seyf Khanlu Tarbat Kandi Timur Kandi Qeshlaq-e Gharbi(West Qeshlaq) Alamlu Shah Ali Alamlu Tabriz Amir Khanlu Borran-e Olya Borran-e Sofla Dalik Yarqan Duh Darrehsi Esmail Kandi-ye Do Esmail Kandi-ye Yek Gowzalli Kol Tappeh Qarah Takanlu Qarash Qa Tappehsi-ye Olya Qeshlaq-e Alapapakh Qeshlaq-e Ayaq Ayiri Hajj Mohammad Ali Qeshlaq-e Ayiri Darreh Hajj Chapar Qeshlaq-e Ayiri Darreh Hajj Mahbat Qeshlaq-e Chukhli Quyi Bahadruhamat Qeshlaq-e Chukhli Quyi Hajj Akbar Qeshlaq-e Chukhli Quyi Hajj Hasan Ali Qeshlaq-e Chukhli Quyi Hajj Ramazan Qeshlaq-e Chukhli Quyi Hasan Akhteri Qeshlaq-e Chukhli Quyi Hoseyn Aq Bashlar Qeshlaq-e Chukhli Quyi Khodash Qeshlaq-e Farajollah Hajj Sarkhan Qeshlaq-e Farajollah Nemaz Qeshlaq-e Farajollah Qadir Qeshlaq-e Hajj Taleb Qeshlaq-e Hajji Balakhan Qeshlaq-e Hajji Gholam Qeshlaq-e Hajji Panjalu Qeshlaq-e Iman Quyi Mashhad Ali Qeshlaq-e Iman Quyi Mohammad Jalili Qeshlaq-e Jalilu Qeshlaq-e Kazem Owghlan Qeshlaq-e Kazem Owghlan Asghar Qeshlaq-e Muzuhlar Qeshlaq-e Ojaq-e Yek Qeshlaq-e Qabaleh Gah Abbas Ali Qeshlaq-e Qabaleh Gah Ali Aslan Qeshlaq-e Qabaleh Gah Allah Vardi va Paper Qeshlaq-e Qabaleh Gah Gol Aslan Qeshlaq-e Qanbarlu Hajj Mohammad Hasan Qeshlaq-e Qanbarlu Rostam Qanbarlui-ye Vosta Qeshlaq-e Qanbarlui-ye Olya Qeshlaq-e Qarah Takanlu Amrollah Qeshlaq-e Sari Quyi Ahmad Khan Qeshlaq-e Sari Quyi Mikail Qeshlaq-e Sari Quyi Shahmar Qeshlaq-e Sumuklu Heydar Qeshlaq-e Sumuklu Mayir Qeshlaq-e Tak Quyi Matlab va Ali Khan Qeshlaq-e Tak Quyi Qarah Piran Qeshlaq-e Takqui-ye Qarah Piran-e Hazrat-e Qoli Qeshlaq-e Tarrehchi Qeshlaq-e Tulkilu Gol Moradi Qeshlaq-e Tulkilu Gujehlar Qusha Qeshlaq-e Hasan Sari Qeshlaq Taqi Kandi Tazeh KandCities none Rural Districts and villagesMahmudabad Esmail Kandi Hajji Morteza Kandi Hallajabad Mahmudabad-e Taleqani Qeshlaq Amir Khanlu-ye Hajji Shakar Qeshlaq Amir Khanlu-ye Hajji Tapduq Qeshlaq Amir Khanlu-ye Moharramabad Qeshlaq Amir Khanlu-ye Pol-e Rahman Qeshlaq Amir Khanlu-ye Qarah Saqqal Qeshlaq-e Sarudlu Kandi Tazeh Kand Anbarlu Firuzabad Owzun Qui-ye Do Owzun Qui-ye Yek Qeshlaq-e Bahman Shir Qeshlaq-e Hajji Avaz Qeshlaq-e Salman va Alman Takleh-ye Abbasabad-e Olya Takleh-ye Abbasabad-e Sofla Takleh-ye Bakhsh-e Do Takleh-ye Bakhsh-e Yek Tazeh Kand-e Jadid Tazeh Kand-e Qadim Iran portal This Parsabad County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Qeshlaq-e Shomali Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qeshlaq-e_Shomali_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Parsabad_County)"},{"link_name":"Parsabad County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsabad_County"},{"link_name":"Ardabil Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Ardabil, IranOruj Qeshlaq-e Hajj Almas Khan (Persian: اروج قشلاق حاج الماس خان, also Romanized as Orūj Qeshlāq-e Ḩājj Almās Khān)[1] is a village in Qeshlaq-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Parsabad County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 102, in 21 families.[2]","title":"Oruj Qeshlaq-e Hajj Almas Khan"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C3%A9s_Echeverr%C3%ADa_Bello	Inés Echeverría Bello	["1 Biography","2 Literary works","3 Feminism, spiritualism, and political participation","4 Works","5 References","6 External links"]	Chilean writer In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Echeverría and the second or maternal family name is Bello.Inés Echeverría Bello (December 22, 1868-January 13, 1949) was a Chilean writer and feminist.Inés Echeverría BelloBornDecember 22, 1868Santiago, ChileDiedJanuary 13, 1949(1949-01-13) (aged 80)Santiago, ChileBurial placeGeneral Cemetery of SantiagoSpouseJoaquín Larraín AlcaldeChildrenRebeca, Iris, Luz e InesitaParentsFélix Echeverría (father)Valdés Inés Bello Reyes (mother) Biography Inés Echeverría was born on December 22, 1868, into an upper class family. She was the only daughter of Félix Echeverría Valdés and Inés Bello Reyes, and she was the great granddaughter of Andrés Bello. Her mother died during childbirth, so she was raised by her father’s sister Dolores Echeverría. She was the cousin to Rebeca Matte Bello and half sister to Vicente Echeverría Larraín, a journalist and diplomat. She was also close friends with Eliodoro Yáñez and Arturo Alessandri, who she started collaborating with in the 1910s. Even at the end of the 19th century, wealthy families used governesses to educate their daughters, despite the already present establishment of school education and authorization for women to access university (decreed by the Amunátegui decree in 1877). However due to the conservative and Catholic character of the Echeverría family, Inés was educated in the old way: religion, music, embroidery, French and English. On April 10, 1892, she married Joaquín Larraín Alcalde, an Army captain and son of José Patricio Larraín Gandarilas and Carolina Alcalde Velasco. They lived under Inés’s fathers roof, and had four children: Rebeca, Iris, Luz and Inesita. On the morning of January 13, 1949, Echeverría died in her home city. Literary works Inés started a personal diary at a young age, in which she wrote in French. As an adult, she declared in an interview with Amanda Labarca in 1915, that she preferred this language to castellano, because this was the language that represented society that constrained women as well as being the language of the cook. However, the main part of her work was written in castellano and she never lived abroad, even though she spent large time periods in different places in Europe, mainly Paris, also making a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. An active Catholic until her 30s, she began her theosophical and spiritualist transformation at the beginning of the twentieth century, although she never lost the link with the Christian figures that were so central to her early years. Inés Echeverría Bello was a rebel against the conservative conventions of her social class regarding the role of women. In 1904, she published her first book Hacia el Oriente under an anonymous name. Later she used the pseudonym Iris, as well as Inés Bello and Rainbow. After a long trip to Europe and the Holy Land, in 1905, across the birth of her fourth and only daughter, and the publication of her first book, she started literary gatherings in her house that were attended by the intellectual elite of the time, with people like Augusto D'Halmar, Luis Orrego Luco, Joaquín Edwards Bello, Mariano Latorre, Fernando Santiván, among others. In 1910 she published four books that made a big impact due to their critical content: Perfiles Vagos, Tierra Virgen, Emociones Teatrales y Hojas Caídas. Echeverría's first publications were the Perfiles Vagos, a record of her extensive travels through Europe, and Tierra Virgen, a study of Southern Chile. Her next writings, a series of articles, were contributed to Chilean magazines. In 1914, Echeverría published in Paris a novel Entre Deux Mondes, which received favorable recognition. It was followed in 1917, by La Hora de Queda, whose theme was based on the life of the South American resident in the French capital. In 1918, Echeverría contributed articles to "La Nación". Besides the works mentioned and her writings in "El Mercurio", "Familia", "Zig-Zag", and "Sucesos", she published Emociones Teatrales, a collection of theatrical criticisms. In 1922 she became the first academic woman in the Facultad de Filosofía y Letras at the University of Chile. For some authors, her work may be categorized as aristocratic feminism, which includes other authors such as Vera Zouroff, Mariana Cox Méndez, Teresa Wilms Montt, María Luisa Fernández de García Huidobro y Ximena Morla Lynch, among others. The only work that she published under her name own name Inés Echeverría was Por él, a book published in 1934 that describes the tragedy of the murder of her daughter Rebeca at the hands of Roberto Barceló, Rebeca's husband. The book also acts as a plea for justice that Roberto Barceló be shot. The chronology of this crime indicates that Barceló was sentenced in the first instance to death on January 23, 1934, for the crime of parricide. He filed an appeal in cassation with the Supreme Court, trying to annul the judicial sentence. The appeal was rejected on May 25, 1934, and the original sentence was confirmed on November 23, 1936. Barceló Lira was shot on November 26 after the denial of the pardon requested from the President of the Republic Arturo Alessandri Palma (1868–1950). The Larraín-Barceló case was very prominent among the Santiago elite of the time, as it had to do with the social and political influence of the compromised families, the lack of precedents regarding convictions for conjugal crimes to members of the aristocracy, the cultural situation of the moment in terms of the conception of conjugal crimes and their legal aspect. Por él had a testimonial function and served as another proof in the ratification of the conviction of Barceló, a process that came to occupy the space of the press, in the pages of El diario ilustrado and the magazine Sucesos. Inés Echeverría helped the fulfillment of the sentence and the subsequent execution of Roberto Barceló, who "became the first and only aristocrat to whom the maximum penalty has been applied in Chile". In total, she published 18 books and a hundred articles in newspapers, including in La Nación and El Mercurio, the magazines Zig-Zag and La Familia, among others. Feminism, spiritualism, and political participation In 1915, Inés Echeverría Bello participated in the founding of a Reading Club along with Amanda Labarca, and in 1916 the Ladies Club along with Delia Matte de Izquierdo, both instances in which the women of the bourgeois aristocracy of Santiago could have intellectual and political discussions, and where the feminist movement was beginning to emerge at the beginning of the 20th century. These women, in turn, came into close contact with the avant-garde youth, young university students with artistic, political and social interests, who together supported Alessandri's candidacy for 1920. nés and her fellow aristocratic associates lived lifestyles that defied traditional molds, were considered eccentric and branded sometimes immoral by the "well-thinking" society and the "decent neighborhood" of the time. They kept a certain distance from the political front, claiming in an article in La Revista Azul, ""We could talk about politics but we prefer not to touch it, because we think like Madame Augol that "la politique est tres peu poetique". The participation in this populist candidacy by Inés Echeverría and all the social and intellectual effervescence of the moment is extensively related in her work Memorias, published posthumously by her granddaughter in 2005. Inés Echeverría also participated in the spiritualist movement, forming part of the intelectual anti-materialistic and anti-positivism movement that spanned across Europe and Latin America at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century. Iris can be considered as the most representative figure of avant-garde spiritualism, seeing the soul as what justified human existence and the most sublime and transcendent experience. She conceived the inner abode and depth of spiritual life as the focus of all creation and as the raw material of art. Works Hacia el Oriente, Zig-Zag, Emociones teatrales, Santiago: Imprenta Barcelona, 1910. Hojas caídas. Santiago: Imprenta Universitaria, 1910. Entre deux mondes. París: Bernard Grasset, editeur, 1914. La Hora de queda. Santiago: Imprenta Universitaria, 1918. (short story) Cuando mi tierra nació. Santiago: Nascimento, 1930. (historical novel) Nuestra raza: a la memoria de Andrés Bello: su 4ª generación. Santiago: Universitaria, 1930. Alessandri: evocaciones y resonancias. Santiago: Empresa Letras, 1932?. Por él. Santiago: Imprenta Universitaria, 1934. Entre dos siglos. Santiago: Eds. Ercilla, 1937. Cuando mi tierra era niña. Santiago: Nascimento, 1942. 2v. (historical novel) Cuando mi tierra fue moza. Santiago: Nascimento, 1943–46. 3v. (historical novel) Au-delà-- : poème de la douleur et de la mort: fragments d'un journal de la mort. Santiago: Imprenta La Sudamericana, 1948 Fue el enviado: no lo olvidemos. Santiago: Nascimento, 1950 (published after death) Memorias de Iris. 1899-1925. Santiago: Aguilar, 2005. (translated from French) References ^ a b c d e "Inés Echeverría Bello (Iris) (1868-1949) - Memoria Chilena". Memoria Chilena: Portal (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-03-05. ^ a b c d e f Iris (2005). Memorias de Iris: 1899-1925. Aguilar Chilena de Eds. ISBN 956-239-387-9. OCLC 79840875. ^ Manríquez Sanchez, Karin (2006-12-01). El Ingreso de La Mujer Chilena a La Universidad y Los Cambios en La Costumbre Por Medio de La Ley 1872-1877. Instituto de Historia. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. OCLC 729414082. ^ "Joaquín Alcalde Larraín, esposo de Inés Echeverría (Iris) - Memoria Chilena". Memoria Chilena: Portal (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-03-06. ^ "Inés Echeverría Bello (Iris) (1868-1949) - Memoria Chilena". ^ a b c d e f g h i Subercaseaux, Bernardo (2016-04-01). Iris y el feminismo aristocrático. Universidad de Chile. Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades. Departamento de Literatura. OCLC 1078619347. ^ a b c d "Inés Echeverría Bello (Iris) (1868-1949) - Memoria Chilena". Memoria Chilena: Portal (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-03-05. ^ de Larraín, Inés E. (1918). La hora de queda, novelas cortas. Imprenta universitaria. OCLC 3528696. ^ Parker, William Belmont (1920). Chileans of To-day (Public domain ed.). G. P. Putnam's sons. pp. 171–. ^ a b c d e "Por él (1934) - Memoria Chilena, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile". www.memoriachilena.gob.cl. Retrieved 2023-03-06. ^ Meruane, Lina, "Iris, la combativa". Caras. Número 234, Santiago, 17 de marzo de 1997, p. 88 ^ Ines., Echeverria Bello (2005). Memoria de Iris, 1899-1925. Aguilar. ISBN 956-239-387-9. OCLC 1025967630. ^ Iris; Subercaseaux, Bernardo (2001). Alma femenina y mujer moderna: antología. Cuarto Propio. ISBN 956-260-213-3. OCLC 503356053. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Inés Echeverría Bello. This article incorporates text from Chileans of To-day, by William Belmont Parker, a publication from 1920, now in the public domain in the United States. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Echeverría and the second or maternal family name is Bello.Inés Echeverría Bello (December 22, 1868-January 13, 1949) was a Chilean writer and feminist.","title":"Inés Echeverría 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Andrés Bello.[1] Her mother died during childbirth, so she was raised by her father’s sister Dolores Echeverría.[1] She was the cousin to Rebeca Matte Bello and half sister to Vicente Echeverría Larraín, a journalist and diplomat.[2] She was also close friends with Eliodoro Yáñez and Arturo Alessandri, who she started collaborating with in the 1910s.[2]Even at the end of the 19th century, wealthy families used governesses to educate their daughters, despite the already present establishment of school education and authorization for women to access university (decreed by the Amunátegui decree in 1877).[3] However due to the conservative and Catholic character of the Echeverría family, Inés was educated in the old way: religion, music, embroidery, French and English.[2]On April 10, 1892, she married Joaquín Larraín Alcalde, an Army captain and son of José Patricio Larraín Gandarilas and Carolina Alcalde Velasco.[4] They lived under Inés’s fathers roof, and had four children: Rebeca, Iris, Luz and Inesita.[2] On the morning of January 13, 1949, Echeverría died in her home city.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-6"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Holy Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land"},{"link_name":"Augusto D'Halmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_d%27Halmar"},{"link_name":"Luis Orrego Luco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Orrego_Luco"},{"link_name":"Joaquín Edwards Bello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Edwards_Bello"},{"link_name":"Mariano Latorre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Latorre"},{"link_name":"Fernando Santiván","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Santiv%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Southern Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Chile"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"La Nación","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"El Mercurio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mercurio"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parker19202-9"},{"link_name":"University of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Vera Zouroff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Zouroff"},{"link_name":"Mariana Cox Méndez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Cox_M%C3%A9ndez"},{"link_name":"Teresa Wilms Montt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Wilms_Montt"},{"link_name":"María Luisa Fernández de García Huidobro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Luisa_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Ximena Morla Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximena_Morla_Lynch"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"La Nación","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n_(Chile)"},{"link_name":"El Mercurio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mercurio"}],"text":"Inés started a personal diary at a young age, in which she wrote in French.[6] As an adult, she declared in an interview with Amanda Labarca in 1915, that she preferred this language to castellano, because this was the language that represented society that constrained women as well as being the language of the cook.[6] However, the main part of her work was written in castellano and she never lived abroad, even though she spent large time periods in different places in Europe, mainly Paris, also making a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.[2]An active Catholic until her 30s, she began her theosophical and spiritualist transformation at the beginning of the twentieth century, although she never lost the link with the Christian figures that were so central to her early years.[6]Inés Echeverría Bello was a rebel against the conservative conventions of her social class regarding the role of women. In 1904, she published her first book Hacia el Oriente under an anonymous name.[7] Later she used the pseudonym Iris, as well as Inés Bello and Rainbow.[2]After a long trip to Europe and the Holy Land, in 1905, across the birth of her fourth and only daughter, and the publication of her first book, she started literary gatherings in her house that were attended by the intellectual elite of the time, with people like Augusto D'Halmar, Luis Orrego Luco, Joaquín Edwards Bello, Mariano Latorre, Fernando Santiván, among others.[1] In 1910 she published four books that made a big impact due to their critical content: Perfiles Vagos, Tierra Virgen, Emociones Teatrales y Hojas Caídas.[7] Echeverría's first publications were the Perfiles Vagos, a record of her extensive travels through Europe, and Tierra Virgen, a study of Southern Chile. Her next writings, a series of articles, were contributed to Chilean magazines. In 1914, Echeverría published in Paris a novel Entre Deux Mondes, which received favorable recognition. It was followed in 1917, by La Hora de Queda, whose theme was based on the life of the South American resident in the French capital.[8] In 1918, Echeverría contributed articles to \"La Nación\". Besides the works mentioned and her writings in \"El Mercurio\", \"Familia\", \"Zig-Zag\", and \"Sucesos\", she published Emociones Teatrales, a collection of theatrical criticisms.[9]In 1922 she became the first academic woman in the Facultad de Filosofía y Letras at the University of Chile.[1] For some authors, her work may be categorized as aristocratic feminism, which includes other authors such as Vera Zouroff, Mariana Cox Méndez, Teresa Wilms Montt, María Luisa Fernández de García Huidobro y Ximena Morla Lynch, among others.The only work that she published under her name own name Inés Echeverría was Por él, a book published in 1934 that describes the tragedy of the murder of her daughter Rebeca at the hands of Roberto Barceló, Rebeca's husband.[7] The book also acts as a plea for justice that Roberto Barceló be shot. The chronology of this crime indicates that Barceló was sentenced in the first instance to death on January 23, 1934, for the crime of parricide.[10] He filed an appeal in cassation with the Supreme Court, trying to annul the judicial sentence.[10] The appeal was rejected on May 25, 1934, and the original sentence was confirmed on November 23, 1936.[10] Barceló Lira was shot on November 26 after the denial of the pardon requested from the President of the Republic Arturo Alessandri Palma (1868–1950).[10] The Larraín-Barceló case was very prominent among the Santiago elite of the time, as it had to do with the social and political influence of the compromised families, the lack of precedents regarding convictions for conjugal crimes to members of the aristocracy, the cultural situation of the moment in terms of the conception of conjugal crimes and their legal aspect.[10]Por él had a testimonial function and served as another proof in the ratification of the conviction of Barceló, a process that came to occupy the space of the press, in the pages of El diario ilustrado and the magazine Sucesos. Inés Echeverría helped the fulfillment of the sentence and the subsequent execution of Roberto Barceló, who \"became the first and only aristocrat to whom the maximum penalty has been applied in Chile\".[11]In total, she published 18 books and a hundred articles in newspapers, including in La Nación and El Mercurio, the magazines Zig-Zag and La Familia, among others.","title":"Literary works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-6"}],"text":"In 1915, Inés Echeverría Bello participated in the founding of a Reading Club along with Amanda Labarca, and in 1916 the Ladies Club along with Delia Matte de Izquierdo, both instances in which the women of the bourgeois aristocracy of Santiago could have intellectual and political discussions, and where the feminist movement was beginning to emerge at the beginning of the 20th century.[6][7] These women, in turn, came into close contact with the avant-garde youth, young university students with artistic, political and social interests, who together supported Alessandri's candidacy for 1920.[6] nés and her fellow aristocratic associates lived lifestyles that defied traditional molds, were considered eccentric and branded sometimes immoral by the \"well-thinking\" society and the \"decent neighborhood\" of the time.[6] They kept a certain distance from the political front, claiming in an article in La Revista Azul, \"\"We could talk about politics but we prefer not to touch it, because we think like Madame Augol that \"la politique est tres peu poetique\".[6] The participation in this populist candidacy by Inés Echeverría and all the social and intellectual effervescence of the moment is extensively related in her work Memorias, published posthumously by her granddaughter in 2005.[12]Inés Echeverría also participated in the spiritualist movement, forming part of the intelectual anti-materialistic and anti-positivism movement that spanned across Europe and Latin America at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century.[13] Iris can be considered as the most representative figure of avant-garde spiritualism, seeing the soul as what justified human existence and the most sublime and transcendent experience.[6] She conceived the inner abode and depth of spiritual life as the focus of all creation and as the raw material of art.[6]","title":"Feminism, spiritualism, and political participation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hacia el Oriente, Zig-Zag,\nEmociones teatrales, Santiago: Imprenta Barcelona, 1910.\nHojas caídas. Santiago: Imprenta Universitaria, 1910.\nEntre deux mondes. París: Bernard Grasset, editeur, 1914.\nLa Hora de queda. Santiago: Imprenta Universitaria, 1918. (short story)\nCuando mi tierra nació. Santiago: Nascimento, 1930. (historical novel)\nNuestra raza: a la memoria de Andrés Bello: su 4ª generación. Santiago: Universitaria, 1930.\nAlessandri: evocaciones y resonancias. Santiago: Empresa Letras, 1932?.\nPor él. Santiago: Imprenta Universitaria, 1934.\nEntre dos siglos. Santiago: Eds. Ercilla, 1937.\nCuando mi tierra era niña. Santiago: Nascimento, 1942. 2v. (historical novel)\nCuando mi tierra fue moza. Santiago: Nascimento, 1943–46. 3v. (historical novel)\nAu-delà-- : poème de la douleur et de la mort: fragments d'un journal de la mort. Santiago: Imprenta La Sudamericana, 1948\nFue el enviado: no lo olvidemos. Santiago: Nascimento, 1950 (published after death)\nMemorias de Iris. 1899-1925. Santiago: Aguilar, 2005. (translated from French)","title":"Works"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Inés Echeverría Bello (Iris) (1868-1949) - Memoria Chilena\". Memoria Chilena: Portal (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-3461.html","url_text":"\"Inés Echeverría Bello (Iris) (1868-1949) - Memoria Chilena\""}]},{"reference":"Iris (2005). Memorias de Iris: 1899-1925. Aguilar Chilena de Eds. ISBN 956-239-387-9. OCLC 79840875.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/79840875","url_text":"Memorias de Iris: 1899-1925"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/956-239-387-9","url_text":"956-239-387-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/79840875","url_text":"79840875"}]},{"reference":"Manríquez Sanchez, Karin (2006-12-01). El Ingreso de La Mujer Chilena a La Universidad y Los Cambios en La Costumbre Por Medio de La Ley 1872-1877. Instituto de Historia. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. OCLC 729414082.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/729414082","url_text":"El Ingreso de La Mujer Chilena a La Universidad y Los Cambios en La Costumbre Por Medio de La Ley 1872-1877"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/729414082","url_text":"729414082"}]},{"reference":"\"Joaquín Alcalde Larraín, esposo de Inés Echeverría (Iris) - Memoria Chilena\". Memoria Chilena: Portal (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-69692.html","url_text":"\"Joaquín Alcalde Larraín, esposo de Inés Echeverría (Iris) - Memoria Chilena\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inés Echeverría Bello (Iris) (1868-1949) - Memoria Chilena\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-3461.html","url_text":"\"Inés Echeverría Bello (Iris) (1868-1949) - Memoria Chilena\""}]},{"reference":"Subercaseaux, Bernardo (2016-04-01). Iris y el feminismo aristocrático. Universidad de Chile. Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades. Departamento de Literatura. OCLC 1078619347.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/1078619347","url_text":"Iris y el feminismo aristocrático"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1078619347","url_text":"1078619347"}]},{"reference":"\"Inés Echeverría Bello (Iris) (1868-1949) - Memoria Chilena\". Memoria Chilena: Portal (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-3461.html","url_text":"\"Inés Echeverría Bello (Iris) (1868-1949) - Memoria Chilena\""}]},{"reference":"de Larraín, Inés E. (1918). La hora de queda, novelas cortas. Imprenta universitaria. OCLC 3528696.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/3528696","url_text":"La hora de queda, novelas cortas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3528696","url_text":"3528696"}]},{"reference":"Parker, William Belmont (1920). Chileans of To-day (Public domain ed.). G. P. Putnam's sons. pp. 171–.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/chileanstoday00amergoog","url_text":"Chileans of To-day"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/chileanstoday00amergoog/page/n252","url_text":"171"}]},{"reference":"\"Por él (1934) - Memoria Chilena, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile\". www.memoriachilena.gob.cl. Retrieved 2023-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-94775.html","url_text":"\"Por él (1934) - Memoria Chilena, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile\""}]},{"reference":"Ines., Echeverria Bello (2005). Memoria de Iris, 1899-1925. Aguilar. ISBN 956-239-387-9. OCLC 1025967630.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/1025967630","url_text":"Memoria de Iris, 1899-1925"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/956-239-387-9","url_text":"956-239-387-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1025967630","url_text":"1025967630"}]},{"reference":"Iris; Subercaseaux, Bernardo (2001). Alma femenina y mujer moderna: antología. Cuarto Propio. ISBN 956-260-213-3. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patty_Acomb	Patty Acomb	["1 Early life, education, and career","2 Minnesota House of Representatives","2.1 Climate and energy","3 Electoral history","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"]	American politician (born 1965) Patty AcombMember of the Minnesota House of Representativesfrom the 45B districtIncumbentAssumed office January 8, 2019Preceded byJon Applebaum Personal detailsBorn (1965-09-28) September 28, 1965 (age 58)Minnetonka, Minnesota, U.S.Political partyDemocraticSpouseCraigChildren2Residence(s)Minnetonka, Minnesota, U.S.EducationUniversity of Minnesota (BS)OccupationLegislatorWebsiteGovernment website Campaign website Patty Acomb (born September 28, 1965) is an American politician serving in the Minnesota House of Representatives since 2019. A member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL), Acomb represents District 45B in the western Twin Cities metropolitan area, which includes the city of Minnetonka and parts of Hennepin County. Early life, education, and career Acomb was born in Minnetonka, Minnesota, and graduated from Hopkins High School. She attended the University of Minnesota, graduating with a B.S. in natural resources. Acomb has worked at the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the Hennepin County Environmental Services. She also worked on energy policy for the National League of Cities. Acomb was elected to the Minnetonka Park Board in 2009 and then to the Minnetonka City Council from 2012 until her election to the state legislature. While a council member, she served on the Bassett Creek Watershed Management Commission, the Metropolitan Council Water Supply Advisory Committee, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's governmental advisory committee. Governor Mark Dayton appointed Acomb to the Minnesota Board of Water and Soil Resources from 2015 to 2018. Minnesota House of Representatives Acomb was elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives in 2018 and has been reelected every two years since. She first ran after two-term DFL incumbent Jon Applebaum announced he would not seek reelection. Acomb chairs the Climate and Energy Finance and Policy Committee and sits on the Health Finance and Policy, Sustainable Infrastructure Policy, and Ways and Means Committees. In 2019, she founded and was named chair of the Minnesota House Climate Action Caucus. From 2021 to 2022, Acomb served as vice chair of the Climate and Energy Finance and Policy Committee. Climate and energy Acomb led efforts to move Minnesota to zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. She has supported weatherization, and stated she "preferred carrots rather than sticks" to incentivize a transition to a green economy. She authored legislation to give schools grants to install solar energy systems and incorporate teaching about energy into their curricula. She also proposed an amendment to bar public utilities from giving subsidies to builders to use natural gas. Acomb attended the COP26 climate change conference in Glasgow in 2021. Electoral history 2018 Minnesota State House - District 44B Party Candidate Votes % Democratic (DFL) Patty Acomb 15,082 62.74 Republican Gary Porter 8,935 37.17 Write-in 21 0.09 Total votes 24,038 100.0 Democratic (DFL) hold 2020 Minnesota State House - District 44B Party Candidate Votes % Democratic (DFL) Patty Acomb (incumbent) 17,340 62.29 Republican Gary Porter 10,480 37.65 Write-in 16 0.06 Total votes 27,836 100.0 Democratic (DFL) hold 2022 Minnesota State House - District 45B Party Candidate Votes % Democratic (DFL) Patty Acomb (incumbent) 14,915 62.05 Republican Lorie Cousineau 9,108 37.89 Write-in 14 0.06 Total votes 24,037 100.0 Democratic (DFL) hold Personal life Acomb and her husband, Craig, have two children. She resides in Minnetonka, Minnesota. References ^ a b c d e f g "Acomb, Patty - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present". www.lrl.mn.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-09. ^ "Rep. Patty Acomb (45B) - Minnesota House of Representatives". www.house.mn.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-09. ^ Star Tribune Editorial Board (October 30, 2018). "EDITORIAL \| Election endorsements: Our choices in House Districts 38B, 42A, 44B and 48A". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2023-03-10. ^ Bockenstedt, Lara (February 21, 2018). "Minnetonka City Councilor Patty Acomb announces candidacy for House District seat 44B". Lakeshore Weekly News. Big Fish Works. Retrieved November 9, 2018. ^ Star Tribune Editorial Board (September 19, 2019). "EDITORIAL \| Don't delay on climate action". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2023-03-10. ^ Bjorhus, Jennifer (February 5, 2021). "Legislators push to shrink Minnesota's carbon footprint to zero by 2050". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2023-03-10. ^ Orenstein, Walker (2022-12-01). "How far will Democrats in Minnesota go to address climate change next year?". MinnPost. Retrieved 2023-03-17. ^ Orenstein, Walker (2023-02-27). "With carbon-free in place, Minnesota DFLers now debate energy storage mandate". MinnPost. Retrieved 2023-03-17. ^ Acomb, Patty (May 14, 2021). "Readers Write: Electric vehicles, solar power on school roofs". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2023-03-10. ^ Johnson, Chloe (November 24, 2022). "Minnesota's DFL lawmakers vow progress on fighting climate change". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2023-03-10. ^ Johnson, Chloe (October 26, 2022). "Minnesota aims for lower carbon emissions, yet its natural gas network keeps growing". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2023-03-10. ^ Sturdevant, Lori (November 20, 2021). "OPINION EXCHANGE \| Minnesota, the Midwest are central in combating climate change". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2023-03-10. ^ Acomb, Patty (2021-12-01). "Minnesotans who went to climate summit returned both distressed and ready to work". MinnPost. Retrieved 2023-03-17. ^ "2018 Results for State Representative District 44B". Minnesota Secretary of State. Retrieved February 22, 2023. ^ "2020 Results for State Representative District 44B". Minnesota Secretary of State. Retrieved February 22, 2023. ^ "2022 Results for State Representative District 45B". Minnesota Secretary of State. Retrieved February 22, 2023. External links Patty Acomb at Minnesota Legislators Past & Present Official House of Representatives website Official campaign website Patty Acomb at Ballotpedia vteMembers of the Minnesota House of Representatives93rd Minnesota Legislature (2023-2025) Speaker Melissa Hortman (DFL) Majority Leader Jamie Long (DFL) Minority Leader Lisa Demuth (R) 1A. ▌John Burkel (R) B. ▌Deb Kiel (R) 2A. ▌Matt Grossell (R) B. ▌Matt Bliss (R) 3A. ▌Roger Skraba (R) B. ▌Natalie Zeleznikar (R) 4A. ▌Heather Keeler (DFL) B. ▌Jim Joy (R) 5A. ▌Krista Knudsen (R) B. ▌Mike Wiener (R) 6A. ▌Ben Davis (R) B. ▌Josh Heintzeman (R) 7A. ▌Spencer Igo (R) B. ▌Dave Lislegard (DFL) 8A. ▌Liz Olson (DFL) B. ▌Alicia Kozlowski (DFL) 9A. ▌Jeff Backer (R) B. ▌Tom Murphy (R) 10A. ▌Ron Kresha (R) B. ▌Isaac Schultz (R) 11A. ▌Jeff Dotseth (R) B. ▌Nathan Nelson (R) 12A. ▌Paul Anderson (R) B. ▌Mary Franson (R) 13A. ▌Lisa Demuth (R) B. ▌Tim O'Driscoll (R) 14A. ▌Bernie Perryman (R) B. ▌Dan Wolgamott (DFL) 15A. ▌Chris Swedzinski (R) B. ▌Paul Torkelson (R) 16A. ▌Dean Urdahl (R) B. ▌Dave Baker (R) 17A. ▌Dawn Gillman (R) B. ▌Bobbie Harder (R) 18A. ▌Jeff Brand (DFL) B. ▌Luke Frederick (DFL) 19A. ▌Brian Daniels (R) B. ▌John Petersburg (R) 20A. ▌Pam Altendorf (R) B. ▌Steven Jacob (R) 21A. ▌Joe Schomacker (R) B. ▌Marj Fogelman (R) 22A. ▌Bjorn Olson (R) B. ▌Brian Pfarr (R) 23A. ▌Peggy Bennett (R) B. ▌Patricia Mueller (R) 24A. ▌Duane Quam (R) B. ▌Tina Liebling (DFL) 25A. ▌Kim Hicks (DFL) B. ▌Andy Smith (DFL) 26A. ▌Gene Pelowski (DFL) B. ▌Greg Davids (R) 27A. ▌Shane Mekeland (R) B. ▌Bryan Lawrence (R) 28A. ▌Brian Johnson (R) B. ▌Anne Neu Brindley (R) 29A. ▌Joe McDonald (R) B. ▌Marion O'Neill (R) 30A. ▌Walter Hudson (R) B. ▌Paul Novotny (R) 31A. ▌Harry Niska (R) B. ▌Peggy Scott (R) 32A. ▌Nolan West (R) B. ▌Matt Norris (DFL) 33A. ▌Patti Anderson (R) B. ▌Josiah Hill (DFL) 34A. ▌Danny Nadeau (R) B. ▌Melissa Hortman (DFL) 35A. ▌Zack Stephenson (DFL) B. ▌Jerry Newton (DFL) 36A. ▌Elliott Engen (R) B. ▌Brion Curran (DFL) 37A. ▌Kristin Robbins (R) B. ▌Kristin Bahner (DFL) 38A. ▌Michael Nelson (DFL) B. ▌Samantha Vang (DFL) 39A. ▌Erin Koegel (DFL) B. ▌Sandra Feist (DFL) 40A. ▌Kelly Moller (DFL) B. ▌Jamie Becker-Finn (DFL) 41A. ▌Mark Wiens (R) B. ▌Shane Hudella (R) 42A. ▌Ned Carroll (DFL) B. ▌Ginny Klevorn (DFL) 43A. ▌Cedrick Frazier (DFL) B. ▌Mike Freiberg (DFL) 44A. ▌Peter Fischer (DFL) B. ▌Leon Lillie (DFL) 45A. ▌Andrew Myers (R) B. ▌Patty Acomb (DFL) 46A. ▌Larry Kraft (DFL) B. ▌Cheryl Youakim (DFL) 47A. ▌Amanda Hemmingsen-Jaeger (DFL) B. ▌Ethan Cha (DFL) 48A. ▌Jim Nash (R) B. ▌Lucy Rehm (DFL) 49A. ▌Laurie Pryor (DFL) B. ▌Carlie Kotyza-Witthuhn (DFL) 50A. ▌Vacant B. ▌Steve Elkins (DFL) 51A. ▌Michael Howard (DFL) B. ▌Nathan Coulter (DFL) 52A. ▌Liz Reyer (DFL) B. ▌Bianca Virnig (DFL) 53A. ▌Mary Frances Clardy (DFL) B. ▌Rick Hansen (DFL) 54A. ▌Brad Tabke (DFL) B. ▌Ben Bakeberg (R) 55A. ▌Jessica Hanson (DFL) B. ▌Kaela Berg (DFL) 56A. ▌Robert Bierman (DFL) B. ▌John Huot (DFL) 57A. ▌Jon Koznick (R) B. ▌Jeff Witte (R) 58A. ▌Kristi Pursell (DFL) B. ▌Pat Garofalo (R) 59A. ▌Fue Lee (DFL) B. ▌Esther Agbaje (DFL) 60A. ▌Sydney Jordan (DFL) B. ▌Mohamud Noor (DFL) 61A. ▌Frank Hornstein (DFL) B. ▌Jamie Long (DFL) 62A. ▌Aisha Gomez (DFL) B. ▌Hodan Hassan (DFL) 63A. ▌Samantha Sencer-Mura (DFL) B. ▌Emma Greenman (DFL) 64A. ▌Kaohly Her (DFL) B. ▌Dave Pinto (DFL) 65A. ▌Samakab Hussein (DFL) B. ▌María Isa Pérez-Vega (DFL) 66A. ▌Leigh Finke (DFL) B. ▌Athena Hollins (DFL) 67A. ▌Liz Lee (DFL) B. ▌Jay Xiong (DFL) ▌Democratic–Farmer–Labor (69) ▌Republican (64) ▌Vacant (1) Minnesota Legislature Minnesota Senate Minnesota House of Representatives	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minnesota House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"Twin Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Cities"},{"link_name":"Minnetonka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnetonka,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Hennepin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennepin_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Patty Acomb (born September 28, 1965) is an American politician serving in the Minnesota House of Representatives since 2019. A member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL), Acomb represents District 45B in the western Twin Cities metropolitan area, which includes the city of Minnetonka and parts of Hennepin County.[1][2]","title":"Patty Acomb"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minnetonka, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnetonka,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Hopkins High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins_High_School"},{"link_name":"University of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"B.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Department_of_Natural_Resources"},{"link_name":"Hennepin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennepin_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Minnetonka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnetonka,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Transit_(Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"Mark Dayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Dayton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Acomb was born in Minnetonka, Minnesota, and graduated from Hopkins High School. She attended the University of Minnesota, graduating with a B.S. in natural resources.[1]Acomb has worked at the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the Hennepin County Environmental Services.[1] She also worked on energy policy for the National League of Cities.[3]Acomb was elected to the Minnetonka Park Board in 2009 and then to the Minnetonka City Council from 2012 until her election to the state legislature.[4] While a council member, she served on the Bassett Creek Watershed Management Commission, the Metropolitan Council Water Supply Advisory Committee, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's governmental advisory committee. Governor Mark Dayton appointed Acomb to the Minnesota Board of Water and Soil Resources from 2015 to 2018.[1]","title":"Early life, education, and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minnesota House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_House_of_Representatives_election,_2018"},{"link_name":"DFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"Jon Applebaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Applebaum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Acomb was elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives in 2018 and has been reelected every two years since. She first ran after two-term DFL incumbent Jon Applebaum announced he would not seek reelection.[1]Acomb chairs the Climate and Energy Finance and Policy Committee and sits on the Health Finance and Policy, Sustainable Infrastructure Policy, and Ways and Means Committees. In 2019, she founded and was named chair of the Minnesota House Climate Action Caucus.[5] From 2021 to 2022, Acomb served as vice chair of the Climate and Energy Finance and Policy Committee.[1]","title":"Minnesota House of Representatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"COP26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Climate and energy","text":"Acomb led efforts to move Minnesota to zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.[6] She has supported weatherization, and stated she \"preferred carrots rather than sticks\" to incentivize a transition to a green economy.[7][8] She authored legislation to give schools grants to install solar energy systems and incorporate teaching about energy into their curricula.[9][10] She also proposed an amendment to bar public utilities from giving subsidies to builders to use natural gas.[11] Acomb attended the COP26 climate change conference in Glasgow in 2021.[12][13]","title":"Minnesota House of Representatives"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minnetonka, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnetonka,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Acomb and her husband, Craig, have two children. She resides in Minnetonka, Minnesota.[1]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Acomb, Patty - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present\". www.lrl.mn.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lrl.mn.gov/legdb/fulldetail?id=15513","url_text":"\"Acomb, Patty - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rep. Patty Acomb (45B) - Minnesota House of Representatives\". www.house.mn.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.house.mn.gov/members/profile/15513","url_text":"\"Rep. Patty Acomb (45B) - Minnesota House of Representatives\""}]},{"reference":"Star Tribune Editorial Board (October 30, 2018). \"EDITORIAL \| Election endorsements: Our choices in House Districts 38B, 42A, 44B and 48A\". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2023-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.startribune.com/election-endorsements-our-choices-in-house-districts-38b-42a-44b-and-48a/499068791/","url_text":"\"EDITORIAL \| Election endorsements: Our choices in House Districts 38B, 42A, 44B and 48A\""}]},{"reference":"Bockenstedt, Lara (February 21, 2018). \"Minnetonka City Councilor Patty Acomb announces candidacy for House District seat 44B\". Lakeshore Weekly News. Big Fish Works. Retrieved November 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.swnewsmedia.com/lakeshore_weekly/news/local/minnetonka-city-councilor-patty-acomb-announces-candidacy-for-house-district/article_ceef5898-5919-5767-90fe-e1f778eeb429.html","url_text":"\"Minnetonka City Councilor Patty Acomb announces candidacy for House District seat 44B\""}]},{"reference":"Star Tribune Editorial Board (September 19, 2019). \"EDITORIAL \| Don't delay on climate action\". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2023-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.startribune.com/don-t-delay-on-climate-action/560817082/","url_text":"\"EDITORIAL \| Don't delay on climate action\""}]},{"reference":"Bjorhus, Jennifer (February 5, 2021). \"Legislators push to shrink Minnesota's carbon footprint to zero by 2050\". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2023-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.startribune.com/legislators-push-to-shrink-minnesota-s-carbon-footprint-to-zero-by-2050/600019340/","url_text":"\"Legislators push to shrink Minnesota's carbon footprint to zero by 2050\""}]},{"reference":"Orenstein, Walker (2022-12-01). \"How far will Democrats in Minnesota go to address climate change next year?\". MinnPost. Retrieved 2023-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minnpost.com/state-government/2022/12/will-minnesota-democrats-pass-most-significant-climate-legislation-in-history-next-year/","url_text":"\"How far will Democrats in Minnesota go to address climate change next year?\""}]},{"reference":"Orenstein, Walker (2023-02-27). \"With carbon-free in place, Minnesota DFLers now debate energy storage mandate\". MinnPost. Retrieved 2023-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minnpost.com/environment/2023/02/with-carbon-free-law-in-place-minnesota-democrats-now-debating-whether-to-mandate-energy-storage/","url_text":"\"With carbon-free in place, Minnesota DFLers now debate energy storage mandate\""}]},{"reference":"Acomb, Patty (May 14, 2021). \"Readers Write: Electric vehicles, solar power on school roofs\". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2023-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.startribune.com/readers-write-electric-vehicles-solar-power-on-school-roofs/600057450/","url_text":"\"Readers Write: Electric vehicles, solar power on school roofs\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Chloe (November 24, 2022). \"Minnesota's DFL lawmakers vow progress on fighting climate change\". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2023-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.startribune.com/minnesotas-dfl-lawmakers-vow-progress-on-fighting-climate-change/600228924/","url_text":"\"Minnesota's DFL lawmakers vow progress on fighting climate change\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Chloe (October 26, 2022). \"Minnesota aims for lower carbon emissions, yet its natural gas network keeps growing\". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2023-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-aims-for-lower-carbon-emissions-yet-its-natural-gas-network-keeps-growing/600219312/","url_text":"\"Minnesota aims for lower carbon emissions, yet its natural gas network keeps growing\""}]},{"reference":"Sturdevant, Lori (November 20, 2021). \"OPINION EXCHANGE \| Minnesota, the Midwest are central in combating climate change\". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2023-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-the-midwest-are-central-in-combating-climate-change/600119044/","url_text":"\"OPINION EXCHANGE \| Minnesota, the Midwest are central in combating climate change\""}]},{"reference":"Acomb, Patty (2021-12-01). \"Minnesotans who went to climate summit returned both distressed and ready to work\". MinnPost. Retrieved 2023-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minnpost.com/community-voices/2021/12/minnesotans-who-went-to-climate-summit-returned-both-distressed-and-ready-to-work/","url_text":"\"Minnesotans who went to climate summit returned both distressed and ready to work\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 Results for State Representative District 44B\". Minnesota Secretary of State. Retrieved February 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://electionresults.sos.state.mn.us/results/Index?ErsElectionId=115&scenario=StateRepresentative&DistrictId=442&show=Go","url_text":"\"2018 Results for State Representative District 44B\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Secretary_of_State","url_text":"Minnesota Secretary of State"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Results for State Representative District 44B\". Minnesota Secretary of State. Retrieved February 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://electionresults.sos.state.mn.us/results/Index?ErsElectionId=136&scenario=StateRepresentative&DistrictId=442&show=Go","url_text":"\"2020 Results for State Representative District 44B\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Secretary_of_State","url_text":"Minnesota Secretary of State"}]},{"reference":"\"2022 Results for State Representative District 45B\". Minnesota Secretary of State. Retrieved February 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://electionresults.sos.state.mn.us/results/Index?ErsElectionId=149&scenario=StateRepresentative&DistrictId=444&show=Go","url_text":"\"2022 Results for State Representative District 45B\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Secretary_of_State","url_text":"Minnesota Secretary of State"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/members/profile/15513","external_links_name":"Government website"},{"Link":"https://www.pattyacomb.com/","external_links_name":"Campaign website"},{"Link":"https://www.lrl.mn.gov/legdb/fulldetail?id=15513","external_links_name":"\"Acomb, Patty - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present\""},{"Link":"https://www.house.mn.gov/members/profile/15513","external_links_name":"\"Rep. Patty Acomb (45B) - Minnesota House of Representatives\""},{"Link":"https://www.startribune.com/election-endorsements-our-choices-in-house-districts-38b-42a-44b-and-48a/499068791/","external_links_name":"\"EDITORIAL \| Election endorsements: Our choices in House Districts 38B, 42A, 44B and 48A\""},{"Link":"https://www.swnewsmedia.com/lakeshore_weekly/news/local/minnetonka-city-councilor-patty-acomb-announces-candidacy-for-house-district/article_ceef5898-5919-5767-90fe-e1f778eeb429.html","external_links_name":"\"Minnetonka City Councilor Patty Acomb announces candidacy for House District seat 44B\""},{"Link":"https://www.startribune.com/don-t-delay-on-climate-action/560817082/","external_links_name":"\"EDITORIAL \| Don't delay on climate action\""},{"Link":"https://www.startribune.com/legislators-push-to-shrink-minnesota-s-carbon-footprint-to-zero-by-2050/600019340/","external_links_name":"\"Legislators push to shrink Minnesota's carbon footprint to zero by 2050\""},{"Link":"https://www.minnpost.com/state-government/2022/12/will-minnesota-democrats-pass-most-significant-climate-legislation-in-history-next-year/","external_links_name":"\"How far will Democrats in Minnesota go to address climate change next year?\""},{"Link":"https://www.minnpost.com/environment/2023/02/with-carbon-free-law-in-place-minnesota-democrats-now-debating-whether-to-mandate-energy-storage/","external_links_name":"\"With carbon-free in place, Minnesota DFLers now debate energy storage mandate\""},{"Link":"https://www.startribune.com/readers-write-electric-vehicles-solar-power-on-school-roofs/600057450/","external_links_name":"\"Readers Write: Electric vehicles, solar power on school roofs\""},{"Link":"https://www.startribune.com/minnesotas-dfl-lawmakers-vow-progress-on-fighting-climate-change/600228924/","external_links_name":"\"Minnesota's DFL lawmakers vow progress on fighting climate change\""},{"Link":"https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-aims-for-lower-carbon-emissions-yet-its-natural-gas-network-keeps-growing/600219312/","external_links_name":"\"Minnesota aims for lower carbon emissions, yet its natural gas network keeps growing\""},{"Link":"https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-the-midwest-are-central-in-combating-climate-change/600119044/","external_links_name":"\"OPINION EXCHANGE \| Minnesota, the Midwest are central in combating climate change\""},{"Link":"https://www.minnpost.com/community-voices/2021/12/minnesotans-who-went-to-climate-summit-returned-both-distressed-and-ready-to-work/","external_links_name":"\"Minnesotans who went to climate summit returned both distressed and ready to work\""},{"Link":"https://electionresults.sos.state.mn.us/results/Index?ErsElectionId=115&scenario=StateRepresentative&DistrictId=442&show=Go","external_links_name":"\"2018 Results for State Representative District 44B\""},{"Link":"https://electionresults.sos.state.mn.us/results/Index?ErsElectionId=136&scenario=StateRepresentative&DistrictId=442&show=Go","external_links_name":"\"2020 Results for State Representative District 44B\""},{"Link":"https://electionresults.sos.state.mn.us/results/Index?ErsElectionId=149&scenario=StateRepresentative&DistrictId=444&show=Go","external_links_name":"\"2022 Results for State Representative District 45B\""},{"Link":"https://www.leg.state.mn.us/legdb/fulldetail?ID=15513","external_links_name":"Patty Acomb"},{"Link":"https://www.leg.state.mn.us/legdb/","external_links_name":"Minnesota Legislators Past & Present"},{"Link":"https://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/members/profile/15513","external_links_name":"Official House of Representatives website"},{"Link":"https://www.pattyacomb.com/","external_links_name":"Official campaign website"},{"Link":"https://ballotpedia.org/Patty_Acomb","external_links_name":"Patty Acomb"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Center_for_Democracy_and_Human_Rights_in_Saudi_Arabia	The Center for Democracy and Human Rights in Saudi Arabia	["1 Activities","2 Issues","3 Political reform","4 Religious freedom","5 Women's rights","6 Economic reform","7 Minority rights","8 References","9 External links"]	This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "The Center for Democracy and Human Rights in Saudi Arabia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Center for Democracy and Human Rights in Saudi Arabia (CDHR) is a United States based non-profit organization established to promote transformation of the existing Saudi autocratic institutions to a system whereby all Saudi citizens are empowered to chart a peaceful, prosperous, tolerant and safe future for themselves and for their country. CDHR was founded by Dr. Ali Alyami, executive director, in May 2004. Activities Provides information and analysis of Saudi events and policies via its website and 5,000 strong newsletter recipients worldwide. CDHR's director analyzes Saudi news and policies for the benefit of the readers who would otherwise take the highly censored Saudi news for face value. Operates a Blog, Twitter and Facebook accounts to spread information and engage readers in open discussions about issues that affect them, but which they cannot initiate from or discuss openly in Saudi Arabia. Organizes public and official conferences and round table discussions in which speakers present current different prospective and analysis about Saudi policies, US-Saudi relations and the Saudi role in the financing and spread of its austere brand of Islam, Wahhabism. Monitors and conducts research on human rights, women's and minority rights, rights of expatriates, religious tolerance and freedom of worship and expression. Networks with other groups, think tanks and Congressional staffers in Washington, to provide them with information about Saudi Arabia as it relates to the US and its interests. Networks with pro-democracy and human rights groups in the US, Europe and individuals in the Arab and Muslim communities. Provides presentations at conferences and other events, utilizing the knowledge of the Executive Director as a native of Saudi Arabia and an expert familiar with its history, composition, and peoples. Issues The Center for Democracy and Human Rights in Saudi Arabia focuses on five main issues regarding the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Political reform Religious freedom Women's rights Minority rights Economic reform Political reform The center supports the promotion of a democratically governed Saudi Arabia. Due to its influence on an estimated 1.2 billion Muslims around the world, and its location with relation to the world's oil market, The Center believes that "Saudi Arabia cannot be disregarded or surrendered to an absolute monarchy that encourages the oppression of women and religious minorities, and fosters domestic extremism and international terrorism." By creating a constitutional, democratic government paired with the rule of law, CDHR feels that a more prosperous and united Saudi Arabia will emerge, which is not only for the best interest for the Saudi people, but the United States and all other democratic societies. In order to do this, CDHR has consulted with democratic and constitutional experts and has devoted itself to creating a "blueprint" for a new democratic political structure in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. They have proposed the following steps in doing so: The holding of full and fair, internationally verified municipal elections as a first step towards the complete democratization of the Saudi political system. Regional and national elections are to follow local elections. All citizens of voting age should have the right to vote, regardless of gender, race, ethnicity or religious orientation, at all levels of the democratic process (locally, regionally, and nationally). Representation at all levels of government is to be directly proportional to the percentage of the vote obtained in the elections by any candidate or party. To ensure fair political representation of both individuals and regions, the number of seats available for each body of government should be prescribed by the Constitution and directly related to the results of a regularly and independently held National Census. The new political structure is to be designed so that each of the five main regions enjoys equal representation at the national level in a legislative body. A non-sectarian national Constitution should be voted on and approved in a referendum by all citizens of voting age and thereafter upheld by a politically independent Constitutional Court. The national Constitution should be amendable only by an affirmative vote of an increased majority in the national representative bodies, followed by regional ratification. Military, police, information agencies and militias, both regional and national, should be under civilian authority and employed only for national or regional security and defense priorities and for the protection of citizens’ rights and safety. All positions of public service, whether civilian or military, shall have limited terms of office and restricted mandates, and are to be regulated by the country’s regional laws and national Constitution where the national Constitution shall at all times take precedence over all regional laws. All levels of Saudi Government should adhere to highest standards of transparency and accountability. The holy shrines in Makkah (Mecca) and Madinah (Medina) should have their own elected governing council with representatives from all Muslim countries. This council’s mandate will be limited to religious affairs and it will have no political influence in the affairs of the Saudi state. By making these changes, The Center for Democracy and Human Rights in Saudi Arabia believes that the people in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia will embrace democracy,a free market economy, tolerance, and in turn share in extreme productivity economically and socially. Religious freedom Religious freedom is an important issue for the center. It is forbidden to practice any other religion in The Kingdom other than Wahhabism, which is the state-sanctioned interpretation of Islam. Representative of an estimated one percent of Muslims in Saudi Arabia, Wahhabism is considered by most to be and extremist sect of Islam that openly sponsors terrorism and the persecution of other religions. While modest efforts have been made by the Saudi government to modernize their strict adherence to Wahhabism and to try to separate themselves from the negative aspects of this brand of Islam(2008 Interfaith Conference. Madrid, Spain), CDHR believes that “unless the international community takes concrete measures to discourage the Saudi institutions from promoting religious hatred in Saudi Arabia and the rest of the Arab world, the consequences could be catastrophic.” Women's rights Women in Saudi Arabia are less represented in political, social, economic and scientific fields than women in any other Arab or Muslim country. Women were barred from participating in the only municipal elections in the history of the Saudi State in 2005. They are prohibited from studying certain subjects in schools, such as chemistry and biology. They may not legally drive and must obtain “permission” from a male “guardian” to travel within or outside the country. Women must ride in the back of public buses, even when the buses are empty. Saudi girls are not allowed to play sports in schools, which, by Saudi health official admission, is causing health problems and staggering expenses. All marriages are arranged by male relatives. If a Saudi woman divorces her husband, she loses custody of her children over age six. Women have little or no freedom to prosecute sexual abuse cases, being required to produce four witnesses. In court, a woman's testimony is equivalent to half that of a man's. These conditions violate women's human rights and have devastating personal and social effects. These exclusionary policies have created an imbalanced environment that is hurting Saudi society and Muslim women across the globe. Such policies favor the views of extremist-leaning segments in the Saudi society. CDHR promotes the empowerment of Saudi women to become equal partners in the democratic development process in Saudi Arabia. As activists, elected officials, and constituents, the contributions of women are crucial to building a strong and vibrant society that embraces tolerance and rejects extremism and terrorism. Empowering women in Saudi Arabia is a moral imperative and a powerful path to promoting progress, tolerance and democracy in the country. The alliance between the Saudi ruling dynasty and its extremist religious allies is at the heart of Saudi exclusion and mistreatment of women. The royal family has traditionally used a conservative brand of Sunni Islam (Wahhabism) to justify its rule. Present-day Saudi Arabia was founded by an alliance between Muhammad ibn Saud, great grandfather of the current ruling dynasty, and Muhammad Abd al-Wahhab, the founder and father of Wahhabism in the middle of the eighteenth century. Wahhabi religious police have free rein to enforce their interpretation of religious law, and Saudi women face severe restrictions in the political, economic, and social spheres. Women cannot directly write freely, or assemble and organize against restrictions. The system has stifled the development of the country and kept its citizens divided. Increased participation by Saudi women will tilt the balance in favor of tolerant policies that are in the best interest of all Saudi citizens and the international community. With Saudi Arabia's religious and economic influence regionally and globally, empowering women in Saudi Arabia will increase chances for democratic reforms in other Arab and Muslim societies worldwide. Economic reform The problem of discrimination against Saudi Arabia's religious minorities is compounded by the Saudi regime's restrictive and inhumane policies towards the country's nearly nine million foreigners, or one-third of the population of Saudi Arabia, who live and work in the country without any rights or recognition under the law. The vast majority of these expatriates have fled their own poverty-stricken or war-torn countries in Africa and Asia, such as Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sudan, Sri Lanka and the Philippines. The 2004 report by the Saudi Statistics Department of the Ministry of Economy and Planning acknowledges that non-Saudis account for 67% of the Kingdom's labor force, while it is estimated expatriates hold 85–90% of the private sector jobs. There is no minimum wage and workers do not have the right to organize or strike. In 2004, Human Rights Watch reported that they had encountered both women and men working in conditions resembling slavery. Female workers coming to Saudi Arabia to work as domestic servants often endure the most severe conditions. Upon arrival, they may find that the contracts they signed in their home countries are disregarded and they are forced to work 18 hours a day, 7 days a week and are paid far less than agreed in the contract, if they receive pay at all. They are forced to sleep on the floor, are underfed, and are forbidden to leave their employment facilities or compounds. They are kept in complete social isolation without outside social contacts or freedom of movement. They are subjected to frequent beatings and often face the trauma of sexual abuse by the male members of the household. It is virtually impossible for foreign workers to improve their situations, as they are deprived of legal recourse when their passports are confiscated by their employers upon entry to Saudi Arabia. Expatriates who complain or attempt to seek legal redress can be arrested and held indefinitely without charge, legal counsel, and access to their embassies. Consequently, foreigners are executed in much larger numbers than Saudi citizens. For instance, in 2003, fifty individuals were executed by the Saudi authorities; only 19 of them were Saudis. Minority rights Religious minorities in Saudi Arabia (non-Wahhabi Muslims and non-Muslims) face discrimination in employment and education, and are forbidden from openly practicing their religion. In cases involving the calculation of accidental injury or death compensation, a non-Muslim receives only half of the compensation that a male Muslim would receive, and in some cases only one-sixteenth of that amount, depending on intentionality. The testimony of non-Wahhabi Muslims can be disregarded, and non-Muslims are likely to receive harsher criminal sentences than Muslims. All verdicts are decided by the whim of partial Wahhabi judges. The 2004 statistical report from the Saudi Ministry of Economy and Planning acknowledged that non-Saudis account for 67% of the Kingdom's labor force. Other estimates set this figure as high as 85 to 90%. This translates to nearly seven million foreigners, or one-third of the population of Saudi Arabia, who live and work in the country without any rights or recognition under the strict Saudi-Wahhabi religious laws and practices. Without these workers, many of whom are non-Muslims, the Saudi economy would collapse. This hiring practice permeates the government and private employment sectors. Saudis are bypassed in favor of cheap labor, mostly from poorer Asian or African countries, who accept any terms without complaint due to their fear of arrest or deportation. Despite Saudi Arabia's dependence on its labor and expertise, foreign workers in the country are treated very poorly. Upon entry into the country, the passports of non-diplomats are confiscated by their employers or sponsors and the foreigner becomes a virtual hostage of his or her sponsor until departing the country. Foreign workers often face abusive conditions in the workplace, being denied breaks and meals while working unreasonably long hours, and in some cases not receiving pay for months or years at a time. There are reports of verbal and physical abuse, especially of foreign women working as domestic servants in Saudi households. There is no minimum wage, and workers do not have the right to organize or strike. There is no agency that recognizes the grievances of foreign laborers, and they may not access the justice system. Embassies of foreign workers often side with the Saudis for fear of losing Saudi loans, favorable trade deals, and access to cheap oil. CDHR strongly urges the international community to condemn these abuses and the institutional discrimination against anyone in Saudi Arabia because of belief, ethnicity, race, or gender. The recognition and protection of basic human rights constitutes a part of the democratization process. A policy of fairness and decency must replace the government-sanctioned practice of discrimination and abuse in Saudi Arabia. References ^ Zakarian, Ani (25 September 2006). "The Non-Profit Spotlight: The Center for Democracy and Human Rights in Saudi Arabia The Mideast Corner". Archived from the original on 10 November 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2009. ^ "CDHR's Blog". 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2009. ^ "CDHR's Twitter Profile". June 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2009. ^ "CDHR's Facebook Profile". Facebook. 21 August 2009. ^ "The Center for Democracy and Human Rights in Saudi Arabia". Kurdistan National Assembly. July 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2009. ^ "A Re-Evaluation of U.S.-Saudi Relations". The Heritage Foundation. 18 March 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-08-21. Retrieved 21 August 2009. ^ Homa Pouragari. "The Dawn of Saudi: In Search for Freedom by Homa Pouragari - Reviews, Discussion, Bookclubs, Lists". Goodreads.com. Retrieved 2012-12-03. ^ "The State of Reform: Human rights, Democratic Development and Individual Freedoms in Saudi Arabia and the Arab Gulf States". Project on Middle East Democracy. 2 November 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-08-28. Retrieved 21 August 2009. ^ "The State of Reform in Saudi Arabia". Fora TV. January 11, 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2009. ^ Vu, Michelle (5 December 2006). "Experts Discuss Saudi Arabia Religious Freedom, Human Rights Reform". The Christian Post. Retrieved 21 August 2009. ^ a b c d Political Reform Archived 2008-08-07 at the Wayback Machine, cdhr.info ^ "Interview with Dr. Ali Alyami". Rants and Raves. 1 November 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2009. ^ Religious Freedom Archived 2009-03-28 at the Wayback Machine, cdhr.info ^ "Perpetual Minors: Human Rights Abuses Stemming from Sex Segregation and Male Guardianship in Saudi Arabia". Human Rights Watch. April 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2009. ^ Al-Huwaider, Wajeha (16 August 2009). "Saudi Women Can Drive. Just Let Them". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 August 2009. ^ "Saudi Arabia: Women's Rights Promises Broken". Human Rights Watch. 8 July 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2009. ^ Al-Jihani, Salim. "Women lawyers lament lack of opportunities". Saudi Gazette. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2009. ^ "Saudi Arabia: Foreign Workers Abused". Human Rights Watch. 14 July 2004. Retrieved 21 August 2008. ^ "Saudi Arabia - Amnesty International Report 2008 \| Amnesty International". Amnesty.org. 2008-10-08. Retrieved 2012-12-03. ^ Davies, Elizabeth (15 July 2004). "Saudi justice system blind to abuse of foreign workers". The Independent. Retrieved 21 August 2009. ^ Osumo, Raffy (3 January 2006). "Filipino Rescued After Working Without Pay for 18 Years". Arab News. Retrieved 21 August 2009. External links Official website CDHR blog CDHR Facebook Group CDHR on Twitter	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Dr. Ali Alyami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Ali_Alyami"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Center for Democracy and Human Rights in Saudi Arabia (CDHR) is a United States based non-profit organization established to promote transformation of the existing Saudi autocratic institutions to a system whereby all Saudi citizens are empowered to chart a peaceful, prosperous, tolerant and safe future for themselves and for their country. CDHR was founded by Dr. Ali Alyami, executive director, in May 2004.[1]","title":"The Center for Democracy and Human Rights in Saudi Arabia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Provides information and analysis of Saudi events and policies via its website and 5,000 strong newsletter recipients worldwide. CDHR's director analyzes Saudi news and policies for the benefit of the readers who would otherwise take the highly censored Saudi news for face value.Operates a Blog, Twitter and Facebook accounts to spread information and engage readers in open discussions about issues that affect them, but which they cannot initiate from or discuss openly in Saudi Arabia.[2][3][4]Organizes public and official conferences and round table discussions in which speakers present current different prospective and analysis about Saudi policies, US-Saudi relations and the Saudi role in the financing and spread of its austere brand of Islam, Wahhabism.[5][6]Monitors and conducts research on human rights, women's and minority rights, rights of expatriates, religious tolerance and freedom of worship and expression.[7]Networks with other groups, think tanks and Congressional staffers in Washington, to provide them with information about Saudi Arabia as it relates to the US and its interests.Networks with pro-democracy and human rights groups in the US, Europe and individuals in the Arab and Muslim communities.Provides presentations at conferences and other events, utilizing the knowledge of the Executive Director as a native of Saudi Arabia and an expert familiar with its history, composition, and peoples.[8][9][10]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia"}],"text":"The Center for Democracy and Human Rights in Saudi Arabia focuses on five main issues regarding\nthe Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Political reform\nReligious freedom\nWomen's rights\nMinority rights\nEconomic reform","title":"Issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Political_Reform-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Political_Reform-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Political_Reform-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Political_Reform-11"}],"text":"The center supports the promotion of a democratically governed Saudi Arabia. Due to its influence on an estimated 1.2 billion Muslims around the world, and its location with relation to the world's oil market, The Center believes that \"Saudi Arabia cannot be disregarded or surrendered to an absolute monarchy that encourages the oppression of women and religious minorities, and fosters domestic extremism and international terrorism.\"[11] By creating a constitutional, democratic government paired with the rule of law, CDHR feels that a more prosperous and united Saudi Arabia will emerge, which is not only for the best interest for the Saudi people, but the United States and all other democratic societies.[12]In order to do this, CDHR has consulted with democratic and constitutional experts and has devoted itself to creating a \"blueprint\"[11] for a new democratic political structure in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. They have proposed the following steps in doing so:The holding of full and fair, internationally verified municipal elections as a first step towards the complete democratization of the Saudi political system. Regional and national elections are to follow local elections. All citizens of voting age should have the right to vote, regardless of gender, race, ethnicity or religious orientation, at all levels of the democratic process (locally, regionally, and nationally). Representation at all levels of government is to be directly proportional to the percentage of the vote obtained in the elections by any candidate or party. To ensure fair political representation of both individuals and regions, the number of seats available for each body of government should be prescribed by the Constitution and directly related to the results of a regularly and independently held National Census. The new political structure is to be designed so that each of the five main regions enjoys equal representation at the national level in a legislative body.\nA non-sectarian national Constitution should be voted on and approved in a referendum by all citizens of voting age and thereafter upheld by a politically independent Constitutional Court. The national Constitution should be amendable only by an affirmative vote of an increased majority in the national representative bodies, followed by regional ratification. Military, police, information agencies and militias, both regional and national, should be under civilian authority and employed only for national or regional security and defense priorities and for the protection of citizens’ rights and safety. All positions of public service, whether civilian or military, shall have limited terms of office and restricted mandates, and are to be regulated by the country’s regional laws and national Constitution where the national Constitution shall at all times take precedence over all regional laws.\n\nAll levels of Saudi Government should adhere to highest standards of transparency and accountability. The holy shrines in Makkah (Mecca) and Madinah (Medina) should have their own elected governing council with representatives from all Muslim countries. This council’s mandate will be limited to religious affairs and it will have no political influence in the affairs of the Saudi state.[11]By making these changes, The Center for Democracy and Human Rights in Saudi Arabia believes that the people in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia will embrace democracy,a free market economy, tolerance, and in turn share in extreme productivity economically and socially.[11]","title":"Political reform"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wahhabism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism"},{"link_name":"Wahhabism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism"},{"link_name":"Wahhabism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Religious freedom is an important issue for the center. It is forbidden to practice any other religion in The Kingdom other than Wahhabism, which is the state-sanctioned interpretation of Islam. Representative of an estimated one percent of Muslims in Saudi Arabia, Wahhabism is considered by most to be and extremist sect of Islam that openly sponsors terrorism and the persecution of other religions. While modest efforts have been made by the Saudi government to modernize their strict adherence to Wahhabism and to try to separate themselves from the negative aspects of this brand of Islam(2008 Interfaith Conference. Madrid, Spain), CDHR believes that “unless the international community takes concrete measures to discourage the Saudi institutions from promoting religious hatred in Saudi Arabia and the rest of the Arab world, the consequences could be catastrophic.”[13]","title":"Religious freedom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Women in Saudi Arabia are less represented in political, social, economic and scientific fields than women in any other Arab or Muslim country. Women were barred from participating in the only municipal elections in the history of the Saudi State in 2005. They are prohibited from studying certain subjects in schools, such as chemistry and biology. They may not legally drive and must obtain “permission” from a male “guardian” to travel within or outside the country.[14][15] Women must ride in the back of public buses, even when the buses are empty. Saudi girls are not allowed to play sports in schools, which, by Saudi health official admission, is causing health problems and staggering expenses.All marriages are arranged by male relatives. If a Saudi woman divorces her husband, she loses custody of her children over age six. Women have little or no freedom to prosecute sexual abuse cases, being required to produce four witnesses. In court, a woman's testimony is equivalent to half that of a man's. These conditions violate women's human rights and have devastating personal and social effects.These exclusionary policies have created an imbalanced environment that is hurting Saudi society and Muslim women across the globe. Such policies favor the views of extremist-leaning segments in the Saudi society. CDHR promotes the empowerment of Saudi women to become equal partners in the democratic development process in Saudi Arabia. As activists, elected officials, and constituents, the contributions of women are crucial to building a strong and vibrant society that embraces tolerance and rejects extremism and terrorism. Empowering women in Saudi Arabia is a moral imperative and a powerful path to promoting progress, tolerance and democracy in the country.[16]The alliance between the Saudi ruling dynasty and its extremist religious allies is at the heart of Saudi exclusion and mistreatment of women. The royal family has traditionally used a conservative brand of Sunni Islam (Wahhabism) to justify its rule. Present-day Saudi Arabia was founded by an alliance between Muhammad ibn Saud, great grandfather of the current ruling dynasty, and Muhammad Abd al-Wahhab, the founder and father of Wahhabism in the middle of the eighteenth century.Wahhabi religious police have free rein to enforce their interpretation of religious law, and Saudi women face severe restrictions in the political, economic, and social spheres. Women cannot directly write freely, or assemble and organize against restrictions. The system has stifled the development of the country and kept its citizens divided.Increased participation by Saudi women will tilt the balance in favor of tolerant policies that are in the best interest of all Saudi citizens and the international community. With Saudi Arabia's religious and economic influence regionally and globally, empowering women in Saudi Arabia will increase chances for democratic reforms in other Arab and Muslim societies worldwide.[17]","title":"Women's rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The problem of discrimination against Saudi Arabia's religious minorities is compounded by the Saudi regime's restrictive and inhumane policies towards the country's nearly nine million foreigners, or one-third of the population of Saudi Arabia, who live and work in the country without any rights or recognition under the law. The vast majority of these expatriates have fled their own poverty-stricken or war-torn countries in Africa and Asia, such as Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sudan, Sri Lanka and the Philippines. The 2004 report by the Saudi Statistics Department of the Ministry of Economy and Planning acknowledges that non-Saudis account for 67% of the Kingdom's labor force, while it is estimated expatriates hold 85–90% of the private sector jobs. There is no minimum wage and workers do not have the right to organize or strike.In 2004, Human Rights Watch reported that they had encountered both women and men working in conditions resembling slavery.[18] Female workers coming to Saudi Arabia to work as domestic servants often endure the most severe conditions. Upon arrival, they may find that the contracts they signed in their home countries are disregarded and they are forced to work 18 hours a day, 7 days a week and are paid far less than agreed in the contract, if they receive pay at all. They are forced to sleep on the floor, are underfed, and are forbidden to leave their employment facilities or compounds. They are kept in complete social isolation without outside social contacts or freedom of movement. They are subjected to frequent beatings and often face the trauma of sexual abuse by the male members of the household.It is virtually impossible for foreign workers to improve their situations, as they are deprived of legal recourse when their passports are confiscated by their employers upon entry to Saudi Arabia. Expatriates who complain or attempt to seek legal redress can be arrested and held indefinitely without charge, legal counsel, and access to their embassies. Consequently, foreigners are executed in much larger numbers than Saudi citizens. For instance, in 2003, fifty individuals were executed by the Saudi authorities; only 19 of them were Saudis.[19]","title":"Economic reform"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Religious minorities in Saudi Arabia (non-Wahhabi Muslims and non-Muslims) face discrimination in employment and education, and are forbidden from openly practicing their religion. In cases involving the calculation of accidental injury or death compensation, a non-Muslim receives only half of the compensation that a male Muslim would receive, and in some cases only one-sixteenth of that amount, depending on intentionality. The testimony of non-Wahhabi Muslims can be disregarded, and non-Muslims are likely to receive harsher criminal sentences than Muslims. All verdicts are decided by the whim of partial Wahhabi judges.The 2004 statistical report from the Saudi Ministry of Economy and Planning acknowledged that non-Saudis account for 67% of the Kingdom's labor force. Other estimates set this figure as high as 85 to 90%. This translates to nearly seven million foreigners, or one-third of the population of Saudi Arabia, who live and work in the country without any rights or recognition under the strict Saudi-Wahhabi religious laws and practices. Without these workers, many of whom are non-Muslims, the Saudi economy would collapse. This hiring practice permeates the government and private employment sectors. Saudis are bypassed in favor of cheap labor, mostly from poorer Asian or African countries, who accept any terms without complaint due to their fear of arrest or deportation.Despite Saudi Arabia's dependence on its labor and expertise, foreign workers in the country are treated very poorly. Upon entry into the country, the passports of non-diplomats are confiscated by their employers or sponsors and the foreigner becomes a virtual hostage of his or her sponsor until departing the country. Foreign workers often face abusive conditions in the workplace, being denied breaks and meals while working unreasonably long hours, and in some cases not receiving pay for months or years at a time.[20][21]There are reports of verbal and physical abuse, especially of foreign women working as domestic servants in Saudi households. There is no minimum wage, and workers do not have the right to organize or strike. There is no agency that recognizes the grievances of foreign laborers, and they may not access the justice system. Embassies of foreign workers often side with the Saudis for fear of losing Saudi loans, favorable trade deals, and access to cheap oil.CDHR strongly urges the international community to condemn these abuses and the institutional discrimination against anyone in Saudi Arabia because of belief, ethnicity, race, or gender. The recognition and protection of basic human rights constitutes a part of the democratization process. A policy of fairness and decency must replace the government-sanctioned practice of discrimination and abuse in Saudi Arabia.","title":"Minority rights"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Zakarian, Ani (25 September 2006). \"The Non-Profit Spotlight: The Center for Democracy and Human Rights in Saudi Arabia The Mideast Corner\". Archived from the original on 10 November 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091110225115/http://www.theculturalconnect.com/magazines/mideast/2006-09-25/nonprofit","url_text":"\"The Non-Profit Spotlight: The Center for Democracy and Human Rights in Saudi Arabia The Mideast Corner\""},{"url":"http://www.theculturalconnect.com/magazines/mideast/2006-09-25/nonprofit#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CDHR's Blog\". 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://cdhr.blogspot.com/","url_text":"\"CDHR's Blog\""}]},{"reference":"\"CDHR's Twitter Profile\". June 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/CDHRSA","url_text":"\"CDHR's Twitter Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"CDHR's Facebook Profile\". Facebook. 21 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/pages/The-Center-for-Democracy-and-Human-Rights-in-Saudi-Arabia/24834356502","url_text":"\"CDHR's Facebook Profile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"\"The Center for Democracy and Human Rights in Saudi Arabia\". Kurdistan National Assembly. July 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kurdnas.com/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1384&Itemid=71","url_text":"\"The Center for Democracy and Human Rights in Saudi Arabia\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Re-Evaluation of U.S.-Saudi Relations\". The Heritage Foundation. 18 March 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-08-21. Retrieved 21 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090821033040/http://www.heritage.org/Press/Events/ev031809b.cfm","url_text":"\"A Re-Evaluation of U.S.-Saudi Relations\""},{"url":"http://www.heritage.org/press/events/ev031809b.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Homa Pouragari. \"The Dawn of Saudi: In Search for Freedom by Homa Pouragari - Reviews, Discussion, Bookclubs, Lists\". Goodreads.com. Retrieved 2012-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/6625840-the-dawn-of-saudi-in-search-for-freedom","url_text":"\"The Dawn of Saudi: In Search for Freedom by Homa Pouragari - Reviews, Discussion, Bookclubs, Lists\""}]},{"reference":"\"The State of Reform: Human rights, Democratic Development and Individual Freedoms in Saudi Arabia and the Arab Gulf States\". Project on Middle East Democracy. 2 November 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-08-28. Retrieved 21 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080828111428/http://pomed.org/activities/events/the-state-of-reform-human-rights-democratic-development-and-individual-freedoms-in-saudi-arabia-and-the-arab-gulf-states/","url_text":"\"The State of Reform: Human rights, Democratic Development and Individual Freedoms in Saudi Arabia and the Arab Gulf States\""},{"url":"http://pomed.org/activities/events/the-state-of-reform-human-rights-democratic-development-and-individual-freedoms-in-saudi-arabia-and-the-arab-gulf-states/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The State of Reform in Saudi Arabia\". Fora TV. January 11, 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://fora.tv/2007/11/01/State_of_Reform_in_Saudi_Arabia","url_text":"\"The State of Reform in Saudi Arabia\""}]},{"reference":"Vu, Michelle (5 December 2006). \"Experts Discuss Saudi Arabia Religious Freedom, Human Rights Reform\". The Christian Post. Retrieved 21 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.christianpost.com/article/20061205/experts-discuss-saudi-arabia-religious-freedom-human-rights-reform/index.html","url_text":"\"Experts Discuss Saudi Arabia Religious Freedom, Human Rights Reform\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Dr. Ali Alyami\". Rants and Raves. 1 November 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://rantsand.blogspot.com/2007/11/interview-with-dr-ali-alyami-director.html","url_text":"\"Interview with Dr. Ali Alyami\""}]},{"reference":"\"Perpetual Minors: Human Rights Abuses Stemming from Sex Segregation and Male Guardianship in Saudi Arabia\". Human Rights Watch. April 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2008/04/19/perpetual-minors-0","url_text":"\"Perpetual Minors: Human Rights Abuses Stemming from Sex Segregation and Male Guardianship in Saudi Arabia\""}]},{"reference":"Al-Huwaider, Wajeha (16 August 2009). \"Saudi Women Can Drive. Just Let Them\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/14/AR2009081401598.html","url_text":"\"Saudi Women Can Drive. Just Let Them\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Saudi Arabia: Women's Rights Promises Broken\". Human Rights Watch. 8 July 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/07/08/saudi-arabia-women-s-rights-promises-broken","url_text":"\"Saudi Arabia: Women's Rights Promises Broken\""}]},{"reference":"Al-Jihani, Salim. \"Women lawyers lament lack of opportunities\". Saudi Gazette. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090627223604/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009052538955","url_text":"\"Women lawyers lament lack of opportunities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Gazette","url_text":"Saudi Gazette"},{"url":"http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009052538955","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Saudi Arabia: Foreign Workers Abused\". Human Rights Watch. 14 July 2004. Retrieved 21 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2004/07/14/saudi-arabia-foreign-workers-abused","url_text":"\"Saudi Arabia: Foreign Workers Abused\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saudi Arabia - Amnesty International Report 2008 \| Amnesty International\". Amnesty.org. 2008-10-08. Retrieved 2012-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/saudi-arabia/report-2008","url_text":"\"Saudi Arabia - Amnesty International Report 2008 \| Amnesty International\""}]},{"reference":"Davies, Elizabeth (15 July 2004). \"Saudi justice system blind to abuse of foreign workers\". The Independent. Retrieved 21 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-justice-system-blind-to-abuse-of-foreign-workers-553224.html","url_text":"\"Saudi justice system blind to abuse of foreign workers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Osumo, Raffy (3 January 2006). \"Filipino Rescued After Working Without Pay for 18 Years\". Arab News. Retrieved 21 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arabnews.com/?page=9&section=0&article=75686&d=3&m=1&y=2006","url_text":"\"Filipino Rescued After Working Without Pay for 18 Years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_News","url_text":"Arab News"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Center+for+Democracy+and+Human+Rights+in+Saudi+Arabia%22","external_links_name":"\"The Center for Democracy and Human Rights in Saudi Arabia\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Center+for+Democracy+and+Human+Rights+in+Saudi+Arabia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Center+for+Democracy+and+Human+Rights+in+Saudi+Arabia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Center+for+Democracy+and+Human+Rights+in+Saudi+Arabia%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Center+for+Democracy+and+Human+Rights+in+Saudi+Arabia%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Center+for+Democracy+and+Human+Rights+in+Saudi+Arabia%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091110225115/http://www.theculturalconnect.com/magazines/mideast/2006-09-25/nonprofit","external_links_name":"\"The Non-Profit Spotlight: The Center for Democracy and Human Rights in Saudi Arabia The Mideast Corner\""},{"Link":"http://www.theculturalconnect.com/magazines/mideast/2006-09-25/nonprofit#","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://cdhr.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"\"CDHR's Blog\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/CDHRSA","external_links_name":"\"CDHR's Twitter Profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/pages/The-Center-for-Democracy-and-Human-Rights-in-Saudi-Arabia/24834356502","external_links_name":"\"CDHR's Facebook Profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.kurdnas.com/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1384&Itemid=71","external_links_name":"\"The Center for Democracy and Human Rights in Saudi Arabia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090821033040/http://www.heritage.org/Press/Events/ev031809b.cfm","external_links_name":"\"A Re-Evaluation of U.S.-Saudi Relations\""},{"Link":"http://www.heritage.org/press/events/ev031809b.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/6625840-the-dawn-of-saudi-in-search-for-freedom","external_links_name":"\"The Dawn of Saudi: In Search for Freedom by Homa Pouragari - Reviews, Discussion, Bookclubs, Lists\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080828111428/http://pomed.org/activities/events/the-state-of-reform-human-rights-democratic-development-and-individual-freedoms-in-saudi-arabia-and-the-arab-gulf-states/","external_links_name":"\"The State of Reform: Human rights, Democratic Development and Individual Freedoms in Saudi Arabia and the Arab Gulf States\""},{"Link":"http://pomed.org/activities/events/the-state-of-reform-human-rights-democratic-development-and-individual-freedoms-in-saudi-arabia-and-the-arab-gulf-states/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://fora.tv/2007/11/01/State_of_Reform_in_Saudi_Arabia","external_links_name":"\"The State of Reform in Saudi Arabia\""},{"Link":"http://www.christianpost.com/article/20061205/experts-discuss-saudi-arabia-religious-freedom-human-rights-reform/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Experts Discuss Saudi Arabia Religious Freedom, Human Rights Reform\""},{"Link":"http://www.cdhr.info/Campaigns/PoliticalReformBriefing","external_links_name":"Political Reform"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080807163436/http://www.cdhr.info/Campaigns/PoliticalReformBriefing","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://rantsand.blogspot.com/2007/11/interview-with-dr-ali-alyami-director.html","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Dr. Ali Alyami\""},{"Link":"http://www.cdhr.info/Campaigns/ReligiousFreedomBriefing","external_links_name":"Religious Freedom"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090328004840/http://www.cdhr.info/Campaigns/ReligiousFreedomBriefing","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2008/04/19/perpetual-minors-0","external_links_name":"\"Perpetual Minors: Human Rights Abuses Stemming from Sex Segregation and Male Guardianship in Saudi Arabia\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/14/AR2009081401598.html","external_links_name":"\"Saudi Women Can Drive. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Gabbai_Simantov	Rita Gabbai-Simantov	["1 Biography","2 Selected works","3 References"]	Greek Ladino-language poet and writer Rita Gabbai-Simantov (born 1935 in Athens, Greece) is a Jewish writer of Sephardic origin, known for her poetry written in Ladino. Biography The Nazis invaded Greece when she was a child, and in December 1942, her family managed to escape to Turkey by boat. They lived there until 1945, when the war ended and they returned to Greece. While she learned to speak Ladino at home with her parents and especially with her grandfather and grandmother, her parents often spoke in French instead. But after she married a man who preferred speaking Ladino and began working in the Israeli Embassy in Athens as a cultural officer, Gabbai-Simantov came into greater contact with Sephardic culture and the Judeo-Spanish language. In 1991, after the death of her husband, she visited Spain, and this contact with her ancestral country moved her to write her first poem, "Ermana Soledad." In 1992 she published her first poetry collection, Quinientos Anios Despues. Her second collection, Fuente de mi Tradision, was published in Athens in 1999. Her most recent poetry collection, Poezias de mi Vida, was published in 2007. Gabbai-Simantov writes her poetry in Ladino. She also produced, in 2004, the first basic Ladino-Greek dictionary. Selected works Quinientos Anios Despues (1992) Fuente de mi Tradision (1999) Poezias de mi Vida (2007) References ^ a b c Mitchell, Bruce. "Quinientos Anios Despues". Sefarad.org. Archived from the original on 2012-06-10. ^ Kushner, Aviya. "Ladino Literature". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 2021-02-17. ^ "Poezias de mi vida / Rita Gabbaï-Tazartès". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2021-02-17. ^ de Vooght, Marian (2020-01-28). "'No Longer the Other': How Holocaust Poetry Reclaims Identities". The Wire. Retrieved 2021-02-17. ^ Eliakim, Vital (2005-06-01). "Dictionnaire basique Ladino-Grec - Rita Gabbaï-Tazartes". La Lettre Sépharade en ligne (in French). Archived from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2021-02-17. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 3 National France 2 BnF data 2 Israel 2 United States 2 Greece Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Sephardic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardi_Jews"},{"link_name":"Ladino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish"}],"text":"Rita Gabbai-Simantov (born 1935 in Athens, Greece) is a Jewish writer of Sephardic origin, known for her poetry written in Ladino.","title":"Rita Gabbai-Simantov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Ladino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish"},{"link_name":"Israeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Sephardic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardi_Jews"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Nazis invaded Greece when she was a child, and in December 1942, her family managed to escape to Turkey by boat. They lived there until 1945, when the war ended and they returned to Greece.[1]While she learned to speak Ladino at home with her parents and especially with her grandfather and grandmother, her parents often spoke in French instead. But after she married a man who preferred speaking Ladino and began working in the Israeli Embassy in Athens as a cultural officer, Gabbai-Simantov came into greater contact with Sephardic culture and the Judeo-Spanish language.[1][2]In 1991, after the death of her husband, she visited Spain, and this contact with her ancestral country moved her to write her first poem, \"Ermana Soledad.\" In 1992 she published her first poetry collection, Quinientos Anios Despues. Her second collection, Fuente de mi Tradision, was published in Athens in 1999.[1] Her most recent poetry collection, Poezias de mi Vida, was published in 2007.[3]Gabbai-Simantov writes her poetry in Ladino.[4] She also produced, in 2004, the first basic Ladino-Greek dictionary.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Quinientos Anios Despues (1992)\nFuente de mi Tradision (1999)\nPoezias de mi Vida (2007)","title":"Selected works"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Mitchell, Bruce. \"Quinientos Anios Despues\". Sefarad.org. Archived from the original on 2012-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sefarad.org/publication/lm/035/19.html","url_text":"\"Quinientos Anios Despues\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120610223439/http://www.sefarad.org/publication/lm/035/19.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kushner, Aviya. \"Ladino Literature\". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 2021-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/ladino-literature/","url_text":"\"Ladino Literature\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poezias de mi vida / Rita Gabbaï-Tazartès\". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2021-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/bib135760","url_text":"\"Poezias de mi vida / Rita Gabbaï-Tazartès\""}]},{"reference":"de Vooght, Marian (2020-01-28). \"'No Longer the Other': How Holocaust Poetry Reclaims Identities\". The Wire. Retrieved 2021-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://thewire.in/books/holocaust-poetry-jews","url_text":"\"'No Longer the Other': How Holocaust Poetry Reclaims Identities\""}]},{"reference":"Eliakim, Vital (2005-06-01). \"Dictionnaire basique Ladino-Grec - Rita Gabbaï-Tazartes\". La Lettre Sépharade en ligne (in French). Archived from the original on 2021-02-28. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_time	Program lifecycle phase	["1 Phases"]	This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Program lifecycle phase" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article is about a technical topic. For project management, see software development process. Program lifecycle phases are the stages a computer program undergoes, from initial creation to deployment and execution. The phases are edit time, compile time, link time, distribution time, installation time, load time, and run time. Lifecycle phases do not necessarily happen in a linear order, and they can be intertwined in various ways. For example, when modifying a program, software developers may need to repeatedly edit, compile, install, and execute it on their own computers to ensure sufficient quality before it can be distributed to users; copies of the modified program are then downloaded, installed, and executed by users on their computers. Phases Edit time is when the source code of the program is being edited. This spans initial creation to any bug fix, refactoring, or addition of new features. Editing is typically performed by a person, but automated design tools and metaprogramming systems may also be used. Compile time is when source code is translated into machine code by a compiler. Part of this involves language checking, such as ensuring proper use of the type system. The result of a successful compilation is an executable. Link time connects all of the necessary machine code components of a program, including externals. It is very common for programs to use functions implemented by external libraries, all of which must be properly linked together. There are two types of linking. Static linking is when the connection is made by the compiler, which is always prior to execution. Dynamic linking, however, is performed by the operating system (OS) just before, or even during, execution. Distribution time is the process of transferring a copy of a program to a user. The distribution format is typically an executable, but may also be source code, especially for a program written in an interpreted language. The means of distribution can be physical media such as a USB flash drive or a remote download via the Internet. Installation time gets the distributed program ready for execution on the user's computer, which often includes storing the executable for future loading by the OS. Load time is when the OS takes the program's executable from storage, such as a hard drive, and places it into active memory, in order to begin execution. Run time is the execution phase, when the central processing unit executes the program's machine code instructions. Programs may run indefinitely. If execution terminates it will either be normal, expected behavior or an abnormality such as a crash.	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For project management, see software development process.Program lifecycle phases are the stages a computer program undergoes, from initial creation to deployment and execution. The phases are edit time, compile time, link time, distribution time, installation time, load time, and run time.Lifecycle phases do not necessarily happen in a linear order, and they can be intertwined in various ways. For example, when modifying a program, software developers may need to repeatedly edit, compile, install, and execute it on their own computers to ensure sufficient quality before it can be distributed to users; copies of the modified program are then downloaded, installed, and executed by users on their computers.","title":"Program lifecycle phase"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"source code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code"},{"link_name":"bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_bug"},{"link_name":"refactoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_refactoring"},{"link_name":"features","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_feature"},{"link_name":"design tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_tool"},{"link_name":"metaprogramming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaprogramming"},{"link_name":"Compile time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compile_time"},{"link_name":"machine code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_code"},{"link_name":"compiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler"},{"link_name":"type system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_system"},{"link_name":"executable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable"},{"link_name":"Link time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_time"},{"link_name":"libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)"},{"link_name":"Static linking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_linking"},{"link_name":"Dynamic linking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_linking"},{"link_name":"operating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"interpreted language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreted_language"},{"link_name":"USB flash drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_flash_drive"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"Installation time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installation_(computer_programs)"},{"link_name":"Load time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_time"},{"link_name":"hard drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive"},{"link_name":"memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_memory"},{"link_name":"Run time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_time_(program_lifecycle_phase)"},{"link_name":"central processing unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_(computing)"}],"text":"Edit time is when the source code of the program is being edited. This spans initial creation to any bug fix, refactoring, or addition of new features. Editing is typically performed by a person, but automated design tools and metaprogramming systems may also be used.Compile time is when source code is translated into machine code by a compiler. Part of this involves language checking, such as ensuring proper use of the type system. The result of a successful compilation is an executable.Link time connects all of the necessary machine code components of a program, including externals. It is very common for programs to use functions implemented by external libraries, all of which must be properly linked together. There are two types of linking. Static linking is when the connection is made by the compiler, which is always prior to execution. Dynamic linking, however, is performed by the operating system (OS) just before, or even during, execution.Distribution time is the process of transferring a copy of a program to a user. The distribution format is typically an executable, but may also be source code, especially for a program written in an interpreted language. The means of distribution can be physical media such as a USB flash drive or a remote download via the Internet.Installation time gets the distributed program ready for execution on the user's computer, which often includes storing the executable for future loading by the OS.Load time is when the OS takes the program's executable from storage, such as a hard drive, and places it into active memory, in order to begin execution.Run time is the execution phase, when the central processing unit executes the program's machine code instructions. Programs may run indefinitely. If execution terminates it will either be normal, expected behavior or an abnormality such as a crash.","title":"Phases"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Program+lifecycle+phase%22","external_links_name":"\"Program lifecycle phase\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Program+lifecycle+phase%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Program+lifecycle+phase%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Program+lifecycle+phase%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Program+lifecycle+phase%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Program+lifecycle+phase%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromandibular_dystonia	Oromandibular dystonia	["1 Signs and symptoms","2 Causes","3 Diagnosis","4 Treatment","5 Epidemiology","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	Medical conditionOromandibular dystoniaOther namesOrofaciomandibular dystonia, lingual dystonia, orofacial buccal dystonia, jaw dystonia, adult onset facial dystonia, and cranial dystonia.SpecialtyNeurology Oromandibular dystonia (OMD) is an uncommon focal neurological condition affecting the jaws, face, and mouth. Oromandibular dystonia is characterized by involuntary spasms of the tongue, jaw, and mouth muscles that result in bruxism, or grinding of the teeth, and jaw closure. These conditions frequently lead to secondary dental wear as well as temporomandibular joint syndrome. In addition, problems with chewing, speaking, and swallowing may result from jaw opening, involuntary tongue movements, or jaw deviation. Meige's syndrome is the combination of upper facial dystonic movements, blepharospasm, and OMD. While the use of oral appliances has been documented, effective management typically consists of a combination of physiotherapy, oral medications, and botulinum toxin injections. Signs and symptoms Clinical manifestations vary depending on the muscles involved, the extent of OMD, and its distribution. Impaired mastication, dysphagia, dysphonia (alteration of speech), mandibular disorders (TMD) such as open locks, unconscious mandibular opening and closing, and pulling and twisting of the mandible forward or laterally are examples of dysfunctions. Indications of dystonic spasms include platysma spasms, mouth corner retractions, tongue dyskinesia, bruxism, lip pursing or sucking, facial grimacing, and nasal contractions. Breathing issues or dysarthria are also infrequently reported. The onset of symptoms is more common in women and typically occurs between the ages of 40 and 70. The symptoms only show up when speaking or masticating, for example. Typically, patients list stress, talking, chewing, praying, and chewing objects as triggers. Routine lab tests are typically normal. Most of the time, it is reported that poor oral function is linked to social embarrassment, a lower quality of life, depression, and weight loss. Causes OMD can be acquired, inherited, or idiopathic. The clinical presentation of a more complicated degenerative movement disorder may include inherited OMD. Patients with inherited focal OMD have also been documented to have dystonia type 6, dystonia type 4, and dystonia type 16. Medication-induced OMD is the most prevalent type of acquired OMD. Although there have been several reports of OMD cases following dental work, it is still unknown whether these procedures are linked to the onset of dystonic symptoms. Similarly, it is unknown how much peripheral trauma contributes to OMD risk. Diagnosis Because OMD can manifest in a variety of ways and to varying degrees, diagnosing it is a clinical and challenging process. Since there is no medical test that can diagnose it, the diagnosis is made based on the patient's medical history, physical examination, neurological examination, and intramuscular electromyography (EMG) confirmation. Hemifacial spasm, psychological disorders, and TMJ disorders (such as bruxism or spontaneous condylar dislocation) are included in the differential diagnosis. Treatment The effectiveness of the different medications currently used to treat dystonia is not well-documented. Nonetheless, lithium, levodopa, dopamine receptor antagonists, carbamazepine, anticonvulsants, antiparkinson drugs, benzodiazepines, baclofen, and anticholinergic are a few of the medications used to treat OMD. It is believed that over time, physiotherapy will encourage brain rewiring, which will lessen dystonic movements. This response is widely recognized among musicians. Injections of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT), a potent neurotoxin that inhibits acetylcholine release at the presynaptic junction and causes transient chemical denervation of skeletal muscles, are a promising treatment for OMD. Epidemiology OMD is thought to affect 68.9 cases per million people. OMD typically manifests itself during the sixth decade of life. Almost twice as many women as men are impacted. References ^ a b c d e f g Raoofi, Saeed; Khorshidi, Hooman; Najafi, Maryam. "Etiology, Diagnosis and Management of Oromandibular Dystonia: an Update for Stomatologists". Journal of Dentistry. 18 (2). Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. PMC 5463774. PMID 28620630. ^ Jankovic, Joseph (2003). "Primary and Secondary Generalized Dystonias". Office Practice of Neurology. Elsevier. pp. 816–821. doi:10.1016/b0-44-306557-8/50130-1. ISBN 978-0-443-06557-6. ^ Pandey, Sanjay; Sharma, Soumya (2017). "Meige's syndrome: History, epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenesis and treatment". Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 372. Elsevier BV: 162–170. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2016.11.053. ISSN 0022-510X. PMID 28017205. ^ Watt, Eileen; Sangani, Indiya; Crawford, Fiona; Gillgrass, Toby (2013-12-02). "The role of a dentist in managing patients with dystonia". Dental Update. 40 (10): 846–848. doi:10.12968/denu.2013.40.10.846. ISSN 0305-5000. PMID 24597030. ^ Khan, Junad; Anwer, Hafiz Muhammad Moin; Eliav, Eli; Heir, Gary (2015). "Oromandibular dystonia". The Journal of the American Dental Association. 146 (9). Elsevier BV: 690–693. doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2014.09.001. ISSN 0002-8177. PMID 26314978. ^ a b Bakke, Merete; Larsen, Bo Madvig; Dalager, Torben; Møller, Eigild (2013). "Oromandibular dystonia—functional and clinical characteristics: a report on 21 cases". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology. 115 (1). Elsevier BV: e21–e26. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2012.04.023. ISSN 2212-4403. PMID 22999966. ^ Chidiac, José Johann (March 2, 2011). "Oromandibular dystonia treatment following a loss of vertical dimension". Dental Update. 38 (2). Mark Allen Group: 120–122. doi:10.12968/denu.2011.38.2.120. ISSN 0305-5000. PMID 21500622. ^ Schneider, Robert; Hoffman, Henry T. (2011). "Oromandibular dystonia: A clinical report". The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 106 (6). Elsevier BV: 355–358. doi:10.1016/s0022-3913(11)60145-5. ISSN 0022-3913. PMID 22133391. ^ Gonzalez-Alegre, Pedro; Schneider, Robert L.; Hoffman, Henry (April 30, 2014). "Clinical, Etiological, and Therapeutic Features of Jaw-opening and Jaw-closing Oromandibular Dystonias: A Decade of Experience at a Single Treatment". Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements. 4. Ubiquity Press, Ltd.: 231. doi:10.5334/tohm.194. ISSN 2160-8288. ^ Manzo, Nicoletta; Ginatempo, Francesca; Belvisi, Daniele; Defazio, Giovanni; Conte, Antonella; Deriu, Franca; Berardelli, Alfredo (2022). "Pathophysiological mechanisms of oromandibular dystonia". Clinical Neurophysiology. 134. Elsevier BV: 73–80. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2021.11.075. ISSN 1388-2457. ^ Lohmann, Katja; Uflacker, Nils; Erogullari, Alev; Lohnau, Thora; Winkler, Susen; Dendorfer, Andreas; Schneider, Susanne A; Osmanovic, Alma; Svetel, Marina; Ferbert, Andreas; Zittel, Simone; Kühn, Andrea A; Schmidt, Alexander; Altenmüller, Eckart; Münchau, Alexander; Kamm, Christoph; Wittstock, Matthias; Kupsch, Andreas; Moro, Elena; Volkmann, Jens; Kostic, Vladimir; Kaiser, Frank J; Klein, Christine; Brüggemann, Norbert (August 17, 2011). "Identification and functional analysis of novel THAP1 mutations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 20 (2). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 171–175. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.159. ISSN 1018-4813. PMC 3260936. PMID 21847143. ^ Ma, Hongying; Qu, Jian; Ye, Liangjun; Shu, Yi; Qu, Qiang (March 29, 2021). "Blepharospasm, Oromandibular Dystonia, and Meige Syndrome: Clinical and Genetic Update". Frontiers in Neurology. 12. Frontiers Media SA. doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.630221. ISSN 1664-2295. PMC 8039296. PMID 33854473. ^ Camargos, Sarah; Cardoso, Francisco (2016). "Understanding dystonia: diagnostic issues and how to overcome them". Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria. 74 (11). FapUNIFESP (SciELO): 921–936. doi:10.1590/0004-282x20160140. ISSN 0004-282X. ^ Thompson, P D; Obeso, J A; Delgado, G; Gallego, J; Marsden, C D (June 1, 1986). "Focal dystonia of the jaw and the differential diagnosis of unilateral jaw and masticatory spasm". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 49 (6). BMJ: 651–656. doi:10.1136/jnnp.49.6.651. ISSN 0022-3050. PMC 1028846. PMID 3734821. ^ Jankovic, J; Van der Linden, C (December 1, 1988). "Dystonia and tremor induced by peripheral trauma: predisposing factors". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 51 (12). BMJ: 1512–1519. doi:10.1136/jnnp.51.12.1512. ISSN 0022-3050. PMC 1032766. PMID 3221219. ^ Defazio, Giovanni; Fabbrini, Giovanni; Erro, Roberto; Albanese, Alberto; Barone, Paolo; Zibetti, Maurizio; Esposito, Marcello; Pellicciari, Roberta; Avanzino, Laura; Bono, Francesco; Eleopra, Roberto; Bertolasi, Laura; Altavista, Maria Concetta; Cotelli, Maria Sofia; Ceravolo, Roberto; Scaglione, Cesa; Bentivoglio, Anna Rita; Cossu, Giovanni; Coletti Moja, Mario; Girlanda, Paolo; Misceo, Salvatore; Pisani, Antonio; Mascia, Marcello Mario; Ercoli, Tommaso; Tinazzi, Michele; Maderna, Luca; Minafra, Brigida; Magistrelli, Luca; Romano, Marcello; Aguggia, Marco; Tambasco, Nicola; Castagna, Anna; Cassano, Daniela; Berardelli, Alfredo; Ferrazzano, Gina; Lalli, Stefania; Silvestre, Francesco; Manganelli, Fiore; Di Biasio, Francesca; Marchese, Roberta; Demonte, Giulio; Santangelo, Domenico; Devigili, Grazia; Durastanti, Valentina; Turla, Marinella; Mazzucchi, Sonia; Petracca, Martina; Oppo, Valentina; Barbero, Pierangelo; Morgante, Francesca; Di Lazzaro, Giulia; Squintani, Giovanna; Modugno, Nicola (2020). "Does acute peripheral trauma contribute to idiopathic adult-onset dystonia?". Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 71. Elsevier BV: 40–43. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.01.002. ISSN 1353-8020. ^ Molloy, A.; Kimmich, O.; Williams, L.; Butler, J. S.; Byrne, N.; Molloy, F.; Moore, H.; Healy, D. G.; Lynch, T.; Edwards, M. J.; Walsh, C.; Reilly, R. B.; O'Riordan, S.; Hutchinson, M. (June 24, 2014). "An evaluation of the role of environmental factors in the disease penetrance of cervical dystonia". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 86 (3). BMJ: 331–335. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2014-307699. ISSN 0022-3050. PMID 24963124. ^ Sankhla, C.; Lai, E. C; Jankovic, J. (November 1, 1998). "Peripherally induced oromandibular dystonia". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 65 (5). BMJ: 722–728. doi:10.1136/jnnp.65.5.722. ISSN 0022-3050. PMC 2170345. PMID 9810945. ^ Raoofi, Saeed; Khorshidi, Hooman; Najafi, Maryam. "Etiology, Diagnosis and Management of Oromandibular Dystonia: an Update for Stomatologists". Journal of Dentistry. 18 (2). Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. PMC 5463774. PMID 28620630. ^ Jang, Soo-Mi; Cho, Yeong-Cheol; Sung, Iel-Yong; Kim, Sun-Young; Son, Jang-Ho (2012). "Oromandibular dystonia after dental treatments: a report of two cases". Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 38 (6). The Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons: 379. doi:10.5125/jkaoms.2012.38.6.379. ISSN 2234-7550. ^ Jinnah, Hyder A.; Teller, Jan K.; Galpern, Wendy R. (2015). "Recent developments in dystonia". Current Opinion in Neurology. 28 (4). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 400–405. doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000000213. ISSN 1350-7540. PMC 4539941. PMID 26110799. ^ Jinnah, H.A.; Factor, Stewart A. (2015). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Dystonia". Neurologic Clinics. 33 (1). Elsevier BV: 77–100. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2014.09.002. ISSN 0733-8619. PMC 4248237. PMID 25432724. ^ Thorburn, D N; Lee, K H (March 2009). "Oromandibular dystonia following dental treatment: case reports and discussion". The New Zealand Dental Journal. 105 (1): 18–21. PMID 19418679. ^ Nutt, John G.; Muenter, Manfred D.; Aronson, Arnold; Kurland, Leonard T.; Melton, L. Joseph (1988). "Epidemiology of focal and generalized dystonia in Rochester, Minnesota". Movement Disorders. 3 (3). Wiley: 188–194. doi:10.1002/mds.870030302. ISSN 0885-3185. PMID 3264051. ^ Slaim, Linda; Cohen, Myriam; Klap, Patrick; Vidailhet, Marie; Perrin, Alain; Brasnu, Daniel; Ayache, Denis; Mailly, Marie (May 25, 2018). "Oromandibular Dystonia: Demographics and Clinical Data from 240 Patients". Journal of Movement Disorders. 11 (2). The Korean Movement Disorder Society: 78–81. doi:10.14802/jmd.17065. ISSN 2005-940X. PMC 5990905. PMID 29860784. ^ "Sex-related influences on the frequency and age of onset of primary dystonia". Neurology. 53 (8). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 1871–1873. 1999. doi:10.1212/wnl.53.8.1871. ISSN 0028-3878. PMID 10563645. Further reading Krishnan, Syam; Saraf, Udit; Chandarana, Mitesh; Divya, KP (2022). "Oromandibular dystonia – A systematic review". Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 25 (1). Medknow: 26–34. doi:10.4103/aian.aian_242_21. ISSN 0972-2327. PMC 8954320. PMID 35342238. Tan, Eng-King; Jankovic, Joseph (1999). "Botulinum toxin A in patients with oromandibular dystonia". Neurology. 53 (9). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 2102. doi:10.1212/wnl.53.9.2102. ISSN 0028-3878. External links Dystonia Medical Research Foundation Colgate ClassificationDICD-11: 8A02.0YICD-10: G24.8SNOMED CT: 230328001External resourcesScholia: Q73828 vteDiseases of the nervous system, primarily CNSInflammationBrain Encephalitis Viral encephalitis Herpesviral encephalitis Limbic encephalitis Encephalitis lethargica Cavernous sinus thrombosis Brain abscess Amoebic Brain and spinal cord Encephalomyelitis Acute disseminated Meningitis Meningoencephalitis Brain/encephalopathyDegenerativeExtrapyramidal andmovement disorders Basal ganglia disease Parkinsonism PD Postencephalitic NMS NBIA PKAN Tauopathy PSP Striatonigral degeneration Hemiballismus HD OA Dyskinesia Dystonia Status dystonicus Spasmodic torticollis Meige's Blepharospasm Athetosis Chorea Choreoathetosis Myoclonus Myoclonic epilepsy Akathisia Tremor Essential tremor Intention tremor Restless legs Stiff-person Dementia Tauopathy Alzheimer's Early-onset Primary progressive aphasia Frontotemporal dementia/Frontotemporal lobar degeneration Pick's Lewy bodies dementia Posterior cortical atrophy Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease Vascular dementia Mitochondrial disease Leigh syndrome Demyelinating Autoimmune Inflammatory Multiple sclerosis For more detailed coverage, see Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS Episodic/paroxysmalSeizures and epilepsy Focal Generalised Status epilepticus For more detailed coverage, see Template:Epilepsy Headache Migraine Cluster Tension For more detailed coverage, see Template:Headache Cerebrovascular TIA Stroke For more detailed coverage, see Template:Cerebrovascular diseases Other Sleep disorders For more detailed coverage, see Template:Sleep CSF Intracranial hypertension Hydrocephalus Normal pressure hydrocephalus Choroid plexus papilloma Idiopathic intracranial hypertension Cerebral edema Intracranial hypotension Other Brain herniation Reye syndrome Hepatic encephalopathy Toxic encephalopathy Hashimoto's encephalopathy Static encephalopathy Both/eitherDegenerativeSA Friedreich's ataxia Ataxia–telangiectasia MND UMN only: Primary lateral sclerosis Pseudobulbar palsy Hereditary spastic paraplegia LMN only: Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies Spinal muscular atrophies SMA SMAX1 SMAX2 DSMA1 Congenital DSMA Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED) SMALED1 SMALED2A SMALED2B SMA-PCH SMA-PME Progressive muscular atrophy Progressive bulbar palsy Fazio–Londe Infantile progressive bulbar palsy both: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neurological condition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurological_condition"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Etiology,_Diagnosis_and_Management-1"},{"link_name":"spasms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasm"},{"link_name":"bruxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruxism"},{"link_name":"grinding of the teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruxism"},{"link_name":"temporomandibular joint syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporomandibular_joint_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primary_and_Secondary_Generalized_Dystonias-2"},{"link_name":"Meige's syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meige%27s_syndrome"},{"link_name":"blepharospasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blepharospasm"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandey_Sharma_2017_pp._162%E2%80%93170-3"},{"link_name":"physiotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiotherapy"},{"link_name":"botulinum toxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulinum_toxin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watt_Sangani_Crawford_Gillgrass_2013_pp._846%E2%80%93848-4"}],"text":"Oromandibular dystonia (OMD) is an uncommon focal neurological condition affecting the jaws, face, and mouth.[1] Oromandibular dystonia is characterized by involuntary spasms of the tongue, jaw, and mouth muscles that result in bruxism, or grinding of the teeth, and jaw closure. These conditions frequently lead to secondary dental wear as well as temporomandibular joint syndrome. In addition, problems with chewing, speaking, and swallowing may result from jaw opening, involuntary tongue movements, or jaw deviation.[2]Meige's syndrome is the combination of upper facial dystonic movements, blepharospasm, and OMD.[3]While the use of oral appliances has been documented, effective management typically consists of a combination of physiotherapy, oral medications, and botulinum toxin injections.[4]","title":"Oromandibular dystonia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khan_2015-5"},{"link_name":"mastication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastication"},{"link_name":"dysphagia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphagia"},{"link_name":"dysphonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphonia"},{"link_name":"mandible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report_on_21_cases-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vertical_dimension-7"},{"link_name":"dyskinesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyskinesia"},{"link_name":"bruxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruxism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Etiology,_Diagnosis_and_Management-1"},{"link_name":"dysarthria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysarthria"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schneider_Hoffman_2011_pp._355%E2%80%93358-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Etiology,_Diagnosis_and_Management-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clinical,_Etiological,_and_Therapeutic_Features-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report_on_21_cases-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Etiology,_Diagnosis_and_Management-1"}],"text":"Clinical manifestations vary depending on the muscles involved, the extent of OMD, and its distribution.[5] Impaired mastication, dysphagia, dysphonia (alteration of speech), mandibular disorders (TMD) such as open locks, unconscious mandibular opening and closing, and pulling and twisting of the mandible forward or laterally are examples of dysfunctions.[6][7]Indications of dystonic spasms include platysma spasms, mouth corner retractions, tongue dyskinesia, bruxism, lip pursing or sucking, facial grimacing, and nasal contractions.[1] Breathing issues or dysarthria are also infrequently reported.[8]The onset of symptoms is more common in women and typically occurs between the ages of 40 and 70. The symptoms only show up when speaking or masticating, for example.[1] Typically, patients list stress, talking, chewing, praying, and chewing objects as triggers.[9] Routine lab tests are typically normal.[6] Most of the time, it is reported that poor oral function is linked to social embarrassment, a lower quality of life, depression, and weight loss.[1]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"movement disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_disorder"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pathophysiological_mechanisms-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lohmann_Uflacker_Erogullari_Lohnau_2011_pp._171%E2%80%93175-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ma_Qu_Ye_Shu_2021_p.-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Camargos_Cardoso_2016_pp._921%E2%80%93936-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson_Obeso_Delgado_Gallego_1986_pp._651%E2%80%93656-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jankovic_Van_der_Linden_1988_pp._1512%E2%80%931519-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Defazio_Fabbrini_Erro_Albanese_2020_pp._40%E2%80%9343-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Molloy_Kimmich_Williams_Butler_2014_pp._331%E2%80%93335-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sankhla_Lai_Jankovic_1998_pp._722%E2%80%93728-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raoofi_Khorshidi_Najafi_p.-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jang_Cho_Sung_Kim_2012_p._379-20"}],"text":"OMD can be acquired, inherited, or idiopathic. The clinical presentation of a more complicated degenerative movement disorder may include inherited OMD.[10] Patients with inherited focal OMD have also been documented to have dystonia type 6,[11] dystonia type 4, and dystonia type 16.[12][13] Medication-induced OMD is the most prevalent type of acquired OMD. Although there have been several reports of OMD cases following dental work, it is still unknown whether these procedures are linked to the onset of dystonic symptoms.[14][15] Similarly, it is unknown how much peripheral trauma[16][17] contributes to OMD risk.[18][19][20]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electromyography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromyography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Etiology,_Diagnosis_and_Management-1"},{"link_name":"TMJ disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporomandibular_joint_dysfunction"},{"link_name":"bruxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruxism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Etiology,_Diagnosis_and_Management-1"}],"text":"Because OMD can manifest in a variety of ways and to varying degrees, diagnosing it is a clinical and challenging process. Since there is no medical test that can diagnose it, the diagnosis is made based on the patient's medical history, physical examination, neurological examination, and intramuscular electromyography (EMG) confirmation.[1]Hemifacial spasm, psychological disorders, and TMJ disorders (such as bruxism or spontaneous condylar dislocation) are included in the differential diagnosis.[1]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dystonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystonia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jinnah_Teller_Galpern_2015_pp._400%E2%80%93405-21"},{"link_name":"lithium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium"},{"link_name":"levodopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-DOPA"},{"link_name":"dopamine receptor antagonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_antagonist"},{"link_name":"carbamazepine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamazepine"},{"link_name":"anticonvulsants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticonvulsant"},{"link_name":"antiparkinson drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiparkinson_drug"},{"link_name":"benzodiazepines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine"},{"link_name":"baclofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baclofen"},{"link_name":"anticholinergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticholinergic"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jinnah_Factor_2015_pp._77%E2%80%93100-22"},{"link_name":"physiotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_therapy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"botulinum neurotoxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulinum_neurotoxin"},{"link_name":"neurotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxin"},{"link_name":"acetylcholine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Etiology,_Diagnosis_and_Management-1"}],"text":"The effectiveness of the different medications currently used to treat dystonia is not well-documented.[21] Nonetheless, lithium, levodopa, dopamine receptor antagonists, carbamazepine, anticonvulsants, antiparkinson drugs, benzodiazepines, baclofen, and anticholinergic are a few of the medications used to treat OMD.[22]It is believed that over time, physiotherapy will encourage brain rewiring, which will lessen dystonic movements. This response is widely recognized among musicians.[23]Injections of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT), a potent neurotoxin that inhibits acetylcholine release at the presynaptic junction and causes transient chemical denervation of skeletal muscles, are a promising treatment for OMD.[1]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nutt_Muenter_Aronson_Kurland_1988_pp._188%E2%80%93194-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slaim_Cohen_Klap_Vidailhet_2018_pp._78%E2%80%9381-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ovid_Technologies_(Wolters_Kluwer_Health)_1999_pp._1871%E2%80%931871-26"}],"text":"OMD is thought to affect 68.9 cases per million people.[24] OMD typically manifests itself during the sixth decade of life.[25] Almost twice as many women as men are impacted.[26]","title":"Epidemiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Oromandibular dystonia – A systematic review\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8954320"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4103/aian.aian_242_21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4103%2Faian.aian_242_21"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0972-2327","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0972-2327"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8954320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8954320"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"35342238","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35342238"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1212/wnl.53.9.2102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1212%2Fwnl.53.9.2102"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0028-3878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-3878"}],"text":"Krishnan, Syam; Saraf, Udit; Chandarana, Mitesh; Divya, KP (2022). \"Oromandibular dystonia – A systematic review\". Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 25 (1). Medknow: 26–34. doi:10.4103/aian.aian_242_21. ISSN 0972-2327. PMC 8954320. PMID 35342238.\nTan, Eng-King; Jankovic, Joseph (1999). \"Botulinum toxin A in patients with oromandibular dystonia\". Neurology. 53 (9). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 2102. doi:10.1212/wnl.53.9.2102. ISSN 0028-3878.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Raoofi, Saeed; Khorshidi, Hooman; Najafi, Maryam. \"Etiology, Diagnosis and Management of Oromandibular Dystonia: an Update for Stomatologists\". Journal of Dentistry. 18 (2). Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. PMC 5463774. PMID 28620630.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5463774","url_text":"\"Etiology, Diagnosis and Management of Oromandibular Dystonia: an Update for Stomatologists\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5463774","url_text":"5463774"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28620630","url_text":"28620630"}]},{"reference":"Jankovic, Joseph (2003). \"Primary and Secondary Generalized Dystonias\". Office Practice of Neurology. Elsevier. pp. 816–821. doi:10.1016/b0-44-306557-8/50130-1. ISBN 978-0-443-06557-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb0-44-306557-8%2F50130-1","url_text":"10.1016/b0-44-306557-8/50130-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06557-6","url_text":"978-0-443-06557-6"}]},{"reference":"Pandey, Sanjay; Sharma, Soumya (2017). \"Meige's syndrome: History, epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenesis and treatment\". Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 372. Elsevier BV: 162–170. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2016.11.053. ISSN 0022-510X. PMID 28017205.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jns.2016.11.053","url_text":"10.1016/j.jns.2016.11.053"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-510X","url_text":"0022-510X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28017205","url_text":"28017205"}]},{"reference":"Watt, Eileen; Sangani, Indiya; Crawford, Fiona; Gillgrass, Toby (2013-12-02). \"The role of a dentist in managing patients with dystonia\". Dental Update. 40 (10): 846–848. doi:10.12968/denu.2013.40.10.846. ISSN 0305-5000. PMID 24597030.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12968%2Fdenu.2013.40.10.846","url_text":"10.12968/denu.2013.40.10.846"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0305-5000","url_text":"0305-5000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24597030","url_text":"24597030"}]},{"reference":"Khan, Junad; Anwer, Hafiz Muhammad Moin; Eliav, Eli; Heir, Gary (2015). \"Oromandibular dystonia\". The Journal of the American Dental Association. 146 (9). Elsevier BV: 690–693. doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2014.09.001. ISSN 0002-8177. PMID 26314978.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.adaj.2014.09.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.adaj.2014.09.001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8177","url_text":"0002-8177"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26314978","url_text":"26314978"}]},{"reference":"Bakke, Merete; Larsen, Bo Madvig; Dalager, Torben; Møller, Eigild (2013). \"Oromandibular dystonia—functional and clinical characteristics: a report on 21 cases\". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology. 115 (1). Elsevier BV: e21–e26. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2012.04.023. ISSN 2212-4403. PMID 22999966.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.oooo.2012.04.023","url_text":"10.1016/j.oooo.2012.04.023"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2212-4403","url_text":"2212-4403"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22999966","url_text":"22999966"}]},{"reference":"Chidiac, José Johann (March 2, 2011). \"Oromandibular dystonia treatment following a loss of vertical dimension\". Dental Update. 38 (2). Mark Allen Group: 120–122. doi:10.12968/denu.2011.38.2.120. ISSN 0305-5000. PMID 21500622.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12968%2Fdenu.2011.38.2.120","url_text":"10.12968/denu.2011.38.2.120"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0305-5000","url_text":"0305-5000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21500622","url_text":"21500622"}]},{"reference":"Schneider, Robert; Hoffman, Henry T. (2011). \"Oromandibular dystonia: A clinical report\". The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 106 (6). Elsevier BV: 355–358. doi:10.1016/s0022-3913(11)60145-5. ISSN 0022-3913. PMID 22133391.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0022-3913%2811%2960145-5","url_text":"10.1016/s0022-3913(11)60145-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3913","url_text":"0022-3913"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22133391","url_text":"22133391"}]},{"reference":"Gonzalez-Alegre, Pedro; Schneider, Robert L.; Hoffman, Henry (April 30, 2014). \"Clinical, Etiological, and Therapeutic Features of Jaw-opening and Jaw-closing Oromandibular Dystonias: A Decade of Experience at a Single Treatment\". Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements. 4. Ubiquity Press, Ltd.: 231. doi:10.5334/tohm.194. ISSN 2160-8288.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5334%2Ftohm.194","url_text":"\"Clinical, Etiological, and Therapeutic Features of Jaw-opening and Jaw-closing Oromandibular Dystonias: A Decade of Experience at a Single Treatment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5334%2Ftohm.194","url_text":"10.5334/tohm.194"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2160-8288","url_text":"2160-8288"}]},{"reference":"Manzo, Nicoletta; Ginatempo, Francesca; Belvisi, Daniele; Defazio, Giovanni; Conte, Antonella; Deriu, Franca; Berardelli, Alfredo (2022). \"Pathophysiological mechanisms of oromandibular dystonia\". Clinical Neurophysiology. 134. Elsevier BV: 73–80. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2021.11.075. 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ISSN 1018-4813. PMC 3260936. PMID 21847143.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3260936","url_text":"\"Identification and functional analysis of novel THAP1 mutations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2011.159","url_text":"10.1038/ejhg.2011.159"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1018-4813","url_text":"1018-4813"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3260936","url_text":"3260936"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21847143","url_text":"21847143"}]},{"reference":"Ma, Hongying; Qu, Jian; Ye, Liangjun; Shu, Yi; Qu, Qiang (March 29, 2021). \"Blepharospasm, Oromandibular Dystonia, and Meige Syndrome: Clinical and Genetic Update\". Frontiers in Neurology. 12. Frontiers Media SA. doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.630221. ISSN 1664-2295. PMC 8039296. 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FapUNIFESP (SciELO): 921–936. doi:10.1590/0004-282x20160140. ISSN 0004-282X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2F0004-282x20160140","url_text":"10.1590/0004-282x20160140"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-282X","url_text":"0004-282X"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, P D; Obeso, J A; Delgado, G; Gallego, J; Marsden, C D (June 1, 1986). \"Focal dystonia of the jaw and the differential diagnosis of unilateral jaw and masticatory spasm\". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 49 (6). BMJ: 651–656. doi:10.1136/jnnp.49.6.651. ISSN 0022-3050. PMC 1028846. PMID 3734821.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1028846","url_text":"\"Focal dystonia of the jaw and the differential diagnosis of unilateral jaw and masticatory spasm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjnnp.49.6.651","url_text":"10.1136/jnnp.49.6.651"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3050","url_text":"0022-3050"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1028846","url_text":"1028846"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3734821","url_text":"3734821"}]},{"reference":"Jankovic, J; Van der Linden, C (December 1, 1988). \"Dystonia and tremor induced by peripheral trauma: predisposing factors\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Transport_Protocol	Micro Transport Protocol	["1 Development","2 μTP congestion control","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	An open UDP-based variant of the BitTorrent peer-to-peer file sharing protocol Part of a series onFile sharing Technologies File hosting services Online video platform Peer to peer Usenet Web hosting WebRTC XDCC Video on demand sites 123Movies Dailymotion PeerTube Putlocker YouTube BitTorrent sites 1337x Demonoid ExtraTorrent EZTV isoHunt FitGirl Repacks KickassTorrents Nyaa Torrents RARBG Rutracker.org Tamil Rockers The Pirate Bay YIFY YourBittorrent Academic/scholarly ICanHazPDF Internet Archive Library Genesis Sci-Hub File sharing networks BitTorrent Direct Connect eDonkey Gnutella Gnutella2 Hyphanet I2P Soulseek P2P clients BitComet DC++ eMule Filetopia μTorrent OnionShare qBittorrent Shareaza Transmission Tribler Vuze WinMX Streaming programs Butter Project Kodi Popcorn Time Torrents-Time Anonymous file sharing Anonymous P2P Darknet Friend-to-friend Private P2P Proxy server Seedbox VPN Development and societal aspects Timeline Legality BitTorrent issues By country or region Canada Japan Singapore UK USA Comparisons Comparison of BitTorrent clients Comparison of BitTorrent sites Comparison of eDonkey software Comparison of Internet Relay Chat clients Comparison of Usenet newsreaders vte Micro Transport Protocol (μTP, sometimes uTP) is an open User Datagram Protocol-based (UDP-based) variant of the BitTorrent peer-to-peer file sharing protocol intended to mitigate poor latency and other congestion control problems found in conventional BitTorrent over Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), while providing reliable, ordered delivery. It was devised to automatically slow down the rate at which packets of data are transmitted between users of peer-to-peer file sharing torrents when it interferes with other applications. For example, the protocol should automatically allow the sharing of a DSL line between a BitTorrent application and a web browser. Development μTP emerged from research at Internet2 on QoS and high-performance bulk transport, was adapted for use as a background transport protocol by Plicto, founded by Stanislav Shalunov and Ben Teitelbaum and later acquired by BitTorrent, Inc. in 2006, and further developed within its new owner. It was first introduced in the μTorrent 1.8.x beta branches, and publicized in the alpha builds of μTorrent 1.9. The implementation of μTP used in μTorrent was later separated into the "libutp" library and published under the MIT license. The first free software client to implement μTP was KTorrent 4.0. libtorrent implements μTP since version 0.16.0 and it is used in qBittorrent since 2.8.0. Tixati implements μTP since version 1.72. Vuze (formerly Azureus) implements μTP since version 4.6.0.0. Transmission implements μTP since version 2.30. μTP congestion control The congestion control algorithm used by μTP, known as Low Extra Delay Background Transport (LEDBAT), aims to decrease the latency caused by applications using the protocol while maximizing bandwidth when latency is not excessive. Additionally, information from the μTP congestion controller can be used to choose the transfer rate of TCP connections. InternetAn Opte Project visualization of routing paths through a portion of the Internet General Access Activism Censorship Data activism Democracy Digital divide Digital rights Freedom Freedom of information Internet phenomena Net neutrality Privacy Right to Internet access Slacktivism Sociology Usage Vigilantism Virtual community Virtual volunteering Governance IGF NRO IANA ICANN IETF ISOC Information infrastructure Domain Name System Hypertext Transfer Protocol Internet exchange point Internet protocol suite Internet Protocol Transmission Control Protocol Internet service provider IP address Internet Message Access Protocol Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Services Blogs Microblogging Email Fax File sharing File transfer Games Instant messaging Podcasts Shopping Television Voice over IP World Wide Web search History History of the Internet Oldest domain names Pioneers Protocol Wars Guides Index Outline Internet portalvte LEDBAT is described in RFC 6817. As of 2009, the details of the μTP implementation were different from those of the then-current Internet Draft. μTP also adds support for NAT traversal using UDP hole punching between two port-restricted peers where a third unrestricted peer acts as a STUN server. See also TCP congestion control Multipurpose Transaction Protocol (MTP) QUIC (Quick UDP Internet Connections) Real-Time Media Flow Protocol (RTMFP) Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP UDP Encapsulation; RFC 6951) UDP-based Data Transfer Protocol (UDT) References ^ "Forum.bittorrent.org / A few comments about µTP (BEP-29)". Archived from the original on March 1, 2010. Retrieved November 15, 2009. ^ This Is How Your BitTorrent Downloads Move So Fast, Fastcolabs, 2013-07-29, Retrieved November 6, 2013 ^ http://www.slideshare.net/eCommConf/eric-klinker-presentation-at-emerging-communication-conference-awards-2010-america/11 uTP timeline, slide 11, "This Green Revolution-improving the yield of your network investment", eComm America Conference, San Francisco, CA, April 2010. ^ Beijnum, Iljitsch van (2008-12-02). "?Torrent's switch to UDP and why the sky isn't falling". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2021-05-11. ^ "uTorrent shifts towards UDP to make it work better". www.thinkbroadband.com. Retrieved 2021-05-11. ^ "Libutp, an open source implementation of µTP, has now been released (Page 1) / Announcements / µTorrent Community Forums". Archived from the original on 2011-01-23. Retrieved 2011-01-15. ^ bittorrent/libutp, BitTorrent Inc., 2021-05-08, retrieved 2021-05-11 ^ "KTorrent First BitTorrent Client To Adopt Open Source uTP * TorrentFreak". Retrieved 2021-05-11. ^ "KTorrent 4.0 is out". 24 May 2010. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. ^ "Google Code Archive - Long-term storage for Google Code Project Hosting". code.google.com. Retrieved 2021-05-11. ^ "qBittorrent Official Website". www.qbittorrent.org. Retrieved 2021-05-11. ^ "Tixati.com - News". www.tixati.com. Retrieved 2021-05-11. ^ "Version 4400 4702 Changelog - VuzeWiki". wiki.vuze.com. Retrieved 2021-05-11. ^ "Changes – Transmission". Archived from the original on 2015-05-24. Retrieved 2012-07-12. ^ "Technical information about UDP". Archived from the original on 2009-05-12. Retrieved 2008-12-23. ^ "Forum.bittorrent.org / A few comments about µTP (BEP-29)". Archived from the original on March 1, 2010. Retrieved November 15, 2009. ^ "Post by developer "Greg Hazel" in thread "μTorrent 1.9 alpha"". 2008-11-26. Archived from the original on February 8, 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-08. ^ "Forum.bittorrent.org / A few comments about µTP (BEP-29)". Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved November 15, 2009. ^ "ΜTorrent 1.9 alpha 15380 (Page 1) / Announcements / µTorrent Community Forums". Archived from the original on March 25, 2013. Retrieved December 23, 2012. ^ "Distributed UDP hole punching for the BitTorrent protocol (Page 1) / Protocol Design Discussion / µTorrent Community Forums". Archived from the original on June 19, 2013. Retrieved December 23, 2012. External links BitTorrent Enhancement Proposal 29 - μTorrent transport protocol TCP-LP swift - the multiparty transport protocol vteBitTorrentCompanies BitTorrent, Inc. Vuze, Inc. People Bram Cohen Ross Cohen Eric Klinker Ashwin Navin Technology Glossary Broadcatching Distributed hash tables DNA I2P index Local Peer Discovery Peer exchange Protocol encryption Super-seeding Tracker Torrent file TCP UDP µTP WebRTC WebTorrent Clients(comparison, usage share) BitTorrent (original client) BitComet BitLord Deluge Free Download Manager Flashget FrostWire Getright Go!Zilla KTorrent libtorrent (library) LimeWire µTorrent Miro MLDonkey qBittorrent rTorrent Shareaza Tixati Transmission Tribler Vuze (formerly Azureus) WebTorrent Desktop Xunlei Tracker software(comparison) OpenBitTorrent opentracker PeerTracker Search engines(comparison) 1337x BTDigg Demonoid etree Nyaa Torrents Tamil Rockers The Pirate Bay Rutracker.org YggTorrent YourBittorrent Defunct sites(comparison) BTJunkie ExtraTorrent EZTV isoHunt KickassTorrents LokiTorrent Mininova Oink's Pink Palace RARBG Suprnova.org t411 Torrent Project TorrentSpy Torrentz What.CD YIFY YouTorrent Related topics aXXo BitTorrent Open Source License Glossary of BitTorrent terms Popcorn Time Slyck.com TorrentFreak Category Commons vtePeer-to-peer file sharingNetworks,protocolsCentralized Direct Connect Soribada Soulseek Decentralized BitTorrent DAT eDonkey FastTrack Fopnu Freenet GNUnet Gnutella Gnutella2 I2P IPFS Kad LBRY OpenFT OnionShare Perfect Dark Retroshare Share Tribler WebTorrent WinMX Winny ZeroNet Historic Audiogalaxy CuteMX Kazaa LimeWire Morpheus Napster Scour WASTE Comparisonsof clients Advanced Direct Connect BitTorrent Direct Connect eDonkey Gnutella Gnutella2 WebTorrent Hyperlinks eD2k Magnet Metalink Uses Backup Broadcatching Disk sharing Game and video sharing Image sharing Music sharing Peercasting Seedboxes Sharing software Web hosting (Freesite, IPFS, ZeroNet) Legal aspects ConceptsPrivacy Anonymous P2P Darknet Darkweb Friend-to-friend Open music model Private P2P Tor Internaltechnologies Distributed hash table Merkle tree NAT traversal Peer exchange BitTorrent protocol encryption SHA-1 SHA-2 Super-seeding BitTorrent tracker UDP hole punching Micro Transport Protocol	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standard"},{"link_name":"User Datagram Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol"},{"link_name":"BitTorrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent"},{"link_name":"peer-to-peer file sharing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer_file_sharing"},{"link_name":"protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_(computing)"},{"link_name":"latency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_latency"},{"link_name":"congestion control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_congestion#Congestion_control"},{"link_name":"Transmission Control Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"peer-to-peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer"},{"link_name":"torrents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent"},{"link_name":"DSL line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line"}],"text":"Micro Transport Protocol (μTP, sometimes uTP) is an open User Datagram Protocol-based (UDP-based) variant of the BitTorrent peer-to-peer file sharing protocol intended to mitigate poor latency and other congestion control problems found in conventional BitTorrent over Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), while providing reliable, ordered delivery.It was devised to automatically slow down[1] the rate at which packets of data are transmitted between users of peer-to-peer file sharing torrents when it interferes with other applications. For example, the protocol should automatically allow the sharing of a DSL line between a BitTorrent application and a web browser.","title":"Micro Transport Protocol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internet2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet2"},{"link_name":"QoS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_service"},{"link_name":"bulk transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_transport"},{"link_name":"Stanislav Shalunov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislav_Shalunov"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"BitTorrent, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent_(company)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"μTorrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9CTorrent"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"MIT license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_license"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"free software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software"},{"link_name":"KTorrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTorrent"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"libtorrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libtorrent"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"qBittorrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QBittorrent"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Tixati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tixati"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Vuze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuze"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(BitTorrent_client)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"μTP emerged from research at Internet2 on QoS and high-performance bulk transport, was adapted for use as a background transport protocol by Plicto, founded by Stanislav Shalunov and Ben Teitelbaum[2] and later acquired by BitTorrent, Inc. in 2006, and further developed within its new owner.[3] It was first introduced in the μTorrent 1.8.x beta branches, and publicized in the alpha builds of μTorrent 1.9.[4][5]The implementation of μTP used in μTorrent was later separated into the \"libutp\" library and published under the MIT license.[6][7]The first free software client to implement μTP was KTorrent 4.0.[8][9] libtorrent implements μTP since version 0.16.0[10] and it is used in qBittorrent since 2.8.0.[11] Tixati implements μTP since version 1.72.[12] Vuze (formerly Azureus) implements μTP since version 4.6.0.0.[13] Transmission implements μTP since version 2.30.[14]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LEDBAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEDBAT"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6817","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6817"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"NAT traversal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAT_traversal"},{"link_name":"UDP hole punching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDP_hole_punching"},{"link_name":"STUN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STUN"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The congestion control algorithm used by μTP, known as Low Extra Delay Background Transport (LEDBAT), aims to decrease the latency caused by applications using the protocol while maximizing bandwidth when latency is not excessive.[15][16] Additionally, information from the μTP congestion controller can be used to choose the transfer rate of TCP connections.[17]LEDBAT is described in RFC 6817. As of 2009, the details of the μTP implementation were different from those of the then-current Internet Draft.[18]μTP also adds support for NAT traversal using UDP hole punching between two port-restricted peers where a third unrestricted peer acts as a STUN server.[19][20]","title":"μTP congestion control"}]	[]	[{"title":"TCP congestion control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_congestion_control"},{"title":"Multipurpose Transaction Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipurpose_Transaction_Protocol"},{"title":"QUIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUIC"},{"title":"Real-Time Media Flow Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-Time_Media_Flow_Protocol"},{"title":"Stream Control Transmission Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_Control_Transmission_Protocol"},{"title":"RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFC_(identifier)"},{"title":"6951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6951"},{"title":"UDP-based Data Transfer Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDP-based_Data_Transfer_Protocol"}]	[{"reference":"\"Forum.bittorrent.org / A few comments about µTP (BEP-29)\". Archived from the original on March 1, 2010. Retrieved November 15, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100301125306/http://forum.bittorrent.org/viewtopic.php?pid=762","url_text":"\"Forum.bittorrent.org / A few comments about µTP (BEP-29)\""},{"url":"http://forum.bittorrent.org/viewtopic.php?pid%3D762#p762","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beijnum, Iljitsch van (2008-12-02). \"?Torrent's switch to UDP and why the sky isn't falling\". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2021-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2008/12/utorrents-switch-to-udp-and-why-the-sky-isnt-falling/","url_text":"\"?Torrent's switch to UDP and why the sky isn't falling\""}]},{"reference":"\"uTorrent shifts towards UDP to make it work better\". www.thinkbroadband.com. Retrieved 2021-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thinkbroadband.com/news/3807-utorrent-shifts-towards-udp-to-make-it-work-better","url_text":"\"uTorrent shifts towards UDP to make it work better\""}]},{"reference":"\"Libutp, an open source implementation of µTP, has now been released (Page 1) / Announcements / µTorrent Community Forums\". Archived from the original on 2011-01-23. Retrieved 2011-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110123183649/http://forum.utorrent.com/viewtopic.php?id=76640","url_text":"\"Libutp, an open source implementation of µTP, has now been released (Page 1) / Announcements / µTorrent Community Forums\""},{"url":"http://forum.utorrent.com/viewtopic.php?id=76640","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"bittorrent/libutp, BitTorrent Inc., 2021-05-08, retrieved 2021-05-11","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/bittorrent/libutp","url_text":"bittorrent/libutp"}]},{"reference":"\"KTorrent First BitTorrent Client To Adopt Open Source uTP * TorrentFreak\". Retrieved 2021-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://torrentfreak.com/ktorrent-first-bittorrent-client-to-adopt-open-source-utp-100528/","url_text":"\"KTorrent First BitTorrent Client To Adopt Open Source uTP * TorrentFreak\""}]},{"reference":"\"KTorrent 4.0 is out\". 24 May 2010. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://ktorrent.pwsp.net/?q=node%2F42","url_text":"\"KTorrent 4.0 is out\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402090740/http://ktorrent.pwsp.net/?q=node%2F42","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Google Code Archive - Long-term storage for Google Code Project Hosting\". code.google.com. Retrieved 2021-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://code.google.com/archive/p/libtorrent/downloads","url_text":"\"Google Code Archive - Long-term storage for Google Code Project Hosting\""}]},{"reference":"\"qBittorrent Official Website\". www.qbittorrent.org. Retrieved 2021-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.qbittorrent.org/news.php","url_text":"\"qBittorrent Official Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tixati.com - News\". www.tixati.com. Retrieved 2021-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tixati.com/news/","url_text":"\"Tixati.com - News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Version 4400 4702 Changelog - VuzeWiki\". wiki.vuze.com. Retrieved 2021-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://wiki.vuze.com/w/Version_4400_4702_Changelog","url_text":"\"Version 4400 4702 Changelog - VuzeWiki\""}]},{"reference":"\"Changes – Transmission\". Archived from the original on 2015-05-24. Retrieved 2012-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150524013026/https://trac.transmissionbt.com/wiki/Changes#version-2.30","url_text":"\"Changes – Transmission\""},{"url":"https://trac.transmissionbt.com/wiki/Changes#version-2.30","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Technical information about UDP\". Archived from the original on 2009-05-12. Retrieved 2008-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090512123108/http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com.au/articles/27957-Torrents-of-Disruption-on-the-Way-","url_text":"\"Technical information about UDP\""},{"url":"http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com.au/articles/27957-Torrents-of-Disruption-on-the-Way-","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Forum.bittorrent.org / A few comments about µTP (BEP-29)\". Archived from the original on March 1, 2010. Retrieved November 15, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100301125306/http://forum.bittorrent.org/viewtopic.php?pid=762","url_text":"\"Forum.bittorrent.org / A few comments about µTP (BEP-29)\""},{"url":"http://forum.bittorrent.org/viewtopic.php?pid%3D762#p762","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Post by developer \"Greg Hazel\" in thread \"μTorrent 1.9 alpha\"\". 2008-11-26. Archived from the original on February 8, 2009. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_Georgia_Bulldogs_football_team	1894 Georgia Bulldogs football team	["1 Schedule","2 References","3 Additional sources"]	American college football season 1894 Georgia Bulldogs footballConferenceIndependentRecord5–1Head coachRobert Winston (1st season)CaptainGeorge ButlerHome stadiumHerty FieldSeasons← 18931895 → 1894 Southern college football independents records vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T VMI – 6 – 0 – 0 Hampden–Sydney – 1 – 0 – 0 Tennessee – 2 – 0 – 2 Vanderbilt – 7 – 1 – 0 Ole Miss – 6 – 1 – 0 Texas – 6 – 1 – 0 Georgia – 5 – 1 – 0 Kentucky State College – 5 – 1 – 0 VAMC – 4 – 1 – 0 Virginia – 8 – 2 – 0 Centre – 3 – 1 – 0 Alabama – 3 – 1 – 0 Navy – 4 – 1 – 2 North Carolina – 6 – 3 – 0 Arkansas – 2 – 1 – 0 LSU – 2 – 1 – 0 West Virginia – 2 – 2 – 0 Texas A&M – 1 – 1 – 0 Delaware – 1 – 1 – 0 Georgetown – 4 – 5 – 0 Sewanee – 3 – 4 – 0 Auburn – 1 – 3 – 0 Johns Hopkins – 1 – 4 – 1 Richmond – 0 – 4 – 2 Centenary – 0 – 1 – 0 Trinity (NC) – 0 – 1 – 0 William & Mary – 0 – 1 – 0 North Carolina A&M – 0 – 2 – 0 South Carolina – 0 – 2 – 0 Georgia Tech – 0 – 3 – 0 Tulane – 0 – 4 – 0 The 1894 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the University of Georgia in the 1894 college football season and completed the year with a 5–1–record. In 1894, the Bulldogs played their first game against South Carolina, won 40–0, and started a rivalry that continues to the present day. Georgia also secured its first victory over Auburn. This was the team's one and only season under the guidance of head coach Robert Winston. Winston was the first paid coach for the Bulldogs. Schedule DateOpponentSiteResultAttendanceSourceOctober 29SewaneeHerty FieldAthens, GAL 8–12 November 3at South CarolinaState FairgroundsColumbia, SC (rivalry)W 40–0500 November 10at WoffordSpartanburg, SCW 10–0 November 24vs. AuburnPiedmont ParkAtlanta, GA (Deep South's Oldest Rivalry)W 10–82,000 November 30at Augusta A. C.Augusta, GAW 66–0 December 9at Savannah A. C.Savannah, GAW 22–0 References ^ "The Georgians win, the South Carolina University boys defeated at football". The Atlanta Constitution. November 5, 1984. Retrieved October 15, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Auburn Defeated". The Atlanta Constitution. Atlanta, Georgia. November 25, 1894. p. 18. Retrieved May 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com . Additional sources Reed, Thomas Walter (c. 1949). "Athletics at the University from the Beginning Through 1947". History of the University of Georgia. dlg.galileo.usg.edu. pp. 3432–3438. Retrieved December 21, 2006. "Georgia Football History: Former Head Coaches". georgiadogs.com. Archived from the original on December 31, 2010. Retrieved December 15, 2012. vteGeorgia Bulldogs footballVenues Herty Field (1892–1910) Sanford Field (1911–1928) Sanford Stadium (1929–present) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Alabama Auburn: Deep South's Oldest Rivalry Clemson Florida Georgia Tech: Clean, Old-Fashioned Hate South Carolina Tennessee Vanderbilt Culture & lore History Hairy Dawg Uga "Glory, Glory" Georgia Redcoat Marching Band First forward pass 1927 Yale game Prayer at Jordan-Hare Squidbillies People Head coaches Steadman V. Sanford Georgia Joker Larry Munson Morgan Blake NFL draftees Starting quarterbacks Statistical leaders Seasons 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917–1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 National championship seasons in bold This college football 1890s season article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"1894 college football season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_college_football_season"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_South_Carolina_Gamecocks_football_team"},{"link_name":"started a rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93South_Carolina_football_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_Auburn_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Robert Winston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Winston_(coach)"}],"text":"The 1894 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the University of Georgia in the 1894 college football season and completed the year with a 5–1–record. In 1894, the Bulldogs played their first game against South Carolina, won 40–0, and started a rivalry that continues to the present day. Georgia also secured its first victory over Auburn. This was the team's one and only season under the guidance of head coach Robert Winston. Winston was the first paid coach for the Bulldogs.","title":"1894 Georgia Bulldogs football team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Athletics at the University from the Beginning Through 1947\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dlg.galileo.usg.edu/cgi-bin/ebind2html.pl/reed_c17?seq=18"},{"link_name":"\"Georgia Football History: Former Head Coaches\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101231223829/http://www.georgiadogs.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/former-coaches.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.georgiadogs.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/former-coaches.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Georgia_Bulldogs_football_navbox"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Georgia_Bulldogs_football_navbox"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia_Bulldogs_football_navbox"},{"link_name":"Georgia Bulldogs football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_football"},{"link_name":"Herty Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herty_Field"},{"link_name":"Sanford Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_Field"},{"link_name":"Sanford Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Bowl games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Georgia_Bulldogs_bowl_games"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama%E2%80%93Georgia_football_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Deep South's Oldest Rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_South%27s_Oldest_Rivalry"},{"link_name":"Clemson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemson%E2%80%93Georgia_football_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida%E2%80%93Georgia_football_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Clean, Old-Fashioned Hate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean,_Old-Fashioned_Hate"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93South_Carolina_football_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Tennessee_football_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Vanderbilt_football_rivalry"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Georgia_Bulldogs_football"},{"link_name":"Hairy Dawg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairy_Dawg"},{"link_name":"Uga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uga_(mascot)"},{"link_name":"Glory, Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory,_Glory_(fight_song)"},{"link_name":"Georgia Redcoat Marching Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Redcoat_Marching_Band"},{"link_name":"First forward pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1895_Georgia_vs._North_Carolina_football_game"},{"link_name":"1927 Yale game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927_Georgia_vs._Yale_football_game"},{"link_name":"Prayer at Jordan-Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_at_Jordan-Hare"},{"link_name":"Squidbillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squidbillies"},{"link_name":"Head coaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Georgia_Bulldogs_head_football_coaches"},{"link_name":"Steadman V. 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History of the University of Georgia. dlg.galileo.usg.edu. pp. 3432–3438. Retrieved December 21, 2006.\n\"Georgia Football History: Former Head Coaches\". georgiadogs.com. Archived from the original on December 31, 2010. Retrieved December 15, 2012.vteGeorgia Bulldogs footballVenues\nHerty Field (1892–1910)\nSanford Field (1911–1928)\nSanford Stadium (1929–present)\nBowls & rivalries\nBowl games\nAlabama\nAuburn: Deep South's Oldest Rivalry\nClemson\nFlorida\nGeorgia Tech: Clean, Old-Fashioned Hate\nSouth Carolina\nTennessee\nVanderbilt\nCulture & lore\nHistory\nHairy Dawg\nUga\n\"Glory, Glory\"\nGeorgia Redcoat Marching Band\nFirst forward pass\n1927 Yale game\nPrayer at Jordan-Hare\nSquidbillies\nPeople\nHead coaches\nSteadman V. Sanford\nGeorgia Joker\nLarry Munson\nMorgan Blake\nNFL draftees\nStarting quarterbacks\nStatistical leaders\nSeasons\n1892\n1893\n1894\n1895\n1896\n1897\n1898\n1899\n1900\n1901\n1902\n1903\n1904\n1905\n1906\n1907\n1908\n1909\n1910\n1911\n1912\n1913\n1914\n1915\n1916\n1917–1918\n1919\n1920\n1921\n1922\n1923\n1924\n1925\n1926\n1927\n1928\n1929\n1930\n1931\n1932\n1933\n1934\n1935\n1936\n1937\n1938\n1939\n1940\n1941\n1942\n1943\n1944\n1945\n1946\n1947\n1948\n1949\n1950\n1951\n1952\n1953\n1954\n1955\n1956\n1957\n1958\n1959\n1960\n1961\n1962\n1963\n1964\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973\n1974\n1975\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1979\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985\n1986\n1987\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\nNational championship seasons in boldThis college football 1890s season article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Additional sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Georgians win, the South Carolina University boys defeated at football\". The Atlanta Constitution. November 5, 1984. Retrieved October 15, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87139154/the-georgians-win-the-south-carolina-un/","url_text":"\"The Georgians win, the South Carolina University boys defeated at football\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Auburn Defeated\". The Atlanta Constitution. Atlanta, Georgia. November 25, 1894. p. 18. 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Retrieved December 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101231223829/http://www.georgiadogs.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/former-coaches.html","url_text":"\"Georgia Football History: Former Head Coaches\""},{"url":"http://www.georgiadogs.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/former-coaches.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87139154/the-georgians-win-the-south-carolina-un/","external_links_name":"\"The Georgians win, the South Carolina University boys defeated at football\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78587374/the-atlanta-constitution/","external_links_name":"\"Auburn Defeated\""},{"Link":"http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/cgi-bin/ebind2html.pl/reed_c17?seq=18","external_links_name":"\"Athletics at the University from the Beginning Through 1947\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101231223829/http://www.georgiadogs.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/former-coaches.html","external_links_name":"\"Georgia Football History: Former Head Coaches\""},{"Link":"http://www.georgiadogs.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/former-coaches.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1894_Georgia_Bulldogs_football_team&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naldo_(producer)	Naldo (producer)	["1 Arrival at reggaeton","2 Discography","3 References"]	Puerto Rican record producer NaldoBirth nameArnaldo SantosGenresReggaeton, pop rock, rock, hip hopOccupation(s)Producer, musician, songwriterYears active2004–presentLabelsSangre Nueva MusicMusical artist Naldo (born Arnaldo Santos) is a Puerto Rican reggaeton and rock producer, singer and guitarist. He was born in Comerío, Puerto Rico. Arrival at reggaeton Naldo entered the world of reggaeton when the owners of Mas Flow Inc. Luny Tunes invited him to participate as a producer on the album Mas Flow 2. Later he met Hector Delgado, artistically known as Hector "El Father", who invited him to work on his label Gold Star Music and also to accompany him in the chorus, after having been separated from Efrain Fines (Tito El Bambino). Hector El Father and Naldo quickly formed a good friendship, and with the help of "El Father", Naldo created his own record label called Sangre Nueva Music with which launched the famous disc Sangre Nueva, with the important single "Sácala". Such has been the success of the producer who has been invited to participate in the genre's most successful albums such as Barrio Fino (Daddy Yankee), Pa'l Mundo (Wisin & Yandel), The Bad Boy (Hector "El Father"), Real... En Vivo (Ednita Nazario), among plenty others. His first solo album which is Lágrimas De Sangre (Tears of Blood) and was released in 2009. The first single was "Ya No Existen Detalles" ft. Jowell & Randy. It charted on Billboard's Latin Rhythm Airplay and peaked at #30. In 2011, launched the second volume of Sangre Nueva (New Blood), which featured new urban music talents, both performers and producers. Sangre Nueva 2 has several recognized artists such as: Arcangel, Franco El Gorila, Ñengo Flow, Voltio, Yomo, JKing, among others. In 2014, he was accused of defrauding new talent by KnockOut “La Maxima Apuesta”. Discography 2005: Sangre Nueva – with Héctor El Father 2009: Lágrimas de Sangre 2011: Sangre Nueva 2 References ^ "Naldo refresca al reguetón". Primera Hora (in Spanish). November 22, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2021. ^ "Naldo llora lágrimas de sangre". Primera Hora (in Spanish). April 30, 2009. Retrieved June 10, 2021. ^ "El destino de los artistas que presentó "Sangre Nueva" hace 13 años". Heabbi.com (in Spanish). August 31, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2021. ^ Feliciano, Brian A. Maldonado (September 13, 2020). ""Sácala" La canción que motivó a una generación". El Foro de Puerto Rico (in Spanish). Retrieved June 10, 2021. ^ "A 15 años del "Barrio fino" de Daddy Yankee". www.vice.com (in Spanish). Retrieved June 10, 2021. ^ "Pal mundo: Cuando el duo de la historia tuvo su Big Bang". Heabbi.com (in Spanish). February 6, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2021. ^ ""El Father" quiere cantar al lado del rapero Vico C". Oxigeno.fm (in European Spanish). October 7, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2021. ^ "Naldo satisfecho con colaboración de Ednita Nazario en Puerto Rico". espanol.upi.com. Retrieved June 10, 2021. ^ "'Reguetonero' confiesa adicción \| La Prensa Panamá". www.prensa.com (in Spanish). May 29, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2021. ^ "Ya No Existen Detalles (Testo) - Naldo feat. Jowell & Randy". MTV Testi e Canzoni (in Italian). Retrieved June 10, 2021. ^ "Jowell & Randy". Billboard. Retrieved June 10, 2021. ^ "El productor musical Naldo anuncia el lanzamiento de su nuevo disco, "Sangre Nueva 2"". archive.lavozarizona.com. Retrieved June 10, 2021. ^ Noticentro. "Naldo se traslada a México para un importante proyecto". www.wapa.tv (in Spanish). Retrieved June 10, 2021. ^ YoisiPauta. "Acusan a Naldo "Sangre Nueva" de estafar a nuevos talentos" (in Spanish). Retrieved June 10, 2021. vteMas Flow Inc.Producers Luny Tunes Tainy Noriega Predikador Doble A & Nales "Los Presidentes" Bones "The Musical Alchemist" Thilo "La Navaja de Doble Filo" Mr. G Naldo Jorge "Joker" Elvira Miki "La Mano Bionica" Affiliated producers DJ Nelson Eliel Nely "El Arma Secreta" Nesty "La Mente Maestra" Myztiko Artists Arcángel Dyland & Lenny Ektor Alex Killer El Roockie Yo-Seph Xantos Affiliated artists Daddy Yankee Wisin & Yandel Angel & Khriz Don Omar De La Ghetto Ivy Queen Related articles Luny Tunes production discography Noriega production discography	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puerto Rican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"reggaeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggaeton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Comerío, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comer%C3%ADo,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Musical artistNaldo (born Arnaldo Santos) is a Puerto Rican reggaeton and rock producer, singer and guitarist.[1] He was born in Comerío, Puerto Rico.[2]","title":"Naldo (producer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mas Flow Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas_Flow_Inc."},{"link_name":"Luny Tunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luny_Tunes"},{"link_name":"Mas Flow 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas_Flow_2"},{"link_name":"Hector \"El Father\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_%22El_Father%22"},{"link_name":"Tito El Bambino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_El_Bambino"},{"link_name":"Sangre Nueva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre_Nueva_(album)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Barrio Fino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrio_Fino"},{"link_name":"Daddy Yankee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daddy_Yankee"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pa'l Mundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%27l_Mundo"},{"link_name":"Wisin & Yandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisin_%26_Yandel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Bad Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bad_Boy_(album)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Real... En Vivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real..._En_Vivo"},{"link_name":"Ednita Nazario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ednita_Nazario"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Lágrimas De Sangre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1grimas_De_Sangre"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jowell & Randy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jowell_%26_Randy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Naldo entered the world of reggaeton when the owners of Mas Flow Inc. Luny Tunes invited him to participate as a producer on the album Mas Flow 2. Later he met Hector Delgado, artistically known as Hector \"El Father\", who invited him to work on his label Gold Star Music and also to accompany him in the chorus, after having been separated from Efrain Fines (Tito El Bambino). Hector El Father and Naldo quickly formed a good friendship, and with the help of \"El Father\", Naldo created his own record label called Sangre Nueva Music with which launched the famous disc Sangre Nueva,[3] with the important single \"Sácala\".[4]Such has been the success of the producer who has been invited to participate in the genre's most successful albums such as Barrio Fino (Daddy Yankee),[5] Pa'l Mundo (Wisin & Yandel),[6] The Bad Boy (Hector \"El Father\"),[7] Real... En Vivo (Ednita Nazario),[8] among plenty others.His first solo album which is Lágrimas De Sangre (Tears of Blood) and was released in 2009.[9] The first single was \"Ya No Existen Detalles\" ft. Jowell & Randy.[10] It charted on Billboard's Latin Rhythm Airplay and peaked at #30.[11]In 2011, launched the second volume of Sangre Nueva (New Blood), which featured new urban music talents, both performers and producers.[12] Sangre Nueva 2 has several recognized artists such as: Arcangel, Franco El Gorila, Ñengo Flow, Voltio, Yomo, JKing, among others.[13]In 2014, he was accused of defrauding new talent by KnockOut “La Maxima Apuesta”.[14]","title":"Arrival at reggaeton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sangre Nueva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre_Nueva_(album)"},{"link_name":"Héctor El Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_El_Father"},{"link_name":"Lágrimas de Sangre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1grimas_De_Sangre"}],"text":"2005: Sangre Nueva – with Héctor El Father\n2009: Lágrimas de Sangre\n2011: Sangre Nueva 2","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Naldo refresca al reguetón\". Primera Hora (in Spanish). November 22, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.primerahora.com/entretenimiento/musica/notas/naldo-refresca-al-regueton/","url_text":"\"Naldo refresca al reguetón\""}]},{"reference":"\"Naldo llora lágrimas de sangre\". Primera Hora (in Spanish). April 30, 2009. Retrieved June 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.primerahora.com/entretenimiento/farandula/notas/naldo-llora-lagrimas-de-sangre/","url_text":"\"Naldo llora lágrimas de sangre\""}]},{"reference":"\"El destino de los artistas que presentó \"Sangre Nueva\" hace 13 años\". Heabbi.com (in Spanish). August 31, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://heabbi.com/artistas-sangre-nueva-aniversario","url_text":"\"El destino de los artistas que presentó \"Sangre Nueva\" hace 13 años\""}]},{"reference":"Feliciano, Brian A. Maldonado (September 13, 2020). \"\"Sácala\" La canción que motivó a una generación\". El Foro de Puerto Rico (in Spanish). Retrieved June 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elforodepuertorico.com/sacala-la-cancion-que-motivo-a-una-generacion/","url_text":"\"\"Sácala\" La canción que motivó a una generación\""}]},{"reference":"\"A 15 años del \"Barrio fino\" de Daddy Yankee\". www.vice.com (in Spanish). Retrieved June 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/es/article/qv79y3/a-15-anos-del-barrio-fino-de-daddy-yankee","url_text":"\"A 15 años del \"Barrio fino\" de Daddy Yankee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pal mundo: Cuando el duo de la historia tuvo su Big Bang\". Heabbi.com (in Spanish). February 6, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://heabbi.com/pal-mundo-el-big-bang","url_text":"\"Pal mundo: Cuando el duo de la historia tuvo su Big Bang\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"El Father\" quiere cantar al lado del rapero Vico C\". Oxigeno.fm (in European Spanish). October 7, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxigeno.fm/2007/el-father-quiere-cantar-al-lado-del-rapero-vico-c-490111-107049.html","url_text":"\"\"El Father\" quiere cantar al lado del rapero Vico C\""}]},{"reference":"\"Naldo satisfecho con colaboración de Ednita Nazario en Puerto Rico\". espanol.upi.com. Retrieved June 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://espanol.upi.com/Entretenimiento/2007/12/24/Naldo-satisfecho-con-colaboracin-de-Ednita-Nazario-en-Puerto-Rico/52151198529280/","url_text":"\"Naldo satisfecho con colaboración de Ednita Nazario en Puerto Rico\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Reguetonero' confiesa adicción \| La Prensa Panamá\". www.prensa.com (in Spanish). May 29, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prensa.com/cultura/Reguetonero-confiesa-adiccion_0_2028547373.html","url_text":"\"'Reguetonero' confiesa adicción \| La Prensa Panamá\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ya No Existen Detalles (Testo) - Naldo feat. Jowell & Randy\". MTV Testi e Canzoni (in Italian). Retrieved June 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://testicanzoni.mtv.it/testi-Naldo-feat.-Jowell---Randy_25039706/testo-Ya-No-Existen-Detalles-40623414","url_text":"\"Ya No Existen Detalles (Testo) - Naldo feat. Jowell & Randy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jowell & Randy\". Billboard. Retrieved June 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/jowell-randy/chart-history/lra/","url_text":"\"Jowell & Randy\""}]},{"reference":"\"El productor musical Naldo anuncia el lanzamiento de su nuevo disco, \"Sangre Nueva 2\"\". archive.lavozarizona.com. Retrieved June 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.lavozarizona.com/lavoz/ent/articles/2011/10/08/20111008el-productor-musical-naldo-anuncia-el-lanzamiento-de-su-nuevo-disco-sangre-nueva-.html","url_text":"\"El productor musical Naldo anuncia el lanzamiento de su nuevo disco, \"Sangre Nueva 2\"\""}]},{"reference":"Noticentro. \"Naldo se traslada a México para un importante proyecto\". www.wapa.tv (in Spanish). Retrieved June 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wapa.tv/noticias/entretenimiento/naldo-se-traslada-a-mexico-para-un-importante-proyecto-_20120305181932.html","url_text":"\"Naldo se traslada a México para un importante proyecto\""}]},{"reference":"YoisiPauta. \"Acusan a Naldo \"Sangre Nueva\" de estafar a nuevos talentos\" (in Spanish). Retrieved June 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://traficmusik.net/acusan-a-naldo-sangre-nueva-de-estafar-a-nuevos-talentos/","url_text":"\"Acusan a Naldo \"Sangre Nueva\" de estafar a nuevos talentos\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.primerahora.com/entretenimiento/musica/notas/naldo-refresca-al-regueton/","external_links_name":"\"Naldo refresca al reguetón\""},{"Link":"https://www.primerahora.com/entretenimiento/farandula/notas/naldo-llora-lagrimas-de-sangre/","external_links_name":"\"Naldo llora lágrimas de sangre\""},{"Link":"https://heabbi.com/artistas-sangre-nueva-aniversario","external_links_name":"\"El destino de los artistas que presentó \"Sangre Nueva\" hace 13 años\""},{"Link":"https://www.elforodepuertorico.com/sacala-la-cancion-que-motivo-a-una-generacion/","external_links_name":"\"\"Sácala\" La canción que motivó a una generación\""},{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/es/article/qv79y3/a-15-anos-del-barrio-fino-de-daddy-yankee","external_links_name":"\"A 15 años del \"Barrio fino\" de Daddy Yankee\""},{"Link":"https://heabbi.com/pal-mundo-el-big-bang","external_links_name":"\"Pal mundo: Cuando el duo de la historia tuvo su Big Bang\""},{"Link":"https://www.oxigeno.fm/2007/el-father-quiere-cantar-al-lado-del-rapero-vico-c-490111-107049.html","external_links_name":"\"\"El Father\" quiere cantar al lado del rapero Vico C\""},{"Link":"https://espanol.upi.com/Entretenimiento/2007/12/24/Naldo-satisfecho-con-colaboracin-de-Ednita-Nazario-en-Puerto-Rico/52151198529280/","external_links_name":"\"Naldo satisfecho con colaboración de Ednita Nazario en Puerto Rico\""},{"Link":"https://www.prensa.com/cultura/Reguetonero-confiesa-adiccion_0_2028547373.html","external_links_name":"\"'Reguetonero' confiesa adicción \| La Prensa Panamá\""},{"Link":"http://testicanzoni.mtv.it/testi-Naldo-feat.-Jowell---Randy_25039706/testo-Ya-No-Existen-Detalles-40623414","external_links_name":"\"Ya No Existen Detalles (Testo) - Naldo feat. Jowell & Randy\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/jowell-randy/chart-history/lra/","external_links_name":"\"Jowell & Randy\""},{"Link":"http://archive.lavozarizona.com/lavoz/ent/articles/2011/10/08/20111008el-productor-musical-naldo-anuncia-el-lanzamiento-de-su-nuevo-disco-sangre-nueva-.html","external_links_name":"\"El productor musical Naldo anuncia el lanzamiento de su nuevo disco, \"Sangre Nueva 2\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.wapa.tv/noticias/entretenimiento/naldo-se-traslada-a-mexico-para-un-importante-proyecto-_20120305181932.html","external_links_name":"\"Naldo se traslada a México para un importante proyecto\""},{"Link":"https://traficmusik.net/acusan-a-naldo-sangre-nueva-de-estafar-a-nuevos-talentos/","external_links_name":"\"Acusan a Naldo \"Sangre Nueva\" de estafar a nuevos talentos\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lawlor_(sculptor)	John Lawlor (sculptor)	["1 See also","2 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "John Lawlor" sculptor – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Engineering group, Albert Memorial (completed 1876, restored 2000) John Lawlor (c. 1820 Dublin – 1901 London) was an Irish sculptor and medallist, elected to the Royal Hibernian Academy in 1861. He spent most of his career working in London, specialising in poetic subjects and portrait busts. He is noted for various statues in London, his 1881 bronze statues of Patrick Sarsfield in the grounds of St John's Cathedral in Limerick, and the 1889 statue of Bishop Delany at St Mary's Cathedral in Cork. Lawlor received his art training at the Royal Dublin Society's Schools, studying sculpture under John Smyth (c1773-1840). In 1843 the Royal Irish Art Union purchased his "Cupid pressing Grapes into the Glass of Time," and was won as a prize by the Countess of Ranfurly. He exhibited a "Boy and Dog" at the Royal Hibernian Academy in 1844, and was one of eight artists commissioned to produce the plaques on the corners of the Albert Memorial in Kensington Gardens, also executing the large group "Engineering." In 1845 he moved to London, soon being recognised as an accomplished sculptor, first living in Wyndham Street, then moving to Stanhope Street, Hampstead Road, where he was still staying in the 1880s. After his arrival in London he worked for a period with John Thomas, helping to create some of the figures adorning the exterior of the Houses of Parliament, though it is difficult to attribute individual figures to one or the other. In 1847 he joined the Royal Academy schools on Thomas’s recommendation. His first exhibition at the Royal Academy was in 1848. From his first contribution in 1844 he continued to exhibit at intervals with the Royal Hibernian Academy. His "Bather" was exhibited there in 1851, and at the Dublin International Exhibition in 1853, and was later rendered in marble for the Prince Consort and placed at Osborne in 1856. His statuette, "Solitude," and the group "Suffer little Children to come unto Me", were purchased by the Art Union, and appeared in the London Exhibition of 1851. Other works by Lawlor which received acclaim were "Titania," a marble statue in the Royal Academy in 1868, the "Emigrant" of 1853 and "Clio". He visited America in 1886, and received a number of commissions, remaining there until the autumn of 1888. On his return he stayed in Cork for some time, finishing the statue of Bishop Delany which was placed outside the Cathedral, and some statues for the Queenstown church in Cork. He did quite a number of busts including that of "Daniel O'Connell," "Smith O'Brien," John O'Connor Power and "James O'Kelly, M.P." He was a popular figure in London's artistic and literary circles, his tall, striking appearance, ready wit, genial manner and fine baritone making him a sought-after guest. He did not produce a steady output, but rather worked only when the inclination took him or when obliged by financial necessity, and thus did not provide for his old age. He remained a bachelor his entire life. His sister Bridget had married John Kelly, a blacksmith and draymaker, and remained in Dublin. When her husband died in 1861, she herself in poor health, moved to London with her five children. Aloysius, the youngest boy, became an accomplished painter under the name Aloysius O'Kelly. In London, John Lawlor had become a loyal supporter of the secret Irish Republican Brotherhood or Fenians, and was careful to keep his political affiliations out of his public life as an artist. His home was regarded as a safe house by the movement. See also John Cassidy (1860–1939), fellow Irish sculptor in England, who worked primarily in Manchester References ^ "John Lawlor ARHA - Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951". Sculpture.gla.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 January 2019. ^ "Details of Sculptor". Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013. ^ "John Lawlor, Sculptor - Irish Artists". Libraryireland.com. Retrieved 15 January 2019. ^ O'Sullivan, Niamh (15 January 2019). Aloysius O'Kelly: Art, Nation, Empire. Field Day Publications. ISBN 9780946755424. Retrieved 15 January 2019 – via Google Books. Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Artists Musée d'Orsay RKD Artists ULAN People Ireland	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Engineering_group_(Albert_Memorial).jpg"},{"link_name":"Albert Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"medallist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medallist"},{"link_name":"Royal Hibernian Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Hibernian_Academy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Patrick Sarsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Sarsfield"},{"link_name":"St John's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_Cathedral_(Limerick)"},{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick"},{"link_name":"Bishop Delany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Delany"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_St_Mary_and_St_Anne"},{"link_name":"Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(city)"},{"link_name":"Royal Dublin Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dublin_Society"},{"link_name":"John Smyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smyth_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"Countess of Ranfurly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Knox,_3rd_Earl_of_Ranfurly"},{"link_name":"Albert Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Kensington Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Hampstead Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_Road,_London"},{"link_name":"John Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thomas_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"Houses of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_schools"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy"},{"link_name":"Dublin International Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Industrial_Exhibition_(1853)"},{"link_name":"Prince Consort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha"},{"link_name":"London Exhibition of 1851","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Queenstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobh"},{"link_name":"John O'Connor Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_O%27Connor_Power"},{"link_name":"Aloysius O'Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloysius_O%27Kelly"},{"link_name":"Irish Republican Brotherhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Engineering group, Albert Memorial (completed 1876, restored 2000)John Lawlor (c. 1820 Dublin – 1901 London) was an Irish sculptor and medallist, elected to the Royal Hibernian Academy in 1861.[1] He spent most of his career working in London, specialising in poetic subjects and portrait busts. He is noted for various statues in London, his 1881 bronze statues of Patrick Sarsfield in the grounds of St John's Cathedral in Limerick, and the 1889 statue of Bishop Delany at St Mary's Cathedral in Cork.Lawlor received his art training at the Royal Dublin Society's Schools, studying sculpture under John Smyth (c1773-1840). In 1843 the Royal Irish Art Union purchased his \"Cupid pressing Grapes into the Glass of Time,\" and was won as a prize by the Countess of Ranfurly. He exhibited a \"Boy and Dog\" at the Royal Hibernian Academy in 1844, and was one of eight artists commissioned to produce the plaques on the corners of the Albert Memorial in Kensington Gardens, also executing the large group \"Engineering.\"In 1845 he moved to London, soon being recognised as an accomplished sculptor, first living in Wyndham Street, then moving to Stanhope Street, Hampstead Road, where he was still staying in the 1880s. After his arrival in London he worked for a period with John Thomas, helping to create some of the figures adorning the exterior of the Houses of Parliament, though it is difficult to attribute individual figures to one or the other. In 1847 he joined the Royal Academy schools on Thomas’s recommendation.[2] His first exhibition at the Royal Academy was in 1848.From his first contribution in 1844 he continued to exhibit at intervals with the Royal Hibernian Academy. His \"Bather\" was exhibited there in 1851, and at the Dublin International Exhibition in 1853, and was later rendered in marble for the Prince Consort and placed at Osborne in 1856. His statuette, \"Solitude,\" and the group \"Suffer little Children to come unto Me\", were purchased by the Art Union, and appeared in the London Exhibition of 1851.[3]Other works by Lawlor which received acclaim were \"Titania,\" a marble statue in the Royal Academy in 1868, the \"Emigrant\" of 1853 and \"Clio\". He visited America in 1886, and received a number of commissions, remaining there until the autumn of 1888. On his return he stayed in Cork for some time, finishing the statue of Bishop Delany which was placed outside the Cathedral, and some statues for the Queenstown church in Cork. He did quite a number of busts including that of \"Daniel O'Connell,\" \"Smith O'Brien,\" \nJohn O'Connor Power and \"James O'Kelly, M.P.\" He was a popular figure in London's artistic and literary circles, his tall, striking appearance, ready wit, genial manner and fine baritone making him a sought-after guest. He did not produce a steady output, but rather worked only when the inclination took him or when obliged by financial necessity, and thus did not provide for his old age. He remained a bachelor his entire life.His sister Bridget had married John Kelly, a blacksmith and draymaker, and remained in Dublin. When her husband died in 1861, she herself in poor health, moved to London with her five children. Aloysius, the youngest boy, became an accomplished painter under the name Aloysius O'Kelly. In London, John Lawlor had become a loyal supporter of the secret Irish Republican Brotherhood or Fenians, and was careful to keep his political affiliations out of his public life as an artist. His home was regarded as a safe house by the movement.[4]","title":"John Lawlor (sculptor)"}]	[{"image_text":"Engineering group, Albert Memorial (completed 1876, restored 2000)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Engineering_group_%28Albert_Memorial%29.jpg/220px-Engineering_group_%28Albert_Memorial%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"John Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cassidy_(artist)"}]	[{"reference":"\"John Lawlor ARHA - Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951\". Sculpture.gla.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/person.php?id=msib3_1202398173","url_text":"\"John Lawlor ARHA - Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951\""}]},{"reference":"\"Details of Sculptor\". Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130805075652/http://217.204.55.158/henrymoore/sculptor/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=1615","url_text":"\"Details of Sculptor\""},{"url":"http://217.204.55.158/henrymoore/sculptor/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=1615","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"John Lawlor, Sculptor - Irish Artists\". Libraryireland.com. Retrieved 15 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.libraryireland.com/irishartists/john-lawlor.php","url_text":"\"John Lawlor, Sculptor - Irish Artists\""}]},{"reference":"O'Sullivan, Niamh (15 January 2019). Aloysius O'Kelly: Art, Nation, Empire. Field Day Publications. ISBN 9780946755424. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_G._Alexander	Donald G. Alexander	["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	American lawyer and judge Donald G. AlexanderJustice of the Maine Supreme Judicial CourtIn officeSeptember 2, 1998 – January 31, 2020Appointed byAngus KingPreceded byKermit LipezSucceeded byAndrew M. Horton Personal detailsBornMarch 1942 (age 82)EducationBowdoin CollegeUniversity of Chicago Law School (JD) Donald G. Alexander (born March 1942) is an American lawyer and former justice on the Maine Supreme Judicial Court. Biography Donald G. Alexander was appointed to the Maine Supreme Judicial Court in 1998 by Governor Angus King. He previously served on the Maine Superior Court and the Maine District Court and as a Deputy Attorney General for the State of Maine. He served in Washington, D.C. as an assistant to Maine Senator Edmund S. Muskie and as Legislative Counsel for the National League of Cities. Justice Alexander is a graduate of Bowdoin College and the University of Chicago Law School. He is the author of The Maine Jury Instruction Manual (4th. ed. 2008); and Maine Appellate Practice (3rd. ed. 2008), and a principal editor of The Maine Rules of Civil Procedure with Advisory Committee Notes and Practice Commentary (2008). He has been an adjunct faculty member at the University of Maine School of Law and has been on the faculty of the Harvard Law School Trial Advocacy Workshop since 1980. He is the Court's liaison to the Advisory Committees on the Maine Rules of Civil Procedure and Probate Procedure, the State Court Library Committee, and the Maine State Bar Association Continuing Legal Education Committee. He retired from active service on January 31, 2020. See also List of justices of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court References ^ "Donald Alexander's Biography - The Voter's Self Defense System". Vote Smart. Retrieved 2019-01-28. ^ "(103) Donald G. Alexander". www.cleaves.org. Retrieved 2019-12-24. ^ "State of Maine Judicial Branch: Supreme Court Justices Biographies". Courts.state.me.us. Archived from the original on 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2019-01-28. ^ Harrison, Judy (February 3, 2020). "This retiring judge once brought roosters into the courtroom in a case involving Janet Mills". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved February 6, 2020. External links Bowdoin College The University of Chicago Law School University of Maine School of Law Maine Supreme Judicial Court Chronological List Maine Supreme Judicial Court official website The Supreme Judicial Court of the State of Maine, 1820 to 2007 - Cleaves Law Library Legal offices Preceded byKermit Lipez Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court 1998–2020 Vacant This biography of a state judge in Maine is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_(official)"},{"link_name":"Maine Supreme Judicial Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Supreme_Judicial_Court"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Donald G. Alexander (born March 1942) is an American lawyer and former justice on the Maine Supreme Judicial Court.[1]","title":"Donald G. Alexander"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angus King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_King"},{"link_name":"Maine District Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Maine"},{"link_name":"Edmund S. 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Justice Alexander is a graduate of Bowdoin College and the University of Chicago Law School.[2] He is the author of The Maine Jury Instruction Manual (4th. ed. 2008); and Maine Appellate Practice (3rd. ed. 2008), and a principal editor of The Maine Rules of Civil Procedure with Advisory Committee Notes and Practice Commentary (2008).He has been an adjunct faculty member at the University of Maine School of Law and has been on the faculty of the Harvard Law School Trial Advocacy Workshop since 1980. He is the Court's liaison to the Advisory Committees on the Maine Rules of Civil Procedure and Probate Procedure, the State Court Library Committee, and the Maine State Bar Association Continuing Legal Education Committee.[3]He retired from active service on January 31, 2020.[4]","title":"Biography"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of justices of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Maine_Supreme_Judicial_Court"}]	[{"reference":"\"Donald Alexander's Biography - The Voter's Self Defense System\". Vote Smart. Retrieved 2019-01-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.votesmart.org/bio.php?can_id=58915","url_text":"\"Donald Alexander's Biography - The Voter's Self Defense System\""}]},{"reference":"\"(103) Donald G. Alexander\". www.cleaves.org. Retrieved 2019-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cleaves.org/sjcbios1.htm#DGA","url_text":"\"(103) Donald G. 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Retrieved February 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bangordailynews.com/2020/02/03/news/augusta/this-retiring-judge-once-brought-roosters-into-the-courtroom-in-a-case-involving-janet-mills/","url_text":"\"This retiring judge once brought roosters into the courtroom in a case involving Janet Mills\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.votesmart.org/bio.php?can_id=58915","external_links_name":"\"Donald Alexander's Biography - The Voter's Self Defense System\""},{"Link":"http://www.cleaves.org/sjcbios1.htm#DGA","external_links_name":"\"(103) Donald G. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhan_Singh_Bhaura	Bhan Singh Bhaura	["1 Student activism","2 Legislator","3 Parliamentarian","4 Later elections","5 Return to the Lok Sabha","6 Personal life","7 Survived From The Air Crash","8 References"]	Bhan Singh BhauraPersonal detailsBorn(1934-09-04)4 September 1934Niamatpur, Punjab, IndiaDied3 January 2004(2004-01-03) (aged 69)New Delhi, IndiaPolitical partyCommunist Party of India (CPI)Alma materPanjab University Bhan Singh Bhaura (4 September 1934 – 3 January 2004) was an Indian politician. He was a leader of the Communist Party of India in Punjab. He served as a member of the National Executive of the CPI as well as president for the Bharatiya Khet Mazdoor Union. He was also a Punjab State Executive member of CPI. He was elected to the Lok Sabha (lower house of the parliament of India) in 1971 and 1999 from the Bhatinda seat. He was elected to the Punjab Legislative Assembly twice as well. Student activism Bhaura hailed from a poor peasant family in village Niamatpur Near Amargarh Sangrur district. He was the son of Sadhu Singh. Bhaura became politically active in the student movement, serving as secretary of the Punjab branch of the All India Students Federation and president of the All India Youth Federation in Punjab. He obtained a B.A. degree from Govt Ripudaman College Nabha Panjab University. During the colonial period, he took part in the struggle for Indian independence as well being active in the peasant movement. Legislator He was elected to the Punjab Legislative Assembly in 1962, from the Dhuri (SC) seat. Bhaura obtained 20,658 votes (49.08% of the votes in the constituency), defeating the Congress, Jan Sangh and Swatantra candidates in the fray. He became the acting president of the Punjab Dihati Mazdoor Sabha (agricultural workers' union). In the 1967 election, he was elected to the Punjab Legislative Assembly from the Bhadaur (SC) seat. He obtained 14,748 votes (49.92%). Bhaura lost the Bhadaur seat in the 1969 election, finishing in third place with merely 430 votes (1.31%). Parliamentarian He won the Bhatinda Lok Sabha seat in the 1971 general election. He obtained 138,092 votes (51.46%). Bhaura survived the 1973 crash of Indian Airlines Flight 440. Later elections Bhaura lost the Bhatinda seat in the 1977 general election. He finished in third place with 62,639 votes (14.73%). This time the electoral contest in Bhatinda had been between Congress and Shiromani Akali Dal candidates, and Bhaura lost his deposit. He contested the Bhadaur assembly seat in 1985, finishing in third place with 7,932 votes (14.98%). Return to the Lok Sabha Bhaura contested the Bhatinda seat in the 1998 general election. He finished in second place with 309,671 votes (45.66%). He regained the Bhatinda Lok Sabha seat in the 1999 general election. He obtained 327,484 votes (50.34%). His candidature was supported by Congress. In the Lok Sabha he was a member of the Committee on Science and Technology, Environment and Forests 1999-2000, and then a member of the Consultative Committee of the Ministry of Communications 2000-2004. Personal life Mr. Bhan Singh Bhaura’s father was Mr. Sadhu Singh Shoe Maker Ramdasia Sikh & mother Mrs. Sardhi. village Niamatpur Dist Sangrur tehsil Malerkotla Near Amargarh. Mr. Bhaura completed his graduation at Govt.Ripudaman College, Nabha, District. Patiala. He married on 13 November 1966 to Kaushalya Chaman. He is survived by a son Rajneek Bhaura who is a doctor and two daughters Dr.Rishma Bhaura and Reenu Bhaura. He has two granddaughters: Jannat Deep Bhaura and Priya Raj Bhaura. Their son is married to Deepinder Kaur Rana who is an advocate. Their family hails from Malerkotla and currently lives in Bathinda, Punjab Survived From The Air Crash On 30 May 1973, Flight 440 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Madras (now Chennai), Tamil Nadu to New Delhi. A Boeing 737 named Saranga was used for the flight. As Flight 440 approached Palam International Airport in driving dust and a rainstorm, the aircraft struck high tension wires during a NDB approach with visibility below minima. The aircraft crashed and caught fire. 48 of the 65 passengers and crew on board Flight 440 perished in the accident. Rescue officials said the survivors were in the front of the aircraft. Among the dead was Indian Minister of Iron and Steel Mines, Mohan Kumaramangalam. Kumaramangalam was a confidant of Indira Gandhi, who was India's Prime Minister at the time. According to Mehtab-Ud-Din, a Senior Punjabi Journalist & Writer, Mr. Bhan Singh Bhaura was also in the 'unfortunate' flight, but luckily he survived. Mr. Bhan Singh Bhaura was then an MP from Bathinda (Punjab) for 5th Lok Sabha (1971-1977) Seat. He was a committed CPI Member and he again was elected MP for 13th Lok Sabha (1999-2004). When Mrs. Indira Gandhi, then Prime Minister of India, met the slightly injured Mr. Bhan Singh Bhaura on 31 May 1973 in a New Delhi Hospital, She said to him,"Mr. Bhaura, you have survived from an air crash, now you should believe in God." Mr. Bhaura replied instantaneously that those were perished in the air crash, all were firm believers in God. It is worth mentioning here that most of the Communists are supposed to be the atheists. Mr. Bhan Singh Bhaura himself told about it to Mr. Mehtab-Ud-Din. References Communism portalPunjab portal ^ a b c d e f Deccan Herald. CPI leader Bhan Singh Bhaura dead Archived 12 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Members : Lok Sabha". ^ a b Lok Sabha. Bhaura,Shri Bhan Singh Archived 12 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF PUNJAB ^ Hari Singh (Master) (1980). Agricultural Workers' Struggle in Punjab. People's Publishing House. p. 24. ^ Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1967 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF PUNJAB ^ Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1969 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF PUNJAB ^ Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1971 TO THE FIFTH LOK SABHA - VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS) Archived 18 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine ^ Asian Recorder, Vol. 19. K.7 K. Thomas at Recorder Press. 1973. p. cclxxxiv. ^ Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1977 TO THE SIXTH LOK SABHA - VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS) Archived 18 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine ^ S. L. M. Prachand (1977). The Popular Upsurge and Fall of Congress. Abhishek Publications. p. 77. ^ Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1985 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF PUNJAB ^ Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1998 TO THE 12TH LOK SABHA - VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS) Archived 20 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine ^ Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1999 TO THE THIRTEENTH LOK SABHA - VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS) Archived 18 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine ^ Yes Punjab. If Harsimat loses, it'll be beginnings of the end of Badals' dynastic rule: CPI	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-1"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-1"},{"link_name":"Bharatiya Khet Mazdoor Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Khet_Mazdoor_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lok Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha"},{"link_name":"parliament of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_India"},{"link_name":"Bhatinda seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhatinda_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Punjab Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-1"}],"text":"Bhan Singh Bhaura (4 September 1934 – 3 January 2004) was an Indian politician.[1] He was a leader of the Communist Party of India in Punjab.[1] He served as a member of the National Executive of the CPI as well as president for the Bharatiya Khet Mazdoor Union.[1] He was also a Punjab State Executive member of CPI.[2] He was elected to the Lok Sabha (lower house of the parliament of India) in 1971 and 1999 from the Bhatinda seat. He was elected to the Punjab Legislative Assembly twice as well.[1]","title":"Bhan Singh Bhaura"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sangrur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangrur_district"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-l-3"},{"link_name":"All India Students Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Students_Federation"},{"link_name":"All India Youth Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Youth_Federation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Panjab University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjab_University"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-1"}],"text":"Bhaura hailed from a poor peasant family in village Niamatpur Near Amargarh Sangrur district.[1] He was the son of Sadhu Singh.[3] Bhaura became politically active in the student movement, serving as secretary of the Punjab branch of the All India Students Federation and president of the All India Youth Federation in Punjab.[citation needed] He obtained a B.A. degree from Govt Ripudaman College Nabha Panjab University.[citation needed] During the colonial period, he took part in the struggle for Indian independence as well being active in the peasant movement.[1]","title":"Student activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dhuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhuri_Assembly_Constituency"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e1962-4"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Jan Sangh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Sangh"},{"link_name":"Swatantra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swatantra_Party"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e1962-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-(Master)1980-5"},{"link_name":"Bhadaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadaur_Assembly_Constituency"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"He was elected to the Punjab Legislative Assembly in 1962, from the Dhuri (SC) seat.[4] Bhaura obtained 20,658 votes (49.08% of the votes in the constituency), defeating the Congress, Jan Sangh and Swatantra candidates in the fray.[4] He became the acting president of the Punjab Dihati Mazdoor Sabha (agricultural workers' union).[5] In the 1967 election, he was elected to the Punjab Legislative Assembly from the Bhadaur (SC) seat. He obtained 14,748 votes (49.92%).[6] Bhaura lost the Bhadaur seat in the 1969 election, finishing in third place with merely 430 votes (1.31%).[7]","title":"Legislator"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1971 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Indian_general_election"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Indian Airlines Flight 440","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_440"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"He won the Bhatinda Lok Sabha seat in the 1971 general election. He obtained 138,092 votes (51.46%).[8] Bhaura survived the 1973 crash of Indian Airlines Flight 440.[9]","title":"Parliamentarian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1977 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Indian_general_election"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Shiromani Akali Dal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prachand1977-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Bhaura lost the Bhatinda seat in the 1977 general election. He finished in third place with 62,639 votes (14.73%).[10] This time the electoral contest in Bhatinda had been between Congress and Shiromani Akali Dal candidates, and Bhaura lost his deposit.[11] He contested the Bhadaur assembly seat in 1985, finishing in third place with 7,932 votes (14.98%).[12]","title":"Later elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1998 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Indian_general_election"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"1999 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Indian_general_election"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-l-3"}],"text":"Bhaura contested the Bhatinda seat in the 1998 general election. He finished in second place with 309,671 votes (45.66%).[13] He regained the Bhatinda Lok Sabha seat in the 1999 general election. He obtained 327,484 votes (50.34%).[14] His candidature was supported by Congress.[15] In the Lok Sabha he was a member of the Committee on Science and Technology, Environment and Forests 1999-2000, and then a member of the Consultative Committee of the Ministry of Communications 2000-2004.[3]","title":"Return to the Lok Sabha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramdasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramdasia"}],"text":"Mr. Bhan Singh Bhaura’s father was Mr. Sadhu Singh Shoe Maker Ramdasia Sikh & mother Mrs. Sardhi. village Niamatpur Dist Sangrur tehsil Malerkotla Near Amargarh. Mr. Bhaura completed his graduation at Govt.Ripudaman College, Nabha, District. Patiala. He married on 13 November 1966 to Kaushalya Chaman. He is survived by a son Rajneek Bhaura who is a doctor and two daughters Dr.Rishma Bhaura and Reenu Bhaura.\nHe has two granddaughters: Jannat Deep Bhaura and Priya Raj Bhaura. Their son is married to Deepinder Kaur Rana who is an advocate. Their family hails from Malerkotla and currently lives in Bathinda, Punjab","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"On 30 May 1973, Flight 440 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Madras (now Chennai), Tamil Nadu to New Delhi. A Boeing 737 named Saranga was used for the flight. As Flight 440 approached Palam International Airport in driving dust and a rainstorm, the aircraft struck high tension wires during a NDB approach with visibility below minima. The aircraft crashed and caught fire. 48 of the 65 passengers and crew on board Flight 440 perished in the accident.[2] Rescue officials said the survivors were in the front of the aircraft.\nAmong the dead was Indian Minister of Iron and Steel Mines, Mohan Kumaramangalam. Kumaramangalam was a confidant of Indira Gandhi, who was India's Prime Minister at the time. According to Mehtab-Ud-Din, a Senior Punjabi Journalist & Writer, Mr. Bhan Singh Bhaura was also in the 'unfortunate' flight, but luckily he survived. Mr. Bhan Singh Bhaura was then an MP from Bathinda (Punjab) for 5th Lok Sabha (1971-1977) Seat. He was a committed CPI Member and he again was elected MP for 13th Lok Sabha (1999-2004). When Mrs. Indira Gandhi, then Prime Minister of India, met the slightly injured Mr. Bhan Singh Bhaura on 31 May 1973 in a New Delhi Hospital, She said to him,\"Mr. Bhaura, you have survived from an air crash, now you should believe in God.\" Mr. Bhaura replied instantaneously that those were perished in the air crash, all were firm believers in God. It is worth mentioning here that most of the Communists are supposed to be the atheists. Mr. Bhan Singh Bhaura himself told about it to Mr. Mehtab-Ud-Din.","title":"Survived From The Air Crash"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Members : Lok Sabha\".","urls":[{"url":"http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=57&lastls=13","url_text":"\"Members : Lok Sabha\""}]},{"reference":"Hari Singh (Master) (1980). Agricultural Workers' Struggle in Punjab. People's Publishing House. p. 24.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=edMsAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Agricultural Workers' Struggle in Punjab"}]},{"reference":"Asian Recorder, Vol. 19. K.7 K. Thomas at Recorder Press. 1973. p. cclxxxiv.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7mPVAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Asian Recorder, Vol. 19"}]},{"reference":"S. L. M. Prachand (1977). The Popular Upsurge and Fall of Congress. Abhishek Publications. p. 77.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dkcmAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Popular Upsurge and Fall of Congress"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jan032004/update3.asp","external_links_name":"CPI leader Bhan Singh Bhaura dead"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140512220606/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jan032004/update3.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=57&lastls=13","external_links_name":"\"Members : Lok Sabha\""},{"Link":"http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=57","external_links_name":"Bhaura,Shri Bhan Singh"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140512220928/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=57","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Punjab_1962.pdf","external_links_name":"STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF PUNJAB"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=edMsAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Agricultural Workers' Struggle in Punjab"},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Punjab%201967.pdf","external_links_name":"STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1967 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF PUNJAB"},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%20Punjab%201969.pdf","external_links_name":"STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1969 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF PUNJAB"},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf","external_links_name":"STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1971 TO THE FIFTH LOK SABHA - VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7mPVAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Asian Recorder, Vol. 19"},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf","external_links_name":"STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1977 TO THE SIXTH LOK SABHA - VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dkcmAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Popular Upsurge and Fall of Congress"},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReportPunjab1985.pdf","external_links_name":"STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1985 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF PUNJAB"},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf","external_links_name":"STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1998 TO THE 12TH LOK SABHA - VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223306/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf","external_links_name":"STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1999 TO THE THIRTEENTH LOK SABHA - VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.yespunjab.com/punjab/item/42331-if-harsimrat-loses-it-ll-be-beginning-of-the-end-of-badals-dynastic-rule-cpi","external_links_name":"If Harsimat loses, it'll be beginnings of the end of Badals' dynastic rule: CPI"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahed_171_Simorgh	Shahed 171 Simorgh	["1 Etymology","2 Design","3 Status","4 Operators","5 See also","5.1 Related development","5.2 Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era","6 References"]	Iranian unmanned aerial vehicle Shahed 171 Simorgh Role MultiroleType of aircraft National origin Iran Manufacturer Shahed Aviation Industries First flight 2014 Status Active Primary user IRGC AF Produced 2010s–present Developed from RQ-170 Sentinel The Shahed 171 Simorgh (sometimes S-171 and called IRN-170 by the US government) is an Iranian jet-powered flying wing unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) produced by Shahed Aviation Industries. Its design is based on a reverse engineered American RQ-170 UAV captured by Iran in 2011 and modified to carry guided missiles. It is one of two Iranian flying wing UAVs based on the RQ-170, along with the Saegheh, a smaller version, with which it is often confused. Etymology Simorgh is a Persian word deriving from Middle Persian 𐭮𐭩𐭭𐭬𐭥𐭫𐭥 sēnmurw, which was a benevolent bird in Persian mythology. Design The Simorgh is a reverse engineered RQ-170. There are multiple unknown variants, one of which is modified to play the role of a UCAV armed with 4 missiles. An author stated it was a crude mock-up mostly made out of fiberglass. It was used with munitions during the 2020 Joint Exercise Zolfaghar 99. Status Shahed 171 According to the United States Government, a company associated with Imam Hossein University, Paravar Pars Company, was involved in the reverse engineering and research, development, and production of the Shahed 171. Two were under construction as of 2014. In 2014 Iran said that they would have four in service by March 2015. The UAV was first seen in May 2015 and was shown flying on Iranian TV in October 2016. Jane's analysis placed the UAV at Kashan Air Base. Some sources report that a Shahed 171 may have been shot down in the February 2018 Israel–Syria incident, but the UAV was probably the very similar Saegheh. Operators Iran Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps - Aerospace Force See also Related development Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel Shahed Saegheh Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era Northrop Grumman RQ-180 Mikoyan Skat Sukhoi Okhotnik Northrop Grumman Bat References ^ a b Iran Military Power (PDF). Defense Intelligence Agency. 2019. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-16-095157-2. ^ Opall-Rome, Barbara (13 February 2018). "Israel Air Force says seized Iranian drone is a knockoff of US Sentinel". ^ a b c "Sentinels, Saeqehs and Simorghs: An Open Source Survey of Iran's New Drone in Syria". bellingcat. 13 February 2018. ^ A. Jeroussalimskaja, "Soieries sassanides", in Splendeur des sassanides: l'empire perse entre Rome et la Chine (Brussels, 1993) 114, 117–118, points out that the spelling senmurv, is incorrect as noted by David Jacoby, "Silk Economics and Cross-Cultural Artistic Interaction: Byzantium, the Muslim World, and the Christian West", Dumbarton Oaks Papers 58 (2004): 197–240, esp. 212 note 82. ^ Schmidt, Hanns-Peter (2002). Simorgh in Encyclopedia Iranica. ^ "Iranian Copy of U.S. Unmanned Stealth Aircraft is a Fake - USNI News". 12 May 2014. ^ "Farsnews". en.farsnews.com. Archived from the original on 2019-08-24. Retrieved 2018-11-21. ^ Hanna, Andrew (14 September 2020), "Iran Tests Weapons During War Game", The Iran Primer, United States Institute of Peace ^ "Treasury Sanctions Iranian Persons Involved in Production of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Weapon Shipment to Russia". September 8, 2022. ^ http://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=13930222001585 Archived 2015-10-04 at the Wayback Machine (May 2014) (translation here) ^ "Farsnews". en.farsnews.com. ^ a b "Iranian 'stealth' UAV test site identified - IHS Jane's 360". 8 October 2016. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. ^ "Iran's Simorgh Test Site Identified". Offiziere.ch. 8 October 2016. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2019. vteShahed aircraftHelicopters 274 278 285 Drones 121 129 131 136 149 Gaza 171 Simorgh 191 Saegheh 238 Category WikiCommons vte Military of Iran Supreme National Security Council General Staff of the Armed Forces Armed ForcesMilitaryArmy Ground Forces Navy Air Force Air Defense Force Revolutionary Guards Ground Forces Navy Aerospace Force Quds Force Basij Defunct Imperial Guard Irregular Warfare Headquarters Jihad of Construction Law enforcementFARAJA Prevention Police Security Police Traffic Police Cyber Police Anti-Narcotics Police Immigration & Passport Police Diplomatic Police Criminal Investigation Police Border Guard Defunct Shahrbani Gendarmerie Committee Other Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics Cyberwarfare Flags Category vte Iranian-built aircraftTrainer aircraft Dorna F.3 Parastu-14 Shafaq Simorgh Tazarv Yasin Fighter aircraft Azarakhsh Kowsar Saegheh Shafaq Qaher-313 Transport aircraft IrAn-140 Simourgh HelicoptersAttack Panha 2091 Shahed 285 Toufan Zafar 300 Utility Shahed 274 Shahed 278 Shabaviz 275 Sorena Shabaviz 2061 Seaplane Bavar 2 UAVs Ababil Hodhod Karrar Mohajer Mohajer-6 Nazir Raad 85 Ra'd Sabokbal Saeghe Siraf Talash Yasir Zohal UCAVs A1 Fotros Gaza H-110 Sarir Hamaseh Kaman 22 Saegheh Shahed 129 Shaparak Simorgh Sofreh Mahi vteWeapons and military equipment designed or manufactured in IranFirearmsService rifles Karabiner 98k Persian Brno G3A6 KL-7.62 S-5.56 KH-2002 Pistols PC-9 ZOAF Submachine guns PPSh-41 MPT-9 Machine guns MGA3 PKM-T80 MGD-12.7 Tabas Gatling guns Akhgar Muharram Sniper rifles Nakhjir Sayyad Shaher Taktab (Under development) Arash Armouredfighting vehiclesand otherland-based vehiclesTanks Type-72Z Safir-74 Mobarez T-72S Zulfiqar Tosan Sabalan Tiam Karrar Tankettes Sayyad APCs Boragh Rakhsh Cobra BMT-2 APC Sarir Hoveizeh Makran Self-propelled artillery Raad-1 Raad-2 Bahman (SPAAG) Other vehicles Safir Samandar Kaviran Neynava Sepehr Ranger Zoljanah Artillery HM 40 HM 41 MLRS HM 20 Arash Oghab Falaq-1 Falaq-2 Fajr-1 Fajr-3 Fajr-5 Recoilless rifles M40 SPG-9 Tank guns M68 L11A5 2A46 Mortars 37mm Marsh Mortar HM 12 HM 13 HM 14 HM 15 HM 16 Razm Mortar Vafa Mortar Anti-aircraft guns ZU-23-2 Samavat 35mm anti-aircraft gun Sa'ir 100mm anti-aircraft gun Mesbah 1 Asefeh Naval guns Fajr-27 Rocket-propelledgrenades RPG-7 Saegheh (rocket) Type 69 RPG Artillery rockets Samid Tondar-69 Shahin-II Naze'at Zelzal-1 Zelzal-2 Zelzal-3 Artillery shells Basir Guided missilesShort-range ballistic missiles R-17E Shahab-1 Shahab-2 Qiam 1 Fateh-110 Fateh-313 Ra'ad-500 Zolfaghar Persian Gulf Fateh Mobin Hormuz-1 Hormuz-2 Fateh Mobin Medium-range ballistic missiles Shahab-3 Ghadr-110 Emad Khorramshahr Fajr-3 Ashoura Sejjil Dezful Shahid Haj Qasem Kheibar Shekan Fattah Intermediate-range ballistic missiles Shahab-4/IRIS (shelved) (alleged) Shahab-5 (alleged) Shahab-6 (alleged) Project Koussar (alleged) Surface-to-air missiles Misagh-1 Misagh-2 Sayyad-1 Sayyad-2 Shahab Thaqeb Mersad Bavar 373 Khordad 15 Talaash Raad Ya Zahra Anti-helicopter missiles Qa'em Raad Anti-tank guided missiles Saegheh RAAD Toophan Toophan 2 Toophan 5 Towsan Dehlaviyeh Tondar Anti-ship missiles Zafar Qader Noor Kowsar Nasr-1 Raad Sadid-1 Abu Mahdi Cruise missiles Meshkat (Under development) Sagheb Soumar Hoveizeh Ya-Ali Abu Mahdi Torpedoes Hoot Valfajr Air-to-surface missiles Zoobin Shafaq Shahin 3 Sattar Asre-67 Bina Fajr-4 Air-to-air missiles Fatter Sedjil Fakour-90 Anti-ship ballistic missiles Khalij Fars/Persian Gulf Hormoz-1 Hormoz-2 Zulfiqar Basir Electro-optically guided bombs Qadr Qassed 1 Submarines Besat Fateh Nahang Ghadir Ships and boats Sina Moudge Zolfaqhar Seraj Yunes 6 Tondar Aircraft and UAVsTrainers Tiger Moth Parastoo IRGC Fajr AVA-202 Dorna Tazarve Simorgh Fajr F.3 Fighters Kowsar Persian Audax Persian Fury Persian Hind Azarakhsh Saegheh Shafaq Qaher-313 Transport aircraft HESA IrAn-140 HESA Simourgh HelicoptersAttack HESA Shahed 285 Panha Shabaviz 206-1 Panha 2091 Toufan I, II Zafar 300 Utility HESA Shahed 278 Panha Shabaviz 2-75 Seaplane Bavar 2 UAVs Ababil Qods Mohajer Nazir Ra'd (UAV) Hod Hod Sabokbal Saeghe Talash Zohal Sayeh Yasir Raad 85 UCAVs Karrar Sofreh Mahi (Under development) Shahed 129 Shahed 149 H-110 Sarir Hamaseh Fotros Simulators F-4 Shahed 278 and Bell-206 Bell 214 F-5 Tiger Submarine Simulator - Iran's "Tareq-class" submarine Misagh rocket launcher Mig-29 Fulcrum F-14 Mirage F-1 Hawk Radars Ghamar BSR-1 Matla-ul-fajr Kashef Alvand Asr RASIT Alim Sepehr (Under development) Thamen Najm-802 (Under development) Ghadir Arash This aircraft-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bok-1"},{"link_name":"flying wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_wing"},{"link_name":"unmanned combat aerial vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_combat_aerial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Shahed Aviation Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahed_Aviation_Industries"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bellingcat.com-3"},{"link_name":"reverse engineered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineering"},{"link_name":"RQ-170","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RQ-170"},{"link_name":"captured by Iran in 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93U.S._RQ-170_incident"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bellingcat.com-3"},{"link_name":"Saegheh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahed_Saegheh"}],"text":"The Shahed 171 Simorgh (sometimes S-171 and called IRN-170 by the US government[1]) is an Iranian jet-powered flying wing unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) produced by Shahed Aviation Industries.[3]Its design is based on a reverse engineered American RQ-170 UAV captured by Iran in 2011 and modified to carry guided missiles.[3] It is one of two Iranian flying wing UAVs based on the RQ-170, along with the Saegheh, a smaller version, with which it is often confused.","title":"Shahed 171 Simorgh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Middle Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Persian"},{"link_name":"sēnmurw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simurgh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iranica-5"}],"text":"Simorgh is a Persian word deriving from Middle Persian 𐭮𐭩𐭭𐭬𐭥𐭫𐭥 sēnmurw,[4][5] which was a benevolent bird in Persian mythology.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reverse engineered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineering"},{"link_name":"UCAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_combat_aerial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usni.org-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Joint Exercise Zolfaghar 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Exercise_Zolfaghar_99"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanna-8"}],"text":"The Simorgh is a reverse engineered RQ-170. There are multiple unknown variants, one of which is modified to play the role of a UCAV armed with 4 missiles. An author stated it was a crude mock-up mostly made out of fiberglass.[6][7] It was used with munitions during the 2020 Joint Exercise Zolfaghar 99.[8]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shahed_171_Simorgh_UAV.png"},{"link_name":"Imam Hossein University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam_Hossein_University"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive.org-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive.org-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"February 2018 Israel–Syria incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bellingcat.com-3"}],"text":"Shahed 171According to the United States Government, a company associated with Imam Hossein University, Paravar Pars Company, was involved in the reverse engineering and research, development, and production of the Shahed 171.[9]Two were under construction as of 2014.[10] In 2014 Iran said that they would have four in service by March 2015.[11]The UAV was first seen in May 2015 and was shown flying on Iranian TV in October 2016.[12] Jane's analysis placed the UAV at Kashan Air Base.[12][13]Some sources report that a Shahed 171 may have been shot down in the February 2018 Israel–Syria incident, but the UAV was probably the very similar Saegheh.[3]","title":"Status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps - Aerospace Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_Force_of_the_Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps"}],"text":"IranIslamic Revolutionary Guard Corps - Aerospace Force","title":"Operators"}]	[{"image_text":"Shahed 171","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Shahed_171_Simorgh_UAV.png/220px-Shahed_171_Simorgh_UAV.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Seal_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran.svg.png"}]	[]	[{"reference":"Iran Military Power (PDF). Defense Intelligence Agency. 2019. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-16-095157-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dia.mil/Portals/110/Images/News/Military_Powers_Publications/Iran_Military_Power_LR.pdf","url_text":"Iran Military Power"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-095157-2","url_text":"978-0-16-095157-2"}]},{"reference":"Opall-Rome, Barbara (13 February 2018). \"Israel Air Force says seized Iranian drone is a knockoff of US Sentinel\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.defensenews.com/global/mideast-africa/2018/02/12/israel-air-force-says-seized-iranian-drone-is-a-knockoff-of-us-sentinel/","url_text":"\"Israel Air Force says seized Iranian drone is a knockoff of US Sentinel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sentinels, Saeqehs and Simorghs: An Open Source Survey of Iran's New Drone in Syria\". bellingcat. 13 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2018/02/13/sentinels-saeqehs-simorghs-open-source-information-irans-new-drone-syria/","url_text":"\"Sentinels, Saeqehs and Simorghs: An Open Source Survey of Iran's New Drone in Syria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iranian Copy of U.S. Unmanned Stealth Aircraft is a Fake - USNI News\". 12 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.usni.org/2014/05/12/iranian-copy-u-s-unamnned-stealth-aircraft-fake","url_text":"\"Iranian Copy of U.S. Unmanned Stealth Aircraft is a Fake - USNI News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Farsnews\". en.farsnews.com. Archived from the original on 2019-08-24. Retrieved 2018-11-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190824121346/https://en.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13930222000316","url_text":"\"Farsnews\""},{"url":"http://en.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13930222000316","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hanna, Andrew (14 September 2020), \"Iran Tests Weapons During War Game\", The Iran Primer, United States Institute of Peace","urls":[{"url":"https://iranprimer.usip.org/index.php/blog/2020/sep/14/iran-tests-weapons-during-war-game","url_text":"\"Iran Tests Weapons During War Game\""}]},{"reference":"\"Treasury Sanctions Iranian Persons Involved in Production of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Weapon Shipment to Russia\". September 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0940","url_text":"\"Treasury Sanctions Iranian Persons Involved in Production of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Weapon Shipment to Russia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Farsnews\". en.farsnews.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13930821001137","url_text":"\"Farsnews\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iranian 'stealth' UAV test site identified - IHS Jane's 360\". 8 October 2016. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161008173240/https://www.janes.com/article/64435/iranian-stealth-uav-test-site-identified","url_text":"\"Iranian 'stealth' UAV test site identified - IHS Jane's 360\""},{"url":"https://www.janes.com/article/64435/iranian-stealth-uav-test-site-identified","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Iran's Simorgh Test Site Identified\". Offiziere.ch. 8 October 2016. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181021020842/https://www.offiziere.ch/?p=29767","url_text":"\"Iran's Simorgh Test Site Identified\""},{"url":"https://www.offiziere.ch/?p=29767","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.dia.mil/Portals/110/Images/News/Military_Powers_Publications/Iran_Military_Power_LR.pdf","external_links_name":"Iran Military Power"},{"Link":"https://www.defensenews.com/global/mideast-africa/2018/02/12/israel-air-force-says-seized-iranian-drone-is-a-knockoff-of-us-sentinel/","external_links_name":"\"Israel Air Force says seized Iranian drone is a knockoff of US Sentinel\""},{"Link":"https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2018/02/13/sentinels-saeqehs-simorghs-open-source-information-irans-new-drone-syria/","external_links_name":"\"Sentinels, Saeqehs and Simorghs: An Open Source Survey of Iran's New Drone in Syria\""},{"Link":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/simorg","external_links_name":"Simorgh"},{"Link":"https://news.usni.org/2014/05/12/iranian-copy-u-s-unamnned-stealth-aircraft-fake","external_links_name":"\"Iranian Copy of U.S. Unmanned Stealth Aircraft is a Fake - USNI News\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190824121346/https://en.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13930222000316","external_links_name":"\"Farsnews\""},{"Link":"http://en.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13930222000316","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://iranprimer.usip.org/index.php/blog/2020/sep/14/iran-tests-weapons-during-war-game","external_links_name":"\"Iran Tests Weapons During War Game\""},{"Link":"https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0940","external_links_name":"\"Treasury Sanctions Iranian Persons Involved in Production of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Weapon Shipment to Russia\""},{"Link":"http://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=13930222001585","external_links_name":"http://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=13930222001585"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151004162415/http://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=13930222001585","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://thearkenstone.blogspot.com/2014/05/translation-interview-with-gen.html","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://en.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13930821001137","external_links_name":"\"Farsnews\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161008173240/https://www.janes.com/article/64435/iranian-stealth-uav-test-site-identified","external_links_name":"\"Iranian 'stealth' UAV test site identified - IHS Jane's 360\""},{"Link":"https://www.janes.com/article/64435/iranian-stealth-uav-test-site-identified","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181021020842/https://www.offiziere.ch/?p=29767","external_links_name":"\"Iran's Simorgh Test Site Identified\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziere.ch/?p=29767","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shahed_171_Simorgh&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_U-54	SM U-54	["1 Summary of raiding history","2 References","2.1 Notes","2.2 Citations","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]	Imperial German Navy submarine For other ships with the same name, see German submarine U-54. History German Empire NameU-54 Ordered23 August 1914 BuilderGermaniawerft, Kiel Yard number236 Laid down18 March 1915 Launched22 February 1916 Commissioned25 May 1916 Fate24 November 1918 - Surrendered to Italy. Broken up at Taranto in May 1919. General characteristics Class and typeType U 51 submarine Displacement 715 t (704 long tons) surfaced 902 t (888 long tons) submerged Length 65.20 m (213 ft 11 in) (o/a) 52.51 m (172 ft 3 in) (pressure hull) Beam 6.44 m (21 ft 2 in) (oa) 4.18 m (13 ft 9 in) (pressure hull) Height7.82 m (25 ft 8 in) Draught3.64 m (11 ft 11 in) Installed power 2 × 2,400 PS (1,765 kW; 2,367 shp) surfaced 2 × 1,200 PS (883 kW; 1,184 shp) submerged Propulsion2 shafts Speed 17.1 knots (31.7 km/h; 19.7 mph) surfaced 9.1 knots (16.9 km/h; 10.5 mph) submerged Range 9,400 nmi (17,400 km; 10,800 mi) at 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) surfaced 55 nmi (102 km; 63 mi) at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) submerged Test depth50 m (164 ft 1 in) Complement36 Armament 4 × 50 cm (19.7 in) torpedo tubes (two bow, two stern) 7 torpedoes 2 × 8.8 cm (3.5 in) SK L/30 deck guns Service record Part of: II Flotilla 2 July 1916 – 11 November 1918 Commanders: Kptlt. Freiherr Volkhard von Bothmer 16 May 1916 – 19 May 1917 Kptlt. Kurt Heeseler 20 May 1917 – 22 March 1918 Oblt.z.S. Hellmuth von Ruckteschell 23 March – 11 November 1918 Operations: 12 patrolsVictories: 26 merchant ships sunk (66,713 GRT) 1 warship sunk (1,290 tons) 3 merchant ships damaged (15,362 GRT) 1 auxiliary warship damaged (2,485 GRT) SM U-54 was one of the 329 submarines serving in the Imperial German Navy in World War I. U-54 was engaged in the naval warfare and took part in the First Battle of the Atlantic. Summary of raiding history Date Name Nationality Tonnage Fate 3 February 1917 Tamara Norway 453 Sunk 4 February 1917 Floridian United Kingdom 4,777 Sunk 4 February 1917 Palmleaf United Kingdom 5,489 Sunk 5 February 1917 Ainsdale United Kingdom 1,825 Damaged 5 February 1917 Azul United Kingdom 3,074 Sunk 7 February 1917 Wallace United Kingdom 3,930 Damaged 7 February 1917 Saxonian United Kingdom 4,855 Sunk 15 March 1917 Eugene Pergeline France 2,203 Sunk 1 April 1917 Consul Persson Norway 1,835 Sunk 1 April 1917 Fjelland Norway 387 Sunk 2 April 1917 Havlyst Norway 532 Sunk 3 June 1917 San Lorenzo United Kingdom 9,607 Damaged 7 June 1917 Jonathan Holt United Kingdom 1,523 Sunk 13 June 1917 Darius United Kingdom 3,426 Sunk 23 July 1917 Ashleigh United Kingdom 6,985 Sunk 23 July 1917 Huelva United Kingdom 4,867 Sunk 25 July 1917 Rustington United Kingdom 3,071 Sunk 26 July 1917 Somerset United Kingdom 7,163 Sunk 31 July 1917 Alcides Norway 2,704 Sunk 16 September 1917 Arabis United Kingdom 3,928 Sunk 17 September 1917 Niemen France 1,888 Sunk 19 September 1917 Marthe Marguerite France 588 Sunk 24 September 1917 Louis Bossert Norway 605 Sunk 25 September 1917 Marceau France 292 Sunk 30 April 1918 HMS Starmount Royal Navy 2,485 Damaged 8 May 1918 Dux United Kingdom 1,349 Sunk 8 May 1918 Princess Dagmar United Kingdom 913 Sunk 10 May 1918 Wileysike United Kingdom 2,501 Sunk 16 July 1918 HMS Anchusa Royal Navy 1,290 Sunk 27 September 1918 En Avant France 86 Sunk 29 September 1918 Libourne United Kingdom 1,219 Sunk References Notes ^ Merchant ship tonnages are in gross register tons. Military vessels are listed by tons displacement. Citations ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: U 54". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 5 January 2015. ^ Gröner 1991, pp. 8–10. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boat commanders: Freiherr Volkhard von Bothmer". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 5 January 2015. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boat commanders: Kurt Heeseler (Royal House Order of Hohenzollern)". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 5 January 2015. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boat commanders: Hellmuth von Ruckteschell (Royal House Order of Hohenzollern)". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 5 January 2015. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U 54". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 5 January 2015. Bibliography Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4. External links Photos of cruises of German submarine U-54 in 1916-1918. Great photo quality, comments in German. German Type U 51 submarine U-51 U-52 U-53 U-54 U-55 U-56 Preceded by: Type U 43 Followed by: Type U 57 List of U-boats of Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German submarine U-54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-54"},{"link_name":"submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"Imperial German Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"naval warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"First Battle of the Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Atlantic"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see German submarine U-54.SM U-54 was one of the 329 submarines serving in the Imperial German Navy in World War I.\nU-54 was engaged in the naval warfare and took part in the First Battle of the Atlantic.","title":"SM U-54"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Summary of raiding history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85177-593-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-593-4"}],"text":"Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Helgason, Guðmundur. \"WWI U-boats: U 54\". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 5 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uboat.net/wwi/boats/index.html?boat=54","url_text":"\"WWI U-boats: U 54\""}]},{"reference":"Helgason, Guðmundur. \"WWI U-boat commanders: Freiherr Volkhard von Bothmer\". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 5 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://uboat.net/wwi/men/commanders/33.html.html","url_text":"\"WWI U-boat commanders: Freiherr Volkhard von Bothmer\""}]},{"reference":"Helgason, Guðmundur. \"WWI U-boat commanders: Kurt Heeseler (Royal House Order of Hohenzollern)\". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 5 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://uboat.net/wwi/men/commanders/118.html","url_text":"\"WWI U-boat commanders: Kurt Heeseler (Royal House Order of Hohenzollern)\""}]},{"reference":"Helgason, Guðmundur. \"WWI U-boat commanders: Hellmuth von Ruckteschell (Royal House Order of Hohenzollern)\". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 5 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://uboat.net/wwi/men/commanders/277.html","url_text":"\"WWI U-boat commanders: Hellmuth von Ruckteschell (Royal House Order of Hohenzollern)\""}]},{"reference":"Helgason, Guðmundur. \"Ships hit by U 54\". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 5 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://uboat.net/wwi/boats/successes/u54.html","url_text":"\"Ships hit by U 54\""}]},{"reference":"Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-593-4","url_text":"0-85177-593-4"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.uboat.net/wwi/boats/index.html?boat=54","external_links_name":"\"WWI U-boats: U 54\""},{"Link":"http://uboat.net/wwi/men/commanders/33.html.html","external_links_name":"\"WWI U-boat commanders: Freiherr Volkhard von Bothmer\""},{"Link":"http://uboat.net/wwi/men/commanders/118.html","external_links_name":"\"WWI U-boat commanders: Kurt Heeseler (Royal House Order of Hohenzollern)\""},{"Link":"http://uboat.net/wwi/men/commanders/277.html","external_links_name":"\"WWI U-boat commanders: Hellmuth von Ruckteschell (Royal House Order of Hohenzollern)\""},{"Link":"http://uboat.net/wwi/boats/successes/u54.html","external_links_name":"\"Ships hit by U 54\""},{"Link":"http://www.sm-u54.de/","external_links_name":"Photos of cruises of German submarine U-54 in 1916-1918."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Burgoyne	Fort Burgoyne	["1 Community Participation","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°8′11″N 1°19′16″E / 51.13639°N 1.32111°E / 51.13639; 1.32111 Fort Burgoyne from above Fort Burgoyne, originally known as Castle Hill Fort, was built in the 1860s as one of the Palmerston forts around Dover in southeast England. It was built to a polygonal system with detached eastern and western redoubts, to guard the high ground northeast of the strategic port of Dover, just north of Dover Castle. The fort is named after the 19th century Field Marshal Sir John Fox Burgoyne, Inspector-General of Fortifications and son of the John Burgoyne who fought in the American Revolutionary War. After the First World War Fort Burgoyne was used as a military depot or store for Connaught Barracks. Until recently the central part of the fort was still owned by the Ministry of Defence, forming part of the Connaught Barracks site, which is now being redeveloped for housing. In 2014, Fort Burgoyne and a total of 42 Hectares of land was acquired by the Land Trust. Since acquiring the site the Trust has spent over £2.5 million on priority works (informed by a Coastal Revival Fund grant aided condition survey) to stabilise the site together with transforming the West Wing Battery of the site from condition of derelict buildings and structures lost in woodland to an informal recreation space for the community opened in 2023. As part of the Trust's long term aspiration to see the Fort become a vibrant business and community space in 2023 a project was completed providing opportunities for businesses to become the first tenants on site. Community Participation Crowd entering the fort Since acquiring the Fort, the Land Trust has sought to promote public engagement and participation with the site. While the condition of Fort Burgoyne is such that access to the site is for events only, building a relationship with the community is seen as vital for the future success of the site. In partnership with White Cliffs Countryside Partnership, the Fort hosts a weekly volunteer group, education visits, and children's activities. The Land Trust 'Green Angels' training programme also runs a number of courses on site annually. As part of the West Wing Battery transformation project, a 2 week community archaeology dig was undertaken to inform proposals for landscaping works. The Fort has hosted Dover Armed Forces Weekend in 2022 and 2023 together with community events on fields surrounding the main Fort area. An annual wildlife family funday provides an opportunity for visitors to witness both the historic and wildlife value of Fort Burgoyne. On the 29 February 2020, Fort Burgoyne was opened to the public for a day. The event was called Waking the Giant and was run by Albion Inc, as part of a commission for Pioneering Places East Kent funded by National Lottery Heritage Fund and Arts Council Great Places programme to map out the future uses of the fort. The event featured: The Museum Of British Folklore, Weaving & Knitting by Robert George Sanders & Katherine Woodward, Blacksmithing by Michael Hart, Ceramics by Ceramic Art Dover & Keith Brymer-Jones, A showing of the film Fortopia By Matt Rowe, a demo of the virtual reality game Escape created by Jake Price, A presentation of future fort use by Central St. Martins, A Makers Market by Future Foundry and Food & Drink by The White Cliffs & Real Deal Roasters. References ^ a b "Fort Burgoyne: Dover fortress transferred to Land Trust". bbc.co.uk. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014. ^ "Fort Burgoyne". Historic England. Retrieved 3 December 2015. ^ "Public consultation on pre-application plans for former Connaught Barracks site". Invest in Dover. 7 November 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2015. External links The Land Trust - Fort Burgoyne Fort Burgoyne Victorian Forts data sheet White Cliffs Countryside Partnership 51°8′11″N 1°19′16″E / 51.13639°N 1.32111°E / 51.13639; 1.32111	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_Burgoyne,_Dover.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doverfortress-1"},{"link_name":"Palmerston forts around Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerston_Forts,_Dover"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"redoubts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redoubt"},{"link_name":"port of Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Dover"},{"link_name":"Dover Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Castle"},{"link_name":"John Fox Burgoyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fox_Burgoyne"},{"link_name":"John Burgoyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Burgoyne"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Connaught Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connaught_Barracks,_Dover"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doverfortress-1"},{"link_name":"the Land Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Land_Trust"}],"text":"Fort Burgoyne from aboveFort Burgoyne, originally known as Castle Hill Fort,[1] was built in the 1860s as one of the Palmerston forts around Dover in southeast England. It was built to a polygonal system with detached eastern and western redoubts, to guard the high ground northeast of the strategic port of Dover, just north of Dover Castle. The fort is named after the 19th century Field Marshal Sir John Fox Burgoyne, Inspector-General of Fortifications and son of the John Burgoyne who fought in the American Revolutionary War.After the First World War Fort Burgoyne was used as a military depot or store for Connaught Barracks.[2] Until recently the central part of the fort was still owned by the Ministry of Defence, forming part of the Connaught Barracks site, which is now being redeveloped for housing.[3]In 2014, Fort Burgoyne and a total of 42 Hectares of land[1] was acquired by the Land Trust. Since acquiring the site the Trust has spent over £2.5 million on priority works (informed by a Coastal Revival Fund grant aided condition survey) to stabilise the site together with transforming the West Wing Battery of the site from condition of derelict buildings and structures lost in woodland to an informal recreation space for the community opened in 2023.As part of the Trust's long term aspiration to see the Fort become a vibrant business and community space in 2023 a project was completed providing opportunities for businesses to become the first tenants on site.","title":"Fort Burgoyne"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crowd_At_The_Fort.jpg"},{"link_name":"Waking the Giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//albionincorporated.com/waking-the-giant/"},{"link_name":"Albion Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//albionincorporated.com/"},{"link_name":"Pioneering Places East Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.creativefolkestone.org.uk/festivals-and-projects/pioneering-places/"},{"link_name":"The Museum Of British Folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//museumofbritishfolklore.com/"},{"link_name":"Robert George Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.instagram.com/robertgeorgesanders/?hl=en"},{"link_name":"Katherine Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wanstonecourt.com/"},{"link_name":"Blacksmithing by Michael Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.michaelhartblacksmith.co.uk/"},{"link_name":"Ceramic Art Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.instagram.com/ceramicartdover/"},{"link_name":"Keith Brymer-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Brymer_Jones"},{"link_name":"Matt Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.instagram.com/gogowhippet/"},{"link_name":"virtual reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality"},{"link_name":"Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//4a50.itch.io/escapevr"},{"link_name":"Jake Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.instagram.com/jake.price_/"},{"link_name":"Central St. Martins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_St._Martins_College_of_Art_and_Design"},{"link_name":"Future Foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//futurefoundry.org.uk/"},{"link_name":"The White Cliffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//thewhitecliffs.co.uk/"},{"link_name":"Real Deal Roasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.realdealroasters.co.uk/"}],"text":"Crowd entering the fortSince acquiring the Fort, the Land Trust has sought to promote public engagement and participation with the site. While the condition of Fort Burgoyne is such that access to the site is for events only, building a relationship with the community is seen as vital for the future success of the site.In partnership with White Cliffs Countryside Partnership, the Fort hosts a weekly volunteer group, education visits, and children's activities. The Land Trust 'Green Angels' training programme also runs a number of courses on site annually.As part of the West Wing Battery transformation project, a 2 week community archaeology dig was undertaken to inform proposals for landscaping works.The Fort has hosted Dover Armed Forces Weekend in 2022 and 2023 together with community events on fields surrounding the main Fort area. An annual wildlife family funday provides an opportunity for visitors to witness both the historic and wildlife value of Fort Burgoyne.On the 29 February 2020, Fort Burgoyne was opened to the public for a day. The event was called Waking the Giant and was run by Albion Inc, as part of a commission for Pioneering Places East Kent funded by National Lottery Heritage Fund and Arts Council Great Places programme to map out the future uses of the fort. The event featured: The Museum Of British Folklore, Weaving & Knitting by Robert George Sanders & Katherine Woodward, Blacksmithing by Michael Hart, Ceramics by Ceramic Art Dover & Keith Brymer-Jones, A showing of the film Fortopia By Matt Rowe, a demo of the virtual reality game Escape created by Jake Price, A presentation of future fort use by Central St. Martins, A Makers Market by Future Foundry and Food & Drink by The White Cliffs & Real Deal Roasters.","title":"Community Participation"}]	[{"image_text":"Fort Burgoyne from above","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Fort_Burgoyne%2C_Dover.jpg/220px-Fort_Burgoyne%2C_Dover.jpg"},{"image_text":"Crowd entering the fort","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crowd_At_The_Fort.jpg/220px-Crowd_At_The_Fort.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Fort Burgoyne: Dover fortress transferred to Land Trust\". bbc.co.uk. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-kent-26652594","url_text":"\"Fort Burgoyne: Dover fortress transferred to Land Trust\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fort Burgoyne\". Historic England. Retrieved 3 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1004224","url_text":"\"Fort Burgoyne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Public consultation on pre-application plans for former Connaught Barracks site\". Invest in Dover. 7 November 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1laga_(province)	Province of Málaga	["1 Overview","1.1 Population development","2 Regions","3 Protected areas","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 36°43′N 4°25′W / 36.717°N 4.417°W / 36.717; -4.417Province of Spain Province in Andalusia, SpainProvince of Málaga Provincia de MálagaProvinceFrom the top: Panoramic, Balcony of Europe, Antequera, Benalmádena, Marbella, Ronda and Los Gaitanes Gorge and El Chorro reservoirs. FlagCoat of armsMap of Spain with Málaga highlightedCoordinates: 36°43′N 4°25′W / 36.717°N 4.417°W / 36.717; -4.417CountrySpainAutonomous communityAndalusiaCapitalMálagaGovernment • BodyProvincial Deputation of Málaga • PresidentFrancisco Salado (PP)Area • Total7,308 km2 (2,822 sq mi) • RankRanked 35thPopulation (2013) • Total1,652,999 • RankRanked 6thDemonym(s)Spanish: Malagueño, MalacitanoISO 3166 codeES-MAOfficial language(s)SpanishParliamentCortes GeneralesWebsitemalaga.esClick on the map for a fullscreen view The province of Málaga (Spanish: Provincia de Málaga ) is located in Andalusia, Spain. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south and by the provinces of Cádiz to the west, Seville to the northwest, Córdoba to the north, and Granada to the east. The province is subject to extreme water stress in the wake of the proliferation of avocado plantations in the Axarquía region, with the arid local climate being unsuitable to the plant's large water demands. Overview With an area of 7,308 square kilometres (2,822 sq mi) and a population of 1,652,999 (2013), concentrated mainly in the metropolitan area of Málaga, the provincial capital, and throughout the coastal area. The population density surpasses both the Andalusia and Spanish averages, reaching 222.53 inhabitants per km2. Málaga contains 102 municipalities. Besides the capital, the main cities are Marbella, Mijas, Fuengirola, Vélez-Málaga, Torremolinos, Estepona, and Benalmádena, all in the coastal zone. The towns of Antequera and Ronda are located in the interior. The prevailing climate is a warm Mediterranean, with dry and warm long summers with short mild winters. The geographical relief varies greatly from zone to zone. In general, the coastal zone has a subtropical Mediterranean climate. To the north, a continental Mediterranean climate exists with cold, dry winters and warm summers. The main industry and claim to fame are tourist resorts, particularly those on the beaches along the Costa del Sol. These beaches are visited by millions of European tourists; other attractions include the gorge of El Chorro near Álora, El Torcal de Antequera, the Moorish-Mudéjar district of Frigiliana, the Dolmen of Menga, the Tholos de El Romeral, the Dolmen de Viera and the Caves of Nerja. Population development The historical population is given in the following chart: Regions Comarcas of Málaga Málaga Costa del Sol Valle del Guadalhorce Axarquía Serranía de Ronda Antequera Protected areas Los Alcornocales Natural Park Sierra de las Nieves National Park Montes de Málaga Natural Park Sierras of Tejeda, Almijara and Alhama Natural Park See also List of municipalities in Málaga References ^ Population Figures referring to Municipal Register 1 January 2013 Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine - Instituto Nacional de Estadística ^ Sánchez, Nacho (17 November 2020). "La provincia que produce más aguacates y mangos de Europa busca agua". El País. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Province of Málaga. The Caminito del Rey tourist information in English Video about Malaga province Malaga Metropolitan Transport Consortium Website Malaga Tourism (in English) vteProvinces of Andalusia Almería Cádiz Córdoba Granada Huelva Jaén Málaga Seville vteProvinces of Spain A Coruña Álava Albacete Alicante Almería Asturias Ávila Badajoz Balearic Islands Barcelona Biscay Burgos Cáceres Cádiz Cantabria Castellón Ciudad Real Córdoba Cuenca Girona Granada Guadalajara Gipuzkoa Huelva Huesca Jaén Las Palmas León Lleida Lugo Madrid Málaga Murcia Navarre Ourense Palencia Pontevedra La Rioja Salamanca Santa Cruz de Tenerife Segovia Seville Soria Tarragona Teruel Toledo Valencia Valladolid Zamora Zaragoza vteMunicipalities of the province of Málaga Alameda Alcaucín Alfarnate Alfarnatejo Algarrobo Algatocín Alhaurín de la Torre Alhaurín el Grande Almáchar Almargen Almogía Álora Alozaina Alpandeire Antequera Árchez Archidona Ardales Arenas Arriate Atajate Benadalid Benahavís Benalauría Benalmádena Benamargosa Benamocarra Benaoján Benarrabá Campillos Canillas de Aceituno Canillas de Albaida Cañete la Real Carratraca Cartajima Cártama Casabermeja Casarabonela Casares Coín Colmenar Comares Cómpeta Cortes de la Frontera Cuevas Bajas Cuevas de San Marcos Cuevas del Becerro Cútar El Borge El Burgo Estepona Faraján Frigiliana Fuengirola Fuente de Piedra Gaucín Genalguacil Guaro Humilladero Igualeja Istán Iznate Jimera de Líbar Jubrique Júzcar Macharaviaya Málaga Manilva Marbella Mijas Moclinejo Mollina Monda Montejaque Nerja Ojén Parauta Periana Pizarra Pujerra Rincón de la Victoria Riogordo Ronda Salares Sayalonga Sedella Sierra de Yeguas Teba Tolox Torremolinos Torrox Totalán Valle de Abdalajís Vélez-Málaga Villanueva de Algaidas Villanueva de la Concepción Villanueva de Tapia Villanueva del Rosario Villanueva del Trabuco Viñuela Yunquera Portal: Spain Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈmalaɣa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Cádiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_(province)"},{"link_name":"Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevilla_(province)"},{"link_name":"Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_(province)"},{"link_name":"water stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_stress"},{"link_name":"avocado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado"},{"link_name":"Axarquía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axarqu%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Province of SpainProvince in Andalusia, SpainThe province of Málaga (Spanish: Provincia de Málaga [ˈmalaɣa]) is located in Andalusia, Spain. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south and by the provinces of Cádiz to the west, Seville to the northwest, Córdoba to the north, and Granada to the east.The province is subject to extreme water stress in the wake of the proliferation of avocado plantations in the Axarquía region, with the arid local climate being unsuitable to the plant's large water demands.[2]","title":"Province of Málaga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1laga"},{"link_name":"102 municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_M%C3%A1laga"},{"link_name":"Marbella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbella"},{"link_name":"Mijas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mijas"},{"link_name":"Fuengirola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuengirola"},{"link_name":"Vélez-Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9lez-M%C3%A1laga"},{"link_name":"Torremolinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torremolinos"},{"link_name":"Estepona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estepona"},{"link_name":"Benalmádena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benalm%C3%A1dena"},{"link_name":"Antequera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antequera"},{"link_name":"Ronda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronda"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"continental Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"Costa del Sol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_del_Sol"},{"link_name":"El Chorro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Chorro"},{"link_name":"Álora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lora"},{"link_name":"El Torcal de Antequera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Torcal_de_Antequera"},{"link_name":"Frigiliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigiliana"},{"link_name":"Dolmen of Menga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmen_of_Menga"},{"link_name":"Tholos de El Romeral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tholos_de_El_Romeral"},{"link_name":"Dolmen de Viera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmen_de_Viera"},{"link_name":"Caves of Nerja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caves_of_Nerja"}],"text":"With an area of 7,308 square kilometres (2,822 sq mi) and a population of 1,652,999 (2013), concentrated mainly in the metropolitan area of Málaga, the provincial capital, and throughout the coastal area. The population density surpasses both the Andalusia and Spanish averages, reaching 222.53 inhabitants per km2. Málaga contains 102 municipalities. Besides the capital, the main cities are Marbella, Mijas, Fuengirola, Vélez-Málaga, Torremolinos, Estepona, and Benalmádena, all in the coastal zone. The towns of Antequera and Ronda are located in the interior.The prevailing climate is a warm Mediterranean, with dry and warm long summers with short mild winters. The geographical relief varies greatly from zone to zone. In general, the coastal zone has a subtropical Mediterranean climate. To the north, a continental Mediterranean climate exists with cold, dry winters and warm summers.The main industry and claim to fame are tourist resorts, particularly those on the beaches along the Costa del Sol. These beaches are visited by millions of European tourists; other attractions include the gorge of El Chorro near Álora, El Torcal de Antequera, the Moorish-Mudéjar district of Frigiliana, the Dolmen of Menga, the Tholos de El Romeral, the Dolmen de Viera and the Caves of Nerja.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Population development","text":"The historical population is given in the following chart:","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comarcas_de_M%C3%A1laga-Junta_de_Andalucia.PNG"},{"link_name":"Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1laga"},{"link_name":"Costa del Sol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_del_Sol"},{"link_name":"Valle del Guadalhorce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_del_Guadalhorce"},{"link_name":"Axarquía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axarqu%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Serranía de Ronda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serran%C3%ADa_de_Ronda"},{"link_name":"Antequera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antequera"}],"text":"Comarcas of MálagaMálaga\nCosta del Sol\nValle del Guadalhorce\nAxarquía\nSerranía de Ronda\nAntequera","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Alcornocales Natural Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alcornocales_Natural_Park"},{"link_name":"Sierra de las Nieves National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_de_las_Nieves_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Montes de Málaga Natural Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montes_de_M%C3%A1laga_Natural_Park"},{"link_name":"Sierras of Tejeda, Almijara and Alhama Natural Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierras_of_Tejeda,_Almijara_and_Alhama_Natural_Park"}],"text":"Los Alcornocales Natural Park\nSierra de las Nieves National Park\nMontes de Málaga Natural Park\nSierras of Tejeda, Almijara and Alhama Natural Park","title":"Protected areas"}]	[{"image_text":"Comarcas of Málaga","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Comarcas_de_M%C3%A1laga-Junta_de_Andalucia.PNG/250px-Comarcas_de_M%C3%A1laga-Junta_de_Andalucia.PNG"}]	[{"title":"List of municipalities in Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_M%C3%A1laga"}]	[{"reference":"Sánchez, Nacho (17 November 2020). \"La provincia que produce más aguacates y mangos de Europa busca agua\". El País.","urls":[{"url":"https://elpais.com/clima-y-medio-ambiente/2020-11-17/malaga-la-provincia-que-produce-mas-aguacates-y-mangos-de-europa-busca-agua.html","url_text":"\"La provincia que produce más aguacates y mangos de Europa busca agua\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs","url_text":"El País"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Province_of_M%C3%A1laga&params=36_43_N_4_25_W_region:ES-MA_type:adm2nd_dim:200000_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"36°43′N 4°25′W / 36.717°N 4.417°W / 36.717; -4.417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Province_of_M%C3%A1laga&params=36_43_N_4_25_W_region:ES-MA_type:adm2nd_dim:200000_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"36°43′N 4°25′W / 36.717°N 4.417°W / 36.717; -4.417"},{"Link":"http://www.malaga.es/","external_links_name":"malaga.es"},{"Link":"http://www.ine.es/jaxi/tabla.do?path=/t20/e260/a2013/l1/&file=pro001.px&type=pcaxis&L=1","external_links_name":"Population Figures referring to Municipal Register 1 January 2013"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006141338/http://www.ine.es/jaxi/tabla.do?path=%2Ft20%2Fe260%2Fa2013%2Fl1%2F&file=pro001.px&type=pcaxis&L=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://elpais.com/clima-y-medio-ambiente/2020-11-17/malaga-la-provincia-que-produce-mas-aguacates-y-mangos-de-europa-busca-agua.html","external_links_name":"\"La provincia que produce más aguacates y mangos de Europa busca agua\""},{"Link":"http://www.caminodelrey/","external_links_name":"The Caminito del Rey tourist information in English"},{"Link":"http://www.spain-holiday.com/informations/spain/travel/guide/provinces/6/Malaga/0/Andalucia/Malaga.html","external_links_name":"Video about Malaga province"},{"Link":"http://www.ctmam.es/","external_links_name":"Malaga Metropolitan Transport Consortium Website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110203082030/http://www.discovermalaga.com/","external_links_name":"Malaga Tourism"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/124347765","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmpcQvqvjjRgRYtk4V3cP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936264q","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936264q","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4037191-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557193105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81110614","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128486&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/3d40f184-23f8-4849-b86e-b5768ebf5794","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027287629","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camo_%26_Krooked	Camo & Krooked	["1 History","1.1 2008–10: Above & Beyond","1.2 2011–12: Cross the Line and other projects","1.3 2013–2015: Zeitgeist and Gravitas","1.4 2016–2018: Mosaik","1.5 2019–present: Red Bull Symphonic and MODUS","2 Discography","3 References","4 External links"]	Austrian electronic music duo Camo & KrookedCamo & Krooked official press pic 2017Background informationAlso known asMasai, ChromeOriginVienna, AustriaGenresDrum and bass, drumstep, dubstep, electro, house, funk, minimalYears active2007–presentLabelsMODUS, Mosaik Records, RAM Records, Hospital Records, Mainframe Recordings, Beta Recordings, Viper Recordings, Breakbeat Kaos, AudioPorn RecordsMembersReinhard Rietsch Markus WagnerWebsitewww.camoandkrooked.com Camo & Krooked are an electronic music duo from Vienna, Austria with their musical roots embedded in drum and bass, consisting of Reinhard "Camo" Rietsch (born 12 November 1983 in Salzburg) and Markus "Krooked" Wagner (born 31 July 1989 in Lilienfeld). History Both Rietsch and Wagner have been producing music since 2002. They met at one of Rietsch's gigs and collaborated to form Camo & Krooked in 2007. Their first collaboration was the track "Play It" from Camo's 2007 single Drop It. 2008–10: Above & Beyond The duo has been releasing songs on various labels throughout 2008 to 2010, including Future Prophecies's Berzerk and Body & Soul's Nasca. More frequently, they've released multiple singles through fellow Austrian drum and bass producer and promoter DisasZt's label Mainframe Recordings. On 12 February 2010, the duo had released their debut studio album Above & Beyond through the label. The fourteen-track album includes a Mainframe Recordings compilation mix composed by DJ DisasZt himself. Camo & Krooked had then released the Edge of Mind EP on John B's label Beta Recordings ten days later. It had received DJ support from many of the biggest names in drum and bass, including Pendulum, Grooverider, DJ Fresh, Adam F, London Elektricity, Matrix & Futurebound, Shimon, Concord Dawn, and DJ SS. Due to Camo & Krooked's success with Above & Beyond, they won Best Newcomer DJs at the 2010 Drum & Bass Arena Awards, and put out two mixes for BBC Radio 1's Annie Nightingale, Fabio & Grooverider. Grooverider later quoted that Camo & Krooked are "one of the biggest talents in Drum & Bass". Both of these mixes bring to the table Camo & Krooked's usual varying subgenres of drum and bass. They have released successful remixes of drum and bass tracks such as Future Prophecies's "September", John B's "Numbers" and DJ Fresh's "Talkbox". They have also produced remixes for songs by English rapper Professor Green twice: one for "Just Be Good to Green" and another for "Monster". The latter remix was their first venture into the realms of dubstep, a new genre for them. In April 2010, Camo & Krooked released "Turn Up (The Music)", featuring the vocals of Pat Fulgoni, through Hospital Records as part of the compilation album Sick Music 2. The song contains lyrics based on the song "Turn on the Music" by Roger Sanchez. The track was originally released on a double A-side joint single backed with Netsky's "Memory Lane". Their first individual single release on Hospital was "Climax", released on 28 June 2010. In October 2010, drum and bass producer and Shogun Audio owner DJ Friction had teamed up with Camo & Krooked to create the collaborative effort of "Stand Up!", featuring added vocals from Dynamite MC. Friction had also made a drum and bass remix of the Doctor P track "Sweet Shop" alongside the two. Camo & Krooked were eventually signed to Hospital Records on 4 December 2010 to join the likes of Netsky, High Contrast and Danny Byrd. By the end of 2010, they've made a huge impact on the world of drum and bass in a short period of time with releases on labels including Viper Recordings, Technique, Breakbeat Kaos, Audio Porn, Renegade Hardware, Urban Takeover and Uprising Records. 2011–12: Cross the Line and other projects Rietsch and Wagner had experimented with minimal techno and house music under the alias Chrome. The duo had released the Paranoia EP, which featured six of their unreleased tracks, as a free download. In 2011, they have decided to discontinue the side-project to focus on producing drum and bass as Camo & Krooked. Camo & Krooked open 2011 with their two-part Pulse of Time EP released through Viper Recordings. It met the support of acts such as DJ Hype, Andy C, Danny Byrd, High Contrast, ShockOne, Netsky, Sub Focus, Chase & Status, Metrik, and Crissy Criss. On 3 June 2011, Camo & Krooked released the first single from their upcoming Hospital Records debut album, "All Fall Down" / "Breezeblock". "All Fall Down" features the vocals of Shaz Sparks. The song is another one of their dubstep productions. It reached number 196 on the UK Singles Chart, making it Camo & Krooked's first ever charting single. It has also charted at number 40 in the UK Dance Chart and number 20 in the UK Indie Chart, and it is one of their most commercially successful singles to date. During 2011, due to the success of the release, as well as their growing discography, they have played live at many festivals throughout Europe. Some of these gigs were alongside big names of the genre, such as Chase & Status and Sub Focus. They've performed at the Relentless Nass festival, and also at the Global Gathering festival, both in July 2011. In addition, they also headlined the Strongbow stage at the V Festival in August 2011. The second single off of Camo & Krooked's untitled second album, "Make The Call", featuring the vocals of Bristol-based drum and bass musician TC, was released on 12 September 2011, accompanied by the AA-side track "In the Future" featuring Jenna G and Futurebound. "Make the Call" was one of their few songs produced in the style of electro house music. The single was their last released prior to the album's release in the latter months of 2011, which in August 2011 was revealed to be named Cross The Line. In BBC Radio 1's show of Fabio and Grooverider (12 September), Camo & Krooked announced the album was to be released on 3 October. The title track from Cross the Line featuring singer Ayah Marar was released as the album's third single on 14 November 2011. They produced Professor Green's track "How Many Moons" for the album At Your Inconvenience, which was released on 28 October 2011. A remix of the song featuring British grime artists Dream McLean and Rinse was released as a promotional single on 21 April 2012. It was available on vinyl as part of Record Store Day 2012, and also featured on the "Never Be a Right Time" EP. On 1 December 2011, Camo & Krooked were awarded with the Best Producer title at the 2011 Drum and Bass Arena Awards. The duo has produced music for various video game companies. They've made an official rework of the James Bond theme featured in the trailer for the 2011 video game remastering GoldenEye 007: Reloaded. Also, they have produced multiple tracks for the soundtrack of the 2012 video game SSX. They have created the majority of the tracks along with The Qemists and Raffertie. Camo & Krooked released a remix album for Cross the Line on 19 March 2012. Between the Lines features remixes from High Maintenance, BCee, InsideInfo, Submorphics, Metrik, Mind Vortex, Smooth, Sub Zero, Fred V & Grafix, Funtcase, as well as material from the duo themselves. 2013–2015: Zeitgeist and Gravitas Camo & Krooked performing at Urban Art Forms Festival 2014. The first single of Camo & Krooked's third album, "All Night" was released on 1 July 2013, the vocals for which were performed by Pat Fulgoni. It was followed by "Move Around", featuring the vocals of Ian Shaw, which was released on 9 September 2013. Their third studio album, titled Zeitgeist (meaning "spirit of the age" or "spirit of the time"), was released on 30 September 2013 through Hospital Records. The album contains influences of disco, French house and minimal music merged with their signature production style. It also features collaborations with fellow Viper Recordings / Hospital Records artist Metrik and Norwegian indie-electronic duo Lemâitre. The album's third single "Loving You is Easy" was released on 11 November 2013. After Zeitgeist tour they released couple remixes for Lana Del Rey "West Coast" and Klangkarussell "Netzwerk (Falls Like Rain)". In June 2015 after a long period of silence they presented composition "Gravitas" which was produced for Red Bull's skydiving team. 2016–2018: Mosaik On 17 February 2015 the duo announced that they are working on a new album which they stated would be a logical progression of their previous album Zeitgeist. On 7 October 2016 Camo & Krooked presented new music at Red Bull Listening Session 2016. They revealed the title of their album to be Mosaik which will be released in May on their new own imprint Mosaik Musik, RAM Records and BMG. The first sampler, "If I Could" featuring vocals from Joe Killington plus flipside "Ember", was released on 11 November. On 9 December 2016 the video to the song "Black Or White", featuring vocals from Tasha Baxter, was presented by Red Bull 20 before 17. It was produced by Filmspektakel. On 7 February 2017 Camo & Krooked revealed that their next single "Good Times Bad Times" and flipside "Honesty" will be released on 3 March. Also in February 2017, Camo & Krooked announced that they will premiere their new album in Fabric London on 26 May 2017. A remix album, titled "Mosaik Remixed", was released on 23 March 2018, featuring remixes from the likes of Culture Shock, Fred V & Grafix, Noisia and Signal. 2019–present: Red Bull Symphonic and MODUS They have released four singles in 2019; the first one being "Atlas" on 8 February as part of UKF's 10-year anniversary, the second one being "Loa" on 7 June via Hospital Records, the third one being "Kallisto" in collaboration with Mefjus on 23 August via Hospital Records and the fourth one being "Set It Off" featuring vocals from Jeru the Damaja on 15 November via Hospital Records. In February 2020, they performed a concert with composer Christian Kolonovits and the "Max Steiner Orchestra", resulting in the album Red Bull Symphonic. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Camo & Krooked played various shows in unusual locations such as on a Wind turbine and a balloon. Their single "No Tomorrow", released in October 2020, features Mefjus and Sophie Lindinger. Another single with Mefjus, titled "Sientelo" was released in August 2021, followed by "U" in December 2021. In April 2022, Camo & Krooked and Mefjus announced the launch of their own label "MODUS" with the date 22-04-22 mentioned in the label teaser on YouTube. Discography Main article: Camo & Krooked discography References ^ "Camo & Krooked "Edge Of Mind" EP". Beta Recordings. John B. 16 February 2010. ^ "Camo & Krooked". Viper Recordings. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2012. ^ "Headzwillrollnyc – Markus Wagner Discogs". Drum And Bass. Retrieved 26 March 2011. ^ "Professor Green – Monster feat. Example (Camo & Krooked Remix)". UKF Dubstep. 5 September 2010 – via YouTube. ^ IMO Records "Camo & Krooked Biography" Archived 25 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, IMO Records, London, 18 October 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2011. ^ "Camo and Krooked Interview". 26 June 2015. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. ^ "Camo & Krooked – Pulse Of Time EP Out Now". Viper Recordings. 12 October 2010. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014. ^ "Camo & Krooked Live Tour Festivals 2012". Festivalsearcher.com. Retrieved 3 April 2012. ^ Archived 30 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Global Gathering 2012 in Stratford-upon-Avon, UK". Festivalsearcher.com. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2012. ^ "Cross The Line". CamoAndKrooked.com. Retrieved 3 April 2012. ^ IMO Records. "DNB Arena Awards - Winners 2011 - the IMO Records Blog". Archived from the original on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011., IMO Records, London, 2 December 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2011. ^ "Camo & Krooked join forces with Ram Records and BMG to create MOSAIK MUSIK". Ukf.com. 31 October 2016. ^ "Red Bull Symphonic: Camo & Krooked". Red Bull. Retrieved 14 April 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Camo and Krooked. Official Website Hospital Records Artist Page Camo & Krooked discography at Discogs Authority control databases International VIAF Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"drum and bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_and_bass"},{"link_name":"Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburg"},{"link_name":"Lilienfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilienfeld"}],"text":"Camo & Krooked are an electronic music duo from Vienna, Austria with their musical roots embedded in drum and bass, consisting of Reinhard \"Camo\" Rietsch (born 12 November 1983 in Salzburg) and Markus \"Krooked\" Wagner (born 31 July 1989 in Lilienfeld).","title":"Camo & Krooked"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Both Rietsch and Wagner have been producing music since 2002. They met at one of Rietsch's gigs and collaborated to form Camo & Krooked in 2007. Their first collaboration was the track \"Play It\" from Camo's 2007 single Drop It.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Annie Nightingale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Nightingale"},{"link_name":"Fabio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Grooverider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grooverider"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"John B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B"},{"link_name":"DJ Fresh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Fresh"},{"link_name":"Professor Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Green"},{"link_name":"Just Be Good to Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Be_Good_to_Green"},{"link_name":"Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_(Professor_Green_song)"},{"link_name":"dubstep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubstep"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hospital Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_Records"},{"link_name":"Roger Sanchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Sanchez"},{"link_name":"Netsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netsky_(musician)"},{"link_name":"DJ Friction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Friction_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Dynamite MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamite_MC"},{"link_name":"Doctor P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_P"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Netsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netsky_(musician)"},{"link_name":"High Contrast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Contrast"},{"link_name":"Danny Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Byrd"},{"link_name":"Breakbeat Kaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakbeat_Kaos"},{"link_name":"Uprising Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_Records_(New_Zealand)"}],"sub_title":"2008–10: Above & Beyond","text":"The duo has been releasing songs on various labels throughout 2008 to 2010, including Future Prophecies's Berzerk and Body & Soul's Nasca. More frequently, they've released multiple singles through fellow Austrian drum and bass producer and promoter DisasZt's label Mainframe Recordings. On 12 February 2010, the duo had released their debut studio album Above & Beyond through the label. The fourteen-track album includes a Mainframe Recordings compilation mix composed by DJ DisasZt himself. Camo & Krooked had then released the Edge of Mind EP on John B's label Beta Recordings ten days later. It had received DJ support from many of the biggest names in drum and bass, including Pendulum, Grooverider, DJ Fresh, Adam F, London Elektricity, Matrix & Futurebound, Shimon, Concord Dawn, and DJ SS.[1]Due to Camo & Krooked's success with Above & Beyond, they won Best Newcomer DJs at the 2010 Drum & Bass Arena Awards, and put out two mixes for BBC Radio 1's Annie Nightingale, Fabio & Grooverider. Grooverider later quoted that Camo & Krooked are \"one of the biggest talents in Drum & Bass\".[2] Both of these mixes bring to the table Camo & Krooked's usual varying subgenres of drum and bass.[3] They have released successful remixes of drum and bass tracks such as Future Prophecies's \"September\", John B's \"Numbers\" and DJ Fresh's \"Talkbox\". They have also produced remixes for songs by English rapper Professor Green twice: one for \"Just Be Good to Green\" and another for \"Monster\". The latter remix was their first venture into the realms of dubstep, a new genre for them.[4]In April 2010, Camo & Krooked released \"Turn Up (The Music)\", featuring the vocals of Pat Fulgoni, through Hospital Records as part of the compilation album Sick Music 2. The song contains lyrics based on the song \"Turn on the Music\" by Roger Sanchez. The track was originally released on a double A-side joint single backed with Netsky's \"Memory Lane\". Their first individual single release on Hospital was \"Climax\", released on 28 June 2010. In October 2010, drum and bass producer and Shogun Audio owner DJ Friction had teamed up with Camo & Krooked to create the collaborative effort of \"Stand Up!\", featuring added vocals from Dynamite MC. Friction had also made a drum and bass remix of the Doctor P track \"Sweet Shop\" alongside the two.Camo & Krooked were eventually signed to Hospital Records on 4 December 2010[5] to join the likes of Netsky, High Contrast and Danny Byrd. By the end of 2010, they've made a huge impact on the world of drum and bass in a short period of time with releases on labels including Viper Recordings, Technique, Breakbeat Kaos, Audio Porn, Renegade Hardware, Urban Takeover and Uprising Records.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minimal techno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_techno"},{"link_name":"house music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_music"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"All Fall Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Fall_Down_(Camo_%26_Krooked_song)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"UK Dance Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Dance_Chart"},{"link_name":"UK Indie Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Indie_Chart"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Chase & Status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_%26_Status"},{"link_name":"Sub Focus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub_Focus"},{"link_name":"Relentless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relentless_(drink)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Global Gathering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Gathering"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Strongbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongbow_Cider"},{"link_name":"V Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_Festival"},{"link_name":"TC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TC_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jenna G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenna_Gibbons"},{"link_name":"Futurebound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurebound"},{"link_name":"electro house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro_house"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Fabio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Grooverider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grooverider"},{"link_name":"Ayah Marar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayah_Marar"},{"link_name":"At Your Inconvenience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_Your_Inconvenience"},{"link_name":"grime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grime_(music)"},{"link_name":"Record Store Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Store_Day"},{"link_name":"Never Be a Right Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Be_a_Right_Time"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"GoldenEye 007: Reloaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoldenEye_007_(2010_video_game)#GoldenEye_007:_Reloaded"},{"link_name":"SSX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSX_(2012_video_game)"},{"link_name":"The Qemists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Qemists"},{"link_name":"Raffertie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffertie"},{"link_name":"remix album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix_album"}],"sub_title":"2011–12: Cross the Line and other projects","text":"Rietsch and Wagner had experimented with minimal techno and house music under the alias Chrome. The duo had released the Paranoia EP, which featured six of their unreleased tracks, as a free download. In 2011, they have decided to discontinue the side-project to focus on producing drum and bass as Camo & Krooked.[6]Camo & Krooked open 2011 with their two-part Pulse of Time EP released through Viper Recordings. It met the support of acts such as DJ Hype, Andy C, Danny Byrd, High Contrast, ShockOne, Netsky, Sub Focus, Chase & Status, Metrik, and Crissy Criss.[7]On 3 June 2011, Camo & Krooked released the first single from their upcoming Hospital Records debut album, \"All Fall Down\" / \"Breezeblock\". \"All Fall Down\" features the vocals of Shaz Sparks. The song is another one of their dubstep productions. It reached number 196 on the UK Singles Chart, making it Camo & Krooked's first ever charting single. It has also charted at number 40 in the UK Dance Chart and number 20 in the UK Indie Chart, and it is one of their most commercially successful singles to date. During 2011, due to the success of the release, as well as their growing discography, they have played live at many festivals throughout Europe.[8] Some of these gigs were alongside big names of the genre, such as Chase & Status and Sub Focus. They've performed at the Relentless Nass festival,[9] and also at the Global Gathering festival,[10] both in July 2011. In addition, they also headlined the Strongbow stage at the V Festival in August 2011.The second single off of Camo & Krooked's untitled second album, \"Make The Call\", featuring the vocals of Bristol-based drum and bass musician TC, was released on 12 September 2011, accompanied by the AA-side track \"In the Future\" featuring Jenna G and Futurebound. \"Make the Call\" was one of their few songs produced in the style of electro house music. The single was their last released prior to the album's release in the latter months of 2011, which in August 2011 was revealed to be named Cross The Line.[11] In BBC Radio 1's show of Fabio and Grooverider (12 September), Camo & Krooked announced the album was to be released on 3 October. The title track from Cross the Line featuring singer Ayah Marar was released as the album's third single on 14 November 2011.They produced Professor Green's track \"How Many Moons\" for the album At Your Inconvenience, which was released on 28 October 2011. A remix of the song featuring British grime artists Dream McLean and Rinse was released as a promotional single on 21 April 2012. It was available on vinyl as part of Record Store Day 2012, and also featured on the \"Never Be a Right Time\" EP.On 1 December 2011, Camo & Krooked were awarded with the Best Producer title at the 2011 Drum and Bass Arena Awards.[12]The duo has produced music for various video game companies. They've made an official rework of the James Bond theme featured in the trailer for the 2011 video game remastering GoldenEye 007: Reloaded. Also, they have produced multiple tracks for the soundtrack of the 2012 video game SSX. They have created the majority of the tracks along with The Qemists and Raffertie.Camo & Krooked released a remix album for Cross the Line on 19 March 2012. Between the Lines features remixes from High Maintenance, BCee, InsideInfo, Submorphics, Metrik, Mind Vortex, Smooth, Sub Zero, Fred V & Grafix, Funtcase, as well as material from the duo themselves.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Camo%26Krooked_-_Live.jpg"},{"link_name":"Urban Art Forms Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban_Art_Forms_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ian Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Shaw_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Hospital Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_Records"},{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"French house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_house"},{"link_name":"minimal music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_music"},{"link_name":"Metrik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrik"},{"link_name":"Lemâitre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemaitre_(band)"},{"link_name":"Zeitgeist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zeitgeist_(Camo_%26_Krooked_album)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"2013–2015: Zeitgeist and Gravitas","text":"Camo & Krooked performing at Urban Art Forms Festival 2014.The first single of Camo & Krooked's third album, \"All Night\" was released on 1 July 2013, the vocals for which were performed by Pat Fulgoni. It was followed by \"Move Around\", featuring the vocals of Ian Shaw, which was released on 9 September 2013. Their third studio album, titled Zeitgeist (meaning \"spirit of the age\" or \"spirit of the time\"), was released on 30 September 2013 through Hospital Records. The album contains influences of disco, French house and minimal music merged with their signature production style. It also features collaborations with fellow Viper Recordings / Hospital Records artist Metrik and Norwegian indie-electronic duo Lemâitre. The album's third single \"Loving You is Easy\" was released on 11 November 2013.After Zeitgeist tour they released couple remixes for Lana Del Rey \"West Coast\" and Klangkarussell \"Netzwerk (Falls Like Rain)\".In June 2015 after a long period of silence they presented composition \"Gravitas\" which was produced for Red Bull's skydiving team.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RAM Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAM_Records"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Tasha Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasha_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Fabric London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabric_(club)"}],"sub_title":"2016–2018: Mosaik","text":"On 17 February 2015 the duo announced that they are working on a new album which they stated would be a logical progression of their previous album Zeitgeist. On 7 October 2016 Camo & Krooked presented new music at Red Bull Listening Session 2016. They revealed the title of their album to be Mosaik which will be released in May on their new own imprint Mosaik Musik, RAM Records and BMG.[13] The first sampler, \"If I Could\" featuring vocals from Joe Killington plus flipside \"Ember\", was released on 11 November.On 9 December 2016 the video to the song \"Black Or White\", featuring vocals from Tasha Baxter, was presented by Red Bull 20 before 17. It was produced by Filmspektakel.On 7 February 2017 Camo & Krooked revealed that their next single \"Good Times Bad Times\" and flipside \"Honesty\" will be released on 3 March.Also in February 2017, Camo & Krooked announced that they will premiere their new album in Fabric London on 26 May 2017.A remix album, titled \"Mosaik Remixed\", was released on 23 March 2018, featuring remixes from the likes of Culture Shock, Fred V & Grafix, Noisia and Signal.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Wind turbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine"},{"link_name":"balloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_(aeronautics)"}],"sub_title":"2019–present: Red Bull Symphonic and MODUS","text":"They have released four singles in 2019; the first one being \"Atlas\" on 8 February as part of UKF's 10-year anniversary, the second one being \"Loa\" on 7 June via Hospital Records, the third one being \"Kallisto\" in collaboration with Mefjus on 23 August via Hospital Records and the fourth one being \"Set It Off\" featuring vocals from Jeru the Damaja on 15 November via Hospital Records.In February 2020, they performed a concert with composer Christian Kolonovits and the \"Max Steiner Orchestra\", resulting in the album Red Bull Symphonic.[14]During the COVID-19 pandemic, Camo & Krooked played various shows in unusual locations such as on a Wind turbine and a balloon. Their single \"No Tomorrow\", released in October 2020, features Mefjus and Sophie Lindinger.Another single with Mefjus, titled \"Sientelo\" was released in August 2021, followed by \"U\" in December 2021. In April 2022, Camo & Krooked and Mefjus announced the launch of their own label \"MODUS\" with the date 22-04-22 mentioned in the label teaser on YouTube.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"}]	[{"image_text":"Camo & Krooked performing at Urban Art Forms Festival 2014.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Camo%26Krooked_-_Live.jpg/300px-Camo%26Krooked_-_Live.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Camo & Krooked \"Edge Of Mind\" EP\". Beta Recordings. John B. 16 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.beta-recordings.com/site/2010/02/16/camo-krooked-edge-of-mind-ep/","url_text":"\"Camo & Krooked \"Edge Of Mind\" EP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Camo & Krooked\". Viper Recordings. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120326025534/http://www.viperrecordings.co.uk/artist?id=999921","url_text":"\"Camo & Krooked\""},{"url":"http://www.viperrecordings.co.uk/artist?id=999921","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Headzwillrollnyc – Markus Wagner Discogs\". Drum And Bass. Retrieved 26 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.headzwillrollnyc.com/?tag=markus-wagner","url_text":"\"Headzwillrollnyc – Markus Wagner Discogs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Green – Monster feat. Example (Camo & Krooked Remix)\". UKF Dubstep. 5 September 2010 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d9ZyeWjJF7A","url_text":"\"Professor Green – Monster feat. Example (Camo & Krooked Remix)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Camo and Krooked Interview\". 26 June 2015. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626173334/http://www.kmag.co.uk/editorial/features/camo-and-krooked-feature.html","url_text":"\"Camo and Krooked Interview\""},{"url":"http://www.kmag.co.uk/editorial/features/camo-and-krooked-feature.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Camo & Krooked – Pulse Of Time EP Out Now\". Viper Recordings. 12 October 2010. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714185145/http://www.viperrecordings.co.uk/news/5197/camo-krooked-pulse-of-time-ep-out-now","url_text":"\"Camo & Krooked – Pulse Of Time EP Out Now\""},{"url":"http://www.viperrecordings.co.uk/news/5197/camo-krooked-pulse-of-time-ep-out-now","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Camo & Krooked Live Tour Festivals 2012\". Festivalsearcher.com. Retrieved 3 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://festivalsearcher.com/artists.aspx?artist_id=Camo_and_Krooked","url_text":"\"Camo & Krooked Live Tour Festivals 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Global Gathering 2012 in Stratford-upon-Avon, UK\". Festivalsearcher.com. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://festivalsearcher.com/festivals.aspx?festival_id=global_gathering","url_text":"\"Global Gathering 2012 in Stratford-upon-Avon, UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cross The Line\". CamoAndKrooked.com. Retrieved 3 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://camoandkrooked.com/cross-the-line/","url_text":"\"Cross The Line\""}]},{"reference":"\"DNB Arena Awards - Winners 2011 - the IMO Records Blog\". Archived from the original on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111222023721/http://www.imorecords.co.uk/drumandbassnews/dnb-arena-awards-winners-2011/","url_text":"\"DNB Arena Awards - Winners 2011 - the IMO Records Blog\""},{"url":"http://www.imorecords.co.uk/drumandbassnews/dnb-arena-awards-winners-2011/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Camo & Krooked join forces with Ram Records and BMG to create MOSAIK MUSIK\". Ukf.com. 31 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://ukf.com/news/camo-krooked-join-forces-ram-records-bmg-create-mosaik-musik/17717","url_text":"\"Camo & Krooked join forces with Ram Records and BMG to create MOSAIK MUSIK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Bull Symphonic: Camo & Krooked\". Red Bull. Retrieved 14 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redbull.com/de-de/films/red-bull-symphonic-film","url_text":"\"Red Bull Symphonic: Camo & Krooked\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull","url_text":"Red Bull"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.camoandkrooked.com/","external_links_name":"www.camoandkrooked.com"},{"Link":"http://www.beta-recordings.com/site/2010/02/16/camo-krooked-edge-of-mind-ep/","external_links_name":"\"Camo & Krooked \"Edge Of Mind\" EP\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120326025534/http://www.viperrecordings.co.uk/artist?id=999921","external_links_name":"\"Camo & Krooked\""},{"Link":"http://www.viperrecordings.co.uk/artist?id=999921","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.headzwillrollnyc.com/?tag=markus-wagner","external_links_name":"\"Headzwillrollnyc – Markus Wagner Discogs\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d9ZyeWjJF7A","external_links_name":"\"Professor Green – Monster feat. Example (Camo & Krooked Remix)\""},{"Link":"http://www.imorecords.co.uk/drumandbass/camo-and-krooked-biography/","external_links_name":"\"Camo & Krooked Biography\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125095147/http://www.imorecords.co.uk/drumandbass/camo-and-krooked-biography/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626173334/http://www.kmag.co.uk/editorial/features/camo-and-krooked-feature.html","external_links_name":"\"Camo and Krooked Interview\""},{"Link":"http://www.kmag.co.uk/editorial/features/camo-and-krooked-feature.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714185145/http://www.viperrecordings.co.uk/news/5197/camo-krooked-pulse-of-time-ep-out-now","external_links_name":"\"Camo & Krooked – Pulse Of Time EP Out Now\""},{"Link":"http://www.viperrecordings.co.uk/news/5197/camo-krooked-pulse-of-time-ep-out-now","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://festivalsearcher.com/artists.aspx?artist_id=Camo_and_Krooked","external_links_name":"\"Camo & Krooked Live Tour Festivals 2012\""},{"Link":"http://www.nassfestival.com/static.php?c=lineup","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110630021653/http://www.nassfestival.com/static.php?c=lineup","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://festivalsearcher.com/festivals.aspx?festival_id=global_gathering","external_links_name":"\"Global Gathering 2012 in Stratford-upon-Avon, UK\""},{"Link":"http://camoandkrooked.com/cross-the-line/","external_links_name":"\"Cross The Line\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111222023721/http://www.imorecords.co.uk/drumandbassnews/dnb-arena-awards-winners-2011/","external_links_name":"\"DNB Arena Awards - Winners 2011 - the IMO Records Blog\""},{"Link":"http://www.imorecords.co.uk/drumandbassnews/dnb-arena-awards-winners-2011/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ukf.com/news/camo-krooked-join-forces-ram-records-bmg-create-mosaik-musik/17717","external_links_name":"\"Camo & Krooked join forces with Ram Records and BMG to create MOSAIK MUSIK\""},{"Link":"https://www.redbull.com/de-de/films/red-bull-symphonic-film","external_links_name":"\"Red Bull Symphonic: Camo & Krooked\""},{"Link":"http://www.camoandkrooked.com/","external_links_name":"Official Website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140809234912/https://www.hospitalrecords.com/shop/artist/camo-krooked","external_links_name":"Hospital Records Artist Page"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/Camo+%26+Krooked","external_links_name":"Camo & Krooked"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1943152080586307230005","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/83928527-eeb1-4625-98df-0cfbcc5c07ec","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_South_(provincial_electoral_district)	Toronto South (provincial electoral district)	["1 Boundaries","2 Members of Provincial Parliament","3 Election results","3.1 Seat A","3.2 Seat B","4 References","4.1 Notes","4.2 Citations"]	Former provincial electoral district in Toronto, Ontario This article is about the provincial electoral district. For the federal electoral district, see Toronto South. Toronto South Ontario electoral districtToronto South riding, created in 1894Defunct provincial electoral districtLegislatureLegislative Assembly of OntarioDistrict created1894District abolished1914First contested1894Last contested1911 Toronto South, also known as South Toronto, was a provincial riding that was created in Toronto, Ontario in 1894. In 1886, Toronto was represented as one entire riding that elected three members. In 1894 this riding was split into four parts of which Toronto South was one. It occupied the southern part of the old city of Toronto. From 1908 to 1914 it elected two members to the legislature. In 1914 the Toronto South district was abolished. The districts of Toronto East, Toronto North, Toronto South and Toronto West were replaced by Toronto Northeast, Toronto Northwest, Toronto Southwest and Toronto Southeast, which were constituted as two-member districts. Parkdale and Riverdale were created as single-member constituencies. Boundaries The riding was established in 1894. The boundaries were College Street and Carlton Street to the north, Sherbourne Street to the east and Palmerston Avenue to the west. It was bounded on the south by Lake Ontario. In 1914, the riding was split between the new ridings of Toronto Southeast and Toronto Southwest. Members of Provincial Parliament Parliament Years Member Party Riding created in 1894 from the riding of Toronto 8th 1894–1898 Oliver Howland Conservative 9th 1898–1902 J.J.Foy Conservative 10th 1902–1905 11th 1905–1908 Seat A 12th 1908–1911 J.J.Foy Conservative 13th 1911–1914 Edward Owens Conservative Seat B 12th 1908–1911 George Gooderham Conservative 13th 1911–1914 Sourced from the Ontario Legislative Assembly Split into Toronto Southeast and Toronto Southwest ridings after 1914 Election results 1894 Ontario general election Party Candidate Votes Vote % Conservative Oliver Howland 6,032 60.2 Liberal Mr. Moss 3,892 39.8 Total 10,014 1898 Ontario general election Party Candidate Votes Vote % Conservative J.J. Foy 4,273 51.7 Liberal W.B. Rogers 3,996 48.3 Total 8,269 1902 Ontario general election Party Candidate Votes Vote % Conservative J.J. Foy 4,983 52.8 Liberal W.B. Rogers 4,192 44.4 Socialist Mr. Corner 170 1.8 Socialist-Labour Mr. James 101 1.1 Total 9,446 1905 Ontario general election Party Candidate Votes Vote % Conservative J.J. Foy 5,375 68.3 Liberal John J. Hunter 2,319 29.5 Socialist Thomas Phillips Thompson 172 2.2 Total 7,866 Seat A 1908 Ontario general election Party Candidate Votes Vote % Conservative J.J. Foy 5,167 85.6 Labour Mr. Kennedy 519 8.6 Socialist Mr. Deinegon 347 5.8 Total 6,033 1911 Ontario general election Party Candidate Votes Vote % Conservative Edward Owens 2,358 77.3 Labour W.R. James 693 22.7 Total 3,051 Seat B 1908 Ontario general election Party Candidate Votes Vote % Conservative George Gooderham 4,996 68.1 Liberal G.E. Gibbard 2,068 28.2 Socialist Mr. Tredler 270 3.7 Total 7,334 1911 Ontario general election Party Candidate Votes Vote % Conservative George Gooderham 2,421 78.2 Liberal E. Fielding 673 21.8 Total 3,094 References Notes ^ On 21 February 1905, Foy resigned in order to recontest the seat due to his appointment as Commissioner of Crown Lands. This was known as a ministerial by-election. Citations ^ "The Registration Divisions". The Globe. 2 June 1894. p. 16. ^ For a listing of each MPP's Queen's Park curriculum vitae see below: For Oliver Howland's Legislative Assembly information see "Oliver Aiken Howland, MPP". Parliamentary History. Toronto: Legislative Assembly of Ontario. 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-17. For J.J. Foy's Legislative Assembly information see "James Joseph Foy, MPP". Parliamentary History. Toronto: Legislative Assembly of Ontario. 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-17. For Edward Owens's Legislative Assembly information see "Edward William James Owens, MPP". Parliamentary History. Toronto: Legislative Assembly of Ontario. 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-17. For George Gooderham's Legislative Assembly information see "George Horace Gooderham, MPP". Parliamentary History. Toronto: Legislative Assembly of Ontario. 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-17. ^ "Mowat Seven Times a Conqueror". The Evening Star. Toronto. 1894-06-27. p. 1. ^ "Liberals Wield an Axe". The Evening Star. Toronto. 1898-03-02. p. 2. ^ "Toronto is still Tory". The Globe. Toronto. 1902-05-30. p. 8. ^ "Toronto Leads the Van in Conservative Sweep". The Globe. Toronto. 1905-01-26. p. 8. ^ "Conservatives Roll up 10,000 Majority". Toronto Daily Star. Toronto. 1905-01-26. p. 4. ^ a b "The City Returns Came in Quickly, The Vote in Toronto". The Toronto Daily Star. Toronto. 1908-06-09. p. 10. ^ a b "Toronto Yet Tory; A Straight Eight: Liberals and Independents Were All Defeated". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. 1908-06-09. p. 4. ^ a b "Toronto is Totally Tory Again". The Toronto Daily Star. Toronto. 1911-12-12. p. 3. ^ a b "Only 41,000 Votes in City Ridings". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. 1911-12-12. p. 8.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toronto South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_South"},{"link_name":"riding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Toronto Northeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Northeast_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Toronto Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Northwest_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Toronto Southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Southwest"},{"link_name":"Toronto Southeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Southeast"}],"text":"This article is about the provincial electoral district. For the federal electoral district, see Toronto South.Toronto South, also known as South Toronto, was a provincial riding that was created in Toronto, Ontario in 1894. In 1886, Toronto was represented as one entire riding that elected three members. In 1894 this riding was split into four parts of which Toronto South was one. It occupied the southern part of the old city of Toronto. From 1908 to 1914 it elected two members to the legislature.In 1914 the Toronto South district was abolished. The districts of Toronto East, Toronto North, Toronto South and Toronto West were replaced by \nToronto Northeast, Toronto Northwest, Toronto Southwest and Toronto Southeast, which were constituted as two-member districts. Parkdale and Riverdale were created as single-member constituencies.","title":"Toronto South (provincial electoral district)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Toronto Southeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Southeast"},{"link_name":"Toronto Southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Southwest"}],"text":"The riding was established in 1894. The boundaries were College Street and Carlton Street to the north, Sherbourne Street to the east and Palmerston Avenue to the west. It was bounded on the south by Lake Ontario.[1]In 1914, the riding was split between the new ridings of Toronto Southeast and Toronto Southwest.","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members of Provincial Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Seat A","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Seat B","title":"Election results"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Registration Divisions\". The Globe. 2 June 1894. p. 16.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Oliver Aiken Howland, MPP\". Parliamentary History. Toronto: Legislative Assembly of Ontario. 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/members/members_detail.do?locale=en&ID=1315","url_text":"\"Oliver Aiken Howland, MPP\""}]},{"reference":"\"James Joseph Foy, MPP\". Parliamentary History. Toronto: Legislative Assembly of Ontario. 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/members/members_detail.do?locale=en&ID=1166","url_text":"\"James Joseph Foy, MPP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edward William James Owens, MPP\". Parliamentary History. Toronto: Legislative Assembly of Ontario. 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/members/members_detail.do?locale=en&ID=1676","url_text":"\"Edward William James Owens, MPP\""}]},{"reference":"\"George Horace Gooderham, MPP\". Parliamentary History. Toronto: Legislative Assembly of Ontario. 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/members/members_detail.do?locale=en&ID=1209","url_text":"\"George Horace Gooderham, MPP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mowat Seven Times a Conqueror\". The Evening Star. Toronto. 1894-06-27. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Liberals Wield an Axe\". The Evening Star. Toronto. 1898-03-02. p. 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Toronto is still Tory\". The Globe. Toronto. 1902-05-30. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Toronto Leads the Van in Conservative Sweep\". The Globe. Toronto. 1905-01-26. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Conservatives Roll up 10,000 Majority\". Toronto Daily Star. Toronto. 1905-01-26. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The City Returns Came in Quickly, The Vote in Toronto\". The Toronto Daily Star. Toronto. 1908-06-09. p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Toronto Yet Tory; A Straight Eight: Liberals and Independents Were All Defeated\". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. 1908-06-09. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Toronto is Totally Tory Again\". The Toronto Daily Star. Toronto. 1911-12-12. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Only 41,000 Votes in City Ridings\". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. 1911-12-12. p. 8.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/members/members_detail.do?locale=en&ID=1315","external_links_name":"\"Oliver Aiken Howland, MPP\""},{"Link":"http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/members/members_detail.do?locale=en&ID=1166","external_links_name":"\"James Joseph Foy, MPP\""},{"Link":"http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/members/members_detail.do?locale=en&ID=1676","external_links_name":"\"Edward William James Owens, MPP\""},{"Link":"http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/members/members_detail.do?locale=en&ID=1209","external_links_name":"\"George Horace Gooderham, MPP\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berg_connector	Berg connector	["1 Overview","2 Floppy drive power connector","3 Company history","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Brand of electrical connector used in computer hardware This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (August 2023) Rear side of 3.5-inch floppy drive. Berg connector for power is shown on the left; data cable on right. Berg connector is a brand of electrical connector used in computer hardware. Berg connectors are manufactured by Berg Electronics Corporation of St. Louis, Missouri, now part of Amphenol. Overview Berg connectors have a 2.54 mm (0.100 in) pitch, pins are 0.64 mm (0.025 in) square, and usually come as single or double row connectors. Many types of Berg connectors exist. Some of the more familiar ones used in IBM PC compatibles are: the four-pin polarized Berg connectors used to connect 3½-inch floppy disk drive units to the power supply unit, usually referred to as simply a "floppy power connector", but often also referred to as LP4. This connector has a 2.50 mm (0.098 in) pitch (not 2.54 mm). the two-pin Berg connectors used to connect the front panel lights, turbo switch, and reset button to the motherboard. the two-pin Berg connectors used as jumpers for motherboard configuration. Floppy drive power connector Floppy Drive Power Connector Type ElectricalProduction historyDesigner Berg Electronics CorporationGeneral specificationsPins 4ElectricalSignal YesPinout Pin Color TypePin 1 Red +5 VPin 2 Black GroundPin 3 Black GroundPin 4 Yellow +12 V The power connector on the 3½-inch floppy drive, informally known as "the Berg connector", is 2.50 mm pitch (distance from center to center of pins). The power cable from the ATX power supply consists of 20 AWG wire to a 4-pin female connector. The plastic connector housing is most often white, as shown (TE Connectivity / AMP 171822-4), but black is also common. Other colours are rarer. The part numbers used for the female contact pins depends on the detailed design, the surface coating (for example tinned or gold plated) and the form of supply. Example part numbers are any of TE Connectivity / AMP 170204-* (loose pieces) or 170262-* (pieces supplied in strips), where * is 1 or 2 or 4. The male PCB connector on the 3½-inch floppy drive is normally a polarized right-angle male header, which is a TE Connectivity / AMP 171826-4, the straight model is AMP 171825-4. The shape of the connector housing makes it very easy to determine the pin number allocations by visual inspection. Company history In 1998, Berg Electronics was acquired by FCI (Framatome Connectors International) for $1.85 billion. In 2016, FCI Asia Pte was acquired by Amphenol. See also Electronics portal Electrical connector DC connector Insulation-displacement connector (IDC) JST connector Molex connector Pin header connector References ^ "ATX12V Power Supply Design Guide, v2.31 (Power Supply Design Guide for Desktop Platform Form Factors, v1.2)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-14. Retrieved 2016-12-25. ^ AMP 171822-4 Female Housing; TE Connectivity. ^ AMP 170204-1 Female Contact Pin for AWG 20-26 wire; TE Connectivity. ^ AMP 171826-4 Right-Angle Male Connector; TE Connectivity. ^ AMP 171825-4 Straight Male Connector; TE Connectivity. ^ Framatome To Acquire Berg In Connector Deal; Berg Electronics; August 28, 1998. ^ Amphenol Corporation Completes the Acquisition of FCI Asia Pte Ltd; Business Wire; January 08, 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Berg connectors.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FDD_with_Cables.JPG"},{"link_name":"3.5-inch floppy drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk#3.C2.BD-inch_floppy_disk"},{"link_name":"electrical connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_connector"},{"link_name":"computer hardware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware"},{"link_name":"St. Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Amphenol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphenol"}],"text":"Rear side of 3.5-inch floppy drive. Berg connector for power is shown on the left; data cable on right.Berg connector is a brand of electrical connector used in computer hardware. Berg connectors are manufactured by Berg Electronics Corporation of St. Louis, Missouri, now part of Amphenol.","title":"Berg connector"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IBM PC compatibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible"},{"link_name":"floppy disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk"},{"link_name":"power supply unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply_unit"},{"link_name":"front panel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_panel"},{"link_name":"turbo switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_switch"},{"link_name":"reset button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reset_button"},{"link_name":"motherboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard"},{"link_name":"jumpers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumper_(computing)"}],"text":"Berg connectors have a 2.54 mm (0.100 in) pitch, pins are 0.64 mm (0.025 in) square, and usually come as single or double row connectors.Many types of Berg connectors exist. Some of the more familiar ones used in IBM PC compatibles are:the four-pin polarized Berg connectors used to connect 3½-inch floppy disk drive units to the power supply unit, usually referred to as simply a \"floppy power connector\", but often also referred to as LP4. This connector has a 2.50 mm (0.098 in) pitch (not 2.54 mm).\nthe two-pin Berg connectors used to connect the front panel lights, turbo switch, and reset button to the motherboard.\nthe two-pin Berg connectors used as jumpers for motherboard configuration.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ATX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATX"},{"link_name":"AWG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWG"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"TE Connectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TE_Connectivity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"PCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The power connector on the 3½-inch floppy drive, informally known as \"the Berg connector\", is 2.50 mm pitch (distance from center to center of pins).The power cable from the ATX power supply consists of 20 AWG wire to a 4-pin female connector.[1] The plastic connector housing is most often white, as shown (TE Connectivity / AMP 171822-4), but black is also common. Other colours are rarer. The part numbers used for the female contact pins depends on the detailed design, the surface coating (for example tinned or gold plated) and the form of supply. Example part numbers are any of TE Connectivity / AMP 170204-* (loose pieces) or 170262-* (pieces supplied in strips), where * is 1 or 2 or 4.[2][3]The male PCB connector on the 3½-inch floppy drive is normally a polarized right-angle male header, which is a TE Connectivity / AMP 171826-4,[4] the straight model is AMP 171825-4.[5]The shape of the connector housing makes it very easy to determine the pin number allocations by visual inspection.","title":"Floppy drive power connector"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Amphenol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphenol"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1998, Berg Electronics was acquired by FCI (Framatome Connectors International) for $1.85 billion.[6] In 2016, FCI Asia Pte was acquired by Amphenol.[7]","title":"Company history"}]	[{"image_text":"Rear side of 3.5-inch floppy drive. Berg connector for power is shown on the left; data cable on right.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/FDD_with_Cables.JPG/220px-FDD_with_Cables.JPG"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png"},{"title":"Electronics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Electronics"},{"title":"Electrical connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_connector"},{"title":"DC connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector"},{"title":"Insulation-displacement connector (IDC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulation-displacement_connector"},{"title":"JST connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JST_connector"},{"title":"Molex connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molex_connector"},{"title":"Pin header connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_header"}]	[{"reference":"\"ATX12V Power Supply Design Guide, v2.31 (Power Supply Design Guide for Desktop Platform Form Factors, v1.2)\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-14. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Tour_of_Britain	2014 Tour of Britain	["1 Teams","2 Stages","2.1 Stage 1","2.2 Stage 2","2.3 Stage 3","2.4 Stage 4","2.5 Stage 5","2.6 Stage 6","2.7 Stage 7","2.8 Stage 8a","2.9 Stage 8b","3 Classification leadership","4 Standings","4.1 General classification","4.2 Points classification","4.3 Mountains classification","4.4 Sprints classification","4.5 Team classification","5 References","6 External links"]	For the women's edition, see 2014 The Women's Tour. Cycling race 2014 Tour of Britain2014 UCI Europe TourDylan Van Baarle during stage 8aRace detailsDates7–14 September 2014Stages8Distance1,375.7 km (854.8 mi)Winning time29h 45' 22"Results Winner Dylan van Baarle (NED) (Garmin–Sharp) Second Michał Kwiatkowski (POL) (Omega Pharma–Quick-Step) Third Bradley Wiggins (GBR) (Team Sky) Points Michał Kwiatkowski (POL) (Omega Pharma–Quick-Step) Mountains Mark McNally (GBR) (An Post–Chain Reaction) Sprints Sebastian Lander (DEN) (BMC Racing Team) Team IAM Cycling ← 2013 2015 → The 2014 Friends Life Tour of Britain was an eight-stage men's professional road cycling race. It was the eleventh running of the 2004 incarnation of the Tour of Britain and the 75th British tour in total. The race started on 7 September in Liverpool, finishing on 14 September in London. The race was part of the 2014 UCI Europe Tour, and was categorised by the UCI as a 2.HC race, for the first time. Teams Michał Kwiatkowski, overall winner of the Points Classification The twenty teams invited to participate in the Tour of Britain were: UCI ProTeams Belkin Pro Cycling BMC Racing Team Garmin–Sharp Movistar Team Omega Pharma–Quick-Step Giant–Shimano Tinkoff–Saxo Team Sky UCI Professional Continental Teams Bardiani–CSF IAM Cycling MTN–Qhubeka NetApp–Endura Team Novo Nordisk UCI Continental Teams An Post–Chain Reaction Madison Genesis NFTO Velosure–Giordana Rapha Condor–JLT Team Raleigh National Teams Great Britain Stages Mark McNally, King of the Mountains Sebastian Lander, overall winner of the Sprint Classification There were 8 stages in the 2014 race. Notable stages were Stage 3, which featured a summit finish, and Stage 5, a hilly stage to Exeter. List of stages Stage Date Course Distance Type Winner Ref 1 7 September Liverpool – Liverpool 104.8 km (65 mi) Flat stage Marcel Kittel (GER) 2 8 September Knowsley – Llandudno 200.8 km (125 mi) Flat stage Mark Renshaw (AUS) 3 9 September Newtown – The Tumble 179.9 km (112 mi) Medium-mountain stage Edoardo Zardini (ITA) 4 10 September Worcester – Bristol 184.6 km (115 mi) Hilly stage Michał Kwiatkowski (POL) 5 11 September Exmouth – Exeter 177.3 km (110 mi) Hilly stage Matthias Brändle (AUT) 6 12 September Bath – Hemel Hempstead 205.6 km (128 mi) Flat stage Matthias Brändle (AUT) 7 13 September Camberley – Brighton 225.1 km (140 mi) Hilly stage Julien Vermote (BEL) 8a 14 September London – London 8.8 km (5 mi) Individual time trial Bradley Wiggins (GBR) 8b 88.8 km (55 mi) Flat stage Marcel Kittel (GER) Stage 1 7 September 2014 — Liverpool to Liverpool, 104.8 kilometres (65.1 mi) Stage 1 Result Rider Team Time 1 Marcel Kittel (GER) Giant–Shimano 2h 16' 35" 2 Nicola Ruffoni (ITA) Bardiani–CSF + 0" 3 Mark Cavendish (GBR) Omega Pharma–Quick-Step + 0" 4 Tyler Farrar (USA) Garmin–Sharp + 0" 5 Ben Swift (GBR) Team Sky + 0" 6 Barry Markus (NED) Belkin Pro Cycling + 0" 7 Daniel McLay (GBR) Great Britain + 0" 8 Heinrich Haussler (AUS) IAM Cycling + 0" 9 Nikolay Trusov (RUS) Tinkoff–Saxo + 0" 10 Enrique Sanz (ESP) Movistar Team + 0" General Classification after Stage 1 Rider Team Time 1 Marcel Kittel (GER) Giant–Shimano 2h 16' 25" 2 Sonny Colbrelli (ITA) Bardiani–CSF + 1" 3 Nicola Ruffoni (ITA) Bardiani–CSF + 4" 4 Jon Mould (GBR) NFTO + 4" 5 Mark Cavendish (GBR) Omega Pharma–Quick-Step + 6" 6 Richard Handley (GBR) Rapha Condor–JLT + 7" 7 Tyler Farrar (USA) Garmin–Sharp + 10" 8 Ben Swift (GBR) Team Sky + 10" 9 Barry Markus (NED) Belkin Pro Cycling + 10" 10 Daniel McLay (GBR) Great Britain + 10" Stage 2 8 September 2014 — Knowsley to Llandudno, 200.8 kilometres (124.8 mi) Stage 2 Result Rider Team Time 1 Mark Renshaw (AUS) Omega Pharma–Quick-Step 4h 38' 54" 2 Ben Swift (GBR) Team Sky + 0" 3 Sam Bennett (IRL) NetApp–Endura + 0" 4 Tyler Farrar (USA) Garmin–Sharp + 0" 5 Rick Zabel (GER) BMC Racing Team + 0" 6 Michał Kwiatkowski (POL) Omega Pharma–Quick-Step + 0" 7 Jérôme Pineau (FRA) IAM Cycling + 0" 8 Niki Terpstra (NED) Omega Pharma–Quick-Step + 0" 9 Nicola Ruffoni (ITA) Bardiani–CSF + 0" 10 Heinrich Haussler (AUS) IAM Cycling + 0" General Classification after Stage 2 Rider Team Time 1 Mark Renshaw (AUS) Omega Pharma–Quick-Step 6h 55' 19" 2 Ben Swift (GBR) Team Sky + 4" 3 Nicola Ruffoni (ITA) Bardiani–CSF + 4" 4 Sam Bennett (IRL) NetApp–Endura + 6" 5 Mark Cavendish (GBR) Omega Pharma–Quick-Step + 6" 6 Alex Dowsett (GBR) Movistar Team + 7" 7 Richard Handley (GBR) Rapha Condor–JLT + 7" 8 Tyler Farrar (USA) Garmin–Sharp + 10" 9 Heinrich Haussler (AUS) IAM Cycling + 10" 10 Rick Zabel (GER) BMC Racing Team + 10" Stage 3 9 September 2014 — Newtown to The Tumble, 179.9 kilometres (111.8 mi) Stage 3 Result Rider Team Time 1 Edoardo Zardini (ITA) Bardiani–CSF 4h 35' 02" 2 Michał Kwiatkowski (POL) Omega Pharma–Quick-Step + 9" 3 Nicolas Roche (IRL) Tinkoff–Saxo + 11" 4 Dylan Teuns (BEL) BMC Racing Team + 11" 5 Bradley Wiggins (GBR) Team Sky + 14" 6 Giovanni Visconti (ITA) Movistar Team + 14" 7 David López (ESP) Team Sky + 14" 8 Sébastien Reichenbach (SUI) IAM Cycling + 16" 9 Ion Izagirre (ESP) Movistar Team + 16" 10 Leopold König (CZE) NetApp–Endura + 16" General Classification after Stage 3 Rider Team Time 1 Edoardo Zardini (ITA) Bardiani–CSF 11h 30' 21" 2 Michał Kwiatkowski (POL) Omega Pharma–Quick-Step + 13" 3 Nicolas Roche (IRL) Tinkoff–Saxo + 17" 4 Dylan Teuns (BEL) BMC Racing Team + 21" 5 Bradley Wiggins (GBR) Team Sky + 24" 6 David López (ESP) Team Sky + 24" 7 Ion Izagirre (ESP) Movistar Team + 26" 8 Leopold König (CZE) NetApp–Endura + 26" 9 Sébastien Reichenbach (SUI) IAM Cycling + 26" 10 Giovanni Visconti (ITA) Movistar Team + 37" Stage 4 10 September 2014 — Worcester to Bristol, 184.6 kilometres (114.7 mi) Stage 4 Result Rider Team Time 1 Michał Kwiatkowski (POL) Omega Pharma–Quick-Step 4h 19' 09" 2 Albert Timmer (NED) Giant–Shimano + 0" 3 Dylan Teuns (BEL) BMC Racing Team + 0" 4 Jack Bauer (NZL) Garmin–Sharp + 0" 5 Ion Izagirre (ESP) Movistar Team + 0" 6 Nicolas Roche (IRL) Tinkoff–Saxo + 0" 7 Ben Swift (GBR) Team Sky + 6" 8 Rick Zabel (GER) BMC Racing Team + 6" 9 Sonny Colbrelli (ITA) Bardiani–CSF + 6" 10 Sylvain Chavanel (FRA) IAM Cycling + 6" General Classification after Stage 4 Rider Team Time 1 Michał Kwiatkowski (POL) Omega Pharma–Quick-Step 15h 49' 33" 2 Edoardo Zardini (ITA) Bardiani–CSF + 3" 3 Dylan Teuns (BEL) BMC Racing Team + 14" 4 Nicolas Roche (IRL) Tinkoff–Saxo + 14" 5 Ion Izagirre (ESP) Movistar Team + 23" 6 Bradley Wiggins (GBR) Team Sky + 27" 7 David López (ESP) Team Sky + 27" 8 Leopold König (CZE) NetApp–Endura + 29" 9 Sébastien Reichenbach (SUI) IAM Cycling + 29" 10 Giovanni Visconti (ITA) Movistar Team + 40" Stage 5 11 September 2014 — Exmouth to Exeter, 177.3 kilometres (110.2 mi) Stage 5 Result Rider Team Time 1 Matthias Brändle (AUT) IAM Cycling 4h 32' 03" 2 Shane Archbold (NZL) An Post–Chain Reaction + 8" 3 Maarten Wynants (BEL) Belkin Pro Cycling + 8" 4 Sonny Colbrelli (ITA) Bardiani–CSF + 14" 5 Ben Swift (GBR) Team Sky + 14" 6 Rick Zabel (GER) BMC Racing Team + 14" 7 Michał Kwiatkowski (POL) Omega Pharma–Quick-Step + 14" 8 Kevyn Ista (BEL) IAM Cycling + 14" 9 Nicolas Roche (IRL) Tinkoff–Saxo + 14" 10 Jack Bauer (NZL) Garmin–Sharp + 14" General Classification after Stage 5 Rider Team Time 1 Michał Kwiatkowski (POL) Omega Pharma–Quick-Step 20h 21' 50" 2 Edoardo Zardini (ITA) Bardiani–CSF + 3" 3 Dylan Teuns (BEL) BMC Racing Team + 14" 4 Nicolas Roche (IRL) Tinkoff–Saxo + 14" 5 Ion Izagirre (ESP) Movistar Team + 23" 6 Bradley Wiggins (GBR) Team Sky + 27" 7 David López (ESP) Team Sky + 27" 8 Leopold König (CZE) NetApp–Endura + 29" 9 Sébastien Reichenbach (SUI) IAM Cycling + 29" 10 Giovanni Visconti (ITA) Movistar Team + 40" Stage 6 12 September 2014 — Bath to Hemel Hempstead, 205.6 kilometres (127.8 mi) Stage 6 Result Rider Team Time 1 Matthias Brändle (AUT) IAM Cycling 4h 44' 49" 2 Alex Dowsett (GBR) Movistar Team + 1" 3 Tom Stewart (GBR) Madison Genesis + 1" 4 Sonny Colbrelli (ITA) Bardiani–CSF + 1' 51" 5 Nicola Ruffoni (ITA) Bardiani–CSF + 1' 51" 6 Ben Swift (GBR) Team Sky + 1' 51" 7 Martin Kohler (SUI) BMC Racing Team + 1' 51" 8 Heinrich Haussler (AUS) IAM Cycling + 1' 51" 9 Rick Zabel (GER) BMC Racing Team + 1' 51" 10 Tom Veelers (NED) Giant–Shimano + 1' 51" General Classification after Stage 6 Rider Team Time 1 Alex Dowsett (GBR) Movistar Team 25h 07' 53" 2 Michał Kwiatkowski (POL) Omega Pharma–Quick-Step + 34" 3 Edoardo Zardini (ITA) Bardiani–CSF + 40" 4 Nicolas Roche (IRL) Tinkoff–Saxo + 50" 5 Dylan Teuns (BEL) BMC Racing Team + 51" 6 Ion Izagirre (ESP) Movistar Team + 1' 00" 7 Bradley Wiggins (GBR) Team Sky + 1' 02" 8 David López (ESP) Team Sky + 1' 04" 9 Leopold König (CZE) NetApp–Endura + 1' 06" 10 Sébastien Reichenbach (SUI) IAM Cycling + 1' 06" Stage 7 13 September 2014 — Camberley to Brighton, 225.1 kilometres (139.9 mi) Stage 7 Result Rider Team Time 1 Julien Vermote (BEL) Omega Pharma–Quick-Step 5h 12' 34" 2 Ignatas Konovalovas (LTU) MTN–Qhubeka + 23" 3 Dylan van Baarle (NED) Garmin–Sharp + 23" 4 Michał Kwiatkowski (POL) Omega Pharma–Quick-Step + 1' 20" 5 Lars Petter Nordhaug (NOR) Belkin Pro Cycling + 1' 20" 6 Kevyn Ista (BEL) IAM Cycling + 1' 20" 7 Dylan Teuns (BEL) BMC Racing Team + 1' 20" 8 Sylvain Chavanel (FRA) IAM Cycling + 1' 20" 9 Francesco Manuel Bongiorno (ITA) Bardiani–CSF + 1' 20" 10 Edoardo Zardini (ITA) Bardiani–CSF + 1' 20" General Classification after Stage 7 Rider Team Time 1 Dylan van Baarle (NED) Garmin–Sharp 30h 22' 02" 2 Michał Kwiatkowski (POL) Omega Pharma–Quick-Step + 19" 3 Edoardo Zardini (ITA) Bardiani–CSF + 25" 4 Nicolas Roche (IRL) Tinkoff–Saxo + 35" 5 Dylan Teuns (BEL) BMC Racing Team + 36" 6 Ion Izagirre (ESP) Movistar Team + 45" 7 Bradley Wiggins (GBR) Team Sky + 47" 8 David López (ESP) Team Sky + 49" 9 Sébastien Reichenbach (SUI) IAM Cycling + 51" 10 Alex Dowsett (GBR) Movistar Team + 59" Stage 8a 14 September 2014 — London to London, 8.8 kilometres (5.5 mi) Stage 8a Result Rider Team Time 1 Bradley Wiggins (GBR) Team Sky 9' 50" 2 Sylvain Chavanel (FRA) IAM Cycling + 8" 3 Steve Cummings (GBR) BMC Racing Team + 9" 4 Jan Bárta (CZE) NetApp–Endura + 14" 5 Matthias Brändle (AUT) IAM Cycling + 15" 6 Michał Kwiatkowski (POL) Omega Pharma–Quick-Step + 16" 7 Ryan Mullen (IRL) An Post–Chain Reaction + 20" 8 Alex Dowsett (GBR) Movistar Team + 20" 9 Christopher Juul-Jensen (DEN) Tinkoff–Saxo + 24" 10 Martin Kohler (SUI) BMC Racing Team + 25" General Classification after Stage 8a Rider Team Time 1 Dylan van Baarle (NED) Garmin–Sharp 30h 32' 17" 2 Michał Kwiatkowski (POL) Omega Pharma–Quick-Step + 10" 3 Bradley Wiggins (GBR) Team Sky + 22" 4 Edoardo Zardini (ITA) Bardiani–CSF + 37" 5 Nicolas Roche (IRL) Tinkoff–Saxo + 42" 6 Ion Izagirre (ESP) Movistar Team + 46" 7 Sylvain Chavanel (FRA) IAM Cycling + 50" 8 Alex Dowsett (GBR) Movistar Team + 54" 9 Dylan Teuns (BEL) BMC Racing Team + 1' 10" 10 David López (ESP) Team Sky + 1' 11" Stage 8b 14 September 2014 — London to London, 88.8 kilometres (55.2 mi) Stage 8b Result Rider Team Time 1 Marcel Kittel (GER) Giant–Shimano 1h 50' 33" 2 Mark Cavendish (GBR) Omega Pharma–Quick-Step + 0" 3 Nicola Ruffoni (ITA) Bardiani–CSF + 0" 4 Enrique Sanz (ESP) Movistar Team + 0" 5 Rick Zabel (GER) BMC Racing Team + 0" 6 Ian Wilkinson (GBR) Team Raleigh + 0" 7 Daniel McLay (GBR) Great Britain + 0" 8 Nikolay Trusov (RUS) Tinkoff–Saxo + 0" 9 Adam Blythe (GBR) NFTO + 0" 10 Shane Archbold (NZL) An Post–Chain Reaction + 0" Final General Classification Rider Team Time 1 Dylan van Baarle (NED) Garmin–Sharp 32h 22' 50" 2 Michał Kwiatkowski (POL) Omega Pharma–Quick-Step + 10" 3 Bradley Wiggins (GBR) Team Sky + 22" 4 Edoardo Zardini (ITA) Bardiani–CSF + 37" 5 Nicolas Roche (IRL) Tinkoff–Saxo + 42" 6 Ion Izagirre (ESP) Movistar Team + 46" 7 Sylvain Chavanel (FRA) IAM Cycling + 50" 8 Alex Dowsett (GBR) Movistar Team + 54" 9 Jan Bárta (CZE) NetApp–Endura + 1' 09" 10 Dylan Teuns (BEL) BMC Racing Team + 1' 10" Classification leadership Stage Winner General classification Sprint Classification Mountains Classification Points Classification Team Classification 1 Marcel Kittel Marcel Kittel Sonny Colbrelli Mark McNally Marcel Kittel Belkin Pro Cycling 2 Mark Renshaw Mark Renshaw Ben Swift Omega Pharma–Quick-Step 3 Edoardo Zardini Edoardo Zardini IAM Cycling 4 Michał Kwiatkowski Michał Kwiatkowski Sebastian Lander Michał Kwiatkowski Tinkoff–Saxo 5 Matthias Brändle IAM Cycling 6 Matthias Brändle Alex Dowsett Ben Swift 7 Julien Vermote Dylan van Baarle Michał Kwiatkowski 8a Bradley Wiggins 8b Marcel Kittel Final Dylan van Baarle Sebastian Lander Mark McNally Michał Kwiatkowski IAM Cycling Standings Legend Denotes the leader of the General classification Denotes the leader of the Points classification Denotes the leader of the Mountains classification Denotes the leader of the Sprints classification General classification Rider Team Time 1 Dylan van Baarle (NED) Garmin–Sharp 32h 22' 50" 2 Michał Kwiatkowski (POL) Omega Pharma–Quick-Step + 10" 3 Bradley Wiggins (GBR) Team Sky + 22" 4 Edoardo Zardini (ITA) Bardiani–CSF + 37" 5 Nicolas Roche (IRL) Tinkoff–Saxo + 42" 6 Ion Izagirre (ESP) Movistar Team + 46" 7 Sylvain Chavanel (FRA) IAM Cycling + 50" 8 Alex Dowsett (GBR) Movistar Team + 54" 9 Jan Bárta (CZE) NetApp–Endura + 1' 09" 10 Dylan Teuns (BEL) BMC Racing Team + 1' 10" Points classification Rider Team Points 1 Michał Kwiatkowski (POL) Omega Pharma–Quick-Step 70 2 Ben Swift (GBR) Team Sky 55 3 Rick Zabel (GER) BMC Racing Team 49 4 Nicola Ruffoni (ITA) Bardiani–CSF 45 5 Matthias Brändle (AUT) IAM Cycling 41 6 Sylvain Chavanel (FRA) IAM Cycling 41 7 Dylan Teuns (BEL) BMC Racing Team 34 8 Bradley Wiggins (GBR) Team Sky 33 9 Marcel Kittel (GER) Giant–Shimano 30 10 Nicolas Roche (IRL) Tinkoff–Saxo 30 Mountains classification Rider Team Points 1 Mark McNally (GBR) An Post–Chain Reaction 51 2 Matthias Brändle (AUT) IAM Cycling 30 3 Michał Kwiatkowski (POL) Omega Pharma–Quick-Step 25 4 Dylan van Baarle (NED) Garmin–Sharp 24 5 Julien Vermote (BEL) Omega Pharma–Quick-Step 23 6 Ignatas Konovalovas (LTU) MTN–Qhubeka 22 7 Tom Stewart (GBR) Madison Genesis 20 8 Alex Dowsett (GBR) Movistar Team 19 9 Shane Archbold (NZL) An Post–Chain Reaction 19 10 Marcin Białobłocki (POL) Velosure–Giordana 16 Sprints classification Rider Team Time 1 Sebastian Lander (DEN) BMC Racing Team 16 2 Alex Dowsett (GBR) Movistar Team 14 3 Dylan van Baarle (NED) Garmin–Sharp 9 4 Matthias Brändle (AUT) IAM Cycling 9 5 Lasse Norman Hansen (DEN) Garmin–Sharp 7 6 Manuele Boaro (ITA) Tinkoff–Saxo 7 7 Maarten Wynants (BEL) Belkin Pro Cycling 6 8 Andreas Stauff (GER) MTN–Qhubeka 4 9 Ian Bibby (GBR) Madison Genesis 4 10 Julien Vermote (BEL) Omega Pharma–Quick-Step 4 Team classification Team Time 1 IAM Cycling 97h 09' 47" 2 Tinkoff–Saxo + 2' 27" 3 Movistar Team + 3' 25" 4 Team Sky + 3' 31" 5 Omega Pharma–Quick-Step + 5' 48" 6 Bardiani–CSF + 7' 58" 7 Garmin–Sharp + 8' 11" 8 MTN–Qhubeka + 9' 05" 9 NetApp–Endura + 20' 12" 10 Belkin Pro Cycling + 21' 03" References ^ Cycling Weekly (31 March 2014). "Tour of Britain 2014 route revealed". Cycling Weekly. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2014. ^ "Tour of Britain upgraded to 2.HC status by UCI". Cyclingnews.com. Future plc. 4 February 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014. ^ Pro Cycling Stats. "11th Tour of Britain (2.HC)". Pro Cycling Stats. Retrieved 10 August 2014. ^ Tour of Britain. "Tour of Britain Official Site". Tour of Britain. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014. ^ a b "Tour of Britain: Kittel wins stage 1 in Liverpool". Cyclingnews.com. 7 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014. ^ a b "Tour of Britain: Renshaw wins stage 2 in Llandudno". Cyclingnews.com. 8 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014. ^ a b "Tour of Britain: Zardini doesn't stumble on the Tumble". Cyclingnews.com. 9 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014. ^ a b "Kwiatkowski wins stage 4 in Tour of Britain". Cyclingnews.com. 10 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014. ^ a b "Tour of Britain: Brändle takes solo stage 5 victory". Cyclingnews.com. 11 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014. ^ a b "Brändle claims second successive win at Tour of Britain". Cyclingnews.com. 12 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014. ^ a b "Tour of Britain: Vermote wins stage 7". Cyclingnews.com. 13 September 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2014. ^ a b "Tour of Britain: Wiggins wins penultimate time trial". Cyclingnews.com. 14 September 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2014. ^ a b c "Kittel wins final Tour of Britain stage". Cyclingnews.com. 14 September 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2014. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2014 Tour of Britain. Official website vteTour of BritainTour of Britain Open 1978 Kellogg's Tour of Britain 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 PruTour 1998 1999 Ovo Energy Tour of Britain 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 AJ Bell Tour of Britain 2021 2022 2023 General classification in the Tour of Britain	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2014 The Women's Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_The_Women%27s_Tour"},{"link_name":"road cycling race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing"},{"link_name":"Tour of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"2014 UCI Europe Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_UCI_Europe_Tour"},{"link_name":"UCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale"},{"link_name":"2.HC race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_race_classifications"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the women's edition, see 2014 The Women's Tour.Cycling raceThe 2014 Friends Life Tour of Britain was an eight-stage men's professional road cycling race. It was the eleventh running of the 2004 incarnation of the Tour of Britain and the 75th British tour in total. The race started on 7 September in Liverpool, finishing on 14 September in London. The race was part of the 2014 UCI Europe Tour, and was categorised by the UCI as a 2.HC race,[1] for the first time.[2]","title":"2014 Tour of Britain"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ToB_2014_stage_8a_-_Micha%C5%82_Kwiatkowski_(CRCPJ)_06.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Michał Kwiatkowski, overall winner of the Points ClassificationThe twenty teams invited to participate in the Tour of Britain were:[3][4]","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ToB_2014_stage_8a_-_Mark_McNally_(KOTM)_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ToB_2014_stage_8a_-_Sebastian_Lander_(YDSJ)_02.jpg"}],"text":"Mark McNally, King of the MountainsSebastian Lander, overall winner of the Sprint ClassificationThere were 8 stages in the 2014 race. Notable stages were Stage 3, which featured a summit finish, and Stage 5, a hilly stage to Exeter.","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"}],"sub_title":"Stage 1","text":"7 September 2014 — Liverpool to Liverpool, 104.8 kilometres (65.1 mi)","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knowsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowsley,_Merseyside"},{"link_name":"Llandudno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandudno"}],"sub_title":"Stage 2","text":"8 September 2014 — Knowsley to Llandudno, 200.8 kilometres (124.8 mi)","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown,_Powys"},{"link_name":"The Tumble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tumble"}],"sub_title":"Stage 3","text":"9 September 2014 — Newtown to The Tumble, 179.9 kilometres (111.8 mi)","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester,_England"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"}],"sub_title":"Stage 4","text":"10 September 2014 — Worcester to Bristol, 184.6 kilometres (114.7 mi)","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmouth"},{"link_name":"Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter"}],"sub_title":"Stage 5","text":"11 September 2014 — Exmouth to Exeter, 177.3 kilometres (110.2 mi)","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Hemel Hempstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead"}],"sub_title":"Stage 6","text":"12 September 2014 — Bath to Hemel Hempstead, 205.6 kilometres (127.8 mi)","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camberley"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton"}],"sub_title":"Stage 7","text":"13 September 2014 — Camberley to Brighton, 225.1 kilometres (139.9 mi)","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"}],"sub_title":"Stage 8a","text":"14 September 2014 — London to London, 8.8 kilometres (5.5 mi)","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Stage 8b","text":"14 September 2014 — London to London, 88.8 kilometres (55.2 mi)","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Classification leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2014_Tour_of_Britain&action=edit&section=14"},{"link_name":"Dylan van Baarle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_van_Baarle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_gold.svg"},{"link_name":"Garmin–Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF_Education%E2%80%93EasyPost"},{"link_name":"Michał Kwiatkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kwiatkowski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_blue.svg"},{"link_name":"Omega Pharma–Quick-Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudal_Quick-Step"},{"link_name":"Bradley Wiggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Wiggins"},{"link_name":"Team Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"Edoardo Zardini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoardo_Zardini_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Bardiani–CSF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VF_Group%E2%80%93Bardiani%E2%80%93CSF%E2%80%93Faizan%C3%A8"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Roche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Roche"},{"link_name":"Tinkoff–Saxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Ion Izagirre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Izagirre"},{"link_name":"Movistar Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar_Team_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Sylvain Chavanel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvain_Chavanel"},{"link_name":"IAM Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAM_Cycling"},{"link_name":"Alex Dowsett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Dowsett"},{"link_name":"Movistar Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar_Team_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Jan Bárta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_B%C3%A1rta"},{"link_name":"NetApp–Endura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Hansgrohe"},{"link_name":"Dylan Teuns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Teuns"},{"link_name":"BMC Racing Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCC_Pro_Team"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2014_Tour_of_Britain&action=edit&section=15"},{"link_name":"Michał Kwiatkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kwiatkowski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_blue.svg"},{"link_name":"Omega Pharma–Quick-Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudal_Quick-Step"},{"link_name":"Ben Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Swift"},{"link_name":"Team Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"Rick Zabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Zabel"},{"link_name":"BMC Racing Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCC_Pro_Team"},{"link_name":"Nicola Ruffoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Ruffoni"},{"link_name":"Bardiani–CSF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VF_Group%E2%80%93Bardiani%E2%80%93CSF%E2%80%93Faizan%C3%A8"},{"link_name":"Matthias Brändle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Br%C3%A4ndle"},{"link_name":"IAM Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAM_Cycling"},{"link_name":"Sylvain Chavanel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvain_Chavanel"},{"link_name":"IAM Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAM_Cycling"},{"link_name":"Dylan Teuns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Teuns"},{"link_name":"BMC Racing Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCC_Pro_Team"},{"link_name":"Bradley Wiggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Wiggins"},{"link_name":"Team Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"Marcel Kittel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Kittel"},{"link_name":"Giant–Shimano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_dsm%E2%80%93firmenich_PostNL_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Roche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Roche"},{"link_name":"Tinkoff–Saxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2014_Tour_of_Britain&action=edit&section=16"},{"link_name":"Mark McNally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_McNally_(cyclist)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_white.svg"},{"link_name":"An Post–Chain Reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Post%E2%80%93Chain_Reaction"},{"link_name":"Matthias Brändle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Br%C3%A4ndle"},{"link_name":"IAM Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAM_Cycling"},{"link_name":"Michał Kwiatkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kwiatkowski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_blue.svg"},{"link_name":"Omega Pharma–Quick-Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudal_Quick-Step"},{"link_name":"Dylan van Baarle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_van_Baarle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_gold.svg"},{"link_name":"Garmin–Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF_Education%E2%80%93EasyPost"},{"link_name":"Julien Vermote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Vermote"},{"link_name":"Omega Pharma–Quick-Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudal_Quick-Step"},{"link_name":"Ignatas Konovalovas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatas_Konovalovas"},{"link_name":"MTN–Qhubeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Qhubeka_NextHash"},{"link_name":"Tom Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Stewart_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Madison Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Genesis"},{"link_name":"Alex Dowsett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Dowsett"},{"link_name":"Movistar Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar_Team_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Shane Archbold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Archbold"},{"link_name":"An Post–Chain Reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Post%E2%80%93Chain_Reaction"},{"link_name":"Marcin Białobłocki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcin_Bia%C5%82ob%C5%82ocki"},{"link_name":"Velosure–Giordana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velosure%E2%80%93Giordana_Pro_Cycling_Team"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2014_Tour_of_Britain&action=edit&section=17"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Lander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Lander"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_green.svg"},{"link_name":"BMC Racing Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCC_Pro_Team"},{"link_name":"Alex Dowsett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Dowsett"},{"link_name":"Movistar Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar_Team_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Dylan van Baarle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_van_Baarle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_gold.svg"},{"link_name":"Garmin–Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF_Education%E2%80%93EasyPost"},{"link_name":"Matthias Brändle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Br%C3%A4ndle"},{"link_name":"IAM Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAM_Cycling"},{"link_name":"Lasse Norman Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasse_Norman_Hansen"},{"link_name":"Garmin–Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF_Education%E2%80%93EasyPost"},{"link_name":"Manuele Boaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuele_Boaro"},{"link_name":"Tinkoff–Saxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Maarten Wynants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maarten_Wynants"},{"link_name":"Belkin Pro Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visma%E2%80%93Lease_a_Bike_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Andreas Stauff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Stauff"},{"link_name":"MTN–Qhubeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Qhubeka_NextHash"},{"link_name":"Ian Bibby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Bibby"},{"link_name":"Madison Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Genesis"},{"link_name":"Julien Vermote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Vermote"},{"link_name":"Omega Pharma–Quick-Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudal_Quick-Step"}],"text":"General classification[edit]\n\n\n\n\nRider\n\nTeam\n\nTime\n\n\n1\n\n Dylan van Baarle (NED) \n\nGarmin–Sharp\n\n32h 22' 50\"\n\n\n2\n\n Michał Kwiatkowski (POL) \n\nOmega Pharma–Quick-Step\n\n+ 10\"\n\n\n3\n\n Bradley Wiggins (GBR)\n\nTeam Sky\n\n+ 22\"\n\n\n4\n\n Edoardo Zardini (ITA)\n\nBardiani–CSF\n\n+ 37\"\n\n\n5\n\n Nicolas Roche (IRL)\n\nTinkoff–Saxo\n\n+ 42\"\n\n\n6\n\n Ion Izagirre (ESP)\n\nMovistar Team\n\n+ 46\"\n\n\n7\n\n Sylvain Chavanel (FRA)\n\nIAM Cycling\n\n+ 50\"\n\n\n8\n\n Alex Dowsett (GBR)\n\nMovistar Team\n\n+ 54\"\n\n\n9\n\n Jan Bárta (CZE)\n\nNetApp–Endura\n\n+ 1' 09\"\n\n\n10\n\n Dylan Teuns (BEL)\n\nBMC Racing Team\n\n+ 1' 10\"\n\n\nPoints classification[edit]\n\n\n\n\n\nRider\n\nTeam\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n\n Michał Kwiatkowski (POL) \n\nOmega Pharma–Quick-Step\n\n70\n\n\n2\n\n Ben Swift (GBR)\n\nTeam Sky\n\n55\n\n\n3\n\n Rick Zabel (GER)\n\nBMC Racing Team\n\n49\n\n\n4\n\n Nicola Ruffoni (ITA)\n\nBardiani–CSF\n\n45\n\n\n5\n\n Matthias Brändle (AUT)\n\nIAM Cycling\n\n41\n\n\n6\n\n Sylvain Chavanel (FRA)\n\nIAM Cycling\n\n41\n\n\n7\n\n Dylan Teuns (BEL)\n\nBMC Racing Team\n\n34\n\n\n8\n\n Bradley Wiggins (GBR)\n\nTeam Sky\n\n33\n\n\n9\n\n Marcel Kittel (GER)\n\nGiant–Shimano\n\n30\n\n\n10\n\n Nicolas Roche (IRL)\n\nTinkoff–Saxo\n\n30Mountains classification[edit]\n\n\n\n\n\nRider\n\nTeam\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n\n Mark McNally (GBR) \n\nAn Post–Chain Reaction\n\n51\n\n\n2\n\n Matthias Brändle (AUT)\n\nIAM Cycling\n\n30\n\n\n3\n\n Michał Kwiatkowski (POL) \n\nOmega Pharma–Quick-Step\n\n25\n\n\n4\n\n Dylan van Baarle (NED) \n\nGarmin–Sharp\n\n24\n\n\n5\n\n Julien Vermote (BEL)\n\nOmega Pharma–Quick-Step\n\n23\n\n\n6\n\n Ignatas Konovalovas (LTU)\n\nMTN–Qhubeka\n\n22\n\n\n7\n\n Tom Stewart (GBR)\n\nMadison Genesis\n\n20\n\n\n8\n\n Alex Dowsett (GBR)\n\nMovistar Team\n\n19\n\n\n9\n\n Shane Archbold (NZL)\n\nAn Post–Chain Reaction\n\n19\n\n\n10\n\n Marcin Białobłocki (POL)\n\nVelosure–Giordana\n\n16\n\n\nSprints classification[edit]\n\n\n\n\n\nRider\n\nTeam\n\nTime\n\n\n1\n\n Sebastian Lander (DEN) \n\nBMC Racing Team\n\n16\n\n\n2\n\n Alex Dowsett (GBR)\n\nMovistar Team\n\n14\n\n\n3\n\n Dylan van Baarle (NED) \n\nGarmin–Sharp\n\n9\n\n\n4\n\n Matthias Brändle (AUT)\n\nIAM Cycling\n\n9\n\n\n5\n\n Lasse Norman Hansen (DEN)\n\nGarmin–Sharp\n\n7\n\n\n6\n\n Manuele Boaro (ITA)\n\nTinkoff–Saxo\n\n7\n\n\n7\n\n Maarten Wynants (BEL)\n\nBelkin Pro Cycling\n\n6\n\n\n8\n\n Andreas Stauff (GER)\n\nMTN–Qhubeka\n\n4\n\n\n9\n\n Ian Bibby (GBR)\n\nMadison Genesis\n\n4\n\n\n10\n\n Julien Vermote (BEL)\n\nOmega Pharma–Quick-Step\n\n4","title":"Standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Team classification","title":"Standings"}]	[{"image_text":"Michał Kwiatkowski, overall winner of the Points Classification","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/ToB_2014_stage_8a_-_Micha%C5%82_Kwiatkowski_%28CRCPJ%29_06.jpg/220px-ToB_2014_stage_8a_-_Micha%C5%82_Kwiatkowski_%28CRCPJ%29_06.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mark McNally, King of the Mountains","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ToB_2014_stage_8a_-_Mark_McNally_%28KOTM%29_02.jpg/220px-ToB_2014_stage_8a_-_Mark_McNally_%28KOTM%29_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sebastian Lander, overall winner of the Sprint Classification","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/ToB_2014_stage_8a_-_Sebastian_Lander_%28YDSJ%29_02.jpg/220px-ToB_2014_stage_8a_-_Sebastian_Lander_%28YDSJ%29_02.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Cycling Weekly (31 March 2014). \"Tour of Britain 2014 route revealed\". Cycling Weekly. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024936/http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/racing/tour-of-britain/tour-britain-2014-route-launched-119567","url_text":"\"Tour of Britain 2014 route revealed\""},{"url":"http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/racing/tour-of-britain/tour-britain-2014-route-launched-119567","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tour of Britain upgraded to 2.HC status by UCI\". Cyclingnews.com. Future plc. 4 February 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/tour-of-britain-upgraded-to-2-hc-status-by-uci","url_text":"\"Tour of Britain upgraded to 2.HC status by UCI\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"Cyclingnews.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc","url_text":"Future plc"}]},{"reference":"Pro Cycling Stats. \"11th Tour of Britain (2.HC)\". Pro Cycling Stats. Retrieved 10 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.procyclingstats.com/race/9011951-Tour-of-Britain-2014","url_text":"\"11th Tour of Britain (2.HC)\""}]},{"reference":"Tour of Britain. \"Tour of Britain Official Site\". Tour of Britain. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140813213234/http://www.tourofbritain.co.uk/news/10128.php","url_text":"\"Tour of Britain Official Site\""},{"url":"http://www.tourofbritain.co.uk/news/10128.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tour of Britain: Kittel wins stage 1 in Liverpool\". Cyclingnews.com. 7 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-of-britain-2014/stage-1/results","url_text":"\"Tour of Britain: Kittel wins stage 1 in Liverpool\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"Cyclingnews.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Tour of Britain: Renshaw wins stage 2 in Llandudno\". Cyclingnews.com. 8 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-of-britain-2014/stage-2/results","url_text":"\"Tour of Britain: Renshaw wins stage 2 in Llandudno\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"Cyclingnews.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Tour of Britain: Zardini doesn't stumble on the Tumble\". Cyclingnews.com. 9 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-of-britain-2014/stage-3/results","url_text":"\"Tour of Britain: Zardini doesn't stumble on the Tumble\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"Cyclingnews.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Kwiatkowski wins stage 4 in Tour of Britain\". Cyclingnews.com. 10 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-of-britain-2014/stage-4/results","url_text":"\"Kwiatkowski wins stage 4 in Tour of Britain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"Cyclingnews.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Tour of Britain: Brändle takes solo stage 5 victory\". Cyclingnews.com. 11 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-of-britain-2014/stage-5/results","url_text":"\"Tour of Britain: Brändle takes solo stage 5 victory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"Cyclingnews.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Brändle claims second successive win at Tour of Britain\". Cyclingnews.com. 12 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-of-britain-2014/stage-6/results","url_text":"\"Brändle claims second successive win at Tour of Britain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"Cyclingnews.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Tour of Britain: Vermote wins stage 7\". Cyclingnews.com. 13 September 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-of-britain-2014/stage-7/results","url_text":"\"Tour of Britain: Vermote wins stage 7\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"Cyclingnews.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Tour of Britain: Wiggins wins penultimate time trial\". Cyclingnews.com. 14 September 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-of-britain-2014/stage-8a/results","url_text":"\"Tour of Britain: Wiggins wins penultimate time trial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"Cyclingnews.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Kittel wins final Tour of Britain stage\". Cyclingnews.com. 14 September 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-of-britain-2014/stage-8b/results","url_text":"\"Kittel wins final Tour of Britain stage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"Cyclingnews.com"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024936/http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/racing/tour-of-britain/tour-britain-2014-route-launched-119567","external_links_name":"\"Tour of Britain 2014 route revealed\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/racing/tour-of-britain/tour-britain-2014-route-launched-119567","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/tour-of-britain-upgraded-to-2-hc-status-by-uci","external_links_name":"\"Tour of Britain upgraded to 2.HC status by UCI\""},{"Link":"http://www.procyclingstats.com/race/9011951-Tour-of-Britain-2014","external_links_name":"\"11th Tour of Britain (2.HC)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140813213234/http://www.tourofbritain.co.uk/news/10128.php","external_links_name":"\"Tour of Britain Official Site\""},{"Link":"http://www.tourofbritain.co.uk/news/10128.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-of-britain-2014/stage-1/results","external_links_name":"\"Tour of Britain: Kittel wins stage 1 in Liverpool\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-of-britain-2014/stage-2/results","external_links_name":"\"Tour of Britain: Renshaw wins stage 2 in Llandudno\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-of-britain-2014/stage-3/results","external_links_name":"\"Tour of Britain: Zardini doesn't stumble on the Tumble\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-of-britain-2014/stage-4/results","external_links_name":"\"Kwiatkowski wins stage 4 in Tour of Britain\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-of-britain-2014/stage-5/results","external_links_name":"\"Tour of Britain: Brändle takes solo stage 5 victory\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-of-britain-2014/stage-6/results","external_links_name":"\"Brändle claims second successive win at Tour of Britain\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-of-britain-2014/stage-7/results","external_links_name":"\"Tour of Britain: Vermote wins stage 7\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-of-britain-2014/stage-8a/results","external_links_name":"\"Tour of Britain: Wiggins wins penultimate time trial\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-of-britain-2014/stage-8b/results","external_links_name":"\"Kittel wins final Tour of Britain stage\""},{"Link":"http://www.tourofbritain.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts	Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague	["1 Mission","2 History","3 Past Exhibition","4 Other exhibitions","5 Library","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 50°05′23″N 14°24′59″E / 50.08972°N 14.41639°E / 50.08972; 14.41639Art museum in Prague, Czech Republic This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Museum of Decorative Arts in PragueUměleckoprůmyslové muzeum v PrazeMain Building of Museum of Decorative ArtsInteractive fullscreen mapEstablished1885; 139 years ago (1885)Location17. listopadu, Prague 1, Czech Republic, 110 00Coordinates50°05′23″N 14°24′59″E / 50.08972°N 14.41639°E / 50.08972; 14.41639Websitehttps://www.upm.cz/?language=en Founded in 1885, the Prague Museum of Decorative Arts (Czech: Uměleckoprůmyslové muzeum v Praze or UPM) is housed in a Neo-Renaissance edifice built from 1897 to 1899 after the designs of architect Josef Schulz. It opened in 1900 with exhibitions on the first floor. The Museum's rich collections include decorative and applied arts and design work ranging from Late Antiquity to the present day with focus on European objects, particularly arts and crafts created in the Bohemian lands. The impressive interior of the permanent exhibition, “Stories of Materials,” offers visitors an excursion into the history and development of decorative arts in the disciplines of glass, ceramics, graphic art, design, metal, wood and other materials, as well as objects such as jewellery, clocks and watches, textiles, fashion, toys and furniture. Mission The museum in Prague collects and preserves for future generations examples of historical and contemporary crafts as well as applied arts and design—in both national and international contexts. The staff and directors believe in the harmony between function, quality and beauty; its claimed ambition is to inspire, educate and entertain in a unique way. History Entrance to exhibitions In 1885, the foundation of the Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague reflected the dramatic development of Czech society at the time. Following the establishment of a similar institution in Brno in 1873, the Prague museum soon became an important cultural and educational center in the Crown Lands of Bohemia, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The unfavorable impact of the Industrial Revolution on the aesthetic appearance and, consequently, the quality of products had for a long time been the subject of justified criticisms from artists, theorists and the public. The idea of establishing a permanent exhibition of decorative and applied arts in Prague was realised through an exhibition arranged by the Arkadia Association in 1861 at the Old Town Hall in Prague. Another source of inspiration was the founding of a similar institution—the South Kensington Museum (now Victoria and Albert Museum), which opened in London in 1852 and originally contained a collection of objects of applied and decorative arts. More important for the Czech public, however, was the Österreichisches Museum für Kunst und Industrie, which opened in Vienna in 1864. In 1868, in cooperation with the Vienna museum, the Prague Chamber of Trade and Commerce held an exhibition on Žofín Island of objects obtained from the Exposition Universelle d'Art et d'Industrie de 1867—International Exposition (1867)—supplemented by historical arts and crafts mostly from the collection of Vojtěch Lanna, who became the Museum's most important donor and sponsor. In a period when funds and suitable buildings were hard to find, the promise of the exhibition area in the Rudolfinum (the House of the Artists) also contributed greatly to the birth of the museum. Past Exhibition The Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague presented many notable exhibitions. They presented works of greatest Czech artists, such as Alphonse Mucha, Josef Sudek, Ladislav Sutnar, Libuše Niklová, Václav Špála or Martin Janecký. Other exhibitions In Prague The Josef Sudek Gallery, 24 Úvoz, Prague 1 A small gallery that holds photographic displays of works by the world-reputed photographer Josef Sudek and others. The House of the Black Madonna, 19 Ovocný trh, Prague 1 Apart from its fine arts collection, the National Gallery's Museum of Czech Cubism also contains Cubist furniture, glass and ceramics from UPM's holdings. In Chateaux and Elsewhere Kamenice nad Lipou Chateau, 1 Náměstí Čsl, Armády Story of Fibre Displays of wrought-iron objects, children's toys, the study collection of 19th- and 20th-century furniture from the museum's holdings. The “Museum of the Senses”—an installation of the Municipal Museum in Kamenice, and short-term exhibitions. Chateau Klášterec nad Ohří, Chomutovská 1, 431 51 Klášterec nad Ohří An exhibition of Bohemian porcelain, with examples of Chinese and Japanese wares and porcelain produced in Europe. Chateau Nové Hrady Chateau, 1 Nové Hrady (near Litomyšl) The exhibition examines the art of furniture-making throughout the ages: from the Baroque to the Art Nouveau. Library Library with study room The largest Czech library specializing in the arts and related fields is an integral part of the museum. It holds 172,000 volumes, including authoritative art encyclopedias, dictionaries of artists, comprehensive works on iconography, topography and heraldry. Apart from art books and other scholarly publications, the library contains numerous reference manuals and periodicals. It provides on-premises use of resources, database access and research in the Art and Architecture (ART) subject gateway. The exhibition halls of the museum and the library are fully accessible to wheelchair users. See also Josef Sudek Gallery The Chateau at Klášterec nad Ohří The Chateau at Kamenice nad Lipou Прага, Увоз, 160\24 Дом Луны и Солнца, Josef Sudek Gallery References ^ "Past Exhibitions". upm.cz. External links Official site of the Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Australia Academics CiNii Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"Neo-Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Josef Schulz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Schulz_(architect)"},{"link_name":"applied arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_art"},{"link_name":"Late Antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Antiquity"},{"link_name":"arts and crafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicraft"},{"link_name":"graphic art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_design"},{"link_name":"clocks and watches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock"}],"text":"Art museum in Prague, Czech RepublicFounded in 1885, the Prague Museum of Decorative Arts (Czech: Uměleckoprůmyslové muzeum v Praze or UPM) is housed in a Neo-Renaissance edifice built from 1897 to 1899 after the designs of architect Josef Schulz. It opened in 1900 with exhibitions on the first floor. The Museum's rich collections include decorative and applied arts and design work ranging from Late Antiquity to the present day with focus on European objects, particularly arts and crafts created in the Bohemian lands. The impressive interior of the permanent exhibition, “Stories of Materials,” offers visitors an excursion into the history and development of decorative arts in the disciplines of glass, ceramics, graphic art, design, metal, wood and other materials, as well as objects such as jewellery, clocks and watches, textiles, fashion, toys and furniture.","title":"Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"}],"text":"The museum in Prague collects and preserves for future generations examples of historical and contemporary crafts as well as applied arts and design—in both national and international contexts. The staff and directors believe in the harmony between function, quality and beauty; its claimed ambition is to inspire, educate and entertain in a unique way.","title":"Mission"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HLBUPM.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"the Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Old Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Town_(Prague)"},{"link_name":"Victoria and Albert Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce"},{"link_name":"Žofín Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDof%C3%ADn_Palace"},{"link_name":"International Exposition (1867)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Exposition_(1867)"},{"link_name":"Rudolfinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolfinum"}],"text":"Entrance to exhibitionsIn 1885, the foundation of the Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague reflected the dramatic development of Czech society at the time. Following the establishment of a similar institution in Brno in 1873, the Prague museum soon became an important cultural and educational center in the Crown Lands of Bohemia, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The unfavorable impact of the Industrial Revolution on the aesthetic appearance and, consequently, the quality of products had for a long time been the subject of justified criticisms from artists, theorists and the public. The idea of establishing a permanent exhibition of decorative and applied arts in Prague was realised through an exhibition arranged by the Arkadia Association in 1861 at the Old Town Hall in Prague. Another source of inspiration was the founding of a similar institution—the South Kensington Museum (now Victoria and Albert Museum), which opened in London in 1852 and originally contained a collection of objects of applied and decorative arts. More important for the Czech public, however, was the Österreichisches Museum für Kunst und Industrie, which opened in Vienna in 1864.In 1868, in cooperation with the Vienna museum, the Prague Chamber of Trade and Commerce held an exhibition on Žofín Island of objects obtained from the Exposition Universelle d'Art et d'Industrie de 1867—International Exposition (1867)—supplemented by historical arts and crafts mostly from the collection of Vojtěch Lanna, who became the Museum's most important donor and sponsor. In a period when funds and suitable buildings were hard to find, the promise of the exhibition area in the Rudolfinum (the House of the Artists) also contributed greatly to the birth of the museum.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alphonse Mucha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Mucha"},{"link_name":"Josef Sudek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Sudek"},{"link_name":"Ladislav Sutnar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislav_Sutnar"},{"link_name":"Libuše Niklová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libu%C5%A1e_Niklov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Václav Špála","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_%C5%A0p%C3%A1la"},{"link_name":"Martin Janecký","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Janeck%C3%BD"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague presented many notable exhibitions. They presented works of greatest Czech artists, such as Alphonse Mucha, Josef Sudek, Ladislav Sutnar, Libuše Niklová, Václav Špála or Martin Janecký.[1]","title":"Past Exhibition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prague 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_1"},{"link_name":"House of the Black Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_the_Black_Madonna"},{"link_name":"fine arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_art"},{"link_name":"Kamenice nad Lipou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamenice_nad_Lipou"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UPM2.jpg"},{"link_name":"wrought-iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_iron"},{"link_name":"Klášterec nad Ohří","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%A1%C5%A1terec_nad_Oh%C5%99%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Nové Hrady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%A9_Hrady_(%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Orlic%C3%AD_District)"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"}],"text":"In PragueThe Josef Sudek Gallery, 24 Úvoz, Prague 1A small gallery that holds photographic displays of works by the world-reputed photographer Josef Sudek and others.The House of the Black Madonna, 19 Ovocný trh, Prague 1Apart from its fine arts collection, the National Gallery's Museum of Czech Cubism also contains Cubist furniture, glass and ceramics from UPM's holdings.In Chateaux and ElsewhereKamenice nad Lipou Chateau, 1 Náměstí Čsl, ArmádyStory of FibreDisplays of wrought-iron objects, children's toys, the study collection of 19th- and 20th-century furniture from the museum's holdings. The “Museum of the Senses”—an installation of the Municipal Museum in Kamenice, and short-term exhibitions.Chateau Klášterec nad Ohří, Chomutovská 1, 431 51 Klášterec nad OhříAn exhibition of Bohemian porcelain, with examples of Chinese and Japanese wares and porcelain produced in Europe.Chateau Nové Hrady Chateau, 1 Nové Hrady (near Litomyšl)The exhibition examines the art of furniture-making throughout the ages: from the Baroque to the Art Nouveau.","title":"Other exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:STUDOVNAUPM.jpg"}],"text":"Library with study roomThe largest Czech library specializing in the arts and related fields is an integral part of the museum. It holds 172,000 volumes, including authoritative art encyclopedias, dictionaries of artists, comprehensive works on iconography, topography and heraldry. Apart from art books and other scholarly publications, the library contains numerous reference manuals and periodicals. It provides on-premises use of resources, database access and research in the Art and Architecture (ART) subject gateway.The exhibition halls of the museum and the library are fully accessible to wheelchair users.","title":"Library"}]	[{"image_text":"Entrance to exhibitions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/HLBUPM.jpg/220px-HLBUPM.jpg"},{"image_text":"Story of Fibre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/UPM2.jpg/220px-UPM2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Library with study room","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/STUDOVNAUPM.jpg/220px-STUDOVNAUPM.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Josef Sudek Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Sudek_Gallery"},{"title":"The Chateau at Klášterec nad Ohří","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chateau_at_Kl%C3%A1%C5%A1terec_nad_Oh%C5%99%C3%AD"},{"title":"The Chateau at Kamenice nad Lipou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chateau_at_Kamenice_nad_Lipou"},{"title":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sway.com/s/iaTU8puTQEtfbI7q/embed"}]	[{"reference":"\"Past Exhibitions\". upm.cz.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.upm.cz/en/what-s-on/archive","url_text":"\"Past Exhibitions\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Museum_of_Decorative_Arts_in_Prague&params=50_05_23_N_14_24_59_E_region:CZ_type:landmark_source:kolossus-cswiki","external_links_name":"50°05′23″N 14°24′59″E / 50.08972°N 14.41639°E / 50.08972; 14.41639"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Museum+of+Decorative+Arts+in+Prague%22","external_links_name":"\"Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Museum+of+Decorative+Arts+in+Prague%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Museum+of+Decorative+Arts+in+Prague%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Museum+of+Decorative+Arts+in+Prague%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Museum+of+Decorative+Arts+in+Prague%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Museum+of+Decorative+Arts+in+Prague%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Museum_of_Decorative_Arts_in_Prague&params=50_05_23_N_14_24_59_E_region:CZ_type:landmark_source:kolossus-cswiki","external_links_name":"50°05′23″N 14°24′59″E / 50.08972°N 14.41639°E / 50.08972; 14.41639"},{"Link":"https://www.upm.cz/?language=en","external_links_name":"https://www.upm.cz/?language=en"},{"Link":"https://sway.com/s/iaTU8puTQEtfbI7q/embed","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.upm.cz/en/what-s-on/archive","external_links_name":"\"Past Exhibitions\""},{"Link":"https://www.upm.cz/?language=en","external_links_name":"Official site of the Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000404287731","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/124533042","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/141323127","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12012906p","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12012906p","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/120425-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007299765505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50068448","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20010709113&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36543594","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06878674?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/028255801","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBLL_(FM)	KBLL (FM)	["1 Ownership","2 References","3 External links"]	Radio station in Helena, MontanaKBLLHelena, MontanaBroadcast areaHelena, MontanaFrequency99.5 MHzBranding99.5 The BullProgrammingFormatClassic countryOwnershipOwnerKevin Terry(The Montana Radio Company, LLC)Sister stationsKIMO, KCAP, KZMT, KMXM, KMTXHistoryFirst air dateAugust 1979 (1979-08)Former call signsKBLL-FM (1978–2017)Call sign meaningK B U LL (station branding)Technical informationFacility ID27517ClassC1ERP12,500 wattsHAAT589 meters (1,932 ft)Transmitter coordinates46°44′51″N 112°19′47.6″W / 46.74750°N 112.329889°W / 46.74750; -112.329889LinksWebcastListen LiveWebsite995thebull.com KBLL (99.5 MHz) is an FM radio station licensed to serve Helena, Montana. Owned by Kevin Terry, through licensee The Montana Radio Company, LLC, it broadcasts a classic country format branded as 99.5 The Bull. Ownership In April 2004, a deal was reached for KBLL-FM to be acquired by Cherry Creek Radio from Holter Broadcasting Corp. (Jann Holter-Lambert, president) as part of a 2 station deal with a total reported sale price of $2.8 million. On April 5, 2017, Montana Radio Company announced that it would acquire Cherry Creek Media's Helena stations. Following the completion of the purchase on July 28, 2017, KBLL-FM re-aligned its format to include more classic country material to differentiate it from new sister station KIMO. References ^ Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 1999 (PDF). 1999. p. D-268. Retrieved July 3, 2017. ^ "Changing Hands 4/19/2004". Broadcasting & Cable. 2004-04-19. ^ "Local business to acquire Colorado company's Helena radio stations". Helena Independent Record. Retrieved 7 April 2017. ^ "Cherry Creek And Montana Radio Company Swap To Shake-Up Montana Markets". Radio-Insight. Retrieved 7 April 2017. ^ "Butte/Great Falls/Helena Swap Completed With Multiple Format Changes". RadioInsight. 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2017-08-10. External links 99.5 The Bull Facebook KBLL in the FCC FM station database KBLL in Nielsen Audio's FM station database vteRadio stations in Helena, Montana (Lewis and Clark County)By AM frequency 680 950 By FM frequency 90.1 91.7 94.1 95.5 98.5 99.5 101.1 102.3 103.1 104.1 105.3 106.5 107.3 LPFM 97.3 105.9 Translators 93.1 96.3 94.9 104.5 Digital radioby frequency & subchannel 107.3-1 107.3-2 107.3-3 107.3-4 By call sign K226BI K242CX K235BW K283BP KBLL KCAP KHGC KHLV KIMO HD2 HD3 HD4 KJPZ KKGR KMBR KMTX KMXM KNEH-LP KOPR KUHM KVCM KWLG-LP KYPX KZMT Defunct KBLL (1240 AM) KCAP (1340 AM) Nearby regions Butte Great Falls Missoula See also List of radio stations in Montana vteCountry radio stations in the state of MontanaStations Jefferson County Radio KAAR – Butte KATQ – Plentywood KBLL – Helena KBOW – Butte KCGM – Scobey KCTB-LP – Lonepine KCTR-FM – Billings KDBM – Dillon KDBR – Kalispell KDXT – Lolo KDZN – Glendive KERR – Polson KEWF – Billings KFLN – Baker KGGL – Missoula KGHL – Billings KHNK – Columbia Falls KHTC - Malmstrom AFB KIKC – Forsyth KIKC-FM – Forsyth KIKF – Cascade KIMO – Townsend/Helena KLCB – Libby KLTZ – Glasgow KMON – Great Falls KMON-FM – Great Falls KOLK – Lakeside KPQX – Havre KQRK – Pablo/Kalispell KQRV – Deer Lodge KRKX – Billings KRPM – Billings KSCY – Four Corners KVCK – Wolf Point KVCK-FM – Wolf Point KWMY – Joliet KXLB – Churchill KXLO – Lewistown KYSS-FM – Missoula KZIN-FM – Shelby Defunct: KBCK – Deer Lodge KCTJ-LP – Finley Point See also adult contemporary classic hits college country news/talk NPR oldies religious rock sports top 40 urban other radio stations in Montana Authority control databases International VIAF National United States This article about a radio station in Montana is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_radio"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"Helena, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena,_Montana"},{"link_name":"classic country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_country"}],"text":"KBLL (99.5 MHz) is an FM radio station licensed to serve Helena, Montana. Owned by Kevin Terry, through licensee The Montana Radio Company, LLC, it broadcasts a classic country format branded as 99.5 The Bull.","title":"KBLL (FM)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bac1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hir-mrcsale-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ri-cherrycreeksale-4"},{"link_name":"classic country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_country"},{"link_name":"KIMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIMO"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In April 2004, a deal was reached for KBLL-FM to be acquired by Cherry Creek Radio from Holter Broadcasting Corp. (Jann Holter-Lambert, president) as part of a 2 station deal with a total reported sale price of $2.8 million.[2]On April 5, 2017, Montana Radio Company announced that it would acquire Cherry Creek Media's Helena stations.[3][4] Following the completion of the purchase on July 28, 2017, KBLL-FM re-aligned its format to include more classic country material to differentiate it from new sister station KIMO.[5]","title":"Ownership"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 1999 (PDF). 1999. p. D-268. Retrieved July 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1999/D-Radio-AL-NE-BC-YB-1999..pdf","url_text":"Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 1999"}]},{"reference":"\"Changing Hands 4/19/2004\". Broadcasting & Cable. 2004-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/CA411199.html","url_text":"\"Changing Hands 4/19/2004\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local business to acquire Colorado company's Helena radio stations\". Helena Independent Record. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimruz_Province	Nimruz Province	["1 History","1.1 21st century","1.1.1 2000s","1.1.2 2020s","2 Healthcare","3 Education","4 Transport and economy","5 Geography","6 Demography","6.1 Population by districts","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Coordinates: 31°00′N 62°30′E / 31.0°N 62.5°E / 31.0; 62.5Province of Afghanistan "Nimruz" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see Nimruz, Iran. Province in AfghanistanNimruz ولایت نیمروز‎د نیمروز ولایت‎نیمروچ ولایت‎ProvinceChakhansur in Nimruz ProvinceMap of Afghanistan with Nimruz highlightedCoordinates (Capital): 31°00′N 62°30′E / 31.0°N 62.5°E / 31.0; 62.5Country AfghanistanCapitalZaranjGovernment • GovernorNajibullah Rafi • Deputy GovernorGhulam Nabi "Osmani" • Police ChiefSardar Mohammad AyoubiArea • Total43,000 km2 (17,000 sq mi)Population (2021) • Total186,963 • Density4.3/km2 (11/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+4:30 (Afghanistan Time)Postal code43xxISO 3166 codeAF-NIMMain languages PashtoBalochiDari Nimruz or Nimroz (Balochi: نݔمرۏچ; Dari, Pashto: نیمروز) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the southwestern part of the country. It lies to the east of the Sistan and Baluchestan Province of Iran and north of Balochistan, Pakistan, also bordering the Afghan provinces of Farah and Helmand. It has a population of about 186,963 people. The province is divided into five districts, encompassing about 649 villages. The city of Zaranj serves as the provincial capital and Zaranj Airport, which is located in that city, serves as a domestic airport for the province. The recently-built Kamal Khan Dam is located in Chahar Burjak District. The name Nimruz means "mid-day" or "half-day" in Persian Language and Balochi. The name is believed to indicate that the meridian cutting the old world in half passes through this region. Nimruz covers 43,000 km2. It is the most sparsely populated province in the country, located in the Sistan Basin. A substantial part of the province is the barren desert area of Dashti Margo. In 2021, the Taliban gained control of the province during the 2021 Taliban offensive. History Nimruz Province Further information: History of Afghanistan The name Zaranj was derived from Persian word ‘Zranka’ and is considered to be one of the oldest cities in Nimruz Province Top Tourist Places to Visit in Zaranj, Nimruz, Afghanistan. The area now composing Nimruz province of Afghanistan was once part of the historical region of Sistan, which over the many centuries was held by the Achaemenid Empire, Alexander the Great and others before being conquered and converted to Islam by the Muslim Arabs in the seventh century. The region became part of the Saffarid dynasty in 860 CE with its capital at Zaranj, which was one of the first local dynasties of the Islamic era. Its founder Yaqub Saffari was born and raised in this region. The territory became part of the Ghaznavids followed by the Ghurids, Timurids, and Safavids. In the early 18th century, the region fell to the Afghan Hotaki dynasty until they were removed from power in 1738 by Nader Shah. By 1747, Ahmad Shah Durrani made it part of Afghanistan after he conquered the territory from northeastern Iran to Delhi in India. Under the modern Afghan government, the province was known as Chakhansur Province until 1968, when it was separated to form the provinces of Nimruz and Farah. The city of Zaranj became the capital of Nimroz province at that time. During the Soviet–Afghan War, Nimruz province was used by mujahideen crossing back and forth between Afghanistan and neighboring countries. It was also used by Afghan refugees escaping the war as well as by smugglers. As the Taliban came to power in 1995, they seized the road-controlling town of Delaram (now within Farah Province), and came to an agreement with local mujahideen commanders that the fate of the province would not be decided until a clear victor emerged in the capture of Kabul. However, the Taliban advanced on Nimruz only days later, and the mujahideen under command of Abdul Karim Brahui fled to Iran. 21st century 2000s Former Governor General Abdul Karim Barahui and Maj. Gen. John A. Toolan, commanding general of Regional Command Southwest, discussing local issues in 2011. Following the US-led invasion in October 2001, the Taliban began losing control of the province to the new Afghan government under President Hamid Karzai. The area is historically known for drugs and weapons smuggling between Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. Many foreign militants also use the province to go back and forth between the 3 nations. The Delaram–Zaranj Highway was built by the Indian government in 2009, which is one of the main trade routes in the country and is expected to boost the socio-economic development in the province. Since 2002, members of the U.S. Marine Corps were present in the province. When the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) arrived at Kandahar, Nimruz province became part of the Regional Command Southwest. The local Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) were being trained by these forces. ISAF was also involved in development activities. 2020s In 2021, American forces withdrew from Afghanistan. On August 6, 2021, the Taliban overran Nimruz, when the Afghan government forces in the city of Zaranj, the 215th Corps, fled. There had been a lack of reinforcements from the government. The fleeing allowed the Taliban to take the city, including the government forces' "military bases and intelligence offices". The government forces then crossed over into Iran. The Taliban let the city's prisoners go free, but the most "notorious inmates" were already transferred to Kabul. The Taliban had been using prison breaks to degrade the security forces' morale and grow their own ranks. The takeover meant that Ashraf Ghani's government could no longer get revenue from the region's border crossings with Iran. Healthcare Further information: Health in Afghanistan The percentage of households with clean drinking water fell from 38% in 2005 to 24% in 2011. The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 7% in 2005 to 28% in 2011. Education Further information: Education in Afghanistan The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) increased from 22% in 2005 to 23% in 2011. The overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 33% in 2005 to 49% in 2011. Transport and economy Further information: Transport in Afghanistan Delaram-Zaranj Highway at the Afghan-Iranian border crossing in Zaranj. As of June 2014 Zaranj Airport which is located near the city of Zaranj had regularly scheduled flights to Herat. The Delaram–Zaranj Highway has been constructed by India via Chaknasur, which is expected to boost the socio economic development in the region. Trade, farming, and herding is the main source of income for the majority. This includes agriculture and animal husbandry. Animals include sheep, goat, cattle, and poultry. The province produces the following: Wheat, corn, melons, poppies; almost all irrigated. Nimruz has always been isolated the past. This led to one author in 2010 calling it Afghanistan's "forgotten province." Historically, the territory served as a major smuggling hub due to its border with Iran and Pakistan. The province became popular after the trade route between Iran and Afghanistan became operational, which provides another large income to the Afghan government. Geography The Sistan Basin dominates the province. Many parts of the south are covered by the Godzareh depression which includes marshes and dry lakes. Demography Further information: Demography of Afghanistan Districts of Nimruz The NSIA puts the population of Nimruz Province at approximately 186,963 people. This estimate includes the many Kuchi nomads who inhabit the province seasonally and the native settled people. It is the only province of Afghanistan where the Baloch ethnic group forms a majority. The Balochs are followed by Pashtun, Brahui, Tajik, Uzbek, and Hazara. The Pashtun tribes are mostly Barakzai and Nurzai. Almost all inhabitants except Hazaras follow Sunni Islam. Languages spoken in the province are Pashto, Dari and Balochi. Population by districts Districts of Nimruz Province District Capital Population Areain km2 Pop.density Number of villages and ethnic groups Chahar Burjak 29,893 20,730 1 65 villages. 88% Baloch, 10% Brahawi, 1% Pashtun, and 1% Tajik. Chakhansur Chakhansur 26,837 8,856 3 160 villages. Mixed Pashtun, Tajik and Baloch . Kang 25,376 898 28 119 villages. 60% Pashtun, 25% Baloch, 15% Tajik. Khash Rod Khash 36,138 8,066 4 63 villages. 55% Pashtun, 20% Baluch, 15% Brahawi, 10% Tajik. Includes the Delaram District. Zaranj Zaranj 65,310 1,716 38 242 villages. 44% Baloch, 34% Pashtun, and 22% Tajik. Nimruz 183,554 42,410 4 42.2% Balochi, 36.3% Pashtuns, 16.9% Tajiks, 4.6% Brahwi. ^ Note: "Predominantely" or "dominated" is interpreted as 99%, "majority" as 70%, "mixed" as 1/(number of ethnicities), "minority" as 30% and "few" or "some" as 1%. See also Provinces of Afghanistan References ^ "د نږدې شلو ولایاتو لپاره نوي والیان او امنیې قوماندانان وټاکل شول". 7 November 2021. ^ "موخه مو ټولنې ته خدمت او د ظلم او فساد سره مبارزه ده". dailies.gov.af (in Pashto). September 2021. Archived from the original on 2022-10-30. Retrieved 19 Jun 2023. ^ "Al-Qaeda and Taliban collaborate in Nimroz in breach of peace agreement". Salaam Times. August 6, 2020. Retrieved 2021-02-04. ^ a b c d e "Name of the Province: Nimroz". Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: President. Retrieved 2021-02-04. ^ a b "Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22" (PDF). nsia.gov.af. National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA). April 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ "Soldiers or Police? A Report from Afghanistan – Community-Based Policing and Post-Conflict Police Reform". Archived from the original on 2020-09-24. Retrieved 2020-06-07. ^ Frank Clements. Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2003. ISBN 1-85109-402-4, ISBN 978-1-85109-402-8. Pg 181 ^ Robert D. Crews, Amin Tarzi. The Taliban and the crisis of Afghanistan. Harvard University Press, 2008. ISBN 0-674-02690-X, 9780674026902. Pg 185-187 ^ a b c d "Taliban fighters overrun an Afghan provincial capital for the first time since withdrawal of foreign forces". The Washington Post. August 6, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2024. ^ "Major blow to Afghan gov't as Taliban captures provincial capital". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-05-13. ^ "Major blow to Afghan gov't as Taliban captures provincial capital". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-05-13. ^ a b c d Archive, Civil Military Fusion Centre, https://www.cimicweb.org/AfghanistanProvincialMap/Pages/Nimroz.aspx ^ a b "Nimroz" (PDF). Program for Culture & Conflict Studies. Naval Postgraduate School. Retrieved 2012-12-28. ^ a b "Afghanistan's Forgotten Province". The Diplomat. December 1, 2010. Retrieved 2021-02-04. ^ "Gowd-e Zereh : Afghanistan 1:100,000 / Prepared and published by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency". ^ "Settled Population of Nimroz province by Civil Division, Urban, Rural and Sex-2012-13" (PDF). Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: Central Statistics Organization. Retrieved 2012-10-31. ^ "Nimrooz Province". Government of Afghanistan and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development. Retrieved 2012-10-31. ^ "Charborjak District" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 28, 2013. ^ "Chakhansor District" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 22, 2015. ^ "Kang District" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 7, 2014. ^ "mrrd-nabdp.org" (PDF). www.mrrd-nabdp.org. ^ "mrrd-nabdp.org" (PDF). www.mrrd-nabdp.org. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nimroz Province. Nimroz Province by Naval Postgraduate School Places adjacent to Nimruz Province Farah Province Nimruz Province Helmand Province Sistan and Baluchistan Province, Iran Balochistan, Pakistan vteProvinces of Afghanistan Badakhshan Badghis Baghlan Balkh Bamyan Daykundi Farah Faryab Ghazni Ghor Helmand Herat Jowzjan Kabul Kandahar Kapisa Khost Kunar Kunduz Laghman Logar Maidan Wardak Nangarhar Nimruz Nuristan Paktia Paktika Panjshir Parwan Samangan Sar-e Pol Takhar Uruzgan Zabul Afghanistan portal vteNimruz ProvinceCapital: ZaranjDistricts Chahar Burjak District Chakhansur Delaram Kang Khash Rod Zaranj Populated places Chakhansur Delaram Istoway Khash Landforms Dasht-e Khash Dasht-e Margo Hamun Lake Other Governors Capture of Zaranj Makaki Route 515 Route 522 Route 606 Zaranj Airport vteBaloch nationalismRegions Balochistan Balochistan, Pakistan Sistan and Baluchestan Province (Iran) Balochistan, Afghanistan Parties and groups National Awami Party National Party Balochistan National Party Balochistan National Party (Awami) Balochistan National Party (Mengal) Baloch National Movement Jamhoori Wattan Party Baloch Republican Party Baloch National Front Kalat State National Party Baloch Council of North America Student groups Baloch Students Organization Baloch Students Organization – Awami National Student Federation Militant groups Balochistan Liberation Army Baloch Nationalist Army Baloch Republican Army United Baloch Army Baluch Liberation Front Parrari Jaish ul-Adl Jundallah Baluch People's Liberation Front Balochistan Liberation United Front Popular Front for Armed Resistance Baluchi Autonomist Movement Partisans of National Liberation of Afghanistan Lashkar-e-Balochistan Key figures Gul Khan Nasir Abdul Hai Baloch Habib Jalib Baloch Hameed Baloch Ghulam Mohammed Baloch Mir Nooruddin Mengal Allah Nazar Baloch Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo Hasil Bizenjo Akbar Bugti Brahamdagh Khan Bugti Prince Karim Khan Mir Lawang Khan Nawab Nowroz Khan Abdul Aziz Kurd Yousaf Aziz Magsi Balach Marri Khair Bakhsh Marri Jumma Khan Marri Sher Mohammad Marri Akhtar Mengal Ataullah Mengal Abdolmalek Rigi Dad Shah Mir Hazar Khan Khoso Abdul Malik Baloch Hyrbyair Marri History Khanate of Kalat Insurgency in Balochistan Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency 1970s operation Arms discovery in Iraqi Embassy Turbat killings Missing persons Human rights abuses Terrorist incidents Quaid-e-Azam Residency attack Gwadar labors shooting Kech District attack Panjgur and Naushki raids University of Karachi bombing Nationalmyths/epics Mir Chakar Rind Hani and Sheh Mureed Anthem Ma Chuke Balochani Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nimruz, Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimruz,_Iran"},{"link_name":"Balochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochi_language"},{"link_name":"Dari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari"},{"link_name":"Pashto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_language"},{"link_name":"provinces of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Sistan and Baluchestan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Balochistan, Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Farah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farah_Province"},{"link_name":"Helmand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmand_Province"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsia-5"},{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Zaranj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaranj"},{"link_name":"Zaranj Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaranj_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kamal Khan Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal_Khan_Dam"},{"link_name":"Chahar Burjak District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chahar_Burjak_District"},{"link_name":"Persian Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Language"},{"link_name":"Balochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochi_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-president-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sistan Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_Basin"},{"link_name":"Dashti Margo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashti_Margo"},{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban"},{"link_name":"2021 Taliban offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive"}],"text":"Province of Afghanistan\"Nimruz\" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see Nimruz, Iran.Province in AfghanistanNimruz or Nimroz (Balochi: نݔمرۏچ; Dari, Pashto: نیمروز) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the southwestern part of the country. It lies to the east of the Sistan and Baluchestan Province of Iran and north of Balochistan, Pakistan, also bordering the Afghan provinces of Farah and Helmand. It has a population of about 186,963 people.[5] The province is divided into five districts, encompassing about 649 villages.The city of Zaranj serves as the provincial capital and Zaranj Airport, which is located in that city, serves as a domestic airport for the province. The recently-built Kamal Khan Dam is located in Chahar Burjak District.The name Nimruz means \"mid-day\" or \"half-day\" in Persian Language and Balochi. The name is believed to indicate that the meridian cutting the old world in half passes through this region. Nimruz covers 43,000 km2.[4] It is the most sparsely populated province in the country,[6] located in the Sistan Basin. A substantial part of the province is the barren desert area of Dashti Margo.In 2021, the Taliban gained control of the province during the 2021 Taliban offensive.","title":"Nimruz Province"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Top Tourist Places to Visit in Zaranj, Nimruz, Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mustvisitplace.com/top-tourist-places-to-visit-in-zaranj-nimruz-afghanistan/"},{"link_name":"Sistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan"},{"link_name":"Achaemenid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Saffarid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Yaqub Saffari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%27qub-i_Laith_Saffari"},{"link_name":"Ghaznavids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavids"},{"link_name":"Ghurids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Timurids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurids"},{"link_name":"Safavids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Afghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun_people"},{"link_name":"Hotaki dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotaki_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Nader Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_Shah"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Shah Durrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Chakhansur Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farah-Chakansur_Province"},{"link_name":"Farah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farah_Province"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Soviet–Afghan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"mujahideen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujahideen"},{"link_name":"Afghan refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_refugees"},{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"Delaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaram"},{"link_name":"Farah Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farah_Province"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"Abdul Karim Brahui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Karim_Brahui"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Further information: History of AfghanistanThe name Zaranj was derived from Persian word ‘Zranka’ and is considered to be one of the oldest cities in Nimruz Province Top Tourist Places to Visit in Zaranj, Nimruz, Afghanistan. The area now composing Nimruz province of Afghanistan was once part of the historical region of Sistan, which over the many centuries was held by the Achaemenid Empire, Alexander the Great and others before being conquered and converted to Islam by the Muslim Arabs in the seventh century. The region became part of the Saffarid dynasty in 860 CE with its capital at Zaranj, which was one of the first local dynasties of the Islamic era. Its founder Yaqub Saffari was born and raised in this region. The territory became part of the Ghaznavids followed by the Ghurids, Timurids, and Safavids.In the early 18th century, the region fell to the Afghan Hotaki dynasty until they were removed from power in 1738 by Nader Shah. By 1747, Ahmad Shah Durrani made it part of Afghanistan after he conquered the territory from northeastern Iran to Delhi in India. Under the modern Afghan government, the province was known as Chakhansur Province until 1968, when it was separated to form the provinces of Nimruz and Farah.[7] The city of Zaranj became the capital of Nimroz province at that time. During the Soviet–Afghan War, Nimruz province was used by mujahideen crossing back and forth between Afghanistan and neighboring countries. It was also used by Afghan refugees escaping the war as well as by smugglers.As the Taliban came to power in 1995, they seized the road-controlling town of Delaram (now within Farah Province), and came to an agreement with local mujahideen commanders that the fate of the province would not be decided until a clear victor emerged in the capture of Kabul. However, the Taliban advanced on Nimruz only days later, and the mujahideen under command of Abdul Karim Brahui fled to Iran.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"21st century","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abdul_Karim_Brahawi_and_John_A._Toolan.jpg"},{"link_name":"General Abdul Karim Barahui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Karim_Barahawi"},{"link_name":"Gen. John A. Toolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Toolan"},{"link_name":"Regional Command Southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Command_Southwest"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Hamid Karzai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Karzai"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Delaram–Zaranj Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaram%E2%80%93Zaranj_Highway"},{"link_name":"U.S. Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"International Security Assistance Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force"},{"link_name":"Kandahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar"},{"link_name":"Regional Command Southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Command_Southwest"},{"link_name":"Afghan National Security Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_National_Security_Forces"},{"link_name":"trained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Training_Mission-Afghanistan"}],"sub_title":"21st century - 2000s","text":"Former Governor General Abdul Karim Barahui and Maj. Gen. John A. Toolan, commanding general of Regional Command Southwest, discussing local issues in 2011.Following the US-led invasion in October 2001, the Taliban began losing control of the province to the new Afghan government under President Hamid Karzai.[8] The area is historically known for drugs and weapons smuggling between Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. Many foreign militants also use the province to go back and forth between the 3 nations. The Delaram–Zaranj Highway was built by the Indian government in 2009, which is one of the main trade routes in the country and is expected to boost the socio-economic development in the province.Since 2002, members of the U.S. Marine Corps were present in the province. When the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) arrived at Kandahar, Nimruz province became part of the Regional Command Southwest. The local Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) were being trained by these forces. ISAF was also involved in development activities.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"215th Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/215th_Corps_(Afghanistan)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ashraf Ghani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Ghani"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"}],"sub_title":"21st century - 2020s","text":"In 2021, American forces withdrew from Afghanistan. On August 6, 2021, the Taliban overran Nimruz, when the Afghan government forces in the city of Zaranj, the 215th Corps, fled.[9] There had been a lack of reinforcements from the government.[10] The fleeing allowed the Taliban to take the city, including the government forces' \"military bases and intelligence offices\". The government forces then crossed over into Iran.[9] The Taliban let the city's prisoners go free, but the most \"notorious inmates\" were already transferred to Kabul.[9][11] The Taliban had been using prison breaks to degrade the security forces' morale and grow their own ranks. The takeover meant that Ashraf Ghani's government could no longer get revenue from the region's border crossings with Iran.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Health in Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cimicweb.org-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cimicweb.org-12"}],"text":"Further information: Health in AfghanistanThe percentage of households with clean drinking water fell from 38% in 2005 to 24% in 2011.[12]\nThe percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 7% in 2005 to 28% in 2011.[12]","title":"Healthcare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Education in Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cimicweb.org-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cimicweb.org-12"}],"text":"Further information: Education in AfghanistanThe overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) increased from 22% in 2005 to 23% in 2011.[12] \nThe overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 33% in 2005 to 49% in 2011.[12]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transport in Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Afghanistan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afghanistan-Iran_border_in_Zaranj,_Afghanistan,_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Delaram-Zaranj Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaram-Zaranj_Highway"},{"link_name":"Zaranj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaranj"},{"link_name":"Zaranj Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaranj_Airport"},{"link_name":"Herat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Delaram–Zaranj Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaram%E2%80%93Zaranj_Highway"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps-13"},{"link_name":"smuggling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smuggling"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thediplomat.com-14"}],"text":"Further information: Transport in AfghanistanDelaram-Zaranj Highway at the Afghan-Iranian border crossing in Zaranj.As of June 2014 Zaranj Airport which is located near the city of Zaranj had regularly scheduled flights to Herat.The Delaram–Zaranj Highway has been constructed by India via Chaknasur, which is expected to boost the socio economic development in the region.[citation needed]Trade, farming, and herding is the main source of income for the majority. This includes agriculture and animal husbandry. Animals include sheep, goat, cattle, and poultry. The province produces the following: Wheat, corn, melons, poppies; almost all irrigated.[13]Nimruz has always been isolated the past. This led to one author in 2010 calling it Afghanistan's \"forgotten province.\" Historically, the territory served as a major smuggling hub due to its border with Iran and Pakistan. The province became popular after the trade route between Iran and Afghanistan became operational, which provides another large income to the Afghan government.[14]","title":"Transport and economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sistan Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_Basin"},{"link_name":"Godzareh depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzareh_depression"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The Sistan Basin dominates the province. Many parts of the south are covered by the Godzareh depression which includes marshes and dry lakes.[15]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Demography of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography_of_Afghanistan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nimruz_districts.png"},{"link_name":"Kuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuchi_people"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cso-16"},{"link_name":"Baloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloch_people"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thediplomat.com-14"},{"link_name":"Pashtun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun_people"},{"link_name":"Brahui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahui_people"},{"link_name":"Tajik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_people"},{"link_name":"Uzbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeks"},{"link_name":"Hazara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazara_people"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-president-4"},{"link_name":"Barakzai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barakzai"},{"link_name":"Nurzai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurzai"},{"link_name":"Sunni Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps-13"},{"link_name":"Pashto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto"},{"link_name":"Dari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari_language"},{"link_name":"Balochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochi_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-president-4"}],"text":"Further information: Demography of AfghanistanDistricts of NimruzThe NSIA puts the population of Nimruz Province at approximately 186,963 people. This estimate includes the many Kuchi nomads who inhabit the province seasonally and the native settled people.[16] It is the only province of Afghanistan where the Baloch ethnic group forms a majority.[14] The Balochs are followed by Pashtun, Brahui, Tajik, Uzbek, and Hazara.[4] The Pashtun tribes are mostly Barakzai and Nurzai. Almost all inhabitants except Hazaras follow Sunni Islam.[13] Languages spoken in the province are Pashto, Dari and Balochi.[4]","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"}],"sub_title":"Population by districts","text":"^ Note: \"Predominantely\" or \"dominated\" is interpreted as 99%, \"majority\" as 70%, \"mixed\" as 1/(number of ethnicities), \"minority\" as 30% and \"few\" or \"some\" as 1%.","title":"Demography"}]	[{"image_text":"Former Governor General Abdul Karim Barahui and Maj. Gen. John A. Toolan, commanding general of Regional Command Southwest, discussing local issues in 2011.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Abdul_Karim_Brahawi_and_John_A._Toolan.jpg/220px-Abdul_Karim_Brahawi_and_John_A._Toolan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Delaram-Zaranj Highway at the Afghan-Iranian border crossing in Zaranj.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Afghanistan-Iran_border_in_Zaranj%2C_Afghanistan%2C_2011.jpg/220px-Afghanistan-Iran_border_in_Zaranj%2C_Afghanistan%2C_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Districts of Nimruz","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nimruz_districts.png/220px-Nimruz_districts.png"}]	[{"title":"Provinces of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Afghanistan"}]	[{"reference":"\"د نږدې شلو ولایاتو لپاره نوي والیان او امنیې قوماندانان وټاکل شول\". 7 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://azamnews.com/?p=108148","url_text":"\"د نږدې شلو ولایاتو لپاره نوي والیان او امنیې قوماندانان وټاکل شول\""}]},{"reference":"\"موخه مو ټولنې ته خدمت او د ظلم او فساد سره مبارزه ده\". dailies.gov.af (in Pashto). September 2021. Archived from the original on 2022-10-30. Retrieved 19 Jun 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221030202706/https://dailies.gov.af/anis/%d9%85%d9%88%d8%ae%d9%87-%d9%85%d9%88-%d9%bc%d9%88%d9%84%d9%86%db%90-%d8%aa%d9%87-%d8%ae%d8%af%d9%85%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%88-%d8%af-%d8%b8%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%88-%d9%81%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%b3%d8%b1/","url_text":"\"موخه مو ټولنې ته خدمت او د ظلم او فساد سره مبارزه ده\""},{"url":"https://dailies.gov.af/anis/%d9%85%d9%88%d8%ae%d9%87-%d9%85%d9%88-%d9%bc%d9%88%d9%84%d9%86%db%90-%d8%aa%d9%87-%d8%ae%d8%af%d9%85%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%88-%d8%af-%d8%b8%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%88-%d9%81%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%b3%d8%b1/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Al-Qaeda and Taliban collaborate in Nimroz in breach of peace agreement\". Salaam Times. August 6, 2020. Retrieved 2021-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://afghanistan.asia-news.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_st/features/2020/08/06/feature-01","url_text":"\"Al-Qaeda and Taliban collaborate in Nimroz in breach of peace agreement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Name of the Province: Nimroz\". Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: President. Retrieved 2021-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://president.gov.af/en/nimroz/","url_text":"\"Name of the Province: Nimroz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22\" (PDF). nsia.gov.af. National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA). April 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Estimated-Population-of-Afghanistan1-1400.pdf","url_text":"\"Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22\""}]},{"reference":"\"Soldiers or Police? A Report from Afghanistan – Community-Based Policing and Post-Conflict Police Reform\". Archived from the original on 2020-09-24. Retrieved 2020-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200924083533/https://communitypolicing.eu/2016/03/30/soldiers-or-police/","url_text":"\"Soldiers or Police? A Report from Afghanistan – Community-Based Policing and Post-Conflict Police Reform\""},{"url":"https://communitypolicing.eu/2016/03/30/soldiers-or-police/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Taliban fighters overrun an Afghan provincial capital for the first time since withdrawal of foreign forces\". The Washington Post. August 6, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/08/06/afghanistan-taliban-nimruz/","url_text":"\"Taliban fighters overrun an Afghan provincial capital for the first time since withdrawal of foreign forces\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major blow to Afghan gov't as Taliban captures provincial capital\". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/6/taliban-capture-afghan-provincial-capital-zaranj-nimruz","url_text":"\"Major blow to Afghan gov't as Taliban captures provincial capital\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major blow to Afghan gov't as Taliban captures provincial capital\". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/6/taliban-capture-afghan-provincial-capital-zaranj-nimruz","url_text":"\"Major blow to Afghan gov't as Taliban captures provincial capital\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nimroz\" (PDF). Program for Culture & Conflict Studies. Naval Postgraduate School. Retrieved 2012-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.edu/Programs/CCS/Docs/Executive%20Summaries/Nimroz%20Executive%20Summary1.pdf","url_text":"\"Nimroz\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School","url_text":"Naval Postgraduate School"}]},{"reference":"\"Afghanistan's Forgotten Province\". The Diplomat. December 1, 2010. Retrieved 2021-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://thediplomat.com/2010/12/afghanistans-forgotten-province/","url_text":"\"Afghanistan's Forgotten Province\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Diplomat","url_text":"The Diplomat"}]},{"reference":"\"Gowd-e Zereh [cartographic material] : Afghanistan 1:100,000 / Prepared and published by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/LIB100035066","url_text":"\"Gowd-e Zereh [cartographic material] : Afghanistan 1:100,000 / Prepared and published by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency\""}]},{"reference":"\"Settled Population of Nimroz province by Civil Division, Urban, Rural and Sex-2012-13\" (PDF). Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: Central Statistics Organization. Retrieved 2012-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Nimroz(1).pdf","url_text":"\"Settled Population of Nimroz province by Civil Division, Urban, Rural and Sex-2012-13\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nimrooz Province\". Government of Afghanistan and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development. Retrieved 2012-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=141&Itemid=130","url_text":"\"Nimrooz Province\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Rural_Rehabilitation_and_Development","url_text":"Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development"}]},{"reference":"\"Charborjak District\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130728162403/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/141/Nimroz_Charborjak_Summary_Finalized.pdf","url_text":"\"Charborjak District\""},{"url":"http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/141/Nimroz_Charborjak_Summary_Finalized.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chakhansor District\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222234639/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/141/Nimroz_Chakhansor_Summary_Finalized.pdf","url_text":"\"Chakhansor District\""},{"url":"http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/141/Nimroz_Chakhansor_Summary_Finalized.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kang District\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407091057/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/141/Nimroz_Kang_Summary_Finalized.pdf","url_text":"\"Kang District\""},{"url":"http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/141/Nimroz_Kang_Summary_Finalized.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"mrrd-nabdp.org\" (PDF). www.mrrd-nabdp.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/141/Nimroz_Khashrod_Summary_Finalized.pdf","url_text":"\"mrrd-nabdp.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"mrrd-nabdp.org\" (PDF). www.mrrd-nabdp.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/141/Nimroz_Zaranj_Summary_Finalized.pdf","url_text":"\"mrrd-nabdp.org\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nimruz_Province&params=31_N_62.5_E_region:AF_type:adm1st","external_links_name":"31°00′N 62°30′E / 31.0°N 62.5°E / 31.0; 62.5"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nimruz_Province&params=31_N_62.5_E_region:AF_type:adm1st","external_links_name":"31°00′N 62°30′E / 31.0°N 62.5°E / 31.0; 62.5"},{"Link":"https://www.mustvisitplace.com/top-tourist-places-to-visit-in-zaranj-nimruz-afghanistan/","external_links_name":"Top Tourist Places to Visit in Zaranj, Nimruz, Afghanistan"},{"Link":"http://azamnews.com/?p=108148","external_links_name":"\"د نږدې شلو ولایاتو لپاره نوي والیان او امنیې قوماندانان وټاکل شول\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221030202706/https://dailies.gov.af/anis/%d9%85%d9%88%d8%ae%d9%87-%d9%85%d9%88-%d9%bc%d9%88%d9%84%d9%86%db%90-%d8%aa%d9%87-%d8%ae%d8%af%d9%85%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%88-%d8%af-%d8%b8%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%88-%d9%81%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%b3%d8%b1/","external_links_name":"\"موخه مو ټولنې ته خدمت او د ظلم او فساد سره مبارزه ده\""},{"Link":"https://dailies.gov.af/anis/%d9%85%d9%88%d8%ae%d9%87-%d9%85%d9%88-%d9%bc%d9%88%d9%84%d9%86%db%90-%d8%aa%d9%87-%d8%ae%d8%af%d9%85%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%88-%d8%af-%d8%b8%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%88-%d9%81%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%b3%d8%b1/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://afghanistan.asia-news.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_st/features/2020/08/06/feature-01","external_links_name":"\"Al-Qaeda and Taliban collaborate in Nimroz in breach of peace agreement\""},{"Link":"https://president.gov.af/en/nimroz/","external_links_name":"\"Name of the Province: Nimroz\""},{"Link":"https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Estimated-Population-of-Afghanistan1-1400.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200924083533/https://communitypolicing.eu/2016/03/30/soldiers-or-police/","external_links_name":"\"Soldiers or Police? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_10/40_PS	Opel 10/40 PS	["1 Sources and further reading"]	Motor vehicle Opel 10 / 40 PSOverviewManufacturerOpelAlso calledOpel 10 / 50 PSOpel 10 / 45 PSProduction1925 - 1929AssemblyRüsselsheimBody and chassisClassLuxury carBody styleOpen topped 4 door 4/5 seat “Tourenwagen”2-door 4/5 seat “Stadt-Coupé” (City coupé) 4-door 4/5 seat “Limousine” (saloon/sedan)Long wheel base open topped 4 door 6/7 seat “Tourenwagen” Long wheelbase 4-door 6/7 seat “Limousine” (saloon/sedan)also offered in “bare chassis” form, and used by coachbuilders for various specialist bodiesLayoutFR layoutPowertrainEngine2620 cc side-valve 4-cylinderTransmission3-speed manualDimensionsWheelbase3,000 mm (120 in) or 3,250 mm (128 in)Length4,150 mm (163 in) or 4,480 mm (176 in)Width1,770 mm (70 in)Height1,920 mm (76 in) The Opel 10/40 PS is a luxury car manufactured by Opel. The car was introduced in May 1925 as the Opel 10/50 PS, but by the time production got under way in July 1925 it had become the Opel 10/45 PS, and it very soon thereafter became the Opel 10/40 PS, a name which it retained throughout the rest of a production run which lasted till November 1929. The name followed the widely used German naming convention of the time whereby the first digit – here “10” represented the engine’s tax horsepower (Steuer-PS) (effectively, in the case of German cars of the period, a linear function of the engine capacity) and the second digit represented the manufacturer’s estimate of the actual horsepower. The design of the car consciously followed the example of Opel 4/14 PS, being a paragon of engineering simplicity designed for ease of manufacture. The engine was a 2620 cc four cylinder unit for which (after a few months of heightened optimism) the manufacturer quoted a maximum output of 40 PS (29 kW; 39 hp) at 2,800 rpm. This converted into a listed top speed of 85 km/h (53 mph) on the standard length car, and 80 km/h (50 mph) on the heavier long wheel base version. Most cars came with a 3,000 mm (120 in) wheel base, intended for 4/5 seater bodywork. A longer 3,250 mm (128 in) wheelbase was also offered for 6/7 seater bodywork. At launch in 1925 the car was priced by Opel in bare chassis form at 7,000 Marks for the standard wheelbase length and 7,600 Marks for the long wheelbase. By 1928 these prices had almost halved to 3,750 Marks and 4,000 Marks respectively. For customers happy to choose one of the standard bodies from Opel, the entry level car was the 4/5 seater 4 door “Tourenwagen”, a topless Torpedo style model priced in 1925 at 8,500 Marks which by 1928 had gone down to 4,800 Marks. There was also a 4/5 seater “Limousine” (sedan/saloon) and there were long wheelbase versions of each, incorporating space for a third row of seats. The two door 4/5 seater “Stadt-Coupé” (City coupé) was the most expensive standard wheel base car at 10,500 Marks in 1925 and 5,400 Marks by 1928. The production of the Opel 10/40 PS took place directly after a period of hyperinflation, and it is difficult to find clear data on consumer price inflation/deflation in the German economy as government wrestled with currency stabilisation during this period, but it is likely that for most people a significant portion of the price reductions on the Opel 10/40 PS were real money reductions. The Opel 10/40 PS was notably less expensive than cars of this size from other German auto-makers, because Opel was the first and at this time the only manufacturer in Germany manufacturing cars using a Ford inspired production line system. The approach was cheap especially where, as in the case of the 10/40 PS, the car was developed to be simple and cheap to produce. Opel were content to leave technical innovation to other manufacturers. In 1920 the government had imposed prohibitive tariffs against importing foreign automobiles, but the de facto prohibition was repealed in October 1925, and during 1925 both Ford and Chevrolet invested heavily in establishing German sales operations. After this it became possible to find cheaper cars comparable in size and concept to the Opel 10/40 PS from Chevrolet or Ford, but in reality it took a few years for the American concerns to become established in Germany, and when they did decide to build themselves significant shares of the German auto-market, General Motors employed the strategy of buying Germany’s leading mass market auto-producer, which happened to be Opel. Meanwhile, at a time when few people could afford any sort of car, and those that could were in no position to pay premium prices, the 10/40 PS dominated its class in the mid-1920s, and is remembered as the most popular “middle class” German car of the period. The car changed very little during its 4½ year production run, but from somewhere in the middle of 1927 the radiator was mildly redesigned and at the end of the year the “Limousine” bodied cars received slightly less squared off roof edges. Opel produced and sold 13,161 of their big four cylinder “middle class car” between 1925 and 1929, and despite the low price, they were able to sell the car profitably while other German auto-makers were seen to obsess over technical progress often taking risks with the overall financial viability of their business as they did so. The Opel was a commercial success. Sources and further reading Oswald, Werner (2001). Deutsche Autos 1920-1945, Band (vol) 2 (in German). Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 3-613-02170-6. ^ Oswald, p 298 ^ Oswald, p 299 ^ Oswald, p 299 ^ Oswald, p 299 ^ Oswald, p 401 ^ Oswald, p298. “Es war damals der meistgefahrene deutsche Mittelklassewagen.” ^ Oswald, p298 ^ Oswald, p298. “Der 10/40 PS Opel konnte gewiss nicht als technische Glanzleistung gelten, doch im Gegensatz zu manchen bewunderungswuerdigen Konstruktionen jener Zeit brachte er Geld in die Kasse.” vteOpel car timeline, 1919–1950 next » Class 1919 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Small family car 4/12 PS 1,2 Liter/P4 4/14 PS 4/16 PS 4/20 PS 1,0 Liter 1,3 Liter Kadett Compact car Olympia Olympia Large family car 7/34 & 8/40 1.8 Liter 2.0 Liter Executive car 10/40 Super 6 Kapitän Kapitän Luxury car 12/50 14/50 Regent Admiral vteOpelA marque of StellantisVehiclesQuadricycles Rocks Electric Cars Astra Corsa Crossovers/SUVs Crossland Frontera (2024) Grandland Mokka Vans Combo Movano Vivaro/Zafira Life Discontinuedmodels Adam (2012–2019) Admiral (1937–1939, 1964–1977) Agila (2000–2014) Antara (2006–2015) Ampera (2011–2015) Ampera-e (2017–2019) Arena (1997–2001) Ascona (1970–1988) Astravan (1981–2012) Blazer (1995–2002) Bedford Blitz (1973–1986) Blitz (1930–1975) Calibra (1989–1997) Campo (1992–2001) Cascada (2013–2019) Chevette (1980–1982) Commodore (1967–1982) Corsavan (1983–2018) Diplomat (1964–1977) 5/12 PS "Puppchen" (1911–1920) 4/8 PS "Doktorwagen" (1909–1910) Frontera (1991–2004) GT (1968–1973, 2006–2009) Insignia (2008–2022) Kadett (1937–1940, 1962–1991) Kapitän (1939–1970) Karl (2014–2019) 4 PS “Laubfrosch” (1924–1931) Manta (1970–1988) Meriva (2003–2017) Monterey (1992–1999) Movano A/B (1998–2021) Monza (1978–1986) Olympia (1935–1940, 1947–1953, 1967–1970) Olympia Rekord (1953–1957) Omega (1986–2004) Patent Motor Car, System Lutzmann (1899–1902) P4 (1935–1937) RAK (1928) RAK2 (1928) Regent (1928–1929) Rekord (1953–1986) Senator (1978–1993) Signum (2003–2008) Sintra (1996–1999) Speedster (2000–2005) Super 6 (1937–1938) Tigra (1994–2001, 2004–2009) 10/30 (10/35) PS (1922–1924) Vectra (1988–2008) Vivaro (2001–2018) Zafira/Zafira Tourer (1999–2019) Concept cars Flextreme Flextreme GT/E Frogster GTC Concept HydroGen3 HydroGen4 Insignia Concept Maxx Meriva Concept Monza Concept Omega V8 Omega V8.com Signum2 Concept Junior RAK e Slalom Tech 1 Trixx Twin Manta GSe ElektroMOD Divisions and subsidiaries Vauxhall VXR Opel Performance Center People Adam Opel (founder) Fritz von Opel Rikky von Opel Wilhelm von Opel Facilities Aspern Brandenburg Ellesmere Port Eisenach Gliwice Luton Szentgotthárd Tychy Zaragoza Other Vauxhall Motors GM platforms GM engines PSA engines GM transmissions Intellilink Irmscher RAK1 Steinmetz Opel Tuning Opel Rally Team Category Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"luxury car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxury_car"},{"link_name":"Opel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel"},{"link_name":"tax horsepower (Steuer-PS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_horsepower#Germany"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Opel 4/14 PS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Laubfrosch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsmark"},{"link_name":"Torpedo style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_(car)"},{"link_name":"Marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsmark"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford"},{"link_name":"production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_production"},{"link_name":"line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_line"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Opel 10/40 PS is a luxury car manufactured by Opel.The car was introduced in May 1925 as the Opel 10/50 PS, but by the time production got under way in July 1925 it had become the Opel 10/45 PS, and it very soon thereafter became the Opel 10/40 PS, a name which it retained throughout the rest of a production run which lasted till November 1929. The name followed the widely used German naming convention of the time whereby the first digit – here “10” represented the engine’s tax horsepower (Steuer-PS) (effectively, in the case of German cars of the period, a linear function of the engine capacity) and the second digit represented the manufacturer’s estimate of the actual horsepower.[1] The design of the car consciously followed the example of Opel 4/14 PS, being a paragon of engineering simplicity designed for ease of manufacture.The engine was a 2620 cc four cylinder unit for which (after a few months of heightened optimism) the manufacturer quoted a maximum output of 40 PS (29 kW; 39 hp) at 2,800 rpm. This converted into a listed top speed of 85 km/h (53 mph) on the standard length car, and 80 km/h (50 mph) on the heavier long wheel base version.[2]Most cars came with a 3,000 mm (120 in) wheel base, intended for 4/5 seater bodywork. A longer 3,250 mm (128 in) wheelbase was also offered for 6/7 seater bodywork.[3]At launch in 1925 the car was priced by Opel in bare chassis form at 7,000 Marks for the standard wheelbase length and 7,600 Marks for the long wheelbase. By 1928 these prices had almost halved to 3,750 Marks and 4,000 Marks respectively. For customers happy to choose one of the standard bodies from Opel, the entry level car was the 4/5 seater 4 door “Tourenwagen”, a topless Torpedo style model priced in 1925 at 8,500 Marks which by 1928 had gone down to 4,800 Marks. There was also a 4/5 seater “Limousine” (sedan/saloon) and there were long wheelbase versions of each, incorporating space for a third row of seats. The two door 4/5 seater “Stadt-Coupé” (City coupé) was the most expensive standard wheel base car at 10,500 Marks in 1925 and 5,400 Marks by 1928.[4]The production of the Opel 10/40 PS took place directly after a period of hyperinflation, and it is difficult to find clear data on consumer price inflation/deflation in the German economy as government wrestled with currency stabilisation during this period, but it is likely that for most people a significant portion of the price reductions on the Opel 10/40 PS were real money reductions. The Opel 10/40 PS was notably less expensive than cars of this size from other German auto-makers, because Opel was the first and at this time the only manufacturer in Germany manufacturing cars using a Ford inspired production line system. The approach was cheap especially where, as in the case of the 10/40 PS, the car was developed to be simple and cheap to produce. Opel were content to leave technical innovation to other manufacturers. In 1920 the government had imposed prohibitive tariffs against importing foreign automobiles, but the de facto prohibition was repealed in October 1925,[5] and during 1925 both Ford and Chevrolet invested heavily in establishing German sales operations. After this it became possible to find cheaper cars comparable in size and concept to the Opel 10/40 PS from Chevrolet or Ford, but in reality it took a few years for the American concerns to become established in Germany, and when they did decide to build themselves significant shares of the German auto-market, General Motors employed the strategy of buying Germany’s leading mass market auto-producer, which happened to be Opel. Meanwhile, at a time when few people could afford any sort of car, and those that could were in no position to pay premium prices, the 10/40 PS dominated its class in the mid-1920s, and is remembered as the most popular “middle class” German car of the period.[6]The car changed very little during its 4½ year production run, but from somewhere in the middle of 1927 the radiator was mildly redesigned and at the end of the year the “Limousine” bodied cars received slightly less squared off roof edges.[7]Opel produced and sold 13,161 of their big four cylinder “middle class car” between 1925 and 1929, and despite the low price, they were able to sell the car profitably while other German auto-makers were seen to obsess over technical progress often taking risks with the overall financial viability of their business as they did so.[8] The Opel was a commercial success.","title":"Opel 10/40 PS"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-613-02170-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-613-02170-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Oswald"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Oswald"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Oswald"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Oswald"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Oswald"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Oswald"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Oswald"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Oswald"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Opel_timeline_1919_to_1950"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Opel_timeline_1919_to_1950"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Opel_timeline_1919_to_1950"},{"link_name":"Opel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel"},{"link_name":"next 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Concept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Insignia#Concept"},{"link_name":"Maxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Maxx"},{"link_name":"Meriva Concept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Meriva_Concept"},{"link_name":"Monza Concept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Monza_Concept"},{"link_name":"Omega V8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Omega#Omega_V8"},{"link_name":"Omega V8.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Omega#Omega_V8.com"},{"link_name":"Signum2 Concept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Signum2_Concept"},{"link_name":"Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Junior"},{"link_name":"RAK e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_RAK_e"},{"link_name":"Slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Slalom"},{"link_name":"Tech 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Tech_1"},{"link_name":"Trixx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Trixx"},{"link_name":"Twin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Twin"},{"link_name":"Manta GSe ElektroMOD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Manta_GSe_ElektroMOD"},{"link_name":"Vauxhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors"},{"link_name":"VXR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VXR"},{"link_name":"Opel Performance Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Performance_Center"},{"link_name":"Adam Opel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Opel"},{"link_name":"Fritz von Opel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_von_Opel"},{"link_name":"Rikky von Opel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikky_von_Opel"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm von Opel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Opel"},{"link_name":"Aspern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Wien"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opelwerk_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Ellesmere Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall_Ellesmere_Port"},{"link_name":"Eisenach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Eisenach"},{"link_name":"Gliwice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Manufacturing_Poland"},{"link_name":"Luton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBC_Vehicles"},{"link_name":"Szentgotthárd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Szentgotth%C3%A1rd"},{"link_name":"Tychy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Manufacturing_Poland"},{"link_name":"Vauxhall Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors"},{"link_name":"GM platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_General_Motors_platforms"},{"link_name":"GM engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GM_engines"},{"link_name":"PSA engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_PSA_engines"},{"link_name":"GM transmissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GM_transmissions"},{"link_name":"Intellilink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellilink"},{"link_name":"Irmscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmscher"},{"link_name":"RAK1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_RAK.1"},{"link_name":"Steinmetz Opel Tuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinmetz_Opel_Tuning"},{"link_name":"Opel Rally Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Rally_Team"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Opel"},{"link_name":"Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Opel"}],"text":"Oswald, Werner (2001). Deutsche Autos 1920-1945, Band (vol) 2 (in German). Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 3-613-02170-6.^ Oswald, p 298\n\n^ Oswald, p 299\n\n^ Oswald, p 299\n\n^ Oswald, p 299\n\n^ Oswald, p 401\n\n^ Oswald, p298. “Es war damals der meistgefahrene deutsche Mittelklassewagen.”\n\n^ Oswald, p298\n\n^ Oswald, p298. “Der 10/40 PS Opel konnte gewiss nicht als technische Glanzleistung gelten, doch im Gegensatz zu manchen bewunderungswuerdigen Konstruktionen jener Zeit brachte er Geld in die Kasse.”vteOpel car timeline, 1919–1950 next »\n\n\n\nClass\n\n1919\n\n1920s\n\n1930s\n\n1940s\n\n1950s\n\n\n9\n\n0\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n\n0\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n\n0\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n\n0\n\n\nSmall family car\n\n\n\n\n\n4/12 PS\n\n\n\n\n\n1,2 Liter/P4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n4/14 PS\n\n4/16 PS\n\n4/20 PS\n\n\n\n1,0 Liter\n\n1,3 Liter\n\nKadett\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCompact car\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOlympia\n\n\n\nOlympia\n\n\nLarge family car\n\n\n\n\n\n7/34 & 8/40\n\n1.8 Liter\n\n2.0 Liter\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nExecutive car\n\n\n\n\n\n10/40\n\n\n\nSuper 6\n\nKapitän\n\n\n\nKapitän\n\n\nLuxury car\n\n\n\n\n\n12/50\n\n14/50\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRegent\n\n\n\nAdmiralvteOpelA marque of StellantisVehiclesQuadricycles\nRocks Electric\nCars\nAstra\nCorsa\nCrossovers/SUVs\nCrossland\nFrontera (2024)\nGrandland\nMokka\nVans\nCombo\nMovano\nVivaro/Zafira Life\nDiscontinuedmodels\nAdam (2012–2019)\nAdmiral (1937–1939, 1964–1977)\nAgila (2000–2014)\nAntara (2006–2015)\nAmpera (2011–2015)\nAmpera-e (2017–2019)\nArena (1997–2001)\nAscona (1970–1988)\nAstravan (1981–2012)\nBlazer (1995–2002)\nBedford Blitz (1973–1986)\nBlitz (1930–1975)\nCalibra (1989–1997)\nCampo (1992–2001)\nCascada (2013–2019)\nChevette (1980–1982)\nCommodore (1967–1982)\nCorsavan (1983–2018)\nDiplomat (1964–1977)\n5/12 PS \"Puppchen\" (1911–1920)\n4/8 PS \"Doktorwagen\" (1909–1910)\nFrontera (1991–2004)\nGT (1968–1973, 2006–2009)\nInsignia (2008–2022)\nKadett (1937–1940, 1962–1991)\nKapitän (1939–1970)\nKarl (2014–2019)\n4 PS “Laubfrosch” (1924–1931)\nManta (1970–1988)\nMeriva (2003–2017)\nMonterey (1992–1999)\nMovano A/B (1998–2021)\nMonza (1978–1986)\nOlympia (1935–1940, 1947–1953, 1967–1970)\nOlympia Rekord (1953–1957)\nOmega (1986–2004)\nPatent Motor Car, System Lutzmann (1899–1902)\nP4 (1935–1937)\nRAK (1928)\nRAK2 (1928)\nRegent (1928–1929)\nRekord (1953–1986)\nSenator (1978–1993)\nSignum (2003–2008)\nSintra (1996–1999)\nSpeedster (2000–2005)\nSuper 6 (1937–1938)\nTigra (1994–2001, 2004–2009)\n10/30 (10/35) PS (1922–1924)\nVectra (1988–2008)\nVivaro (2001–2018)\nZafira/Zafira Tourer (1999–2019)\nConcept cars\nFlextreme\nFlextreme GT/E\nFrogster\nGTC Concept\nHydroGen3\nHydroGen4\nInsignia Concept\nMaxx\nMeriva Concept\nMonza Concept\nOmega V8\nOmega V8.com\nSignum2 Concept\nJunior\nRAK e\nSlalom\nTech 1\nTrixx\nTwin\nManta GSe ElektroMOD\nDivisions and subsidiaries\nVauxhall\nVXR\nOpel Performance Center\nPeople\nAdam Opel (founder)\nFritz von Opel\nRikky von Opel\nWilhelm von Opel\nFacilities\nAspern\nBrandenburg\nEllesmere Port\nEisenach\nGliwice\nLuton\nSzentgotthárd\nTychy\nZaragoza\nOther\nVauxhall Motors\nGM platforms\nGM engines\nPSA engines\nGM transmissions\nIntellilink\nIrmscher\nRAK1\nSteinmetz Opel Tuning\nOpel Rally Team\n\n Category\n Commons","title":"Sources and further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Oswald, Werner (2001). Deutsche Autos 1920-1945, Band (vol) 2 (in German). Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 3-613-02170-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-613-02170-6","url_text":"3-613-02170-6"}]}]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Princess_Royal	HMS Princess Royal	["1 Battle honours","2 See also","3 References"]	Five ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Princess Royal: HMS Princess Royal (1728) was a 90-gun second rate launched in 1682 as HMS Ossory. She was renamed HMS Prince in 1705, HMS Princess in 1716 and HMS Princess Royal in 1728. She was broken up in 1773. HMS Princess Royal (1739) was the former East Indiaman of the same name that the Navy purchased in 1739 and used first as a hospital ship and then as a 24-gun storeship, before selling her in 1750. HMS Princess Royal (1773) was a 90-gun second-rate launched in 1773. She was rearmed to 98 guns in 1800, and then 74 guns in 1807, before being broken up in 1807. HMS Princess Royal (1853) was a 91-gun screw-propelled second-rate, originally to have been named HMS Prince Albert. She was launched in 1853 and sold in 1872. HMS Princess Royal (1911) was a Lion-class battlecruiser launched in 1911 and sold in 1922. Battle honours Ships named Princess Royal have earned the following battle honours: Genoa, 1795 Baltic, 1854 Crimea, 1855 Heligoland, 1914 Dogger Bank, 1915 Jutland, 1916 See also Princess Royal (ship) HMS Princess Post Office Packet Service for an account of the packet Princess Royal's successful resistance against a French privateer. References ^ "HMS Princess Royal (1739) (2nd) Storeship 24-gun on Britainsnavy.Org.Uk". List of ships with the same or similar names This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Princess Royal (1728)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Ossory_(1682)"},{"link_name":"second rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_rate"},{"link_name":"HMS Ossory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Ossory_(1682)"},{"link_name":"HMS Princess Royal (1739)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess_Royal_(1733_EIC_ship)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"East Indiaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Indiaman"},{"link_name":"storeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storeship"},{"link_name":"HMS Princess Royal (1773)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Princess_Royal_(1773)"},{"link_name":"HMS Princess Royal (1853)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Princess_Royal_(1853)"},{"link_name":"HMS Princess Royal (1911)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Princess_Royal_(1911)"},{"link_name":"Lion-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion-class_battlecruiser"}],"text":"HMS Princess Royal (1728) was a 90-gun second rate launched in 1682 as HMS Ossory. She was renamed HMS Prince in 1705, HMS Princess in 1716 and HMS Princess Royal in 1728. She was broken up in 1773.\nHMS Princess Royal (1739)[1] was the former East Indiaman of the same name that the Navy purchased in 1739 and used first as a hospital ship and then as a 24-gun storeship, before selling her in 1750.\nHMS Princess Royal (1773) was a 90-gun second-rate launched in 1773. She was rearmed to 98 guns in 1800, and then 74 guns in 1807, before being broken up in 1807.\nHMS Princess Royal (1853) was a 91-gun screw-propelled second-rate, originally to have been named HMS Prince Albert. She was launched in 1853 and sold in 1872.\nHMS Princess Royal (1911) was a Lion-class battlecruiser launched in 1911 and sold in 1922.","title":"HMS Princess Royal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"battle honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_honour#Naval_battle_honours"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Genoa_(1795)"},{"link_name":"Baltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"Heligoland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Heligoland_Bight_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Dogger Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dogger_Bank_(1915)"},{"link_name":"Jutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland"}],"text":"Ships named Princess Royal have earned the following battle honours:Genoa, 1795\nBaltic, 1854\nCrimea, 1855\nHeligoland, 1914\nDogger Bank, 1915\nJutland, 1916","title":"Battle honours"}]	[]	[{"title":"Princess Royal (ship)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Royal_(ship)"},{"title":"HMS Princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Princess"},{"title":"Post Office Packet Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Packet_Service"}]	[{"reference":"\"HMS Princess Royal (1739) (2nd) Storeship 24-gun on Britainsnavy.Org.Uk\".","urls":[{"url":"http://britainsnavy.org.uk/Ships/HMS%20Princess%20Royal/HMS%20Princess%20Royal%20(1739)%202.htm","url_text":"\"HMS Princess Royal (1739) (2nd) Storeship 24-gun on Britainsnavy.Org.Uk\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://britainsnavy.org.uk/Ships/HMS%20Princess%20Royal/HMS%20Princess%20Royal%20(1739)%202.htm","external_links_name":"\"HMS Princess Royal (1739) (2nd) Storeship 24-gun on Britainsnavy.Org.Uk\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/HMS_Princess_Royal&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Whelan	Noel Whelan	["1 Playing career","1.1 Leeds United","1.2 Coventry City","1.3 Middlesbrough","1.4 Later career","2 Coaching career","3 Radio and TV career","4 Personal life","5 Honours","5.1 As a player","6 References","7 External links"]	English former footballer & broadcaster For Irish lawyer, politician and political analyst, see Noel Whelan (politician). Noel WhelanPersonal informationFull name Noel David WhelanDate of birth (1974-12-30) 30 December 1974 (age 49)Place of birth Leeds, EnglandPosition(s) Striker, wingerYouth career Leeds UnitedSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)1993–1995 Leeds United 48 (7)1995–2000 Coventry City 133 (31)2000–2003 Middlesbrough 61 (5)2003 → Crystal Palace (loan) 8 (3)2003 Millwall 15 (4)2004 Derby County 8 (0)2004–2005 Aberdeen 20 (5)2005–2006 Boston United 15 (4)2006 Livingston 8 (1)2006–2007 Dunfermline Athletic 1 (0)2008–2009 Harrogate Town 0 (0)2009–2010 Darlington 2 (0)Total 319 (60)International career1994 England U21 2 (1) Club domestic league appearances and goals Noel David Whelan (/ˈhwiːlən/; born 30 December 1974) is an English football coach, former professional footballer and radio co-commentator. As a player, he was a striker who notably played in the Premier League for Leeds United, Coventry City, and Middlesbrough. He also played in the Scottish Premier League with Aberdeen, Livingston, and Dunfermline Athletic, and in the Football League for Crystal Palace, Millwall, Derby County, Boston United, and Darlington. He also had spell in Non-league football with Harrogate Town and was capped twice by England U21, scoring once. He now works as a matchday co-commentator for all Leeds United games on BBC Radio Leeds. He was also a former academy coach for Derby County. Playing career Leeds United Born in Leeds, Whelan started off with his professional career at home town team Leeds United. Whelan revealed he had held out for Leeds to sign him (the club he supports) after having trials at Arsenal, Manchester United, and Everton, coming through the Leeds youth team with a number of other talented youngsters who beat a Manchester United team boasting David Beckham, Paul Scholes, Nicky Butt, Keith Gillespie, Phil Neville and Gary Neville both home and away in the FA Youth Cup Final. Turning professional in March 1993, he made his debut in the first season of the FA Premier League, in a 1–1 draw at Sheffield Wednesday on 4 May 1993. The following season, he made 16 league appearances but failed to score. He had a promising 1994–95 season, finishing among the club's highest scorers where he scored seven goals in 23 league games, but lost his place to new signing Tony Yeboah halfway through the season. During his time at Leeds, he was capped twice by the England U-21 side in 1994, scoring once. Coventry City On 16 December 1995, after making eight goalless appearances in the league 1995–96 season, Whelan was signed by Coventry City manager Ron Atkinson for £2million. Atkinson's assistant Gordon Strachan, who had joined Coventry from Leeds the previous season, played a big role in securing the signing. Whelan made his debut in midfield in a 4–1 local derby defeat against Aston Villa at Villa Park. In his second game, against Everton at Coventry's Highfield Road stadium, Whelan played as a striker alongside Dion Dublin, and scored the winning goal with a cool finish, which would become his trademark for the rest of the season. Further goals came in the away win at Burnden Park against Bolton Wanderers, and in the New Year's Day home draw with Southampton. The latter was a "Goal of the Month" contender on the BBC's Match of the Day. It saw Whelan dribble the ball from just inside the Southampton half, and beat several players before shooting past the keeper. By the end of that season, he had managed eight goals from 21 league games for the Sky Blues, who secured Premier League safety by finishing 16th. Whelan played regularly for the Sky Blues throughout the 1996–97 season without providing the spark of the previous season, as the club again struggled to avoid relegation, with Ron Atkinson becoming director of football and Gordon Strachan being promoted to the manager's seat in November. His reputation as the bright young thing was usurped by his new strike partner Darren Huckerby. Whelan still managed six goals from 35 league games that season. The Sky Blues' form improved markedly in the 1997–98 season as they rose to mid-table respectability in the Premiership under manager Gordon Strachan, with Noel Whelan playing a key role in midfield. With Dublin and Huckerby scoring regularly upfront, Whelan played in a wide left midfield role, scoring the opener in a notable home win over Manchester United, and the home draw with Arsenal. Whelan started the 1998–99 season in midfield, but moved back upfront following the departure of Dion Dublin to Aston Villa. Back in an attacking position, Whelan struck up a good partnership with Darren Huckerby, bringing his best goal return (10 in 31 Premier League games) in the process, and prompting some Coventry City fans to demand his inclusion in the England national team squad. Coventry fans were expecting a great deal of the Whelan-Huckerby partnership in the 1999–2000 season but were to be disappointed as first Whelan sustained a bad injury in pre-season and Huckerby was sold to Leeds United. Whelan would miss most of the first half of the season as Gordon Strachan built an exciting new team featuring Robbie Keane, and the Moroccan duo Moustapha Hadji and Youssef Chippo. Whelan did manage to get back into the team near the end of the season but it was clear he was no longer first choice, with Keane and Cedric Roussel establishing themselves as first choice strikers. Whelan made a total of 124 league appearances for Coventry in nearly five years there, scoring 31 goals. Middlesbrough On 4 August 2000, Whelan was sold to Bryan Robson's Middlesbrough for £2.2million. His debut was at Highfield Road as a substitute in Boro's 3–1 victory on the opening day of the 2000–01 season. The three-year spell with Boro would be the last time Whelan would feature prominently for a club for more than one season. He did, however, enjoy a brilliant run of form, possibly the best of his career, which includes a goal against Manchester United in the FA Cup fourth round in Middlesbrough's 2–0 victory, after which he celebrated by simply giving the "Leeds Salute", because of his love of the West Yorkshire club and their bitter rivalry with his opponents that day. He also scored an own goal against his former club Coventry on his 26th birthday. The match ended up in a 1–1 draw. He had limited chances in the league, though, appearing in just 19 out of Middlesbrough's 38 Premier League matches in the 2001–02 season, scoring four times. He would appear 15 times for Middlesbrough in the 2002–03 league campaign, scoring once. Later career Following a short loan spell with Crystal Palace, where he netted three times in eight appearances, Whelan left Middlesbrough to join Millwall, managing four goals in fifteen appearances. Whelan left Millwall and signed for his fourth club that season, joining Derby County. The goalless spell at Derby saw Whelan sign for Scottish club Aberdeen at the start of the 2004–05 season and he would score five times in twenty appearances for the Pittodrie side. His one-year contract passed without renewal and Whelan moved back to England to start the 2005–06 season at Football League Two club Boston United, where he scored four goals in fifteen games. Following his admission to the Sporting Chance alcoholism treatment clinic in early January 2006, Whelan left Boston and spend the last two months of the season in the Scottish Premier League with Livingston, where he couldn't prevent the side from being relegated into the Scottish First Division. He scored once during his spell at Livingston in a 2–1 defeat at Motherwell. Whelan stayed in the Scottish Premier League, as he signed a one-year contract with Dunfermline Athletic in July 2006, making his first competitive start on 29 July against Heart of Midlothian in a 2–1 defeat. Unfortunately, he had to leave the field injured after just three minutes. After six months out injured Dunfermline terminated their contract with Whelan by mutual consent on 4 January 2007. The following day's papers linked him with a move to First Division leaders Gretna to spearhead them in their charge for Scottish Premier League football. Since then Whelan has assisted in coaching at Dunfermline, whilst studying for coaching badges; he is said to be interested in a career in management. He joined Conference North side Harrogate Town on 11 December 2008. In October 2009, Whelan joined League Two's bottom-placed side Darlington on non-contract basis, to become new manager Steve Staunton's first signing. He made his debut for Darlington against third-placed Dagenham & Redbridge on 10 October but he was substituted by Curtis Main before half-time because of a muscle strain injury, in a game which Darlington lost 2–0. He did not play again for Darlington until 26 January, more than three months after his debut, when he came on as a second-half substitute against Northampton Town. However, his comeback lasted only two minutes, before he himself was substituted because of a hamstring injury. Coaching career Whelan holds a UEFA B coaching Licence. Whelan first started his coaching career as a player coach at Dunfermline Athletic. After his playing career came to an end Whelan worked as a youth team coach at one of his former clubs Derby County, but after more than 12 months as a coach at Derby, Whelan decided that his commute from Harrogate was too much of a strain. Since leaving his role at Derby Whelan has been involved in the hospitality circuit at another of his former clubs Coventry City. On 17 November 2010, Whelan revealed he has put his name forward for a role working within Leeds United's academy. Leeds are the club who Whelan supports and also who gave him the chance to become a professional footballer. After playing and captaining Leeds United in the Yorkshire Masters Tournament, which Leeds won. Whelan revealed he was going to help coach at Derby County's academy after turning down a coaching role at Nottingham Forest. In April 2019, Whelan joined EFL Championship side Leeds United as a coach for Leeds United Development Hub for elite player development scholarship. Radio and TV career Whelan competed in an episode of Celebrity MasterChef broadcast in 2008, but was eliminated in the first round. From the 2013–14 football season, he became the co-commentator alongside Commentator Adam Pope and Katherine Hannah for BBC Radio Leeds coverage of all Leeds United games, with Whelan becoming synonymous for a catchphrase of 'Get in' every time Leeds scored. During the 2017–18 season, Whelan as well as working for BBC, Whelan also sporadically featured on Sky Sports News as an in-studio summariser for football matches. On 31 January 2018, Whelan also featured in a two part documentary exclusive to Leeds United's TV channel LUTV called 'I Wore The Shirt'. Personal life Whelan is a father of two sons and two daughters. He is also an uncle to two boys. Honours As a player Leeds United FA Youth Cup: 1992–93 Boston United Lincolnshire Senior Cup: 2005–06 Dunfermline Athletic Scottish Cup runner-up: 2006–07 References ^ "Noel Whelan". Barry Hugman's Footballers. Retrieved 9 April 2017. ^ a b "Leeds United: Whelan still wears heart on his sleeve". Yorkshire Evening Post. Johnston Press. 2 May 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2015. ^ a b "NOEL WHELAN I WORE THE SHIRT PART ONE". Leeds United. 31 January 2018. ^ a b "Noel WHELAN". Sporting Heroes. Retrieved 26 January 2016. ^ "MIDDLESBROUGH - Robson's Whelan deal". BBC Sport. Retrieved 26 January 2016. ^ "Noel WHELAN". Sporting Heroes. Retrieved 26 January 2016. ^ "Football - My Club - Aberdeen - Aberdeen snap up Whelan". BBC Sport. 5 August 2004. Retrieved 26 January 2016. ^ "Football - My Club - Boston United - Striker Whelan checks into rehab". BBC Sport. 6 January 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2016. ^ "Motherwell 2–1 Livingston". BBC. 1 April 2006. Retrieved 10 February 2010. ^ "Football - My Club - Dunfermline Athletic - Whelan calls time on Pars career". BBC Sport. 9 January 2007. Retrieved 26 January 2016. ^ "Football - Non League - Whelan signs for Harrogate Town". BBC Sport. 11 December 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2016. ^ "Football - Non League - Whelan not near Harrogate debut". BBC Sport. 17 December 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2016. ^ "Staunton makes his first signings". Northern Echo. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2009. ^ Stoddart, Craig (10 October 2009). "Dagenham 2 Darlington 0". Northern Echo. Retrieved 10 October 2009. ^ Stoddart, Craig (26 January 2010). "Darlington 1 Northampton Town 2. At the end of March 2010 Whelan, left the club". The Northern Echo. Retrieved 26 January 2010. ^ a b "Leeds United: Whelan puts hat into ring for academy job". Retrieved 26 January 2016. ^ Wobschall, Leon (5 July 2011). "Leeds United: Ex-Whites ace Whelan targets Masters glory INTERVIEW". Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 5 July 2011. ^ "JUSTIN TELLUS BECOMES DIRECTOR OF FOOTBALL FOR LEEDS UNITED HUB". Maltese Football. Retrieved 12 July 2019. ^ "JYoung Derbyshire players wanted for Leeds United's elite development scholarship". Matlock Mercury. Retrieved 12 July 2019. ^ Sobot, Lee (11 January 2009). "Big Interview: Coaching career is on the menu for Whelan". Yorkshire Evening Post. Johnston Press. Retrieved 14 March 2010. ^ "Interview - Noel Whelan: Highs, lows and hopes for a second half at his beloved Leeds". Retrieved 26 January 2016. External links Noel Whelan at Soccerbase	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Noel Whelan (politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Whelan_(politician)"},{"link_name":"/ˈhwiːlən/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striker_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Coventry City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Middlesbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scottish Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."},{"link_name":"Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dunfermline Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C."},{"link_name":"Millwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millwall_F.C."},{"link_name":"Derby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"Boston United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington_F.C."},{"link_name":"Harrogate Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrogate_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"England U21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Leeds"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnston_Press-2"},{"link_name":"Derby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County_F.C."}],"text":"For Irish lawyer, politician and political analyst, see Noel Whelan (politician).Noel David Whelan (/ˈhwiːlən/; born 30 December 1974) is an English football coach, former professional footballer and radio co-commentator.As a player, he was a striker who notably played in the Premier League for Leeds United, Coventry City, and Middlesbrough. He also played in the Scottish Premier League with Aberdeen, Livingston, and Dunfermline Athletic, and in the Football League for Crystal Palace, Millwall, Derby County, Boston United, and Darlington. He also had spell in Non-league football with Harrogate Town and was capped twice by England U21, scoring once.He now works as a matchday co-commentator for all Leeds United games on BBC Radio Leeds.[2] He was also a former academy coach for Derby County.","title":"Noel Whelan"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United"},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leeds_United-3"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United"},{"link_name":"David Beckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beckham"},{"link_name":"Paul Scholes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Scholes"},{"link_name":"Nicky Butt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Butt"},{"link_name":"Keith Gillespie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Gillespie"},{"link_name":"Phil Neville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Neville"},{"link_name":"Gary Neville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Neville"},{"link_name":"first season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992-93_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"FA Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C."},{"link_name":"1994–95 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Premier_League_1994-95"},{"link_name":"Tony Yeboah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Yeboah"}],"sub_title":"Leeds United","text":"Born in Leeds, Whelan started off with his professional career at home town team Leeds United. Whelan revealed he had held out for Leeds to sign him (the club he supports) after having trials at Arsenal, Manchester United, and Everton,[3] coming through the Leeds youth team with a number of other talented youngsters who beat a Manchester United team boasting David Beckham, Paul Scholes, Nicky Butt, Keith Gillespie, Phil Neville and Gary Neville both home and away in the FA Youth Cup Final. Turning professional in March 1993, he made his debut in the first season of the FA Premier League, in a 1–1 draw at Sheffield Wednesday on 4 May 1993. The following season, he made 16 league appearances but failed to score.He had a promising 1994–95 season, finishing among the club's highest scorers where he scored seven goals in 23 league games, but lost his place to new signing Tony Yeboah halfway through the season. During his time at Leeds, he was capped twice by the England U-21 side in 1994, scoring once.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1995–96 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995-96_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"},{"link_name":"Coventry City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ron Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Atkinson"},{"link_name":"Gordon Strachan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Strachan"},{"link_name":"Aston Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C."},{"link_name":"Villa Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Park"},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Highfield Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highfield_Road_(stadium)"},{"link_name":"Dion Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Burnden Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnden_Park"},{"link_name":"Bolton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_F.C."},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Match of the Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match_of_the_Day"},{"link_name":"1996–97 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Premier_League_1996-97"},{"link_name":"relegation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relegation"},{"link_name":"Darren Huckerby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Huckerby"},{"link_name":"1997–98 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Premier_League_1997-98"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"1998–99 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Premier_League_1998-99"},{"link_name":"England national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1999–2000 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Premier_League_1999-2000"},{"link_name":"Robbie Keane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Keane"},{"link_name":"Moroccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Moustapha Hadji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moustapha_Hadji"},{"link_name":"Youssef Chippo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssef_Chippo"},{"link_name":"Cedric Roussel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedric_Roussel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"}],"sub_title":"Coventry City","text":"On 16 December 1995, after making eight goalless appearances in the league 1995–96 season,[4] Whelan was signed by Coventry City manager Ron Atkinson for £2million. Atkinson's assistant Gordon Strachan, who had joined Coventry from Leeds the previous season, played a big role in securing the signing. Whelan made his debut in midfield in a 4–1 local derby defeat against Aston Villa at Villa Park. In his second game, against Everton at Coventry's Highfield Road stadium, Whelan played as a striker alongside Dion Dublin, and scored the winning goal with a cool finish, which would become his trademark for the rest of the season. Further goals came in the away win at Burnden Park against Bolton Wanderers, and in the New Year's Day home draw with Southampton. The latter was a \"Goal of the Month\" contender on the BBC's Match of the Day. It saw Whelan dribble the ball from just inside the Southampton half, and beat several players before shooting past the keeper. By the end of that season, he had managed eight goals from 21 league games for the Sky Blues, who secured Premier League safety by finishing 16th.Whelan played regularly for the Sky Blues throughout the 1996–97 season without providing the spark of the previous season, as the club again struggled to avoid relegation, with Ron Atkinson becoming director of football and Gordon Strachan being promoted to the manager's seat in November. His reputation as the bright young thing was usurped by his new strike partner Darren Huckerby. Whelan still managed six goals from 35 league games that season.The Sky Blues' form improved markedly in the 1997–98 season as they rose to mid-table respectability in the Premiership under manager Gordon Strachan, with Noel Whelan playing a key role in midfield. With Dublin and Huckerby scoring regularly upfront, Whelan played in a wide left midfield role, scoring the opener in a notable home win over Manchester United, and the home draw with Arsenal.Whelan started the 1998–99 season in midfield, but moved back upfront following the departure of Dion Dublin to Aston Villa. Back in an attacking position, Whelan struck up a good partnership with Darren Huckerby, bringing his best goal return (10 in 31 Premier League games) in the process, and prompting some Coventry City fans to demand his inclusion in the England national team squad. Coventry fans were expecting a great deal of the Whelan-Huckerby partnership in the 1999–2000 season but were to be disappointed as first Whelan sustained a bad injury in pre-season and Huckerby was sold to Leeds United. Whelan would miss most of the first half of the season as Gordon Strachan built an exciting new team featuring Robbie Keane, and the Moroccan duo Moustapha Hadji and Youssef Chippo. Whelan did manage to get back into the team near the end of the season but it was clear he was no longer first choice, with Keane and Cedric Roussel establishing themselves as first choice strikers. Whelan made a total of 124 league appearances for Coventry in nearly five years there, scoring 31 goals.[4]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bryan Robson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Robson"},{"link_name":"Middlesbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2000–01 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Premier_League_2000-01"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United"},{"link_name":"2001–02 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001-02_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"2002–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002-03_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Middlesbrough","text":"On 4 August 2000, Whelan was sold to Bryan Robson's Middlesbrough for £2.2million.[5] His debut was at Highfield Road as a substitute in Boro's 3–1 victory on the opening day of the 2000–01 season. The three-year spell with Boro would be the last time Whelan would feature prominently for a club for more than one season. He did, however, enjoy a brilliant run of form, possibly the best of his career, which includes a goal against Manchester United in the FA Cup fourth round in Middlesbrough's 2–0 victory, after which he celebrated by simply giving the \"Leeds Salute\", because of his love of the West Yorkshire club and their bitter rivalry with his opponents that day. He also scored an own goal against his former club Coventry on his 26th birthday. The match ended up in a 1–1 draw. He had limited chances in the league, though, appearing in just 19 out of Middlesbrough's 38 Premier League matches in the 2001–02 season, scoring four times. He would appear 15 times for Middlesbrough in the 2002–03 league campaign, scoring once.[6]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C."},{"link_name":"Millwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millwall_F.C."},{"link_name":"Derby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2004–05 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004-05_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"Pittodrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittodrie_Stadium"},{"link_name":"2005–06 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005-06_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Football League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Two"},{"link_name":"Boston United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sporting Chance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Chance_clinic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Scottish Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scottish First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Heart of Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Gretna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretna_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scottish Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Conference North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_North"},{"link_name":"Harrogate Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrogate_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Two"},{"link_name":"Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington_F.C."},{"link_name":"Steve Staunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Staunton"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Dagenham & Redbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagenham_%26_Redbridge_F.C."},{"link_name":"Curtis Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Main"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Northampton Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Later career","text":"Following a short loan spell with Crystal Palace, where he netted three times in eight appearances, Whelan left Middlesbrough to join Millwall, managing four goals in fifteen appearances. Whelan left Millwall and signed for his fourth club that season, joining Derby County.The goalless spell at Derby saw Whelan sign for Scottish club Aberdeen[7] at the start of the 2004–05 season and he would score five times in twenty appearances for the Pittodrie side. His one-year contract passed without renewal and Whelan moved back to England to start the 2005–06 season at Football League Two club Boston United, where he scored four goals in fifteen games. Following his admission to the Sporting Chance alcoholism treatment clinic in early January 2006,[8] Whelan left Boston and spend the last two months of the season in the Scottish Premier League with Livingston, where he couldn't prevent the side from being relegated into the Scottish First Division. He scored once during his spell at Livingston in a 2–1 defeat at Motherwell.[9]Whelan stayed in the Scottish Premier League, as he signed a one-year contract with Dunfermline Athletic in July 2006, making his first competitive start on 29 July against Heart of Midlothian in a 2–1 defeat. Unfortunately, he had to leave the field injured after just three minutes. After six months out injured Dunfermline terminated their contract with Whelan by mutual consent on 4 January 2007.[10] The following day's papers linked him with a move to First Division leaders Gretna to spearhead them in their charge for Scottish Premier League football. Since then Whelan has assisted in coaching at Dunfermline, whilst studying for coaching badges; he is said to be interested in a career in management.He joined Conference North side Harrogate Town on 11 December 2008.[11][12]In October 2009, Whelan joined League Two's bottom-placed side Darlington on non-contract basis, to become new manager Steve Staunton's first signing.[13] He made his debut for Darlington against third-placed Dagenham & Redbridge on 10 October but he was substituted by Curtis Main before half-time because of a muscle strain injury, in a game which Darlington lost 2–0.[14] He did not play again for Darlington until 26 January, more than three months after his debut, when he came on as a second-half substitute against Northampton Town. However, his comeback lasted only two minutes, before he himself was substituted because of a hamstring injury.[15]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk-16"},{"link_name":"Derby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk-16"},{"link_name":"Coventry City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_City"},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United"},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Derby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"Nottingham Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C."},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WhelanDerby-17"},{"link_name":"EFL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United"},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Whelan holds a UEFA B coaching Licence.[16] Whelan first started his coaching career as a player coach at Dunfermline Athletic. After his playing career came to an end Whelan worked as a youth team coach at one of his former clubs Derby County, but after more than 12 months as a coach at Derby, Whelan decided that his commute from Harrogate was too much of a strain.[16] Since leaving his role at Derby Whelan has been involved in the hospitality circuit at another of his former clubs Coventry City.On 17 November 2010, Whelan revealed he has put his name forward for a role working within Leeds United's academy. Leeds are the club who Whelan supports and also who gave him the chance to become a professional footballer.After playing and captaining Leeds United in the Yorkshire Masters Tournament, which Leeds won. Whelan revealed he was going to help coach at Derby County's academy after turning down a coaching role at Nottingham Forest.[17]In April 2019, Whelan joined EFL Championship side Leeds United as a coach for Leeds United Development Hub for elite player development scholarship.[18][19]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Celebrity MasterChef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_MasterChef"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Leeds"},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnston_Press-2"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Sky Sports News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Sports_News"},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leeds_United-3"}],"text":"Whelan competed in an episode of Celebrity MasterChef broadcast in 2008, but was eliminated in the first round.[20]From the 2013–14 football season, he became the co-commentator alongside Commentator Adam Pope and Katherine Hannah for BBC Radio Leeds coverage of all Leeds United games, with Whelan becoming synonymous for a catchphrase of 'Get in' every time Leeds scored.[2]During the 2017–18 season, Whelan as well as working for BBC, Whelan also sporadically featured on Sky Sports News as an in-studio summariser for football matches.On 31 January 2018, Whelan also featured in a two part documentary exclusive to Leeds United's TV channel LUTV called 'I Wore The Shirt'.[3]","title":"Radio and TV career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Whelan is a father of two sons and two daughters. He is also an uncle to two boys.[21]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FA Youth Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Youth_Cup"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire Senior Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire_Senior_Cup"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005-06_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Cup"}],"sub_title":"As a player","text":"Leeds UnitedFA Youth Cup: 1992–93Boston UnitedLincolnshire Senior Cup: 2005–06Dunfermline AthleticScottish Cup runner-up: 2006–07","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Noel Whelan\". Barry Hugman's Footballers. Retrieved 9 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://barryhugmansfootballers.com/player/20877","url_text":"\"Noel Whelan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leeds United: Whelan still wears heart on his sleeve\". Yorkshire Evening Post. Johnston Press. 2 May 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/sport/football/leeds-utd/leeds-united-whelan-still-wears-heart-on-his-sleeve-1-7241044","url_text":"\"Leeds United: Whelan still wears heart on his sleeve\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Evening_Post","url_text":"Yorkshire Evening Post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnston_Press","url_text":"Johnston Press"}]},{"reference":"\"NOEL WHELAN I WORE THE SHIRT PART ONE\". Leeds United. 31 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leedsunited.com/video/93481/noel-whelan-i-wore-the-shirt-part-one","url_text":"\"NOEL WHELAN I WORE THE SHIRT PART ONE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel WHELAN\". Sporting Heroes. Retrieved 26 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sporting-heroes.net/football/coventry-city-fc/noel-whelan-9315/league-appearances_a18963/","url_text":"\"Noel WHELAN\""}]},{"reference":"\"MIDDLESBROUGH - Robson's Whelan deal\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 26 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/middlesbrough/859609.stm","url_text":"\"MIDDLESBROUGH - Robson's Whelan deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel WHELAN\". Sporting Heroes. Retrieved 26 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sporting-heroes.net/football/middlesbrough-fc/noel-whelan-9315/league-appearances_a18964/","url_text":"\"Noel WHELAN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Football - My Club - Aberdeen - Aberdeen snap up Whelan\". BBC Sport. 5 August 2004. Retrieved 26 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/aberdeen/3929365.stm","url_text":"\"Football - My Club - Aberdeen - Aberdeen snap up Whelan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Football - My Club - Boston United - Striker Whelan checks into rehab\". BBC Sport. 6 January 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/boston_united/4589264.stm","url_text":"\"Football - My Club - Boston United - Striker Whelan checks into rehab\""}]},{"reference":"\"Motherwell 2–1 Livingston\". BBC. 1 April 2006. Retrieved 10 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_prem/4864532.stm","url_text":"\"Motherwell 2–1 Livingston\""}]},{"reference":"\"Football - My Club - Dunfermline Athletic - Whelan calls time on Pars career\". BBC Sport. 9 January 2007. Retrieved 26 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/d/dunfermline_athletic/6245941.stm","url_text":"\"Football - My Club - Dunfermline Athletic - Whelan calls time on Pars career\""}]},{"reference":"\"Football - Non League - Whelan signs for Harrogate Town\". BBC Sport. 11 December 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_conf/7778360.stm","url_text":"\"Football - Non League - Whelan signs for Harrogate Town\""}]},{"reference":"\"Football - Non League - Whelan not near Harrogate debut\". BBC Sport. 17 December 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_conf/7788654.stm","url_text":"\"Football - Non League - Whelan not near Harrogate debut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Staunton makes his first signings\". Northern Echo. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/4673080.Staunton_makes_his_first_signings/","url_text":"\"Staunton makes his first signings\""}]},{"reference":"Stoddart, Craig (10 October 2009). \"Dagenham 2 Darlington 0\". Northern Echo. Retrieved 10 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/4675603.Dagenham_2_Darlington_0/","url_text":"\"Dagenham 2 Darlington 0\""}]},{"reference":"Stoddart, Craig (26 January 2010). \"Darlington 1 Northampton Town 2. At the end of March 2010 Whelan, left the club\". The Northern Echo. Retrieved 26 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/football/4873466.Darlington_1_Northampton_Town_2/","url_text":"\"Darlington 1 Northampton Town 2. At the end of March 2010 Whelan, left the club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leeds United: Whelan puts hat into ring for academy job\". Retrieved 26 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/leedsunited/Leeds-United-Whelan-puts-hat.6628988.jp","url_text":"\"Leeds United: Whelan puts hat into ring for academy job\""}]},{"reference":"Wobschall, Leon (5 July 2011). \"Leeds United: Ex-Whites ace Whelan targets Masters glory INTERVIEW\". Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 5 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/sport/leeds-united/latest-whites-news/leeds_united_ex_whites_ace_whelan_targets_masters_glory_interview_1_3544562/","url_text":"\"Leeds United: Ex-Whites ace Whelan targets Masters glory INTERVIEW\""}]},{"reference":"\"JUSTIN TELLUS BECOMES DIRECTOR OF FOOTBALL FOR LEEDS UNITED HUB\". Maltese Football. Retrieved 12 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://maltesefootball.com/news/justin-tellus-joins-leeds-united/","url_text":"\"JUSTIN TELLUS BECOMES DIRECTOR OF FOOTBALL FOR LEEDS UNITED HUB\""}]},{"reference":"\"JYoung Derbyshire players wanted for Leeds United's elite development scholarship\". Matlock Mercury. Retrieved 12 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.matlockmercury.co.uk/sport/football/young-derbyshire-players-wanted-for-leeds-united-s-elite-development-scholarship-1-9750464","url_text":"\"JYoung Derbyshire players wanted for Leeds United's elite development scholarship\""}]},{"reference":"Sobot, Lee (11 January 2009). \"Big Interview: Coaching career is on the menu for Whelan\". Yorkshire Evening Post. Johnston Press. Retrieved 14 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/leedsunited/BIG-INTERVIEW-Coaching-career-is.4863018.jp","url_text":"\"Big Interview: Coaching career is on the menu for Whelan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Evening_Post","url_text":"Yorkshire Evening Post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnston_Press","url_text":"Johnston Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Interview - Noel Whelan: Highs, lows and hopes for a second half at his beloved Leeds\". Retrieved 26 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/interview-noel-whelan-highs-lows-and-hopes-for-a-second-half-at-his-beloved-leeds-1-3027855","url_text":"\"Interview - Noel Whelan: Highs, lows and hopes for a second half at his beloved Leeds\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://barryhugmansfootballers.com/player/20877","external_links_name":"\"Noel Whelan\""},{"Link":"http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/sport/football/leeds-utd/leeds-united-whelan-still-wears-heart-on-his-sleeve-1-7241044","external_links_name":"\"Leeds United: Whelan still wears heart on his sleeve\""},{"Link":"https://www.leedsunited.com/video/93481/noel-whelan-i-wore-the-shirt-part-one","external_links_name":"\"NOEL WHELAN I WORE THE SHIRT PART ONE\""},{"Link":"http://www.sporting-heroes.net/football/coventry-city-fc/noel-whelan-9315/league-appearances_a18963/","external_links_name":"\"Noel WHELAN\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/middlesbrough/859609.stm","external_links_name":"\"MIDDLESBROUGH - Robson's Whelan deal\""},{"Link":"http://www.sporting-heroes.net/football/middlesbrough-fc/noel-whelan-9315/league-appearances_a18964/","external_links_name":"\"Noel WHELAN\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/aberdeen/3929365.stm","external_links_name":"\"Football - My Club - Aberdeen - Aberdeen snap up Whelan\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/boston_united/4589264.stm","external_links_name":"\"Football - My Club - Boston United - Striker Whelan checks into rehab\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_prem/4864532.stm","external_links_name":"\"Motherwell 2–1 Livingston\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/d/dunfermline_athletic/6245941.stm","external_links_name":"\"Football - My Club - Dunfermline Athletic - Whelan calls time on Pars career\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_conf/7778360.stm","external_links_name":"\"Football - Non League - Whelan signs for Harrogate Town\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_conf/7788654.stm","external_links_name":"\"Football - Non League - Whelan not near Harrogate debut\""},{"Link":"http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/4673080.Staunton_makes_his_first_signings/","external_links_name":"\"Staunton makes his first signings\""},{"Link":"http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/4675603.Dagenham_2_Darlington_0/","external_links_name":"\"Dagenham 2 Darlington 0\""},{"Link":"http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/football/4873466.Darlington_1_Northampton_Town_2/","external_links_name":"\"Darlington 1 Northampton Town 2. At the end of March 2010 Whelan, left the club\""},{"Link":"http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/leedsunited/Leeds-United-Whelan-puts-hat.6628988.jp","external_links_name":"\"Leeds United: Whelan puts hat into ring for academy job\""},{"Link":"http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/sport/leeds-united/latest-whites-news/leeds_united_ex_whites_ace_whelan_targets_masters_glory_interview_1_3544562/","external_links_name":"\"Leeds United: Ex-Whites ace Whelan targets Masters glory INTERVIEW\""},{"Link":"http://maltesefootball.com/news/justin-tellus-joins-leeds-united/","external_links_name":"\"JUSTIN TELLUS BECOMES DIRECTOR OF FOOTBALL FOR LEEDS UNITED HUB\""},{"Link":"https://www.matlockmercury.co.uk/sport/football/young-derbyshire-players-wanted-for-leeds-united-s-elite-development-scholarship-1-9750464","external_links_name":"\"JYoung Derbyshire players wanted for Leeds United's elite development scholarship\""},{"Link":"http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/leedsunited/BIG-INTERVIEW-Coaching-career-is.4863018.jp","external_links_name":"\"Big Interview: Coaching career is on the menu for Whelan\""},{"Link":"http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/interview-noel-whelan-highs-lows-and-hopes-for-a-second-half-at-his-beloved-leeds-1-3027855","external_links_name":"\"Interview - Noel Whelan: Highs, lows and hopes for a second half at his beloved Leeds\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=8435","external_links_name":"Noel Whelan"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Snakes	Sea Snakes	["1 History","2 Discography","2.1 Track listing","3 References","4 External links"]	Musical group This article is about the rock band. For the subfamily of snake, see Sea snakes. Sea SnakesOriginToronto, Ontario, CanadaGenresIndie rockYears active2002 (2002)–2005 (2005)Past members Jimmy McIntyre Kristian Galberg Jeremy Strachan Shaw-Han Liem Nathan Lawr Websitewww.seasnakes.net Sea Snakes were a Canadian indie rock band, based in Toronto, Ontario. Band members are vocalist and guitarist Jimmy McIntyre, guitarist Kristian Galberg, bassist and saxophonist Jeremy Strachan, keyboardist Shaw-Han Liem and drummer Nathan Lawr. History The Sea Snakes formed in 2002; in 2004 the band released an album, Clear as Day, the Darkest Tools on the Three Gut Records label. That year they performed around Toronto, sharing engagements with the Singing Saws and The Microphones. They also played in New York that year with Jim Guthrie. The Sea Snakes disbanded in 2005. McIntyre and Galberg later played together in the band Miserere. Strachan played in the defunct band Rockets Red Glare and in Feuermusik, and Galberg plays in Burn Rome in a Dream along with former Rockets Red Glare member Evan Clarke. Discography Clear as Day, the Darkest Tools is the only album recorded by Sea Snakes. It was released in 2004 on the Three Gut Records label. Total length is 41:48. Track listing "Conception Bay, South" – 4:04 "Forget-Me-Not Night" – 4:45 "A Pallbearer's Calendar" – 4:42 "It's Good" – 3:11 "Firebugs at Cafe Eitelkeit" – 7:16 "Black Phones" – 4:45 "Mafia Car" – 3:56 "Kid Don't Go Big Song" – 5:46 "Tie Me Up God" – 3:23 References ^ " JEREMY STRACHAN (solo/FEUERMUSIK) - July 30/07". Soundscapes, August 6, 2007 ^ Mindi St. Amand. "Coming up for Air". Soul Shine, 2005-01-31 ^ "Sea Snakes Clear as Day, the Darkest Tools". Coke Machine Glow, By David Greenwald \| 28 April 2005 ^ "Shaky Snakes". NOW Toronto, by Elizabeth Bromstein. August 26, 2004 ^ "Microphones / Sea Snakes The Music Gallery, Toronto ON - September 6, 2004". Exclaim!, by Helen Spitzer, Oct 01, 2004 ^ "Sea Snakes Members Return as Miserere, Announce Debut Album". Exclaim!, By Alex Hudson Jun 05, 2013 ^ "Sea Snakes Clear as Day, The Darkest Tools". Exclaim!, By Vish Khanna. Oct 01, 2004 ^ "Long awaited Sea Snakes CD is here". Mississauga News, 11 Sep 2004, p. 9 ^ " Sea Snakes Clear As Day, The Darkest Tools Three Gut". Earshot, James Hayashi-Tennant Jan 17, 2005 External links Official website Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sea snakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_snakes"},{"link_name":"indie rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"guitarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"guitarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"bassist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"saxophonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"keyboardist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument"},{"link_name":"Shaw-Han Liem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaw-Han_Liem"},{"link_name":"drummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This article is about the rock band. For the subfamily of snake, see Sea snakes.Sea Snakes were a Canadian indie rock band, based in Toronto, Ontario. Band members are vocalist and guitarist Jimmy McIntyre, guitarist Kristian Galberg, bassist and saxophonist Jeremy Strachan,[1] keyboardist Shaw-Han Liem and drummer Nathan Lawr.[2]","title":"Sea Snakes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Three Gut Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gut_Records"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Rockets Red Glare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockets_Red_Glare"},{"link_name":"Feuermusik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuermusik"},{"link_name":"Burn Rome in a Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burn_Rome_in_a_Dream&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Evan Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evan_Clarke&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Sea Snakes formed in 2002; in 2004 the band released an album, Clear as Day, the Darkest Tools on the Three Gut Records label.[3] That year they performed around Toronto, sharing engagements with the Singing Saws[4] and The Microphones.[5] They also played in New York that year with Jim Guthrie.The Sea Snakes disbanded in 2005.McIntyre and Galberg later played together in the band Miserere.[6] Strachan played in the defunct band Rockets Red Glare and in Feuermusik, and Galberg plays in Burn Rome in a Dream along with former Rockets Red Glare member Evan Clarke.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Three Gut Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gut_Records"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Clear as Day, the Darkest Tools is the only album recorded by Sea Snakes. It was released in 2004 on the Three Gut Records label. Total length is 41:48.[7][8][9]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Track listing","text":"\"Conception Bay, South\" – 4:04\n\"Forget-Me-Not Night\" – 4:45\n\"A Pallbearer's Calendar\" – 4:42\n\"It's Good\" – 3:11\n\"Firebugs at Cafe Eitelkeit\" – 7:16\n\"Black Phones\" – 4:45\n\"Mafia Car\" – 3:56\n\"Kid Don't Go Big Song\" – 5:46\n\"Tie Me Up God\" – 3:23","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.seasnakes.net/","external_links_name":"www.seasnakes.net"},{"Link":"http://www.soundscapesmusic.com/feature-interview/?currentPage=10","external_links_name":"\" JEREMY STRACHAN (solo/FEUERMUSIK) - July 30/07\""},{"Link":"http://www.soulshine.ca/features/featuresarticle.php?fid=107","external_links_name":"\"Coming up for Air\""},{"Link":"http://cokemachineglow.com/records/seasnakes-clearasday-2004/","external_links_name":"\"Sea Snakes Clear as Day, the Darkest Tools\""},{"Link":"https://nowtoronto.com/music/concert-reviews/shaky-snakes/","external_links_name":"\"Shaky Snakes\""},{"Link":"https://exclaim.ca/music/article/microphones_sea_snakes-music_gallery_toronto_on_-_september","external_links_name":"\"Microphones / Sea Snakes The Music Gallery, Toronto ON - September 6, 2004\""},{"Link":"http://exclaim.ca/music/article/sea_snakes_members_return_as_miserere_announce_debut_album","external_links_name":"\"Sea Snakes Members Return as Miserere, Announce Debut Album\""},{"Link":"http://exclaim.ca/music/article/sea_snakes-clear_as_day_darkest_tools","external_links_name":"\"Sea Snakes Clear as Day, The Darkest Tools\""},{"Link":"http://news.ourontario.ca/803009/data?n=184","external_links_name":"\"Long awaited Sea Snakes CD is here\""},{"Link":"http://www.earshot-online.com/reviews/DisplayReview.cfm?DiscID=24381","external_links_name":"\" Sea Snakes Clear As Day, The Darkest Tools Three Gut\""},{"Link":"http://www.seasnakes.net/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/af7fd2c3-9512-4628-a8ab-a4b79d0774d5","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium(III)_nitrate	Scandium nitrate	["1 Preparation","2 Properties","3 Applications","4 References"]	Scandium(III) nitrate Names IUPAC name scandium(3+) trinitrate Identifiers CAS Number 13465-60-6 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI:231498 ECHA InfoCard 100.033.350 EC Number 236-701-5 PubChem CID 166818 UNII PA4CJGPRTN Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID10890696 InChI InChI=1S/3NO3.Sc/c32-1(3)4;/q3-1;+3Key: DFCYEXJMCFQPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILES (=O)().(=O)().(=O)(). Properties Chemical formula Sc(NO3)3 Molar mass 230.97 g/mol Appearance off-white crystals Solubility in other solvents water and strong mineral acids Related compounds Related compounds Scandium(III) chlorideScandium(III) fluoride Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound Scandium(III) nitrate, Sc(NO3)3, is an ionic compound. It is an oxidizer, as all nitrates are. The salt is applied in optical coatings, catalysts, electronic ceramics and the laser industry. Preparation Scandium nitrate can be prepared by the reaction between scandium metal with dinitrogen tetroxide. Sc + 3 N2O4 → Sc(NO3)3 + 3 NO The anhydrous form can also be obtained by the reaction between scandium chloride and dinitrogen pentoxide. The tetrahydrate can be obtained from the reaction between scandium hydroxide and nitric acid. Properties Scandium nitrate is a white solid which dissolves in water and ethanol. It has multiple hydrated forms, including the dihydrate, trihydrate, and tetrahydrate. The tri- and tetrahydrate exist in the monoclinic crystal system. Upon heating in air to 50 °C, the tetrahydrate transforms into the dihydrate, which at 60 °C further converts to Sc4O3(NO3)3·6.5H2O. At 140–220 °C, Sc4O5(NO3)3 is formed. Scandium nitrate has been found to form clusters when in an aqueous solution which can affect its behavior and properties in various ways. Small Angle neutron scattering has been used in experiments to show the clusters can contain as many as 10 scandium ions. This number depends on the concentration of the original scandium nitrate in the solution. Applications Scandium nitrate has been found to be a successful catalyst in chemical reactions such as Beckmann rearrangement of ketoximes to amides and the isomerization of allylic alcohols to aldehydes. The catalytic success of scandium nitrate can be increased by modifying its structure in ways such as adding a co catalyst. Scandium nitrate is also the precursor for the synthesis of other scandium based compounds such as scandium oxide or scandium hydroxide. Scandium nitrate has also been investigated for its potential in luminescent materials due to its ability to strongly emit in the blue region of the spectrum. References ^ Brauer, Georg (1975). Handbuch der präparativen anorganischen Chemie (3rd ed.). Stuttgart: Enke. p. 1109. ISBN 3-432-02328-6. OCLC 310719485. ^ a b Scandium : its occurrence, chemistry, physics, metallurgy, biology, and technology. Chaim T. Horovitz. Academic Press. 2012. p. 119. ISBN 978-0323144513. OCLC 768016723.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ Riedel, Erwin (2011). Anorganische Chemie. Christoph Janiak (8th ed.). Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 773. ISBN 978-3-11-022567-9. OCLC 753966312. ^ William M., Haynes (2012). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. William M. Haynes (93rd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-4398-8049-4. OCLC 793213751. ^ Karavaev, I. A.; Savinkina, E. V.; Grigor’ev, M. S.; Buzanov, G. A.; Kozerozhets, I. V. (2022-08-01). "New Coordination Compounds of Scandium Nitrate with Carbamide: Precursors for the Preparation of Nanosized Scandium Oxide". Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 67 (8): 1178–1183. doi:10.1134/S0036023622080186. ISSN 1531-8613. S2CID 252204399. ^ Sekine, Tatsuya; Hasegawa, Yuko (February 1966). "Studies of Scandium in Various Solutions. I. An Ion-Exchange Study of Scandium(III) Chloride and Nitrate Complexes". Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. 39 (2): 240–243. doi:10.1246/bcsj.39.240. ISSN 0009-2673. vteScandium compounds ScB12 ScBr3 Sc(CH3COO)3 ScCl3 ScF3 ScH3 ScI3 ScN Sc(NO3)3 Sc2O3 ScP ScS PrScO3 Sc2S3 Sc2(SO4)3 Sc(SO3CF3)3 ScB2 Sc(ClO4)3 ScSb Sc(ReO4)3 Sc2Te3 Sc(C5H5)3 Sc(C9H13)3 Sc(OH)3 Sc(OCH(CH3)2)3 vteSalts and covalent derivatives of the nitrate ion HNO3 He LiNO3 Be(NO3)2 B(NO3)−4 RONO2+CO3+C2O4 NO3-NH4NO3 HOONO2 FNO3+F Ne NaNO3 Mg(NO3)2 Al(NO3)3Al(NO3)−4 Si P +SO4 ClONO2+Cl Ar KNO3 Ca(NO3)2 Sc(NO3)3 Ti(NO3)4 VO(NO3)3 Cr(NO3)3 Mn(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2Fe(NO3)3 Co(NO3)2Co(NO3)3 Ni(NO3)2 CuNO3Cu(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2 Ga(NO3)3 Ge As +SeO3 BrNO3+Br Kr RbNO3 Sr(NO3)2 Y(NO3)3 Zr(NO3)4 NbO(NO3)3 MoO2(NO3)2 Tc Ru Rh(NO3)3 Pd(NO3)2Pd(NO3)4 AgNO3Ag(NO3)2 Cd(NO3)2 In(NO3)3 Sn(NO3)4 Sb4O4(OH)2(NO3)2 Te INO3+IO3 Xe(NO3)2 CsNO3 Ba(NO3)2 * Lu(NO3)3 Hf(NO3)4 TaO(NO3)3 WO2(NO3)2 ReO3NO3 Os Ir3O(NO3)10 Pt(NO3)2 Au(NO3)3 Hg2(NO3)2Hg(NO3)2 TlNO3Tl(NO3)3 Pb(NO3)2 Bi(NO3)3BiO(NO3) Po(NO3)4 At Rn FrNO3 Ra(NO3)2 ** Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og * La(NO3)3 Ce(NO3)3Ce(NO3)4 Pr(NO3)3 Nd(NO3)3 Pm(NO3)3 Sm(NO3)3 Eu(NO3)3 Gd(NO3)3 Tb(NO3)3 Dy(NO3)3 Ho(NO3)3 Er(NO3)3 Tm(NO3)3 Yb(NO3)3 ** Ac(NO3)3 Th(NO3)4 PaO(NO3)3 UO2(NO3)2 Np(NO3)4 Pu(NO3)4 Am(NO3)3 Cm(NO3)3 Bk(NO3)3 Cf(NO3)3 Es Fm Md No	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oxidizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizer"},{"link_name":"nitrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrates"}],"text":"Chemical compoundScandium(III) nitrate, Sc(NO3)3, is an ionic compound. It is an oxidizer, as all nitrates are. The salt is applied in optical coatings, catalysts, electronic ceramics and the laser industry.","title":"Scandium nitrate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scandium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium"},{"link_name":"dinitrogen tetroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"anhydrous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhydrous"},{"link_name":"scandium chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium_chloride"},{"link_name":"dinitrogen pentoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinitrogen_pentoxide"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"scandium hydroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium_hydroxide"},{"link_name":"nitric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acid"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Scandium nitrate can be prepared by the reaction between scandium metal with dinitrogen tetroxide.[1]Sc + 3 N2O4 → Sc(NO3)3 + 3 NOThe anhydrous form can also be obtained by the reaction between scandium chloride and dinitrogen pentoxide.[2] The tetrahydrate can be obtained from the reaction between scandium hydroxide and nitric acid.[3]","title":"Preparation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ethanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"monoclinic crystal system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclinic_crystal_structure"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Scandium nitrate is a white solid which dissolves in water and ethanol.[4] It has multiple hydrated forms, including the dihydrate, trihydrate, and tetrahydrate. The tri- and tetrahydrate exist in the monoclinic crystal system. Upon heating in air to 50 °C, the tetrahydrate transforms into the dihydrate, which at 60 °C further converts to Sc4O3(NO3)3·6.5H2O. At 140–220 °C, Sc4O5(NO3)3 is formed.[2]Scandium nitrate has been found to form clusters when in an aqueous solution which can affect its behavior and properties in various ways. Small Angle neutron scattering[5] has been used in experiments to show the clusters can contain as many as 10 scandium ions. This number depends on the concentration of the original scandium nitrate in the solution.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Scandium nitrate has been found to be a successful catalyst in chemical reactions such as Beckmann rearrangement of ketoximes to amides[6] and the isomerization of allylic alcohols to aldehydes. The catalytic success of scandium nitrate can be increased by modifying its structure in ways such as adding a co catalyst. Scandium nitrate is also the precursor for the synthesis of other scandium based compounds such as scandium oxide or scandium hydroxide. Scandium nitrate has also been investigated for its potential in luminescent materials due to its ability to strongly emit in the blue region of the spectrum.","title":"Applications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Brauer, Georg (1975). Handbuch der präparativen anorganischen Chemie (3rd ed.). Stuttgart: Enke. p. 1109. ISBN 3-432-02328-6. OCLC 310719485.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/310719485","url_text":"Handbuch der präparativen anorganischen Chemie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-432-02328-6","url_text":"3-432-02328-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/310719485","url_text":"310719485"}]},{"reference":"Scandium : its occurrence, chemistry, physics, metallurgy, biology, and technology. Chaim T. Horovitz. Academic Press. 2012. p. 119. ISBN 978-0323144513. OCLC 768016723.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/768016723","url_text":"Scandium : its occurrence, chemistry, physics, metallurgy, biology, and technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0323144513","url_text":"978-0323144513"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/768016723","url_text":"768016723"}]},{"reference":"Riedel, Erwin (2011). Anorganische Chemie. Christoph Janiak (8th ed.). Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 773. ISBN 978-3-11-022567-9. OCLC 753966312.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/753966312","url_text":"Anorganische Chemie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022567-9","url_text":"978-3-11-022567-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/753966312","url_text":"753966312"}]},{"reference":"William M., Haynes (2012). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. William M. Haynes (93rd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-4398-8049-4. OCLC 793213751.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/793213751","url_text":"CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-8049-4","url_text":"978-1-4398-8049-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/793213751","url_text":"793213751"}]},{"reference":"Karavaev, I. A.; Savinkina, E. V.; Grigor’ev, M. S.; Buzanov, G. A.; Kozerozhets, I. V. (2022-08-01). \"New Coordination Compounds of Scandium Nitrate with Carbamide: Precursors for the Preparation of Nanosized Scandium Oxide\". Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 67 (8): 1178–1183. doi:10.1134/S0036023622080186. ISSN 1531-8613. S2CID 252204399.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036023622080186","url_text":"\"New Coordination Compounds of Scandium Nitrate with Carbamide: Precursors for the Preparation of Nanosized Scandium Oxide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS0036023622080186","url_text":"10.1134/S0036023622080186"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1531-8613","url_text":"1531-8613"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252204399","url_text":"252204399"}]},{"reference":"Sekine, Tatsuya; Hasegawa, Yuko (February 1966). \"Studies of Scandium in Various Solutions. I. An Ion-Exchange Study of Scandium(III) Chloride and Nitrate Complexes\". Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. 39 (2): 240–243. doi:10.1246/bcsj.39.240. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taledanda	Taledanda	["1 About the play","2 Further reading","3 Translations","4 References"]	1990 Kannada-language play by Girish Karnad For the film, see Taledanda (film). Taledanda (Kannada: ತಲೆದಂಡ, Hindi: रक्त कल्याण, literally: Death by Beheading) is a 1990 Kannada-language play written by Girish Karnad, an eminent person in Kannada literature, about the rise of the radical protest and reform movement, Lingaytism, in 12th century Karnataka. Karnad was awarded the Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award (1993) and the Sahitya Akademi Award in Kannada language for the play in 1994, and later awarded the Jnanpith Award for his literature work in 1998. About the play Written in 1989 in the backdrop of mandir-mandal conflict, the drama draws parallel between the Socio-Religious Political and Economic condition of existing times and southern India in the 12th century A.D. during Bhakti Movement. Eight hundred years ago in the city of Kalyan a man called Basavanna assembled a congregation of poets, mystics, social revolutionaries and philosophers, unmatched for their creativity and social commitment in the history of Karnataka, even perhaps of India itself. They opposed idolatry, rejected temple worship, upheld equality of sexes, and condemned the caste system. Basavanna was leading the movement to remove gender inequality and caste system. But the event took a violent turn when they acted on their beliefs and a Brahmin girl married a cobbler's son, so called a 'low caste' boy. The movement ended in bloodshed so does the hopes of Basavanna died in despair. People too forgot the movement. Rakt Kalyan (Tale-Danda) deals with few weeks during which a vibrant, prosperous society plunged into anarchy and terror. In Hindi it is known as Rakt-Kalyan translated by Ram Gopal Bajaj, first directed by Ebrahim Alkazi for National School of Drama and remarkable production by Arvind Gaur (1995-2008, still running) for Asmita Theater Telugu translation of the play, by Bhargavi Rao won her the Sahitya Akademi Award Translation Award in 1995, given by Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters. Further reading Collected Plays: Taledanda, the Fire and the Rain, the Dreams of Tipu Sultan, Flowers and Images: Two Dramatic Monologues Volume 2, by Girish Karnad. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0-19-567311-5. Translations Taledanda hindi, Ravi Dayal, 1993. ISBN 0-86311-529-2. References ^ "Sahitya Akademi Awards listings". Sahitya Akademi, Official website. ^ "The multi-faceted playwright". www.frontline.in. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ Drama critics. "Girish Karnad's Tale-Danda(Rakt Kalyan)". Retrieved 6 January 2009. ^ "Sahitya Akademi Awards". Sahitya Akademi. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Nand Kumar (2003). "Myths in the Plays of Girish Karnad". Indian English Drama. Sarup & Sons. ISBN 81-7625-353-7.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taledanda (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taledanda_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"Girish Karnad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girish_Karnad"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"Lingaytism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lingaytism&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Sahitya Akademi Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Award"},{"link_name":"Jnanpith Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jnanpith_Award"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the film, see Taledanda (film).Taledanda (Kannada: ತಲೆದಂಡ, Hindi: रक्त कल्याण, literally: Death by Beheading) is a 1990 Kannada-language play written by Girish Karnad, an eminent person in Kannada literature, about the rise of the radical protest and reform movement, Lingaytism, in 12th century Karnataka. Karnad was awarded the Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award (1993) and the Sahitya Akademi Award in Kannada language for the play in 1994, and later awarded the Jnanpith Award for his literature work in 1998.[1][2]","title":"Taledanda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mandir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya_debate"},{"link_name":"mandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandal_commission"},{"link_name":"drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama"},{"link_name":"Economic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Bhakti Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_Movement"},{"link_name":"Kalyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyan"},{"link_name":"Basavanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basavanna"},{"link_name":"social","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worship"},{"link_name":"movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movement"},{"link_name":"terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Ram Gopal Bajaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Gopal_Bajaj"},{"link_name":"Ebrahim Alkazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrahim_Alkazi"},{"link_name":"National School of Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_School_of_Drama"},{"link_name":"Arvind Gaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind_Gaur"},{"link_name":"Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Bhargavi Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhargavi_Rao"},{"link_name":"Sahitya Akademi Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Award"},{"link_name":"Sahitya Akademi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sahitya_Akademi_Award-4"}],"text":"Written in 1989 in the backdrop of mandir-mandal conflict, the drama draws parallel between the Socio-Religious Political and Economic condition of existing times and southern India in the 12th century A.D. during Bhakti Movement.\nEight hundred years ago in the city of Kalyan a man called Basavanna assembled a congregation of poets, mystics, social revolutionaries and philosophers, unmatched for their creativity and social commitment in the history of Karnataka, even perhaps of India itself.They opposed idolatry, rejected temple worship, upheld equality of sexes, and condemned the caste system. Basavanna was leading the movement to remove gender inequality and caste system. But the event took a violent turn when they acted on their beliefs and a Brahmin girl married a cobbler's son, so called a 'low caste' boy. The movement ended in bloodshed so does the hopes of Basavanna died in despair. People too forgot the movement.Rakt Kalyan (Tale-Danda) deals with few weeks during which a vibrant, prosperous society plunged into anarchy and terror.\nIn Hindi it is known as Rakt-Kalyan translated by Ram Gopal Bajaj, first directed by Ebrahim Alkazi for National School of Drama and remarkable production by Arvind Gaur (1995-2008, still running) for Asmita Theater[3]\nTelugu translation of the play, by Bhargavi Rao won her the Sahitya Akademi Award Translation Award in 1995, given by Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters.[4]","title":"About the play"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-567311-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-567311-5"}],"text":"Collected Plays: Taledanda, the Fire and the Rain, the Dreams of Tipu Sultan, Flowers and Images: Two Dramatic Monologues Volume 2, by Girish Karnad. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0-19-567311-5.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-86311-529-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86311-529-2"}],"text":"Taledanda hindi, Ravi Dayal, 1993. ISBN 0-86311-529-2.","title":"Translations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Sahitya Akademi Awards listings\". Sahitya Akademi, Official website.","urls":[{"url":"http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi_awards.jsp","url_text":"\"Sahitya Akademi Awards listings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi","url_text":"Sahitya Akademi"}]},{"reference":"\"The multi-faceted playwright\". www.frontline.in. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1603/16031170.htm","url_text":"\"The multi-faceted playwright\""}]},{"reference":"Drama critics. \"Girish Karnad's Tale-Danda(Rakt Kalyan)\". Retrieved 6 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/asmitatheatre/girish-karnad-s-play","url_text":"\"Girish Karnad's Tale-Danda(Rakt Kalyan)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sahitya Akademi Awards\". Sahitya Akademi. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080420161435/http://www.sahitya-akademi.org/sahitya-akademi/awa521.htm#telugu","url_text":"\"Sahitya Akademi Awards\""},{"url":"http://sahitya-akademi.org/sahitya-akademi/awa521.htm#telugu","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nand Kumar (2003). \"Myths in the Plays of Girish Karnad\". Indian English Drama. Sarup & Sons. ISBN 81-7625-353-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9j7CbYk-IMIC&q=%22Girish+Karnad%22+-inpublisher%3Aicon&pg=PA114","url_text":"\"Myths in the Plays of Girish Karnad\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7625-353-7","url_text":"81-7625-353-7"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi_awards.jsp","external_links_name":"\"Sahitya Akademi Awards listings\""},{"Link":"http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1603/16031170.htm","external_links_name":"\"The multi-faceted playwright\""},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/asmitatheatre/girish-karnad-s-play","external_links_name":"\"Girish Karnad's Tale-Danda(Rakt Kalyan)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080420161435/http://www.sahitya-akademi.org/sahitya-akademi/awa521.htm#telugu","external_links_name":"\"Sahitya Akademi Awards\""},{"Link":"http://sahitya-akademi.org/sahitya-akademi/awa521.htm#telugu","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9j7CbYk-IMIC&q=%22Girish+Karnad%22+-inpublisher%3Aicon&pg=PA114","external_links_name":"\"Myths in the Plays of Girish Karnad\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synn%C3%B8ve_Gleditsch	Synnøve Gleditsch	["1 Life and work","2 Filmography","3 NRK Television Theater","4 References","5 External links"]	Norwegian actress (1908–1980) Synnøve GleditschBorn(1908-06-16)June 16, 1908Agdenes, NorwayDiedDecember 7, 1980(1980-12-07) (aged 72)OccupationActressSpouseHenry Gleditsch Synnøve Gleditsch (née Synnøve Tanvik, June 16, 1908 – December 7, 1980) was a Norwegian actress. Life and work Synnøve Gleditsch was the daughter of the arsenal manager Nils Tanvik (1872–1969) and Kristine Eian (1875–1925). She debuted at the National Theater in 1928, where she was engaged until 1932. After this, Gleditsch was engaged at the Søilen Theater from 1934 to 1935, the Trøndelag Theater from 1937 to 1942, and the Edderkoppen Theater from 1949 to 1953; during this time she also had guest performances at many other theaters. Gleditsch also worked as a cabaret and revue artist, including at Chat Noir. During the Second World War, Synnøve Gleditsch had been scheduled to perform the song "Det skal lyse igjen over byen" (The Light Will Shine Again over the city) as the closing number in the Chat Noir revue Fra tid til annen in 1941. The state censorship body (Teaterdirektoratet), established by the occupying forces, intervened after the rehearsal and stopped further performance of the number. The song later became known under the new title "Norge i rødt, hvitt og blått" (Norway in Red, White, and Blue). Synnøve Gleditsch was married to Henry Gleditsch from 1932 to 1942, when he was executed by the Germans. In the 1960s, Gleditsch worked at NRK's Television Theater. She made a name for herself in roles such as Lady Teazle in Henki Kolstad's Baktalelsens skole, Svanhild in Henrik Ibsen's Love's Comedy, Eliza in George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion, Lavinia in Nils Kjær's Det lykkelige valg, and Adele in Johann Strauss's Die Fledermaus. In addition to theater, she participated in 13 film and TV productions between 1949 and 1970. She made her film debut in the Norwegian version of Vi flyr på Rio. Filmography 1949: Vi flyr på Rio as Helmer's mother 1954: Aldri annet enn bråk as Mrs. Wang 1954: I moralens navn as Ella Heymann, Otto's wife, Egil's mother 1956: Ektemann alene as the office woman 1960: Venner as a servant at the Smidt house 1960: Veien tilbake as Jenny 1962: Tonny 1965: Skjær i sjøen Mrs. Ås, Marit's mother NRK Television Theater 1961: Den store barnedåpen as Miss Jahr 1961: Mester Pierre Pathelin as Giullemette, Pathelin's wife 1963: Kranes konditori as Gudrun Buck 1969: Huset på grensen as the mother-in-law 1970: Selma Brøter as the boarding house operator References ^ a b c Bikset, Lillian (2020). "Synnøve Gleditsch". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved March 18, 2022. ^ a b Berg, Thoralf (2012). "Henry Gleditsch". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved March 18, 2022. ^ Feldborg, Dag (2021). "Norge i rødt, hvitt og blått". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved March 20, 2022. External links Synnøve Gleditsch at IMDb Synnøve Gleditsch at the Swedish Film Database Synnøve Gleditsch at Sceneweb Synnøve Gleditsch at Filmfront Authority control databases: Artists KulturNav	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegians"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SNL-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBL-2"}],"text":"Synnøve Gleditsch (née Synnøve Tanvik, June 16, 1908 – December 7, 1980) was a Norwegian actress.[1][2]","title":"Synnøve Gleditsch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Nationale_Scene"},{"link_name":"Søilen Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ilen_Teater"},{"link_name":"Trøndelag Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag_Teater"},{"link_name":"Edderkoppen Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edderkoppen_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Chat Noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chat_Noir"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SNL-1"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Henry Gleditsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Gleditsch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBL-2"},{"link_name":"NRK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRK"},{"link_name":"Television Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjernsynsteatret"},{"link_name":"Henki Kolstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henki_Kolstad"},{"link_name":"Henrik Ibsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen"},{"link_name":"Love's Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%27s_Comedy"},{"link_name":"George Bernard Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Pygmalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmalion_(play)"},{"link_name":"Nils Kjær","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Kj%C3%A6r"},{"link_name":"Johann Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II"},{"link_name":"Die Fledermaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Fledermaus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SNL-1"},{"link_name":"Vi flyr på Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_flyr_p%C3%A5_Rio"}],"text":"Synnøve Gleditsch was the daughter of the arsenal manager Nils Tanvik (1872–1969) and Kristine Eian (1875–1925). She debuted at the National Theater in 1928, where she was engaged until 1932. After this, Gleditsch was engaged at the Søilen Theater from 1934 to 1935, the Trøndelag Theater from 1937 to 1942, and the Edderkoppen Theater from 1949 to 1953; during this time she also had guest performances at many other theaters. Gleditsch also worked as a cabaret and revue artist, including at Chat Noir.[1]During the Second World War, Synnøve Gleditsch had been scheduled to perform the song \"Det skal lyse igjen over byen\" (The Light Will Shine Again over the city) as the closing number in the Chat Noir revue Fra tid til annen in 1941. The state censorship body (Teaterdirektoratet), established by the occupying forces, intervened after the rehearsal and stopped further performance of the number. The song later became known under the new title \"Norge i rødt, hvitt og blått\" (Norway in Red, White, and Blue).[3]Synnøve Gleditsch was married to Henry Gleditsch from 1932 to 1942, when he was executed by the Germans.[2]In the 1960s, Gleditsch worked at NRK's Television Theater. She made a name for herself in roles such as Lady Teazle in Henki Kolstad's Baktalelsens skole, Svanhild in Henrik Ibsen's Love's Comedy, Eliza in George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion, Lavinia in Nils Kjær's Det lykkelige valg, and Adele in Johann Strauss's Die Fledermaus.[1]In addition to theater, she participated in 13 film and TV productions between 1949 and 1970. She made her film debut in the Norwegian version of Vi flyr på Rio.","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vi flyr på Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_flyr_p%C3%A5_Rio"},{"link_name":"Aldri annet enn bråk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldri_annet_enn_br%C3%A5k"},{"link_name":"I moralens navn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_moralens_navn"},{"link_name":"Ektemann alene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ektemann_alene"},{"link_name":"Venner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struggle_for_Eagle_Peak"},{"link_name":"Veien tilbake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veien_tilbake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tonny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonny"},{"link_name":"Skjær i sjøen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skj%C3%A6r_i_sj%C3%B8en"}],"text":"1949: Vi flyr på Rio as Helmer's mother\n1954: Aldri annet enn bråk as Mrs. Wang\n1954: I moralens navn as Ella Heymann, Otto's wife, Egil's mother\n1956: Ektemann alene as the office woman\n1960: Venner as a servant at the Smidt house\n1960: Veien tilbake as Jenny\n1962: Tonny\n1965: Skjær i sjøen Mrs. Ås, Marit's mother","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Selma Brøter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selma_Br%C3%B8ter&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"1961: Den store barnedåpen as Miss Jahr\n1961: Mester Pierre Pathelin as Giullemette, Pathelin's wife\n1963: Kranes konditori as Gudrun Buck\n1969: Huset på grensen as the mother-in-law\n1970: Selma Brøter as the boarding house operator","title":"NRK Television Theater"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Bikset, Lillian (2020). \"Synnøve Gleditsch\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PINpad	PIN pad	["1 Certifications","2 See also","3 References"]	Device for financial transactions This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "PIN pad" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) PIN pad (Brazil) used for secure payment. A PIN pad or PIN entry device is an electronic device used in a debit, credit or smart card-based transaction to accept and encrypt the cardholder's personal identification number (PIN). PIN pads are normally used with payment terminals, automated teller machines or integrated point of sale devices in which an electronic cash register is responsible for taking the sale amount and initiating/handling the transaction. The PIN pad is required to read the card and allow the PIN to be securely entered and encrypted before it is sent to the bank. In some cases, with chip cards, the PIN is only transferred from the PIN pad to card and it is verified by the chip card. In this case the PIN does not need to be sent to the bank or card scheme for verification. (This is known as "offline PIN verification".) Like some stand-alone point of sale devices, PIN pads are equipped with hardware and software security features to ensure that the encryption keys and the PIN are erased if someone tries to tamper with the device. The PIN is encrypted immediately on entry and an encrypted PIN block is created. This encrypted PIN block is erased as soon as it has been sent from the PIN pad to the attached point of sale device and/or the chip card. PINs are encrypted using a variety of encryption schemes, the most common in 2010 being triple DES. PIN pads must be approved to the standards required by the payment card industry to ensure that they provide adequate security at the point of PIN entry and for the PIN encryption process. ISO 9564 is the international standard for PIN management and security, and specifies some required and recommended characteristics of PIN entry devices. Although PIN pads nominally allow entry of numeric values, some PIN pads also have letters assigned to most of the digits, to allow use of alphabetic characters or a words as a mnemonic for the numeric PIN. Not all PIN pads necessarily have the same letters for the same numbers. ISO 9564 does not mandate any particular assignment of letters, and includes two examples that differ in the digits to which Q and Z are assigned. Certifications Payment card industry EMV Abecs TQM PayPass PayWave ExpressPay See also Payment terminal References ^ ISO 9564-1:2011 Financial services — Personal Identification Number (PIN) management and security — Part 1: Basic principles and requirements for PINs in card-based systems, clause 5 PIN handling devices ^ ISO 9564-1:2011, Annex B.4 Alpha-to-numeric mapping	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Um_dos_PinPADs_mais_utilizados._PPC930.png"},{"link_name":"debit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debit_card"},{"link_name":"credit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_card"},{"link_name":"smart card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_card"},{"link_name":"encrypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryption"},{"link_name":"personal identification number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_identification_number"},{"link_name":"payment terminals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_terminal"},{"link_name":"automated teller machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine"},{"link_name":"point of sale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_sale"},{"link_name":"cash register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_register"},{"link_name":"chip cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_card"},{"link_name":"keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(cryptography)"},{"link_name":"triple DES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_DES"},{"link_name":"payment card industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_card_industry"},{"link_name":"ISO 9564","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9564"},{"link_name":"international standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_standard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"letters assigned to most of the digits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.161"},{"link_name":"mnemonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"PIN pad (Brazil) used for secure payment.A PIN pad or PIN entry device is an electronic device used in a debit, credit or smart card-based transaction to accept and encrypt the cardholder's personal identification number (PIN).PIN pads are normally used with payment terminals, automated teller machines or integrated point of sale devices in which an electronic cash register is responsible for taking the sale amount and initiating/handling the transaction. The PIN pad is required to read the card and allow the PIN to be securely entered and encrypted before it is sent to the bank. In some cases, with chip cards, the PIN is only transferred from the PIN pad to card and it is verified by the chip card. In this case the PIN does not need to be sent to the bank or card scheme for verification. (This is known as \"offline PIN verification\".)Like some stand-alone point of sale devices, PIN pads are equipped with hardware and software security features to ensure that the encryption keys and the PIN are erased if someone tries to tamper with the device. The PIN is encrypted immediately on entry and an encrypted PIN block is created. This encrypted PIN block is erased as soon as it has been sent from the PIN pad to the attached point of sale device and/or the chip card. PINs are encrypted using a variety of encryption schemes, the most common in 2010 being triple DES.PIN pads must be approved to the standards required by the payment card industry to ensure that they provide adequate security at the point of PIN entry and for the PIN encryption process. ISO 9564 is the international standard for PIN management and security, and specifies some required and recommended characteristics of PIN entry devices.[1]Although PIN pads nominally allow entry of numeric values, some PIN pads also have letters assigned to most of the digits, to allow use of alphabetic characters or a words as a mnemonic for the numeric PIN. Not all PIN pads necessarily have the same letters for the same numbers. ISO 9564 does not mandate any particular assignment of letters, and includes two examples that differ in the digits to which Q and Z are assigned.[2]","title":"PIN pad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Payment card industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_card_industry"},{"link_name":"EMV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMV"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"PayPass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPass"},{"link_name":"PayWave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayWave"},{"link_name":"ExpressPay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExpressPay"}],"text":"Payment card industry\nEMV\nAbecs[clarification needed]\nTQM[clarification needed]\nPayPass\nPayWave\nExpressPay","title":"Certifications"}]	[{"image_text":"PIN pad (Brazil) used for secure payment.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Um_dos_PinPADs_mais_utilizados._PPC930.png/220px-Um_dos_PinPADs_mais_utilizados._PPC930.png"}]	[{"title":"Payment terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_terminal"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22PIN+pad%22","external_links_name":"\"PIN pad\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22PIN+pad%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22PIN+pad%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22PIN+pad%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22PIN+pad%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22PIN+pad%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=54083","external_links_name":"ISO 9564-1:2011"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Everett_Dutton	Joseph Everett Dutton	["1 Early years","2 West Africa","3 Congo","4 References"]	British parasitologist Joseph Everett DuttonBorn(1874-09-09)9 September 1874Upper Bebington, Cheshire, EnglandDied27 February 1905(1905-02-27) (aged 30)Kasongo, CongoNationalityBritishOccupationParasitologistKnown forDiscovery of the cause of sleeping sickness Joseph Everett Dutton (9 September 1874 – 27 February 1905) was a British parasitologist who discovered one of the trypanosomes that cause sleeping sickness. He died in the Congo Free State at the age of 30 from tick fever, or African relapsing fever, while investigating the disease, which is caused by a spirillum that was later named Borrelia duttoni. Early years Joseph Everett Dutton was born on 9 September 1874 in Upper Bebington, Cheshire. His father was John Dutton, a chemist, and his mother was Sarah Ellen Moore. He was their fifth son. He attended The King's School, Chester (January 1888 – May 1892). He was admitted to the University of Liverpool in 1892, and earned the gold medal in anatomy and physiology, and the medal in materia medica in 1895. He won the medal in pathology at Victoria University in 1896. He graduated in 1897, and was appointed George Holt fellow in Pathology. He was appointed a resident at the Liverpool Royal Infirmary. He served as house surgeon under Professor Rushton Parker for six months, and then as house physician under Professor Richard Caton. West Africa Dutton joined an expedition to Nigeria in 1900, the third expedition arranged by the Liverpool Medical School, with H.E. Annett and J.H. Elliott. This trip led to two reports, one on sanitation to avoid malaria and the other on filariasis. In 1901 he was elected Walter Myers Fellow in Parasitology. Joseph Dutton in Gambia in 1902–1903 Dutton undertook an expedition to the Gambia on his own at the start of 1901. He prepared a thorough report on methods of fighting malaria. On 10 May 1901 the colonial surgeon at the hospital in Bathurst showed him a blood sample from a government employee with "very many actively moving worm-like bodies whose nature he was unable to ascertain". The patient returned to England, and Dutton examined him again there, but could not detect any parasites. However, when both the patient and Dutton were back in Gambia on 15 December 1901, Dutton again examined blood samples and "found a flagellate protozoon evidently belonging to the genus Trypanosoma". Trypanosoma brucei belongs to a family of parasites that so far had been found only in animal blood. The discovery was an important stage in understanding the widespread and often deadly disease of sleeping sickness. Dutton did not immediately draw the connection, since the patient was also suffering from malaria. Dutton also described various other trypanosomes. In September 1902 he returned to the Gambia with John Lancelot Todd, on an expedition which was supported by Joseph Chamberlain, Secretary of State for the Colonies, which facilitated a prolonged visit to French Senegal. Congo The twelfth expedition of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine left for the Congo Free State on 13 September 1903. Dutton was accompanied by John Lancelot Todd and Cuthbert Christy. Christy went back to England in June 1904, while Todd and Dutton went upstream to Stanley Falls, which they reached late in 1904. There they demonstrated what caused tick fever, and how it was transferred between humans and monkeys. Dutton found that the monkeys could be infected by bites from soft ticks (Ornithodoros moubata) carrying Borrelia duttoni, a spirochaete. He also found that the parasite could pass into the eggs and larvae of the ticks, so the next generation would also be vehicles for infection. Both Todd and Dutton caught the disease, but were well enough to continue traveling, and reached Kasongo on 9 February 1905. Dutton's health then declined quickly. He recorded his symptoms until too weak, after which Todd continued the record. Dutton died at Kasongo on 27 February 1905. More than a thousand people attended his burial, mostly local people whom he had treated and whose respect he had earned. It took two months for the news of his death to be carried to the nearest telegraph station. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joseph Everett Dutton. Citations ^ a b c d e f Köhler 2006, p. 1. ^ a b Power 1912, p. 538. ^ a b c Joseph Everett Dutton: BMJ. ^ a b c Joseph Everett Dutton – U of Liverpool. ^ Joseph Dutton at the microscope. ^ Cook 2007, p. 168. ^ "The Gambia Medical expedition". The Times. No. 36853. London. 22 August 1902. p. 5. ^ a b Cook 2007, p. 167. ^ Power 1912, p. 539. ^ Joseph Everett Dutton: BMJ, p. 1020. Sources Cook, Gordon (2007). Tropical Medicine: An Illustrated History of The Pioneers. Academic Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-08-055939-1. "Joseph Dutton at the microscope in Gambia". Retrieved 8 May 2013. "Joseph Everett Dutton (1879–1905)". University of Liverpool. Archived from the original on 25 September 2006. Retrieved 8 May 2013. "Joseph Everett Dutton, M.B., Ch.B.Vict., D.P.H., Walter Myers Fellow, Liverpool School Of Tropical Medicine". The British Medical Journal. 1 (2314): 1020–1021. 6 May 1905. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2314.1020-a. JSTOR 20285063. S2CID 220016511. Köhler, Werner (2006). "Killed in action: Microbiologists and clinicians as victims of their occupation Part 4: Tick-borne Relapsing Fever, Malta Fever, Glanders, SARS". International Journal of Medical Microbiology. 296 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1016/j.ijmm.2005.04.005. PMC 7129771. PMID 16423683. Power, D'Arcy (1912). "Dutton, Joseph Everett" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement). Vol. 1. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Authority control databases International VIAF Academics International Plant Names Index	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trypanosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypanosoma_brucei"},{"link_name":"sleeping sickness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_trypanosomiasis"},{"link_name":"Congo Free State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Free_State"},{"link_name":"relapsing fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relapsing_fever"},{"link_name":"spirillum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_bacteria"},{"link_name":"Borrelia duttoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_duttoni"}],"text":"Joseph Everett Dutton (9 September 1874 – 27 February 1905) was a British parasitologist who discovered one of the trypanosomes that cause sleeping sickness. He died in the Congo Free State at the age of 30 from tick fever, or African relapsing fever, while investigating the disease, which is caused by a spirillum that was later named Borrelia duttoni.","title":"Joseph Everett Dutton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bebington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebington"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6hler20061-1"},{"link_name":"The King's School, Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King%27s_School,_Chester"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPower1912538-2"},{"link_name":"University of Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPower1912538-2"},{"link_name":"Rushton Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rushton_Parker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Richard Caton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Caton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph_Everett_Dutton:_BMJ-3"}],"text":"Joseph Everett Dutton was born on 9 September 1874 in Upper Bebington, Cheshire.[1]\nHis father was John Dutton, a chemist, and his mother was Sarah Ellen Moore. He was their fifth son.\nHe attended The King's School, Chester (January 1888 – May 1892).[2]He was admitted to the University of Liverpool in 1892, and earned the gold medal in anatomy and physiology, and the medal in materia medica in 1895. \nHe won the medal in pathology at Victoria University in 1896.[2]\nHe graduated in 1897, and was appointed George Holt fellow in Pathology. He was appointed a resident at the Liverpool Royal Infirmary. \nHe served as house surgeon under Professor Rushton Parker for six months, and then as house physician under Professor Richard Caton.[3]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6hler20061-1"},{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"filariasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filariasis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph_Everett_Dutton:_BMJ-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph_Everett_Dutton_%E2%80%93_U_of_Liverpool-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Everett_Dutton_at_the_microscope_in_Gambia_1902.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph_Everett_Dutton:_BMJ-3"},{"link_name":"Bathurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjul"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6hler20061-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6hler20061-1"},{"link_name":"Trypanosoma brucei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypanosoma_brucei"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph_Dutton_at_the_microscope-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6hler20061-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2007168-6"},{"link_name":"John Lancelot Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lancelot_Todd"},{"link_name":"Joseph Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for the Colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies"},{"link_name":"French Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Senegal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph_Everett_Dutton_%E2%80%93_U_of_Liverpool-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Dutton joined an expedition to Nigeria in 1900, the third expedition arranged by the Liverpool Medical School, with H.E. Annett and J.H. Elliott.[1]\nThis trip led to two reports, one on sanitation to avoid malaria and the other on filariasis.[3] \nIn 1901 he was elected Walter Myers Fellow in Parasitology.[4]Joseph Dutton in Gambia in 1902–1903Dutton undertook an expedition to the Gambia on his own at the start of 1901. He prepared a thorough report on methods of fighting malaria.[3]\nOn 10 May 1901 the colonial surgeon at the hospital in Bathurst showed him a blood sample from a government employee with \"very many actively moving worm-like bodies whose nature he was unable to ascertain\".[1] \nThe patient returned to England, and Dutton examined him again there, but could not detect any parasites. However, when both the patient and Dutton were back in Gambia on 15 December 1901, Dutton again examined blood samples and \"found a flagellate protozoon evidently belonging to the genus Trypanosoma\".[1]Trypanosoma brucei belongs to a family of parasites that so far had been found only in animal blood. The discovery was an important stage in understanding the widespread and often deadly disease of sleeping sickness.[5]\nDutton did not immediately draw the connection, since the patient was also suffering from malaria.[1] Dutton also described various other trypanosomes.[6] \nIn September 1902 he returned to the Gambia with John Lancelot Todd, on an expedition which was supported by Joseph Chamberlain, Secretary of State for the Colonies, which facilitated a prolonged visit to French Senegal.[4][7]","title":"West Africa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Congo Free State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Free_State"},{"link_name":"Cuthbert Christy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuthbert_Christy"},{"link_name":"Stanley Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyoma_Falls"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2007167-8"},{"link_name":"Ornithodoros moubata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithodoros_moubata"},{"link_name":"Borrelia duttoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_duttoni"},{"link_name":"spirochaete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirochaete"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6hler20061-1"},{"link_name":"Kasongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasongo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2007167-8"},{"link_name":"Kasongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasongo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph_Everett_Dutton_%E2%80%93_U_of_Liverpool-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPower1912539-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph_Everett_Dutton:_BMJ1020-10"}],"text":"The twelfth expedition of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine left for the Congo Free State on 13 September 1903. \nDutton was accompanied by John Lancelot Todd and Cuthbert Christy. Christy went back to England in June 1904, while Todd and Dutton went upstream to Stanley Falls, which they reached late in 1904. There they demonstrated what caused tick fever, and how it was transferred between humans and monkeys.[8]\nDutton found that the monkeys could be infected by bites from soft ticks (Ornithodoros moubata) carrying Borrelia duttoni, a spirochaete.\nHe also found that the parasite could pass into the eggs and larvae of the ticks, so the next generation would also be vehicles for infection.[1]Both Todd and Dutton caught the disease, but were well enough to continue traveling, and reached Kasongo on 9 February 1905. Dutton's health then declined quickly.[8] \nHe recorded his symptoms until too weak, after which Todd continued the record. Dutton died at Kasongo on 27 February 1905.[4] \nMore than a thousand people attended his burial, mostly local people whom he had treated and whose respect he had earned.[9]\nIt took two months for the news of his death to be carried to the nearest telegraph station.[10]","title":"Congo"}]	[{"image_text":"Joseph Dutton in Gambia in 1902–1903","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Joseph_Everett_Dutton_at_the_microscope_in_Gambia_1902.jpg/350px-Joseph_Everett_Dutton_at_the_microscope_in_Gambia_1902.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Gambia Medical expedition\". The Times. No. 36853. London. 22 August 1902. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cook, Gordon (2007). Tropical Medicine: An Illustrated History of The Pioneers. Academic Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-08-055939-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iB_ibIXxhOMC&pg=PA167","url_text":"Tropical Medicine: An Illustrated History of The Pioneers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-055939-1","url_text":"978-0-08-055939-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Joseph Dutton at the microscope in Gambia\". Retrieved 8 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wellcomecollection.org/explore/time--place/topics/pioneers/images.aspx?view=joseph-dutton","url_text":"\"Joseph Dutton at the microscope in Gambia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joseph Everett Dutton (1879–1905)\". University of Liverpool. Archived from the original on 25 September 2006. Retrieved 8 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060925054910/http://sca.lib.liv.ac.uk/collections/colldescs/lstm/dutton.htm","url_text":"\"Joseph Everett Dutton (1879–1905)\""},{"url":"http://sca.lib.liv.ac.uk/collections/colldescs/lstm/dutton.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Joseph Everett Dutton, M.B., Ch.B.Vict., D.P.H., Walter Myers Fellow, Liverpool School Of Tropical Medicine\". The British Medical Journal. 1 (2314): 1020–1021. 6 May 1905. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2314.1020-a. JSTOR 20285063. S2CID 220016511.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.2314.1020-a","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.1.2314.1020-a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20285063","url_text":"20285063"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220016511","url_text":"220016511"}]},{"reference":"Köhler, Werner (2006). \"Killed in action: Microbiologists and clinicians as victims of their occupation Part 4: Tick-borne Relapsing Fever, Malta Fever, Glanders, SARS\". International Journal of Medical Microbiology. 296 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1016/j.ijmm.2005.04.005. PMC 7129771. PMID 16423683.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7129771","url_text":"\"Killed in action: Microbiologists and clinicians as victims of their occupation Part 4: Tick-borne Relapsing Fever, Malta Fever, Glanders, SARS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijmm.2005.04.005","url_text":"10.1016/j.ijmm.2005.04.005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7129771","url_text":"7129771"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16423683","url_text":"16423683"}]},{"reference":"Power, D'Arcy (1912). \"Dutton, Joseph Everett\" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement). Vol. 1. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayetharyar	Ayethaya	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 20°46′38″N 96°59′56″E / 20.77722°N 96.99889°E / 20.77722; 96.99889Town in Shan State, MyanmarAyethaya အေးသာယာTownAyethayaLocation in BurmaCoordinates: 20°46′38″N 96°59′56″E / 20.77722°N 96.99889°E / 20.77722; 96.99889Country MyanmarState Shan StateDistrictTaunggyi DistrictTownshipTaunggyi TownshipTime zoneUTC+6.30 (MST) Ayethaya (Burmese: အေးသာယာ, also spelt Aye Thar Yar) is a town and resort in the Shan State of eastern Burma. It is located just outside Taunggyi and is a relatively new town. It contains the Technological University of Taunggyi and the Aye Thar Yar Golf Resort. References ^ Klinkmüller, Volker (November 2003). Myanmar. DuMont Reiseverlag. p. 363. ISBN 978-3-7701-6147-8. Retrieved 28 September 2011. ^ Gensbichler, Georg. Golf 2008 Southeast Asia. Bangkokbooks. p. 398. ISBN 978-974-8278-44-5. Retrieved 28 September 2011. ^ Burma. Cī maṃ kinʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Bhaṇḍā reʺ Vanʻ krīʺ Ṭhāna (1993). Review of the financial, economic and social conditions for ... Ministry of Planning and Finance. p. 246. Retrieved 28 September 2011. This Shan State location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language"},{"link_name":"Shan State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_State"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"},{"link_name":"Taunggyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunggyi"},{"link_name":"Technological University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_University,_Taunggyi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klinkm%C3%BCller2003-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gensbichler-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E1%B9%ACh%C4%81na1993-3"}],"text":"Town in Shan State, MyanmarAyethaya (Burmese: အေးသာယာ, also spelt Aye Thar Yar) is a town and resort in the Shan State of eastern Burma. It is located just outside Taunggyi and is a relatively new town. It contains the Technological University of Taunggyi and the Aye Thar Yar Golf Resort.[1][2][3]","title":"Ayethaya"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Klinkmüller, Volker (November 2003). Myanmar. DuMont Reiseverlag. p. 363. ISBN 978-3-7701-6147-8. Retrieved 28 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M2WmNIDYE4EC&pg=PA363","url_text":"Myanmar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7701-6147-8","url_text":"978-3-7701-6147-8"}]},{"reference":"Gensbichler, Georg. Golf 2008 Southeast Asia. Bangkokbooks. p. 398. ISBN 978-974-8278-44-5. Retrieved 28 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2Daek9l4k00C&pg=PA398","url_text":"Golf 2008 Southeast Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-8278-44-5","url_text":"978-974-8278-44-5"}]},{"reference":"Burma. Cī maṃ kinʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Bhaṇḍā reʺ Vanʻ krīʺ Ṭhāna (1993). Review of the financial, economic and social conditions for ... Ministry of Planning and Finance. p. 246. Retrieved 28 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=W9HsAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Review of the financial, economic and social conditions for ..."}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ayethaya&params=20_46_38_N_96_59_56_E_region:MM_type:city","external_links_name":"20°46′38″N 96°59′56″E / 20.77722°N 96.99889°E / 20.77722; 96.99889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ayethaya&params=20_46_38_N_96_59_56_E_region:MM_type:city","external_links_name":"20°46′38″N 96°59′56″E / 20.77722°N 96.99889°E / 20.77722; 96.99889"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M2WmNIDYE4EC&pg=PA363","external_links_name":"Myanmar"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2Daek9l4k00C&pg=PA398","external_links_name":"Golf 2008 Southeast Asia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=W9HsAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Review of the financial, economic and social conditions for ..."},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayethaya&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Communications_Committee	European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations	["1 Organization","2 Member countries","3 See also","4 Notes","5 External links"]	European regulatory agency umbrella organization This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (September 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications AdministrationsCEPT logo, designed by Michael GoamanFormationJune 26, 1959; 64 years ago (1959-06-26)Membership 46 countriesCo-presidencyThe Chairman of ECC, The Chairman of CERP and the Chairman of Com-ITUWebsitewww.cept.org The European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) was established on June 26, 1959, by nineteen European states in Montreux, Switzerland, as a coordinating body for European state telecommunications and postal organizations. The acronym comes from the French version of its name Conférence européenne des administrations des postes et des télécommunications. CEPT was responsible for the creation of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in 1988. Organization CEPT is organised into three main components: Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) - responsible for radiocommunications and telecommunications matters and formed by the merger of ECTRA (European Committee for Telecommunications Regulatory Affairs) and ERC (European Radiocommunications Committee) in September 2001 The permanent secretariat of the ECC is the European Communications Office (ECO) European Committee for Postal Regulation (CERP, after the French "Comité européen des régulateurs postaux") - responsible for postal matters The committee for ITU Policy (Com-ITU) is responsible for organising the co-ordination of CEPT actions for the preparation for and during the course of the ITU activities meetings of the council, Plenipotentiary Conferences, World Telecommunication Development Conferences, World Telecommunication Standardisation Assemblies Member countries As of March 2022: 46 countries. Albania, Andorra, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Vatican City. The Russian Federation and Belarus memberships were suspended indefinitely on March 17, 2022. See also Europa postage stamp CEPT Recommendation T/CD 06-01 (standard for videotex) E-carrier (standard for multiplexed telephone circuits) International Telecommunication Union LPD433 PMR446 SRD860 Universal Postal Union WiMAX African Telecommunications Union (ATU) Asia-Pacific Telecommunity (APT) Caribbean Postal Union (CPU) Caribbean Telecommunications Union (CTU) Inter-American Telecommunication Commission (CITEL) Postal Union of the Americas, Spain and Portugal List of members of the Universal Postal Union Notes ^ "CEPT.ORG - ECC - About ECC - What we do". www.cept.org. 24 May 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2017. ^ "CEPT Membership and Observers (2023)". ^ "CEPT.ORG-CEPT-News Storage-Suspension of the Russian Federation and Belarus from CEPT Membership". www.cept.org. Retrieved 17 March 2022. External links Official website ECC website ECO website CERP website Com-ITU website vteTelecommunicationsHistory Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Data compression audio DCT image video Digital media Internet video online video platform social media streaming Drums Edholm's law Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Information Age Information revolution Internet Mass media Mobile phone Smartphone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepaid mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Phryctoria Semiconductor device MOSFET transistor Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter (teletype) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television digital streaming Undersea telegraph line Videotelephony Whistled language Wireless revolution Pioneers Nasir Ahmed Edwin Howard Armstrong Mohamed M. Atalla John Logie Baird Paul Baran John Bardeen Alexander Graham Bell Emile Berliner Tim Berners-Lee Francis Blake (telephone) Jagadish Chandra Bose Charles Bourseul Walter Houser Brattain Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Yogen Dalal Daniel Davis Jr. Donald Davies Amos Dolbear Thomas Edison Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Oliver Heaviside Robert Hooke Erna Schneider Hoover Harold Hopkins Gardiner Greene Hubbard Internet pioneers Bob Kahn Dawon Kahng Charles K. Kao Narinder Singh Kapany Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Robert Metcalfe Antonio Meucci Samuel Morse Jun-ichi Nishizawa Charles Grafton Page Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Tivadar Puskás Johann Philipp Reis Claude Shannon Almon Brown Strowger Henry Sutton Charles Sumner Tainter Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Thomas A. Watson Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmissionmedia Coaxial cable Fiber-optic communication optical fiber Free-space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves wireless Transmission line telecommunication circuit Network topologyand switching Bandwidth Links Nodes terminal Network switching circuit packet Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space-division Frequency-division Time-division Polarization-division Orbital angular-momentum Code-division Concepts Communication protocol Computer network Data transmission Store and forward Telecommunications equipment Types of network Cellular network Ethernet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN Public Switched Telephone Radio Television Telex UUCP WAN Wireless network Notable networks ARPANET BITNET CYCLADES FidoNet Internet Internet2 JANET NPL network Toasternet Usenet Locations Africa Americas North South Antarctica Asia Europe Oceania (Global telecommunications regulation bodies) Telecommunication portal Category Outline Commons Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreux"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications"},{"link_name":"postal organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_organizations"},{"link_name":"acronym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"European Telecommunications Standards Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Standards_Institute"}],"text":"The European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) was established on June 26, 1959, by nineteen European states in Montreux, Switzerland, as a coordinating body for European state telecommunications and postal organizations. The acronym comes from the French version of its name Conférence européenne des administrations des postes et des télécommunications.CEPT was responsible for the creation of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in 1988.","title":"European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"ITU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union"}],"text":"CEPT is organised into three main components:Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) - responsible for radiocommunications and telecommunications matters and formed by the merger of ECTRA (European Committee for Telecommunications Regulatory Affairs) and ERC (European Radiocommunications Committee) in September 2001[1]\nThe permanent secretariat of the ECC is the European Communications Office (ECO)\nEuropean Committee for Postal Regulation (CERP, after the French \"Comité européen des régulateurs postaux\") - responsible for postal matters\nThe committee for ITU Policy (Com-ITU) is responsible for organising the co-ordination of CEPT actions for the preparation for and during the course of the ITU activities meetings of the council, Plenipotentiary Conferences, World Telecommunication Development Conferences, World Telecommunication Standardisation Assemblies","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Slovak Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Republic"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Vatican City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City"},{"link_name":"Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"As of March 2022: 46 countries. [2]Albania, Andorra, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Vatican City. The Russian Federation and Belarus memberships were suspended indefinitely on March 17, 2022.[3]","title":"Member countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"CEPT.ORG - ECC - About ECC - What we do\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cept.org/ecc/what-we-do"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"CEPT Membership and Observers (2023)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cept.org/cept/membership-and-observers"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"CEPT.ORG-CEPT-News Storage-Suspension of the Russian Federation and Belarus from CEPT Membership\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cept.org/cept/news/suspension-of-the-russian-federation-and-belarus-from-cept-membership/"}],"text":"^ \"CEPT.ORG - ECC - About ECC - What we do\". www.cept.org. 24 May 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2017.\n\n^ \"CEPT Membership and Observers (2023)\".\n\n^ \"CEPT.ORG-CEPT-News Storage-Suspension of the Russian Federation and Belarus from CEPT Membership\". www.cept.org. Retrieved 17 March 2022.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Europa postage stamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_postage_stamp"},{"title":"CEPT Recommendation T/CD 06-01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEPT_Recommendation_T/CD_06-01"},{"title":"E-carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-carrier"},{"title":"International Telecommunication Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union"},{"title":"LPD433","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPD433"},{"title":"PMR446","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMR446"},{"title":"SRD860","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-range_device#SRD860"},{"title":"Universal Postal Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union"},{"title":"WiMAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX"},{"title":"African Telecommunications Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Telecommunications_Union"},{"title":"Asia-Pacific Telecommunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Telecommunity"},{"title":"Caribbean Postal Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Postal_Union"},{"title":"Caribbean Telecommunications Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Telecommunications_Union"},{"title":"Inter-American Telecommunication Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-American_Telecommunication_Commission"},{"title":"Postal Union of the Americas, Spain and Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_Union_of_the_Americas,_Spain_and_Portugal"},{"title":"List of members of the Universal Postal Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Universal_Postal_Union"}]	[{"reference":"\"CEPT.ORG - ECC - About ECC - What we do\". www.cept.org. 24 May 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cept.org/ecc/what-we-do","url_text":"\"CEPT.ORG - ECC - About ECC - What we do\""}]},{"reference":"\"CEPT Membership and Observers (2023)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cept.org/cept/membership-and-observers","url_text":"\"CEPT Membership and Observers (2023)\""}]},{"reference":"\"CEPT.ORG-CEPT-News Storage-Suspension of the Russian Federation and Belarus from CEPT Membership\". www.cept.org. Retrieved 17 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cept.org/cept/news/suspension-of-the-russian-federation-and-belarus-from-cept-membership/","url_text":"\"CEPT.ORG-CEPT-News Storage-Suspension of the Russian Federation and Belarus from CEPT Membership\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Conference_of_Postal_and_Telecommunications_Administrations&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.cept.org/","external_links_name":"www.cept.org"},{"Link":"https://www.cept.org/ecc/what-we-do","external_links_name":"\"CEPT.ORG - ECC - About ECC - What we do\""},{"Link":"https://www.cept.org/cept/membership-and-observers","external_links_name":"\"CEPT Membership and Observers (2023)\""},{"Link":"https://www.cept.org/cept/news/suspension-of-the-russian-federation-and-belarus-from-cept-membership/","external_links_name":"\"CEPT.ORG-CEPT-News Storage-Suspension of the Russian Federation and Belarus from CEPT Membership\""},{"Link":"https://www.cept.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.cept.org/ecc","external_links_name":"ECC website"},{"Link":"http://www.cept.org/ECO","external_links_name":"ECO website"},{"Link":"http://www.cept.org/CERP","external_links_name":"CERP website"},{"Link":"http://www.cept.org/Com-ITU","external_links_name":"Com-ITU website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000106618037","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/132135008","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/804596-3","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88657946","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027964515","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator-At-Law	Gladiator-At-Law	["1 Plot introduction","2 Plot summary","3 Characters","4 The GML House","5 Reception","6 References","7 External links"]	1955 novel by Cyril M. Kornbluth Gladiator-At-Law First editionAuthorFrederik Pohl and Cyril M. KornbluthLanguageEnglishGenreScience fictionPublisherBallantine BooksPublication dateJune 1955Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (Paperback)Pages171OCLC13532842 Gladiator-at-Law was serialized in Galaxy Science Fiction in 1954, illustrated by Ed Emshwiller Gladiator-At-Law is a satirical science fiction novel by American writers Frederik Pohl and Cyril M. Kornbluth. It was first published in 1955 by Ballantine Books and republished in 1986 by Baen Books. Plot introduction The plot is typically topsy-turvy. Whereas in the authors' earlier novel The Space Merchants the world was ruled by advertising agencies, in this novel corporate lawyers, especially the secretive firm of "Green, Charlesworth", have gained a stranglehold on the world. Business Law is an extremely lucrative career, while Criminal Law pays enough to afford some of the luxuries of life but not enough to save for the future. Success means living in a luxurious automated "bubble home" constructed by "GML", a corporation which is nominally public but whose shares are never traded openly. All work contracts include GML housing as part of the pay scale. Not having a contract job means having to live in a community such as "Belly Rave", originally a post-war suburban development for returning soldiers, now a slum ruled by gangs of teenagers and children. Its original name was "Belle Rêve", which is French for "Beautiful Dream", in ironic contrast to the present ugly reality. For the common people, there are bread-and-circuses entertainments in the form of gladiatorial games of various kinds, with monetary rewards for the winners. Some games pit elderly people against each other armed with padded clubs, but others are more deadly. There are two main protagonists. One is Norvell Bligh, a nebbish designer of game spectacles for a second-rank corporation who is thrown out of his job and his GML home, a victim of office politics. His gold-digger wife, instead of leaving him, returns with him to her roots in the slum, kicking her daughter out to join a gang and bring in some money. The other is Charles Mundin, an attorney scratching out a living in criminal practice, barred from more lucrative commercial work by the licensing monopolies of the large law firms. By chance they encounter siblings Norma and Donald Lavin, who inherited 25% of GML stock from their father, the inventor of the Bubble House. Donald placed the share certificates in a safe deposit box, and then was kidnapped and "conditioned", as are many common criminals. He can no longer tell anyone where the stock certificates are, and any attempt to obtain duplicate certificates from GML will surely result in more foul play. Helping the Lavins, they discover the truth behind GML and confront "Green, Charlesworth", whose true nature is more bizarre than anyone could imagine. Plot summary The action takes place in and around a future Monmouth City, New Jersey. The city proper consists of luxurious GML bubble homes which can change shape at the whim of their occupants, and anticipate their every need. At the edge of Monmouth City is the slum of Belly Rave, originally a gimcrack suburb built on a landfill and sold to unsuspecting young couples. Charles Mundin and Norvell Bligh first meet when Bligh is trying to adopt his stepdaughter, mostly at the behest of his upwardly mobile wife, Virginia. Bligh then returns to work on the next gruesomely spectacular Field Day to be organized by his company, while Mundin visits Republican Party headquarters, where he is introduced to the Lavins by his friend, the local Ward Chairman whose brother also knows Bligh. Bligh finds himself tricked out of his job by his assistant, abetted by one of the secretaries who is keen to marry a man with a job whose benefits include a GML home. Bligh is arrested when he tries to drown his sorrows, only to find his company credit card has been cancelled. Mundin uses his political connections to have Bligh freed, but then Bligh and his family are unceremoniously dumped in Belly Rave. Virginia is no stranger to the place, but Bligh needs the help of a local, who calls himself Shep. With Shep's guidance Bligh negotiates the "public assistance" system which ensures that nobody starves, without actually making life worth living. Shep scrapes together materials so he can paint "rainscapes", views of Belly Rave in the rain. Other residents indulge in a kind of barter, or petty theft, extortion, and gang crime, or anesthetize themselves with liquor made from the desserts in their ration packs. Virginia, opportunistic as ever, begins eyeing Shep as a replacement for Norvell. Mundin eventually visits the Lavins, who live in a different part of Belly Rave, and meets Ryan, a broken-down corporate attorney addicted to "yen-pox", an opiate in the form of crude pills. Ryan has a plan for recovering the shares which Donald Lavin hid away before he was brainwashed, but the initial effort at obtaining records from GML result in Norma Lavin being kidnapped. Ryan is strangely elated, as it is evident that GML seems to think their activities are a threat, which could give him some leverage in negotiations. He decides to send Mundin to a shareholder's meeting. This entails buying a GML share on Wall Street, which has become a hybrid stock-market and public casino. Mundin braves the touts and thugs of the market to trick his way to buying a share, normally impossible because of the activities of certain brokers. Hiding out in Belly Rave, he meets Bligh, who has become adept in negotiating with the gangs there. Bligh arranges Mundin's safe passage to the company meeting, in a deliberately obscure building on Long Island. At the meeting Mundin, learning to play off the power brokers against each other, gains access to Norma, who is a "guest" of one faction. Mundin also gains an ally in Bliss Hubble, a "Titan of Industry" who sees in the Lavin's shares a way to unseat the faction currently in control of GML. Recruiting a few more Titans to his cause, he takes the entire party to his elaborate GML bubble-house, which is currently configured as a Gothic mansion, thanks to a household servant with a grudge. With Bliss's backing, Ryan and Mundin are suddenly a full-fledged law firm with expensive offices. The plan Bliss hatches is to bankrupt GML rather than indulge in a proxy battle. Mundin is dispatched to sabotage certain GML houses, including the model in the Smithsonian, at the same time spreading rumors through his political connections. Bliss bankrolls some illegal medical treatment for Don Lavin, in order to reverse his brainwashing. After this, they are able to recover the Lavins' stock certificates from a bank in Ohio, where GML was founded. Norvell, meanwhile, is becoming an important man in Belly Rave. His experience catering to crowds in the Field Days allows him to organize the otherwise listless residents to clean the place up and even try some local policing. Shep, meanwhile, has become too close to Virginia, and Bligh has assaulted him with a piece of lead pipe. At this point the much dreaded firm of "Green, Charlesworth" intervene. They occupy the entire Empire State Building on the otherwise uninhabited island of Manhattan. Rather than send their minions to shut down the plot, they grant Norma Lavin and Mundin an "audience" at their headquarters. Here they are revealed to be a grotesque pair of ancient human beings, a man and a woman, trapped in husks of bodies in glass cases, but able to exert influence with their minds, their devices, and their money. They own GML and have used it to rule their world. They claim to be centuries old, having "fixed Mr. Lincoln's wagon" and they threaten to do the same to Mundin and the Lavins. Mundin identifies them as the Struldbrugs described by satirist Jonathan Swift. Returning to their offices, Mundin and Norma find that only Bliss Hubble and the increasingly comatose Ryan are still on their side. They resolve to carry on regardless, but then chaos ensues as listening devices planted by Green, Charlesworth explode around them. In the confusion, Donald disappears, responding to a subliminal signal as if he is still brainwashed. They find him at the Field Day, entered in an event where he walks a tightrope across a pool of piranha while under a hail of rocks from the crowd. Despite their efforts at bribing the mob not to throw anything, aided by threats from Bligh's teenage gangsters, Donald falls into the pool. Bligh is ready to sacrifice himself to save Donald, but instead the tortured artist Shep throws himself in with the fish. Declaring war on GML and Green, Charlesworth, they return to Wall Street, where Mundin starts a run on the market by carefully selling off large chunks of the GML stock. After a while the selling takes on a life of its own, despite the efforts of various people, acting unwittingly on behalf of Green, Charlesworth, to have Mundin arrested on trumped-up charges, or to discourage him from selling. As the market collapses, the plotters are left with large amounts of cash, which they use to buy up GML and other companies at bargain prices. At the end they are counting their riches and savoring their triumph, just as Green, Charlesworth, across the water in Manhattan, destroy themselves in a nuclear explosion. Characters Charles Mundin is not a particularly good lawyer, although he can easily out-think the likes of Wilhelm Choate IV, his friend who inherited a large corporate practice from his father Wilhelm Choate III and looks forward to passing the firm and its decades-long bankruptcy cases to his son, Wilhelm Choate V. Mundin is fairly adept at cultivating political contacts, such as his friend Del Dworcas, the Republican Ward Chairman who steers work to him. Del's brother Arnie is an Engineer, which in his case is more of a title than a vocation. Arnie passes Norvell Bligh on to Del, who connects him with Mundin. Norvell Bligh is a Company man, eagerly organizing the bloody spectacles that keep his boss in business, though the boss chafes at being in a "minor league" operation and rides his workers hard to compensate. At the beginning of the novel Bligh has to wear a hearing aid, but as he grows as a human being, he suddenly finds that he doesn't need it at all. In parallel he frees himself from his fears of his boss, of his shrewish wife, of his fellow residents of Belly Rave, and finally of Death itself. Donald and Norma Lavin are the twin children of one of the two co-inventors of the automated, self-maintaining GML House. Donald is naive and childlike as a consequence of being brainwashed. Norma is typical of female characters by the authors, in that she resents the restrictions imposed on her by society, but is even more resentful of being attracted to a man like Mundin who does not treat her like a woman. Bliss Hubble is rich enough for money not to matter to him. He is instead addicted to power and the pursuit of it. Initially he sees the Lavins as another tool, but when he learns the true nature of Green, Charlesworth he decides that his "power" was an illusion, and sticks with Mundin and the Lavins after his partners bail out. Virginia Bligh, the once and future Belly Raver, is a survivor. Sold by her parents, she was lucky to be merely a shill in a pickpocket operation instead of, say, a worker in a brothel. Lying her way into a job as a receptionist, she entices Norvell Bligh into marriage, carefully editing her past to elicit sympathy. She then persuades him to adopt her daughter Alexandra, creating a story of an abusive father. Alexandra is well on her way to becoming an obese parasite when Norvell is outfoxed by his subordinate, who is also being manipulated by a Belly Raver, dumping them back into the slum. Virginia kicks Alexandra out, telling her to join a gang and bring in some money. Alexandra joins "Goering's Grenadiers", a gang of neo-Nazis. Unfortunately their house is in "Wabbit" (another gang's) territory. "Shep" is a man in the wrong place at the wrong time. Big and beefy enough to survive on the streets of Belly Rave, he wants nothing more than to paint. He spends any money he gets on sending the local gang members to fetch paints from outside the slum. He has entered the Games to raise money for painting, only to find that the emotional trauma of injuring someone to win the money prevents him from painting at all. Virginia Bligh tries to entice him, but Norvell reacts by threatening Virginia and eventually Shep himself. Shep, for his part, is too tortured by his inner demons to be interested in Virginia or to resent Norvell's hostility. The GML House A GML House is an invention, a "machine for living in" that brings together the "high technology" of the 1950s, these being plastics, electronics and cybernetics. The house has movable walls, shape-shifting components and an "electronic brain" allowing it to adjust to its inhabitants' needs, even to cooking meals, and to be configured according to their whims. It was created to satisfy a vision of housing for Everyman, similar to the Levittown ideal. However, the inventors were unable to interest any corporations in building the houses to sell at a price the average person could afford. The operation was taken over by a man named Moffat (the "M" in GML) who masterminded an operation which leased the houses to large companies to house their workers. Eventually the lease arrangements began to include shares in the client companies, so that GML came to own major interests in almost every company in the world, giving it effective control. In turn the GML house enabled companies to impose terms amounting to indentured servitude on their workers, the alternative being to live in a slum on public assistance. Lavin was cut out of GML business and his stock was impounded on a pretext. He died in poverty, but some time later a legal error allowed his children to regain control of the stock, whereupon Donald was kidnapped and brainwashed to prevent him from revealing where he had hidden the certificates. Reception Groff Conklin praised the novel as "a grimly unforgettable item that delivers an extra punch on a second reading." References ^ "Galaxy's 5 Star Shelf", Galaxy Science Fiction, October 1955, p.110 External links Gladiator-At-Law title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Gladiator-At-Law as serialized in Galaxy, parts 1, 2, and 3 at the Internet Archive vteWorks by Frederik PohlUndersea Trilogy(with Jack Williamson) Undersea Quest (1954) Undersea Fleet (1956) Undersea City (1958) Heechee Saga Gateway (1977) Beyond the Blue Event Horizon (1980) Heechee Rendezvous (1984) The Annals of the Heechee (1987) The Gateway Trip (1990) The Boy Who Would Live Forever: A Novel of Gateway (2004) Eschaton trilogy The Other End of Time (1996) The Siege of Eternity (1997) The Far Shore of Time (1999) Mars series Man Plus (1976) Mars Plus (1994) (with Thomas T. Thomas) Saga of Cuckoo(with Jack Williamson) Farthest Star (1975) Wall Around a Star (1983) The Starchild Trilogy(with Jack Williamson) The Reefs of Space (1964) Starchild (1965) Rogue Star (1969) Space Merchants series The Space Merchants (1953) (with Cyril M. Kornbluth) The Merchants' War (1984) Venus, Inc. (1985 Omnibus) (this is a two-in-one volume containing The Space Merchants and The Merchants' War) Other Search the Sky (1954) (with Cyril M. Kornbluth) Gladiator-At-Law (1955) (with Cyril M. Kornbluth) Preferred Risk (1955) (with Lester del Rey) Slave Ship (1956) Presidential Year (1958) (with Cyril M. Kornbluth) Wolfbane (1959) (with Cyril M. Kornbluth) Drunkard's Walk (1960) A Plague of Pythons (1964) The Age of the Pussyfoot (1965) Day Million (1970) The Best of Frederik Pohl (1975) Jem (1979) The Cool War (1981) Syzygy (1981) Starburst (1982) The Years of the City (1984) Black Star Rising (1985) The Coming of the Quantum Cats (1986) Terror (1986) Chernobyl (1987) Land's End (1988) (with Jack Williamson) The Day the Martians Came (1988) Narabedla Ltd. (1988) Homegoing (1989) The World at the End of Time (1990) Outnumbering the Dead (1990) Stopping at Slowyear (1991) The Singers of Time (1991) (with Jack Williamson) Mining the Oort (1992) The Voices of Heaven (1994) O Pioneer! (1998) The Last Theorem (2008) (with Arthur C. Clarke) All the Lives He Led (2011)	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galaxy_195406.jpg"},{"link_name":"Galaxy Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Science_Fiction"},{"link_name":"Ed Emshwiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Emshwiller"},{"link_name":"satirical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Frederik Pohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Pohl"},{"link_name":"Cyril M. Kornbluth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_M._Kornbluth"},{"link_name":"Ballantine Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballantine_Books"},{"link_name":"Baen Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baen_Books"}],"text":"Gladiator-at-Law was serialized in Galaxy Science Fiction in 1954, illustrated by Ed EmshwillerGladiator-At-Law is a satirical science fiction novel by American writers Frederik Pohl and Cyril M. Kornbluth. It was first published in 1955 by Ballantine Books and republished in 1986 by Baen Books.","title":"Gladiator-At-Law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Space Merchants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Space_Merchants"},{"link_name":"nebbish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nebbish"}],"text":"The plot is typically topsy-turvy. Whereas in the authors' earlier novel The Space Merchants the world was ruled by advertising agencies, in this novel corporate lawyers, especially the secretive firm of \"Green, Charlesworth\", have gained a stranglehold on the world. Business Law is an extremely lucrative career, while Criminal Law pays enough to afford some of the luxuries of life but not enough to save for the future.Success means living in a luxurious automated \"bubble home\" constructed by \"GML\", a corporation which is nominally public but whose shares are never traded openly. All work contracts include GML housing as part of the pay scale. Not having a contract job means having to live in a community such as \"Belly Rave\", originally a post-war suburban development for returning soldiers, now a slum ruled by gangs of teenagers and children. Its original name was \"Belle Rêve\", which is French for \"Beautiful Dream\", in ironic contrast to the present ugly reality.For the common people, there are bread-and-circuses entertainments in the form of gladiatorial games of various kinds, with monetary rewards for the winners. Some games pit elderly people against each other armed with padded clubs, but others are more deadly.There are two main protagonists. One is Norvell Bligh, a nebbish designer of game spectacles for a second-rank corporation who is thrown out of his job and his GML home, a victim of office politics. His gold-digger wife, instead of leaving him, returns with him to her roots in the slum, kicking her daughter out to join a gang and bring in some money.The other is Charles Mundin, an attorney scratching out a living in criminal practice, barred from more lucrative commercial work by the licensing monopolies of the large law firms.By chance they encounter siblings Norma and Donald Lavin, who inherited 25% of GML stock from their father, the inventor of the Bubble House. Donald placed the share certificates in a safe deposit box, and then was kidnapped and \"conditioned\", as are many common criminals. He can no longer tell anyone where the stock certificates are, and any attempt to obtain duplicate certificates from GML will surely result in more foul play.Helping the Lavins, they discover the truth behind GML and confront \"Green, Charlesworth\", whose true nature is more bizarre than anyone could imagine.","title":"Plot introduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monmouth City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"opiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiate"},{"link_name":"proxy battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_battle"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian"},{"link_name":"Empire State Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Mr. Lincoln's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Struldbrugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struldbrug"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift"},{"link_name":"piranha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piranha"},{"link_name":"run on the market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_run"}],"text":"The action takes place in and around a future Monmouth City, New Jersey. The city proper consists of luxurious GML bubble homes which can change shape at the whim of their occupants, and anticipate their every need. At the edge of Monmouth City is the slum of Belly Rave, originally a gimcrack suburb built on a landfill and sold to unsuspecting young couples.Charles Mundin and Norvell Bligh first meet when Bligh is trying to adopt his stepdaughter, mostly at the behest of his upwardly mobile wife, Virginia. Bligh then returns to work on the next gruesomely spectacular Field Day to be organized by his company, while Mundin visits Republican Party headquarters, where he is introduced to the Lavins by his friend, the local Ward Chairman whose brother also knows Bligh.Bligh finds himself tricked out of his job by his assistant, abetted by one of the secretaries who is keen to marry a man with a job whose benefits include a GML home. Bligh is arrested when he tries to drown his sorrows, only to find his company credit card has been cancelled. Mundin uses his political connections to have Bligh freed, but then Bligh and his family are unceremoniously dumped in Belly Rave. Virginia is no stranger to the place, but Bligh needs the help of a local, who calls himself Shep.With Shep's guidance Bligh negotiates the \"public assistance\" system which ensures that nobody starves, without actually making life worth living. Shep scrapes together materials so he can paint \"rainscapes\", views of Belly Rave in the rain. Other residents indulge in a kind of barter, or petty theft, extortion, and gang crime, or anesthetize themselves with liquor made from the desserts in their ration packs. Virginia, opportunistic as ever, begins eyeing Shep as a replacement for Norvell.Mundin eventually visits the Lavins, who live in a different part of Belly Rave, and meets Ryan, a broken-down corporate attorney addicted to \"yen-pox\", an opiate in the form of crude pills. Ryan has a plan for recovering the shares which Donald Lavin hid away before he was brainwashed, but the initial effort at obtaining records from GML result in Norma Lavin being kidnapped.Ryan is strangely elated, as it is evident that GML seems to think their activities are a threat, which could give him some leverage in negotiations. He decides to send Mundin to a shareholder's meeting. This entails buying a GML share on Wall Street, which has become a hybrid stock-market and public casino. Mundin braves the touts and thugs of the market to trick his way to buying a share, normally impossible because of the activities of certain brokers. Hiding out in Belly Rave, he meets Bligh, who has become adept in negotiating with the gangs there. Bligh arranges Mundin's safe passage to the company meeting, in a deliberately obscure building on Long Island.At the meeting Mundin, learning to play off the power brokers against each other, gains access to Norma, who is a \"guest\" of one faction. Mundin also gains an ally in Bliss Hubble, a \"Titan of Industry\" who sees in the Lavin's shares a way to unseat the faction currently in control of GML. Recruiting a few more Titans to his cause, he takes the entire party to his elaborate GML bubble-house, which is currently configured as a Gothic mansion, thanks to a household servant with a grudge.With Bliss's backing, Ryan and Mundin are suddenly a full-fledged law firm with expensive offices. The plan Bliss hatches is to bankrupt GML rather than indulge in a proxy battle. Mundin is dispatched to sabotage certain GML houses, including the model in the Smithsonian, at the same time spreading rumors through his political connections. Bliss bankrolls some illegal medical treatment for Don Lavin, in order to reverse his brainwashing. After this, they are able to recover the Lavins' stock certificates from a bank in Ohio, where GML was founded.Norvell, meanwhile, is becoming an important man in Belly Rave. His experience catering to crowds in the Field Days allows him to organize the otherwise listless residents to clean the place up and even try some local policing. Shep, meanwhile, has become too close to Virginia, and Bligh has assaulted him with a piece of lead pipe.At this point the much dreaded firm of \"Green, Charlesworth\" intervene. They occupy the entire Empire State Building on the otherwise uninhabited island of Manhattan. Rather than send their minions to shut down the plot, they grant Norma Lavin and Mundin an \"audience\" at their headquarters. Here they are revealed to be a grotesque pair of ancient human beings, a man and a woman, trapped in husks of bodies in glass cases, but able to exert influence with their minds, their devices, and their money. They own GML and have used it to rule their world. They claim to be centuries old, having \"fixed Mr. Lincoln's wagon\" and they threaten to do the same to Mundin and the Lavins. Mundin identifies them as the Struldbrugs described by satirist Jonathan Swift.Returning to their offices, Mundin and Norma find that only Bliss Hubble and the increasingly comatose Ryan are still on their side. They resolve to carry on regardless, but then chaos ensues as listening devices planted by Green, Charlesworth explode around them. In the confusion, Donald disappears, responding to a subliminal signal as if he is still brainwashed.They find him at the Field Day, entered in an event where he walks a tightrope across a pool of piranha while under a hail of rocks from the crowd. Despite their efforts at bribing the mob not to throw anything, aided by threats from Bligh's teenage gangsters, Donald falls into the pool. Bligh is ready to sacrifice himself to save Donald, but instead the tortured artist Shep throws himself in with the fish.Declaring war on GML and Green, Charlesworth, they return to Wall Street, where Mundin starts a run on the market by carefully selling off large chunks of the GML stock. After a while the selling takes on a life of its own, despite the efforts of various people, acting unwittingly on behalf of Green, Charlesworth, to have Mundin arrested on trumped-up charges, or to discourage him from selling.As the market collapses, the plotters are left with large amounts of cash, which they use to buy up GML and other companies at bargain prices. At the end they are counting their riches and savoring their triumph, just as Green, Charlesworth, across the water in Manhattan, destroy themselves in a nuclear explosion.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Charles Mundin is not a particularly good lawyer, although he can easily out-think the likes of Wilhelm Choate IV, his friend who inherited a large corporate practice from his father Wilhelm Choate III and looks forward to passing the firm and its decades-long bankruptcy cases to his son, Wilhelm Choate V. Mundin is fairly adept at cultivating political contacts, such as his friend Del Dworcas, the Republican Ward Chairman who steers work to him. Del's brother Arnie is an Engineer, which in his case is more of a title than a vocation. Arnie passes Norvell Bligh on to Del, who connects him with Mundin.\nNorvell Bligh is a Company man, eagerly organizing the bloody spectacles that keep his boss in business, though the boss chafes at being in a \"minor league\" operation and rides his workers hard to compensate. At the beginning of the novel Bligh has to wear a hearing aid, but as he grows as a human being, he suddenly finds that he doesn't need it at all. In parallel he frees himself from his fears of his boss, of his shrewish wife, of his fellow residents of Belly Rave, and finally of Death itself.\nDonald and Norma Lavin are the twin children of one of the two co-inventors of the automated, self-maintaining GML House. Donald is naive and childlike as a consequence of being brainwashed. Norma is typical of female characters by the authors, in that she resents the restrictions imposed on her by society, but is even more resentful of being attracted to a man like Mundin who does not treat her like a woman.\nBliss Hubble is rich enough for money not to matter to him. He is instead addicted to power and the pursuit of it. Initially he sees the Lavins as another tool, but when he learns the true nature of Green, Charlesworth he decides that his \"power\" was an illusion, and sticks with Mundin and the Lavins after his partners bail out.\nVirginia Bligh, the once and future Belly Raver, is a survivor. Sold by her parents, she was lucky to be merely a shill in a pickpocket operation instead of, say, a worker in a brothel. Lying her way into a job as a receptionist, she entices Norvell Bligh into marriage, carefully editing her past to elicit sympathy. She then persuades him to adopt her daughter Alexandra, creating a story of an abusive father. Alexandra is well on her way to becoming an obese parasite when Norvell is outfoxed by his subordinate, who is also being manipulated by a Belly Raver, dumping them back into the slum. Virginia kicks Alexandra out, telling her to join a gang and bring in some money. Alexandra joins \"Goering's Grenadiers\", a gang of neo-Nazis. Unfortunately their house is in \"Wabbit\" (another gang's) territory.\n\"Shep\" is a man in the wrong place at the wrong time. Big and beefy enough to survive on the streets of Belly Rave, he wants nothing more than to paint. He spends any money he gets on sending the local gang members to fetch paints from outside the slum. He has entered the Games to raise money for painting, only to find that the emotional trauma of injuring someone to win the money prevents him from painting at all. Virginia Bligh tries to entice him, but Norvell reacts by threatening Virginia and eventually Shep himself. Shep, for his part, is too tortured by his inner demons to be interested in Virginia or to resent Norvell's hostility.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"machine for living in\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Corbusier"},{"link_name":"cybernetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics"},{"link_name":"Levittown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levittown"},{"link_name":"indentured servitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servitude"}],"text":"A GML House is an invention, a \"machine for living in\" that brings together the \"high technology\" of the 1950s, these being plastics, electronics and cybernetics. The house has movable walls, shape-shifting components and an \"electronic brain\" allowing it to adjust to its inhabitants' needs, even to cooking meals, and to be configured according to their whims. It was created to satisfy a vision of housing for Everyman, similar to the Levittown ideal.However, the inventors were unable to interest any corporations in building the houses to sell at a price the average person could afford. The operation was taken over by a man named Moffat (the \"M\" in GML) who masterminded an operation which leased the houses to large companies to house their workers. Eventually the lease arrangements began to include shares in the client companies, so that GML came to own major interests in almost every company in the world, giving it effective control. In turn the GML house enabled companies to impose terms amounting to indentured servitude on their workers, the alternative being to live in a slum on public assistance.Lavin was cut out of GML business and his stock was impounded on a pretext. He died in poverty, but some time later a legal error allowed his children to regain control of the stock, whereupon Donald was kidnapped and brainwashed to prevent him from revealing where he had hidden the certificates.","title":"The GML House"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Groff Conklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groff_Conklin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Groff Conklin praised the novel as \"a grimly unforgettable item that delivers an extra punch on a second reading.\"[1]","title":"Reception"}]	[{"image_text":"Gladiator-at-Law was serialized in Galaxy Science Fiction in 1954, illustrated by Ed Emshwiller","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Galaxy_195406.jpg/220px-Galaxy_195406.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13532842","external_links_name":"13532842"},{"Link":"https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?1873","external_links_name":"Gladiator-At-Law"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/galaxymagazine-1954-06/Galaxy_1954_06#page/n7/mode/2up","external_links_name":"parts 1"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/galaxymagazine-1954-07/Galaxy_1954_07#page/n113/mode/2up","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/galaxymagazine-1954-08/Galaxy_1954_08#page/n111/mode/2up","external_links_name":"3"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence_principle_(disambiguation)	Correspondence principle (disambiguation)	[]	The correspondence principle is a concept in quantum theory and relativity. Correspondence principle may also refer to: Correspondence principle (sociology), correspondence between social class and available education In public finance, the principle that identifies the places where it is beneficial to provide public goods and services Correspondence principle (economics), the fact that determining the stability of an economic equilibrium corresponds to deriving results in comparative statics One of the seven Principles cited in the esoteric book The Kybalion. Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Correspondence principle.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Correspondence principle (sociology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence_principle_(sociology)"},{"link_name":"public finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_finance"},{"link_name":"Correspondence principle (economics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence_principle_(economics)"},{"link_name":"The Kybalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kybalion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Correspondence_principle_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}],"text":"Correspondence principle may also refer to:Correspondence principle (sociology), correspondence between social class and available education\nIn public finance, the principle that identifies the places where it is beneficial to provide public goods and services\nCorrespondence principle (economics), the fact that determining the stability of an economic equilibrium corresponds to deriving results in comparative statics\nOne of the seven Principles cited in the esoteric book The Kybalion.Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Correspondence principle.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Correspondence principle (disambiguation)"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Correspondence_principle_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Gargallo	Francesca Gargallo	["1 Life and career","2 Selected works","3 References","4 External links"]	Italian-Mexican writer and philosopher (1956–2022) Francesca GargalloGargallo in 2012BornFrancesca Gargallo di Castel Lentini Celentani(1956-11-25)25 November 1956Syracuse, Sicily, ItalyDied3 March 2022(2022-03-03) (aged 65)Alma materNational Autonomous University of MexicoOccupation(s)Writer and poet Francesca Gargallo (25 November 1956 – 3 March 2022) was a Sicilian-born Mexican writer and poet. Life and career Born in Syracuse, Italy as Francesca Gargallo di Castel Lentini Celentani, she studied philosophy at the Università degli studi di Roma and then at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). A naturalized Mexican citizen, she lived in the country since 1979. She wrote many poetry books and novels such as; Calla mi amor que vivo, Estar en el mundo, La decisión del capitán, Marcha seca among others. Gargallo published work in magazines such as Proceso. Gargallo died of cancer on 3 March 2022, aged 65. Selected works Al paso de los días, Editorial Terracota, Ciudad de México, 2013 Marcha seca, Ediciones Era, México, 1999, 76 pp. ISBN 9684114540 La decisión del capitán, Ediciones Era, México, 1997, 181 pp. ISBN 9684114133. Los pescadores del Kukulkán, Aldus, México, 1995, 67 pp. ISBN 9686830413. Estar en el mundo, Ediciones Era, México, 1994, 135 pp. ISBN 9684113579. Calla mi amor que vivo, Ediciones Era, México, 1990, 147 pp. ISBN 9684113277. Días sin Casura, Leega Literaria, México, 1986, 90 pp. ISBN 9684950357. Días sin Casura, edición digital de Ars Longa, México, 2011, ISBN digital: 6326 References ^ "Red mundial de escritores en Español - Francesca Ggargallo". ^ "La Jornada - Fallece Francesca Gargallo, escritora, activista y docente de la UNAM". www.jornada.com.mx. ^ "Francesca Gargallo, Latin American Feminist Legacy". March 3, 2022. External links Media related to Francesca Gargallo at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Netherlands Academics CiNii Other IdRef This article about a Mexican writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biography of a Mexican philosopher is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Francesca Gargallo (25 November 1956 – 3 March 2022) was a Sicilian-born Mexican writer and poet.","title":"Francesca Gargallo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syracuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily"},{"link_name":"National Autonomous University of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"naturalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalization"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Proceso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceso_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Born in Syracuse, Italy as Francesca Gargallo di Castel Lentini Celentani, she studied philosophy at the Università degli studi di Roma and then at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). A naturalized Mexican citizen, she lived in the country since 1979. She wrote many poetry books and novels such as; Calla mi amor que vivo, Estar en el mundo, La decisión del capitán, Marcha seca among others.[1] Gargallo published work in magazines such as Proceso. Gargallo died of cancer on 3 March 2022, aged 65.[2][3]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9684114540","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9684114540"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9684114133","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9684114133"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9686830413","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9686830413"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9684113579","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9684113579"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9684113277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9684113277"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9684950357","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9684950357"}],"text":"Al paso de los días, Editorial Terracota, Ciudad de México, 2013\nMarcha seca, Ediciones Era, México, 1999, 76 pp. ISBN 9684114540\nLa decisión del capitán, Ediciones Era, México, 1997, 181 pp. ISBN 9684114133.\nLos pescadores del Kukulkán, Aldus, México, 1995, 67 pp. ISBN 9686830413.\nEstar en el mundo, Ediciones Era, México, 1994, 135 pp. ISBN 9684113579.\nCalla mi amor que vivo, Ediciones Era, México, 1990, 147 pp. ISBN 9684113277.\nDías sin Casura, Leega Literaria, México, 1986, 90 pp. ISBN 9684950357.\nDías sin Casura, edición digital de Ars Longa, México, 2011, ISBN digital: 6326","title":"Selected works"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Red mundial de escritores en Español - Francesca Ggargallo\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.redescritoresespa.com/F/francescagargallo.htm","url_text":"\"Red mundial de escritores en Español - Francesca Ggargallo\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Jornada - Fallece Francesca Gargallo, escritora, activista y docente de la UNAM\". www.jornada.com.mx.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jornada.com.mx/notas/2022/03/03/cultura/fallece-francesca-gargallo-escritora-activista-y-docente-de-la-unam/","url_text":"\"La Jornada - Fallece Francesca Gargallo, escritora, activista y docente de la UNAM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Francesca Gargallo, Latin American Feminist Legacy\". March 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://peninsula360press.com/en_us/francesca-gargallo-feminist-latin-american-feminist-legacy/","url_text":"\"Francesca Gargallo, Latin American Feminist Legacy\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.redescritoresespa.com/F/francescagargallo.htm","external_links_name":"\"Red mundial de escritores en Español - Francesca Ggargallo\""},{"Link":"https://www.jornada.com.mx/notas/2022/03/03/cultura/fallece-francesca-gargallo-escritora-activista-y-docente-de-la-unam/","external_links_name":"\"La Jornada - Fallece Francesca Gargallo, escritora, activista y docente de la UNAM\""},{"Link":"https://peninsula360press.com/en_us/francesca-gargallo-feminist-latin-american-feminist-legacy/","external_links_name":"\"Francesca Gargallo, Latin American Feminist Legacy\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000109190291","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/79112313","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjhGdKfcPfq8xRMxt7bVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1079964","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12486025k","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12486025k","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1057116963","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV163510","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007456397305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93111599","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p244763054","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA17180916?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/034066195","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesca_Gargallo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesca_Gargallo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Gringos_Locos	Los Gringos Locos	["1 Gimmick","2 History","2.1 La Pareja del Terror","2.2 Becoming a stable","3 Members","3.1 AAA","4 Championships and accomplishments","5 Footnotes","6 References"]	Professional wrestling stable Professional wrestling stable Los Gringos LocosThe founder of Los Gringos Locos, Eddie GuerreroStableMembersEddie GuerreroArt BarrKonnanBlack CatMadonna's BoyfriendChicano PowerEl MisteriosoKing LionName(s)La Pareja del TerrorLos Gringos LocosBilled fromThe United States of AmericaDebut1992DisbandedNovember 23, 1994 Los Gringos Locos (intended to mean The Crazy Americans in English) were a lucha libre stable in Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA). The stable was originally a tag team consisting of Eddie Guerrero and Art Barr. Gimmick Los Gringos Locos was intended to be the Mexican version of the Four Horsemen alliance in American promotion World Championship Wrestling. Because Barr was American and Guerrero was Mexican-American, they were able to draw heat from Mexican crowds as they acted more and more American. The team wore red, white, and blue wrestling attire. History La Pareja del Terror The stable began as the tag team La Pareja del Terror (The Pair of Terror) made up of Eddy Guerrero and the "Love Machine" Art Barr. At first the two men did not get along behind the scenes, but they decided to team up for business reasons. Guerrero, however, was teaming with El Hijo del Santo at the time. Guerrero's brother Mando came up with the idea of Guerrero turning on Santo and aligning himself with Barr as villains. Barr and Guerrero met with AAA's owner Antonio Peña, who gave them the green light on the storyline. The duo was originally known as the American Machine and then La Pareja del Terror, but their name was changed to Los Gringos Locos after the announcers said "Those gringos are loco," in regards to the team. Los Gringos feuded primarily with El Hijo del Santo and Octagón. On November 5, 1993, Santo and Octagón defeated them to become the inaugural IWC/AAA World Tag Team Champions. Barr and Guerrero, however, defeated them for the championship in July. Meanwhile, as they continued to team together, Guerrero and Barr began to become good friends. Becoming a stable As Los Gringos Locos became more popular in Mexico, AAA's owner Antonio Peña and top star Konnan decided to turn the team into an alliance of several wrestlers. Backstage, both Guerrero and Barr were against the idea of expanding the team, but agreed to it if they could have a say in who was allowed to join the stable. Konnan was the first to join the team, and at the suggestion of Guerrero and Barr, Black Cat was the second. The stable continued to grow to include Madonna's Boyfriend (Louie Spicolli), Chicano Power, El Misterioso and King Lion. The team continued to feud with El Hijo del Santo and Octagón, but the rivalry ended in a Hair vs. Mask match at the first lucha pay-per-view in America, When Worlds Collide, which they lost. Barr convinced Antonio Peña that he be included in the match, which was originally supposed to be Guerrero against Santo. Barr and Guerrero both received $7,500 for their part in the match. In the United States, Paul Heyman, the promoter of Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), began negotiating with Barr and Guerrero in hopes of bringing the team into his promotion. At the time, rumors circulated that Heyman planned to have Barr and Guerrero feud with The Public Enemy. The duo were looking to work outside of Mexico as the Peso had been devalued, which had caused a dramatic decrease in their pay. On November 23, 1994, however, Barr died from a drug-related heart attack. After his death, the team was forced to vacate the IWC/AAA World Tag Team Championship. Members * Founding member(s) AAA Members Joined Left Eddie Guerrero July 23, 1993 * November 23, 1994 Art Barr July 23, 1993 * November 23, 1994 Konnan 1993 November 23, 1994 Black Cat 1993 November 23, 1994 Madonna's Boyfriend 1993 November 23, 1994 Chicano Power 1993 November 23, 1994 El Misterioso 1993 November 23, 1994 King Lion 1993 November 23, 1994 Championships and accomplishments Asistencia Asesoría y Administración AAA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - Guerrero and Barr Pro Wrestling Illustrated PWI ranked Guerrero and Barr #18 of the 100 best tag teams of the "PWI Years" in 2003 Wrestling Observer Newsletter Feud of the Year (1994) Los Gringos Locos vs. AAA Tag Team of the Year (1994) Guerrero and Barr Footnotes ^ a b c d "Eddie Guerrero". SLAM! Wrestling. October 13, 2004. Archived from the original on July 20, 2012. Retrieved 2010-06-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ a b c d e Guerrero, Eddie. Cheating Death, Stealing Life: The Eddie Guerrero Story, p. 99. ^ a b Guerrero, Eddie. Cheating Death, Stealing Life: The Eddie Guerrero Story, p. 96. ^ a b c d e Guerrero, Eddie. Cheating Death, Stealing Life: The Eddie Guerrero Story, p. 94. ^ a b c d Duncan, Royal and Gary Will (2000). Wrestling Title Histories. Archeus Communications. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4. ^ a b Guerrero, Eddie. Cheating Death, Stealing Life: The Eddie Guerrero Story, p. 101. ^ a b c Williams, Scott E. Hardcore History: The Extremely Unauthorized Story of ECW, p. 45–46. ^ Guerrero, Eddie. Cheating Death, Stealing Life: The Eddie Guerrero Story, p. 107. References Guerrero, Eddie (2005). Cheating Death, Stealing Life: The Eddie Guerrero Story. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-7434-9353-2. Williams, Scott E. (2007). Hardcore History: The Extremely Unauthorized Story of ECW. Sports Publishing LLC. ISBN 1-59670-225-7. vteEddie GuerreroCareer Los Gringos Locos Latino World Order Filthy Animals The Radicalz Los Guerreros 2004 No Way Out Family Vickie Guerrero (wife) Shaul Guerrero (daughter) vteAAA World Tag Team Champions1990s (IWC) El Hijo del Santo and Octagón Los Gringos Locos (Art Barr and Eddie Guerrero) 2000s (AAA) The Black Family (Dark Cuervo and Dark Ozz) The Mexican Powers (Crazy Boy and Joe Líder) La Familia de Tijuana (Halloween and Extreme Tiger) La Hermandad 187 (Joe Líder and Nicho El Millonario) 2010s (AAA) La Legión Extranjera (Taiji Ishimori and Takeshi Morishima) Atsushi Aoki and Go Shiozaki Los Maniacos (Silver King and Último Gladiador) Extreme Tiger and Jack Evans La Legión Extranjera (Abyss and Chessman) Joe Líder and Vampiro Los Güeros del Cielo (Angélico and Jack Evans) Los Perros del Mal (Joe Líder and Pentagón Jr.) Los Hell Brothers (Averno and Chessman) Aero Star and Drago Dark Family (Cuervo and Scoria) El Mesías and Pagano Totalmente Traidores (Monster Clown and Murder Clown) Los Mercenarios (El Texano Jr. and Rey Escorpión) Lucha Brothers (Fénix and Pentagón Jr.) The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson) 2020s (AAA) FTR (Dax Harwood and Cash Wheeler) Los Hermanos Lee (Dragon Lee and Dralístico) Komander and Arez Nueva Generación Dinamita (Forastero and Sansón) Negro Casas and Psycho Clown (current)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"lucha libre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_libre"},{"link_name":"stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms#Stable"},{"link_name":"Asistencia Asesoría y Administración","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_Libre_AAA_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"tag team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_team"},{"link_name":"Eddie Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Art Barr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Barr"}],"text":"Professional wrestling stableLos Gringos Locos (intended to mean The Crazy Americans in English) were a lucha libre stable in Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA). The stable was originally a tag team consisting of Eddie Guerrero and Art Barr.","title":"Los Gringos Locos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Four Horsemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Horsemen_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"World Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slambio-1"},{"link_name":"draw heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life99-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life96-3"}],"text":"Los Gringos Locos was intended to be the Mexican version of the Four Horsemen alliance in American promotion World Championship Wrestling.[1] Because Barr was American and Guerrero was Mexican-American, they were able to draw heat from Mexican crowds as they acted more and more American.[2] The team wore red, white, and blue wrestling attire.[3]","title":"Gimmick"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tag team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_team"},{"link_name":"Eddy Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"\"Love Machine\" Art Barr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Barr"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slambio-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life94-4"},{"link_name":"El Hijo del Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Hijo_del_Santo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life94-4"},{"link_name":"Mando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mando_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"villains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life94-4"},{"link_name":"Antonio Peña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Pe%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life94-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life94-4"},{"link_name":"Octagón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octag%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slambio-1"},{"link_name":"IWC/AAA World Tag Team Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA_World_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Titles-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Titles-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life96-3"}],"sub_title":"La Pareja del Terror","text":"The stable began as the tag team La Pareja del Terror (The Pair of Terror) made up of Eddy Guerrero and the \"Love Machine\" Art Barr.[1]At first the two men did not get along behind the scenes, but they decided to team up for business reasons.[4] Guerrero, however, was teaming with El Hijo del Santo at the time.[4] Guerrero's brother Mando came up with the idea of Guerrero turning on Santo and aligning himself with Barr as villains.[4] Barr and Guerrero met with AAA's owner Antonio Peña, who gave them the green light on the storyline.[4] The duo was originally known as the American Machine and then La Pareja del Terror, but their name was changed to Los Gringos Locos after the announcers said \"Those gringos are loco,\" in regards to the team.[4] Los Gringos feuded primarily with El Hijo del Santo and Octagón.[1] On November 5, 1993, Santo and Octagón defeated them to become the inaugural IWC/AAA World Tag Team Champions.[5] Barr and Guerrero, however, defeated them for the championship in July.[5] Meanwhile, as they continued to team together, Guerrero and Barr began to become good friends.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Konnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konnan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life99-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life99-2"},{"link_name":"Black Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Cat_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life99-2"},{"link_name":"Madonna's Boyfriend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louie_Spicolli"},{"link_name":"El Misterioso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misterioso_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life99-2"},{"link_name":"Hair vs. Mask match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Luchas_de_apuestas"},{"link_name":"pay-per-view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay-per-view"},{"link_name":"When Worlds Collide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA_When_Worlds_Collide"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slambio-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life101-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life101-6"},{"link_name":"Paul Heyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Heyman"},{"link_name":"Extreme Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ecw45-7"},{"link_name":"The Public Enemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Public_Enemy_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Peso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peso"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ecw45-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ecw45-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Titles-5"}],"sub_title":"Becoming a stable","text":"As Los Gringos Locos became more popular in Mexico, AAA's owner Antonio Peña and top star Konnan decided to turn the team into an alliance of several wrestlers.[2] Backstage, both Guerrero and Barr were against the idea of expanding the team, but agreed to it if they could have a say in who was allowed to join the stable.[2] Konnan was the first to join the team, and at the suggestion of Guerrero and Barr, Black Cat was the second.[2] The stable continued to grow to include Madonna's Boyfriend (Louie Spicolli), Chicano Power, El Misterioso[2] and King Lion.The team continued to feud with El Hijo del Santo and Octagón, but the rivalry ended in a Hair vs. Mask match at the first lucha pay-per-view in America, When Worlds Collide, which they lost.[1] Barr convinced Antonio Peña that he be included in the match, which was originally supposed to be Guerrero against Santo.[6] Barr and Guerrero both received $7,500 for their part in the match.[6]In the United States, Paul Heyman, the promoter of Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), began negotiating with Barr and Guerrero in hopes of bringing the team into his promotion.[7] At the time, rumors circulated that Heyman planned to have Barr and Guerrero feud with The Public Enemy.[8] The duo were looking to work outside of Mexico as the Peso had been devalued, which had caused a dramatic decrease in their pay.[7] On November 23, 1994, however, Barr died from a drug-related heart attack.[7] After his death, the team was forced to vacate the IWC/AAA World Tag Team Championship.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"AAA","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asistencia Asesoría y Administración","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_Libre_AAA_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"AAA World Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA_World_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Titles-5"},{"link_name":"Pro Wrestling Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Wrestling_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"Wrestling Observer Newsletter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter_awards"},{"link_name":"Feud of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter_awards#Feud_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Tag Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter_awards#Tag_Team_of_the_Year"}],"text":"Asistencia Asesoría y Administración\nAAA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - Guerrero and Barr[5]\nPro Wrestling Illustrated\nPWI ranked Guerrero and Barr #18 of the 100 best tag teams of the \"PWI Years\" in 2003\nWrestling Observer Newsletter\nFeud of the Year (1994) Los Gringos Locos vs. AAA\nTag Team of the Year (1994) Guerrero and Barr","title":"Championships and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-slambio_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-slambio_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-slambio_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-slambio_1-3"},{"link_name":"\"Eddie Guerrero\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20120720164133/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/Bios/guerrero.html"},{"link_name":"cite 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a b c d \"Eddie Guerrero\". SLAM! Wrestling. October 13, 2004. Archived from the original on July 20, 2012. Retrieved 2010-06-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)\n\n^ a b c d e Guerrero, Eddie. Cheating Death, Stealing Life: The Eddie Guerrero Story, p. 99.\n\n^ a b Guerrero, Eddie. Cheating Death, Stealing Life: The Eddie Guerrero Story, p. 96.\n\n^ a b c d e Guerrero, Eddie. Cheating Death, Stealing Life: The Eddie Guerrero Story, p. 94.\n\n^ a b c d Duncan, Royal and Gary Will (2000). Wrestling Title Histories. Archeus Communications. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4.\n\n^ a b Guerrero, Eddie. Cheating Death, Stealing Life: The Eddie Guerrero Story, p. 101.\n\n^ a b c Williams, Scott E. Hardcore History: The Extremely Unauthorized Story of ECW, p. 45–46.\n\n^ Guerrero, Eddie. Cheating Death, Stealing Life: The Eddie Guerrero Story, p. 107.","title":"Footnotes"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Eddie_Guerrero_2004.jpg/85px-Eddie_Guerrero_2004.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Eddie Guerrero\". SLAM! Wrestling. October 13, 2004. Archived from the original on July 20, 2012. Retrieved 2010-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120720164133/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/Bios/guerrero.html","url_text":"\"Eddie Guerrero\""}]},{"reference":"Duncan, Royal and Gary Will (2000). Wrestling Title Histories. Archeus Communications. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9698161-5-4","url_text":"0-9698161-5-4"}]},{"reference":"Guerrero, Eddie (2005). Cheating Death, Stealing Life: The Eddie Guerrero Story. Simon and Schuster. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Lord	Victoria Lord	["1 Character background","1.1 Conception","1.2 Casting","1.3 Characterization","2 Storylines","2.1 1960s and 1970s","2.2 1980s","2.3 1990s","2.4 2000s","2.5 2010–13","3 Alternate personalities","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]	Soap opera character Victoria LordOne Life to Live characterErika Slezak as Victoria LordPortrayed byGillian Spencer (1968–1970)Joanne Dorian (1970–1971)Erika Slezak (1971–2013)Christine Jones (1980–1981, 1983)Judith Barcroft (1986)Amanda Davies (2003)Leah Marie Hays (flashbacks)Duration1968–2013First appearanceJuly 15, 1968 (1968-07-15)Last appearanceAugust 19, 2013 (2013-08-19)ClassificationFinal; regularCreated byAgnes NixonIntroduced byDoris QuinlanJennifer Pepperman (2013)Book appearancesPatrick's NotebookIn-universe informationOther namesNiki Smith, Tommy, Jean Randolph, Princess, Tori Lord, Victor Lord (alternate personalities)Barbara WedgeworthOccupation Publishing magnate Socialite Businesswoman Hospital board member Waitress (2008) University president (2003–2004) Mayor (1990–1991) FamilyLordParentsVictor LordEugenia Randolph LordStepmotherDorian LordSistersMeredith LordHalf-brothersTony LordTodd ManningVictor Lord, Jr.Half-sistersTina LordHusbandRoger Gordon (pre 1968)Joe Riley (1969–70, 1974–79)Steve Burke (1972–74)Clint Buchanan (1982–85, 1986–94,2013-Present)Sloan Carpenter (1994–95)Ben Davidson (2000–04)Charlie Banks (2009–11)SonsKevin BuchananJoey BuchananDaughtersMegan GordonJessica BuchananNatalie BuchananStepdaughtersMegan Craig RileyGrandsonsDuke BuchananRyder FordLiam McBainKevin Buchanan, Jr.GranddaughtersMegan RappaportBree BrennanChloe BrennanAunts and unclesPowell LordGwendolyn Lord AbbottDorothy RandolphNieces and nephewsBrian KendallDaniel WolekC. J. RobertsSarah RobertsStarr ManningDanielle ManningJack ManningSam ManningVictor Lord IIIFirst cousinsRichard AbbottClayton-Powell Lord IIOther relativesZane BuchananPowell Lord IIIHope Manning-Thornhart Victoria Lord is a fictional character and matriarch of the Lord family on the American soap opera One Life to Live, played for over 41 years by six-time Daytime Emmy Award-winning actress Erika Slezak. The character was created as one of the protagonists by series creator Agnes Nixon, and first cast to Gillian Spencer on the pilot aired July 15, 1968. Nixon later recast her with Slezak, who became synonymous with the character role following a continual portrayal spanning her debut March 17, 1971 through the ABC Daytime finale January 13, 2012. Slezak reprised the role in The Online Network continuance of One Life to Live aired on Hulu, iTunes, FX Canada, and the Oprah Winfrey Network from April 29, 2013 through the final episode released August 19, 2013. The role of Victoria is the mainstay original lead character of the serial, and her storylines focus on drudgery, love, and family troubles. One of the longest-running characters on American daytime television, Victoria weathers widowhood (three times), divorce (four times), a brain aneurysm, a near-death out-of-body experience (three times), being shot (two times), sent to jail, suffering a stroke, breast cancer, rape, recovered memories of being molested as a child, a heart attack, heart disease, a heart transplant, the abduction of three of her five children as infants, discovering she has four half-siblings, the deaths of two siblings, and the death of her daughter from lupus. Most notably, she suffers recurring bouts with dissociative identity disorder throughout the show narrative. Slezak's tenure as Victoria earned the actress a reputation as a leading actor in American serials, with her portrayal becoming one of the most lauded and longest-running in American soap operas. Character background It is a very, very good job, but it takes a lot of work, and it takes responsibility. You are responsible to the audience for who you're playing. You're responsible to your writers and your producer for the character, and you are extremely responsible to your fellow actors. There are people who don't realize that. —Erika Slezak on playing Victoria Lord, Archive of American Television Conception One Life to Live series creator Agnes Nixon conceived the central role of Victoria "Viki" Lord inspired by her relationship with her domineering father, Harry Eckhardt, and her own married family life along the Philadelphia Main Line in Bryn Mawr. Nixon took further inspiration from lead protagonist Tracy Lord of the 1939 play The Philadelphia Story, portrayed on stage and film by actress Katharine Hepburn. Casting The role of Victoria was originally cast to Gillian Spencer, who appeared from the July 1968 debut until 1970. Joanne Dorian replaced Spencer from October 1970 until March 16, 1971, when established theater actress Erika Slezak stepped into the role in the following day's episode. Slezak was told she was auditioning for a new character, but when offered the role she learned she was replacing someone else. The producers informed Ernest Graves and Lynn Benesch, who played Viki's father Victor Lord and sister Meredith Lord, of the change in advance, but no one else in the cast or crew knew of the switch when Slezak arrived to work. Slezak became synonymous with the character since her first appearance in the role March 17, 1971, playing Victoria continually for 41 years until the original One Life television finale in 2012. Slezak reprised the role onscreen upon Prospect Park resumption of the serial from April 29, 2013, through the final episode released August 19, 2013. Two other actresses portrayed Victoria while Slezak was on maternity and personal leave: Christine Jones in 1980 and 1981, and Judith Barcroft in 1987. In the summer of 2003, Slezak's real-life daughter, Amanda Davies, portrayed a teenaged Victoria in flashbacks. Leah Marie Hays played the role of a young Victoria Lord in a series of flashbacks as well. At the death of show and character creator Agnes Nixon in 2016, Slezak eulogized that, "When she hired me to play Viki on One Life To Live, she changed my life and my career and I will forever be grateful to her." Slezak expressed interest for reprising portrayal of the character in a short-term guest appearance on ABC's last remaining soap opera, General Hospital, in a March 2018 interview with Soap Opera Digest magazine, ahead of the 50th anniversary of the July 1968 premiere of One Life to Live. Characterization At the debut episode of One Life to Live July 15, 1968, twentysomething recent college graduate and heiress Victoria "Viki" Lord is described by author Martha Nochimson as "blonde ivory-complexioned ... the clichéd American princess," personifying the "woman on a pedestal" archetype. The show's heroine from the outset, ingenue Victoria initially harbors a strong Electra complex and suffers a bout with multiple personalities prompted by her mother Eugenia's absence from childhood and father Victor's incessant grooming of her to eventually helm the family's communication business, Lord Enterprises. As Erika Slezak stepped into the role in 1971, head writer Nixon matured Victoria to a self-assured working woman managing fictional Llanview's predominant newspaper, The Banner. An increasingly headstrong Victoria, relinquishing her primal desires to pander to Victor, marries working-class Banner editor Joe Riley, much to the patriarch's chagrin. By the mid-1980s, Victoria largely adopts a matronly role along with her capacities as well-connected town businesswoman and socialite, though she is still plagued with intermittent bouts of mental illness. The character comes to mother five of her own children onscreen (three from infancy), while providing surrogate nurture to younger siblings Tina and Todd. Since 2000s, the role has evolved to be regarded as the "grande dame of Llanview." In a 2006 Boston magazine article, Slezak remarked of Victoria representing "the very classy, very old-world money," with writer Michael Callahan calling the character "the stiff-upper-lipped matriarch" of the prominent Lord family. American journalist and soap opera critic Connie Passalacqua Hayman (pen name "Marlena De Lacroix") briefly summed up the character role: ... Slezak's 'Viki' is the consummate soap opera heroine, because she has so harrowingly and humanistically triumphed over all her life's tragedies. Storylines 1960s and 1970s The eldest child of domineering millionaire publisher Victor Lord (Ernest Graves), Victoria Lord, often nicknamed "Viki," (originally Spencer) has little time for romance when One Life to Live begins in 1968. She clashes with reporter Joe Riley (Lee Patterson), but they soon fall in love; Victor disapproves and tries to keep them apart. Torn between pleasing her father and following her heart, Viki develops a wild alternate personality named "Niki Smith", who falls in love with Vinny Wolek (Antony Ponzini). Viki's illness — apparently caused by seeing her pregnant mother fall down the stairs as a child — is eventually treated, and she and Joe marry December 11, 1969. Joe is presumed dead in a car accident in 1970, and a heartbroken Viki (Slezak onward) finds comfort with fellow reporter Steve Burke (Bernie Grant) in 1971. After Steve is put on trial and exonerated for the murder of Banner secretary Marcy Wade (Francesca James), he and Viki marry in 1972. When a very-much alive Joe returns in-time for the nuptials, having survived his supposedly deadly car accident, Viki is forced to choose between two husbands. Viki initially stays married to Steve out of obligation, but ultimately divorces him in January 1974. That summer, Dr. Dorian Cramer (then Nancy Pinkerton) blames board member Viki for her suspension from Llanview Hospital, and a rivalry is born that will last decades. Viki and Joe remarry in a simple, New York City ceremony in September. In 1975, Dorian becomes the private physician to Viki's father Victor, soon eloping with him. Viki learns she has a half-brother, Tony Lord (George Reinholt), and Dorian plots to keep Victor's fortune for herself. In 1976, Victor suffers a heart attack and dies after wife Dorian denies him medication, and in his wake Dorian wreaks havoc on the Lord family. Viki and Joe have a son, Kevin Lord Riley, who is soon kidnapped by jealous Cathy Craig Lord (then Jennifer Harmon), but is later returned. In 1978, Viki takes in Tina Clayton (Andrea Evans), the sixteen-year-old daughter of college roommate and best friend Irene Manning Clayton (Kate McKeown), who is apparently dying of cancer. Shortly after Irene dies, Viki goes on trial for the murder of her nemesis Marco Dane (Gerald Anthony), but she is later exonerated following confessional testimony by Karen Wolek (Judith Light). Joe dies from a brain tumor in October 1979. Also in October 1979, Viki serves as the matron of honor in her friend Carla Gray's (Ellen Holly) wedding to Dr. Jack Scott (Arthur Burghardt). 1980s Widowed Viki gives birth to her second son, Joe Riley Jr., in January 1980. After a disastrous relationship with con man Ted Clayton, who brainwashes and drugs her in an attempt to get his hands on her fortune, Viki marries newspaper editor Clint Buchanan (Clint Ritchie) in 1982; he adopts both of her sons. Echo DiSavoy (Kim Zimmer), seeking revenge on Clint for her mother's murder, seduces him in 1983 to ruin his marriage, then fakes her own death and frames him for it. Clint is later exonerated after Echo is found alive, and he and Viki reunite. Viki is shocked to discover in 1985 that her former ward Tina Clayton (Evans) is in fact her half-sister, daughter of Viki's father Victor and not Ted. Thanks to the machinations of Tina's boyfriend Mitch Laurence (Roscoe Born), Viki succumbs to the pressure and Niki Smith returns. Posing as Viki, Niki divorces Clint; Viki later overcomes her illness with the realization that it had actually been triggered by her witnessing Victor and Irene in bed many years before. Clint and Viki remarry in 1986, and Viki gives birth to their daughter Jessica Buchanan in September 1986. Jessica is kidnapped shortly after birth by Allison Perkins (Barbara Garrick), a disciple of Mitch Laurence; Jessica is soon returned unharmed in December, and Allison institutionalized. In 1988, Viki learns that she married and gave birth to a child in high school with high school sweetheart Roger Gordon (Larry Pine), but father Victor had her hypnotized to forget the occurrences. With Viki's memory restored in 1989, she annuls her 1960s off-screen marriage to Roger and initiates a relationship with daughter Megan Gordon (Jessica Tuck), an actress on the soap opera (within a soap opera), Fraternity Row. Megan and Viki initially spar, but ultimately get past their initial conflicts and become close. 1990s In 1990, Viki is elected mayor of Llanview, but a shooting and subsequent stroke leaves her paralyzed and in a wheelchair; Niki Smith emerges to aid a paralyzed Viki stand up and shoot Johnny Dee Hesser (Anthony Crivello) when he attacks Tina. Viki recovers and later donates a kidney to daughter Megan suffering terminal lupus, but Megan dies, leaving Viki devastated. Growing ever-distant from Clint, Viki engages an extramarital affair with Sloan Carpenter (Roy Thinnes); she and Clint divorce in 1994, and she marries Sloan. Sloan dies soon after from Hodgkin's lymphoma, just as the existence of a second child of Victor and Irene's is revealed. Viki's stress reaches a critical point when Dorian (Robin Strasser onward) tells Viki a secret of which she thought Viki had been aware: the fact that Victor had sexually abused his daughter as a child. With this trauma being what had actually initiated Viki's dissociative identity disorder, she subsequently splinters into several personalities, one of which imprisons Dorian in a secret room below Llanfair. Dorian is eventually freed from her confinement, and Viki recovers after realizing she herself (more specifically, one of her alternate personalities) was the one who had smothered Victor to death in 1976. In 1995, reviled town outcast Todd Manning (Roger Howarth) is proven to be Victor and Irene's illegitimate son; Viki and Todd eventually become close. After a failed reconciliation attempt with Clint, Viki meets and falls in love with Ben Davidson (Mark Derwin), who is eventually revealed to be the long-lost son of Asa Buchanan (Philip Carey) and Renée Divine Buchanan (Patricia Elliott). Ben's first wife, Skye Chandler (Robin Christopher), comes to town and tries in vain to keep Ben and Viki apart. That same year, Jessica falls pregnant, but miscarries the child when she is run over by Dorian. She names the child Megan. 2000s Viki is diagnosed with breast cancer in 2000, but survives after a mastectomy and chemotherapy. She and Ben marry in November. In 2001, a girl named Natalie Balsom (Melissa Archer) makes the startling claim that she is Viki and Clint's biological daughter, which is confirmed by a DNA test. Mitch Laurence returns from the dead, divulging to Viki he drugged and raped her around the same time she and Clint conceived Jessica and had unknowingly become pregnant with fraternal twins, one fathered by Clint, Natalie, and the other fathered by Mitch, Jessica (Erin Torpey). Unable to reconcile the revelation, Niki Smith emerges during the ordeal and plots to kill Ben in order to have her freedom, but when Ben is accidentally shot by Antonio Vega (Kamar de los Reyes), Viki returns. Ben is left comatose after the shooting. In 2003, Victor (William Stone Mahoney) is ostensibly revealed to be alive, claiming to have faked his death in 1976; however, shortly after he returns, Victor dies — but not before Viki and Todd confront him on ills inflicted to them in his wake. In 2004, Viki is diagnosed with heart disease and eventually needs a heart transplant. Coincidentally, a comatose Ben dies just as Viki takes a turn for the worse, and his heart is transplanted into Viki, who recovers but must face widowhood once again. In 2007, Viki and Clint (now Jerry verDorn) start dating again, but Dorian decides she wants Clint for herself and plots to break up the couple. Dorian's schemes succeed, and Clint ends things with Viki to start a new relationship with Dorian. Feeling humiliated and defeated, Viki leaves Llanview for a much-needed vacation and finds herself in Paris, Texas, where she tries to reinvent herself by waiting tables at a local diner. It is there that she meets patron Charlie Banks (Brian Kerwin), a recovering alcoholic, and the two begin seeing one another. Viki ultimately returns to Llanview once her family discovers her secret life, and Charlie's search for his estranged son Jared (John Brotherton) leads him there as well. Viki and Charlie resume their relationship, but break up when Viki discovers that Charlie had lied about the identity of his son in extenuating circumstances. In July 2008, Viki is involved in a car accident with Dorian; Viki's heart stops as a result of the crash, but Dorian manages to revive her. During her unconsciousness, Viki visits Heaven and reunited with her granddaughter, Megan Rappaport (Erin Torpey), Ben and Asa. Reexamining her life, Viki reunites with Charlie, and they marry on August 4, 2009. Viki runs for mayor against Dorian and wins; she steps down, however, to help her family deal with the unexpected return of Mitch Laurence, who wreaks havoc on her daughters and murders Jared in the process. 2010–13 Charlie, devastated over his son's death, quits his sobriety and began drinking, distancing himself from Viki, choosing instead to conspire with Dorian to kill Mitch. Though Dorian tries to stop him at the last minute, Charlie ends up accidentally shooting Jessica (Bree Williamson onward), who survives. Devastated by Charlie's actions, Viki asks him for a divorce, but they eventually reconcile. Viki and Charlie's marriage is further complicated by the return of Echo DiSavoy, a woman who almost destroyed her marriage to Clint in 1983. Echo begins insinuating herself into Charlie and Viki's marriage, much to Viki's dismay. When a paternity revealed Charlie not to be the father of Rex Balsom (John-Paul Lavoisier), a devastated Charlie turns to Echo for comfort. Dorian, who had suspicions about Echo and Charlie's dealings, forged a truce with Viki to uncover Charlie's misgivings. A devastated Viki finds out about Charlie's affair and definitively asks him for a divorce. After confronting Charlie and Echo, Viki goes to court to fight for custody of grandson Ryder Ford while his mother Jessica was ill with her multiple personality. A stressed Viki suffers a bout with multiple personalities on the stand, leading the judge against giving the child to Viki but instead to her son and daughter-in-law, Joey (Tom Degnan) and Aubrey Buchanan (Terri Conn). In summer 2011 a man with the "original" face of her only known living brother, Todd (Howarth), returned to Llanview claiming to be the victim of eight years of imprisonment and torture at the hands of his mother and Viki's childhood friend, a back-from-the-dead Irene Manning (now Barbara Rhoades). After medical tests revealed the "newer" Todd (Trevor St. John) and the "old" Todd (Howarth) to have identical DNA, Irene appeared to reveal the "two Todds" to be twins. The man who resembled Walker Laurence (St. John) and who has been living as Todd since 2003 was revealed actually have been born Victor Lord, Jr., brainwashed into believing that he is Todd by Irene. Meanwhile, Viki agrees in court to put up Clint in Llanfair for house arrest after he was convicted of various crimes in Llanview. Dorian and Viki ostensibly put an end to their feud of nearly four decades when Dorian leaves town to become an acting U.S. senator. Viki continues work at The Banner when Tina returns to town for the reading of the will of recently murdered Victor, Jr. After months of rehashing old feelings and living under the same roof, Clint and Viki too admit to their unresolved feelings and agreed to give a romantic relationship one more try. At the original finale, a prison breakout leads Allison Perkins to shoot both Clint and Viki, but only after telling the two that Jessica is in fact Clint's daughter after all and not the daughter of Mitch Laurence. Clint sanctions another paternity test and, in the presence of Jessica, Viki and Natalie, it is revealed Allison's claim to be true. Following all the emotional revelations and tears, Clint again declares his undying love for Viki and asks her to marry him for a third time. Upon the series resumption in April 2013, Viki accepts Clint's marriage proposal, and concurrently hires freelance journalist Jeffrey King (Corbin Bleu) to investigate the alleged congressional malfeasance of junior U.S. senator Dorian. Upon visiting niece Danielle Manning (Kelley Missal) in the hospital after overdosing on drugs and alcohol, she uncovers her brother Victor, Jr. to be alive. With her family newspaper in financial straits, The Banner focuses on growing the publication's online presence. Alternate personalities Slezak as Victoria's main alter-ego Niki Smith in 1985, a performance for which she earned the 1986 Daytime Emmy Award for Lead Actress in a Drama Series As of the final ABC episode, all of Victoria's six alternate personalities are integrated with her baseline psyche. At times during the series, Viki has been forced to impersonate one of them, particularly Niki and Jean. In order of their first appearance on One Life to Live, they are: Nicole "Niki" Smith – a devil-may-care, sexually promiscuous party girl, approximately 22 years old. First appearing in the episode first-run November 15, 1968, Niki appears more times than all of the other alters combined and is very skilled at masquerading as Viki when necessary to hide her re-emergence. Niki has had two serious relationships with Vince Wolek (1968–69) and Harry O'Neill (1985); neither Vinny or Harry realized at the time that Niki was an alter of Viki. Tommy – a 14-year-old male alter who first appeared in the episode first-run February 2, 1995, who embodied Viki's anger and rage at her abuse. Tommy usually emerged to protect Princess (another alternate personality), and once threw Dorian Lord down the La Boulaie staircase and attempted to beat her to death with a claw hammer in the Llanfair secret room. Jean Randolph – Jean Randolph is the calm, cool, collected and calculating caretaker of all the other alters, who first appeared in the episode first-run February 2, 1995 when Viki's abusive childhood was revealed. Her name is derived from that of Viki's mother, Eugenia Randolph Lord. Jean blackmailed con man David Vickers into divorcing Viki's sister, Tina, and also freed Viki's son, Joey, from Dorian Lord's clutches by imprisoning Dorian in a secret room in the basement of Llanfair, which led Joey to believe that Dorian left him. Jean then forced Dorian to marry David to keep them both occupied and away from Viki's loved ones. Princess – a manifestation of Viki as a seven-year-old girl. First appearing in the episode first-run February 21, 1995, Princess is a traumatized child who is constantly reliving the molestation by Viki's father. Protected by Tommy, the 14-year-old alternate personality, who is most angry about the abuse. Tori Lord – Tori first appeared in the episode first-run April 18, 1995, approximately 19 years old, after Dorian revealed the truth of Victor's abuse to Viki. It was established that Tori was the alter who murdered Victor Lord in 1976. (It was later revealed that Victor survived and did not die until 2003. However Dorian has planted a seed of doubt regarding that notion, suggesting that the man who re-emerged as Victor in 2003 was a fraud.) Although her declared mission was to force Viki to face the truth, she wreaked much destruction before getting around to that. Tori started undermining The Banner by feeding stories and information to rival newspaper editor Todd Manning, and she torched Llanfair, nearly killing Jessica in the blaze. Victor Lord – this personality is the reflective image of Viki's abusive father, Victor. First appearing in the episode first-run October 23, 1995, the Victor Lord personality only emerged a handful of times, but one of the instances that he took over led Viki to attempt suicide by cutting her own wrists to "expel" Victor from her body. Reception Series fansite Llanview Labyrinth remarks that although Gillian Spencer's Victoria is featured at the show's outset, "the obviousness of Viki being the shows unquestioned 'lead' did not smack the viewer quite as hard as it later would ," with Spencer's Victoria melding into the ensemble cast. Joanne Dorian briefly stepped into the role beginning in October 1970, with a markedly less dynamic presence on the series than her predecessor. In March 1971, One Life to Live executive producer Doris Quinlan remarked to After Noon TV magazine of Erika Slezak and her audition before herself, series creator and head writer Agnes Nixon, and director David Pressman, "You've got to meet this girl—she's going to be a star." Since the introduction of Slezak as Victoria, her portrayal has become regarded as definitive to the role. Slezak's work has garnered her the acclaim of media critics and viewers alike, earning the actress comparisons between herself and contemporary film star Meryl Streep for perceived similarities in acting range, versatility, and numerous award nominations. Slezak has received nine Daytime Emmy Award nominations in the category of Outstanding Lead Actress for her portrayal of Victoria, winning in 1984, 1986, 1992, 1995, 1996, and 2005. At the finale of the show's last iteration, she held the record for most Emmy wins by an actress. She also garnered the Soap Opera Digest Award for Favorite Couple with co-star Mark Derwin (Ben Davidson) in 2000. In 2002, in recognition for her work on One Life to Live, Slezak was inducted as a member of the Silver Circle of the New York chapter of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences for over a quarter-century of "significant contributions" to television. In July 2020, Soaps.com cited Slezak's casting in the role as the third-best recast of all-time on a soap opera. References ^ a b c d Schemering, Christopher (September 1985). The Soap Opera Encyclopedia. Ballantine Books. pp. 158–166. ISBN 978-0345324597. ^ Hal Boedeker (January 25, 2013). "All My Children, One Live to Live reborn via Hulu". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved January 26, 2013. ^ Jolie Lash (January 25, 2013). "One Life To Live, All My Children – New Episodes On The Way This Spring Via Hulu, iTunes". Access Hollywood. Retrieved January 26, 2013. ^ a b James, Meg (September 3, 2013). "Reviving canceled ABC soap operas becomes a real-life drama". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 27, 2014. ^ Tanya Barrientos (May 23, 1996). "Slezak Wins Emmy; Lucci Shunned For A 16th Year Puppeteer Shari Lewis And Oprah Winfrey's Show Are Also Winners". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved May 26, 2013. ^ Michael, Fairman (March 17, 2011). "It's Erika Slezak Day! OLTL honors her with 40th Anniversary Surprise Party!". Retrieved May 26, 2013. ^ a b Coulton, Antoinette Y.; Pham, Thailan (2012). "Farewell to One Life to Live". People. 77 (2). Retrieved May 22, 2013. ^ a b Logan, Michael (2012). "Erika Slezak Goes to Heaven One Last Time on One Life to Live". TV Guide. Retrieved May 22, 2013. ^ a b McConnell, Michael (2011). "The View Plans One Life to Live Special for Series Finale". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 22, 2013. ^ a b c d "SOAP STAR STATS: Erika Slezak (Viki, OLTL)". SoapOperaDigest.com (Internet Archive). Archived from the original on March 30, 2010. Retrieved March 30, 2010. ^ "Erika Slezak, Actress". Archive of American Television. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. 2006. Retrieved August 22, 2012. ^ a b c d Michael Callahan (2007). "Legends: The Original Desperate Housewife". Philadelphia (May 2007). Retrieved August 21, 2012. ^ "She Made It: Agnes Nixon, Television Writer, Producer". The Paley Center for Media. Retrieved August 20, 2012. ^ a b c Nochimson, Martha (1993). No End to Her: Soap Opera and the Female Subject. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 64. ISBN 9780520077713. Retrieved July 11, 2012. ^ a b OLTL Icon, Erika Slezak Talks On Her 42-Year Run As Viki, Her Llanview Co-Stars & Husbands, and Life Now. Michael Fairman TV (video). May 20, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020. ^ a b "Who's Who in Llanview: Victoria Lord \| One Life to Live on Soap Central". soapcentral.com. ^ "Agnes Nixon: A Note from Erika about Agnes Nixon". Erika Slezak Fan Club. September 28, 2016. Archived from the original on September 29, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2016. I am so terribly saddened by the death of Agnes Nixon. She was more than a great writer, producer and boss, she was a warm, loving and wonderful woman with a truly delightful and somewhat wicked sense of humor. It was my very great privilege to have known her and to have worked for her. When she hired me to play Viki on One Life To Live, she changed my life and my career and I will forever be grateful to her. I wish her peace and angels all around her. She deserves that! ^ Larson, Kelli M. (March 21, 2018). "ONE LIFE TO LIVE Star Erika Slezak Opens up About Her Return to Television (EXCLUSIVE)". Soap Opera Digest. Retrieved April 21, 2018. ^ Time. Vol. 145, no. 18–26. 1995. p. 76. {{cite magazine}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) ^ Staff writer (February 7, 2010). "50 Greatest Soap Actresses: #3 Erika Slezak". We Love Soaps. Retrieved May 31, 2013. ^ One Life to Live. Season 1. 1968. ABC. ^ One Life to Live. Season 2. December 11, 1969. ABC. ^ "One Life to Live recap (1968–69)". ABC. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved November 21, 2011. ^ One Life to Live. Season 4. February 29, 1972. ABC. ^ One Life to Live. Season 7. September 16, 1974. ABC. ^ "One Life to Live recap (1973–74)". ABC. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2013. ^ One Life to Live. Season 7. May 9, 1975. ABC. ^ "One Life to Live recap (1974–75, Part 2)". ABC. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2013. ^ a b Waggett, Gerry (2008). The One Life to Live 40th Anniversary Trivia Book. New York City: Hyperion Books. ISBN 9781401323097. Retrieved August 19, 2012. ^ One Life to Live. Season 9. 1976–1977. ABC. ^ One Life to Live. Season 10. July 1978. ABC. ^ One Life to Live. Season 11. 1978–1979. ABC. ^ One Life to Live. Season 12. October 3, 1979. ABC. ^ One Life to Live. Season 12. January 8, 1980. ABC. ^ "One Life to Live recap (1979–80)". ABC. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2013. ^ Giles, Jeff (2013). Llanview in the Afternoon: An Oral History of One Life to Live. p. 62. ISBN 9781492385646. ^ "One Life to Live recap (1980–81, Part 2)". ABC. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2013. ^ "One Life to Live recap (1981–82, Part 2)". ABC. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2013. ^ One Life to Live. Season 15. November 15, 1982. ABC. ^ "One Life to Live recap (1983–84, Part 3)". ABC. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2013. ^ One Life to Live. Season 18. 1985–1986. ABC. ^ One Life to Live. Season 18. April 17, 1986. ABC. ^ "One Life to Live recap (1989–90)". ABC. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2013. ^ One Life to Live. Season 22. May 1990. ABC. ^ One Life to Live. Season 23. August–September 1990. ABC. ^ One Life to Live. Season 23. November 8, 1990. ABC. ^ One Life to Live. Season 23. August 1991. ABC. ^ One Life to Live. Season 23. February 7, 1992. ABC. ^ "One Life to Live recap (1994–95)". ABC. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2013. ^ a b In recent years, One Life to Live plot twists have strongly suggested that Dorian was Victor's true murderer after all, as was suggested at Victor's initial death in 1976. In August 2007, Dorian makes the startling (and vague) claim to Viki that she had actually killed Victor, and that a man who appeared in 2003 claiming to be Victor was a fraud. Having planted a seed of doubt in Viki's mind, she refused to elaborate. On August 16, 2011, Dorian's husband David Vickers Buchanan (Tuc Watkins) mentions that an (albeit forged) entry from Irene Manning's diary cleared Dorian of Victor's murder. When David states that Dorian is innocent of the crime, she comments to herself, "... or so Viki chooses to believe." ^ "One Life to Live recap (1995–96)". ABC. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2013. ^ One Life to Live. Season 30. 1999. ABC. ^ One Life to Live. Season 31. 1999–2000. ABC. ^ One Life to Live. Season 31–32. February–August 2000. ABC. ^ "One Life to Live recap (November 2000)". ABC. Archived from the original on April 2, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2013. ^ One Life to Live. Season 33. October 2001. ABC. ^ One Life to Live. Season 34. November–December 2002. ABC. ^ Michael, Renee (April 19, 2011). "All My Stories". The New York Times. Retrieved June 29, 2013. ^ Doris Quinlan (Executive producer); Agnes Nixon, Paul Roberts and Don Wallace (Head writers) (November 15, 1968). One Life to Live. Season 1. ABC. ^ a b Susan Bedsow Horgan (Executive producer); Michael Malone and Josh Griffith (Head writers) (February 2, 1995). One Life to Live. Season 27. ABC. ^ a b Staff writer (2012). "Victoria "Viki" Lord". Llanview Labyrinth. Retrieved May 26, 2013. ^ "Three Wishes for Erika". After Noon TV. 1971. Archived from the original on October 26, 2009. Retrieved August 19, 2012. ^ Hal Bodoedeker (April 17, 2011). ""All My Children": Goodbye to a fondly remembered world". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved July 13, 2012. ^ Dan J. Kroll (October 29, 2008). "One-on-One with One Life to Live's Erika Slezak". SoapCentral. Retrieved July 13, 2012. ^ "Daytime Emmy Winners & Nominees: 1984". SoapOperaDigest.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2009. Retrieved February 20, 2009. ^ "Daytime Emmy Winners & Nominees: 1986". SoapOperaDigest.com. Archived from the original on May 27, 2006. Retrieved February 20, 2009. ^ "Daytime Emmy Winners & Nominees: 1992". SoapOperaDigest.com. Archived from the original on May 27, 2006. Retrieved February 20, 2009. ^ "Daytime Emmy Winners & Nominees: 1995". SoapOperaDigest.com. Archived from the original on May 27, 2006. Retrieved February 20, 2009. ^ "Daytime Emmy Winners & Nominees: 1996". SoapOperaDigest.com. Archived from the original on June 3, 2009. Retrieved February 20, 2009. ^ "Daytime Emmy Winners & Nominees: 2005". SoapOperaDigest.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2009. Retrieved February 20, 2009. ^ "Silver Circle". National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences: New York. 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012. ^ "Erika Slezak Awards and Emmys". ErikaSlezak.com. 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012. ^ Mason, Charlie (July 21, 2020). "Photos: Soaps' 20 Best Recasts Ever, Ranked". Soaps.com. United States: SheKnows Media. Archived from the original on July 21, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020. External links Victoria Lord profile – ABC.com Victoria Lord profile – SoapCentral.com "One Life to Live Timeline: Cult of Personalities". SoapOperaDigest.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2009. vteOne Life to Live(1968–2013)CharactersLord family Victor Lord Victoria Lord Meredith Lord Tina Lord Tony Lord Todd Manning Richard Abbott Wolek family Larry Wolek Vince Wolek Anna Wolek Daniel Wolek Jenny Wolek Karen Wolek Cramer family Dorian Cramer Lord Blair Cramer Kelly Cramer Adriana Cramer Paul Cramer Buchanan family Asa Buchanan Clint Buchanan Bo Buchanan Cord Roberts Matthew Buchanan David Vickers Rex Balsom Other Nash Brennan and Jessica Buchanan Todd Manning and Blair Cramer Roxy Balsom Jared Banks Jessica Buchanan Joey Buchanan Kevin Buchanan Natalie Buchanan Nora Buchanan Nash Brennan Skye Chandler Margaret Cochran Cathy Craig Jim Craig Rae Cummings Marco Dane Ben Davidson Téa Delgado Echo DiSavoy Billy Douglas Destiny Evans Greg Evans Shaun Evans Oliver Fish Robert Ford Hank Gannon Rachel Gannon Carla Gray Sadie Gray Ed Hall Josh Hall Carlo Hesser Max Holden Jeffrey King Mitch Laurence Brody Lovett Danielle Manning Irene Manning Jack Manning Starr Manning John McBain Michael McBain Gabrielle Medina Gigi Morasco Shane Morasco Alex Olanov Allison Perkins Lindsay Rappaport Ross Rayburn Riley family Eileen Riley Siegel Joe Riley Sarah Roberts Talia Sahid Marty Saybrooke Cole Thornhart Mark Toland Cristian Vega Brad Vernon Marcie Walsh McBain Aubrey Wentworth Cutter Wentworth Lists Full character list 1960s–1970s characters 1980s characters 1990s characters 2000s characters 2010s characters Senior cast Erika Slezak Michael Storm Robert S. Woods Philip Carey Patricia Elliott Robin Strasser Peter Bartlett Hillary B. Smith Kassie DePaiva ExecutivesExecutive producers Doris Quinlan (1968–1977) Joseph Stuart (1977–1983) Jean Arley (1983–84) Paul Rauch (1984–1991) Linda Gottlieb (1991–1994) Susan Bedsow Horgan (1994–1996) Maxine Levinson (1996–1997) Jill Farren Phelps (1997–2001) Gary Tomlin (2001–2002) Frank Valentini (2003–2012) Jennifer Pepperman (2013) Head writers Agnes Nixon (creator) Lorraine Broderick Ron Carlivati Craig Carlson John William Corrington Joyce Hooper Corrington Brian Frons Josh Griffith Sam Hall Dena Higley Susan Bedsow Horgan Claire Labine Matthew Labine Leah Laiman Pamela K. Long Michael Malone Megan McTavish Peggy O'Shea Jean Passanante Thom Racina Gordon Russell S. Michael Schnessel Henry Slesar Peggy Sloane Gary Tomlin Frank Valentini Christopher Whitesell Storylines 1968–1979 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2013 Todd Manning and Marty Saybrooke rape storylines Related Llanview Cast members Crew members ABC Daytime Prospect Park Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"matriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarch"},{"link_name":"Lord family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_family"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Erika Slezak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erika_Slezak"},{"link_name":"protagonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagonist"},{"link_name":"Agnes Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Gillian Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Spencer"},{"link_name":"pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_pilot"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1985_Encyc-1"},{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"The Online Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Online_Network"},{"link_name":"Hulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"FX Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FX_Canada"},{"link_name":"Oprah Winfrey Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey_Network_(Canadian_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OLTL_suspended-4"},{"link_name":"daytime television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_television"},{"link_name":"widowhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widow"},{"link_name":"brain aneurysm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_aneurysm"},{"link_name":"out-of-body experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-body_experience"},{"link_name":"jail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jail"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"breast cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer"},{"link_name":"rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape"},{"link_name":"recovered memories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovered_memory"},{"link_name":"being molested as a child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_attack"},{"link_name":"heart disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_disease"},{"link_name":"heart transplant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplant"},{"link_name":"lupus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus"},{"link_name":"dissociative identity disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder"},{"link_name":"narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plot_(narrative)"},{"link_name":"leading actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_actor"},{"link_name":"serials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_(radio_and_television)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fifth_Emmy-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40th-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PeopleSpecial-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FinaleHeaven-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McConnell-9"},{"link_name":"most lauded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actress_in_a_Drama_Series"},{"link_name":"longest-running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest-serving_soap_opera_actors#United_States"},{"link_name":"soap operas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOD_stats_Slezak-10"}],"text":"Soap opera characterVictoria Lord is a fictional character and matriarch of the Lord family on the American soap opera One Life to Live, played for over 41 years by six-time Daytime Emmy Award-winning actress Erika Slezak.The character was created as one of the protagonists by series creator Agnes Nixon, and first cast to Gillian Spencer on the pilot aired July 15, 1968.[1] Nixon later recast her with Slezak, who became synonymous with the character role following a continual portrayal spanning her debut March 17, 1971 through the ABC Daytime finale January 13, 2012. Slezak reprised the role in The Online Network continuance of One Life to Live aired on Hulu, iTunes, FX Canada, and the Oprah Winfrey Network from April 29, 2013[2][3] through the final episode released August 19, 2013.[4]The role of Victoria is the mainstay original lead character of the serial, and her storylines focus on drudgery, love, and family troubles. One of the longest-running characters on American daytime television, Victoria weathers widowhood (three times), divorce (four times), a brain aneurysm, a near-death out-of-body experience (three times), being shot (two times), sent to jail, suffering a stroke, breast cancer, rape, recovered memories of being molested as a child, a heart attack, heart disease, a heart transplant, the abduction of three of her five children as infants, discovering she has four half-siblings, the deaths of two siblings, and the death of her daughter from lupus. Most notably, she suffers recurring bouts with dissociative identity disorder throughout the show narrative.Slezak's tenure as Victoria earned the actress a reputation as a leading actor in American serials,[5][6][7][8][9] with her portrayal becoming one of the most lauded and longest-running in American soap operas.[10]","title":"Victoria Lord"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archive of American Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive_of_American_Television"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"It is a very, very good job, but it takes a lot of work, and it takes responsibility. You are responsible to the audience for who you're playing. You're responsible to your writers and your producer for the character, and you are extremely responsible to your fellow actors. There are people who don't realize that.\n\n\n—Erika Slezak on playing Victoria Lord, Archive of American Television[11]","title":"Character background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Bryn Mawr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Mawr,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Legends-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paley-13"},{"link_name":"The Philadelphia Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Story_(play)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martha-14"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Story_(film)"},{"link_name":"Katharine Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn"}],"sub_title":"Conception","text":"One Life to Live series creator Agnes Nixon conceived the central role of Victoria \"Viki\" Lord inspired by her relationship with her domineering father, Harry Eckhardt, and her own married family life along the Philadelphia Main Line in Bryn Mawr.[12][13] Nixon took further inspiration from lead protagonist Tracy Lord of the 1939 play The Philadelphia Story,[14] portrayed on stage and film by actress Katharine Hepburn.","title":"Character background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1985_Encyc-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1985_Encyc-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1985_Encyc-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOD_stats_Slezak-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFTV-15"},{"link_name":"Ernest Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Graves_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Lynn Benesch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Benesch"},{"link_name":"Victor Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Lord"},{"link_name":"Meredith Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meredith_Lord"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFTV-15"},{"link_name":"continually for 41 years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest-serving_soap_opera_actors#United_States"},{"link_name":"Prospect Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_Park_(production_company)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OLTL_suspended-4"},{"link_name":"maternity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_leave"},{"link_name":"Christine Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Jones_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC-16"},{"link_name":"Judith Barcroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Barcroft"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC-16"},{"link_name":"Amanda Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Davies_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOD_stats_Slezak-10"},{"link_name":"Agnes Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Nixon"},{"link_name":"eulogized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulogy"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"guest appearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guest_appearance"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Soap Opera Digest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Digest"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"The role of Victoria was originally cast to Gillian Spencer, who appeared from the July 1968 debut until 1970.[1] Joanne Dorian replaced Spencer from October 1970 until March 16, 1971,[1] when established theater actress Erika Slezak stepped into the role in the following day's episode.[1][10] Slezak was told she was auditioning for a new character, but when offered the role she learned she was replacing someone else.[15] The producers informed Ernest Graves and Lynn Benesch, who played Viki's father Victor Lord and sister Meredith Lord, of the change in advance, but no one else in the cast or crew knew of the switch when Slezak arrived to work.[15] Slezak became synonymous with the character since her first appearance in the role March 17, 1971, playing Victoria continually for 41 years until the original One Life television finale in 2012. Slezak reprised the role onscreen upon Prospect Park resumption of the serial from April 29, 2013, through the final episode released August 19, 2013.[4]Two other actresses portrayed Victoria while Slezak was on maternity and personal leave: Christine Jones in 1980 and 1981,[16] and Judith Barcroft in 1987.[16] In the summer of 2003, Slezak's real-life daughter, Amanda Davies, portrayed a teenaged Victoria in flashbacks.[10] Leah Marie Hays played the role of a young Victoria Lord in a series of flashbacks as well.At the death of show and character creator Agnes Nixon in 2016, Slezak eulogized that, \"When she hired me to play Viki on One Life To Live, she changed my life and my career and I will forever be grateful to her.\"[17]Slezak expressed interest for reprising portrayal of the character in a short-term guest appearance on ABC's last remaining soap opera, General Hospital, in a March 2018 interview with Soap Opera Digest magazine, ahead of the 50th anniversary of the July 1968 premiere of One Life to Live.[18]","title":"Character background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heiress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martha-14"},{"link_name":"heroine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Legends-12"},{"link_name":"ingenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenue_(stock_character)"},{"link_name":"Electra complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electra_complex"},{"link_name":"multiple personalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder"},{"link_name":"Eugenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Randolph"},{"link_name":"Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Lord"},{"link_name":"Lord Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Llanview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanview"},{"link_name":"Joe Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Riley_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martha-14"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Tina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Lord"},{"link_name":"Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Manning"},{"link_name":"grande dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_dame"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PeopleSpecial-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FinaleHeaven-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McConnell-9"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Legends-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Legends-12"},{"link_name":"Lord family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_family"},{"link_name":"Connie Passalacqua Hayman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie_Passalacqua_Hayman"},{"link_name":"pen name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_name"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GreatSoapActress-20"}],"sub_title":"Characterization","text":"At the debut episode of One Life to Live July 15, 1968, twentysomething recent college graduate and heiress Victoria \"Viki\" Lord is described by author Martha Nochimson as \"blonde [and] ivory-complexioned ... the clichéd American princess,\" personifying the \"woman on a pedestal\" archetype.[14] The show's heroine from the outset,[12] ingenue Victoria initially harbors a strong Electra complex and suffers a bout with multiple personalities prompted by her mother Eugenia's absence from childhood and father Victor's incessant grooming of her to eventually helm the family's communication business, Lord Enterprises. As Erika Slezak stepped into the role in 1971, head writer Nixon matured Victoria to a self-assured working woman managing fictional Llanview's predominant newspaper, The Banner. An increasingly headstrong Victoria, relinquishing her primal desires to pander to Victor, marries working-class Banner editor Joe Riley, much to the patriarch's chagrin.[14]By the mid-1980s, Victoria largely adopts a matronly role[19] along with her capacities as well-connected town businesswoman and socialite, though she is still plagued with intermittent bouts of mental illness. The character comes to mother five of her own children onscreen (three from infancy), while providing surrogate nurture to younger siblings Tina and Todd. Since 2000s, the role has evolved to be regarded as the \"grande dame of Llanview.\"[7][8][9] In a 2006 Boston magazine article, Slezak remarked of Victoria representing \"the very classy, very old-world money,\"[12] with writer Michael Callahan calling the character \"the stiff-upper-lipped matriarch\"[12] of the prominent Lord family.American journalist and soap opera critic Connie Passalacqua Hayman (pen name \"Marlena De Lacroix\") briefly summed up the character role:... Slezak's 'Viki' is the consummate soap opera heroine, because she has so harrowingly and humanistically triumphed over all her life's tragedies.[20]","title":"Character background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Storylines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victor Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Lord"},{"link_name":"Ernest Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Graves_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Joe Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Riley_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Lee Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Patterson"},{"link_name":"alternate personality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder"},{"link_name":"Vinny Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Antony Ponzini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Ponzini"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Steve Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Burke_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Marcy Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcy_Wade"},{"link_name":"Francesca James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_James"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Dorian Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_Lord"},{"link_name":"Nancy Pinkerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Pinkerton"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"eloping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elopement_(marriage)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Tony Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Lord_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"George Reinholt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Reinholt"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anniversary-29"},{"link_name":"Kevin Lord Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Cathy Craig Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Craig"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Tina Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Lord"},{"link_name":"Andrea Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Evans"},{"link_name":"Irene Manning Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Manning_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Marco Dane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Dane"},{"link_name":"Gerald Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Anthony"},{"link_name":"Karen Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Judith Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Light"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"brain tumor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Carla Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Gray"},{"link_name":"Ellen Holly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Holly"},{"link_name":"Arthur Burghardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Burghardt"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-viki-36"}],"sub_title":"1960s and 1970s","text":"The eldest child of domineering millionaire publisher Victor Lord (Ernest Graves), Victoria Lord, often nicknamed \"Viki,\" (originally Spencer) has little time for romance when One Life to Live begins in 1968.[21] She clashes with reporter Joe Riley (Lee Patterson), but they soon fall in love; Victor disapproves and tries to keep them apart. Torn between pleasing her father and following her heart, Viki develops a wild alternate personality named \"Niki Smith\", who falls in love with Vinny Wolek (Antony Ponzini). Viki's illness — apparently caused by seeing her pregnant mother fall down the stairs as a child — is eventually treated, and she and Joe marry December 11, 1969.[22][23] Joe is presumed dead in a car accident in 1970, and a heartbroken Viki (Slezak onward) finds comfort with fellow reporter Steve Burke (Bernie Grant) in 1971. After Steve is put on trial and exonerated for the murder of Banner secretary Marcy Wade (Francesca James), he and Viki marry in 1972.[24] When a very-much alive Joe returns in-time for the nuptials, having survived his supposedly deadly car accident, Viki is forced to choose between two husbands. Viki initially stays married to Steve out of obligation, but ultimately divorces him in January 1974. That summer, Dr. Dorian Cramer (then Nancy Pinkerton) blames board member Viki for her suspension from Llanview Hospital, and a rivalry is born that will last decades. Viki and Joe remarry in a simple, New York City ceremony in September.[25][26] In 1975, Dorian becomes the private physician to Viki's father Victor, soon eloping with him.[27] Viki learns she has a half-brother, Tony Lord (George Reinholt), and Dorian plots to keep Victor's fortune for herself.[28] In 1976, Victor suffers a heart attack and dies after wife Dorian denies him medication, and in his wake Dorian wreaks havoc on the Lord family.[29] Viki and Joe have a son, Kevin Lord Riley, who is soon kidnapped by jealous Cathy Craig Lord (then Jennifer Harmon), but is later returned.[30] In 1978, Viki takes in Tina Clayton (Andrea Evans), the sixteen-year-old daughter of college roommate and best friend Irene Manning Clayton (Kate McKeown), who is apparently dying of cancer.[31] Shortly after Irene dies, Viki goes on trial for the murder of her nemesis Marco Dane (Gerald Anthony), but she is later exonerated following confessional testimony by Karen Wolek (Judith Light).[32] Joe dies from a brain tumor in October 1979.[33][34][35] Also in October 1979, Viki serves as the matron of honor in her friend Carla Gray's (Ellen Holly) wedding to Dr. Jack Scott (Arthur Burghardt).[36]","title":"Storylines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Riley Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Ted Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Clayton_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Clint Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Clint Ritchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Ritchie"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Echo DiSavoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_DiSavoy"},{"link_name":"Kim Zimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Zimmer"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Mitch Laurence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Laurence"},{"link_name":"Roscoe Born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe_Born"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Jessica Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Allison Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Barbara Garrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Garrick"},{"link_name":"Roger Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Gordon_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Larry Pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Pine"},{"link_name":"Megan Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Jessica Tuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Tuck"},{"link_name":"soap opera (within a soap opera)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_within_a_story"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"1980s","text":"Widowed Viki gives birth to her second son, Joe Riley Jr., in January 1980.\nAfter a disastrous relationship with con man Ted Clayton,[37][38] who brainwashes and drugs her in an attempt to get his hands on her fortune, Viki marries newspaper editor Clint Buchanan (Clint Ritchie) in 1982; he adopts both of her sons.[39] Echo DiSavoy (Kim Zimmer), seeking revenge on Clint for her mother's murder, seduces him in 1983 to ruin his marriage, then fakes her own death and frames him for it. Clint is later exonerated after Echo is found alive, and he and Viki reunite.[40] Viki is shocked to discover in 1985 that her former ward Tina Clayton (Evans) is in fact her half-sister, daughter of Viki's father Victor and not Ted. Thanks to the machinations of Tina's boyfriend Mitch Laurence (Roscoe Born), Viki succumbs to the pressure and Niki Smith returns. Posing as Viki, Niki divorces Clint; Viki later overcomes her illness with the realization that it had actually been triggered by her witnessing Victor and Irene in bed many years before.[41] Clint and Viki remarry in 1986,[42] and Viki gives birth to their daughter Jessica Buchanan in September 1986. Jessica is kidnapped shortly after birth by Allison Perkins (Barbara Garrick), a disciple of Mitch Laurence; Jessica is soon returned unharmed in December, and Allison institutionalized. In 1988, Viki learns that she married and gave birth to a child in high school with high school sweetheart Roger Gordon (Larry Pine), but father Victor had her hypnotized to forget the occurrences. With Viki's memory restored in 1989, she annuls her 1960s off-screen marriage to Roger and initiates a relationship with daughter Megan Gordon (Jessica Tuck), an actress on the soap opera (within a soap opera), Fraternity Row. Megan and Viki initially spar, but ultimately get past their initial conflicts and become close.[43]","title":"Storylines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Johnny Dee Hesser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Dee_Hesser"},{"link_name":"Anthony Crivello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Crivello"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"lupus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Sloan Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloan_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Roy Thinnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Thinnes"},{"link_name":"Hodgkin's lymphoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgkin%27s_lymphoma"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Robin Strasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Strasser"},{"link_name":"dissociative identity disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seedofdoubt-50"},{"link_name":"Todd Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Manning"},{"link_name":"Roger Howarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Howarth"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Ben Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Davidson_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Mark Derwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Derwin"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Asa Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Philip Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Carey"},{"link_name":"Renée Divine Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Divine_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Patricia Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Skye Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skye_Chandler"},{"link_name":"Robin Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Christopher"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"1990s","text":"In 1990, Viki is elected mayor of Llanview,[44] but a shooting and subsequent stroke leaves her paralyzed and in a wheelchair;[45] Niki Smith emerges to aid a paralyzed Viki stand up and shoot Johnny Dee Hesser (Anthony Crivello) when he attacks Tina.[46] Viki recovers and later donates a kidney to daughter Megan suffering terminal lupus, but Megan dies, leaving Viki devastated.[47][48] Growing ever-distant from Clint, Viki engages an extramarital affair with Sloan Carpenter (Roy Thinnes); she and Clint divorce in 1994, and she marries Sloan. Sloan dies soon after from Hodgkin's lymphoma, just as the existence of a second child of Victor and Irene's is revealed.[49] Viki's stress reaches a critical point when Dorian (Robin Strasser onward) tells Viki a secret of which she thought Viki had been aware: the fact that Victor had sexually abused his daughter as a child. With this trauma being what had actually initiated Viki's dissociative identity disorder, she subsequently splinters into several personalities, one of which imprisons Dorian in a secret room below Llanfair. Dorian is eventually freed from her confinement, and Viki recovers after realizing she herself (more specifically, one of her alternate personalities) was the one who had smothered Victor to death in 1976.[50] In 1995, reviled town outcast Todd Manning (Roger Howarth) is proven to be Victor and Irene's illegitimate son; Viki and Todd eventually become close.[51] After a failed reconciliation attempt with Clint, Viki meets and falls in love with Ben Davidson (Mark Derwin),[52] who is eventually revealed to be the long-lost son of Asa Buchanan (Philip Carey) and Renée Divine Buchanan (Patricia Elliott). Ben's first wife, Skye Chandler (Robin Christopher), comes to town and tries in vain to keep Ben and Viki apart.[53] That same year, Jessica falls pregnant, but miscarries the child when she is run over by Dorian. She names the child Megan.","title":"Storylines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"breast cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer"},{"link_name":"mastectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastectomy"},{"link_name":"chemotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Natalie Balsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Melissa Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Archer"},{"link_name":"DNA test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_fingerprinting"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Antonio Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Vega_(character)"},{"link_name":"Kamar de los Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamar_de_los_Reyes"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seedofdoubt-50"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Jerry verDorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_verDorn"},{"link_name":"Paris, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Charlie Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Banks_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Brian Kerwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Kerwin"},{"link_name":"Jared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Banks"},{"link_name":"John Brotherton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brotherton"},{"link_name":"Megan Rappaport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Rappaport"}],"sub_title":"2000s","text":"Viki is diagnosed with breast cancer in 2000, but survives after a mastectomy and chemotherapy.[54] She and Ben marry in November.[55] In 2001, a girl named Natalie Balsom (Melissa Archer) makes the startling claim that she is Viki and Clint's biological daughter, which is confirmed by a DNA test.[56] Mitch Laurence returns from the dead, divulging to Viki he drugged and raped her around the same time she and Clint conceived Jessica and had unknowingly become pregnant with fraternal twins, one fathered by Clint, Natalie, and the other fathered by Mitch, Jessica (Erin Torpey).[57] Unable to reconcile the revelation, Niki Smith emerges during the ordeal and plots to kill Ben in order to have her freedom, but when Ben is accidentally shot by Antonio Vega (Kamar de los Reyes), Viki returns. Ben is left comatose after the shooting. In 2003, Victor (William Stone Mahoney) is ostensibly revealed to be alive, claiming to have faked his death in 1976; however, shortly after he returns, Victor dies — but not before Viki and Todd confront him on ills inflicted to them in his wake.[50] In 2004, Viki is diagnosed with heart disease and eventually needs a heart transplant. Coincidentally, a comatose Ben dies just as Viki takes a turn for the worse, and his heart is transplanted into Viki, who recovers but must face widowhood once again.[58]In 2007, Viki and Clint (now Jerry verDorn) start dating again, but Dorian decides she wants Clint for herself and plots to break up the couple. Dorian's schemes succeed, and Clint ends things with Viki to start a new relationship with Dorian. Feeling humiliated and defeated, Viki leaves Llanview for a much-needed vacation and finds herself in Paris, Texas, where she tries to reinvent herself by waiting tables at a local diner. It is there that she meets patron Charlie Banks (Brian Kerwin), a recovering alcoholic, and the two begin seeing one another. Viki ultimately returns to Llanview once her family discovers her secret life, and Charlie's search for his estranged son Jared (John Brotherton) leads him there as well. Viki and Charlie resume their relationship, but break up when Viki discovers that Charlie had lied about the identity of his son in extenuating circumstances. In July 2008, Viki is involved in a car accident with Dorian; Viki's heart stops as a result of the crash, but Dorian manages to revive her. During her unconsciousness, Viki visits Heaven and reunited with her granddaughter, Megan Rappaport (Erin Torpey), Ben and Asa. Reexamining her life, Viki reunites with Charlie, and they marry on August 4, 2009. Viki runs for mayor against Dorian and wins; she steps down, however, to help her family deal with the unexpected return of Mitch Laurence, who wreaks havoc on her daughters and murders Jared in the process.","title":"Storylines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bree Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bree_Williamson"},{"link_name":"Rex Balsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Balsom"},{"link_name":"Ryder Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryder_Ford"},{"link_name":"Aubrey Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey_Wentworth"},{"link_name":"Terri Conn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terri_Conn"},{"link_name":"Barbara Rhoades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Rhoades"},{"link_name":"Trevor St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_St._John"},{"link_name":"Victor Lord, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Lord,_Jr."},{"link_name":"house arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_arrest"},{"link_name":"U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_King"},{"link_name":"Corbin Bleu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbin_Bleu"},{"link_name":"Danielle Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Manning"}],"sub_title":"2010–13","text":"Charlie, devastated over his son's death, quits his sobriety and began drinking, distancing himself from Viki, choosing instead to conspire with Dorian to kill Mitch. Though Dorian tries to stop him at the last minute, Charlie ends up accidentally shooting Jessica (Bree Williamson onward), who survives. Devastated by Charlie's actions, Viki asks him for a divorce, but they eventually reconcile. Viki and Charlie's marriage is further complicated by the return of Echo DiSavoy, a woman who almost destroyed her marriage to Clint in 1983. Echo begins insinuating herself into Charlie and Viki's marriage, much to Viki's dismay. When a paternity revealed Charlie not to be the father of Rex Balsom (John-Paul Lavoisier), a devastated Charlie turns to Echo for comfort. Dorian, who had suspicions about Echo and Charlie's dealings, forged a truce with Viki to uncover Charlie's misgivings. A devastated Viki finds out about Charlie's affair and definitively asks him for a divorce. After confronting Charlie and Echo, Viki goes to court to fight for custody of grandson Ryder Ford while his mother Jessica was ill with her multiple personality. A stressed Viki suffers a bout with multiple personalities on the stand, leading the judge against giving the child to Viki but instead to her son and daughter-in-law, Joey (Tom Degnan) and Aubrey Buchanan (Terri Conn).In summer 2011 a man with the \"original\" face of her only known living brother, Todd (Howarth), returned to Llanview claiming to be the victim of eight years of imprisonment and torture at the hands of his mother and Viki's childhood friend, a back-from-the-dead Irene Manning (now Barbara Rhoades). After medical tests revealed the \"newer\" Todd (Trevor St. John) and the \"old\" Todd (Howarth) to have identical DNA, Irene appeared to reveal the \"two Todds\" to be twins. The man who resembled Walker Laurence (St. John) and who has been living as Todd since 2003 was revealed actually have been born Victor Lord, Jr., brainwashed into believing that he is Todd by Irene. Meanwhile, Viki agrees in court to put up Clint in Llanfair for house arrest after he was convicted of various crimes in Llanview. Dorian and Viki ostensibly put an end to their feud of nearly four decades when Dorian leaves town to become an acting U.S. senator. Viki continues work at The Banner when Tina returns to town for the reading of the will of recently murdered Victor, Jr. After months of rehashing old feelings and living under the same roof, Clint and Viki too admit to their unresolved feelings and agreed to give a romantic relationship one more try.At the original finale, a prison breakout leads Allison Perkins to shoot both Clint and Viki, but only after telling the two that Jessica is in fact Clint's daughter after all and not the daughter of Mitch Laurence. Clint sanctions another paternity test and, in the presence of Jessica, Viki and Natalie, it is revealed Allison's claim to be true. Following all the emotional revelations and tears, Clint again declares his undying love for Viki and asks her to marry him for a third time.Upon the series resumption in April 2013, Viki accepts Clint's marriage proposal, and concurrently hires freelance journalist Jeffrey King (Corbin Bleu) to investigate the alleged congressional malfeasance of junior U.S. senator Dorian. Upon visiting niece Danielle Manning (Kelley Missal) in the hospital after overdosing on drugs and alcohol, she uncovers her brother Victor, Jr. to be alive. With her family newspaper in financial straits, The Banner focuses on growing the publication's online presence.","title":"Storylines"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikismith1985.png"},{"link_name":"1986 Daytime Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Daytime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Lead Actress in a Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actress_in_a_Drama_Series"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anniversary-29"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OLTL111568-59"},{"link_name":"Vince Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Harry O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_O%27Neill_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OLTL020295-60"},{"link_name":"Dorian Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_Lord"},{"link_name":"claw hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claw_hammer"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OLTL020295-60"},{"link_name":"David Vickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Vickers"},{"link_name":"Tina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Lord"},{"link_name":"Joey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"a seed of doubt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_family#A_seed_of_doubt"},{"link_name":"Todd Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Manning"}],"text":"Slezak as Victoria's main alter-ego Niki Smith in 1985, a performance for which she earned the 1986 Daytime Emmy Award for Lead Actress in a Drama SeriesAs of the final ABC episode, all of Victoria's six[29] alternate personalities are integrated with her baseline psyche. At times during the series, Viki has been forced to impersonate one of them, particularly Niki and Jean. In order of their first appearance on One Life to Live, they are:Nicole \"Niki\" Smith – a devil-may-care, sexually promiscuous party girl, approximately 22 years old. First appearing in the episode first-run November 15, 1968, Niki appears more times than all of the other alters combined and is very skilled at masquerading as Viki when necessary to hide her re-emergence.[59] Niki has had two serious relationships with Vince Wolek (1968–69) and Harry O'Neill (1985); neither Vinny or Harry realized at the time that Niki was an alter of Viki.\nTommy – a 14-year-old male alter who first appeared in the episode first-run February 2, 1995, who embodied Viki's anger and rage at her abuse.[60] Tommy usually emerged to protect Princess (another alternate personality), and once threw Dorian Lord down the La Boulaie staircase and attempted to beat her to death with a claw hammer in the Llanfair secret room.\nJean Randolph – Jean Randolph is the calm, cool, collected and calculating caretaker of all the other alters, who first appeared in the episode first-run February 2, 1995 when Viki's abusive childhood was revealed.[60] Her name is derived from that of Viki's mother, Eugenia Randolph Lord. Jean blackmailed con man David Vickers into divorcing Viki's sister, Tina, and also freed Viki's son, Joey, from Dorian Lord's clutches by imprisoning Dorian in a secret room in the basement of Llanfair, which led Joey to believe that Dorian left him. Jean then forced Dorian to marry David to keep them both occupied and away from Viki's loved ones.\nPrincess – a manifestation of Viki as a seven-year-old girl. First appearing in the episode first-run February 21, 1995, Princess is a traumatized child who is constantly reliving the molestation by Viki's father. Protected by Tommy, the 14-year-old alternate personality, who is most angry about the abuse.\nTori Lord – Tori first appeared in the episode first-run April 18, 1995, approximately 19 years old, after Dorian revealed the truth of Victor's abuse to Viki. It was established that Tori was the alter who murdered Victor Lord in 1976. (It was later revealed that Victor survived and did not die until 2003. However Dorian has planted a seed of doubt regarding that notion, suggesting that the man who re-emerged as Victor in 2003 was a fraud.) Although her declared mission was to force Viki to face the truth, she wreaked much destruction before getting around to that. Tori started undermining The Banner by feeding stories and information to rival newspaper editor Todd Manning, and she torched Llanfair, nearly killing Jessica in the blaze.\nVictor Lord – this personality is the reflective image of Viki's abusive father, Victor. First appearing in the episode first-run October 23, 1995, the Victor Lord personality only emerged a handful of times, but one of the instances that he took over led Viki to attempt suicide by cutting her own wrists to \"expel\" Victor from her body.","title":"Alternate personalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fansite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansite"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LLViki-61"},{"link_name":"ensemble cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_cast"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LLViki-61"},{"link_name":"Meryl Streep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meryl_Streep"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Lead Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actress_in_a_Drama_Series"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emmy_1984-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emmy_1986-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emmy_1992-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emmy_1995-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emmy_1996-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emmy_2005-70"},{"link_name":"Soap Opera Digest Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Digest"},{"link_name":"Mark Derwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Derwin"},{"link_name":"Ben Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Davidson_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOD_stats_Slezak-10"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Television_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Soaps.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaps.com"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soaps.com_1-73"}],"text":"Series fansite Llanview Labyrinth remarks that although Gillian Spencer's Victoria is featured at the show's outset, \"the obviousness of Viki being the show[']s unquestioned 'lead' did not smack the viewer quite as hard as it later would [with Erika Slezak's portrayal],\"[61] with Spencer's Victoria melding into the ensemble cast. Joanne Dorian briefly stepped into the role beginning in October 1970, with a markedly less dynamic presence on the series than her predecessor.In March 1971, One Life to Live executive producer Doris Quinlan remarked to After Noon TV magazine of Erika Slezak and her audition before herself, series creator and head writer Agnes Nixon, and director David Pressman, \"You've got to meet this girl—she's going to be a star.\"[62]Since the introduction of Slezak as Victoria, her portrayal has become regarded as definitive to the role.[61] Slezak's work has garnered her the acclaim of media critics and viewers alike, earning the actress comparisons between herself and contemporary film star Meryl Streep for perceived similarities in acting range, versatility, and numerous award nominations.[63][64] Slezak has received nine Daytime Emmy Award nominations in the category of Outstanding Lead Actress for her portrayal of Victoria, winning in 1984,[65] 1986,[66] 1992,[67] 1995,[68] 1996,[69] and 2005.[70] At the finale of the show's last iteration, she held the record for most Emmy wins by an actress. She also garnered the Soap Opera Digest Award for Favorite Couple with co-star Mark Derwin (Ben Davidson) in 2000.[10]In 2002, in recognition for her work on One Life to Live, Slezak was inducted as a member of the Silver Circle of the New York chapter of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences for over a quarter-century of \"significant contributions\" to television.[71][72] In July 2020, Soaps.com cited Slezak's casting in the role as the third-best recast of all-time on a soap opera.[73]","title":"Reception"}]	[{"image_text":"Slezak as Victoria's main alter-ego Niki Smith in 1985, a performance for which she earned the 1986 Daytime Emmy Award for Lead Actress in a Drama Series","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Nikismith1985.png/220px-Nikismith1985.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Schemering, Christopher (September 1985). The Soap Opera Encyclopedia. Ballantine Books. pp. 158–166. ISBN 978-0345324597.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Schemering","url_text":"Schemering, Christopher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Soap_Opera_Encyclopedia_(Schemering_book)","url_text":"The Soap Opera Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballantine_Books","url_text":"Ballantine Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0345324597","url_text":"978-0345324597"}]},{"reference":"Hal Boedeker (January 25, 2013). \"All My Children, One Live to Live reborn via Hulu\". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved January 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.orlandosentinel.com/entertainment_tv_tvblog/2013/01/all-my-children-one-live-to-live-reborn-via-hulu.html","url_text":"\"All My Children, One Live to Live reborn via Hulu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel","url_text":"Orlando Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"Jolie Lash (January 25, 2013). \"One Life To Live, All My Children – New Episodes On The Way This Spring Via Hulu, iTunes\". Access Hollywood. Retrieved January 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.accesshollywood.com/one-life-to-live-all-my-children-new-episodes-on-the-way-this-spring-via-hulu-itunes_article_75634","url_text":"\"One Life To Live, All My Children – New Episodes On The Way This Spring Via Hulu, iTunes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_Hollywood","url_text":"Access Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"James, Meg (September 3, 2013). \"Reviving canceled ABC soap operas becomes a real-life drama\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/sep/03/business/la-fi-ct-epic-soap-20130828","url_text":"\"Reviving canceled ABC soap operas becomes a real-life drama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Tanya Barrientos (May 23, 1996). \"Slezak Wins Emmy; Lucci Shunned For A 16th Year Puppeteer Shari Lewis And Oprah Winfrey's Show Are Also Winners\". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved May 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.philly.com/1996-05-23/news/25623566_1_erika-slezak-jess-walton-lucci-s-erica","url_text":"\"Slezak Wins Emmy; Lucci Shunned For A 16th Year Puppeteer Shari Lewis And Oprah Winfrey's Show Are Also Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer","url_text":"The Philadelphia Inquirer"}]},{"reference":"Michael, Fairman (March 17, 2011). \"It's Erika Slezak Day! OLTL honors her with 40th Anniversary Surprise Party!\". Retrieved May 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://michaelfairmansoaps.com/news/its-erika-slezak-day-oltl-honors-her-with-40th-anniversary-surprise-party/2011/03/17/","url_text":"\"It's Erika Slezak Day! OLTL honors her with 40th Anniversary Surprise Party!\""}]},{"reference":"Coulton, Antoinette Y.; Pham, Thailan (2012). \"Farewell to One Life to Live\". People. 77 (2). Retrieved May 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20559463,00.html","url_text":"\"Farewell to One Life to Live\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)","url_text":"People"}]},{"reference":"Logan, Michael (2012). \"Erika Slezak Goes to Heaven One Last Time on One Life to Live\". TV Guide. Retrieved May 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/News/Erika-Slezak-OLTL-1041253.aspx","url_text":"\"Erika Slezak Goes to Heaven One Last Time on One Life to Live\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TV Guide"}]},{"reference":"McConnell, Michael (2011). \"The View Plans One Life to Live Special for Series Finale\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/one-life-to-live-the-view-erika-slezak-270889","url_text":"\"The View Plans One Life to Live Special for Series Finale\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"SOAP STAR STATS: Erika Slezak (Viki, OLTL)\". SoapOperaDigest.com (Internet Archive). Archived from the original on March 30, 2010. Retrieved March 30, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100330095927/http://www.soapoperadigest.com/soapstarstats/erikaslezakbio","url_text":"\"SOAP STAR STATS: Erika Slezak (Viki, OLTL)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"},{"url":"http://www.soapoperadigest.com/soapstarstats/erikaslezakbio","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Erika Slezak, Actress\". Archive of American Television. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. 2006. Retrieved August 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://emmytvlegends.org/interviews/people/erika-slezak","url_text":"\"Erika Slezak, Actress\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive_of_American_Television","url_text":"Archive of American Television"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"}]},{"reference":"Michael Callahan (2007). \"Legends: The Original Desperate Housewife\". Philadelphia (May 2007). Retrieved August 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phillymag.com/articles/legends-the-original-desperate-housewife/","url_text":"\"Legends: The Original Desperate Housewife\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_(magazine)","url_text":"Philadelphia"}]},{"reference":"\"She Made It: Agnes Nixon, Television Writer, Producer\". The Paley Center for Media. Retrieved August 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shemadeit.org/meet/biography.aspx?m=45","url_text":"\"She Made It: Agnes Nixon, Television Writer, Producer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paley_Center_for_Media","url_text":"The Paley Center for Media"}]},{"reference":"Nochimson, Martha (1993). No End to Her: Soap Opera and the Female Subject. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 64. ISBN 9780520077713. Retrieved July 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3b-ufUPQ6qsC&pg=PA64","url_text":"No End to Her: Soap Opera and the Female Subject"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California","url_text":"Berkeley, California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520077713","url_text":"9780520077713"}]},{"reference":"OLTL Icon, Erika Slezak Talks On Her 42-Year Run As Viki, Her Llanview Co-Stars & Husbands, and Life Now. Michael Fairman TV (video). May 20, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://michaelfairmantv.com/oltl-icon-erika-slezak-talks-on-her-42-year-run-as-viki-her-llanview-co-stars-husbands-and-life-now/2020/05/20/","url_text":"OLTL Icon, Erika Slezak Talks On Her 42-Year Run As Viki, Her Llanview Co-Stars & Husbands, and Life Now"}]},{"reference":"\"Who's Who in Llanview: Victoria Lord \| One Life to Live on Soap Central\". soapcentral.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soapcentral.com/oltl/whoswho/victoria.php","url_text":"\"Who's Who in Llanview: Victoria Lord \| One Life to Live on Soap Central\""}]},{"reference":"\"Agnes Nixon: A Note from Erika about Agnes Nixon\". Erika Slezak Fan Club. September 28, 2016. Archived from the original on September 29, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2016. I am so terribly saddened by the death of Agnes Nixon. She was more than a great writer, producer and boss, she was a warm, loving and wonderful woman with a truly delightful and somewhat wicked sense of humor. It was my very great privilege to have known her and to have worked for her. When she hired me to play Viki on One Life To Live, she changed my life and my career and I will forever be grateful to her. I wish her peace and angels all around her. She deserves that!","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160929102426/http://www.erikaslezak.com/","url_text":"\"Agnes Nixon: A Note from Erika about Agnes Nixon\""},{"url":"http://www.erikaslezak.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Larson, Kelli M. (March 21, 2018). \"ONE LIFE TO LIVE Star Erika Slezak Opens up About Her Return to Television (EXCLUSIVE)\". Soap Opera Digest. Retrieved April 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.soapsindepth.com/posts/one-life-to-live-erika-slezak-the-resident-155754","url_text":"\"ONE LIFE TO LIVE Star Erika Slezak Opens up About Her Return to Television (EXCLUSIVE)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Digest","url_text":"Soap Opera Digest"}]},{"reference":"Time. Vol. 145, no. 18–26. 1995. p. 76.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"}]},{"reference":"Staff writer (February 7, 2010). \"50 Greatest Soap Actresses: #3 Erika Slezak\". We Love Soaps. Retrieved May 31, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.welovesoaps.net/2010/02/50-greatest-soap-actresses-3-erika.html","url_text":"\"50 Greatest Soap Actresses: #3 Erika Slezak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Love_Soaps","url_text":"We Love Soaps"}]},{"reference":"One Life to Live. Season 1. 1968. ABC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live","url_text":"One Life to Live"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"}]},{"reference":"One Life to Live. Season 2. December 11, 1969. ABC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live","url_text":"One Life to Live"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"}]},{"reference":"\"One Life to Live recap (1968–69)\". ABC. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved November 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080423033131/http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1968-69/1968.html","url_text":"\"One Life to Live recap (1968–69)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"},{"url":"http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1968-69/1968.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"One Life to Live. Season 4. February 29, 1972. ABC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live","url_text":"One Life to Live"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"}]},{"reference":"One Life to Live. Season 7. September 16, 1974. ABC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live","url_text":"One Life to Live"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"}]},{"reference":"\"One Life to Live recap (1973–74)\". ABC. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080423033118/http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1973-74/1973.html","url_text":"\"One Life to Live recap (1973–74)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"},{"url":"http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1973-74/1973.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"One Life to Live. Season 7. May 9, 1975. ABC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live","url_text":"One Life to Live"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"}]},{"reference":"\"One Life to Live recap (1974–75, Part 2)\". ABC. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080423040812/http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1974-75/19742.html","url_text":"\"One Life to Live recap (1974–75, Part 2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"},{"url":"http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1974-75/19742.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Waggett, Gerry (2008). The One Life to Live 40th Anniversary Trivia Book. New York City: Hyperion Books. ISBN 9781401323097. Retrieved August 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FxIAmjBPZCQC&pg=PA186","url_text":"The One Life to Live 40th Anniversary Trivia Book"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachette_Books","url_text":"Hyperion Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781401323097","url_text":"9781401323097"}]},{"reference":"One Life to Live. Season 9. 1976–1977. ABC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live","url_text":"One Life to Live"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"}]},{"reference":"One Life to Live. Season 10. July 1978. ABC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live","url_text":"One Life to Live"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"}]},{"reference":"One Life to Live. Season 11. 1978–1979. ABC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live","url_text":"One Life to Live"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"}]},{"reference":"One Life to Live. Season 12. October 3, 1979. ABC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live","url_text":"One Life to Live"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"}]},{"reference":"One Life to Live. Season 12. January 8, 1980. ABC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live","url_text":"One Life to Live"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"}]},{"reference":"\"One Life to Live recap (1979–80)\". ABC. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080423033208/http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1979-80/1979.html","url_text":"\"One Life to Live recap (1979–80)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"},{"url":"http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1979-80/1979.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Giles, Jeff (2013). Llanview in the Afternoon: An Oral History of One Life to Live. p. 62. ISBN 9781492385646.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781492385646","url_text":"9781492385646"}]},{"reference":"\"One Life to Live recap (1980–81, Part 2)\". ABC. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080423040956/http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1980-81/19801.html","url_text":"\"One Life to Live recap (1980–81, Part 2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"},{"url":"http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1980-81/19801.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"One Life to Live recap (1981–82, Part 2)\". ABC. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080423040718/http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1981-82/19811.html","url_text":"\"One Life to Live recap (1981–82, Part 2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"},{"url":"http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1981-82/19811.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"One Life to Live. Season 15. November 15, 1982. ABC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live","url_text":"One Life to Live"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"}]},{"reference":"\"One Life to Live recap (1983–84, Part 3)\". ABC. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080423053158/http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1983-84/19832.html","url_text":"\"One Life to Live recap (1983–84, Part 3)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"},{"url":"http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1983-84/19832.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"One Life to Live. Season 18. 1985–1986. ABC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live","url_text":"One Life to Live"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"}]},{"reference":"One Life to Live. Season 18. April 17, 1986. ABC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live","url_text":"One Life to Live"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"}]},{"reference":"\"One Life to Live recap (1989–90)\". ABC. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080423033243/http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1989-90/1989.html","url_text":"\"One Life to Live recap (1989–90)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"},{"url":"http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1983-84/19832.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"One Life to Live. Season 22. May 1990. ABC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live","url_text":"One Life to Live"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"}]},{"reference":"One Life to Live. Season 23. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McHattie_Forbes	David McHattie Forbes	["1 Early years","2 Career","3 Affiliations","4 Family","5 Legacy","6 References"]	Scottish botanist, ethnologist, sugar plantation manager and explorer (1863–1937) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "David McHattie Forbes" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) David McHattie ForbesBorn21 July 1863Whitemire, ScotlandDied23 March 1937 (age 73)Hilo, HawaiiEducationCommon and Night Schools in ScotlandOccupation(s)Botanist, Collector, South Kohala District Forester and Magistrate of Waimea, HawaiiSpouseCatherine LougherChildrenBlodwyn, David Merlyn, Allister, Dyfrig, Mary ElizabethParent(s)Alexander Forbes, Mary McHattie David McHattie Forbes (21 July 1863 – 23 March 1937) was a Scottish botanist, ethnologist, sugarcane plantation manager and explorer on the island of Hawai'i. He practised forestry, agronomy, and horticulture and served as the first district forester of South Kohala in 1905, and twenty years later was appointed a judge in Waimea. In 1905, he was the discoverer, with two colleagues, of the greatest collection of Polynesian artefacts ever found. The location of the find became known as Forbes Cave and his family preserved his third of the found objects for half a century until they donated them to the Volcanoes National Park in 1956. The Forbes Collection was on public view for 34 years until 1990, when NAGPRA legislation was passed and each item was evaluated. They were found to be priceless cultural artefacts but also to be subject to repatriation and they were removed permanently from public viewing. The other two-thirds of the found objects were sold to the Bishop Museum by Forbes's two expedition partners: Wilhelm Wagener and Friedrich Haehnisch. Early years Born in Scotland, the son of Alexander and Mary (McHattie) Forbes, he was educated in the local schools. Career He began working in the private estate nurseries of Moray, Scotland, in 1879 and later in the forests of the same estate. In 1882, he worked in the nurseries of Dixon & Co., Edinburgh. In 1883 he became the Foreman Forester for the estate of Fletcher's Saltoun Hall, the seat of the oldest and largest private library in Scotland. In 1887, at the behest of William H. Purvis, David Forbes travelled to Kukuihaele near Waipio Valley, Hawaii, via Cape Horn, to manage an experiment in cinchona cultivation above the sugar line. Purvis, who had already introduced the macadamia nut from Australia, recognised the potential benefits of finding a species of tree that would thrive in the land above the sugarcane, above 1500 feet, called the sugar line. The bark of the cinchona tree imported from Ceylon had a promising yield ratio between bark and quinine. When Purvis's plantation was transferred to the Pacific Sugar Mill Company, in which Samuel Parker invested in 1879, D. M. Forbes succeeded C. Von Mengersen as manager, running the Pacific Sugar Mill from 1893 to 1907. Forbes returned to Scotland in 1910 but did not remain. By 1912, he was back in Hawaii, in Waiakea, in Hilo, where he took the position of manager of the Waiakea Mill Company of Hilo. Finally, he settled in Waimea. In 1929, he was appointed to the rank of District Magistrate, South Kohala, and was reappointed in 1932. He was also the founder of Scouting in Waimea. He died, in Hilo, in 1937. Affiliations Member, Hamakua Road Board; Hawaii School Commissioner, appointed two terms for the Public Instruction Commission from 1922 to 1925 1st Lieutenant in the army of Provisional Government of Hawaii 32° Mason (BPOE) Member of the Royal Arboricultural Society of Scotland. Family He married Catherine Lougher at Waiakea, Hilo, on 7 August 1895. They had five children, Blodwyn, Merlyn, Allister, Dyfrig and Elizabeth. Legacy Kukuihaele is the site of the original Hawaiian Island stand of cinchona trees, from which quinine is made. They were planted by David McHattie Forbes in 1887 on the forest lands of the Pacific Sugar Mill Company, one patch of approximately 3 acres (1.2 ha) extent at an elevation of 2,000 feet (610 m), the other patch of 10 to 12 acres (4.9 ha) is at 2,200 feet (670 m) elevation. Despite the best available location, ample drainage and good soil, the cinchona trees did not grow as well as most exotic plants introduced from a warm climate. Their value became so low compared to the price of labour that the attempt was abandoned in 1905. A Banyan Tree still stands in David McHattie Forbes honour at Banyan Drive in Hilo, Hawaii, known as the "Hilo Walk of Fame." Next to Forbes, visitors will find such names as Amelia Earhart, Babe Ruth, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt on plaques affixed to the trees. Forbes originated the "Waimea Vegetable and Flower Show" which developed under his leadership into the principal annual horticultural show in West Hawaii. Forbes planted some camphorwood seedlings in the grounds of the manager's house of the Pacific Sugar Mill Company in the 1880s. Half a century later he used the fragrant wood of these same trees to carve the altar for the Imiola Church in Waimea. Carving of the altar was completed after his death by his son David Merlyn Lougher Forbes. He introduced the Jack Fruit tree to Hawaii. References ^ "Paradise Almost Lost". Christopher Pala. In: Museum – March/April Issue 2008 \| http://www.aam-us.org/pubs/mn/nagpra.cfm Archived 21 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Pacific Sugar Mill History". Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Plantation Archives. University of Hawaii. Retrieved 25 March 2010. ^ "Annual Report of the Governor of Hawaii to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1929" ^ "Annual Report of the Governor of Hawaii to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1932" ^ Catherine Lougher: a biography, page 2, written by Thomas H. Lougher ^ "Annual Report of the Governor of Hawaii to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1922 and 1924" ^ "Forbes, David McHattie office record". state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Archived from the original on 8 January 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2009. ^ John William Siddall, ed. (1921). Men of Hawaii: being a biographical reference library, complete and authentic, of the men of note and substantial achievement in the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 151. ^ Hawaii City Data ^ Een en ander over kina en overzicht der cultuur van kina. By Pieter van der Wielen (Amsterdam: 1905), pp. 31–32	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_people"},{"link_name":"botanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanist"},{"link_name":"sugarcane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane"},{"link_name":"plantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Polynesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia"},{"link_name":"Volcanoes National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park"},{"link_name":"NAGPRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAGPRA"},{"link_name":"cultural artefacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_artifacts"},{"link_name":"Bishop Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Museum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"David McHattie Forbes (21 July 1863 – 23 March 1937) was a Scottish botanist, ethnologist, sugarcane plantation manager and explorer on the island of Hawai'i. He practised forestry, agronomy, and horticulture and served as the first district forester of South Kohala in 1905, and twenty years later was appointed a judge in Waimea.In 1905, he was the discoverer, with two colleagues, of the greatest collection of Polynesian artefacts ever found. The location of the find became known as Forbes Cave and his family preserved his third of the found objects for half a century until they donated them to the Volcanoes National Park in 1956. The Forbes Collection was on public view for 34 years until 1990, when NAGPRA legislation was passed and each item was evaluated. They were found to be priceless cultural artefacts but also to be subject to repatriation and they were removed permanently from public viewing. The other two-thirds of the found objects were sold to the Bishop Museum by Forbes's two expedition partners: Wilhelm Wagener and Friedrich Haehnisch.[1]","title":"David McHattie Forbes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Forbes_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Born in Scotland, the son of Alexander and Mary (McHattie) Forbes, he was educated in the local schools.[citation needed]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moray, Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morayshire"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Saltoun Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltoun_Hall"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"William H. Purvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Purvis"},{"link_name":"Kukuihaele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukuihaele"},{"link_name":"Waipio Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waipio_Valley"},{"link_name":"Samuel Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Parker_(Hawaii_politician)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pacific-2"},{"link_name":"Waiakea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiakea,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Hilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilo"},{"link_name":"Hilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilo"},{"link_name":"Waimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waimea,_Hawaii_County,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"South Kohala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohala,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Scouting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting_in_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"He began working in the private estate nurseries of Moray, Scotland, in 1879 and later in the forests of the same estate. In 1882, he worked in the nurseries of Dixon & Co., Edinburgh. In 1883 he became the Foreman Forester for the estate of Fletcher's Saltoun Hall, the seat of the oldest and largest private library in Scotland.[citation needed]In 1887, at the behest of William H. Purvis, David Forbes travelled to Kukuihaele near Waipio Valley, Hawaii, via Cape Horn, to manage an experiment in cinchona cultivation above the sugar line. Purvis, who had already introduced the macadamia nut from Australia, recognised the potential benefits of finding a species of tree that would thrive in the land above the sugarcane, above 1500 feet, called the sugar line. The bark of the cinchona tree imported from Ceylon had a promising yield ratio between bark and quinine. When Purvis's plantation was transferred to the Pacific Sugar Mill Company, in which Samuel Parker invested in 1879, D. M. Forbes succeeded C. Von Mengersen as manager, running the Pacific Sugar Mill from 1893 to 1907.[2]Forbes returned to Scotland in 1910 but did not remain. By 1912, he was back in Hawaii, in Waiakea, in Hilo, where he took the position of manager of the Waiakea Mill Company of Hilo. Finally, he settled in Waimea. In 1929, he was appointed to the rank of District Magistrate, South Kohala,[3] and was reappointed in 1932.[4] He was also the founder of Scouting in Waimea.[5] He died, in Hilo, in 1937.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamakua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamakua"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Provisional Government of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Member, Hamakua Road Board;\nHawaii School Commissioner, appointed two terms for the Public Instruction Commission from 1922 to 1925[6][7]\n1st Lieutenant in the army of Provisional Government of Hawaii\n32° Mason (BPOE)\nMember of the Royal Arboricultural Society of Scotland.[8]","title":"Affiliations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waiakea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiakea,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Hilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilo"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"He married Catherine Lougher at Waiakea, Hilo, on 7 August 1895. They had five children, Blodwyn, Merlyn, Allister, Dyfrig and Elizabeth.[citation needed]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kukuihaele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukuihaele"},{"link_name":"cinchona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinchona"},{"link_name":"quinine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Pacific Sugar Mill Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Sugar_Mill_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Banyan Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyan_Drive"},{"link_name":"Amelia Earhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Earhart"},{"link_name":"Babe Ruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Ruth"},{"link_name":"Franklin Delano Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Imiola Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imiola_Church"}],"text":"Kukuihaele is the site of the original Hawaiian Island stand of cinchona trees, from which quinine is made.[9] They were planted by David McHattie Forbes in 1887 on the forest lands of the Pacific Sugar Mill Company, one patch of approximately 3 acres (1.2 ha) extent at an elevation of 2,000 feet (610 m), the other patch of 10 to 12 acres (4.9 ha) is at 2,200 feet (670 m) elevation. Despite the best available location, ample drainage and good soil, the cinchona trees did not grow as well as most exotic plants introduced from a warm climate. Their value became so low compared to the price of labour that the attempt was abandoned in 1905.[10]A Banyan Tree still stands in David McHattie Forbes honour at Banyan Drive in Hilo, Hawaii, known as the \"Hilo Walk of Fame.\" Next to Forbes, visitors will find such names as Amelia Earhart, Babe Ruth, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt on plaques affixed to the trees.Forbes originated the \"Waimea Vegetable and Flower Show\" which developed under his leadership into the principal annual horticultural show in West Hawaii.Forbes planted some camphorwood seedlings in the grounds of the manager's house of the Pacific Sugar Mill Company in the 1880s. Half a century later he used the fragrant wood of these same trees to carve the altar for the Imiola Church in Waimea. Carving of the altar was completed after his death by his son David Merlyn Lougher Forbes.He introduced the Jack Fruit tree to Hawaii.","title":"Legacy"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Pacific Sugar Mill History\". Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Plantation Archives. University of Hawaii. Retrieved 25 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.hawaii.edu/~speccoll/p_pacific.html","url_text":"\"Pacific Sugar Mill History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii","url_text":"University of Hawaii"}]},{"reference":"\"Forbes, David McHattie office record\". state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Archived from the original on 8 January 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100108210754/http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/cgi-bin/library","url_text":"\"Forbes, David McHattie office record\""},{"url":"http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/cgi-bin/library","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"John William Siddall, ed. (1921). Men of Hawaii: being a biographical reference library, complete and authentic, of the men of note and substantial achievement in the Hawaiian Islands. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Clay_McDowell	Thomas Clay McDowell	["1 Early life and education","2 Marriage and family","3 Career","4 References","5 External links"]	American businessman and racehorse owner Thomas McDowellOccupationOwner/breeder, TrainerBorn(1866-03-09)9 March 1866Lexington, Kentucky,United StatesDied9 February 1935(1935-02-09) (aged 68)Major racing winsBelles Stakes (1893)Kentucky Oaks(1899, 1906, 1908, 1915)September Stakes (1899)Brighton Junior Stakes (1901)Clark Handicap (1910)Washington Handicap (1912)Alabama Stakes (1915)Champlain Handicap (1915)Delaware Handicap (1915)American Classic Race wins:Kentucky Derby (1902)Significant horsesAlan-a-Dale, The Manager Thomas Clay McDowell (March 9, 1866 - February 9, 1935) was an American businessman, Thoroughbred racehorse owner/breeder, and trainer. He was a great-grandson of Henry Clay. Early life and education Born at Ashland Farm in Lexington, Kentucky, Thomas was the fourth of the seven children of Anne Clay (1837–1917) and her husband, Major Henry Clay McDowell (1832–1899). His mother was the daughter of Henry Clay, Jr. In 1883 she and her husband purchased the 325-acre (1.32 km2) estate from other Clay descendants. Henry Clay McDowell bred Standardbred horses for harness racing, and Thomas became interested in the breeding and training of racehorses. Marriage and family In 1888 Thomas McDowell married Mary Mann Goodloe (1866–1953), with whom he had two children: Ann Clay McDowell (b. 1891) and son, William Cassius Goodloe McDowell (1895–1974). Career In the early 1900s, McDowell worked as a trainer for the Thoroughbred stable of William Kissam Vanderbilt in Kentucky. He also had his own horses. McDowell is most notable as the breeder, owner, and trainer of the colt Alan-a-Dale, which won the 1902 Kentucky Derby. McDowell's other top horses included four fillies which each won the Kentucky Oaks, and The Manager, named the 1912 American Horse of the Year for his record of wins and money earned. In 1925 Thomas McDowell acquired Buck Pond Farm in Versailles, Kentucky from the estate of Louis Marshall. McDowell introduced Thoroughbred horses to Buck Pond and operated it until his death in 1935. Joseph K. Nelson, a wealthy Chicago businessman and native of Woodford County, Kentucky, purchased the farm from McDowell's heirs in 1936. References ^ a b "Record of Thomas McDowell", Churchill Downs Incorporated Kentucky Derby Website ^ "Record of Thomas McDowell", Churchill Downs Incorporated Kentucky Oaks Website External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomas Clay McDowell. Reprint of a 1902 New York Telegraph interview with Thomas McDowell	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"racehorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"},{"link_name":"owner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ownership"},{"link_name":"breeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_breeding"},{"link_name":"trainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_trainer"},{"link_name":"Henry Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay"}],"text":"Thomas Clay McDowell (March 9, 1866 - February 9, 1935) was an American businessman, Thoroughbred racehorse owner/breeder, and trainer. He was a great-grandson of Henry Clay.","title":"Thomas Clay McDowell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashland Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashland,_The_Henry_Clay_Estate"},{"link_name":"Lexington, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Major Henry Clay McDowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay_McDowell"},{"link_name":"Henry Clay, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Standardbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardbred"},{"link_name":"harness racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harness_racing"}],"text":"Born at Ashland Farm in Lexington, Kentucky, Thomas was the fourth of the seven children of Anne Clay (1837–1917) and her husband, Major Henry Clay McDowell (1832–1899). His mother was the daughter of Henry Clay, Jr. In 1883 she and her husband purchased the 325-acre (1.32 km2) estate from other Clay descendants. Henry Clay McDowell bred Standardbred horses for harness racing, and Thomas became interested in the breeding and training of racehorses.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 1888 Thomas McDowell married Mary Mann Goodloe (1866–1953), with whom he had two children: Ann Clay McDowell (b. 1891) and son, William Cassius Goodloe McDowell (1895–1974).","title":"Marriage and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Kissam Vanderbilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kissam_Vanderbilt"},{"link_name":"colt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Alan-a-Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan-a-Dale_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Derby"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derby-1"},{"link_name":"fillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filly"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Oaks"},{"link_name":"American Horse of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Horse_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derby-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Versailles, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Woodford County, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodford_County,_Kentucky"}],"text":"In the early 1900s, McDowell worked as a trainer for the Thoroughbred stable of William Kissam Vanderbilt in Kentucky. He also had his own horses. McDowell is most notable as the breeder, owner, and trainer of the colt Alan-a-Dale, which won the 1902 Kentucky Derby.[1] McDowell's other top horses included four fillies which each won the Kentucky Oaks, and The Manager, named the 1912 American Horse of the Year for his record of wins and money earned.[1][2]In 1925 Thomas McDowell acquired Buck Pond Farm in Versailles, Kentucky from the estate of Louis Marshall. McDowell introduced Thoroughbred horses to Buck Pond and operated it until his death in 1935. Joseph K. Nelson, a wealthy Chicago businessman and native of Woodford County, Kentucky, purchased the farm from McDowell's heirs in 1936.","title":"Career"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.kentuckyoaks.com/2008/derbydb/connections/419","external_links_name":"\"Record of Thomas McDowell\""},{"Link":"http://www.kentuckyoaks.com/2008/node/221","external_links_name":"\"Record of Thomas McDowell\""},{"Link":"http://www.bufordfamilies.com/mcdowelltomasclay.htm","external_links_name":"Reprint of a 1902 New York Telegraph interview with Thomas McDowell"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Valentino	Val Valentino	["1 Life and career","1.1 The Masked Magician","2 References","3 External links"]	American magician (born 1956) For former dancer and actor, see Valia Valentinoff. Val ValentinoBornLeonard Montano (1956-06-14) June 14, 1956 (age 68)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Other namesMasked Magician, Mr M.OccupationMagicianTelevisionBreaking the Magician's Code: Magic's Biggest Secrets Finally RevealedChildren3 Val Valentino (born Leonard Montano, June 14, 1956) is an American magician. Valentino is best known for starring in the television show Breaking the Magician's Code: Magic's Biggest Secrets Finally Revealed, where he exposes the methods behind numerous classic magic tricks and illusions on the Fox network. In the specials, he used the stage name the Masked Magician and concealed his true identity by wearing a mask with a squid like design, being aware of the stigma amongst the magic community with publicly exposing tricks. As the finale to the final special, Valentino revealed his identity as the Masked Magician, garnering some notoriety amongst the magic community, and instigating several lawsuits. Valentino became well known in Brazil after his sketches were broadcast in Rede Globo's Sunday newsmagazine show Fantástico from 1999 to 2000, in which he was referred to by the alias Mister M. Life and career Valentino's first foray into magic was at the age of five with a trick called "the ball and vase" that his father gave him. In his teens, Valentino performed with the "International Cultural Awareness Program" for over a million students throughout the Unified School Systems. The performances also included revealing magic secrets to encourage others to become magicians. By the end of the 1980s and into the 1990s, Valentino had moved to Las Vegas, Nevada and was performing in casino shows including Viva Las Vegas and Splash, in addition to having appeared on programs such as The Merv Griffin Show and PM Magazine, as well as in the music video for Herb Alpert's "Magic Man". He also appeared in his own production, "Valentino's Magical Extravaganza". In October 2017, Valentino announced that he had been diagnosed with terminal prostate cancer, and was given one year to live from the time of the diagnosis. Valentino refused conventional treatment. In June 2020 in an interview with the Brazilian show Domingo Espetacular of RecordTV, he said he was cured and that he is in Brazil preparing a project. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, he was quarantined in the country, hosted at the Clown Rogério house. The Masked Magician For a span of two years (1997–1999), Valentino performed, unbilled and disguised, as the "Masked Magician" in four Fox Network specials called Breaking the Magician's Code: Magic's Biggest Secrets Finally Revealed which exposed long-guarded trade secrets. The Masked Magician was also shown in the UK on the ITV network during the late 1990s and is still occasionally repeated on ITV4. In the US, UK, Canada, and Australia, the show was made available on Netflix. Valentino had been approached by Fox while he was performing in Las Vegas showrooms. After some negotiation, Valentino signed to do the program, promising that he would reveal the secrets behind old illusions only. At the end of the fourth and final special, Valentino revealed his true identity, although some in the magic community had already deduced it from the previous specials after recognizing certain traits of his performance. After revealing himself, Valentino emphasized that he felt that revealing the secrets would encourage children into trying magic instead of discouraging them, and that the entertainment of magic shows was more in the magician's showmanship instead of the wonder of how the trick was pulled off. Valentino later stated on Reddit: "The main reason I did the program was to get Magicians talking about the future of the Magical Arts as the Internet was about to change everything, as it has. ... Magicians had become complacent and were not prepared for any changes that were to come. The program seemed to be the place to 'shack' things up and get magicians talking. Sure I took some flack but it was all for a good cause to get magicians talking."— Valentino Criticism was levelled at Valentino by magicians for adversely affecting their acts. Kevin Spencer, a touring magician based in Lynchburg, Virginia who performs with his wife, Cindy, says the specials forced the duo to scrap two of their tricks. Spencer stated: "We're disappointed that someone who made his living performing the art of magic for over 25 years would be so quick to betray their community." Since those illusions each cost as much as $50,000 (equivalent to $91,450 in 2023), the Spencers brought a lawsuit against Valentino, one of several that resulted from the program. Another lawsuit was brought by magician Andre Kole, who unsuccessfully tried to prevent Fox from airing a special featuring the secret behind the Table of Death, an illusion Kole says he perfected. According to Kole, he licensed the trick to seven of the top 10 magicians in the world and estimated his financial damages as a result of the special at more than $500,000 (equivalent to $914,503 in 2023). Kole's attorney conceded the inherent difficulty in suing over the loss of a magic trick, since illusions are not among the intellectual properties covered by copyright law, but stated: "Magicians and designers of magic tricks haven't had to take those steps. A handshake has worked for several centuries." Other magicians criticized Valentino's explanations for being sloppy or inaccurate, arguing that he gives a mistaken impression that the methods he's exposing are regularly used by professional magicians. Magician Mark Wilson, who hosted the 1960s Saturday morning children's TV series The Magic Land of Allakazam, says some of Valentino's reveals were dangerous and not generally used by fellow magicians. New episodes of the show later returned to broadcast on MyNetworkTV. Episodes were also made available on Netflix and the Fox Reality Channel with Valentino reprising the role. Valentino also appeared in the Masked Magician persona on a 1999 episode of Diagnosis: Murder. In October 2007, a graphic novel starring the character of the Masked Magician was released by Heavy Ink. In 2012, the website of Nash Entertainment—the producers of the Breaking the Magician's Code: Magic's Biggest Secrets Finally Revealed—listed a movie called Masked Magician, about a magician who uses illusions to fight crime, was "in development". References ^ a b c Brownfield, Paul (October 31, 1998). "Fox Isn't Disillusioned as Masked Magician Series Ends" Archived March 14, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Los Angeles Times. ^ a b c "Biography". The Masked Magician. Denny Jones Productions. 2004. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved August 11, 2006. ^ "Magician Valentino joins 'Viva Las Vegas'". The Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, CA. July 17, 1991. p. F11. ^ "Viva Las Vegas marks anniversary". Arizona Republic. Phoenix, AZ. June 18, 1995. p. T9. ^ "Valentino's Magical Extravaganza". Sun Herald. Biloxi, MI. September 30, 1997. p. 4. ^ "Com câncer terminal, Mister M recusa químio e faz "vaquinha" para cirurgia". Uol.com.br. October 19, 2017. Archived from the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2019. ^ "Famoso pelos números de ilusionismo, Mister M reaparece após superar grave doença". R7.com (in Brazilian Portuguese). June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 21, 2020. ^ Schneider, Michael (March 25, 2007). "Nash unmasks 'Magician'". Variety.com. Reed Elsevier Inc. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved April 5, 2007. ^ Masked Magician (September 12, 2012). "I am Val Valentino the Masked Magician AMA". Reddit. Archived from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2018. ^ HeavyInk (October 31, 2007). "Masked Magician One Shot". Heavy Ink. Archived from the original on January 2, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2019. ^ Nash Entertainment. "Movies". Nash Entertainment. Archived from the original on June 22, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2012. External links Val Valentino at IMDb Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valia Valentinoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valia_Valentinoff"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATimes-1"},{"link_name":"magician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(illusion)"},{"link_name":"Breaking the Magician's Code: Magic's Biggest Secrets Finally Revealed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_the_Magician%27s_Code:_Magic%27s_Biggest_Secrets_Finally_Revealed"},{"link_name":"exposes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_(magic)"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Rede Globo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_Globo"},{"link_name":"newsmagazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsmagazine"},{"link_name":"Fantástico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fant%C3%A1stico"}],"text":"For former dancer and actor, see Valia Valentinoff.Val Valentino (born Leonard Montano, June 14, 1956)[1] is an American magician. Valentino is best known for starring in the television show Breaking the Magician's Code: Magic's Biggest Secrets Finally Revealed, where he exposes the methods behind numerous classic magic tricks and illusions on the Fox network. In the specials, he used the stage name the Masked Magician and concealed his true identity by wearing a mask with a squid like design, being aware of the stigma amongst the magic community with publicly exposing tricks. As the finale to the final special, Valentino revealed his identity as the Masked Magician, garnering some notoriety amongst the magic community, and instigating several lawsuits.Valentino became well known in Brazil after his sketches were broadcast in Rede Globo's Sunday newsmagazine show Fantástico from 1999 to 2000, in which he was referred to by the alias Mister M.","title":"Val Valentino"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(illusion)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-masked_magician-2"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Merv Griffin Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merv_Griffin_Show"},{"link_name":"PM Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Herb Alpert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Alpert"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"prostate cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"RecordTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecordTV"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Valentino's first foray into magic was at the age of five with a trick called \"the ball and vase\" that his father gave him. In his teens, Valentino performed with the \"International Cultural Awareness Program\" for over a million students throughout the Unified School Systems.[2] The performances also included revealing magic secrets to encourage others to become magicians.By the end of the 1980s and into the 1990s, Valentino had moved to Las Vegas, Nevada and was performing in casino shows including Viva Las Vegas[3] and Splash, in addition to having appeared on programs such as The Merv Griffin Show and PM Magazine,[4] as well as in the music video for Herb Alpert's \"Magic Man\". He also appeared in his own production, \"Valentino's Magical Extravaganza\".[5]In October 2017, Valentino announced that he had been diagnosed with terminal prostate cancer, and was given one year to live from the time of the diagnosis. Valentino refused conventional treatment.[6] In June 2020 in an interview with the Brazilian show Domingo Espetacular of RecordTV, he said he was cured and that he is in Brazil preparing a project. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, he was quarantined in the country, hosted at the Clown Rogério house.[7]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fox Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Network"},{"link_name":"Breaking the Magician's Code: Magic's Biggest Secrets Finally Revealed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_the_Magician%27s_Code:_Magic%27s_Biggest_Secrets_Finally_Revealed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"ITV4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-masked_magician-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Lynchburg, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"are not","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_rights_to_magic_methods"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATimes-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mark Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wilson_(magician)"},{"link_name":"The Magic Land of Allakazam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Land_of_Allakazam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATimes-1"},{"link_name":"MyNetworkTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyNetworkTV"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Fox Reality Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Reality_Channel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-masked_magician-2"},{"link_name":"Diagnosis: Murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis:_Murder"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"graphic novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_novel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Breaking the Magician's Code: Magic's Biggest Secrets Finally Revealed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_the_Magician%27s_Code:_Magic%27s_Biggest_Secrets_Finally_Revealed"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"The Masked Magician","text":"For a span of two years (1997–1999), Valentino performed, unbilled and disguised, as the \"Masked Magician\" in four Fox Network specials called Breaking the Magician's Code: Magic's Biggest Secrets Finally Revealed which exposed long-guarded trade secrets.[8] The Masked Magician was also shown in the UK on the ITV network during the late 1990s and is still occasionally repeated on ITV4. In the US, UK, Canada, and Australia, the show was made available on Netflix.[citation needed]Valentino had been approached by Fox while he was performing in Las Vegas showrooms. After some negotiation, Valentino signed to do the program, promising that he would reveal the secrets behind old illusions only.[2] At the end of the fourth and final special, Valentino revealed his true identity, although some in the magic community had already deduced it from the previous specials after recognizing certain traits of his performance. After revealing himself, Valentino emphasized that he felt that revealing the secrets would encourage children into trying magic instead of discouraging them, and that the entertainment of magic shows was more in the magician's showmanship instead of the wonder of how the trick was pulled off.[citation needed]Valentino later stated on Reddit:\"The main reason I did the program was to get Magicians talking about the future of the Magical Arts as the Internet was about to change everything, as it has. ... Magicians had become complacent and were not prepared for any changes that were to come. The program seemed to be the place to 'shack' [sic] things up and get magicians talking. Sure I took some flack but it was all for a good cause to get magicians talking.\"— Valentino[9]Criticism was levelled at Valentino by magicians for adversely affecting their acts. Kevin Spencer, a touring magician based in Lynchburg, Virginia who performs with his wife, Cindy, says the specials forced the duo to scrap two of their tricks. Spencer stated: \"We're disappointed that someone who made his living performing the art of magic for over 25 years would be so quick to betray their community.\" Since those illusions each cost as much as $50,000 (equivalent to $91,450 in 2023), the Spencers brought a lawsuit against Valentino, one of several that resulted from the program. Another lawsuit was brought by magician Andre Kole, who unsuccessfully tried to prevent Fox from airing a special featuring the secret behind the Table of Death, an illusion Kole says he perfected. According to Kole, he licensed the trick to seven of the top 10 magicians in the world and estimated his financial damages as a result of the special at more than $500,000 (equivalent to $914,503 in 2023). Kole's attorney conceded the inherent difficulty in suing over the loss of a magic trick, since illusions are not among the intellectual properties covered by copyright law, but stated: \"Magicians and designers of magic tricks haven't had to take those steps. A handshake has worked for several centuries.\"[1]Other magicians criticized Valentino's explanations for being sloppy or inaccurate, arguing that he gives a mistaken impression that the methods he's exposing are regularly used by professional magicians.[citation needed] Magician Mark Wilson, who hosted the 1960s Saturday morning children's TV series The Magic Land of Allakazam, says some of Valentino's reveals were dangerous and not generally used by fellow magicians.[1]New episodes of the show later returned to broadcast on MyNetworkTV. Episodes were also made available on Netflix and the Fox Reality Channel with Valentino reprising the role.[2] Valentino also appeared in the Masked Magician persona on a 1999 episode of Diagnosis: Murder.[citation needed]In October 2007, a graphic novel starring the character of the Masked Magician was released by Heavy Ink.[10]In 2012, the website of Nash Entertainment—the producers of the Breaking the Magician's Code: Magic's Biggest Secrets Finally Revealed—listed a movie called Masked Magician, about a magician who uses illusions to fight crime, was \"in development\".[11]","title":"Life and career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Biography\". The Masked Magician. Denny Jones Productions. 2004. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved August 11, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131211005154/http://themaskedmagician.com/biography.htm","url_text":"\"Biography\""},{"url":"http://themaskedmagician.com/biography.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Magician Valentino joins 'Viva Las Vegas'\". The Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, CA. July 17, 1991. p. F11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Viva Las Vegas marks anniversary\". Arizona Republic. Phoenix, AZ. June 18, 1995. p. T9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Valentino's Magical Extravaganza\". Sun Herald. Biloxi, MI. September 30, 1997. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Com câncer terminal, Mister M recusa químio e faz \"vaquinha\" para cirurgia\". Uol.com.br. October 19, 2017. Archived from the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvefamosos.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2017/10/19/com-cancer-terminal-mister-m-recusa-quimio-e-faz-vaquinha-para-cirurgia.htm","url_text":"\"Com câncer terminal, Mister M recusa químio e faz \"vaquinha\" para cirurgia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uol.com.br","url_text":"Uol.com.br"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190425015101/https://tvefamosos.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2017/10/19/com-cancer-terminal-mister-m-recusa-quimio-e-faz-vaquinha-para-cirurgia.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Famoso pelos números de ilusionismo, Mister M reaparece após superar grave doença\". R7.com (in Brazilian Portuguese). June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://recordtv.r7.com/domingo-espetacular/videos/famoso-pelos-numeros-de-ilusionismo-mister-m-reaparece-apos-superar-grave-doenca-08062020","url_text":"\"Famoso pelos números de ilusionismo, Mister M reaparece após superar grave doença\""}]},{"reference":"Schneider, Michael (March 25, 2007). \"Nash unmasks 'Magician'\". Variety.com. Reed Elsevier Inc. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved April 5, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071013164606/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117961769.html?categoryid=14&cs=1","url_text":"\"Nash unmasks 'Magician'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety.com","url_text":"Variety.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Elsevier_Inc.","url_text":"Reed Elsevier Inc."},{"url":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117961769.html?categoryid=14&cs=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Masked Magician (September 12, 2012). \"I am Val Valentino the Masked Magician AMA\". Reddit. Archived from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/zse2g/i_am_val_valentino_the_masked_magician_ama/","url_text":"\"I am Val Valentino the Masked Magician AMA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit","url_text":"Reddit"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171109171928/https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/zse2g/i_am_val_valentino_the_masked_magician_ama/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"HeavyInk (October 31, 2007). \"Masked Magician One Shot\". Heavy Ink. Archived from the original on January 2, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080102075413/http://heavyink.com/comic/1055-Masked-Magician-One-Shot","url_text":"\"Masked Magician One Shot\""},{"url":"http://heavyink.com/comic/1055-Masked-Magician-One-Shot","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nash Entertainment. \"Movies\". Nash Entertainment. Archived from the original on June 22, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120622112842/http://nashentertainment.com/movies/","url_text":"\"Movies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_Entertainment","url_text":"Nash Entertainment"},{"url":"http://www.nashentertainment.com/movies/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://articles.latimes.com/1998/oct/31/entertainment/ca-37752","external_links_name":"\"Fox Isn't Disillusioned as Masked Magician Series Ends\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170314153118/http://articles.latimes.com/1998/oct/31/entertainment/ca-37752","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131211005154/http://themaskedmagician.com/biography.htm","external_links_name":"\"Biography\""},{"Link":"http://themaskedmagician.com/biography.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://tvefamosos.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2017/10/19/com-cancer-terminal-mister-m-recusa-quimio-e-faz-vaquinha-para-cirurgia.htm","external_links_name":"\"Com câncer terminal, Mister M recusa químio e faz \"vaquinha\" para cirurgia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190425015101/https://tvefamosos.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2017/10/19/com-cancer-terminal-mister-m-recusa-quimio-e-faz-vaquinha-para-cirurgia.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://recordtv.r7.com/domingo-espetacular/videos/famoso-pelos-numeros-de-ilusionismo-mister-m-reaparece-apos-superar-grave-doenca-08062020","external_links_name":"\"Famoso pelos números de ilusionismo, Mister M reaparece após superar grave doença\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071013164606/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117961769.html?categoryid=14&cs=1","external_links_name":"\"Nash unmasks 'Magician'\""},{"Link":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117961769.html?categoryid=14&cs=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/zse2g/i_am_val_valentino_the_masked_magician_ama/","external_links_name":"\"I am Val Valentino the Masked Magician AMA\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171109171928/https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/zse2g/i_am_val_valentino_the_masked_magician_ama/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080102075413/http://heavyink.com/comic/1055-Masked-Magician-One-Shot","external_links_name":"\"Masked Magician One Shot\""},{"Link":"http://heavyink.com/comic/1055-Masked-Magician-One-Shot","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120622112842/http://nashentertainment.com/movies/","external_links_name":"\"Movies\""},{"Link":"http://www.nashentertainment.com/movies/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0884349/","external_links_name":"Val Valentino"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/53781671","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf8tydppXTQGwCh7KH3cP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no99023257","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivi_Gioi	Vivi Gioi	["1 Filmography","2 Notes","3 External links"]	Italian actress (1917-1975) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Vivi Gioi" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Vivi GioiBornVivienne Trumpy(1917-01-02)2 January 1917Livorno, Kingdom of ItalyDied12 July 1975(1975-07-12) (aged 58)Fregene, ItalyOccupationActress Vivi Gioi (born Vivienne Trumpy; 2 January 1917 – 12 July 1975) was an Italian actress. Her alternative professional last name Diesca was an anagram of De Sica, the famous actor and director with whom she was in love. She is remembered for Il signor Max, starring Vittorio De Sica, an actor with whom she worked again in Red Roses (1940). She won a Nastro d'Argento for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Giuseppe De Santis' film Tragic Hunt. Her parents were Norwegians. Filmography Year Title Role Notes 1936 But It's Nothing Serious Matilde 1937 Il signor Max Dolly Uncredited 1939 Bionda sotto chiave Vivetta 1939 Frenzy Daniela 1939 Mille chilometri al minuto! Figlia del scienziato 1940 Vento di milioni Lucy Davies 1940 Red Roses Clara 1940 Alessandro sei grande! Lucy, attrice di varietà 1940 Cento lettere d'amore La moglie del segretario 1940 Then We'll Get a Divorce Grace Peterson 1940 La canzone rubata Anna Berti 1941 Il pozzo dei miracoli Clara Tolnay 1941 The Actor Who Disappeared L'attrice 1941 The Secret Lover Diana Ponzio 1941 First Love Jane Blue 1942 Giungla La dottoressa Virginia Larsen 1942 Bengasi Giuliana 1942 Seven Years of Good Luck Ella Jüttner 1942 Piazza San Sepolcro La spia inglese 1943 Lascia cantare il cuore Lisa "Lissy" Rossi 1943 Short Circuit Cristina Redy 1943 Harlem Muriel 1943 Seven Years of Happiness Frau Lissy Müller 1944 Night Shift Hélène Jansen 1945 The Whole City Sings Pepita 1945 La casa senza tempo Anna Mendes / Marta 1947 Tragic Hunt Daniela 'Lili Marlene' 1949 The Earth Cries Out Judith 1950 Mistress of the Mountains Teresa, la maestrina 1950 Women Without Names Hilda von Schwartzendorf the Nazi 1950 The Bread Peddler Jeanne Fortier aka Lise Perrin 1951 Without a Flag Helga Grueber 1956 Rice Girl Maria Nardi 1963 The Verona Trial Donna Rachele 1967 Kill the Wicked! Molly Verner 1974 The Silkworm Costa's ex lover (final film role) Notes ^ GIOI, Vivi treccani.it External links Vivi Gioi at IMDb vteNastro d'Argento Award for Best Supporting Actress1946–1970 Anna Magnani (1946) Ave Ninchi (1947) Vivi Gioi (1948) Giulietta Masina (1949) Giulietta Masina (1951) Elisa Cegani (1954) Tina Pica (1955) Valentina Cortese (1956) Marisa Merlini (1957) Franca Marzi (1958) Dorian Gray (1959) Cristina Gaioni (1960) Didi Perego (1961) Monica Vitti (1962) Regina Bianchi (1963) Sandra Milo (1964) Tecla Scarano (1965) Sandra Milo (1966) Olga Villi (1967) Maria Grazia Buccella (1968) Pupella Maggio (1969) Not awarded (1970) 1971–1990 Francesca Romana Coluzzi (1971) Marina Berti / Silvana Mangano (1972) Lea Massari (1973) Adriana Asti (1974) Giovanna Ralli (1975) Maria Teresa Albani (1976) Adriana Asti (1977) Virna Lisi (1978) Lea Massari (1979) Stefania Sandrelli (1980) Ida Di Benedetto (1981) Claudia Cardinale (1982) Virna Lisi (1983) Monica Scattini (1984) Marina Confalone (1985) Isa Danieli (1986) Ottavia Piccolo (1987) Elena Sofia Ricci (1988) Stefania Sandrelli (1989) Nancy Brilli (1990) 1991–2010 Zoe Incrocci (1991) Ilaria Occhini (1992) Paola Quattrini (1993) Milena Vukotic (1994) Virna Lisi (1995) Regina Bianchi (1996) Lucia Poli (1997) Mimma De Rosalia / Maria Aliotta / Annamaria Confalone / Adele Aliotta / Francesca Di Cesare / Eleonora Teriaca / Concetta Alfano / Antonia Uzzo (1998) Stefania Sandrelli (1999) Marina Massironi (2000) Stefania Sandrelli (2001) Margherita Buy / Virna Lisi / Sandra Ceccarelli (2002) Monica Bellucci (2003) Margherita Buy (2004) Giovanna Mezzogiorno (2005) Angela Finocchiaro (2006) Ambra Angiolini (2007) Sabrina Ferilli (2008) Francesca Neri (2009) Isabella Ragonese / Elena Sofia Ricci / Lunetta Savino (2010) 2011–present Carolina Crescentini (2011) Michela Cescon (2012) Sabrina Ferilli (2013) Paola Minaccioni (2014) Micaela Ramazzotti (2015) Greta Scarano (2016) Sabrina Ferilli / Carla Signoris (2017) Kasia Smutniak (2018) Marina Confalone (2019) Valeria Golino (2020) Sara Serraiocco (2021) Luisa Ranieri (2022) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy United States People Deutsche Biographie This article about an Italian actor or actress is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Il signor Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_signor_Max"},{"link_name":"Vittorio De Sica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica"},{"link_name":"Red Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Roses_(film)"},{"link_name":"Nastro d'Argento for Best Supporting Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastro_d%27Argento_for_Best_Supporting_Actress"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe De Santis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_De_Santis"},{"link_name":"Tragic Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Hunt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Vivi Gioi (born Vivienne Trumpy; 2 January 1917 – 12 July 1975) was an Italian actress. Her alternative professional last name Diesca was an anagram of De Sica, the famous actor and director with whom she was in love. She is remembered for Il signor Max, starring Vittorio De Sica, an actor with whom she worked again in Red Roses (1940). She won a Nastro d'Argento for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Giuseppe De Santis' film Tragic Hunt. Her parents were Norwegians.[1]","title":"Vivi Gioi"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"GIOI, Vivi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vivi-gioi_%28Enciclopedia-del-Cinema%29/"}],"text":"^ GIOI, Vivi treccani.it","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Vivi+Gioi%22","external_links_name":"\"Vivi Gioi\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Vivi+Gioi%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Vivi+Gioi%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Vivi+Gioi%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Vivi+Gioi%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Vivi+Gioi%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vivi-gioi_%28Enciclopedia-del-Cinema%29/","external_links_name":"GIOI, Vivi"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0320221/","external_links_name":"Vivi Gioi"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000355539110","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/90301725","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxrWTtxBFQCwTkDxCr8YP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139910754","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139910754","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1061500918","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV091282","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2008098686","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1061500918.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vivi_Gioi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PA_Media	PA Media	["1 History","2 Other divisions and ventures","2.1 PA Training","2.2 Alamy","2.3 Other subsidiaries","3 See also","4 References"]	National news agency of the UK and Ireland "Press Association" redirects here. For the similarly named American news agency, see Associated Press. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "PA Media" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) PA MediaFormerlyPress AssociationCompany typePress agencyFounded1868; 156 years ago (1868) in United KingdomHeadquartersNorth Wharf RoadLondon, W2United KingdomNumber of locations7 (2018)ParentPA Media GroupWebsitepa.media PA Media (formerly the Press Association) is a multimedia news agency. It is part of PA Media Group Limited, a private company with 26 shareholders, most of whom are national and regional newspaper publishers. The biggest shareholders include the Daily Mail and General Trust, News UK, and Informa. PA Media Group also encompasses Globelynx, which provides TV-ready remotely monitored camera systems for corporate clients to connect with TV news broadcasters in the UK and worldwide; TNR, a specialist communications consultancy; Sticky Content, a digital copywriting and content strategy agency; and StreamAMG, a video streaming business. The group's photography arm, PA Images, has a portfolio comprising more than 20 million photographs online and around 10 million in physical archives dating back 150 years. History Founded in 1868 by a group of provincial newspaper proprietors, the PA provides a London-based service of news-collecting and reporting from around the United Kingdom. The news agency's founders sought to produce a more accurate and reliable alternative to the monopoly service of the telegraph companies. In January 1870 the agency moved from temporary offices into new headquarters at 7 Wine Office Court, off Fleet Street. At 5am on Saturday 5 February 1870, its first press telegram was transmitted. The agency's first Editor-in-Chief was Arthur Cranfield, appointed in 1926. In 1995, PA moved from Fleet Street to Vauxhall Bridge Road, enabling the company to rapidly expand its output particularly in the sports and new media divisions. The Press Association launched the Ananova news website in 2000. Ananova was then sold to Orange. In 2005, the company changed its name to PA Group. In December 2013, PA Group sold its weather business MeteoGroup, Europe's largest private sector weather company, to global growth investment firm General Atlantic. In February 2015, PA announced the sale of its finance publications divisions, which included TelecomFinance and SatelliteFinance. In September 2018 it was announced that the news agency was renamed from Press Association to PA Media, and the umbrella company from PA Group Limited to PA Media Group Limited. This coincided with a move from their Vauxhall Bridge Road offices to a new space that would accommodate the move toward digital media. The editor-in-chief of the news agency is Pete Clifton, who was appointed in October 2014. In June 2024, the Central Arbitration Committee forced PA to recognize the National Union of Journalists as the official union representing PA's editorial employees. As of May, the bargaining unit was composed of 274 workers. Other divisions and ventures PA Training PA Training is Europe's biggest journalism and media training company. It was formed in 2006, when the Press Association acquired Trinity Mirror's training centre in Newcastle upon Tyne. The NCTJ course in Newcastle has been around since 1969. The business already owned the former Westminster Press-owned Editorial Centre and merged the two businesses to become PA Training. Alamy Alamy, a global stock photo agency with over 125 million images, was wholly acquired by PA Media in February 2020. The purchase enables PA Media to enter the international stock photography market. Other subsidiaries Other subsidiaries include Globelynx, founded in 2001; Sticky Content, acquired in full between 2013 and 2015; StreamAMG (Advanced Media Group), acquired in April 2017; and RADAR, founded in 2017. See also Journalism portalUnited Kingdom portal EMPICS Media of the United Kingdom List of news agencies References ^ Sweney, Mark; Ben Dowell (14 June 2012). "PA Group records 85% increase in profits and boosts chief executive's pay". The Guardian. ^ "Our Brands - PA Media Group overview of the group companies". PA Media Group. ^ "PA Images". paimages.co.uk. Retrieved 5 October 2018. ^ Burrell, Ian (28 February 2011). "Ian Burrell: Agency hatched in Victorian cab has evolved for 21st-century". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-24. ^ Moncrieff, Chris (2001). Living on a Deadline: A History of the Press Association. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-1-85227-917-2. Retrieved 10 April 2021. ^ "PA sells weather business MeteoGroup for £160m". The Telegraph. 16 December 2013. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. ^ AAP (6 February 2015). "Press Assoc sells finance division". The Daily Telegraph. ^ Mayhew, Mayhew (18 July 2018). "Press Association agrees sale of London HQ as it searches for new home in capital to meet needs of 'modern digital media company'". Press Gazette. Retrieved 10 April 2021. ^ Tobitt, Charlotte (20 September 2018). "Press Association to rebrand as PA Media to coincide with move to new London headquarters next year". Press Gazette. Retrieved 10 April 2021. ^ Turvill, William (28 October 2014). "Former BBC News website editor Pete Clifton named new Press Association editor-in-chief ahead of Jonathan Grun departure". The Guardian. ^ Maher, Bron (2024-06-12). "PA Media forced to recognise NUJ as official union for editorial staff". Press Gazette. Retrieved 2024-06-13. ^ Glenday, John (12 February 2020). "PA Media Group diversifies into stock images with Alamy acquisition". The Drum. Retrieved 10 April 2021. ^ "RADAR press release". PA Media. PA Media Group. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2018. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Czech Republic Artists Museum of Modern Art	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"news agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_agency"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sweney-1"},{"link_name":"Daily Mail and General Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail_and_General_Trust"},{"link_name":"News UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_UK"},{"link_name":"Informa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burrell-4"}],"text":"\"Press Association\" redirects here. For the similarly named American news agency, see Associated Press.PA Media (formerly the Press Association) is a multimedia news agency. It is part of PA Media Group Limited,[1] a private company with 26 shareholders, most of whom are national and regional newspaper publishers. The biggest shareholders include the Daily Mail and General Trust, News UK, and Informa. PA Media Group also encompasses Globelynx, which provides TV-ready remotely monitored camera systems for corporate clients to connect with TV news broadcasters in the UK and worldwide; TNR, a specialist communications consultancy; Sticky Content, a digital copywriting and content strategy agency; and StreamAMG, a video streaming business.[2] The group's photography arm, PA Images, has a portfolio comprising more than 20 million photographs online and around 10 million in physical archives dating back 150 years.[3][4]","title":"PA Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lona-5"},{"link_name":"Ananova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananova"},{"link_name":"Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(telecommunications)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FinancePubs-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pamo-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tob-9"},{"link_name":"Pete Clifton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Clifton"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turvill-10"},{"link_name":"Central Arbitration Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Arbitration_Committee"},{"link_name":"National Union of Journalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_Journalists"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Founded in 1868 by a group of provincial newspaper proprietors, the PA provides a London-based service of news-collecting and reporting from around the United Kingdom. The news agency's founders sought to produce a more accurate and reliable alternative to the monopoly service of the telegraph companies.In January 1870 the agency moved from temporary offices into new headquarters at 7 Wine Office Court, off Fleet Street. At 5am on Saturday 5 February 1870, its first press telegram was transmitted.[citation needed] The agency's first Editor-in-Chief was Arthur Cranfield, appointed in 1926.[5]In 1995, PA moved from Fleet Street to Vauxhall Bridge Road, enabling the company to rapidly expand its output particularly in the sports and new media divisions.The Press Association launched the Ananova news website in 2000. Ananova was then sold to Orange.In 2005, the company changed its name to PA Group.In December 2013, PA Group sold its weather business MeteoGroup, Europe's largest private sector weather company, to global growth investment firm General Atlantic.[6]In February 2015, PA announced the sale of its finance publications divisions, which included TelecomFinance and SatelliteFinance.[7]In September 2018 it was announced that the news agency was renamed from Press Association to PA Media, and the umbrella company from PA Group Limited to PA Media Group Limited. This coincided with a move from their Vauxhall Bridge Road offices to a new space that would accommodate the move toward digital media.[8][9]The editor-in-chief of the news agency is Pete Clifton, who was appointed in October 2014.[10]In June 2024, the Central Arbitration Committee forced PA to recognize the National Union of Journalists as the official union representing PA's editorial employees. As of May, the bargaining unit was composed of 274 workers.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other divisions and ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NCTJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Training_of_Journalists"}],"sub_title":"PA Training","text":"PA Training is Europe's biggest journalism and media training company. It was formed in 2006, when the Press Association acquired Trinity Mirror's training centre in Newcastle upon Tyne. The NCTJ course in Newcastle has been around since 1969.The business already owned the former Westminster Press-owned Editorial Centre and merged the two businesses to become PA Training.","title":"Other divisions and ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pam-12"}],"sub_title":"Alamy","text":"Alamy, a global stock photo agency with over 125 million images, was wholly acquired by PA Media in February 2020. The purchase enables PA Media to enter the international stock photography market.[12]","title":"Other divisions and ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Other subsidiaries","text":"Other subsidiaries include Globelynx, founded in 2001; Sticky Content, acquired in full between 2013 and 2015; StreamAMG (Advanced Media Group), acquired in April 2017; and RADAR, founded in 2017.[13]","title":"Other divisions and ventures"}]	[]	[{"title":"Journalism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Journalism"},{"title":"United Kingdom portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom"},{"title":"EMPICS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMPICS"},{"title":"Media of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"List of news agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_news_agencies"}]	[{"reference":"Sweney, Mark; Ben Dowell (14 June 2012). \"PA Group records 85% increase in profits and boosts chief executive's pay\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Kay	Jonathan Kay	["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 The Walrus","3 Published books","4 Awards and recognition","5 References","6 External links"]	Canadian journalist Jonathan KayBornJonathan Hillel Kay1968 (age 55–56)Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEducationMcGill University (BEng, MEng)Yale University (JD)OccupationsJournalistlawyerSpouseJennifer GoodParentBarbara Kay (mother) Jonathan Hillel Kay (born 1968) is a Canadian journalist. He was the editor-in-chief of The Walrus (2014–2017), and is a senior editor of Quillette. He was previously comment pages editor, columnist, and blogger for the Toronto-based Canadian daily newspaper National Post, and continues to contribute to the newspaper on a freelance basis. He is also a book author and editor, a public speaker, and a regular contributor to Commentary and the New York Post. Early life Jonathan Kay was born and raised in Montreal, Quebec, to an anglophone Jewish family. His mother is the socially conservative newspaper columnist Barbara Kay. His father worked in finance and was the breadwinner of the family. He attended Selwyn House School, and Marianopolis College before obtaining a BEng and an MEng in metallurgical engineering from McGill University and a law degree from Yale Law School. He is a member of the New York bar. After practicing as a tax lawyer in New York City, Kay moved to Toronto, where, in 1998, he became a founding member of the National Post editorial board. Kay describes himself as an avid tennis and board game enthusiast, and sometimes has incorporated his passion for both pursuits into his journalism. Career Kay joined the National Post at its inception, in 1998, as a member of its editorial board, subsequently becoming the newspaper's Comment editor as well as a columnist. He left the newspaper's staff in 2014 but continues appearing in its pages as a freelance columnist. Apart from his editorial work, Kay has also written two non-fiction books. In 2007, Kay co-authored The Volunteer, a biography of Mossad officer Michael Ross. In May 2011, HarperCollins published Kay's second book, Among the Truthers: A Journey Through America's Growing Conspiracist Underground (ISBN 978-0-06-200481-9). The book reflects Kay's interest in the psychology of conspiracy theorists. Kay was a freelance editorial assistant on Liberal Party of Canada leader Justin Trudeau's memoir Common Ground published by HarperCollins with duties that included conducting some of the interviews with Trudeau that were used for the book. After the resignation of Trudeau's principal secretary Gerald Butts due to his role in the SNC-Lavalin affair, Kay revealed that Butts worked with him for the book. His participation in the project was criticized by conservatives in social media as well as by Sun News Network personality Ezra Levant, on whose 2009 book Shakedown Kay also worked as an editorial assistant. His freelance articles have been published in a variety of US publications including Newsweek, The New Yorker, Salon.com, The New Republic, Harper's Magazine, the Los Angeles Times, The Weekly Standard, the Literary Review of Canada, The National Interest and The New York Times. Since May 2018, Kay also hosted Quillette's Wrongspeak podcast, along with Debra W. Soh until she quit at the end of first series of episodes (2018). From February 2019, Jonathan continued to present the podcast throughout the year. Wrongspeak has been announced as "on hiatus" ever since December 30, 2019 as the last podcast featured Jonathan Kay's mother, Barbara Kay. The Walrus Kay was named editor-in-chief of The Walrus, a Canadian general interest magazine, on October 29, 2014. Kay left the Post on November 21, 2014, but continued to contribute opinion pieces on a freelance basis. He resigned as editor-in-chief of The Walrus on May 13, 2017, following a controversy around cultural appropriation in which Kay argued that concerns by Indigenous writers about the practice should be balanced against the right to free artistic representation. Kay said the reason he left was because of conflicts between his role as a manager at a respected media brand and as a columnist and media panelist in which he would state controversial opinions and that he had felt the need to self-censor his byline pieces and commentary outside of The Walrus. "In recent months especially, I have been censoring myself more and more, and my colleagues have sometimes been rightly upset by disruptions caused by my media appearances. Something had to give, and I decided to make the first move. I took no severance," he said in an email written to The Globe and Mail. Kay added that there had been no conflict between himself and the publisher of The Walrus and that he had been given a free hand to edit the magazine and its website and that the pressure he had felt to self-censor was in relation to his non-Walrus work. Published books The Volunteer: A Canadian's Secret Life in the Mossad, with Michael Ross, McClelland & Stewart, 2007 ISBN 978-0-771-01740-7 Among the Truthers, HarperCollins, 2011 ISBN 978-0-062-00481-9 Legacy: How French Canadians shaped North America, edited with André Pratte, 2016, repr. 2019 ISBN 978-0-771-07240-6 (in French) Batisseurs d'Amerique. Des Canadiens français qui ont fait l'histoire. La Presse, Montréal 2016 The Gazette, 2016 Your Move: What Board Games Teach Us About Life, with Joan Moriarity, Sutherland House, 2019 ISBN 978-1-999-43954-5 Awards and recognition In 2002, he was awarded Canada's National Newspaper Award for Critical Writing. In 2004, he was awarded a National Newspaper Award for Editorial Writing. He is currently a visiting fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies. References ^ McDermott, John (November 2, 2019). "Those People We Tried to Cancel? They're All Hanging Out Together". The New York Times. ^ Kay, Jonathan (June 2003). "The Scandal of 'Diversity': At Yale Law School, as everywhere else in higher education, racial preferences exact their insidious and damaging price". Commentary Magazine. Retrieved November 25, 2018. ^ "Guilty Memories from an Anglo Montreal Childhood". The Walrus. December 15, 2016. Retrieved April 17, 2020. ^ Selwyn House School Yearbook 1985 ^ "eScholarship@McGill – Results – Full". Digitool.library.mcgill.ca. August 20, 1996. Retrieved January 24, 2012. ^ ^ "Among the Truthers". Among the Truthers. Retrieved January 24, 2012. ^ "Everybody Loves Butts!". www.canadalandshow.com. February 19, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2020. ^ "Jonathan Kay: An editor's note regarding my work for HarperCollins on 'Common Ground'". National Post. October 21, 2014. Archived from the original on October 29, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014. ^ Staff (February 8, 2010). "Tea Party Movement Is Full of Conspiracy Theories". Newsweek. Retrieved November 25, 2018. ^ "Dec. 8: Jonathan Kay to deliver F.R. Scott Lecture". McGill Reporter. November 18, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2021. ^ Kay, Jonathan (June 30, 2001). "Gay 'Trek'". Dir.salon.com. Archived from the original on October 8, 2010. Retrieved November 25, 2018. ^ Kay, Jonathan (April 11, 2010). "Hot Shots". The New Republic. Retrieved November 25, 2018. ^ Kay, Jonathan (September 2001). "The republic of Texas". Harper's Magazine. Retrieved November 25, 2018. ^ Kay, Jonathan (January 30, 2002). "Watching Her Go From a Doll to a Rock to a Bomb". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 25, 2018. ^ "The Weekly Standard". Weeklystandard.com. March 14, 2005. Retrieved January 24, 2012. ^ Linda McQuaig and Neil Brooks (December 1, 2010). "The Literary Review of Canada". Reviewcanada.ca. Retrieved January 24, 2012. ^ "The National Interest". Findarticles.com. October 3, 2001. Archived from the original on December 15, 2010. Retrieved January 24, 2012. ^ Kay, Jonathan (January 3, 2002). "The New York Times". Retrieved January 24, 2012. ^ Herzog, Katie (May 31, 2018). "Wrongspeak Is a Safe Space for Dangerous Ideas". The Stranger. Retrieved November 8, 2018. ^ a b Kay, Jonathan (December 30, 2019). "Wrongspeak #17 - The Family Business with Barbara Kay". radio-canada-online.com. Retrieved December 6, 2022. As the Wrongspeak podcast hits pause and we say goodbye to Debra, Jon interviews his mother Barbara Kay for the first time. (...) Thank you to Dr. Debra Soh for her invaluable contribution to our first series of episodes and to our producers at TNKR Media. ^ "The Walrus names Jonathan Kay new editor-in-chief". Globe and Mail. No. October 29, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014. ^ "Jonathan Kay: My life at the National Post, and why I'll miss it". News.nationalpost.ocm. ^ "Jonathan Kay out at The Walrus". Canadalandshow.com. May 14, 2017. ^ Mendleson, Rachel (May 14, 2017). "Jonathan Kay resigns as editor of The Walrus amid 'appropriation prize' backlash". Toronto Star. ^ "Walrus editor Jonathan Kay quits amid free speech uproar: 'I have been censoring myself more and more'". Nationalpost.com. May 15, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2019. ^ "Jonathan Kay resigns as editor of The Walrus amid cultural appropriation controversy". The Globe and Mail. ^ "Jonathan Kay". July 25, 2011. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. ^ "2012 Speakers - Foundation for Defense of Democracies". Defenddemocracy.org. Archived from the original on February 3, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2017. External links Jonathan Kay's page at the National Post. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Walrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walrus"},{"link_name":"Quillette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quillette"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"National Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Post"},{"link_name":"Commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"New York Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post"}],"text":"Jonathan Hillel Kay (born 1968) is a Canadian journalist. He was the editor-in-chief of The Walrus (2014–2017), and is a senior editor of Quillette.[1] He was previously comment pages editor, columnist, and blogger for the Toronto-based Canadian daily newspaper National Post, and continues to contribute to the newspaper on a freelance basis. He is also a book author and editor, a public speaker, and a regular contributor to Commentary[2] and the New York Post.","title":"Jonathan Kay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montreal, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"anglophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglophone"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"socially conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_conservatism"},{"link_name":"Barbara Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Kay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Selwyn House School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selwyn_House_School"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Marianopolis College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianopolis_College"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"metallurgical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy"},{"link_name":"McGill University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"},{"link_name":"Yale Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Law_School"},{"link_name":"tax lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_law"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Jonathan Kay was born and raised in Montreal, Quebec, to an anglophone Jewish family. His mother is the socially conservative newspaper columnist Barbara Kay. His father worked in finance and was the breadwinner of the family.[3] He attended Selwyn House School,[4] and Marianopolis College before obtaining a BEng and an MEng[5] in metallurgical engineering from McGill University and a law degree from Yale Law School. He is a member of the New York bar. After practicing as a tax lawyer in New York City, Kay moved to Toronto, where, in 1998, he became a founding member of the National Post editorial board. Kay describes himself as an avid tennis and board game enthusiast, and sometimes has incorporated his passion for both pursuits into his journalism.[6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mossad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossad"},{"link_name":"Michael Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ross_(Mossad_officer)"},{"link_name":"Among the Truthers: A Journey Through America's Growing Conspiracist Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Among_the_Truthers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-06-200481-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-200481-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Justin Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau"},{"link_name":"Common Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Ground_(memoir)"},{"link_name":"Gerald Butts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Butts"},{"link_name":"SNC-Lavalin affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNC-Lavalin_affair"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sun News Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_News_Network"},{"link_name":"Ezra Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Levant"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Salon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon.com"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The New Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Republic"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Harper's Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"The Weekly Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Literary Review of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_Review_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"The National Interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Interest"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Wrongspeak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrongspeak"},{"link_name":"Debra W. Soh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debra_W._Soh"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HerzogIdeas-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"}],"text":"Kay joined the National Post at its inception, in 1998, as a member of its editorial board, subsequently becoming the newspaper's Comment editor as well as a columnist. He left the newspaper's staff in 2014 but continues appearing in its pages as a freelance columnist.Apart from his editorial work, Kay has also written two non-fiction books. In 2007, Kay co-authored The Volunteer, a biography of Mossad officer Michael Ross. In May 2011, HarperCollins published Kay's second book, Among the Truthers: A Journey Through America's Growing Conspiracist Underground (ISBN 978-0-06-200481-9).[7] The book reflects Kay's interest in the psychology of conspiracy theorists.Kay was a freelance editorial assistant on Liberal Party of Canada leader Justin Trudeau's memoir Common Ground published by HarperCollins with duties that included conducting some of the interviews with Trudeau that were used for the book. After the resignation of Trudeau's principal secretary Gerald Butts due to his role in the SNC-Lavalin affair, Kay revealed that Butts worked with him for the book.[8] His participation in the project was criticized by conservatives in social media as well as by Sun News Network personality Ezra Levant, on whose 2009 book Shakedown Kay also worked as an editorial assistant.[9]His freelance articles have been published in a variety of US publications including Newsweek,[10] The New Yorker,[11] Salon.com,[12] The New Republic,[13] Harper's Magazine,[14] the Los Angeles Times,[15] The Weekly Standard,[16] the Literary Review of Canada,[17] The National Interest[18] and The New York Times.[19]Since May 2018, Kay also hosted Quillette's Wrongspeak podcast, along with Debra W. Soh[20] until she quit at the end of first series of episodes (2018).[21] From February 2019, Jonathan continued to present the podcast throughout the year. Wrongspeak has been announced as \"on hiatus\" ever since December 30, 2019 as the last podcast featured Jonathan Kay's mother, Barbara Kay.[21]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Walrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walrus"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walrus-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"cultural appropriation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_appropriation"},{"link_name":"Indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"The Globe and Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"The Walrus","text":"Kay was named editor-in-chief of The Walrus, a Canadian general interest magazine, on October 29, 2014.[22] Kay left the Post on November 21, 2014, but continued to contribute opinion pieces on a freelance basis.[23]He resigned as editor-in-chief of The Walrus on May 13, 2017, following a controversy around cultural appropriation in which Kay argued that concerns by Indigenous writers about the practice should be balanced against the right to free artistic representation.[24][25] Kay said the reason he left was because of conflicts between his role as a manager at a respected media brand and as a columnist and media panelist in which he would state controversial opinions and that he had felt the need to self-censor his byline pieces and commentary outside of The Walrus. \"In recent months especially, I have been censoring myself more and more, and my colleagues have sometimes been rightly upset by disruptions caused by my media appearances. Something had to give, and I decided to make the first move. I took no severance,\" he said in an email written to The Globe and Mail. Kay added that there had been no conflict between himself and the publisher of The Walrus and that he had been given a free hand to edit the magazine and its website and that the pressure he had felt to self-censor was in relation to his non-Walrus work.[26][27]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mossad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossad"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-771-01740-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-771-01740-7"},{"link_name":"Among the Truthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Among_the_Truthers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-062-00481-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-062-00481-9"},{"link_name":"André Pratte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Pratte"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-771-07240-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-771-07240-6"},{"link_name":"The Gazette, 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//montrealgazette.com/news/quebec/portraits-of-pioneers-reveal-breadth-of-francophone-contribution"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-999-43954-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-999-43954-5"}],"text":"The Volunteer: A Canadian's Secret Life in the Mossad, with Michael Ross, McClelland & Stewart, 2007 ISBN 978-0-771-01740-7\nAmong the Truthers, HarperCollins, 2011 ISBN 978-0-062-00481-9\nLegacy: How French Canadians shaped North America, edited with André Pratte, 2016, repr. 2019 ISBN 978-0-771-07240-6\n(in French) Batisseurs d'Amerique. Des Canadiens français qui ont fait l'histoire. La Presse, Montréal 2016 The Gazette, 2016\nYour Move: What Board Games Teach Us About Life, with Joan Moriarity, Sutherland House, 2019 ISBN 978-1-999-43954-5","title":"Published books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Foundation for Defense of Democracies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Defense_of_Democracies"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"In 2002, he was awarded Canada's National Newspaper Award for Critical Writing. In 2004, he was awarded a National Newspaper Award for Editorial Writing.[28] He is currently a visiting fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies.[29]","title":"Awards and recognition"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"McDermott, John (November 2, 2019). \"Those People We Tried to Cancel? They're All Hanging Out Together\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/02/style/what-is-cancel-culture.html","url_text":"\"Those People We Tried to Cancel? They're All Hanging Out Together\""}]},{"reference":"Kay, Jonathan (June 2003). \"The Scandal of 'Diversity': At Yale Law School, as everywhere else in higher education, racial preferences exact their insidious and damaging price\". Commentary Magazine. Retrieved November 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/the-scandal-of-diversity/","url_text":"\"The Scandal of 'Diversity': At Yale Law School, as everywhere else in higher education, racial preferences exact their insidious and damaging price\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commentary_Magazine","url_text":"Commentary Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"Guilty Memories from an Anglo Montreal Childhood\". The Walrus. December 15, 2016. Retrieved April 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://thewalrus.ca/guilty-memories-from-an-anglo-montreal-childhood/","url_text":"\"Guilty Memories from an Anglo Montreal Childhood\""}]},{"reference":"\"eScholarship@McGill – Results – Full\". Digitool.library.mcgill.ca. August 20, 1996. Retrieved January 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26392&local_base=GEN01-MCG02","url_text":"\"eScholarship@McGill – Results – Full\""}]},{"reference":"\"Among the Truthers\". Among the Truthers. Retrieved January 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://amongthetruthers.com/","url_text":"\"Among the Truthers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Everybody Loves Butts!\". www.canadalandshow.com. February 19, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canadalandshow.com/everybody-loves-gerald-butts/","url_text":"\"Everybody Loves Butts!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jonathan Kay: An editor's note regarding my work for HarperCollins on 'Common Ground'\". National Post. October 21, 2014. Archived from the original on October 29, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20141029225340/http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2014/10/21/jonathan-kay-an-editors-note-regarding-my-work-for-harpercollins-on-common-ground/","url_text":"\"Jonathan Kay: An editor's note regarding my work for HarperCollins on 'Common Ground'\""},{"url":"http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2014/10/21/jonathan-kay-an-editors-note-regarding-my-work-for-harpercollins-on-common-ground/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Staff (February 8, 2010). \"Tea Party Movement Is Full of Conspiracy Theories\". Newsweek. Retrieved November 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsweek.com/2010/02/08/black-helicopters-over-nashville.html","url_text":"\"Tea Party Movement Is Full of Conspiracy Theories\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dec. 8: Jonathan Kay to deliver F.R. Scott Lecture\". McGill Reporter. November 18, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://reporter.mcgill.ca/dec-8-jonathan-kay-to-deliver-f-r-scott-lecture/","url_text":"\"Dec. 8: Jonathan Kay to deliver F.R. Scott Lecture\""}]},{"reference":"Kay, Jonathan (June 30, 2001). \"Gay 'Trek'\". Dir.salon.com. Archived from the original on October 8, 2010. Retrieved November 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101008143159/http://dir.salon.com/ent/feature/2001/06/30/gay_trek/index.html","url_text":"\"Gay 'Trek'\""},{"url":"http://dir.salon.com/ent/feature/2001/06/30/gay_trek/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kay, Jonathan (April 11, 2010). \"Hot Shots\". The New Republic. Retrieved November 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tnr.com/article/hot-shots","url_text":"\"Hot Shots\""}]},{"reference":"Kay, Jonathan (September 2001). \"The republic of Texas\". Harper's Magazine. Retrieved November 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://harpers.org/archive/2001/09/the-republic-of-texas/","url_text":"\"The republic of Texas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine","url_text":"Harper's Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Kay, Jonathan (January 30, 2002). \"Watching Her Go From a Doll to a Rock to a Bomb\". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2002/jan/30/opinion/oe-kay30","url_text":"\"Watching Her Go From a Doll to a Rock to a Bomb\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"The Weekly Standard\". Weeklystandard.com. March 14, 2005. Retrieved January 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weeklystandard.com/author/809","url_text":"\"The Weekly Standard\""}]},{"reference":"Linda McQuaig and Neil Brooks (December 1, 2010). \"The Literary Review of Canada\". Reviewcanada.ca. Retrieved January 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://reviewcanada.ca/reviews/2010/12/01/the-rich-are-bad-for-your-health/","url_text":"\"The Literary Review of Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"The National Interest\". Findarticles.com. October 3, 2001. Archived from the original on December 15, 2010. Retrieved January 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101215095507/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_75/ai_n6077655/","url_text":"\"The National Interest\""},{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_75/ai_n6077655/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kay, Jonathan (January 3, 2002). \"The New York Times\". Retrieved January 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/03/technology/defying-a-taboo-nazi-protagonists-invade-video-games.html","url_text":"\"The New York Times\""}]},{"reference":"Herzog, Katie (May 31, 2018). \"Wrongspeak Is a Safe Space for Dangerous Ideas\". The Stranger. Retrieved November 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestranger.com/slog/2018/05/31/26879132/wrong-speak-is-a-safe-space-for-dangerous-ideas","url_text":"\"Wrongspeak Is a Safe Space for Dangerous Ideas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stranger_(newspaper)","url_text":"The Stranger"}]},{"reference":"Kay, Jonathan (December 30, 2019). \"Wrongspeak #17 - The Family Business with Barbara Kay\". radio-canada-online.com. Retrieved December 6, 2022. As the Wrongspeak podcast hits pause and we say goodbye to Debra, Jon interviews his mother Barbara Kay for the first time. (...) Thank you to Dr. Debra Soh for her invaluable contribution to our first series of episodes and to our producers at TNKR Media.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radio-canada-online.com/podcasts/wrongspeak","url_text":"\"Wrongspeak #17 - The Family Business with Barbara Kay\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Walrus names Jonathan Kay new editor-in-chief\". Globe and Mail. No. October 29, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/the-walrus-names-jonathan-kay-new-editor-in-chief/article21372104/","url_text":"\"The Walrus names Jonathan Kay new editor-in-chief\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jonathan Kay: My life at the National Post, and why I'll miss it\". News.nationalpost.ocm.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/jonathan-kay-my-life-at-the-national-post-and-why-ill-miss-it","url_text":"\"Jonathan Kay: My life at the National Post, and why I'll miss it\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jonathan Kay out at The Walrus\". Canadalandshow.com. May 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canadalandshow.com/jonathan-kay-resigns-walrus/","url_text":"\"Jonathan Kay out at The Walrus\""}]},{"reference":"Mendleson, Rachel (May 14, 2017). \"Jonathan Kay resigns as editor of The Walrus amid 'appropriation prize' backlash\". Toronto Star.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2017/05/14/jonathan-kay-resigns-as-editor-of-the-walrus-amid-appropriation-prize-backlash.html","url_text":"\"Jonathan Kay resigns as editor of The Walrus amid 'appropriation prize' backlash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star","url_text":"Toronto Star"}]},{"reference":"\"Walrus editor Jonathan Kay quits amid free speech uproar: 'I have been censoring myself more and more'\". Nationalpost.com. May 15, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/walrus-editor-jonathan-kay-quits","url_text":"\"Walrus editor Jonathan Kay quits amid free speech uproar: 'I have been censoring myself more and more'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jonathan Kay resigns as editor of The Walrus amid cultural appropriation controversy\". The Globe and Mail.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/jonathan-kay-resigns-as-editor-of-the-walrus-amid-conversation-on-cultural-appropriation/article34983133/","url_text":"\"Jonathan Kay resigns as editor of The Walrus amid cultural appropriation controversy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail","url_text":"The Globe and Mail"}]},{"reference":"\"Jonathan Kay\". July 25, 2011. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725224634/http://www.defenddemocracy.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=11785475","url_text":"\"Jonathan Kay\""},{"url":"http://www.defenddemocracy.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=11785475","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2012 Speakers - Foundation for Defense of Democracies\". Defenddemocracy.org. Archived from the original on February 3, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170203032301/http://www.defenddemocracy.org/2012-speakers/","url_text":"\"2012 Speakers - Foundation for Defense of Democracies\""},{"url":"http://www.defenddemocracy.org/2012-speakers/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://montrealgazette.com/news/quebec/portraits-of-pioneers-reveal-breadth-of-francophone-contribution","external_links_name":"The Gazette, 2016"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/02/style/what-is-cancel-culture.html","external_links_name":"\"Those People We Tried to Cancel? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulvar_Admirala_Ushakova	Bulvar Admirala Ushakova	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 55°32′44″N 37°32′35″E / 55.5455°N 37.5430°E / 55.5455; 37.5430Moscow Metro station Bulvar Admirala UshakovaБульвар Адмирала УшаковаMoscow Metro stationGeneral informationLocationYuzhnoye Butovo DistrictSouth-Western Administrative OkrugMoscowRussiaCoordinates55°32′44″N 37°32′35″E / 55.5455°N 37.5430°E / 55.5455; 37.5430Owned byMoskovsky MetropolitenLine(s) Butovskaya linePlatforms1Tracks2ConstructionPlatform levels1ParkingYesAccessibleYesOther informationStation code191HistoryOpened27 December 2003; 20 years ago (2003-12-27)Services Preceding station Moscow Metro Following station Ulitsa Skobelevskayatowards Bittsevsky Park Butovskaya line Ulitsa Gorchakovatowards Buninskaya Alleya Route map Legend Bittsevsky Park Lesoparkovaya MKAD Ulitsa Starokachalovskaya connection to Line Ulitsa Skobelevskaya Bulvar Admirala Ushakova Ulitsa Gorchakova Buninskaya Alleya This diagram: viewtalkedit LocationBulvar Admirala UshakovaLocation within Moscow Metro Bulvar Admirala Ushakova (Russian: Бульва́р Адмира́ла Ушако́ва) is a station on the Butovskaya Line of the Moscow Metro system in Moscow, Russia. It was opened on 27 December 2003 along with four other stations. The station is located in Yuzhnoye Butovo District, between two other stations of the same line, Ulitsa Skobelevskaya and Ulitsa Gorchakova. The station, which name literally means Admiral Ushakov Boulevard, was named after the nearby street, and the street was named after the 18th-century Russian naval commander Fyodor Ushakov. References ^ "Bulvar Admirala Ushakova". Moscow Metro. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2012. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bulvar Admirala Ushakova (Moscow Metro). vteMoscow Metro Expansion timeline Stations list Bridges Luzhniki Preobrazhensky Smolensky Metro-2 Moscow Central Diameters Sokolnicheskaya line Potapovo Kommunarka Olkhovaya Prokshino Filatov Lug Salaryevo Rumyantsevo Troparyovo Yugo-Zapadnaya Prospekt Vernadskogo Universitet Vorobyovy Gory Sportivnaya Frunzenskaya Park Kultury Kropotkinskaya Biblioteka Imeni Lenina Okhotny Ryad Lubyanka Chistye Prudy Krasnye Vorota Komsomolskaya Krasnoselskaya Sokolniki Preobrazhenskaya Ploshchad Cherkizovskaya Bulvar Rokossovskogo Zamoskvoretskaya line Khovrino Belomorskaya Rechnoy Vokzal Vodny Stadion Voykovskaya Sokol Aeroport Dinamo Belorusskaya Mayakovskaya Tverskaya Teatralnaya Novokuznetskaya Paveletskaya Avtozavodskaya Tekhnopark Kolomenskaya Kashirskaya Kantemirovskaya Tsaritsyno Orekhovo Domodedovskaya Krasnogvardeyskaya Alma-Atinskaya Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line Pyatnitskoye Shosse Mitino Volokolamskaya Myakinino Strogino Krylatskoye Molodyozhnaya Kuntsevskaya Slavyansky Bulvar Park Pobedy Kiyevskaya Smolenskaya Arbatskaya Ploshchad Revolyutsii Kurskaya Baumanskaya Elektrozavodskaya Semyonovskaya Partizanskaya Pervomayskaya (closed) Izmaylovskaya Pervomayskaya Shchyolkovskaya Filyovskaya lineMain Aleksandrovsky Sad Arbatskaya Smolenskaya Kiyevskaya Studencheskaya Kutuzovskaya Fili Bagrationovskaya Filyovsky Park Pionerskaya Kuntsevskaya Branch Vystavochnaya Mezhdunarodnaya Koltsevaya line (← Loop towards Krasnopresnenskaya) Belorusskaya Novoslobodskaya Suvorovskaya Prospekt Mira Komsomolskaya Kurskaya Taganskaya Paveletskaya Dobryninskaya Oktyabrskaya Park Kultury Kiyevskaya Krasnopresnenskaya (Loop towards Belorusskaya →) Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line Novoyasenevskaya Yasenevo Tyoply Stan Konkovo Belyayevo Kaluzhskaya Kaluzhskaya (closed) Novye Cheryomushki Profsoyuznaya Akademicheskaya Leninsky Prospekt Shabolovskaya Oktyabrskaya Tretyakovskaya Kitay-gorod Turgenevskaya Sukharevskaya Prospekt Mira Rizhskaya Alekseyevskaya VDNKh Botanichesky Sad Sviblovo Babushkinskaya Medvedkovo Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line Planernaya Skhodnenskaya Tushinskaya Spartak Shchukinskaya Oktyabrskoye Pole Polezhayevskaya Begovaya Ulitsa 1905 Goda Barrikadnaya Pushkinskaya Kuznetsky Most Kitay-gorod Taganskaya Proletarskaya Volgogradsky Prospekt Tekstilshchiki Kuzminki Ryazansky Prospekt Vykhino Lermontovsky Prospekt Zhulebino Kotelniki Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya line Kalininskaya line Novokosino Novogireyevo Perovo Shosse Entuziastov Aviamotornaya Ploshchad Ilyicha Marksistskaya Tretyakovskaya Volkhonka Plyushchikha Dorogomilovskaya Solntsevskaya line Delovoy Tsentr Park Pobedy Minskaya Lomonosovsky Prospekt Ramenki Michurinsky Prospekt Ozyornaya Govorovo Solntsevo Borovskoye Shosse Novoperedelkino Rasskazovka Pykhtino Aeroport Vnukovo Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line Altufyevo Bibirevo Otradnoye Vladykino Petrovsko-Razumovskaya Timiryazevskaya Dmitrovskaya Savyolovskaya Mendeleyevskaya Tsvetnoy Bulvar Chekhovskaya Borovitskaya Polyanka Serpukhovskaya Tulskaya Nagatinskaya Nagornaya Nakhimovsky Prospekt Sevastopolskaya Chertanovskaya Yuzhnaya Prazhskaya Ulitsa Akademika Yangelya Annino Bulvar Dmitriya Donskogo Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line Fiztekh Lianozovo Yakhromskaya Seligerskaya Verkhniye Likhobory Okruzhnaya Petrovsko-Razumovskaya Fonvizinskaya Butyrskaya Maryina Roshcha Dostoyevskaya Trubnaya Sretensky Bulvar Chkalovskaya Rimskaya Krestyanskaya Zastava Dubrovka Kozhukhovskaya Yuzhny Port Pechatniki Volzhskaya Lyublino Bratislavskaya Maryino Borisovo Shipilovskaya Zyablikovo Bolshaya Koltsevaya lineMain (← Loop towards Maryina Roshcha) Savyolovskaya Petrovsky Park CSKA Khoroshyovskaya Narodnoye Opolcheniye Mnyovniki Terekhovo Kuntsevskaya Davydkovo Aminyevskaya Michurinsky Prospekt Prospekt Vernadskogo Novatorskaya Vorontsovskaya Zyuzino Kakhovskaya Varshavskaya Kashirskaya Klenovy Bulvar Nagatinsky Zaton Pechatniki Tekstilshchiki Nizhegorodskaya Aviamotornaya Lefortovo 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Nekrasovka Troitskaya line Troitsk Vatutinki Desyonovskoye Desna Rakitki Sosenki Kommunarka Bachurinskaya Kornilovskaya Tyutchevskaya Ulitsa Generala Tyuleneva Universitet Druzhby Narodov Ulitsa Novatorov Ulitsa Stroiteley Akademicheskaya Sevastopolsky Prospekt Rublyovo-Arkhangelskaya line Ilyinskaya Rublyovo-Arkhangelskoye Troitse-Lykovo Strogino Zhivopisnaya Bulvar Generala Karbysheva Prospekt Marshala Zhukova Presnya Shelepikha Delovoy Tsentr Biryulyovskaya line ZIL Ostrov Mechty Klenovy Bulvar Batyunino Moskvorechye Kavkazsky Bulvar 6th Radialnaya Ulitsa Lipetskaya Zagorye Biryulyovo Disasters / attacks 1977 Moscow bombings February 2004 Moscow Metro bombing August 2004 Moscow Metro bombing 2010 Moscow Metro bombings 2014 Moscow Metro derailment This article about a Russian railway station is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Moscow Metro-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Butovskaya Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butovskaya_Line"},{"link_name":"Moscow Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Metro"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Yuzhnoye Butovo District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuzhnoye_Butovo_District"},{"link_name":"Ulitsa Skobelevskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulitsa_Skobelevskaya"},{"link_name":"Ulitsa Gorchakova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulitsa_Gorchakova"},{"link_name":"Fyodor Ushakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Ushakov"}],"text":"Moscow Metro stationBulvar Admirala Ushakova (Russian: Бульва́р Адмира́ла Ушако́ва) is a station on the Butovskaya Line of the Moscow Metro system in Moscow, Russia. It was opened on 27 December 2003[1] along with four other stations. The station is located in Yuzhnoye Butovo District, between two other stations of the same line, Ulitsa Skobelevskaya and Ulitsa Gorchakova. The station, which name literally means Admiral Ushakov Boulevard, was named after the nearby street, and the street was named after the 18th-century Russian naval commander Fyodor Ushakov.","title":"Bulvar Admirala Ushakova"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Bulvar Admirala Ushakova\". Moscow Metro. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120311192626/http://engl.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_6.php?id_page=326","url_text":"\"Bulvar Admirala Ushakova\""},{"url":"http://engl.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_6.php?id_page=326","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bulvar_Admirala_Ushakova&params=55.5455_N_37.543_E_type:railwaystation_region:RU-MOW","external_links_name":"55°32′44″N 37°32′35″E / 55.5455°N 37.5430°E / 55.5455; 37.5430"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bulvar_Admirala_Ushakova&params=55.5455_N_37.543_E_type:railwaystation_region:RU-MOW","external_links_name":"55°32′44″N 37°32′35″E / 55.5455°N 37.5430°E / 55.5455; 37.5430"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120311192626/http://engl.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_6.php?id_page=326","external_links_name":"\"Bulvar Admirala Ushakova\""},{"Link":"http://engl.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_6.php?id_page=326","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulvar_Admirala_Ushakova&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulvar_Admirala_Ushakova&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Rojo	Sky Rojo	["1 Premise","2 Cast and characters","2.1 Main","2.2 Recurring","2.3 Guest","3 Production","4 Episodes","4.1 Season 1 (2021)","4.2 Season 2 (2021)","4.3 Season 3 (2023)","5 Reception","5.1 Public response","5.2 Critical reception","6 References","7 External links"]	Spanish comedy action television series Sky RojoGenre Action thriller Crime drama Black comedy Created by Álex Pina Esther Martínez Lobato Directed by Jesús Colmenar Óscar Pedraza David Victori Albert Pintó Javier Quintas Eduardo Chapero-Jackson Starring Verónica Sánchez Miguel Ángel Silvestre Asier Etxeandia Lali Espósito Yany Prado Enric Auquer Rauw Alejandro Catalina Sopelana Tiago Correa Composers Manel Santisteban Iván M. Lacámara Country of originSpainOriginal languageSpanishNo. of seasons3No. of episodes24ProductionExecutive producers Álex Pina Esther Martínez Lobato Jesús Colmenar ProducerCristina López FerrazCinematography David Azcano Migue Amoedo David Acereto Running time22–31 minutesProduction companyVancouver MediaOriginal releaseNetworkNetflixRelease19 March 2021 (2021-03-19) –13 January 2023 (2023-01-13) Sky Rojo (transl. Red Leatherette) is a Spanish black comedy action drama television series, created by Álex Pina and Esther Martínez Lobato . The series traces three prostitutes who flee from their pimp. According to the creators, the series shows "the impunity, ambiguity and brutal reality of prostitution, and the psychological portraits of those on both sides of the scale." Pina and Martínez Lobato have described the series as "Latin pulp." Produced by Vancouver Media and distributed by Netflix, the series premiered on 19 March 2021. Two seasons of eight 25-minute episodes each were announced. The series' second season premiered on 23 July. The third and final season was released on January 13, 2023. Premise Coral, Wendy, and Gina, three prostitutes, go on the run in search of freedom while being chased by Romeo, their pimp from Las Novias Club in Tenerife, and his henchmen, Moisés and Christian. Together, the women embark on a frantic, chaotic journey during which they must face dangers of all kinds and live every second as if it were their last, while strengthening their friendship and discovering the most important thing: that together they are stronger and have more options to recover their lives. Cast and characters Legend = Main cast (credited) = Recurring cast (2+) = Guest cast (1) Character Portrayed by Seasons 1 2 3 Main Coral Verónica Sánchez Main Moisés Expósito Miguel Ángel Silvestre Main Romeo Asier Etxeandia Main Wendy Lali Espósito Main Carmen "Gina" Yany Prado Main Christian Expósito Enric Auquer Main Diego Rauw Alejandro Main Greta Catalina Sopelana Main Darwin Tiago Correa Main Main Verónica Sánchez as Coral, a former biologist who works at Las Novias Club and sees her work as a means to escape from her dark past Miguel Ángel Silvestre as Moisés Expósito, one of Romeo's henchmen and Christian's older brother. He recruits women for Romeo and brings them to the club. Asier Etxeandia as Romeo, pimp and owner of Las Novias Club Lali Espósito as Wendy, a lesbian from Buenos Aires. She flees Villa 31 and becomes a sex worker in the brothel to make money so she can provide a better life for herself and her girlfriend. Yany Prado as Gina, a Cuban woman who was sex-trafficked to the club under the guise of accepting a waitressing job to provide for her young child and ailing mother Enric Auquer as Christian Expósito (seasons 1–2), one of Romeo's henchmen and Moisés's younger brother Recurring Carmen Santamaría as Charlotte, the club's madam Cecilia Gómez as Gata, a sex worker at the club Godeliv Van den Brandt as Rubí, a sex worker at the club Penélope Guerrero as Tsunami, a sex worker at the club Luisa Vides as Lupe, a sex worker at the club Niko Verona as Cachopo, Romeo's assistant Chani Martín as Fernando, owner of a motel and client of the club. He has a relationship with Gina. Paco Inestrosa as Arcadio Zac Efron as Xuan Antonio Fdez as Tony, barman at Club Las Novias Daniel Prim as Walter, barman Guest Luis Zahera as Alfredo, veterinarian and client of the club Daria Krauzo as Bambi, a sex worker at the club Alicia Sánchez as Dolores Expósito, mother of Moisés and Christian Yanet Sierra as Gina's mother José Manuel Poga as Fermín, a client of the club Production Filmed on location in Madrid and Tenerife, Sky Rojo was produced by Vancouver Media for Netflix. Álex Pina and Esther Martínez Lobato are the creators and executive producers of Sky Rojo alongside Jesús Colmenar, with support from co-executive producers David Barrocal, Migue Amoedo and David Victori. The original series is directed by Jesús Colmenar, Óscar Pedraza, David Victori, Albert Pintó, Javier Quintas and Eduardo Chapero-Jackson. The scriptwriting team is made up of Álex Pina, Esther Martínez Lobato, David Barrocal, David Oliva, Javier Gómez Santander, Juan Salvador López and Mercedes Rodrigo. Migue Amoedo has taken the lead as cinematographer alongside David Azcano and David Acereto, while Juan López Olivar and Cristina López Ferraz are heading up production management. Filming began in Madrid on 18 November 2019, and later moved to Arico, Tenerife. Filming was set to move to Castilla–La Mancha in early 2020 and take place there for approximately four months. However, the project was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic and filming continued in October 2020 in Madrid. While set in the south of Tenerife, the shooting location of Las Novias club was an estate near Huerta de Valdecarábanos, province of Toledo. The series is set to last two seasons of eight 25-minutes episodes each. In a joint statement, the creators said: "We wanted Sky Rojo to have the same frenetic action as always, but to use that 25-minute runtime to underline the dynamic nature of the plot: the getaway, the race for survival. The third act of a movie or an episode is where all the energy converges to produce the most vibrant explosion of all the conflicts that are being narrated. What we set out to do was to make a constant third act, to funnel our entire story through that frenzied energy". On 19 January 2021, it was announced via a teaser trailer that the series' first season would premiere exactly two months later, on 19 March. The series' official trailer was released on 2 March 2021. Episodes SeriesEpisodesOriginally released1819 March 2021 (2021-03-19)2823 July 2021 (2021-07-23)3813 January 2023 (2023-01-13) Season 1 (2021) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date11"Red Leatherette Sofa" (Spanish: "Sofá de escay rojo")Jesús Colmenar, David Victori, Óscar Pedraza & Eduardo Chapero-JacksonMercedes Rodrigo, Javier Gomez Santander, Esther Martínez Lobato & Álex Pina19 March 2021 (2021-03-19) Coral, Wendy and Gina work at the Brides Club, a strip club and brothel in Tenerife owned by ruthless pimp Romeo. On the day Romeo attends his wife's funeral, he calls all the strippers and prostitutes who work at the club into work from a scheduled day of grief. He meets with Gina, who pays him over 5,000 Euros she owes him to secure passage into Tenerife. However, rather than return her passport, Romeo makes up new charges that Gina owes him and makes clear she isn't leaving his employ. Enraged, Gina attacks Romeo, and she is stabbed with a pen in the ensuing scuffle. Coral and Wendy become involved in the fight, during which Coral strikes Romeo over the head and seemingly kills him. The girls flee the club, but Coral persuades them to return and say Romeo attacked Gina. After returning, they are attacked by brothel madam Charlotte, ultimately resulting in Charlotte being accidentally struck and killed by a lorry. Fleeing for a second time, the girls then visit Alfredo, a veterinarian and client of Coral, in order to attend to Gina's wounds from the fight with Romeo. Alfredo says that Gina needs surgery and agrees to carry it out, during which Gina reveals to Alfredo that she is pregnant. Meanwhile, Christian and Moisés, Romeo's henchmen, oversee Romeo's departure in an ambulance. 22"Alternate Reality" (Spanish: "La realidad paralela")Jesús Colmenar, David Victori, Óscar Pedraza & Eduardo Chapero-JacksonMercedes Rodrigo, David Barrocal, Javier Gomez Santander, Esther Martínez Lobato & Álex Pina19 March 2021 (2021-03-19) Coral, Wendy and Gina leave Alfredo's clinic after he fixes Gina's wounds, and they take refuge overnight in a furniture store. Coral receives a phone call from Romeo, who survived their assault with wounds that have paralysed the left-hand side of his body. Romeo tells Coral that he will find them and mutilate them as revenge for what happened to him. Christian and Moisés threaten the remaining prostitutes at the Brides Club and accidentally kill Bambi, a dancer misidentified as having information on where Coral, Wendy and Gina might be. Romeo reveals their GPS location to Christian and Moisés whilst the three girls are forced to fight an armed security guard who discovers them in the store. They hinder the guard and escape on a bus but are followed by Christian and Moisés. 33"A Whore's Love" (Spanish: "El amor de las putas")Javier Quintas & Eduardo Chapero-JacksonMercedes Rodrigo, David Barrocal, Javier Gomez Santander, Esther Martínez Lobato & Álex Pina19 March 2021 (2021-03-19) As the three women continue their journey on the bus, Coral recalls when she started as a prostitute at Romeo's club, particularly an illicit, intimate relationship with Moisés. Upon arriving at their destination, the women discover that Christian and Moisés are following them, and they hurriedly escape them during a fight between Christian and the bus driver. They make their way to a resort owned by Fernando, a client of Gina's from the club who she says wants to start an honest relationship with her. As Gina goes to find Fernando, Coral slips unconscious after taking drugs from the veterinary surgery and once more begins dreaming about her relationship with Moisés, which ended badly when Moisés told her he shouldn't get close to her given his work for Romeo. Gina speaks to Fernando about their future together and her pregnancy by him, leading Fernando to be mysterious about his promises and instead have sex with her, causing Gina to realise that Fernando was only ever interested in her for sex. After returning to Coral and Wendy, Gina lies by saying that she didn't meet Fernando and then says they don't need his help. Coral returns to consciousness just as Christian and Moisés arrive at the resort. 44"Sex and Blood" (Spanish: "Polvo y sangre")Javier Quintas, Albert Pintó & Jesús ColmenarMercedes Rodrigo, Javier Gomez Santander, David Barrocal, Esther Martínez Lobato & Álex Pina19 March 2021 (2021-03-19) Christian and Moisés confront Coral, Wendy and Gina by the pool of Fernando's resort but are forced to retreat by Moisés following a confrontation with Fernando and a security guard. The three women flee before police arrive at the resort and take Christian and Moisés hostage in their car, using weapons they picked up from their fight in the furniture store. They demand that Christian and Moisés drive them to the club so they can recover their passports and flee but en route, Coral senses that the two men are planning to ambush them, resulting in a tense stand-off where Wendy demands Moisés stop the car. It results in Moisés crashing the car and Wendy accidentally shooting her gun, which grazes Christian's neck and sends him into a rage. Christian drags Wendy from the car into a nearby field to execute her and Moisés gets out to talk him down. Gina, out of fear for her unborn baby and believing Wendy won't be killed, uses the opportunity to escape in the car with Coral. Wendy feels betrayed whilst Gina reveals her pregnancy to Coral, stating that the fear of Romeo forcing her to have an abortion prompted her to attack him. Christian attempts to hijack a car so they can pursue Coral and Gina but ends up being accidentally hit by it, leading him to shoot the driver in a drug and anxiety fuelled rage. Seeing Christian's deteriorating mental state, Wendy starts fleeing across the fields. 55"The Escape" (Spanish: "La evasión")Óscar PedrazaJuan Salvador López, Javier Gómez Santander, David Barrocal & Álex Pina19 March 2021 (2021-03-19) After fleeing Christian and Moisés, Wendy hides in a warehouse on a nearby farm but is soon discovered by the two henchmen. Before Christian and Moisés can kill Wendy, they are surprised and held at gunpoint by a farmer, which allows Wendy to escape, steal Christian's gun and convince the farmer of her story. She calls Coral and Gina, who then arrive at the farm to rescue Wendy. However, Wendy confronts the two for leaving her behind, resulting in a physical fight between Coral and Wendy. After the fight has finished, the women are unable to escape as their stolen car is stuck in the mud. Coral takes the gun and obtains both Moisés' car keys and the code to Romeo's safe at the club, additionally revealing her former intimate relationship with Moisés to Christian at the same time too. As the women escape the farm, Christian and Moisés overpower the farmer and escape as well before he can summon the police. 66"Foxy and Hare" (Spanish: "Liebres o zorra")Óscar PedrazaDavid Oliva, David Barrocal, Esther Martínez Lobato & Álex Pina19 March 2021 (2021-03-19) Coral, Gina and Wendy briefly celebrate their newfound freedom from their pursuers. However, as they drive away in the car they stole from Christian and Moisés, they find that Arcadio, the driver who Christian shot and placed into the trunk when stealing the car, is still alive but near death. Wendy protests that they must escape no matter the cost but Coral and Gina decide to take Arcadio to a hospital. Upon arrival, the women encounter an injured Romeo who is being released from the same hospital. An enraged Romeo hijacks an ambulance with his henchman Beefcake and pursues Coral, Wendy and Gina in a high-speed car chase. During the pursuit, the women decide they cannot run any longer and must pursue their captors instead, leading to Coral shooting out the tires of Romeo's ambulance to end the chase. Coral taunts Romeo during a subsequent phone call, with flashbacks during the car chase revealing the extent of Coral's former intimate relationship with Romeo when she acted as a tutor for his daughters during his wife's illness. 77"Thinking with your Dk" (Spanish: "Pensar con la polla")David Victori, Javier Quintas & Alex PintóJuan Salvador López, David Oliva, Javier Gómez Santander, David Barrocal, Esther Martínez Lobato & Álex Pina19 March 2021 (2021-03-19) Wendy, Coral and Gina visit Alfredo's clinic again and force him to give medical assistance to the gravely wounded Arcadio. However, Arcadio dies before treatment can be administered. Romeo returns to the Brides Club and plots his next moves with Christian and Moisés, during which Fernando arrives and offers to buy Gina's freedom. Believing that Fernando knows where the women are, Romeo orders Christian and Moisés to torture him for information about their whereabouts. Wendy, Coral and Gina go to a bar near the club and devise a plan to lure Christian and Moisés away from Romeo, so that Coral can steal the club's nightly profits from Romeo's safe. The women steal a digger and motorbike from a nearby construction site as part of their plan, which is to dig a large hole at a construction site, cover it up and then lure Christian and Moisés into it during a chase. 88"Bear Trap" (Spanish: "Trampa de osos")Óscar Pedraza & David VictoriJuan Salvador López, David Oliva, David Barrocal, Esther Martínez Lobato & Álex Pina19 March 2021 (2021-03-19) Just before leaving the bar to carry out their plan, Wendy is sexually assaulted by a former client but does not reveal this to Gina and Coral. Back at the club, Romeo confronts Moisés about sleeping with Coral in the past and demands loyalty from him, referencing a previous incident involving Christian and Moisés' father that Romeo helped cover up. When confronted about this by Christian, Moisés reveals that he killed their father for being violent with their mother, leading to tension between Christian and Moisés as they torture Fernando in a vat of acid. Their arguing results in Fernando accidentally dying during the torture and Romeo orders them to dispose of his body before going out to pursue the women, who have now turned Gina's phone back on so they can be traced. Moisés abandons Christian during the drive, as he believes Christian still has time to escape the criminal life, though Christian still runs after Moisés to join him. Coral returns to the club and is immediately taken to Romeo, who threatens her with a sword, resulting in a fight between the two that ends with Romeo being wounded and suffering a cocaine-induced heart attack. At the construction site, Wendy and Gina successfully make Moisés crash his car into the hole and subsequently bury him alive. However, Wendy is wounded by gunfire from Moisés during this. At the same time, Coral impulsively decides to administer CPR to Romeo, who wakes up and grabs her by the throat. Season 2 (2021) The second season of Sky Rojo was filmed before the first season even premiered. As with the former, the second season also consisted of eight episodes of around 25-five minutes each. On 29 March 2021, it was announced that the second season would premiere on 23 July 2021. No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date 91"Hookers Didn't Kiss on the Lips" (Spanish: Las putas no besaban en la boca)David VictoriJuan Salvador López, David Oliva, David Barrocal, Esther Martínez Lobato & Álex Pina23 July 2021 (2021-07-23) 102"The Talent of Wretches" (Spanish: El talento de los miserables)David VictoriDavid Oliva, David Barrocal, Esther Martínez Lobato & Álex Pina23 July 2021 (2021-07-23) 113"Fear Weighs 10,000 Tons" (Spanish: El miedo pesa diez mil toneladas)Albert PintóMarina Velázquez, David Oliva, David Barrocal, Esther Martínez Lobato & Álex Pina23 July 2021 (2021-07-23) 124"The Night We Were Dead" (Spanish: La noche que estuvimos muertas)Oscar PedrazaDavid Oliva, David Barrocal, Esther Martínez Lobato & Álex Pina23 July 2021 (2021-07-23) 135"Hookers' Black Boxes" (Spanish: La caja negra de las puta)David VictoriDavid Oliva, David Barrocal, Esther Martínez Lobato & Álex Pina23 July 2021 (2021-07-23) 146"Lobster for Death Row Inmates" (Spanish: Langosta para los condenados)Albert PintóDavid Oliva, David Barrocal, Esther Martínez Lobato & Álex Pina23 July 2021 (2021-07-23) 157"Rotten and Radiant" (Spanish: Podridas y radiantes)Oscar PedrazaDavid Oliva, David Barrocal, Esther Martínez Lobato & Álex Pina23 July 2021 (2021-07-23) 168"Toxic People" (Spanish: Personas tóxicas)David VictoriDavid Oliva, David Barrocal, Esther Martínez Lobato & Álex Pina23 July 2021 (2021-07-23) Season 3 (2023) On 12 August 2021, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a third and final season. Asier Etxeandia, who plays Romeo, confirmed that the season was scheduled to begin filming in November 2021. In February 2022, Lali Espósito, who plays Wendy, announced in El Hormiguero that Rauw Alejandro will appear on the third and final season of Sky Rojo. No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date 171"Getting Into Heaven Through the Back Door" (Spanish: Entrar al cielo por la puerta de atrás)David BarrocalDavid Barrocal, Esther Martínez Lobato & Álex PinaJanuary 13, 2023 (2023-01-13) 182"The Line That Separates Us" (Spanish: La raya que nos separa)David BarrocalDavid Barrocal, Esther Martínez Lobato & Álex PinaJanuary 13, 2023 (2023-01-13) 193"The Lucky Cat" (Spanish: El gato de la suerte)Oscar PedrazaDavid Olva, David Barrocal, Esther Martínez Lobato & Álex PinaJanuary 13, 2023 (2023-01-13) 204"Diesel, Saltpeter, and Gunpowder" (Spanish: Gasoil, salitre y pólvora)Carles TorrensDavid Olva, David Barrocal, Esther Martínez Lobato & Álex PinaJanuary 13, 2023 (2023-01-13) 215"Jesus Was Right" (Spanish: Jesucristo tenía razón)Carles TorrensDavid Olva, David Barrocal, Esther Martínez Lobato & Álex PinaJanuary 13, 2023 (2023-01-13) 226"Ambushing the Embryo" (Spanish: Emboscar al embrión)Oscar PedrazaDavid Olva, David Barrocal, Esther Martínez Lobato & Álex PinaJanuary 13, 2023 (2023-01-13) 237"Helplessness and Ice Hockey" (Spanish: Desamparo y hockey sobre hielo)David Barrocal, Jorge Calvo & Oscar PedrazaDavid Olva, David Barrocal, Esther Martínez Lobato & Álex PinaJanuary 13, 2023 (2023-01-13) 248"Gold, Frankincense, and Lead" (Spanish: Oro, incienso y plomo)David Barrocal, Oscar PedrazaDavid Olva, David Barrocal, Esther Martínez Lobato & Álex PinaJanuary 13, 2023 (2023-01-13) Reception Public response During its premiere weekend, Sky Rojo was the fourth most watched show on Netflix globally, and the most watched non-English language show in the world. It also was the most watched show in Argentina, Spain, Brazil, Colombia, Cyprus, the Dominican Republic, Greece, Israel, Jamaica, Paraguay, Switzerland, Turkey, Uruguay, and Venezuela, while reaching the top ten in sixty-one countries. American business magazine Forbes reported that Sky Rojo was the most watched show in Spain the day after its release, outperforming Disney+'s The Falcon and the Winter Soldier (the platform's most-watched series premiere ever during its opening weekend) in that territory. According to TV Time, early performance data for Sky Rojo during its release weekend, from 9 March to 21 March, showed that the series entered the Top 5 for most-watched subscription video on demand originals across key European, Middle Eastern, African and Latin American markets. Sheena Scott of Forbes wrote that "with Argentine superstar Lali Espósito starring in the series, it is no surprise that Sky Rojo also topped Netflix's chart as the number one TV show in Argentina during its launching weekend". In the United States and the United Kingdom, however, Sky Rojo never entered the Top 10 TV shows chart on Netflix during its release weekend, despite receiving some favorable reviews from critics. Critical reception Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingRotten Tomatoes92%Review scoresSourceRatingCommon Sense MediaThe GuardianLetsOTTNMERadio TimesWhat To Watch Sky Rojo was met with a very positive response from critics. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave Sky Rojo an approval rating of 92% based on 13 reviews, with an average rating of 7.4/10. Multiple critics compared the series' cinematography with the films of Quentin Tarantino. Elizabeth Vincentelli of The New York Times described the series as "sheer excess" for its "simultaneously minimal and over the top" plot. Ellen E. Jones of The Guardian gave the series' first season four stars out of five and wrote: "Sky Rojo's punchy 25-minute runtime is never long enough to truly try the patience. Those wild cliffhanger endings should have you slamming "next episode" faster than Coral slams the accelerator at a busy intersection". NME's James McMahon gave the show three stars out of five and dubbed the show "cool" and "exciting", highlighting its "great music and solid performances". Juan Sanguno from El País wrote that "Sky Rojo turns every punch, every humiliation, and every threat into a triumph." Sky Rojo often got compared to Money Heist, with which it shared creators. In her review, Keyla Cobb of Decider wrote that those who loved Money Heist will love Sky Rojo since "both dramas look gorgeously slick, perfectly crumpling their on-the-run characters enough to look worn but still sexy" while also singling out both shows' convergence in their "dedication to humanity". Cobb concluded that "Sky Rojo feels like a successor to Money Heist". The reviewer also compared the series to other TV shows like Good Girls, Big Sky and Fargo since they all revolve around "panicked people who did something wrong and are now being chased by a nefarious force far more powerful than them". Valerie Ettenhofer of Film School Rejects highlighted Sky Rojo's "unique blend of dark humor, serious violence, and heightened drama". However, she wrote that the show is "neither as deep nor as clever as it thinks it is, but the thriller seems more concerned with being addictive than being perfect, and on that front, it succeeds". She criticized Moisés and Christian's "obnoxious amount of screen time" since "their frequent scenes are repetitive, unfocused, and not nearly as engaging as anything involving the women they're after", and that their scenes seem like mere "attempts to humanize the villains". Ultimately, Ettenhofer said that "Sky Rojo's greatest strengths are its lead ". David Craig of Radio Times highlighted Verónica Sánchez's "strong" performance and gave the show four out of five stars. Craig wrote: "on paper, Sky Rojo sounds as if it should be a rather bleak affair but, for the most part, the series avoids becoming too heavy by balancing its serious themes with a pulpy sense of humour". Lali Espósito's performance was also singled out by many critics, with Trae Delellis of Miami New Times dubbing it as "mesmerizing and affecting". References ^ a b c d e "Silvestre, Etxeandia y Auquer, en la nueva serie española de Netflix". elperiodico.com (in Spanish). 14 November 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2019. ^ a b c d e Fox, Sarah (19 January 2021). "'Sky Rojo' Sets March Premiere Date on Netflix". Slanted. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ a b c Jones, Ellen E. (19 March 2021). "Sky Rojo review – Spanish trafficking drama revels in trashy glamour". The Guardian. ^ Sky Rojo: Season 2 \| Date Announcement \| Netflix. 29 March 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021 – via YouTube. ^ a b Moore, Kasey (29 March 2021). "'Sky Rojo' Season 2: July 2021 Release Date Set & What To Expect". What's on Netflix. Retrieved 29 March 2021. ^ "Sky Rojo on Instagram: "Cuanto mayor sea la calma, más salvaje será la tormenta. La persecución final llega a Netflix el 13 de enero. #skyrojo3"". Instagram. Retrieved 14 November 2022. ^ a b Crespo, Irene (18 March 2021). "'Sky Rojo': purpurina y polvo en el desierto de Tenerife". Traveler. ^ "'Sky Rojo' Season 1 Summary & Ending - Breakthrough To Freedom \| DMT". Digital Mafia Talkies. 21 March 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021. ^ Wilson, Jonathon (19 March 2021). "Sky Rojo season 1, episode 4 recap – "Sex and Blood"". Ready Steady Cut. Retrieved 25 March 2021. ^ Brockington, Ariana (19 March 2021). "Meet The Cutthroat Cast Of Characters In Netflix's Sky Rojo". Refinery29. Retrieved 19 March 2021. ^ a b Delellis, Trae (16 March 2021). "Netflix's Sky Rojo Offers a Hollow Story in a Neon-Drenched Setting". Miami New Times. Retrieved 19 March 2021. ^ "Sky Rojo". Retrieved 2 March 2021 – via Netflix. ^ "La serie 'Sky Rojo', del creador de 'La Casa de Papel', se rodará en Arico". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 18 November 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2019. ^ "El creador de 'La Casa de Papel' grabará en Castilla-La Mancha su próxima serie, 'Sky Rojo'". vocesdecuenca.com (in Spanish). 8 December 2019. Archived from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019. ^ Cage, Matthew (19 January 2021). "Sky Rojo already has a release date and official trailer". Somag News. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ Hale, Lyra (3 March 2021). "Netflix Drops Official Trailer for Sky Rojo From Money Heist Creators". The Mary Sue. Retrieved 6 March 2021. ^ a b "Sky Rojo – Listings". The Futon Critic. Retrieved 15 January 2022. ^ @skyrojo (12 August 2021). "La persecución final está por llegar. The last chase is coming. #SkyRojo3 próximamente" – via Instagram. ^ @asieretxeandia (12 August 2021). "Confirmado, tras la skyrojomania empezamos en noviembre a rodar la temporada 3" – via Instagram. ^ Martínez, Kiko (11 February 2022). "Rauw Alejandro To Star in Final Season of Netflix's 'Sky Rojo'". Remezcla. Retrieved 13 February 2022. ^ "5 Uplifting Moments in Latin Music This Week (February 12)". Billboard. 12 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022. ^ "Top TV Shows on Netflix in the World on March 22, 2021". FlixPatrol. Retrieved 22 March 2021. ^ "Sky Rojo ". FlixPatrol. Retrieved 22 March 2021. ^ Scott, Sheena (25 March 2021). "'Sky Rojo' Outperformed Disney+ 'The Falcon And The Winter Soldier' In Spain". Forbes. Retrieved 30 March 2021. ^ a b "Sky Rojo: Season 1". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 26 March 2021. ^ Camacho, Melissa. "Sky Rojo TV Review". Common Sense Media. Retrieved 25 March 2021. ^ Srinivas, Siddarth (20 March 2021). "Sky Rojo Review". LetsOTT. Retrieved 21 March 2021. ^ a b c McMahon, James (18 March 2021). "'Sky Rojo' review: pulpy thriller from the creators of 'Money Heist'". NME. Retrieved 19 March 2021. ^ a b c Craig, David (15 March 2021). "Sky Rojo review: Money Heist creator delivers another exciting and darkly comedic crime drama". Radio Times. Retrieved 19 March 2021. ^ Nickinson, Phil (19 March 2021). "'Sky Rojo' review: Escape has its price". WhatTowatch.com. Retrieved 20 March 2021. ^ a b Vincentelli, Elizabeth (19 March 2021). "Can the Makers of 'Money Heist' Mint Another Hit With 'Sky Rojo'?". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 March 2021. ^ a b Ettenhofer, Valerie (16 March 2021). "The Netflix Drama Series 'Sky Rojo' Delivers Pulpy Thrills". Film School Rejects. Retrieved 19 March 2021. ^ "'Sky Rojo', otra coartada para el machismo y la violencia". El País (in Spanish). 19 March 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021. ^ Cobb, Keyla (18 March 2021). "If You Love 'Money Heist' You'll Love 'Sky Rojo'". Decider. Retrieved 19 March 2021. 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Red Leatherette)[3] is a Spanish black comedy action drama television series, created by Álex Pina and Esther Martínez Lobato [es]. The series traces three prostitutes who flee from their pimp. According to the creators, the series shows \"the impunity, ambiguity and brutal reality of prostitution, and the psychological portraits of those on both sides of the scale.\"[1] Pina and Martínez Lobato have described the series as \"Latin pulp.\"Produced by Vancouver Media and distributed by Netflix, the series premiered on 19 March 2021. Two seasons of eight 25-minute episodes each were announced.[1][2] The series' second season premiered on 23 July.[4][5] The third and final season was released on January 13, 2023.[6]","title":"Sky Rojo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimp"},{"link_name":"Tenerife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-traveler-7"},{"link_name":"henchmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henchmen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slanted-2"}],"text":"Coral, Wendy, and Gina, three prostitutes, go on the run in search of freedom while being chased by Romeo, their pimp from Las Novias Club in Tenerife,[7] and his henchmen, Moisés and Christian.[8] Together, the women embark on a frantic, chaotic journey during which they must face dangers of all kinds and live every second as if it were their last, while strengthening their friendship and discovering the most important thing: that together they are stronger and have more options to recover their lives.[2]","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Main cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_cast"},{"link_name":"Recurring cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurring_character"},{"link_name":"Guest cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guest_appearance"}],"text":"Legend\n = Main cast (credited)\n = Recurring cast (2+)\n = Guest cast (1)","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Verónica Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ver%C3%B3nica_S%C3%A1nchez"},{"link_name":"Miguel Ángel Silvestre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Silvestre"},{"link_name":"Asier Etxeandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asier_Etxeandia"},{"link_name":"Lali Espósito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lali_Esp%C3%B3sito"},{"link_name":"lesbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian"},{"link_name":"Villa 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_31"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Yany Prado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yany_Prado"},{"link_name":"Enric Auquer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enric_Auquer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miami_New_Times-11"}],"sub_title":"Main","text":"Verónica Sánchez as Coral, a former biologist who works at Las Novias Club and sees her work as a means to escape from her dark past\nMiguel Ángel Silvestre as Moisés Expósito, one of Romeo's henchmen and Christian's older brother. He recruits women for Romeo and brings them to the club.\nAsier Etxeandia as Romeo, pimp and owner of Las Novias Club\nLali Espósito as Wendy, a lesbian from Buenos Aires. She flees Villa 31 and becomes a sex worker in the brothel to make money so she can provide a better life for herself and her girlfriend.[9]\nYany Prado as Gina, a Cuban woman who was sex-trafficked to the club under the guise of accepting a waitressing job to provide for her young child and ailing mother\nEnric Auquer as Christian Expósito (seasons 1–2), one of Romeo's henchmen and Moisés's younger brother[10][11]","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luisa Vides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luisa_Vides_(actress)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa_Vides_(actriz)"},{"link_name":"Chani Martín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chani_Mart%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chani_Mart%C3%ADn"}],"sub_title":"Recurring","text":"Carmen Santamaría as Charlotte, the club's madam\nCecilia Gómez as Gata, a sex worker at the club\nGodeliv Van den Brandt as Rubí, a sex worker at the club\nPenélope Guerrero as Tsunami, a sex worker at the club\nLuisa Vides [es] as Lupe, a sex worker at the club\nNiko Verona as Cachopo, Romeo's assistant\nChani Martín [es] as Fernando, owner of a motel and client of the club. He has a relationship with Gina.\nPaco Inestrosa as Arcadio\nZac Efron as Xuan\nAntonio Fdez as Tony, barman at Club Las Novias\nDaniel Prim as Walter, barman","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luis Zahera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Zahera"},{"link_name":"Alicia Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alicia_S%C3%A1nchez_(actress)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_S%C3%A1nchez"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elperiodico_191114-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Netflix_Cast-12"},{"link_name":"José Manuel Poga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Poga"}],"sub_title":"Guest","text":"Luis Zahera as Alfredo, veterinarian and client of the club\nDaria Krauzo as Bambi, a sex worker at the club\nAlicia Sánchez [es] as Dolores Expósito, mother of Moisés and Christian\nYanet Sierra as Gina's mother[1][12]\nJosé Manuel Poga as Fermín, a client of the club","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Tenerife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife"},{"link_name":"Álex Pina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lex_Pina"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Chapero-Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Chapero-Jackson"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elperiodico_191114-1"},{"link_name":"Arico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arico"},{"link_name":"Tenerife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eldiario_191118-13"},{"link_name":"Castilla–La Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilla%E2%80%93La_Mancha"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Huerta de Valdecarábanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huerta_de_Valdecar%C3%A1banos"},{"link_name":"province of Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Toledo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-traveler-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slanted-2"},{"link_name":"teaser trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaser_trailer"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Filmed on location in Madrid and Tenerife, Sky Rojo was produced by Vancouver Media for Netflix. Álex Pina and Esther Martínez Lobato are the creators and executive producers of Sky Rojo alongside Jesús Colmenar, with support from co-executive producers David Barrocal, Migue Amoedo and David Victori. The original series is directed by Jesús Colmenar, Óscar Pedraza, David Victori, Albert Pintó, Javier Quintas and Eduardo Chapero-Jackson. The scriptwriting team is made up of Álex Pina, Esther Martínez Lobato, David Barrocal, David Oliva, Javier Gómez Santander, Juan Salvador López and Mercedes Rodrigo. Migue Amoedo has taken the lead as cinematographer alongside David Azcano and David Acereto, while Juan López Olivar and Cristina López Ferraz are heading up production management.Filming began in Madrid on 18 November 2019,[1] and later moved to Arico, Tenerife.[13] Filming was set to move to Castilla–La Mancha in early 2020 and take place there for approximately four months.[14] However, the project was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic and filming continued in October 2020 in Madrid.[15] While set in the south of Tenerife, the shooting location of Las Novias club was an estate near Huerta de Valdecarábanos, province of Toledo.[7]The series is set to last two seasons of eight 25-minutes episodes each. In a joint statement, the creators said: \"We wanted Sky Rojo to have the same frenetic action as always, but to use that 25-minute runtime to underline the dynamic nature of the plot: the getaway, the race for survival. The third act of a movie or an episode is where all the energy converges to produce the most vibrant explosion of all the conflicts that are being narrated. What we set out to do was to make a constant third act, to funnel our entire story through that frenzied energy\".[2]On 19 January 2021, it was announced via a teaser trailer that the series' first season would premiere exactly two months later, on 19 March. The series' official trailer was released on 2 March 2021.[16]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_1_(2021)"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_2_(2021)"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_3_(2023)"}],"text":"SeriesEpisodesOriginally released1819 March 2021 (2021-03-19)2823 July 2021 (2021-07-23)3813 January 2023 (2023-01-13)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1 (2021)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slanted-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Season_2-5"}],"sub_title":"Season 2 (2021)","text":"The second season of Sky Rojo was filmed before the first season even premiered. As with the former, the second season also consisted of eight episodes of around 25-five minutes each.[2] On 29 March 2021, it was announced that the second season would premiere on 23 July 2021.[5]","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Season_3-18"},{"link_name":"Asier Etxeandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asier_Etxeandia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Lali Espósito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lali_Esp%C3%B3sito"},{"link_name":"El Hormiguero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Hormiguero"},{"link_name":"Rauw Alejandro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauw_Alejandro"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Season 3 (2023)","text":"On 12 August 2021, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a third and final season.[18] Asier Etxeandia, who plays Romeo, confirmed that the season was scheduled to begin filming in November 2021.[19] In February 2022, Lali Espósito, who plays Wendy, announced in El Hormiguero that Rauw Alejandro will appear on the third and final season of Sky Rojo.[20][21]","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"Disney+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B"},{"link_name":"The Falcon and the Winter Soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Falcon_and_the_Winter_Soldier"},{"link_name":"TV Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Time"},{"link_name":"subscription video on demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscription_video_on_demand"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"Lali Espósito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lali_Esp%C3%B3sito"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes-24"}],"sub_title":"Public response","text":"During its premiere weekend, Sky Rojo was the fourth most watched show on Netflix globally, and the most watched non-English language show in the world.[22] It also was the most watched show in Argentina, Spain, Brazil, Colombia, Cyprus, the Dominican Republic, Greece, Israel, Jamaica, Paraguay, Switzerland, Turkey, Uruguay, and Venezuela, while reaching the top ten in sixty-one countries.[23]American business magazine Forbes reported that Sky Rojo was the most watched show in Spain the day after its release, outperforming Disney+'s The Falcon and the Winter Soldier (the platform's most-watched series premiere ever during its opening weekend) in that territory. According to TV Time, early performance data for Sky Rojo during its release weekend, from 9 March to 21 March, showed that the series entered the Top 5 for most-watched subscription video on demand originals across key European, Middle Eastern, African and Latin American markets. Sheena Scott of Forbes wrote that \"with Argentine superstar Lali Espósito starring in the series, it is no surprise that Sky Rojo also topped Netflix's chart as the number one TV show in Argentina during its launching weekend\". In the United States and the United Kingdom, however, Sky Rojo never entered the Top 10 TV shows chart on Netflix during its release weekend, despite receiving some favorable reviews from critics.[24]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RT-25"},{"link_name":"Quentin Tarantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_York_Times-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME-28"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FSR-32"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radio_Times-29"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_York_Times-31"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Guardian-3"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME-28"},{"link_name":"El País","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Money Heist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_Heist"},{"link_name":"Decider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decider_(website)"},{"link_name":"Good Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Girls_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Big Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sky_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Fargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargo_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Decider-34"},{"link_name":"Film School Rejects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_School_Rejects"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FSR-32"},{"link_name":"Radio Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radio_Times-29"},{"link_name":"Miami New Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_New_Times"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miami_New_Times-11"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"Sky Rojo was met with a very positive response from critics. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave Sky Rojo an approval rating of 92% based on 13 reviews, with an average rating of 7.4/10.[25] Multiple critics compared the series' cinematography with the films of Quentin Tarantino.[31][28][32][29] Elizabeth Vincentelli of The New York Times described the series as \"sheer excess\" for its \"simultaneously minimal and over the top\" plot.[31] Ellen E. Jones of The Guardian gave the series' first season four stars out of five and wrote: \"Sky Rojo's punchy 25-minute runtime is never long enough to truly try the patience. Those wild cliffhanger endings should have you slamming \"next episode\" faster than Coral slams the accelerator at a busy intersection\".[3] NME's James McMahon gave the show three stars out of five and dubbed the show \"cool\" and \"exciting\", highlighting its \"great music and solid performances\".[28] Juan Sanguno from El País wrote that \"Sky Rojo turns every punch, every humiliation, and every threat into a triumph.\"[33]Sky Rojo often got compared to Money Heist, with which it shared creators. In her review, Keyla Cobb of Decider wrote that those who loved Money Heist will love Sky Rojo since \"both dramas look gorgeously slick, perfectly crumpling their on-the-run characters enough to look worn but still sexy\" while also singling out both shows' convergence in their \"dedication to humanity\". Cobb concluded that \"Sky Rojo feels like a successor to Money Heist\". The reviewer also compared the series to other TV shows like Good Girls, Big Sky and Fargo since they all revolve around \"panicked people who did something wrong and are now being chased by a nefarious force far more powerful than them\".[34]Valerie Ettenhofer of Film School Rejects highlighted Sky Rojo's \"unique blend of dark humor, serious violence, and heightened drama\". However, she wrote that the show is \"neither as deep nor as clever as it thinks it is, but the thriller seems more concerned with being addictive than being perfect, and on that front, it succeeds\". She criticized Moisés and Christian's \"obnoxious amount of screen time\" since \"their frequent scenes are repetitive, unfocused, and not nearly as engaging as anything involving the women they're after\", and that their scenes seem like mere \"attempts to humanize the villains\". Ultimately, Ettenhofer said that \"Sky Rojo's greatest strengths are its lead [actresses and actors]\".[32] David Craig of Radio Times highlighted Verónica Sánchez's \"strong\" performance and gave the show four out of five stars. Craig wrote: \"on paper, Sky Rojo sounds as if it should be a rather bleak affair but, for the most part, the series avoids becoming too heavy by balancing its serious themes with a pulpy sense of humour\".[29] Lali Espósito's performance was also singled out by many critics, with Trae Delellis of Miami New Times dubbing it as \"mesmerizing and affecting\".[11]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Silvestre, Etxeandia y Auquer, en la nueva serie española de Netflix\". elperiodico.com (in Spanish). 14 November 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elperiodico.com/es/tele/20191114/silvestre-etxeandia-auquer-nueva-serie-espanola-netflix-7735750","url_text":"\"Silvestre, Etxeandia y Auquer, en la nueva serie española de Netflix\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Peri%C3%B3dico_de_Catalunya","url_text":"elperiodico.com"}]},{"reference":"Fox, Sarah (19 January 2021). \"'Sky Rojo' Sets March Premiere Date on Netflix\". Slanted. Retrieved 19 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://theslanted.com/2021/01/45589/sky-rojo-series-cast-premeire-date-traile/","url_text":"\"'Sky Rojo' Sets March Premiere Date on Netflix\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Ellen E. (19 March 2021). \"Sky Rojo review – Spanish trafficking drama revels in trashy glamour\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/mar/19/sky-rojo-review-spanish-trafficking-drama-revels-in-trashy-glamour","url_text":"\"Sky Rojo review – Spanish trafficking drama revels in trashy glamour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Sky Rojo: Season 2 \| Date Announcement \| Netflix. 29 March 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnK1zWrJ9c8","url_text":"Sky Rojo: Season 2 \| Date Announcement \| Netflix"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Kasey (29 March 2021). \"'Sky Rojo' Season 2: July 2021 Release Date Set & What To Expect\". What's on Netflix. Retrieved 29 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whats-on-netflix.com/news/sky-rojo-season-2-netflix-renewal-status-release-what-to-expect-03-2021/","url_text":"\"'Sky Rojo' Season 2: July 2021 Release Date Set & What To Expect\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sky Rojo on Instagram: \"Cuanto mayor sea la calma, más salvaje será la tormenta. La persecución final llega a Netflix el 13 de enero. #skyrojo3\"\". Instagram. Retrieved 14 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/reel/Ck8afJbj7kU/","url_text":"\"Sky Rojo on Instagram: \"Cuanto mayor sea la calma, más salvaje será la tormenta. La persecución final llega a Netflix el 13 de enero. #skyrojo3\"\""}]},{"reference":"Crespo, Irene (18 March 2021). \"'Sky Rojo': purpurina y polvo en el desierto de Tenerife\". Traveler.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.traveler.es/experiencias/galerias/sky-rojo-localizaciones-serie-netflix-tenerife/3025/image/160769","url_text":"\"'Sky Rojo': purpurina y polvo en el desierto de Tenerife\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Sky Rojo' Season 1 Summary & Ending - Breakthrough To Freedom \| DMT\". Digital Mafia Talkies. 21 March 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dmtalkies.com/sky-rojo-tv-series-season-1-analysis/","url_text":"\"'Sky Rojo' Season 1 Summary & Ending - Breakthrough To Freedom \| DMT\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Jonathon (19 March 2021). \"Sky Rojo season 1, episode 4 recap – \"Sex and Blood\"\". Ready Steady Cut. Retrieved 25 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://readysteadycut.com/2021/03/19/sky-rojo-season-1-episode-4-sex-and-blood-netflix-recap/","url_text":"\"Sky Rojo season 1, episode 4 recap – \"Sex and Blood\"\""}]},{"reference":"Brockington, Ariana (19 March 2021). \"Meet The Cutthroat Cast Of Characters In Netflix's Sky Rojo\". Refinery29. Retrieved 19 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2021/03/10367405/netflix-sky-rojo-cast-characters-actors","url_text":"\"Meet The Cutthroat Cast Of Characters In Netflix's Sky Rojo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refinery29","url_text":"Refinery29"}]},{"reference":"Delellis, Trae (16 March 2021). \"Netflix's Sky Rojo Offers a Hollow Story in a Neon-Drenched Setting\". Miami New Times. Retrieved 19 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miaminewtimes.com/arts/review-sky-rojo-on-netflix-11976296","url_text":"\"Netflix's Sky Rojo Offers a Hollow Story in a Neon-Drenched Setting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_New_Times","url_text":"Miami New Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Sky Rojo\". Retrieved 2 March 2021 – via Netflix.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.netflix.com/title/81012637","url_text":"\"Sky Rojo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix","url_text":"Netflix"}]},{"reference":"\"La serie 'Sky Rojo', del creador de 'La Casa de Papel', se rodará en Arico\". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 18 November 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eldiario.es/canariasahora/tenerifeahora/cultura/Sky-Rojo-Casa-Papel-Arico_0_964854455.html","url_text":"\"La serie 'Sky Rojo', del creador de 'La Casa de Papel', se rodará en Arico\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldiario.es","url_text":"eldiario.es"}]},{"reference":"\"El creador de 'La Casa de Papel' grabará en Castilla-La Mancha su próxima serie, 'Sky Rojo'\". vocesdecuenca.com (in Spanish). 8 December 2019. Archived from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191208165752/http://vocesdecuenca.com/web/voces-de-cuenca/-/el-creador-de-la-casa-de-papel-grabara-en-castilla-la-mancha-su-proxima-serie-sky-rojo-","url_text":"\"El creador de 'La Casa de Papel' grabará en Castilla-La Mancha su próxima serie, 'Sky Rojo'\""},{"url":"http://vocesdecuenca.com/web/voces-de-cuenca/-/el-creador-de-la-casa-de-papel-grabara-en-castilla-la-mancha-su-proxima-serie-sky-rojo-","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cage, Matthew (19 January 2021). \"Sky Rojo already has a release date and official trailer\". Somag News. Retrieved 19 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.somagnews.com/sky-rojo-already-has-a-release-date-and-official-trailer/","url_text":"\"Sky Rojo already has a release date and official trailer\""}]},{"reference":"Hale, Lyra (3 March 2021). \"Netflix Drops Official Trailer for Sky Rojo From Money Heist Creators\". The Mary Sue. Retrieved 6 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.themarysue.com/netflix-trailer-sky-rojo-money-heist-creators/","url_text":"\"Netflix Drops Official Trailer for Sky Rojo From Money Heist Creators\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mary_Sue","url_text":"The Mary Sue"}]},{"reference":"\"Sky Rojo – Listings\". The Futon Critic. Retrieved 15 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/sky-rojo/listings/","url_text":"\"Sky Rojo – Listings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Futon_Critic","url_text":"The Futon Critic"}]},{"reference":"@skyrojo (12 August 2021). \"La persecución final está por llegar. The last chase is coming. #SkyRojo3 próximamente\" – via Instagram.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CSeeKBHD2ou/","url_text":"\"La persecución final está por llegar. The last chase is coming. #SkyRojo3 próximamente\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram","url_text":"Instagram"}]},{"reference":"@asieretxeandia (12 August 2021). \"Confirmado, tras la skyrojomania empezamos en noviembre a rodar la temporada 3\" – via Instagram.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CSeiSFfCe9g/","url_text":"\"Confirmado, tras la skyrojomania empezamos en noviembre a rodar la temporada 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram","url_text":"Instagram"}]},{"reference":"Martínez, Kiko (11 February 2022). \"Rauw Alejandro To Star in Final Season of Netflix's 'Sky Rojo'\". Remezcla. Retrieved 13 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://remezcla.com/film/rauw-alejandro-netflix-sky-rojo/","url_text":"\"Rauw Alejandro To Star in Final Season of Netflix's 'Sky Rojo'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remezcla","url_text":"Remezcla"}]},{"reference":"\"5 Uplifting Moments in Latin Music This Week (February 12)\". Billboard. 12 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/uplifting-moments-latin-music-february-12-1235030322/","url_text":"\"5 Uplifting Moments in Latin Music This Week (February 12)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Top TV Shows on Netflix in the World on March 22, 2021\". FlixPatrol. Retrieved 22 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://flixpatrol.com/top10/netflix/world/2021-03-22/full#type2","url_text":"\"Top TV Shows on Netflix in the World on March 22, 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sky Rojo [2021]\". FlixPatrol. Retrieved 22 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://flixpatrol.com/title/sky-rojo","url_text":"\"Sky Rojo [2021]\""}]},{"reference":"Scott, Sheena (25 March 2021). \"'Sky Rojo' Outperformed Disney+ 'The Falcon And The Winter Soldier' In Spain\". Forbes. Retrieved 30 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/sheenascott/2021/03/25/this-series-outperformed-disney-the-falcon-and-the-winter-soldier-in-spain/?sh=2be7a5d24f0f","url_text":"\"'Sky Rojo' Outperformed Disney+ 'The Falcon And The Winter Soldier' In Spain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"\"Sky Rojo: Season 1\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 26 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/sky_rojo/s01","url_text":"\"Sky Rojo: Season 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"Camacho, Melissa. \"Sky Rojo TV Review\". Common Sense Media. Retrieved 25 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/sky-rojo","url_text":"\"Sky Rojo TV Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Sense_Media","url_text":"Common Sense Media"}]},{"reference":"Srinivas, Siddarth (20 March 2021). \"Sky Rojo Review\". LetsOTT. Retrieved 21 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.letsott.com/sky-rojo-review/","url_text":"\"Sky Rojo Review\""}]},{"reference":"McMahon, James (18 March 2021). \"'Sky Rojo' review: pulpy thriller from the creators of 'Money Heist'\". NME. Retrieved 19 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/reviews/tv-reviews/sky-rojo-review-netflix-2904267","url_text":"\"'Sky Rojo' review: pulpy thriller from the creators of 'Money Heist'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"Craig, David (15 March 2021). \"Sky Rojo review: Money Heist creator delivers another exciting and darkly comedic crime drama\". Radio Times. Retrieved 19 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/sky-rojo-review-netflix/","url_text":"\"Sky Rojo review: Money Heist creator delivers another exciting and darkly comedic crime drama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times","url_text":"Radio Times"}]},{"reference":"Nickinson, Phil (19 March 2021). \"'Sky Rojo' review: Escape has its price\". WhatTowatch.com. Retrieved 20 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whattowatch.com/reviews/sky-rojo-review-escape-has-its-price","url_text":"\"'Sky Rojo' review: Escape has its price\""}]},{"reference":"Vincentelli, Elizabeth (19 March 2021). \"Can the Makers of 'Money Heist' Mint Another Hit With 'Sky Rojo'?\". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/19/arts/television/sky-rojo-money-heist-netflix.html","url_text":"\"Can the Makers of 'Money Heist' Mint Another Hit With 'Sky Rojo'?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Ettenhofer, Valerie (16 March 2021). \"The Netflix Drama Series 'Sky Rojo' Delivers Pulpy Thrills\". Film School Rejects. Retrieved 19 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://filmschoolrejects.com/sky-rojo-review/","url_text":"\"The Netflix Drama Series 'Sky Rojo' Delivers Pulpy Thrills\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_School_Rejects","url_text":"Film School Rejects"}]},{"reference":"\"'Sky Rojo', otra coartada para el machismo y la violencia\". El País (in Spanish). 19 March 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://elpais.com/television/2021-03-19/sky-rojo-otra-coartada-para-el-machismo-y-la-violencia.html","url_text":"\"'Sky Rojo', otra coartada para el machismo y la violencia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs","url_text":"El País"}]},{"reference":"Cobb, Keyla (18 March 2021). \"If You Love 'Money Heist' You'll Love 'Sky Rojo'\". Decider. Retrieved 19 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://decider.com/2021/03/18/sky-rojo-netflix-review/","url_text":"\"If You Love 'Money Heist' You'll Love 'Sky Rojo'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decider_(website)","url_text":"Decider"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.elperiodico.com/es/tele/20191114/silvestre-etxeandia-auquer-nueva-serie-espanola-netflix-7735750","external_links_name":"\"Silvestre, Etxeandia y Auquer, en la nueva serie española de Netflix\""},{"Link":"https://theslanted.com/2021/01/45589/sky-rojo-series-cast-premeire-date-traile/","external_links_name":"\"'Sky Rojo' Sets March Premiere Date on Netflix\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/mar/19/sky-rojo-review-spanish-trafficking-drama-revels-in-trashy-glamour","external_links_name":"\"Sky Rojo review – Spanish trafficking drama revels in trashy glamour\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnK1zWrJ9c8","external_links_name":"Sky Rojo: Season 2 \| Date Announcement \| Netflix"},{"Link":"https://www.whats-on-netflix.com/news/sky-rojo-season-2-netflix-renewal-status-release-what-to-expect-03-2021/","external_links_name":"\"'Sky Rojo' Season 2: July 2021 Release Date Set & What To Expect\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/reel/Ck8afJbj7kU/","external_links_name":"\"Sky Rojo on Instagram: \"Cuanto mayor sea la calma, más salvaje será la tormenta. La persecución final llega a Netflix el 13 de enero. #skyrojo3\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.traveler.es/experiencias/galerias/sky-rojo-localizaciones-serie-netflix-tenerife/3025/image/160769","external_links_name":"\"'Sky Rojo': purpurina y polvo en el desierto de Tenerife\""},{"Link":"https://dmtalkies.com/sky-rojo-tv-series-season-1-analysis/","external_links_name":"\"'Sky Rojo' Season 1 Summary & Ending - Breakthrough To Freedom \| DMT\""},{"Link":"https://readysteadycut.com/2021/03/19/sky-rojo-season-1-episode-4-sex-and-blood-netflix-recap/","external_links_name":"\"Sky Rojo season 1, episode 4 recap – \"Sex and Blood\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2021/03/10367405/netflix-sky-rojo-cast-characters-actors","external_links_name":"\"Meet The Cutthroat Cast Of Characters In Netflix's Sky Rojo\""},{"Link":"https://www.miaminewtimes.com/arts/review-sky-rojo-on-netflix-11976296","external_links_name":"\"Netflix's Sky Rojo Offers a Hollow Story in a Neon-Drenched Setting\""},{"Link":"https://www.netflix.com/title/81012637","external_links_name":"\"Sky Rojo\""},{"Link":"https://www.eldiario.es/canariasahora/tenerifeahora/cultura/Sky-Rojo-Casa-Papel-Arico_0_964854455.html","external_links_name":"\"La serie 'Sky Rojo', del creador de 'La Casa de Papel', se rodará en Arico\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191208165752/http://vocesdecuenca.com/web/voces-de-cuenca/-/el-creador-de-la-casa-de-papel-grabara-en-castilla-la-mancha-su-proxima-serie-sky-rojo-","external_links_name":"\"El creador de 'La Casa de Papel' grabará en Castilla-La Mancha su próxima serie, 'Sky Rojo'\""},{"Link":"http://vocesdecuenca.com/web/voces-de-cuenca/-/el-creador-de-la-casa-de-papel-grabara-en-castilla-la-mancha-su-proxima-serie-sky-rojo-","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.somagnews.com/sky-rojo-already-has-a-release-date-and-official-trailer/","external_links_name":"\"Sky Rojo already has a release date and official trailer\""},{"Link":"https://www.themarysue.com/netflix-trailer-sky-rojo-money-heist-creators/","external_links_name":"\"Netflix Drops Official Trailer for Sky Rojo From Money Heist Creators\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/sky-rojo/listings/","external_links_name":"\"Sky Rojo – Listings\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CSeeKBHD2ou/","external_links_name":"\"La persecución final está por llegar. The last chase is coming. #SkyRojo3 próximamente\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CSeiSFfCe9g/","external_links_name":"\"Confirmado, tras la skyrojomania empezamos en noviembre a rodar la temporada 3\""},{"Link":"https://remezcla.com/film/rauw-alejandro-netflix-sky-rojo/","external_links_name":"\"Rauw Alejandro To Star in Final Season of Netflix's 'Sky Rojo'\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/uplifting-moments-latin-music-february-12-1235030322/","external_links_name":"\"5 Uplifting Moments in Latin Music This Week (February 12)\""},{"Link":"https://flixpatrol.com/top10/netflix/world/2021-03-22/full#type2","external_links_name":"\"Top TV Shows on Netflix in the World on March 22, 2021\""},{"Link":"https://flixpatrol.com/title/sky-rojo","external_links_name":"\"Sky Rojo [2021]\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/sheenascott/2021/03/25/this-series-outperformed-disney-the-falcon-and-the-winter-soldier-in-spain/?sh=2be7a5d24f0f","external_links_name":"\"'Sky Rojo' Outperformed Disney+ 'The Falcon And The Winter Soldier' In Spain\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/sky_rojo/s01","external_links_name":"\"Sky Rojo: Season 1\""},{"Link":"https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/sky-rojo","external_links_name":"\"Sky Rojo TV Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.letsott.com/sky-rojo-review/","external_links_name":"\"Sky Rojo Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/reviews/tv-reviews/sky-rojo-review-netflix-2904267","external_links_name":"\"'Sky Rojo' review: pulpy thriller from the creators of 'Money Heist'\""},{"Link":"https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/sky-rojo-review-netflix/","external_links_name":"\"Sky Rojo review: Money Heist creator delivers another exciting and darkly comedic crime drama\""},{"Link":"https://www.whattowatch.com/reviews/sky-rojo-review-escape-has-its-price","external_links_name":"\"'Sky Rojo' review: Escape has its price\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/19/arts/television/sky-rojo-money-heist-netflix.html","external_links_name":"\"Can the Makers of 'Money Heist' Mint Another Hit With 'Sky Rojo'?\""},{"Link":"https://filmschoolrejects.com/sky-rojo-review/","external_links_name":"\"The Netflix Drama Series 'Sky Rojo' Delivers Pulpy Thrills\""},{"Link":"https://elpais.com/television/2021-03-19/sky-rojo-otra-coartada-para-el-machismo-y-la-violencia.html","external_links_name":"\"'Sky Rojo', otra coartada para el machismo y la violencia\""},{"Link":"https://decider.com/2021/03/18/sky-rojo-netflix-review/","external_links_name":"\"If You Love 'Money Heist' You'll Love 'Sky Rojo'\""},{"Link":"https://www.netflix.com/title/81012637","external_links_name":"Sky Rojo"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8690776/","external_links_name":"Sky Rojo"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janine_Cirincione	Janine Cirincione	["1 References"]	American curator and multimedia artist Janine CirincioneBornJanine Cirincione1961United StatesNationalityAmericanNotable workDark Decor Possible Worlds Through the Looking Glass: Arttsts' First Encounter with Virtual Reality School DaysSpouseMichael Ferraro Janine Cirincione (born 1961) is an American curator and multimedia artist. She is the co-director of Sean Kelly Gallery and was formerly the director of the Tilton Gallery where she curated “School Days” in 2006 and “Through the Looking Glass: Artists’ First Encounters with Virtual Reality” in 1992. From 1993-1994, she was an artist in residence at the Wexner Center for the Arts along with Brian D'Amato and Michael Ferraro. Her project, "Real Life," (2001) created 2D animated characters which reacted to the real world of the gallery environment via sensors. Cirincione has also been the president of content development at PossibleWorlds. References ^ Gehman, George (October 10, 1999). "Worlds Together Husband And Wife Create Interactive Fun For All In Allentown Exhibit". The Morning Call. Retrieved 6 September 2016. ^ "Dark Decor". Curators International. Retrieved 6 September 2016. ^ Traster, Tina (August 6, 2001). "Digital animator draws up plan to reach black ink". Crains New York Business. Retrieved 6 September 2016. ^ Smith, Roberta (July 24, 2014). "Clash of the Items, at a Gallery Near You". The New York Times. Retrieved September 5, 2016. ^ Myers, Holly (October 11, 2002). "Playing With Video Games and Other Present Fixations". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 6 September 2016. ^ Ruescher, Scott (September 1, 2003). "Deafening Dissonance". ArtsEditor. Retrieved 6 September 2016. ^ "Sean Kelly Gallery". Sean Kelly Gallery. Retrieved 17 July 2016. ^ Weiss, Haley (January 13, 2016). "Ilse D'Hollander's Emotional Appeal". Interview. Retrieved 6 September 2016. ^ "Artists in Their Youth". No. February 27, 2006. New Yorker. Retrieved 17 July 2016. ^ Hagen, Charles (July 5, 1992). "Virtual Reality: Is It Art Yet?". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 July 2016. ^ "Artist Residencies". Wexner Center for the Arts. Retrieved 17 July 2016. ^ Doyle, Audrey (July 2001). "Reality Art". Computer Graphics World. 24 (7): 62. Retrieved 6 September 2016 – via EBSCOhost. ^ Jacobs, Heather (20 April 2001). "Character Development". Shoot. 42 (15): 39. Retrieved 6 September 2016 – via EBSCOhost. This article about an artist from the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"curator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curator"},{"link_name":"multimedia artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_artist"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sean Kelly Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Kelly_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Wexner Center for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexner_Center_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Brian D'Amato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_D%27Amato"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"sensors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Janine Cirincione (born 1961) is an American curator and multimedia artist.[4][5][6] She is the co-director of Sean Kelly Gallery[7][8] and was formerly the director of the Tilton Gallery where she curated “School Days” in 2006[9] and “Through the Looking Glass: Artists’ First Encounters with Virtual Reality”[10] in 1992. From 1993-1994, she was an artist in residence at the Wexner Center for the Arts along with Brian D'Amato and Michael Ferraro.[11] Her project, \"Real Life,\" (2001) created 2D animated characters which reacted to the real world of the gallery environment via sensors.[12] Cirincione has also been the president of content development at PossibleWorlds.[13]","title":"Janine Cirincione"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Gehman, George (October 10, 1999). \"Worlds Together Husband And Wife Create Interactive Fun For All In Allentown Exhibit\". The Morning Call. Retrieved 6 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.mcall.com/1999-10-10/entertainment/3281658_1_worlds-joystick-virtual","url_text":"\"Worlds Together Husband And Wife Create Interactive Fun For All In Allentown Exhibit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dark Decor\". Curators International. Retrieved 6 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://curatorsintl.org/exhibitions/dark-decor","url_text":"\"Dark Decor\""}]},{"reference":"Traster, Tina (August 6, 2001). \"Digital animator draws up plan to reach black ink\". Crains New York Business. Retrieved 6 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20010806/SMALLBIZ/108060720/digital-animator-draws-up-plan-to-reach-black-ink","url_text":"\"Digital animator draws up plan to reach black ink\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Roberta (July 24, 2014). \"Clash of the Items, at a Gallery Near You\". The New York Times. Retrieved September 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/25/arts/design/exhibitions-at-sean-kelly-pavel-zoubok-and-salon-94.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Clash of the Items, at a Gallery Near You\""}]},{"reference":"Myers, Holly (October 11, 2002). \"Playing With Video Games and Other Present Fixations\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 6 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2002/oct/11/entertainment/et-myers11","url_text":"\"Playing With Video Games and Other Present Fixations\""}]},{"reference":"Ruescher, Scott (September 1, 2003). \"Deafening Dissonance\". ArtsEditor. Retrieved 6 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://artseditor.com/site/deafening-dissonance/","url_text":"\"Deafening Dissonance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sean Kelly Gallery\". Sean Kelly Gallery. Retrieved 17 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skny.com/gallery","url_text":"\"Sean Kelly Gallery\""}]},{"reference":"Weiss, Haley (January 13, 2016). \"Ilse D'Hollander's Emotional Appeal\". Interview. Retrieved 6 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/ilse-dhollander-sean-kelly","url_text":"\"Ilse D'Hollander's Emotional Appeal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Artists in Their Youth\". No. February 27, 2006. New Yorker. Retrieved 17 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/02/27/artists-in-their-youth","url_text":"\"Artists in Their Youth\""}]},{"reference":"Hagen, Charles (July 5, 1992). \"Virtual Reality: Is It Art Yet?\". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/05/arts/art-view-virtual-reality-is-it-art-yet.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"Virtual Reality: Is It Art Yet?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Artist Residencies\". Wexner Center for the Arts. Retrieved 17 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://wexarts.org/about/creative-laboratory","url_text":"\"Artist Residencies\""}]},{"reference":"Doyle, Audrey (July 2001). \"Reality Art\". Computer Graphics World. 24 (7): 62. Retrieved 6 September 2016 – via EBSCOhost.","urls":[{"url":"http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&AN=4815467&site=ehost-live","url_text":"\"Reality Art\""}]},{"reference":"Jacobs, Heather (20 April 2001). \"Character Development\". Shoot. 42 (15): 39. Retrieved 6 September 2016 – via EBSCOhost.","urls":[{"url":"http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=4613285&site=ehost-live","url_text":"\"Character Development\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://articles.mcall.com/1999-10-10/entertainment/3281658_1_worlds-joystick-virtual","external_links_name":"\"Worlds Together Husband And Wife Create Interactive Fun For All In Allentown Exhibit\""},{"Link":"http://curatorsintl.org/exhibitions/dark-decor","external_links_name":"\"Dark Decor\""},{"Link":"http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20010806/SMALLBIZ/108060720/digital-animator-draws-up-plan-to-reach-black-ink","external_links_name":"\"Digital animator draws up plan to reach black ink\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/25/arts/design/exhibitions-at-sean-kelly-pavel-zoubok-and-salon-94.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Clash of the Items, at a Gallery Near You\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2002/oct/11/entertainment/et-myers11","external_links_name":"\"Playing With Video Games and Other Present Fixations\""},{"Link":"http://artseditor.com/site/deafening-dissonance/","external_links_name":"\"Deafening Dissonance\""},{"Link":"http://www.skny.com/gallery","external_links_name":"\"Sean Kelly Gallery\""},{"Link":"http://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/ilse-dhollander-sean-kelly","external_links_name":"\"Ilse D'Hollander's Emotional Appeal\""},{"Link":"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/02/27/artists-in-their-youth","external_links_name":"\"Artists in Their Youth\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/05/arts/art-view-virtual-reality-is-it-art-yet.html?pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"\"Virtual Reality: Is It Art Yet?\""},{"Link":"http://wexarts.org/about/creative-laboratory","external_links_name":"\"Artist Residencies\""},{"Link":"http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&AN=4815467&site=ehost-live","external_links_name":"\"Reality Art\""},{"Link":"http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=4613285&site=ehost-live","external_links_name":"\"Character Development\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janine_Cirincione&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_orthonormal_basis	Orthonormal basis	["1 Examples","2 Basic formula","3 Incomplete orthogonal sets","4 Existence","5 Choice of basis as a choice of isomorphism","6 As a principal homogeneous space","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Specific linear basis (mathematics) In mathematics, particularly linear algebra, an orthonormal basis for an inner product space V {\displaystyle V} with finite dimension is a basis for V {\displaystyle V} whose vectors are orthonormal, that is, they are all unit vectors and orthogonal to each other. For example, the standard basis for a Euclidean space R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} is an orthonormal basis, where the relevant inner product is the dot product of vectors. The image of the standard basis under a rotation or reflection (or any orthogonal transformation) is also orthonormal, and every orthonormal basis for R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} arises in this fashion. For a general inner product space V , {\displaystyle V,} an orthonormal basis can be used to define normalized orthogonal coordinates on V . {\displaystyle V.} Under these coordinates, the inner product becomes a dot product of vectors. Thus the presence of an orthonormal basis reduces the study of a finite-dimensional inner product space to the study of R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} under the dot product. Every finite-dimensional inner product space has an orthonormal basis, which may be obtained from an arbitrary basis using the Gram–Schmidt process. In functional analysis, the concept of an orthonormal basis can be generalized to arbitrary (infinite-dimensional) inner product spaces. Given a pre-Hilbert space H , {\displaystyle H,} an orthonormal basis for H {\displaystyle H} is an orthonormal set of vectors with the property that every vector in H {\displaystyle H} can be written as an infinite linear combination of the vectors in the basis. In this case, the orthonormal basis is sometimes called a Hilbert basis for H . {\displaystyle H.} Note that an orthonormal basis in this sense is not generally a Hamel basis, since infinite linear combinations are required. Specifically, the linear span of the basis must be dense in H , {\displaystyle H,} although not necessarily the entire space. If we go on to Hilbert spaces, a non-orthonormal set of vectors having the same linear span as an orthonormal basis may not be a basis at all. For instance, any square-integrable function on the interval [ − 1 , 1 ] {\displaystyle } can be expressed (almost everywhere) as an infinite sum of Legendre polynomials (an orthonormal basis), but not necessarily as an infinite sum of the monomials x n . {\displaystyle x^{n}.} A different generalisation is to pseudo-inner product spaces, finite-dimensional vector spaces M {\displaystyle M} equipped with a non-degenerate symmetric bilinear form known as the metric tensor. In such a basis, the metric takes the form diag ( + 1 , ⋯ , + 1 , − 1 , ⋯ , − 1 ) {\displaystyle {\text{diag}}(+1,\cdots ,+1,-1,\cdots ,-1)} with p {\displaystyle p} positive ones and q {\displaystyle q} negative ones. Examples For R 3 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} , the set of vectors { e 1 = ( 1 0 0 ) , e 2 = ( 0 1 0 ) , e 3 = ( 0 0 1 ) } , {\displaystyle \left\{\mathbf {e_{1}} ={\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0\end{pmatrix}}\ ,\ \mathbf {e_{2}} ={\begin{pmatrix}0&1&0\end{pmatrix}}\ ,\ \mathbf {e_{3}} ={\begin{pmatrix}0&0&1\end{pmatrix}}\right\},} is called the standard basis and forms an orthonormal basis of R 3 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} with respect to the standard dot product. Note that both the standard basis and standard dot product rely on viewing R 3 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} as the Cartesian product R × R × R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \times \mathbb {R} \times \mathbb {R} } Proof: A straightforward computation shows that the inner products of these vectors equals zero, ⟨ e 1 , e 2 ⟩ = ⟨ e 1 , e 3 ⟩ = ⟨ e 2 , e 3 ⟩ = 0 {\displaystyle \left\langle \mathbf {e_{1}} ,\mathbf {e_{2}} \right\rangle =\left\langle \mathbf {e_{1}} ,\mathbf {e_{3}} \right\rangle =\left\langle \mathbf {e_{2}} ,\mathbf {e_{3}} \right\rangle =0} and that each of their magnitudes equals one, ‖ e 1 ‖ = ‖ e 2 ‖ = ‖ e 3 ‖ = 1. {\displaystyle \left\\|\mathbf {e_{1}} \right\\|=\left\\|\mathbf {e_{2}} \right\\|=\left\\|\mathbf {e_{3}} \right\\|=1.} This means that { e 1 , e 2 , e 3 } {\displaystyle \left\{\mathbf {e_{1}} ,\mathbf {e_{2}} ,\mathbf {e_{3}} \right\}} is an orthonormal set. All vectors ( x , y , z ) ∈ R 3 {\displaystyle (\mathbf {x} ,\mathbf {y} ,\mathbf {z} )\in \mathbb {R} ^{3}} can be expressed as a sum of the basis vectors scaled ( x , y , z ) = x e 1 + y e 2 + z e 3 , {\displaystyle (\mathbf {x} ,\mathbf {y} ,\mathbf {z} )=\mathbf {xe_{1}} +\mathbf {ye_{2}} +\mathbf {ze_{3}} ,} so { e 1 , e 2 , e 3 } {\displaystyle \left\{\mathbf {e_{1}} ,\mathbf {e_{2}} ,\mathbf {e_{3}} \right\}} spans R 3 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} and hence must be a basis. It may also be shown that the standard basis rotated about an axis through the origin or reflected in a plane through the origin also forms an orthonormal basis of R 3 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} . For R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} , the standard basis and inner product are similarly defined. Any other orthonormal basis is related to the standard basis by an orthogonal transformation in the group O(n). For pseudo-Euclidean space R p , q , {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{p,q},} , an orthogonal basis { e μ } {\displaystyle \{e_{\mu }\}} with metric η {\displaystyle \eta } instead satisfies η ( e μ , e ν ) = 0 {\displaystyle \eta (e_{\mu },e_{\nu })=0} if μ ≠ ν {\displaystyle \mu \neq \nu } , η ( e μ , e μ ) = + 1 {\displaystyle \eta (e_{\mu },e_{\mu })=+1} if 1 ≤ μ ≤ p {\displaystyle 1\leq \mu \leq p} , and η ( e μ , e μ ) = − 1 {\displaystyle \eta (e_{\mu },e_{\mu })=-1} if p + 1 ≤ μ ≤ p + q {\displaystyle p+1\leq \mu \leq p+q} . Any two orthonormal bases are related by a pseudo-orthogonal transformation. In the case ( p , q ) = ( 1 , 3 ) {\displaystyle (p,q)=(1,3)} , these are Lorentz transformations. The set { f n : n ∈ Z } {\displaystyle \left\{f_{n}:n\in \mathbb {Z} \right\}} with f n ( x ) = exp ⁡ ( 2 π i n x ) , {\displaystyle f_{n}(x)=\exp(2\pi inx),} where exp {\displaystyle \exp } denotes the exponential function, forms an orthonormal basis of the space of functions with finite Lebesgue integrals, L 2 ( [ 0 , 1 ] ) , {\displaystyle L^{2}(),} with respect to the 2-norm. This is fundamental to the study of Fourier series. The set { e b : b ∈ B } {\displaystyle \left\{e_{b}:b\in B\right\}} with e b ( c ) = 1 {\displaystyle e_{b}(c)=1} if b = c {\displaystyle b=c} and e b ( c ) = 0 {\displaystyle e_{b}(c)=0} otherwise forms an orthonormal basis of ℓ 2 ( B ) . {\displaystyle \ell ^{2}(B).} Eigenfunctions of a Sturm–Liouville eigenproblem. The column vectors of an orthogonal matrix form an orthonormal set. Basic formula If B {\displaystyle B} is an orthogonal basis of H , {\displaystyle H,} then every element x ∈ H {\displaystyle x\in H} may be written as x = ∑ b ∈ B ⟨ x , b ⟩ ‖ b ‖ 2 b . {\displaystyle x=\sum _{b\in B}{\frac {\langle x,b\rangle }{\lVert b\rVert ^{2}}}b.} When B {\displaystyle B} is orthonormal, this simplifies to x = ∑ b ∈ B ⟨ x , b ⟩ b {\displaystyle x=\sum _{b\in B}\langle x,b\rangle b} and the square of the norm of x {\displaystyle x} can be given by ‖ x ‖ 2 = ∑ b ∈ B \| ⟨ x , b ⟩ \| 2 . {\displaystyle \\|x\\|^{2}=\sum _{b\in B}\|\langle x,b\rangle \|^{2}.} Even if B {\displaystyle B} is uncountable, only countably many terms in this sum will be non-zero, and the expression is therefore well-defined. This sum is also called the Fourier expansion of x , {\displaystyle x,} and the formula is usually known as Parseval's identity. If B {\displaystyle B} is an orthonormal basis of H , {\displaystyle H,} then H {\displaystyle H} is isomorphic to ℓ 2 ( B ) {\displaystyle \ell ^{2}(B)} in the following sense: there exists a bijective linear map Φ : H → ℓ 2 ( B ) {\displaystyle \Phi :H\to \ell ^{2}(B)} such that ⟨ Φ ( x ) , Φ ( y ) ⟩ = ⟨ x , y ⟩ ∀ x , y ∈ H . {\displaystyle \langle \Phi (x),\Phi (y)\rangle =\langle x,y\rangle \ \ \forall \ x,y\in H.} Incomplete orthogonal sets Given a Hilbert space H {\displaystyle H} and a set S {\displaystyle S} of mutually orthogonal vectors in H , {\displaystyle H,} we can take the smallest closed linear subspace V {\displaystyle V} of H {\displaystyle H} containing S . {\displaystyle S.} Then S {\displaystyle S} will be an orthogonal basis of V ; {\displaystyle V;} which may of course be smaller than H {\displaystyle H} itself, being an incomplete orthogonal set, or be H , {\displaystyle H,} when it is a complete orthogonal set. Existence Using Zorn's lemma and the Gram–Schmidt process (or more simply well-ordering and transfinite recursion), one can show that every Hilbert space admits an orthonormal basis; furthermore, any two orthonormal bases of the same space have the same cardinality (this can be proven in a manner akin to that of the proof of the usual dimension theorem for vector spaces, with separate cases depending on whether the larger basis candidate is countable or not). A Hilbert space is separable if and only if it admits a countable orthonormal basis. (One can prove this last statement without using the axiom of choice.) Choice of basis as a choice of isomorphism For concreteness we discuss orthonormal bases for a real, n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional vector space V {\displaystyle V} with a positive definite symmetric bilinear form ϕ = ⟨ ⋅ , ⋅ ⟩ {\displaystyle \phi =\langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle } . One way to view an orthonormal basis with respect to ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is as a set of vectors B = { e i } {\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}=\{e_{i}\}} , which allow us to write v = v i e i ∀ v ∈ V {\displaystyle v=v^{i}e_{i}\ \ \forall \ v\in V} , and v i ∈ R {\displaystyle v^{i}\in \mathbb {R} } or ( v i ) ∈ R n {\displaystyle (v^{i})\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}} . With respect to this basis, the components of ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } are particularly simple: ϕ ( e i , e j ) = δ i j {\displaystyle \phi (e_{i},e_{j})=\delta _{ij}} (where δ i j {\displaystyle \delta _{ij}} is the Kronecker delta). We can now view the basis as a map ψ B : V → R n {\displaystyle \psi _{\mathcal {B}}:V\rightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{n}} which is an isomorphism of inner product spaces: to make this more explicit we can write ψ B : ( V , ϕ ) → ( R n , δ i j ) . {\displaystyle \psi _{\mathcal {B}}:(V,\phi )\rightarrow (\mathbb {R} ^{n},\delta _{ij}).} Explicitly we can write ( ψ B ( v ) ) i = e i ( v ) = ϕ ( e i , v ) {\displaystyle (\psi _{\mathcal {B}}(v))^{i}=e^{i}(v)=\phi (e_{i},v)} where e i {\displaystyle e^{i}} is the dual basis element to e i {\displaystyle e_{i}} . The inverse is a component map C B : R n → V , ( v i ) ↦ ∑ i = 1 n v i e i . {\displaystyle C_{\mathcal {B}}:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\rightarrow V,(v^{i})\mapsto \sum _{i=1}^{n}v^{i}e_{i}.} These definitions make it manifest that there is a bijection { Space of orthogonal bases B } ↔ { Space of isomorphisms V ↔ R n } . {\displaystyle \{{\text{Space of orthogonal bases }}{\mathcal {B}}\}\leftrightarrow \{{\text{Space of isomorphisms }}V\leftrightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{n}\}.} The space of isomorphisms admits actions of orthogonal groups at either the V {\displaystyle V} side or the R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} side. For concreteness we fix the isomorphisms to point in the direction R n → V {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}\rightarrow V} , and consider the space of such maps, Iso ( R n → V ) {\displaystyle {\text{Iso}}(\mathbb {R} ^{n}\rightarrow V)} . This space admits a left action by the group of isometries of V {\displaystyle V} , that is, R ∈ GL ( V ) {\displaystyle R\in {\text{GL}}(V)} such that ϕ ( ⋅ , ⋅ ) = ϕ ( R ⋅ , R ⋅ ) {\displaystyle \phi (\cdot ,\cdot )=\phi (R\cdot ,R\cdot )} , with the action given by composition: R ∗ C = R ∘ C . {\displaystyle RC=R\circ C.} This space also admits a right action by the group of isometries of R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} , that is, R i j ∈ O ( n ) ⊂ Mat n × n ( R ) {\displaystyle R_{ij}\in {\text{O}}(n)\subset {\text{Mat}}_{n\times n}(\mathbb {R} )} , with the action again given by composition: C ∗ R i j = C ∘ R i j {\displaystyle CR_{ij}=C\circ R_{ij}} . As a principal homogeneous space Main article: Stiefel manifold The set of orthonormal bases for R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} with the standard inner product is a principal homogeneous space or G-torsor for the orthogonal group G = O ( n ) , {\displaystyle G={\text{O}}(n),} and is called the Stiefel manifold V n ( R n ) {\displaystyle V_{n}(\mathbb {R} ^{n})} of orthonormal n {\displaystyle n} -frames. In other words, the space of orthonormal bases is like the orthogonal group, but without a choice of base point: given the space of orthonormal bases, there is no natural choice of orthonormal basis, but once one is given one, there is a one-to-one correspondence between bases and the orthogonal group. Concretely, a linear map is determined by where it sends a given basis: just as an invertible map can take any basis to any other basis, an orthogonal map can take any orthogonal basis to any other orthogonal basis. The other Stiefel manifolds V k ( R n ) {\displaystyle V_{k}(\mathbb {R} ^{n})} for k < n {\displaystyle k<n} of incomplete orthonormal bases (orthonormal k {\displaystyle k} -frames) are still homogeneous spaces for the orthogonal group, but not principal homogeneous spaces: any k {\displaystyle k} -frame can be taken to any other k {\displaystyle k} -frame by an orthogonal map, but this map is not uniquely determined. The set of orthonormal bases for R p , q {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{p,q}} is a G-torsor for G = O ( p , q ) {\displaystyle G={\text{O}}(p,q)} . The set of orthonormal bases for C n {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{n}} is a G-torsor for G = U ( n ) {\displaystyle G={\text{U}}(n)} . The set of orthonormal bases for C p , q {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{p,q}} is a G-torsor for G = U ( p , q ) {\displaystyle G={\text{U}}(p,q)} . The set of right-handed orthonormal bases for R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} is a G-torsor for G = SO ( n ) {\displaystyle G={\text{SO}}(n)} See also Orthogonal basis Basis (linear algebra) – Set of vectors used to define coordinates Orthonormal frame – Euclidean space without distance and angles Schauder basis – Computational tool Total set – subset of a topological vector space whose linear span is densePages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback References ^ Lay, David C. (2006). Linear Algebra and Its Applications (3rd ed.). Addison–Wesley. ISBN 0-321-28713-4. ^ Strang, Gilbert (2006). Linear Algebra and Its Applications (4th ed.). Brooks Cole. ISBN 0-03-010567-6. ^ Axler, Sheldon (2002). Linear Algebra Done Right (2nd ed.). Springer. ISBN 0-387-98258-2. ^ Rudin, Walter (1987). Real & Complex Analysis. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-054234-1. ^ Roman 2008, p. 218, ch. 9. ^ Linear Functional Analysis Authors: Rynne, Bryan, Youngson, M.A. page 79 ^ "CU Faculty". engfac.cooper.edu. Retrieved 2021-04-15. Roman, Stephen (2008). Advanced Linear Algebra. Graduate Texts in Mathematics (Third ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-72828-5. (page 218, ch.9) Rudin, Walter (1991). Functional Analysis. International Series in Pure and Applied Mathematics. Vol. 8 (Second ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math. ISBN 978-0-07-054236-5. OCLC 21163277. 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space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_product_space"},{"link_name":"dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension_(linear_algebra)"},{"link_name":"basis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis_(linear_algebra)"},{"link_name":"orthonormal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthonormal"},{"link_name":"unit vectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_vector"},{"link_name":"orthogonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonality"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"standard basis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_basis"},{"link_name":"Euclidean space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_space"},{"link_name":"dot product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_product"},{"link_name":"image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"reflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"orthogonal transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_transformation"},{"link_name":"orthogonal coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_coordinates"},{"link_name":"finite-dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension_(vector_space)"},{"link_name":"Gram–Schmidt process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%E2%80%93Schmidt_process"},{"link_name":"functional analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_analysis"},{"link_name":"inner product spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_product_space"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"infinite linear combination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_linear_combination"},{"link_name":"Hamel basis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamel_basis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoman2008218ch._9-5"},{"link_name":"linear span","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_span"},{"link_name":"dense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dense_set"},{"link_name":"Hilbert spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_space"},{"link_name":"square-integrable function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square-integrable_function"},{"link_name":"almost everywhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_everywhere"},{"link_name":"Legendre polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendre_polynomials"},{"link_name":"monomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomial"},{"link_name":"symmetric bilinear form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_bilinear_form"},{"link_name":"metric tensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_tensor"}],"text":"In mathematics, particularly linear algebra, an orthonormal basis for an inner product space \n \n \n \n V\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V}\n \n with finite dimension is a basis for \n \n \n \n V\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V}\n \n whose vectors are orthonormal, that is, they are all unit vectors and orthogonal to each other.[1][2][3] For example, the standard basis for a Euclidean space \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\n \n is an orthonormal basis, where the relevant inner product is the dot product of vectors. The image of the standard basis under a rotation or reflection (or any orthogonal transformation) is also orthonormal, and every orthonormal basis for \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\n \n arises in this fashion.For a general inner product space \n \n \n \n V\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V,}\n \n an orthonormal basis can be used to define normalized orthogonal coordinates on \n \n \n \n V\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V.}\n \n Under these coordinates, the inner product becomes a dot product of vectors. Thus the presence of an orthonormal basis reduces the study of a finite-dimensional inner product space to the study of \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\n \n under the dot product. Every finite-dimensional inner product space has an orthonormal basis, which may be obtained from an arbitrary basis using the Gram–Schmidt process.In functional analysis, the concept of an orthonormal basis can be generalized to arbitrary (infinite-dimensional) inner product spaces.[4] Given a pre-Hilbert space \n \n \n \n H\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H,}\n \n an orthonormal basis for \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n is an orthonormal set of vectors with the property that every vector in \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n can be written as an infinite linear combination of the vectors in the basis. In this case, the orthonormal basis is sometimes called a Hilbert basis for \n \n \n \n H\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H.}\n \n Note that an orthonormal basis in this sense is not generally a Hamel basis, since infinite linear combinations are required.[5] Specifically, the linear span of the basis must be dense in \n \n \n \n H\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H,}\n \n although not necessarily the entire space.If we go on to Hilbert spaces, a non-orthonormal set of vectors having the same linear span as an orthonormal basis may not be a basis at all. For instance, any square-integrable function on the interval \n \n \n \n [\n −\n 1\n ,\n 1\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [-1,1]}\n \n can be expressed (almost everywhere) as an infinite sum of Legendre polynomials (an orthonormal basis), but not necessarily as an infinite sum of the monomials \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{n}.}A different generalisation is to pseudo-inner product spaces, finite-dimensional vector spaces \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n equipped with a non-degenerate symmetric bilinear form known as the metric tensor. In such a basis, the metric takes the form \n \n \n \n \n diag\n \n (\n +\n 1\n ,\n ⋯\n ,\n +\n 1\n ,\n −\n 1\n ,\n ⋯\n ,\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{diag}}(+1,\\cdots ,+1,-1,\\cdots ,-1)}\n \n with \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n positive ones and \n \n \n \n q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q}\n \n negative ones.","title":"Orthonormal basis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cartesian product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_product"},{"link_name":"orthogonal transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_transformation"},{"link_name":"pseudo-Euclidean space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Euclidean_space"},{"link_name":"exponential function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_function"},{"link_name":"2-norm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-norm"},{"link_name":"Fourier series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_series"},{"link_name":"Eigenfunctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenfunction"},{"link_name":"Sturm–Liouville eigenproblem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm%E2%80%93Liouville_eigenproblem"},{"link_name":"column vectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_vectors"},{"link_name":"orthogonal matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_matrix"}],"text":"For \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{3}}\n \n, the set of vectors \n \n \n \n \n {\n \n \n \n e\n \n 1\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n e\n \n 2\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n e\n \n 3\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n }\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\{\\mathbf {e_{1}} ={\\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0\\end{pmatrix}}\\ ,\\ \\mathbf {e_{2}} ={\\begin{pmatrix}0&1&0\\end{pmatrix}}\\ ,\\ \\mathbf {e_{3}} ={\\begin{pmatrix}0&0&1\\end{pmatrix}}\\right\\},}\n \n is called the standard basis and forms an orthonormal basis of \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{3}}\n \n with respect to the standard dot product. Note that both the standard basis and standard dot product rely on viewing \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{3}}\n \n as the Cartesian product \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n ×\n \n R\n \n ×\n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} \\times \\mathbb {R} \\times \\mathbb {R} }\n \n\nProof: A straightforward computation shows that the inner products of these vectors equals zero, \n \n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n \n \n e\n \n 1\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n e\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n =\n \n ⟨\n \n \n \n e\n \n 1\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n e\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n =\n \n ⟨\n \n \n \n e\n \n 2\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n e\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\langle \\mathbf {e_{1}} ,\\mathbf {e_{2}} \\right\\rangle =\\left\\langle \\mathbf {e_{1}} ,\\mathbf {e_{3}} \\right\\rangle =\\left\\langle \\mathbf {e_{2}} ,\\mathbf {e_{3}} \\right\\rangle =0}\n \n and that each of their magnitudes equals one, \n \n \n \n \n ‖\n \n \n e\n \n 1\n \n \n \n ‖\n \n =\n \n ‖\n \n \n e\n \n 2\n \n \n \n ‖\n \n =\n \n ‖\n \n \n e\n \n 3\n \n \n \n ‖\n \n =\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\\|\\mathbf {e_{1}} \\right\\\|=\\left\\\|\\mathbf {e_{2}} \\right\\\|=\\left\\\|\\mathbf {e_{3}} \\right\\\|=1.}\n \n This means that \n \n \n \n \n {\n \n \n \n e\n \n 1\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n e\n \n 2\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n e\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n }\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\{\\mathbf {e_{1}} ,\\mathbf {e_{2}} ,\\mathbf {e_{3}} \\right\\}}\n \n is an orthonormal set. All vectors \n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n ,\n \n y\n \n ,\n \n z\n \n )\n ∈\n \n \n R\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\mathbf {x} ,\\mathbf {y} ,\\mathbf {z} )\\in \\mathbb {R} ^{3}}\n \n can be expressed as a sum of the basis vectors scaled \n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n ,\n \n y\n \n ,\n \n z\n \n )\n =\n \n x\n \n e\n \n 1\n \n \n \n +\n \n y\n \n e\n \n 2\n \n \n \n +\n \n z\n \n e\n \n 3\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\mathbf {x} ,\\mathbf {y} ,\\mathbf {z} )=\\mathbf {xe_{1}} +\\mathbf {ye_{2}} +\\mathbf {ze_{3}} ,}\n \n so \n \n \n \n \n {\n \n \n \n e\n \n 1\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n e\n \n 2\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n e\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n }\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\{\\mathbf {e_{1}} ,\\mathbf {e_{2}} ,\\mathbf {e_{3}} \\right\\}}\n \n spans \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{3}}\n \n and hence must be a basis. It may also be shown that the standard basis rotated about an axis through the origin or reflected in a plane through the origin also forms an orthonormal basis of \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{3}}\n \n.\nFor \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\n \n, the standard basis and inner product are similarly defined. Any other orthonormal basis is related to the standard basis by an orthogonal transformation in the group O(n).\nFor pseudo-Euclidean space \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n p\n ,\n q\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{p,q},}\n \n, an orthogonal basis \n \n \n \n {\n \n e\n \n μ\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{e_{\\mu }\\}}\n \n with metric \n \n \n \n η\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\eta }\n \n instead satisfies \n \n \n \n η\n (\n \n e\n \n μ\n \n \n ,\n \n e\n \n ν\n \n \n )\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\eta (e_{\\mu },e_{\\nu })=0}\n \n if \n \n \n \n μ\n ≠\n ν\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu \\neq \\nu }\n \n, \n \n \n \n η\n (\n \n e\n \n μ\n \n \n ,\n \n e\n \n μ\n \n \n )\n =\n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\eta (e_{\\mu },e_{\\mu })=+1}\n \n if \n \n \n \n 1\n ≤\n μ\n ≤\n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1\\leq \\mu \\leq p}\n \n, and \n \n \n \n η\n (\n \n e\n \n μ\n \n \n ,\n \n e\n \n μ\n \n \n )\n =\n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\eta (e_{\\mu },e_{\\mu })=-1}\n \n if \n \n \n \n p\n +\n 1\n ≤\n μ\n ≤\n p\n +\n q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p+1\\leq \\mu \\leq p+q}\n \n. Any two orthonormal bases are related by a pseudo-orthogonal transformation. In the case \n \n \n \n (\n p\n ,\n q\n )\n =\n (\n 1\n ,\n 3\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (p,q)=(1,3)}\n \n, these are Lorentz transformations.\nThe set \n \n \n \n \n {\n \n \n f\n \n n\n \n \n :\n n\n ∈\n \n Z\n \n \n }\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\{f_{n}:n\\in \\mathbb {Z} \\right\\}}\n \n with \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n n\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n exp\n ⁡\n (\n 2\n π\n i\n n\n x\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{n}(x)=\\exp(2\\pi inx),}\n \n where \n \n \n \n exp\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exp }\n \n denotes the exponential function, forms an orthonormal basis of the space of functions with finite Lebesgue integrals, \n \n \n \n \n L\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n [\n 0\n ,\n 1\n ]\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L^{2}([0,1]),}\n \n with respect to the 2-norm. This is fundamental to the study of Fourier series.\nThe set \n \n \n \n \n {\n \n \n e\n \n b\n \n \n :\n b\n ∈\n B\n \n }\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\{e_{b}:b\\in B\\right\\}}\n \n with \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n b\n \n \n (\n c\n )\n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle e_{b}(c)=1}\n \n if \n \n \n \n b\n =\n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b=c}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n b\n \n \n (\n c\n )\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle e_{b}(c)=0}\n \n otherwise forms an orthonormal basis of \n \n \n \n \n ℓ\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n B\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ell ^{2}(B).}\n \n\nEigenfunctions of a Sturm–Liouville eigenproblem.\nThe column vectors of an orthogonal matrix form an orthonormal set.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"uncountable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncountable_set"},{"link_name":"Fourier expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_Fourier_series"},{"link_name":"Parseval's identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parseval%27s_identity"},{"link_name":"bijective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijective"},{"link_name":"linear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_operator"}],"text":"If \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n is an orthogonal basis of \n \n \n \n H\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H,}\n \n then every element \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in H}\n \n may be written asx\n =\n \n ∑\n \n b\n ∈\n B\n \n \n \n \n \n ⟨\n x\n ,\n b\n ⟩\n \n \n ‖\n b\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n b\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x=\\sum _{b\\in B}{\\frac {\\langle x,b\\rangle }{\\lVert b\\rVert ^{2}}}b.}When \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n is orthonormal, this simplifies tox\n =\n \n ∑\n \n b\n ∈\n B\n \n \n ⟨\n x\n ,\n b\n ⟩\n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x=\\sum _{b\\in B}\\langle x,b\\rangle b}normx\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}‖\n x\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n b\n ∈\n B\n \n \n \n \|\n \n ⟨\n x\n ,\n b\n ⟩\n \n \n \|\n \n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\\|x\\\|^{2}=\\sum _{b\\in B}\|\\langle x,b\\rangle \|^{2}.}Even if \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n is uncountable, only countably many terms in this sum will be non-zero, and the expression is therefore well-defined. This sum is also called the Fourier expansion of \n \n \n \n x\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x,}\n \n and the formula is usually known as Parseval's identity.If \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n is an orthonormal basis of \n \n \n \n H\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H,}\n \n then \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n is isomorphic to \n \n \n \n \n ℓ\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n B\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ell ^{2}(B)}\n \n in the following sense: there exists a bijective linear map \n \n \n \n Φ\n :\n H\n →\n \n ℓ\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n B\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi :H\\to \\ell ^{2}(B)}\n \n such that⟨\n Φ\n (\n x\n )\n ,\n Φ\n (\n y\n )\n ⟩\n =\n ⟨\n x\n ,\n y\n ⟩\n \n \n ∀\n \n x\n ,\n y\n ∈\n H\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle \\Phi (x),\\Phi (y)\\rangle =\\langle x,y\\rangle \\ \\ \\forall \\ x,y\\in H.}","title":"Basic formula"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Given a Hilbert space \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n and a set \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n of mutually orthogonal vectors in \n \n \n \n H\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H,}\n \n we can take the smallest closed linear subspace \n \n \n \n V\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V}\n \n of \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n containing \n \n \n \n S\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S.}\n \n Then \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n will be an orthogonal basis of \n \n \n \n V\n ;\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V;}\n \n which may of course be smaller than \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n itself, being an incomplete orthogonal set, or be \n \n \n \n H\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H,}\n \n when it is a complete orthogonal set.","title":"Incomplete orthogonal sets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zorn's lemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorns_lemma"},{"link_name":"Gram–Schmidt process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%E2%80%93Schmidt_process"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"cardinality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_number"},{"link_name":"dimension theorem for vector spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension_theorem_for_vector_spaces"},{"link_name":"separable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable_metric_space"},{"link_name":"countable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable"}],"text":"Using Zorn's lemma and the Gram–Schmidt process (or more simply well-ordering and transfinite recursion), one can show that every Hilbert space admits an orthonormal basis;[6] furthermore, any two orthonormal bases of the same space have the same cardinality (this can be proven in a manner akin to that of the proof of the usual dimension theorem for vector spaces, with separate cases depending on whether the larger basis candidate is countable or not). A Hilbert space is separable if and only if it admits a countable orthonormal basis. (One can prove this last statement without using the axiom of choice.)","title":"Existence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kronecker delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronecker_delta"}],"text":"For concreteness we discuss orthonormal bases for a real, \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n-dimensional vector space \n \n \n \n V\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V}\n \n with a positive definite symmetric bilinear form \n \n \n \n ϕ\n =\n ⟨\n ⋅\n ,\n ⋅\n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi =\\langle \\cdot ,\\cdot \\rangle }\n \n.One way to view an orthonormal basis with respect to \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi }\n \n is as a set of vectors \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n =\n {\n \n e\n \n i\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {B}}=\\{e_{i}\\}}\n \n, which allow us to write \n \n \n \n v\n =\n \n v\n \n i\n \n \n \n e\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n ∀\n \n v\n ∈\n V\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v=v^{i}e_{i}\\ \\ \\forall \\ v\\in V}\n \n , and \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n i\n \n \n ∈\n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v^{i}\\in \\mathbb {R} }\n \n or \n \n \n \n (\n \n v\n \n i\n \n \n )\n ∈\n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (v^{i})\\in \\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\n \n. With respect to this basis, the components of \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi }\n \n are particularly simple: \n \n \n \n ϕ\n (\n \n e\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n e\n \n j\n \n \n )\n =\n \n δ\n \n i\n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi (e_{i},e_{j})=\\delta _{ij}}\n \n (where \n \n \n \n \n δ\n \n i\n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\delta _{ij}}\n \n is the Kronecker delta).We can now view the basis as a map \n \n \n \n \n ψ\n \n \n B\n \n \n \n :\n V\n →\n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi _{\\mathcal {B}}:V\\rightarrow \\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\n \n which is an isomorphism of inner product spaces: to make this more explicit we can writeψ\n \n \n B\n \n \n \n :\n (\n V\n ,\n ϕ\n )\n →\n (\n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n ,\n \n δ\n \n i\n j\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi _{\\mathcal {B}}:(V,\\phi )\\rightarrow (\\mathbb {R} ^{n},\\delta _{ij}).}Explicitly we can write \n \n \n \n (\n \n ψ\n \n \n B\n \n \n \n (\n v\n )\n \n )\n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n e\n \n i\n \n \n (\n v\n )\n =\n ϕ\n (\n \n e\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n v\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\psi _{\\mathcal {B}}(v))^{i}=e^{i}(v)=\\phi (e_{i},v)}\n \n where \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{i}}\n \n is the dual basis element to \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e_{i}}\n \n.The inverse is a component mapC\n \n \n B\n \n \n \n :\n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n →\n V\n ,\n (\n \n v\n \n i\n \n \n )\n ↦\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n v\n \n i\n \n \n \n e\n \n i\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C_{\\mathcal {B}}:\\mathbb {R} ^{n}\\rightarrow V,(v^{i})\\mapsto \\sum _{i=1}^{n}v^{i}e_{i}.}These definitions make it manifest that there is a bijection{\n \n Space of orthogonal bases \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n }\n ↔\n {\n \n Space of isomorphisms \n \n V\n ↔\n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n }\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{{\\text{Space of orthogonal bases }}{\\mathcal {B}}\\}\\leftrightarrow \\{{\\text{Space of isomorphisms }}V\\leftrightarrow \\mathbb {R} ^{n}\\}.}The space of isomorphisms admits actions of orthogonal groups at either the \n \n \n \n V\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V}\n \n side or the \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\n \n side. For concreteness we fix the isomorphisms to point in the direction \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n →\n V\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n}\\rightarrow V}\n \n, and consider the space of such maps, \n \n \n \n \n Iso\n \n (\n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n →\n V\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{Iso}}(\\mathbb {R} ^{n}\\rightarrow V)}\n \n.This space admits a left action by the group of isometries of \n \n \n \n V\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V}\n \n, that is, \n \n \n \n R\n ∈\n \n GL\n \n (\n V\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R\\in {\\text{GL}}(V)}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n ϕ\n (\n ⋅\n ,\n ⋅\n )\n =\n ϕ\n (\n R\n ⋅\n ,\n R\n ⋅\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi (\\cdot ,\\cdot )=\\phi (R\\cdot ,R\\cdot )}\n \n, with the action given by composition: \n \n \n \n R\n ∗\n C\n =\n R\n ∘\n C\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle RC=R\\circ C.}This space also admits a right action by the group of isometries of \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\n \n, that is, \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n i\n j\n \n \n ∈\n \n O\n \n (\n n\n )\n ⊂\n \n \n Mat\n \n \n n\n ×\n n\n \n \n (\n \n R\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{ij}\\in {\\text{O}}(n)\\subset {\\text{Mat}}_{n\\times n}(\\mathbb {R} )}\n \n, with the action again given by composition: \n \n \n \n C\n ∗\n \n R\n \n i\n j\n \n \n =\n C\n ∘\n \n R\n \n i\n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle CR_{ij}=C\\circ R_{ij}}\n \n.","title":"Choice of basis as a choice of isomorphism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"principal homogeneous space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_homogeneous_space"},{"link_name":"orthogonal group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_group"},{"link_name":"Stiefel manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiefel_manifold"},{"link_name":"n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n-frames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-frame"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The set of orthonormal bases for \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\n \n with the standard inner product is a principal homogeneous space or G-torsor for the orthogonal group \n \n \n \n G\n =\n \n O\n \n (\n n\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G={\\text{O}}(n),}\n \n and is called the Stiefel manifold \n \n \n \n \n V\n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V_{n}(\\mathbb {R} ^{n})}\n \n of orthonormal \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n-frames.[7]In other words, the space of orthonormal bases is like the orthogonal group, but without a choice of base point: given the space of orthonormal bases, there is no natural choice of orthonormal basis, but once one is given one, there is a one-to-one correspondence between bases and the orthogonal group.\nConcretely, a linear map is determined by where it sends a given basis: just as an invertible map can take any basis to any other basis, an orthogonal map can take any orthogonal basis to any other orthogonal basis.The other Stiefel manifolds \n \n \n \n \n V\n \n k\n \n \n (\n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V_{k}(\\mathbb {R} ^{n})}\n \n for \n \n \n \n k\n <\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k<n}\n \n of incomplete orthonormal bases (orthonormal \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n-frames) are still homogeneous spaces for the orthogonal group, but not principal homogeneous spaces: any \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n-frame can be taken to any other \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n-frame by an orthogonal map, but this map is not uniquely determined.The set of orthonormal bases for \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n p\n ,\n q\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{p,q}}\n \n is a G-torsor for \n \n \n \n G\n =\n \n O\n \n (\n p\n ,\n q\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G={\\text{O}}(p,q)}\n \n.\nThe set of orthonormal bases for \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} ^{n}}\n \n is a G-torsor for \n \n \n \n G\n =\n \n U\n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G={\\text{U}}(n)}\n \n.\nThe set of orthonormal bases for \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n p\n ,\n q\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} ^{p,q}}\n \n is a G-torsor for \n \n \n \n G\n =\n \n U\n \n (\n p\n ,\n q\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G={\\text{U}}(p,q)}\n \n.\nThe set of right-handed orthonormal bases for \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\n \n is a G-torsor for \n \n \n \n G\n =\n \n SO\n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G={\\text{SO}}(n)}","title":"As a principal homogeneous space"}]	[]	[{"title":"Orthogonal basis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_basis"},{"title":"Basis (linear algebra)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis_(linear_algebra)"},{"title":"Orthonormal frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_space#Affine_coordinates"},{"title":"Schauder basis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schauder_basis"},{"title":"Total set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_set"}]	[{"reference":"Lay, David C. (2006). Linear Algebra and Its Applications (3rd ed.). Addison–Wesley. ISBN 0-321-28713-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/studyguidetoline0000layd","url_text":"Linear Algebra and Its Applications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison%E2%80%93Wesley","url_text":"Addison–Wesley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-28713-4","url_text":"0-321-28713-4"}]},{"reference":"Strang, Gilbert (2006). Linear Algebra and Its Applications (4th ed.). Brooks Cole. ISBN 0-03-010567-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Strang","url_text":"Strang, Gilbert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Cole","url_text":"Brooks Cole"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-010567-6","url_text":"0-03-010567-6"}]},{"reference":"Axler, Sheldon (2002). Linear Algebra Done Right (2nd ed.). Springer. ISBN 0-387-98258-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media","url_text":"Springer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-98258-2","url_text":"0-387-98258-2"}]},{"reference":"Rudin, Walter (1987). Real & Complex Analysis. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-054234-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudin","url_text":"Rudin, Walter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill","url_text":"McGraw-Hill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-054234-1","url_text":"0-07-054234-1"}]},{"reference":"\"CU Faculty\". engfac.cooper.edu. Retrieved 2021-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://engfac.cooper.edu/fred","url_text":"\"CU Faculty\""}]},{"reference":"Roman, Stephen (2008). Advanced Linear Algebra. Graduate Texts in Mathematics (Third ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-72828-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Roman","url_text":"Roman, Stephen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_Texts_in_Mathematics","url_text":"Graduate Texts in Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-72828-5","url_text":"978-0-387-72828-5"}]},{"reference":"Rudin, Walter (1991). Functional Analysis. International Series in Pure and Applied Mathematics. Vol. 8 (Second ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math. ISBN 978-0-07-054236-5. OCLC 21163277.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudin","url_text":"Rudin, Walter"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/functionalanalys00rudi","url_text":"Functional Analysis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Science/Engineering/Math","url_text":"McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-054236-5","url_text":"978-0-07-054236-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21163277","url_text":"21163277"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/studyguidetoline0000layd","external_links_name":"Linear Algebra and Its Applications"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-m3jBwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Linear Functional Analysis"},{"Link":"https://engfac.cooper.edu/fred","external_links_name":"\"CU Faculty\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/functionalanalys00rudi","external_links_name":"Functional Analysis"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21163277","external_links_name":"21163277"},{"Link":"https://math.stackexchange.com/q/1805184","external_links_name":"Stack Exchange Post"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Diez_Canseco	Francisco Diez Canseco	["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Francisco Diez Canseco" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Diez-Canseco and the second or maternal family name is Corbacho. Francisco Diez-Canseco CorbachoInterim President of PeruIn officeJuly 26, 1872 – July 27, 1872Preceded byTomás GutiérrezSucceeded byMariano Herencia ZevallosSecond Vice President of PeruIn officeAugust 2, 1868 – July 27, 1872Minister of WarIn officeJuly 27, 1872 – August 2, 1872Preceded byTomás GutiérrezSucceeded byJosé Miguel MedinaIn officeAfter 18 July 1881 – ? Personal detailsBornFrancisco Diez-Canseco Corbacho(1821-03-21)March 21, 1821Arequipa, PeruDied(1884-10-05)October 5, 1884Lima, PeruParents Manuel José Diez Canseco Nieto María Mercedes Corbacho Abril de Diez Canseco RelativesPedro Diez CansecoEducationPhillips AcademyOccupationPoliticianMilitary serviceAllegiance Peru ChileBranch/service Peruvian Army Chilean Army Restoration ArmyYears of service1835-c. 1883 (Peru)c. 1837-1842 (Chile)RankBrigadier generalBattles/warsPeruvian-Bolivian War (POW) Battle of Agua Santa Peruvian Civil War (1843-44) Arequipa Revolution Peruvian Civil War (1865) Peruvian Civil War (1867) 1872 Peruvian coup d'état War of the Pacific Francisco Diez Canseco Corbacho (21 March 1821 – 5 October 1884) served as Interim President of Peru for a brief period during 1872. He was the brother of General Pedro Diez Canseco. Diez Canseco served as the second vice president from 1868 to 1872. While vice president, he had to briefly assume the presidency of Peru following the lynching of Tomás Gutiérrez. He was succeeded by Mariano Herencia Zevallos. Biography He was the son of Manuel José Diez Canseco Nieto and María Mercedes Corbacho Abril de Diez Canseco, belonging to the Arequipa high society of Spanish origin. He was the brother of Generals Pedro Diez Canseco and Manuel Diez Canseco, as well as Francisca Diez Canseco, wife of President Ramón Castilla. In 1835 he entered the army as a cadet and became an assistant to General Ramón Castilla, who promoted him to second lieutenant. He accompanied Castile on his trip to Lima, when he went to meet General Felipe Santiago Salaverry, and then followed him on his flight to Chile, after the establishment of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. He was part of the group of Peruvian exiles in Chile. He was a member of the Cazadores Battalion, and in the Battle of Cerro Barón of 1837, he helped defeat the mutineers who assassinated Chilean Minister Diego Portales. He enlisted in the restorative expeditions and fought in the Battle of Portada de Guías and Yungay. He served the restorative government headed by General Agustín Gamarra. He was promoted to lieutenant and assigned to the garrison of the department of Puno. Under the orders of Castila, he fought against the regenerationist revolution of Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco. He later participated in the war against Bolivia. During the Battle of Ingavi he was promoted to captain by President Gamarra, whom he then assisted during his agony in 1841. He was taken prisoner and confined in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, until the signing of the peace treaty with Bolivia, in 1842. He returned to Peru and served the government of General Juan Crisóstomo Torrico until his defeat in the battle of Agua Santa, on October 17, 1842. He then put himself at the service of the government of General Juan Francisco de Vidal, who promoted him to sergeant major in 1843. Then he joined the constitutional revolution led by Generals Domingo Nieto and Ramón Castilla. He fought in combat over the Pampas River and in the battle of Carmen Alto, on July 22, 1844, which crowned the victory of the Constitutionalists. In the first government of Castila, he was sent to Tacna, where he was in charge of subduing the rebellion fueled by General José Félix Iguaín, who, in agreement with Bolivian President José Ballivián, wanted to separate the Peruvian south to confederate it with Bolivia. Later, he stationed himself in Puno, in order to neutralize Bolivian attempts to attack Peru again in 1848. Promoted to colonel in 1851, he became aide-de-camp to President José Rufino Echenique, but joined the revolution that Castilla led in Arequipa, participating throughout the campaign that concluded with the revolutionary triumph in the battle of La Palma, on the 5th January 1855. Appointed chief of the military plaza in Lima, he was in charge of maintaining order while the naval squad, which had joined the Vivanquista revolution of 1856, raided the coast. He was also appointed Governor of the Chincha Islands, a position he held from 1857 to 1861. These islands had rich deposits of guano, which was then the main source of resources for the State, hence their importance. Appointed prefect of Callao in 1861, the following year he became part of the corps of hostesses of President Miguel de San Román. During the brief government of his brother, in 1863, General Pedro Diez Canseco was appointed prefect of Lima, a position in which he remained at the request of President Juan Antonio Pezet. In 1865 he was promoted to brigadier general and took command in the capital when President Pezet had to leave to face the advance of the revolution led in the south by Mariano Ignacio Prado and Pedro Diez Canseco. He tenaciously defended the Government Palace, which fell after a violent six-hour combat. Circumstances had made him face his own brother Pedro, who was inflexible, being arrested and removed from service. But then came the dictatorial government of Mariano Ignacio Prado, who, in 1867, after the victorious war against Spain, wanted to remain in power. This time, Francisco placed himself under the command of his brother, Pedro, who led the rebellion in defense of the Constitution from Arequipa, while he was conspiring in Lima. He received from his brother the appointment of political and military chief of the departments of the center, and had an important role in the fall of Prado, by taking Callao and then Lima, on January 8, 1868. After the resignation of Prado as president, Francisco momentarily took charge of the Executive Power for fourteen days. He then handed over the command to his brother Pedro, who was legally responsible due to him being the second constitutional vice president, according to the elections of 1862, considered the last legitimate ones. Later, he was elected second vice president of the Republic of the government headed by José Balta (1868-1872), and in such capacity, he assumed the supreme command in two brief opportunities: Due to an illness of President Balta, from June 27 to 28, 1871. Due to the coup d'état and subsequent killing of Balta and the lynching of Colonel Tomás Gutiérrez, on July 26, 1872, while the decision was being made on who would assume the government. In compliance with the Constitution of 1860, he handed over the command to the first vice president, General Mariano Herencia Zevallos, on July 27, 1872, in order for him to conclude the presidential term of Colonel Balta, which ended on August 2 of the same year. And in that brief period of seven days, he was Minister of War and Navy. Retired to private life, he requested to return to service during the war with Chile, and disciplined some reserve units. During the brief administration of Francisco García Calderón, in 1881, he was again appointed Minister of War. See also List of presidents of Peru References ^ Abog. Freddy Ronald Centurión González. "LA INSTITUCIÓN DE LA VICEPRESIDENCIA DE LA REPÚBLICA EN LA CONSTITUCIÓN PERUANA" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-10-19. Retrieved 2019-10-19. Political offices Preceded byTomás Gutiérrez Interim President of Peru 1872 Succeeded byMariano Herencia Zevallos vtePresidents of Peru San Martín Luna Pizarro La Mar Bernardo de Tagle Riva Agüero Sucre Bernardo de Tagle Bolívar Santa Cruz Salazar y Baquíjano La Mar Gutiérrez de la Fuente Gamarra Luna Pizarro Orbegoso Bermúdez Salaverry Santa Cruz Gamarra Menéndez Torrico Vidal Figuerola Vivanco Nieto Castilla Elías Menéndez Figuerola Menéndez Castilla Echenique Castilla San Román Castilla P. Diez Canseco Pezet Prado Pezet P. Diez Canseco Prado P. Diez Canseco Balta Gutiérrez F. Diez Canseco Zevallos Pardo Prado Piérola García Calderón Montero Cáceres Iglesias Arenas Cáceres Morales Bermúdez Borgoño Cáceres Candamo Piérola Romaña Candamo S. Calderón Pardo y Barreda Leguía Billinghurst Benavides Pardo y Barreda Leguía Ponce Sánchez Cerro Elías Arias Jiménez Samanez Ocampo Sánchez Cerro Benavides Prado Ugarteche Bustamante y Rivero Odría Noriega Odría Prado Ugarteche Pérez Godoy Lindley Belaúnde Terry Velasco Morales-Bermúdez Belaúnde Terry García Fujimori Paniagua Toledo García Humala Kuczynski Vizcarra Merino Sagasti Castillo Boluarte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Interim President of Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"Pedro Diez Canseco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Diez_Canseco"},{"link_name":"second vice president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-institution-1"},{"link_name":"lynching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching"},{"link_name":"Tomás Gutiérrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Guti%C3%A9rrez"},{"link_name":"Mariano Herencia Zevallos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Herencia_Zevallos"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Diez-Canseco and the second or maternal family name is Corbacho.Francisco Diez Canseco Corbacho (21 March 1821 – 5 October 1884) served as Interim President of Peru for a brief period during 1872. He was the brother of General Pedro Diez Canseco.Diez Canseco served as the second vice president from 1868 to 1872.[1] While vice president, he had to briefly assume the presidency of Peru following the lynching of Tomás Gutiérrez. He was succeeded by Mariano Herencia Zevallos.","title":"Francisco Diez Canseco"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pedro Diez Canseco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Diez_Canseco"},{"link_name":"Ramón Castilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castilla"},{"link_name":"cadet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadet"},{"link_name":"Ramón Castilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castilla"},{"link_name":"Felipe Santiago Salaverry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Santiago_Salaverry"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Peru-Bolivian Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru-Bolivian_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Diego Portales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Portales"},{"link_name":"Battle of Portada de Guías","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Portada_de_Gu%C3%ADas"},{"link_name":"Yungay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yungay"},{"link_name":"Agustín Gamarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Gamarra"},{"link_name":"Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Ignacio_de_Vivanco"},{"link_name":"war against Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian-Bolivian_War_of_1841-1842"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ingavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ingavi"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz de la Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_la_Sierra"},{"link_name":"Juan Crisóstomo Torrico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cris%C3%B3stomo_Torrico"},{"link_name":"Juan Francisco de Vidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Francisco_de_Vidal"},{"link_name":"sergeant major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_major"},{"link_name":"Domingo Nieto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Nieto"},{"link_name":"Ramón Castilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castilla"},{"link_name":"Tacna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacna"},{"link_name":"José Ballivián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ballivi%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Puno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puno"},{"link_name":"José Rufino Echenique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rufino_Echenique"},{"link_name":"Arequipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"Chincha Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chincha_Islands"},{"link_name":"guano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guano"},{"link_name":"Miguel de San Román","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_San_Rom%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Pedro Diez Canseco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Diez_Canseco"},{"link_name":"Juan Antonio Pezet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Pezet"},{"link_name":"Mariano Ignacio Prado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Ignacio_Prado"},{"link_name":"Government Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Palace_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"victorious war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chincha_Islands_War"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1810%E2%80%931873)"},{"link_name":"Callao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callao"},{"link_name":"second vice president of the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"José Balta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Balta"},{"link_name":"lynching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching"},{"link_name":"Tomás Gutiérrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Guti%C3%A9rrez"},{"link_name":"Mariano Herencia Zevallos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Herencia_Zevallos"},{"link_name":"war with Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Francisco García Calderón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Garc%C3%ADa_Calder%C3%B3n"}],"text":"He was the son of Manuel José Diez Canseco Nieto and María Mercedes Corbacho Abril de Diez Canseco, belonging to the Arequipa high society of Spanish origin. He was the brother of Generals Pedro Diez Canseco and Manuel Diez Canseco, as well as Francisca Diez Canseco, wife of President Ramón Castilla.In 1835 he entered the army as a cadet and became an assistant to General Ramón Castilla, who promoted him to second lieutenant. He accompanied Castile on his trip to Lima, when he went to meet General Felipe Santiago Salaverry, and then followed him on his flight to Chile, after the establishment of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation.He was part of the group of Peruvian exiles in Chile. He was a member of the Cazadores Battalion, and in the Battle of Cerro Barón of 1837, he helped defeat the mutineers who assassinated Chilean Minister Diego Portales. He enlisted in the restorative expeditions and fought in the Battle of Portada de Guías and Yungay.He served the restorative government headed by General Agustín Gamarra. He was promoted to lieutenant and assigned to the garrison of the department of Puno. Under the orders of Castila, he fought against the regenerationist revolution of Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco. He later participated in the war against Bolivia. During the Battle of Ingavi he was promoted to captain by President Gamarra, whom he then assisted during his agony in 1841. He was taken prisoner and confined in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, until the signing of the peace treaty with Bolivia, in 1842.He returned to Peru and served the government of General Juan Crisóstomo Torrico until his defeat in the battle of Agua Santa, on October 17, 1842. He then put himself at the service of the government of General Juan Francisco de Vidal, who promoted him to sergeant major in 1843. Then he joined the constitutional revolution led by Generals Domingo Nieto and Ramón Castilla. He fought in combat over the Pampas River and in the battle of Carmen Alto, on July 22, 1844, which crowned the victory of the Constitutionalists.In the first government of Castila, he was sent to Tacna, where he was in charge of subduing the rebellion fueled by General José Félix Iguaín, who, in agreement with Bolivian President José Ballivián, wanted to separate the Peruvian south to confederate it with Bolivia. Later, he stationed himself in Puno, in order to neutralize Bolivian attempts to attack Peru again in 1848.Promoted to colonel in 1851, he became aide-de-camp to President José Rufino Echenique, but joined the revolution that Castilla led in Arequipa, participating throughout the campaign that concluded with the revolutionary triumph in the battle of La Palma, on the 5th January 1855.Appointed chief of the military plaza in Lima, he was in charge of maintaining order while the naval squad, which had joined the Vivanquista revolution of 1856, raided the coast. He was also appointed Governor of the Chincha Islands, a position he held from 1857 to 1861. These islands had rich deposits of guano, which was then the main source of resources for the State, hence their importance.Appointed prefect of Callao in 1861, the following year he became part of the corps of hostesses of President Miguel de San Román. During the brief government of his brother, in 1863, General Pedro Diez Canseco was appointed prefect of Lima, a position in which he remained at the request of President Juan Antonio Pezet.In 1865 he was promoted to brigadier general and took command in the capital when President Pezet had to leave to face the advance of the revolution led in the south by Mariano Ignacio Prado and Pedro Diez Canseco. He tenaciously defended the Government Palace, which fell after a violent six-hour combat. Circumstances had made him face his own brother Pedro, who was inflexible, being arrested and removed from service. But then came the dictatorial government of Mariano Ignacio Prado, who, in 1867, after the victorious war against Spain, wanted to remain in power. This time, Francisco placed himself under the command of his brother, Pedro, who led the rebellion in defense of the Constitution from Arequipa, while he was conspiring in Lima. He received from his brother the appointment of political and military chief of the departments of the center, and had an important role in the fall of Prado, by taking Callao and then Lima, on January 8, 1868.After the resignation of Prado as president, Francisco momentarily took charge of the Executive Power for fourteen days. He then handed over the command to his brother Pedro, who was legally responsible due to him being the second constitutional vice president, according to the elections of 1862, considered the last legitimate ones.Later, he was elected second vice president of the Republic of the government headed by José Balta (1868-1872), and in such capacity, he assumed the supreme command in two brief opportunities:Due to an illness of President Balta, from June 27 to 28, 1871.\nDue to the coup d'état and subsequent killing of Balta and the lynching of Colonel Tomás Gutiérrez, on July 26, 1872, while the decision was being made on who would assume the government.In compliance with the Constitution of 1860, he handed over the command to the first vice president, General Mariano Herencia Zevallos, on July 27, 1872, in order for him to conclude the presidential term of Colonel Balta, which ended on August 2 of the same year. And in that brief period of seven days, he was Minister of War and Navy.Retired to private life, he requested to return to service during the war with Chile, and disciplined some reserve units. During the brief administration of Francisco García Calderón, in 1881, he was again appointed Minister of War.","title":"Biography"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of presidents of Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Peru"}]	[{"reference":"Abog. Freddy Ronald Centurión González. \"LA INSTITUCIÓN DE LA VICEPRESIDENCIA DE LA REPÚBLICA EN LA CONSTITUCIÓN PERUANA\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-10-19. Retrieved 2019-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191019194834/http://repositorio.unprg.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/UNPRG/3549/BC-TES-TMP-2356.pdf","url_text":"\"LA INSTITUCIÓN DE LA VICEPRESIDENCIA DE LA REPÚBLICA EN LA CONSTITUCIÓN PERUANA\""},{"url":"http://repositorio.unprg.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/UNPRG/3549/BC-TES-TMP-2356.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Francisco+Diez+Canseco%22","external_links_name":"\"Francisco Diez Canseco\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Francisco+Diez+Canseco%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Francisco+Diez+Canseco%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Francisco+Diez+Canseco%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Francisco+Diez+Canseco%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Francisco+Diez+Canseco%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191019194834/http://repositorio.unprg.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/UNPRG/3549/BC-TES-TMP-2356.pdf","external_links_name":"\"LA INSTITUCIÓN DE LA VICEPRESIDENCIA DE LA REPÚBLICA EN LA CONSTITUCIÓN PERUANA\""},{"Link":"http://repositorio.unprg.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/UNPRG/3549/BC-TES-TMP-2356.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_d%27Orient_(1915%E2%80%9319)	Armée d'Orient (1915–1919)	["1 Commanders","2 Units","3 After World War I","3.1 Army of the Danube","3.2 Army of Hungary","3.3 Corps for the Occupation of Constantinople","4 See also","5 Notes","6 Citations","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]	French Army in WW1 The Armée d'Orient (AO) was a field army of the French Army during World War I who fought on the Macedonian front. The Armée d'Orient was formed in September 1915 during the Conquest of Serbia by German-Austrian-Bulgarian forces, and shipped to the Greek port of Salonika where its first units arrived on 5 October. Despite several offensives, the front stabilized on the Greek-Serbian border until September 1918, when the Bulgarian army disintegrated after defeat in the Battle of Dobro Pole. On 11 August 1916, all allied troops on the Salonika front came under a united command, and named Allied Army of the Orient. Supreme commander became the French commander of the Armée d'Orient Maurice Sarrail. He was replaced as commander of the Armée d'Orient by Victor Cordonnier, and the army itself was renamed the Armée française d'Orient (AFO). Commanders General Maurice Sarrail (5 October 1915 – 11 August 1916) General Victor Cordonnier (11 August 1916 – 19 October 1916) General Paul Leblois (19 October 1916 – 1 February 1917) General Paul François Grossetti (1 February 1917 – 30 September 1917) General Charles Louis Jacques Régnault (30 September 1917 – 31 December 1917) General Paul Prosper Henrys (31 December 1917 – April 1919) Units 156th Infantry Division (France) (since October 1915), was formerly part of the Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient 57th Infantry Division (since October–November 1915) 122nd Infantry Division (since October–November 1915) 17th Colonial Infantry Division (France) (since February 1916), was formerly part of the Corps Expeditionnaire des Dardanelles 30th Infantry Division (France) (fr:30e division d'infanterie (France)) (since September–December 1916) fr:76e division d'infanterie (France) (since September–December 1916) 11th Colonial Infantry Division (since September–December 1916) 16th Colonial Infantry Division (since September–December 1916) Cavalry component A Groupe Léger of six dismounted light cavalry squadrons, which equated to the strength of an infantry battalion. (One squadron was from the 11th Hussar Regiment (France), the remainder were from the 3rd, 13th, 17th, 18th and 22nd regiments of Chasseurs à cheval.) This formation arrived in 1915 and was disbanded on 15 June 1917, its personnel being transferred to the depot of the 4th Regiment of Chasseurs d'Afrique. 4 squadrons of Chasseurs d'Afrique, redeployed from Gallipoli. Disembarked at Salonika on 13 October 1915, the unit was disbanded on 10 December 1917. Its men were absorbed into the three cavalry regiments of the Jouinot-Gambetta brigade. A cavalry brigade formed in 1917. The brigade was commanded by François Léon Jouinot-Gambetta fr:4e régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique disembarked in November 1915. fr:1er régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique disembarked in February 1916. régiment de marche de spahis marocains (RMSM) disembarked in March 1917. A provisional regiment of Zouaves attached to the cavalry, with the division provisoire Venel They were subsequently in the 11th Colonial Division (November 1916 to May 1917), but never fought as a part of that Division. Escadrille N.391 After World War I After the victory against Bulgaria in the autumn of 1918, the AFO is divided in 3 parts : Army of the Danube Army of the Danube (AD), created on 28 October 1918, operated in Romania and the Crimea. Commanded by : Henri Mathias Berthelot (until 5 May 1919) Jean César Graziani (until January 1920) Under the orders of General d'Anselme, French and allied elements were transported to Odessa at the end of December as part of the Southern Russia intervention. In April 1919, they were evacuated from Odessa and Sevastopol, and redeployed to occupy a sector next to the Dnieper. It was primarily composed of the 30th, 76th and 156th Infantry Divisions, along with the 16th Colonial Infantry Division. It was supported by 26th Division (United Kingdom) until 15 December 1918 and the Greek Archipelago Division. Army of Hungary Army of Hungary (AH), created on 1 March 1919 and dissolved on 31 August 1919. Commanded by Paul-Joseph de Lobit Corps for the Occupation of Constantinople Expeditionary corps for the Occupation of Constantinople (COC). Commanded by Louis Franchet d'Esperey (November 1918 – January 1919) Albert Defrance (February 1919 – December 1920) Maurice Pellé (1921 – 22 October 1923) See also List of French armies in WWI Notes ^ General Jean César Graziani, as Chief of the General Staff of the French Army, was asked to provide statistical information, in respect of in the Gallipoli and Salonika campaigns, to highlight French participation in these theatres of war to the Russians. As at 17 August 1916, French forces comprised 3,075 officers, 113,000 other ranks, 45,593 horses & mules, 6,954 carriages and 1,110 automobiles. ^ The Groupe Léger formation comprised six dismounted cavalry squadrons Citations ^ "De Gallipoli à Salonique". Forum pages14-18 (in French). Retrieved 8 September 2020. transcriptions of primary source documents, listing which units redeployed to Salonika ^ "Foreign Legion in the Balkans: 1915-1919". foreignlegion.info. Retrieved 22 June 2021. Here is the detailed history of the French Foreign Legion in the Balkans during the First World War. ^ Letter from Graziani to Lavergne dated 15 September 1916. '(Enclosure 2) The French war effort in Salonika.' In AFGG 8,1,1 Annexes (1924) Annexe n° 438, p. 728–734 ^ Lepetit et al. 1933, p. 43. ^ Goya 2018, p. 157. ^ "13e régiment de chasseurs à cheval: J.M.O. 24 février 1915-22 février 1916: 26 N 890/16" (JPG). Mémoire des hommes: Journaux des Unites (1914–1918) (in French). Ministere De la Defense. image 19 of 31. Retrieved 29 June 2021. 17 October 1915: The dismounted squadrons of the light brigade are withdrawn ...to form part of the Serbian Expeditionary Force ^ "recherches infos sur 13 RCC". Forum pages14-18 (in French). Retrieved 29 June 2021. Extract from the war diary, stating the six squadrons, the disbandment date and the fate of the troopers ^ "17e régiment de chasseurs à cheval: Escadron à pied J.M.O. 18 octobre 1915-16 juin 1917: 26 N 892/10" (JPG). Mémoire des hommes: Journaux des Unites (1914–1918) (in French). Ministere De la Defense. Retrieved 29 June 2021. ^ Historique du 8e RMCA 1915–1919 1920. ^ Lepetit et al. 1933, p. 476. ^ Historique du 4e RCA 1839–1919 1920. ^ Historique du 1er RCA 1914–1919 1920. ^ "Régiment de marche de spahis marocains: J.M.O. 1er janvier-8 décembre 1917: 26 N 75/10" (JPG). Mémoire des hommes: Journaux des Unites (1914–1918) (in French). Ministere De la Defense. Retrieved 29 June 2021. Embarked the British troopships Cestrian & Nitonian for passage to Salonika ^ Lepetit et al. 1933, p. 486. ^ "Historique du 2e Régiment Bis de Marche de Zouaves". Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2014. ^ Pompé 1924, pp. 972–973. ^ Over the Front: The Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918, p. 221 ^ Baker, Chris. "26th Division". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 12 November 2018. References Franks, Norman; Bailey, Frank (1993). Over the Front: The Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918. London, UK: Grub Street Publishing. ISBN 978-0-948817-54-0. Goya, Michel (2018) . La chair et l'acier . Translated by Uffindell, Andrew. Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-4738-8696-4. Lepetit, Vincent; Tournyol du Clos, Alain; Rinieri, Ilario, eds. (1923). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre. Tome VIII. La campagne d'Orient (Dardanelles et Salonique) Premier Volume. (février 1915-août 1916) . Ministère De la Guerre, Etat-Major de l'Armée - Service Historique (in French). Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. OCLC 491775878. Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre. Tome VIII. Premier volume. La campagne d'Orient jusqu'à l'intervention de la Roumanie (février 1915-août 1916). Annexes - 1er Volume . Ministère De la Guerre, Etat-Major de l'Armée - Service Historique (in French). Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. 1924. OCLC 163166542. Lepetit, Vincent; Tournyol du Clos, Alain; Rinieri, Ilario; Druène, Bernard, eds. (1933). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre. Tome VIII. La campagne d'Orient (Dardanelles et Salonique) Deuxième Volume. (août 1916 jusqu'en avril 1918) . Ministère De la Guerre, Etat-Major de l'Armée - Service Historique (in French). Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. OCLC 491775909. Tournyol du Clos, Alain; Rinieri, Ilario; Druène, Bernard, eds. (1934). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre. Tome VIII. La campagne d'Orient (Dardanelles et Salonique) Troisième Volume. (avril 1918 à décembre 1918) . Ministère De la Guerre, Etat-Major de l'Armée - Service Historique (in French). Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. OCLC 493568247. Pompé, Daniel; et al., eds. (1924). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre. Tome X. 2e Volume. Ordres de bataille des grandes unités - Divisions d'Infanterie, Divisions de Cavalerie . Ministère De la Guerre, Etat-Major de l'Armée - Service Historique (in French) (1st ed.). Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. Retrieved 6 September 2020. En campagne européenne 1914–1919: 1er régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique (in French). Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle. 1920. FRBNF30895930. Historique du 4me régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique depuis sa formation 1839 jusqu'à la fin de la Grande Guerre 1919 (in French). Bizerte: Imprimerie française. 1920. FRBNF42717877. Historique succinct du 8e régiment de marche de chasseurs d'Afrique: campagne 1915–1919 (in French). Bizerte: Imprimerie française. 1920. FRBNF42718263. Further reading Dardanelles, Orient, Levant: 1915–1921 Ce que les combattants ont écrit (in French). Preface written by Michèle Alliot-Marie. Paris: Association nationale pour le souvenir des Dardanelles et fronts d'Orient. 2005. ISBN 2-7475-7905-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) Général Bernachot, Les armées françaises en Orient après l’armistice de 1918, Imprimerie nationale, 1970, 3 volumes : 1. L’armée française d’Orient, l’armée de Hongrie (11 novembre 1918 - 10 septembre 1919). 2. L’armée du Danube, l’armée française d’Orient (28 octobre 1918 - 25 janvier 1920). 3. Le corps d’occupation de Constantinople (6 novembre 1920 - 2 octobre 1923). Schiavon, Max (2014). Le Front d’Orient. Du désastre des Dardanelles à la victoire finale. 1915-1918 (in French). Tallandier. ISBN 979-1-02-104699-3. Saint-Ramond, Francine (2019). Les Désorientés: Expériences des soldats français aux Dardanelles et en Macédoine, 1915-1919 (in French). Presses de l’Inalco. ISBN 978-2-85-831299-3. Thomas, Nigel; Babac, Dusan (2001). Armies in the Balkans 1914–18. Men-at-Arms 356. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-194-X. "Le poilu de l'Armée d'Orient". Militaria Magazine (in French) (398). Paris: Histoire & Collections. November 2018. vteGreece during World War IBackground Balkan Wars Treaty of London (1913) Treaty of Bucharest (1913) Northern Epirote Declaration of Independence Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus Protocol of Corfu Massacre of Phocaea Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914 Events 1914: Serbian campaign 1915: Gallipoli campaign May 1915 Greek legislative election Establishment of the Macedonian front December 1915 Greek legislative election Serbian Army in Corfu 1916: Roupel surrender Bulgarian invasion of eastern Macedonia Surrender and internment of IV Corps Italian and French occupation of Northern Epirus National Defence coup d'état NationalSchismNationalDefence People: Eleftherios Venizelos Panagiotis Danglis Pavlos Kountouriotis Emmanouil Zymvrakakis Nikolaos Christodoulou Themistoklis Sofoulis Nikolaos Plastiras Theodoros Pangalos Leonidas Paraskevopoulos Nikolaos Politis Neokosmos Grigoriadis Georgios Papandreou Support: Cretan Gendarmerie National Defence Army Corps Serres Division Archipelago Division Crete Division Allied Army of the Orient Armée d'Orient (1915–1919) British Salonika Army Maurice Sarrail Louis Franchet d'Espèrey Democratic Battalions Basil Zaharoff Ideas: Pro-Entente Megali Idea Venizelism Royalgovernments People: Constantine I of Greece Ioannis Metaxas Dimitrios Gounaris Viktor Dousmanis Sofoklis Dousmanis Stefanos Skouloudis Stefanos Dragoumis Ion Dragoumis Konstantinos Nider Georgios Theotokis Dimitrios Rallis Georgios Streit Spyridon Lambros Nikolaos Stratos Dimitrios Kalapothakis Georgios Pesmazoglou Spyridon Mercouris Support: Hellenic Army General Staff Epistratoi Church of Greece Ideas: Neutrality Monarchism Antivenizelism Germanophilia Events 1916: Noemvriana Battle of Katerini 1917: French occupation of Thessaly Accession of Alexander of Greece Great Thessaloniki Fire Samarina Republic 1918: Battle of Skra-di-Legen Vardar offensive Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918) Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Occupation of Constantinople Aftermath 1919: Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War (Southern Russia intervention) Greek landing at Smyrna and Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) Venizelos–Tittoni agreement 1920: League of Nations establishment Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine Treaty of Sèvres 1920 Greek legislative election 1920 Greek referendum 1921: Conference of London of 1921–1922 1922: Great fire of Smyrna 11 September 1922 Revolution Armistice of Mudanya Trial of the Six Greek retreat from Eastern Thrace 1923: Treaty of Lausanne Population exchange between Greece and Turkey Remembrance Zeitenlik Mikra British Cemetery Doiran Memorial Paionia Memorial Serbian Museum of Corfu Vido Allied cemetery of Moudros Greek cemetery of Pirot Medal of Military Merit (Greece) Inter-Allied Victory Medal (Greece) External links Chanoir, Yohann: Army of the Orient, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.	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Supreme commander became the French commander of the Armée d'Orient Maurice Sarrail. He was replaced as commander of the Armée d'Orient by Victor Cordonnier, and the army itself was renamed the Armée française d'Orient (AFO).","title":"Armée d'Orient (1915–1919)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maurice Sarrail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Sarrail"},{"link_name":"Victor Cordonnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Cordonnier"},{"link_name":"Paul Leblois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Leblois"},{"link_name":"Paul François Grossetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Fran%C3%A7ois_Grossetti"},{"link_name":"Charles Louis Jacques Régnault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Louis_Jacques_R%C3%A9gnault&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Louis_Jacques_R%C3%A9gnault"},{"link_name":"Paul Prosper Henrys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Prosper_Henrys"}],"text":"General Maurice Sarrail (5 October 1915 – 11 August 1916)\nGeneral Victor Cordonnier (11 August 1916 – 19 October 1916)\nGeneral Paul Leblois (19 October 1916 – 1 February 1917)\nGeneral Paul François Grossetti (1 February 1917 – 30 September 1917)\nGeneral Charles Louis Jacques Régnault [fr] (30 September 1917 – 31 December 1917)\nGeneral Paul Prosper Henrys (31 December 1917 – April 1919)","title":"Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"156th Infantry Division (France)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/156th_Infantry_Division_(France)"},{"link_name":"Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_exp%C3%A9ditionnaire_d%27Orient"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GallipoliToSalonika-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Legion_Balkans-2"},{"link_name":"57th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_Infantry_Division_(France)"},{"link_name":"122nd Infantry 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d'Afrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/4e_r%C3%A9giment_de_chasseurs_d%27Afrique"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistorique_du_4e_RCA_1839%E2%80%9319191920-13"},{"link_name":"fr:1er régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1er_r%C3%A9giment_de_chasseurs_d%27Afrique"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistorique_du_1er_RCA_1914%E2%80%9319191920-14"},{"link_name":"régiment de marche de spahis marocains (RMSM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1er_r%C3%A9giment_de_spahis_marocains"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WarDiary_RMSM-15"},{"link_name":"Zouaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zouaves"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELepetitTournyol_du_ClosRinieriDru%C3%A8ne1933486-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2e_bis_RMZ-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomp%C3%A91924972%E2%80%93973-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"156th Infantry Division (France) (since October 1915), was formerly part of the Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient[1][2]\n57th Infantry Division (since October–November 1915)\n122nd Infantry Division (since October–November 1915)\n17th Colonial Infantry Division (France) (since February 1916), was formerly part of the Corps Expeditionnaire des Dardanelles[a]\n30th Infantry Division (France) (fr:30e division d'infanterie (France)) (since September–December 1916)\nfr:76e division d'infanterie (France) (since September–December 1916)\n11th Colonial Infantry Division (since September–December 1916)\n16th Colonial Infantry Division (since September–December 1916)\nCavalry component\nA Groupe Léger of six dismounted light cavalry squadrons, which equated to the strength of an infantry battalion.[4][b] (One squadron was from the 11th Hussar Regiment (France), the remainder were from the 3rd, 13th, 17th, 18th and 22nd regiments of Chasseurs à cheval.)[6] This formation arrived in 1915 and was disbanded on 15 June 1917, its personnel being transferred to the depot of the 4th Regiment of Chasseurs d'Afrique.[7][8]\n4 squadrons of Chasseurs d'Afrique, redeployed from Gallipoli. Disembarked at Salonika on 13 October 1915, the unit was disbanded on 10 December 1917. Its men were absorbed into the three cavalry regiments of the Jouinot-Gambetta brigade.[9]\nA cavalry brigade formed in 1917. [10] The brigade was commanded by François Léon Jouinot-Gambetta\nfr:4e régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique disembarked in November 1915.[11]\nfr:1er régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique disembarked in February 1916.[12]\nrégiment de marche de spahis marocains (RMSM) disembarked in March 1917.[13]\nA provisional regiment of Zouaves attached to the cavalry, with the division provisoire Venel[14][15] They were subsequently in the 11th Colonial Division (November 1916 to May 1917), but never fought as a part of that Division.[16]\nEscadrille N.391[17]","title":"Units"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"After the victory against Bulgaria in the autumn of 1918, the AFO is divided in 3 parts :","title":"After World War I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henri Mathias Berthelot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Mathias_Berthelot"},{"link_name":"Jean César Graziani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_C%C3%A9sar_Graziani"},{"link_name":"General d'Anselme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Henri_Joseph_d%27Anselme"},{"link_name":"Odessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa"},{"link_name":"Southern Russia intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Russia_intervention"},{"link_name":"Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopol"},{"link_name":"Dnieper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper"},{"link_name":"26th Division (United Kingdom)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trail-20"}],"sub_title":"Army of the Danube","text":"Army of the Danube (AD), created on 28 October 1918, operated in Romania and the Crimea. Commanded by :\nHenri Mathias Berthelot (until 5 May 1919)\nJean César Graziani (until January 1920)\nUnder the orders of General d'Anselme, French and allied elements were transported to Odessa at the end of December as part of the Southern Russia intervention. In April 1919, they were evacuated from Odessa and Sevastopol, and redeployed to occupy a sector next to the Dnieper.\nIt was primarily composed of the 30th, 76th and 156th Infantry Divisions, along with the 16th Colonial Infantry Division. It was supported by 26th Division (United Kingdom)[18] until 15 December 1918 and the Greek Archipelago Division.","title":"After World War I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul-Joseph de Lobit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul-Joseph_de_Lobit&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Army of Hungary","text":"Army of Hungary (AH), created on 1 March 1919 and dissolved on 31 August 1919. Commanded by\nPaul-Joseph de Lobit","title":"After World War I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Occupation of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Louis Franchet d'Esperey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Franchet_d%27Esperey"},{"link_name":"Albert Defrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Defrance&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maurice Pellé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Pell%C3%A9"}],"sub_title":"Corps for the Occupation of Constantinople","text":"Expeditionary corps for the Occupation of Constantinople (COC). Commanded by\nLouis Franchet d'Esperey (November 1918 – January 1919)\nAlbert Defrance (February 1919 – December 1920)\nMaurice Pellé (1921 – 22 October 1923)","title":"After World War I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Jean César Graziani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_C%C3%A9sar_Graziani"},{"link_name":"Chief of the General Staff of the French Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chef_d%27%C3%A9tat-major_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_de_terre_(France)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrazianiStats2-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoya2018157-6"}],"text":"^ General Jean César Graziani, as Chief of the General Staff of the French Army, was asked to provide statistical information, in respect of in the Gallipoli and Salonika campaigns, to highlight French participation in these theatres of war to the Russians. As at 17 August 1916, French forces comprised 3,075 officers, 113,000 other ranks, 45,593 horses & mules, 6,954 carriages and 1,110 automobiles.[3]\n\n^ The Groupe Léger formation comprised six dismounted cavalry squadrons[5]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GallipoliToSalonika_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"De Gallipoli à Salonique\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//forum.pages14-18.com/viewtopic.php?f=95&t=2938&start=10#p537863"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Legion_Balkans_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Foreign Legion in the Balkans: 1915-1919\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//foreignlegion.info/foreign-legion-in-the-balkans-1915-1919/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GrazianiStats2_3-0"},{"link_name":"AFGG 8,1,1 Annexes (1924)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6281532w/f747.item.r=41,000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELepetitTournyol_du_ClosRinieriDru%C3%A8ne193343_5-0"},{"link_name":"Lepetit et al. 1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLepetitTournyol_du_ClosRinieriDru%C3%A8ne1933"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoya2018157_6-0"},{"link_name":"Goya 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGoya2018"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WarDiary_13thChassACheval_8-0"},{"link_name":"\"13e régiment de chasseurs à cheval: J.M.O. 24 février 1915-22 février 1916: 26 N 890/16\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/fr/ark:/40699/e00527d3fc81a611/527d3fc850618"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13thChasseursDismountedInSalonika_9-0"},{"link_name":"\"recherches infos sur 13 RCC\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//forum.pages14-18.com/viewtopic.php?f=37&t=53683&p=409498&hilit=Groupe+L%C3%A9ger#p409498"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WarDiary_17thChassDismountedSqn_10-0"},{"link_name":"\"17e régiment de chasseurs à cheval: Escadron à pied J.M.O. 18 octobre 1915-16 juin 1917: 26 N 892/10\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/fr/ark:/40699/e00528fd91933f39/528fd9194bd69"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistorique_du_8e_RMCA_1915%E2%80%9319191920_11-0"},{"link_name":"Historique du 8e RMCA 1915–1919 1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHistorique_du_8e_RMCA_1915%E2%80%9319191920"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELepetitTournyol_du_ClosRinieriDru%C3%A8ne1933476_12-0"},{"link_name":"Lepetit et al. 1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLepetitTournyol_du_ClosRinieriDru%C3%A8ne1933"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistorique_du_4e_RCA_1839%E2%80%9319191920_13-0"},{"link_name":"Historique du 4e RCA 1839–1919 1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHistorique_du_4e_RCA_1839%E2%80%9319191920"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistorique_du_1er_RCA_1914%E2%80%9319191920_14-0"},{"link_name":"Historique du 1er RCA 1914–1919 1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHistorique_du_1er_RCA_1914%E2%80%9319191920"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WarDiary_RMSM_15-0"},{"link_name":"\"Régiment de marche de spahis marocains: J.M.O. 1er janvier-8 décembre 1917: 26 N 75/10\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/fr/ark:/40699/e0052b1ecf6e62aa/52b1ecf6e7fa2"},{"link_name":"Cestrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Cestrian"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELepetitTournyol_du_ClosRinieriDru%C3%A8ne1933486_16-0"},{"link_name":"Lepetit et al. 1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLepetitTournyol_du_ClosRinieriDru%C3%A8ne1933"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2e_bis_RMZ_17-0"},{"link_name":"\"Historique du 2e Régiment Bis de Marche de Zouaves\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160315171900/http://vinny03.perso.neuf.fr/gg/leshistos/2ebisrmz.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//vinny03.perso.neuf.fr/gg/leshistos/2ebisrmz.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomp%C3%A91924972%E2%80%93973_18-0"},{"link_name":"Pompé 1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPomp%C3%A91924"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-trail_20-0"},{"link_name":"\"26th Division\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/order-of-battle-of-divisions/26th-division/"}],"text":"^ \"De Gallipoli à Salonique\". Forum pages14-18 (in French). Retrieved 8 September 2020. transcriptions of primary source documents, listing which units redeployed to Salonika\n\n^ \"Foreign Legion in the Balkans: 1915-1919\". foreignlegion.info. Retrieved 22 June 2021. Here is the detailed history of the French Foreign Legion in the Balkans during the First World War.\n\n^ Letter from Graziani to Lavergne dated 15 September 1916. '(Enclosure 2) The French war effort in Salonika.' In AFGG 8,1,1 Annexes (1924) Annexe n° 438, p. 728–734\n\n^ Lepetit et al. 1933, p. 43.\n\n^ Goya 2018, p. 157.\n\n^ \"13e régiment de chasseurs à cheval: J.M.O. 24 février 1915-22 février 1916: 26 N 890/16\" (JPG). Mémoire des hommes: Journaux des Unites (1914–1918) (in French). Ministere De la Defense. image 19 of 31. Retrieved 29 June 2021. 17 October 1915: The dismounted squadrons of the light brigade are withdrawn ...to form part of the Serbian Expeditionary Force\n\n^ \"recherches infos sur 13 RCC\". Forum pages14-18 (in French). Retrieved 29 June 2021. Extract from the war diary, stating the six squadrons, the disbandment date and the fate of the troopers\n\n^ \"17e régiment de chasseurs à cheval: Escadron à pied J.M.O. 18 octobre 1915-16 juin 1917: 26 N 892/10\" (JPG). Mémoire des hommes: Journaux des Unites (1914–1918) (in French). Ministere De la Defense. Retrieved 29 June 2021.\n\n^ Historique du 8e RMCA 1915–1919 1920.\n\n^ Lepetit et al. 1933, p. 476.\n\n^ Historique du 4e RCA 1839–1919 1920.\n\n^ Historique du 1er RCA 1914–1919 1920.\n\n^ \"Régiment de marche de spahis marocains: J.M.O. 1er janvier-8 décembre 1917: 26 N 75/10\" (JPG). Mémoire des hommes: Journaux des Unites (1914–1918) (in French). Ministere De la Defense. Retrieved 29 June 2021. Embarked the British troopships Cestrian & Nitonian for passage to Salonika\n\n^ Lepetit et al. 1933, p. 486.\n\n^ \"Historique du 2e Régiment Bis de Marche de Zouaves\". Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2014.\n\n^ Pompé 1924, pp. 972–973.\n\n^ Over the Front: The Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918, p. 221\n\n^ Baker, Chris. \"26th Division\". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 12 November 2018.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michèle Alliot-Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Alliot-Marie"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-7475-7905-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7475-7905-0"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"979-1-02-104699-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-1-02-104699-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-85-831299-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85-831299-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84176-194-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-194-X"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Greece_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Greece_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greece_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Greece during World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Balkan Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Wars"},{"link_name":"Treaty of London (1913)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Bucharest (1913)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)"},{"link_name":"Northern Epirote Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Epirote_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Northern_Epirus"},{"link_name":"Protocol of Corfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_of_Corfu"},{"link_name":"Massacre of Phocaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_Phocaea"},{"link_name":"Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Turkish_crisis_of_1914"},{"link_name":"Serbian campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_campaign"},{"link_name":"Gallipoli campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign"},{"link_name":"May 1915 Greek legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1915_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"Establishment of the Macedonian front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_front"},{"link_name":"December 1915 Greek legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_1915_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"Serbian Army in Corfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Serbian)"},{"link_name":"Roupel surrender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Roupel"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian invasion of eastern Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struma_operation"},{"link_name":"Surrender and internment of IV Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment_of_the_Greek_IV_Corps_at_G%C3%B6rlitz"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_protectorate_over_Albania"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Northern Epirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Epirus"},{"link_name":"National Defence coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defence_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"NationalSchism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Schism"},{"link_name":"NationalDefence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_National_Defence"},{"link_name":"Eleftherios Venizelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos"},{"link_name":"Panagiotis Danglis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagiotis_Danglis"},{"link_name":"Pavlos Kountouriotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlos_Kountouriotis"},{"link_name":"Emmanouil Zymvrakakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanouil_Zymvrakakis_(army_general)"},{"link_name":"Nikolaos Christodoulou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Christodoulou"},{"link_name":"Themistoklis Sofoulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themistoklis_Sofoulis"},{"link_name":"Nikolaos Plastiras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Plastiras"},{"link_name":"Theodoros Pangalos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoros_Pangalos_(general)"},{"link_name":"Leonidas Paraskevopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonidas_Paraskevopoulos"},{"link_name":"Nikolaos Politis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Politis"},{"link_name":"Neokosmos Grigoriadis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neokosmos_Grigoriadis"},{"link_name":"Georgios Papandreou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Papandreou"},{"link_name":"Cretan Gendarmerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_Gendarmerie"},{"link_name":"National Defence Army Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defence_Army_Corps"},{"link_name":"Serres Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serres_Division"},{"link_name":"Archipelago Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago_Division"},{"link_name":"Crete Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Airmobile_Brigade_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"Allied Army of the Orient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Army_of_the_Orient"},{"link_name":"Armée d'Orient (1915–1919)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"British Salonika Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Salonika_Army"},{"link_name":"Maurice Sarrail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Sarrail"},{"link_name":"Louis Franchet d'Espèrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Franchet_d%27Esp%C3%A8rey"},{"link_name":"Democratic Battalions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Battalions&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Basil Zaharoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Zaharoff"},{"link_name":"Pro-Entente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Entente"},{"link_name":"Megali Idea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megali_Idea"},{"link_name":"Venizelism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venizelism"},{"link_name":"Royalgovernments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Constantine I of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Ioannis Metaxas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas"},{"link_name":"Dimitrios Gounaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Gounaris"},{"link_name":"Viktor Dousmanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Dousmanis"},{"link_name":"Sofoklis Dousmanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofoklis_Dousmanis"},{"link_name":"Stefanos Skouloudis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanos_Skouloudis"},{"link_name":"Stefanos Dragoumis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanos_Dragoumis"},{"link_name":"Ion Dragoumis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Dragoumis"},{"link_name":"Konstantinos Nider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Nider"},{"link_name":"Georgios Theotokis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Theotokis"},{"link_name":"Dimitrios Rallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Rallis"},{"link_name":"Georgios Streit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Streit"},{"link_name":"Spyridon Lambros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyridon_Lambros"},{"link_name":"Nikolaos Stratos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Stratos"},{"link_name":"Dimitrios Kalapothakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Kalapothakis"},{"link_name":"Georgios Pesmazoglou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgios_Pesmazoglou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spyridon Mercouris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyridon_Mercouris"},{"link_name":"Hellenic Army General Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Army_General_Staff"},{"link_name":"Epistratoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistratoi"},{"link_name":"Church of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Neutrality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_country"},{"link_name":"Monarchism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchism"},{"link_name":"Antivenizelism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venizelism"},{"link_name":"Germanophilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanophile"},{"link_name":"Noemvriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noemvriana"},{"link_name":"Battle of Katerini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Katerini_(1916)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"French occupation of Thessaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_occupation_of_Thessaly"},{"link_name":"Accession of Alexander of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Great Thessaloniki Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Thessaloniki_Fire_of_1917"},{"link_name":"Samarina Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarina_Republic"},{"link_name":"Battle of Skra-di-Legen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Skra-di-Legen"},{"link_name":"Vardar offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar_offensive"},{"link_name":"Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Serbia,_Albania_and_Montenegro_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Armistice of Salonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica"},{"link_name":"Armistice of Mudros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros"},{"link_name":"Occupation of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)"},{"link_name":"Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Southern Russia intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Russia_intervention"},{"link_name":"Greek landing at Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_landing_at_Smyrna"},{"link_name":"Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)"},{"link_name":"Venizelos–Tittoni agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venizelos%E2%80%93Tittoni_agreement"},{"link_name":"League of Nations establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Sèvres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres"},{"link_name":"1920 Greek legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"1920 Greek referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Greek_referendum"},{"link_name":"Conference of London of 1921–1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_of_London_of_1921%E2%80%931922"},{"link_name":"Great fire of Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_fire_of_Smyrna"},{"link_name":"11 September 1922 Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_September_1922_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Armistice of Mudanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudanya"},{"link_name":"Trial of the Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_the_Six"},{"link_name":"Greek retreat from Eastern Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greek_retreat_from_Eastern_Thrace&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne"},{"link_name":"Population exchange between Greece and Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Zeitenlik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitenlik"},{"link_name":"Mikra British Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikra_British_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Doiran Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doiran_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Paionia Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykastro"},{"link_name":"Serbian Museum of Corfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Museum_of_Corfu"},{"link_name":"Vido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vido"},{"link_name":"Allied cemetery of Moudros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moudros"},{"link_name":"Greek cemetery of Pirot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greek_cemetery_of_Pirot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Medal of Military Merit (Greece)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Military_Merit_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"Inter-Allied Victory Medal (Greece)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Allied_Victory_Medal_(Greece)"}],"text":"Dardanelles, Orient, Levant: 1915–1921 Ce que les combattants ont écrit [Dardanelles, Orient, Levant: 1915–1921 A compendium of veterans' eyewitness accounts] (in French). Preface written by Michèle Alliot-Marie. Paris: Association nationale pour le souvenir des Dardanelles et fronts d'Orient. 2005. ISBN 2-7475-7905-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)\nGénéral Bernachot, Les armées françaises en Orient après l’armistice de 1918, Imprimerie nationale, 1970, 3 volumes :\n1. L’armée française d’Orient, l’armée de Hongrie (11 novembre 1918 - 10 septembre 1919).\n2. L’armée du Danube, l’armée française d’Orient (28 octobre 1918 - 25 janvier 1920).\n3. Le corps d’occupation de Constantinople (6 novembre 1920 - 2 octobre 1923).\nSchiavon, Max (2014). Le Front d’Orient. Du désastre des Dardanelles à la victoire finale. 1915-1918 (in French). Tallandier. ISBN 979-1-02-104699-3.\nSaint-Ramond, Francine (2019). Les Désorientés: Expériences des soldats français aux Dardanelles et en Macédoine, 1915-1919 (in French). Presses de l’Inalco. ISBN 978-2-85-831299-3.\nThomas, Nigel; Babac, Dusan (2001). Armies in the Balkans 1914–18. Men-at-Arms 356. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-194-X.\n\"Le poilu de l'Armée d'Orient\". Militaria Magazine (in French) (398). Paris: Histoire & Collections. November 2018.vteGreece during World War IBackground\nBalkan Wars\nTreaty of London (1913)\nTreaty of Bucharest (1913)\nNorthern Epirote Declaration of Independence\nAutonomous Republic of Northern Epirus\nProtocol of Corfu\nMassacre of Phocaea\nGreco-Turkish crisis of 1914\nEvents\n1914: Serbian campaign\n1915: Gallipoli campaign\nMay 1915 Greek legislative election\nEstablishment of the Macedonian front\nDecember 1915 Greek legislative election\nSerbian Army in Corfu\n1916: Roupel surrender\nBulgarian invasion of eastern Macedonia\nSurrender and internment of IV Corps\nItalian and French occupation of Northern Epirus\nNational Defence coup d'état\nNationalSchismNationalDefence\nPeople: Eleftherios Venizelos\nPanagiotis Danglis\nPavlos Kountouriotis\nEmmanouil Zymvrakakis\nNikolaos Christodoulou\nThemistoklis Sofoulis\nNikolaos Plastiras\nTheodoros Pangalos\nLeonidas Paraskevopoulos\nNikolaos Politis\nNeokosmos Grigoriadis\nGeorgios Papandreou\nSupport: Cretan Gendarmerie\nNational Defence Army Corps\nSerres Division\nArchipelago Division\nCrete Division\nAllied Army of the Orient\nArmée d'Orient (1915–1919)\nBritish Salonika Army\nMaurice Sarrail\nLouis Franchet d'Espèrey\nDemocratic Battalions\nBasil Zaharoff\nIdeas: Pro-Entente\nMegali Idea\nVenizelism\nRoyalgovernments\nPeople: Constantine I of Greece\nIoannis Metaxas\nDimitrios Gounaris\nViktor Dousmanis\nSofoklis Dousmanis\nStefanos Skouloudis\nStefanos Dragoumis\nIon Dragoumis\nKonstantinos Nider\nGeorgios Theotokis\nDimitrios Rallis\nGeorgios Streit\nSpyridon Lambros\nNikolaos Stratos\nDimitrios Kalapothakis\nGeorgios Pesmazoglou\nSpyridon Mercouris\nSupport: Hellenic Army General Staff\nEpistratoi\nChurch of Greece\nIdeas: Neutrality\nMonarchism\nAntivenizelism\nGermanophilia\nEvents\n1916: Noemvriana\nBattle of Katerini\n1917: French occupation of Thessaly\nAccession of Alexander of Greece\nGreat Thessaloniki Fire\nSamarina Republic\n1918: Battle of Skra-di-Legen\nVardar offensive\nLiberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)\nArmistice of Salonica\nArmistice of Mudros\nOccupation of Constantinople\nAftermath\n1919: Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)\nAllied intervention in the Russian Civil War (Southern Russia intervention)\nGreek landing at Smyrna and Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)\nVenizelos–Tittoni agreement\n1920: League of Nations establishment\nTreaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine\nTreaty of Sèvres\n1920 Greek legislative election\n1920 Greek referendum\n1921: Conference of London of 1921–1922\n1922: Great fire of Smyrna\n11 September 1922 Revolution\nArmistice of Mudanya\nTrial of the Six\nGreek retreat from Eastern Thrace\n1923: Treaty of Lausanne\nPopulation exchange between Greece and Turkey\nRemembrance\nZeitenlik\nMikra British Cemetery\nDoiran Memorial\nPaionia Memorial\nSerbian Museum of Corfu\nVido\nAllied cemetery of Moudros\nGreek cemetery of Pirot\nMedal of Military Merit (Greece)\nInter-Allied Victory Medal (Greece)","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of French armies in WWI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_armies_in_WWI"}]	[{"reference":"\"De Gallipoli à Salonique\". Forum pages14-18 (in French). Retrieved 8 September 2020. transcriptions of primary source documents, listing which units redeployed to Salonika","urls":[{"url":"https://forum.pages14-18.com/viewtopic.php?f=95&t=2938&start=10#p537863","url_text":"\"De Gallipoli à Salonique\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foreign Legion in the Balkans: 1915-1919\". foreignlegion.info. Retrieved 22 June 2021. Here is the detailed history of the French Foreign Legion in the Balkans during the First World War.","urls":[{"url":"http://foreignlegion.info/foreign-legion-in-the-balkans-1915-1919/","url_text":"\"Foreign Legion in the Balkans: 1915-1919\""}]},{"reference":"\"13e régiment de chasseurs à cheval: J.M.O. 24 février 1915-22 février 1916: 26 N 890/16\" (JPG). Mémoire des hommes: Journaux des Unites (1914–1918) (in French). Ministere De la Defense. image 19 of 31. Retrieved 29 June 2021. 17 October 1915: The dismounted squadrons of the light brigade are withdrawn ...to form part of the Serbian Expeditionary Force","urls":[{"url":"https://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/fr/ark:/40699/e00527d3fc81a611/527d3fc850618","url_text":"\"13e régiment de chasseurs à cheval: J.M.O. 24 février 1915-22 février 1916: 26 N 890/16\""}]},{"reference":"\"recherches infos sur 13 RCC\". Forum pages14-18 (in French). Retrieved 29 June 2021. Extract from the war diary, stating the six squadrons, the disbandment date and the fate of the troopers","urls":[{"url":"https://forum.pages14-18.com/viewtopic.php?f=37&t=53683&p=409498&hilit=Groupe+L%C3%A9ger#p409498","url_text":"\"recherches infos sur 13 RCC\""}]},{"reference":"\"17e régiment de chasseurs à cheval: Escadron à pied J.M.O. 18 octobre 1915-16 juin 1917: 26 N 892/10\" (JPG). Mémoire des hommes: Journaux des Unites (1914–1918) (in French). Ministere De la Defense. Retrieved 29 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/fr/ark:/40699/e00528fd91933f39/528fd9194bd69","url_text":"\"17e régiment de chasseurs à cheval: Escadron à pied J.M.O. 18 octobre 1915-16 juin 1917: 26 N 892/10\""}]},{"reference":"\"Régiment de marche de spahis marocains: J.M.O. 1er janvier-8 décembre 1917: 26 N 75/10\" (JPG). Mémoire des hommes: Journaux des Unites (1914–1918) (in French). Ministere De la Defense. Retrieved 29 June 2021. Embarked the British troopships Cestrian & Nitonian for passage to Salonika","urls":[{"url":"https://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/fr/ark:/40699/e0052b1ecf6e62aa/52b1ecf6e7fa2","url_text":"\"Régiment de marche de spahis marocains: J.M.O. 1er janvier-8 décembre 1917: 26 N 75/10\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Cestrian","url_text":"Cestrian"}]},{"reference":"\"Historique du 2e Régiment Bis de Marche de Zouaves\". Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160315171900/http://vinny03.perso.neuf.fr/gg/leshistos/2ebisrmz.htm","url_text":"\"Historique du 2e Régiment Bis de Marche de Zouaves\""},{"url":"http://vinny03.perso.neuf.fr/gg/leshistos/2ebisrmz.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Baker, Chris. \"26th Division\". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 12 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/order-of-battle-of-divisions/26th-division/","url_text":"\"26th Division\""}]},{"reference":"Goya, Michel (2018) [2004]. La chair et l'acier [Flesh and Steel during the Great War - The Transformation of the French Army and the Invention of Modern Warfare]. Translated by Uffindell, Andrew. Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-4738-8696-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-8696-4","url_text":"978-1-4738-8696-4"}]},{"reference":"Lepetit, Vincent; Tournyol du Clos, Alain; Rinieri, Ilario, eds. (1923). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre. Tome VIII. La campagne d'Orient (Dardanelles et Salonique) Premier Volume. (février 1915-août 1916) [8,1]. Ministère De la Guerre, Etat-Major de l'Armée - Service Historique (in French). Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. OCLC 491775878.","urls":[{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6374254b/f9.image","url_text":"Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre. Tome VIII. La campagne d'Orient (Dardanelles et Salonique) Premier Volume. (février 1915-août 1916) [8,1]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/491775878","url_text":"491775878"}]},{"reference":"Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre. Tome VIII. Premier volume. La campagne d'Orient jusqu'à l'intervention de la Roumanie (février 1915-août 1916). Annexes - 1er Volume [8,1,1]. Ministère De la Guerre, Etat-Major de l'Armée - Service Historique (in French). Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. 1924. OCLC 163166542.","urls":[{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6281532w/f19.item.r=table","url_text":"Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre. Tome VIII. Premier volume. La campagne d'Orient jusqu'à l'intervention de la Roumanie (février 1915-août 1916). Annexes - 1er Volume [8,1,1]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/163166542","url_text":"163166542"}]},{"reference":"Lepetit, Vincent; Tournyol du Clos, Alain; Rinieri, Ilario; Druène, Bernard, eds. (1933). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre. Tome VIII. La campagne d'Orient (Dardanelles et Salonique) Deuxième Volume. (août 1916 jusqu'en avril 1918) [8,2]. Ministère De la Guerre, Etat-Major de l'Armée - Service Historique (in French). Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. OCLC 491775909.","urls":[{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6278886c.texteImage","url_text":"Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre. Tome VIII. La campagne d'Orient (Dardanelles et Salonique) Deuxième Volume. (août 1916 jusqu'en avril 1918) [8,2]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/491775909","url_text":"491775909"}]},{"reference":"Tournyol du Clos, Alain; Rinieri, Ilario; Druène, Bernard, eds. (1934). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre. Tome VIII. La campagne d'Orient (Dardanelles et Salonique) Troisième Volume. (avril 1918 à décembre 1918) [8,3]. Ministère De la Guerre, Etat-Major de l'Armée - Service Historique (in French). Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. OCLC 493568247.","urls":[{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62759483.texteImage","url_text":"Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre. Tome VIII. La campagne d'Orient (Dardanelles et Salonique) Troisième Volume. (avril 1918 à décembre 1918) [8,3]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/493568247","url_text":"493568247"}]},{"reference":"Pompé, Daniel; et al., eds. (1924). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre. Tome X. 2e Volume. Ordres de bataille des grandes unités - Divisions d'Infanterie, Divisions de Cavalerie [10,2]. Ministère De la Guerre, Etat-Major de l'Armée - Service Historique (in French) (1st ed.). Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. Retrieved 6 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63495098?rk=493564;4","url_text":"Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre. Tome X. 2e Volume. Ordres de bataille des grandes unités - Divisions d'Infanterie, Divisions de Cavalerie [10,2]"}]},{"reference":"En campagne européenne 1914–1919: 1er régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique (in French). Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle. 1920. FRBNF30895930.","urls":[{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6327256q/f3.image","url_text":"En campagne européenne 1914–1919: 1er régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique"}]},{"reference":"Historique du 4me régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique depuis sa formation 1839 jusqu'à la fin de la Grande Guerre 1919 (in French). Bizerte: Imprimerie française. 1920. FRBNF42717877.","urls":[{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6358325n/f109.item","url_text":"Historique du 4me régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique depuis sa formation 1839 jusqu'à la fin de la Grande Guerre 1919"}]},{"reference":"Historique succinct du 8e régiment de marche de chasseurs d'Afrique: campagne 1915–1919 (in French). Bizerte: Imprimerie française. 1920. FRBNF42718263.","urls":[{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6413459c/f8.item","url_text":"Historique succinct du 8e régiment de marche de chasseurs d'Afrique: campagne 1915–1919"}]},{"reference":"Dardanelles, Orient, Levant: 1915–1921 Ce que les combattants ont écrit [Dardanelles, Orient, Levant: 1915–1921 A compendium of veterans' eyewitness accounts] (in French). Preface written by Michèle Alliot-Marie. Paris: Association nationale pour le souvenir des Dardanelles et fronts d'Orient. 2005. ISBN 2-7475-7905-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Alliot-Marie","url_text":"Michèle Alliot-Marie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7475-7905-0","url_text":"2-7475-7905-0"}]},{"reference":"Schiavon, Max (2014). Le Front d’Orient. Du désastre des Dardanelles à la victoire finale. 1915-1918 (in French). Tallandier. ISBN 979-1-02-104699-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-1-02-104699-3","url_text":"979-1-02-104699-3"}]},{"reference":"Saint-Ramond, Francine (2019). Les Désorientés: Expériences des soldats français aux Dardanelles et en Macédoine, 1915-1919 (in French). Presses de l’Inalco. ISBN 978-2-85-831299-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85-831299-3","url_text":"978-2-85-831299-3"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Nigel; Babac, Dusan (2001). Armies in the Balkans 1914–18. Men-at-Arms 356. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-194-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-194-X","url_text":"1-84176-194-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Le poilu de l'Armée d'Orient\". Militaria Magazine (in French) (398). Paris: Histoire & Collections. November 2018.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://forum.pages14-18.com/viewtopic.php?f=95&t=2938&start=10#p537863","external_links_name":"\"De Gallipoli à Salonique\""},{"Link":"http://foreignlegion.info/foreign-legion-in-the-balkans-1915-1919/","external_links_name":"\"Foreign Legion in the Balkans: 1915-1919\""},{"Link":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6281532w/f747.item.r=41,000","external_links_name":"AFGG 8,1,1 Annexes (1924)"},{"Link":"https://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/fr/ark:/40699/e00527d3fc81a611/527d3fc850618","external_links_name":"\"13e régiment de chasseurs à cheval: J.M.O. 24 février 1915-22 février 1916: 26 N 890/16\""},{"Link":"https://forum.pages14-18.com/viewtopic.php?f=37&t=53683&p=409498&hilit=Groupe+L%C3%A9ger#p409498","external_links_name":"\"recherches infos sur 13 RCC\""},{"Link":"https://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/fr/ark:/40699/e00528fd91933f39/528fd9194bd69","external_links_name":"\"17e régiment de chasseurs à cheval: Escadron à pied J.M.O. 18 octobre 1915-16 juin 1917: 26 N 892/10\""},{"Link":"https://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/fr/ark:/40699/e0052b1ecf6e62aa/52b1ecf6e7fa2","external_links_name":"\"Régiment de marche de spahis marocains: J.M.O. 1er janvier-8 décembre 1917: 26 N 75/10\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160315171900/http://vinny03.perso.neuf.fr/gg/leshistos/2ebisrmz.htm","external_links_name":"\"Historique du 2e Régiment Bis de Marche de Zouaves\""},{"Link":"http://vinny03.perso.neuf.fr/gg/leshistos/2ebisrmz.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/order-of-battle-of-divisions/26th-division/","external_links_name":"\"26th Division\""},{"Link":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6374254b/f9.image","external_links_name":"Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_fig	Ficus palmata	["1 Description","2 Taxonomy","3 Subspecies","4 Distribution and habitat","5 Uses","6 References"]	Species of fig tree Ficus palmata Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Rosales Family: Moraceae Genus: Ficus Subgenus: F. subg. Ficus Species: F. palmata Binomial name Ficus palmataForssk. Synonyms Ficus forskalaei Vahl Ficus malabarica Miq. Ficus morifolia Forssk. Ficus petitiana A.Rich. Ficus pseudosycomorus Decne. Ficus palmata, the Punjab fig, or "Bedu" is a plant in the family Moraceae. It is native to southern Egypt across to north-eastern tropical Africa and also the Arabian Peninsula. It is a shrub/tree with edible fruit. Description Ficus palmata grows as a shrub, or tree, growing up to 10 metres (30 ft) tall. The fruits, which turn purplish on maturing, measure up to 2 cm (1 in) long. The flowers are greenish white. Taxonomy It was first published by Peter Forsskål in Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. on page 179 in 1775. It is also known as the Wild Himalayan fig. Subspecies There are 2 known subspecies; Ficus palmata subsp. palmata Ficus palmata subsp. virgata (Roxb.) Browicz Which has the synonyms of; Ficus virgata Roxb., Ficus caricoides Roxb., Ficus pseudocarica Miq. and Ficus urticifolia Roxb. Distribution and habitat Ficus palmata is native to north-eastern Africa: from Egypt south to Somalia, and to the Arabian Peninsula and Syria (the typical subspecies) and to Asia: from the Arabian Peninsula and Iran east to India and the Himalayas, (subspecies virgata). Its habitat, desert or dry shrubland including near villages in the Himalayas, is at altitudes of 1,000–1,500 m (3,000–5,000 ft). Uses In the Himalayan region, its fruit is widely sold and consumed. The whole fruit, including the seeds are edible. The fruits are used in folk medicine to treat inflammation, pathogenic bacterial ailments and be used as an analgesic (Shi et al. 2014). References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ficus palmata. ^ a b c d e f g "Ficus palmata". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2 April 2021. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Ficus palmata". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 2 April 2021. ^ a b c d "Ficus palmata". Parmar, C. and Kaushal, M. K. 1982. Wild Fruits. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, India. ^ a b Bachheti, Archana; Deepti; Bachheti, Rakesh Kumar; Singh, Anjita; Zebeaman, Meseret; Hunde, Yilma; Husen, Azamal (2023). "Bioactive constituents and health promoting compounds of underutilized fruits of the northern Himalayas of India: a review". Food Production, Processing and Nutrition. 5 (24). ^ "Ficus palmata subsp. palmata \| Plants of the World Online \| Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 25 October 2023. ^ a b "Ficus palmata subsp. virgata". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 7 April 2021. ^ Shi, Y.; Hu, H.; Xu, Y.; Liu, A. (2014). "An ethnobotanical study of the less known wild edible figs (genus Ficus) native to Xishuangbanna, Southwest China". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 10 (1): 1–11. Taxon identifiersFicus palmata Wikidata: Q3744533 Wikispecies: Ficus palmata APDB: 24192 ARKive: ficus-palmata BioLib: 212251 BOLD: 593301 Calflora: 8653 CoL: 6HYC9 EoL: 487706 FNA: 242422451 FoIO: FICPAL GBIF: 5361916 GRIN: 16925 iNaturalist: 162971 IPNI: 853358-1 IRMNG: 10204526 ITIS: 502617 IUCN: 19218688 NatureServe: 2.139773 NCBI: 309331 Open Tree of Life: 638085 PfaF: Ficus palmata Plant List: kew-2811619 PLANTS: FIPA2 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:853358-1 Tropicos: 21301270 WFO: wfo-0000689611 This Moraceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLANTS-2"},{"link_name":"Moraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraceae"}],"text":"Ficus palmata, the Punjab fig,[2] or \"Bedu\" is a plant in the family Moraceae. It is native to southern Egypt across to north-eastern tropical Africa and also the Arabian Peninsula. It is a shrub/tree with edible fruit.","title":"Ficus palmata"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parmar-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parmar-3"}],"text":"Ficus palmata grows as a shrub,[1] or tree,[3] growing up to 10 metres (30 ft) tall. The fruits, which turn purplish on maturing, measure up to 2 cm (1 in) long.[1] The flowers are greenish white.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Forsskål","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Forssk%C3%A5l"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bachheti2023-4"}],"text":"It was first published by Peter Forsskål in Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. on page 179 in 1775.[1]It is also known as the Wild Himalayan fig.[4]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO2-6"}],"text":"There are 2 known subspecies;Ficus palmata subsp. palmata [5]\nFicus palmata subsp. virgata (Roxb.) Browicz [6]Which has the synonyms of; Ficus virgata Roxb., Ficus caricoides Roxb., Ficus pseudocarica Miq. and Ficus urticifolia Roxb.","title":"Subspecies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO-1"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bachheti2023-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO2-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parmar-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO-1"}],"text":"Ficus palmata is native to north-eastern Africa: from Egypt south to Somalia, and to the Arabian Peninsula and Syria (the typical subspecies)[1] and to Asia: from the Arabian Peninsula and Iran east to India and the Himalayas,[4] (subspecies virgata).[6]Its habitat, desert or dry shrubland including near villages in the Himalayas,[3] is at altitudes of 1,000–1,500 m (3,000–5,000 ft).[1]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parmar-3"},{"link_name":"edible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible"},{"link_name":"folk medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_medicine"},{"link_name":"inflammation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation"},{"link_name":"analgesic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shi2014-7"}],"text":"In the Himalayan region, its fruit is widely sold and consumed.[3]\nThe whole fruit, including the seeds are edible. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese_ripening	Cheese ripening	["1 History","2 Process","3 Effect on features","3.1 Eyes","3.2 Taste","4 See also","5 Footnotes","6 References"]	Process in cheesemaking The effect of dairy salt in Cheddar cheese making: increased use of salt reduces moisture and slows the ripening process. Cheese ripening, alternatively cheese maturation or affinage, is a process in cheesemaking. It is responsible for the distinct flavour of cheese, and through the modification of "ripening agents", determines the features that define many different varieties of cheeses, such as taste, texture, and body. The process is "characterized by a series of complex physical, chemical and microbiological changes" that incorporates the agents of "bacteria and enzymes of the milk, lactic culture, rennet, lipases, added moulds or yeasts, and environmental contaminants". The majority of cheese is ripened, except for fresh cheese. History A cheese cave used to age cheeses Cheese ripening was not always the highly industrialised process it is today; in the past, cellars and caves were used to ripen cheeses instead of the current highly regulated process involving machinery and biochemistry. Some cheeses still are made using more historical methods, such as the blue cheese Roquefort, which is required to be ripened in designated caves in south-western France. However, with the invention of refrigeration in the 20th century, the process evolved considerably, and is much more efficient at producing a consistent quality of cheese, at a faster pace, and a lower cost (depending on the type of cheese). Process Extra aged Beemster cheese, 26+ months old, showing the tyrosine crystals. After the initial manufacturing process of the cheese is done, the cheese ripening process occurs. This process is especially important, since it defines the flavour and texture of the cheese, which differentiates the many varieties. Duration is dependent on the type of cheese and the desired quality, and typically ranges from "three weeks to two or more years". Ripening is influenced by a variety of factors, ranging from the microflora to the curd, and others. The enzymatic process is the most crucial process for all cheeses, although bacteria play a role in many varieties. The most important agents in this process include the following elements: Rennet, or a substitute for rennet starter bacteria and associated enzymes milk enzymes second starter bacteria and associated enzymes non-starter bacteria Each of these factors affects the cheese-ripening process differently and has been the subject of much research. It is important for manufacturers to understand how each of these elements work, so that they are able to maintain the quality of the cheese while producing the cheese at an acceptable investment of time and cost. These agents contribute to the three primary reactions that define cheese ripening: glycolysis, proteolysis, and lipolysis. By taking the cheese through a series of maturation stages where temperature and relative humidity are carefully controlled, the cheese maker allows the surface mould to grow and the mould ripening of the cheese by fungi to occur. Mould-ripened cheeses ripen faster than hard cheeses, in weeks as opposed to the typical months or even years. This is because the fungi used are more biochemically active than the starter bacteria. Where the ripening occurs is largely dependent on the type of cheese: some cheeses are surface ripened by moulds, such as Camembert and Brie; and some are ripened internally, such as Stilton. Surface ripening of some cheeses, such as Saint-Nectaire cheese, may also be influenced by yeasts which contribute flavour and coat texture. Others are allowed by the cheesemaker to develop bacterial surface growths which give characteristic colours and appearances. The growth of Brevibacterium linens, for example, creates an orange coat to cheeses. In contrast to cheddaring, making cheeses like Camembert requires a gentler treatment of the curd. It is carefully transferred to cheese hoops and the whey is allowed to drain from the curd by gravity, generally overnight. The cheese curds are then removed from the hoops to be brined by immersion in a saturated salt solution. This is because the amount of salt has a large effect on the rate of proteolysis in the cheese, stopping the bacteria from growing. If white-mould spores have not been added to the cheese milk, the cheese maker applies them to the cheese either by spraying the cheese with a suspension of mould spores in water, or by immersing the cheese in a bath containing spores of, e.g., Penicillium candida. Starting in the 1970s, chemical analysis of cheese flavor made it possible to replicate aspects of cheese ripening by added enzymes. This resulted in enzyme-modified cheese, a flavoring preparation providing exaggerated cheese flavors, produced in a fraction of the time. Effect on features Eyes Main article: Eyes (cheese) Emmental with eyes. Emmental tastes sweeter due to proline. The round holes that are a characteristic feature of Swiss-type cheese (e.g. Emmentaler cheese) and some Dutch-type cheeses are called "eyes". They are bubbles of carbon dioxide that are produced by bacteria in the cheese. In Swiss-type cheeses, the eyes form as a result of the activity of propionic acid bacteria (propionibacteria), notably Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii. In Dutch-type cheeses, the CO2 that forms the eyes results from the metabolisation of citrate by citrate-positive ("Cit+") strains of lactococci. Taste The process of cheese ripening affects the taste of the final product. If the product is not ripened, the resulting cheese is tasteless, and so all cheese is ripened except for fresh cheeses. Different factors define taste in cheese, including casein, fat, brine and many other elements. Brine, for example, mixes with saliva, delivering the flavour of the cheese to the taste buds and determining the cheese's moistness. Many of these elements are specific to the type of cheese. For instance, proline is more abundant in Emmental than in any other type of cheese and gives the cheese its much sweeter taste. See also List of cheeses Food portal Footnotes ^ Decker, John W. (1895). Cheddar Cheese Making. John W. Decker. pp. 53–56. Retrieved 17 November 2015. ^ a b c d "Cheese: Cheese Ripening". University of Guelph Department of Dairy Science and Technology. Retrieved 2017-04-28. ^ "Monitor biochemical changes during cheese ripening with infrared microspectroscopy". Emerging Food R&D Report. Entrepreneur Magazine. Retrieved 2010-10-23. ^ a b Fox, Cogan & Guinee (2000), p. 350. ^ a b Fox (2004), p. 389. ^ Fox (2004), p. 390. ^ Fox (2004), p. 392. ^ Fox, Cogan & Guinee (2000), p. 349. ^ Fox (2004), p. 306. ^ Fox (2004), p. 205. ^ Fox, Cogan & Guinee (2000), p. 166. ^ Moskowitz, Gerard J.; Noelck, Suellen S. (August 1987). "Enzyme-Modified Cheese Technology". Journal of Dairy Science. 70 (8): 1761–1769. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(87)80208-4. ^ McSweeney & Fox (2004), p. 366. ^ McSweeney (2004), p. 349. ^ "Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp shermanii ATCC9614: A bacterium used in the production of Emmental". Genoscope. 16 January 2008. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2010. ^ McSweeney & Fox (2004), p. 367. ^ Fox (2004), p. 327. ^ Fox (2004), p. 418. References Fox, Patrick F., ed. (2004). Cheese: Chemistry, Physics, and Microbiology, Volume 1: General Aspects. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-263652-3. McSweeney, P.L.H. "Biochemistry of Cheese Ripening: Introduction and Overview". In Fox (2004). McSweeney, P.L.H.; Fox, P.R. "Metabolism of Residual Lactose and of Lactate and Citrate". In Fox (2004). Fox, Patrick; Cogan, Timothy; Guinee, Timothy (2000). Fundamentals of Cheese Science. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8342-1260-2. vteCheeseTypes Acid-set Blue Brined Cream Goat Green Pasta filata Processed Smear-ripened Smoked Washed-rind Whey Animal milk Camel Cow Goat Moose Reindeer Sheep Water buffalo Yak Regions Argentina Bosnia and Herzogovina Cornwall Egypt France Germany Ireland Israel Italy Mexico Netherlands Norway Poland Serbia Spain Switzerland list Tibet Turkey United Kingdom United States Special designations European cheeses with protected geographical status Greek Italian Organizations American Cheese Society International Cheese Awards Lucerne Cheese Festival Mountain Cheese Olympics National Cheese Exchange Swiss Cheese Union The Great British Cheese Festival List articles Cheese dishes Cheesemakers Cheeses Blue cheeses Goat milk cheeses Sheep milk cheeses Stretch-curd cheeses Water buffalo cheeses Miscellaneous Cheesemaking Cheese ripening Cheese soup Dairy salt The Moon is made of green cheese Truckle Category: Cheese Cheese dishes Cheesemakers List of cheeses Authority control databases: National Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheddar_cheese_making_(1895)_(20577597926).jpg"},{"link_name":"dairy salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_salt"},{"link_name":"Cheddar cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheddar_cheese"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"cheesemaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheesemaker"},{"link_name":"flavour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavour_(taste)"},{"link_name":"cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guelph-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entre-3"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk"},{"link_name":"rennet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennet"},{"link_name":"lipases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipases"},{"link_name":"moulds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold_(fungus)"},{"link_name":"yeasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guelph-2"},{"link_name":"fresh cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_cheese#Fresh,_whey,_and_stretched_curd_cheeses"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guelph-2"}],"text":"The effect of dairy salt in Cheddar cheese making: increased use of salt reduces moisture and slows the ripening process.[1]Cheese ripening, alternatively cheese maturation or affinage, is a process in cheesemaking. It is responsible for the distinct flavour of cheese, and through the modification of \"ripening agents\", determines the features that define many different varieties of cheeses, such as taste, texture, and body.[2] The process is \"characterized by a series of complex physical, chemical and microbiological changes\"[3] that incorporates the agents of \"bacteria and enzymes of the milk, lactic culture, rennet, lipases, added moulds or yeasts, and environmental contaminants\".[2] The majority of cheese is ripened, except for fresh cheese.[2]","title":"Cheese ripening"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheese_cave.jpg"},{"link_name":"blue cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_cheese"},{"link_name":"Roquefort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roquefort"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoxCoganGuinee2000350-4"},{"link_name":"refrigeration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoxCoganGuinee2000350-4"}],"text":"A cheese cave used to age cheesesCheese ripening was not always the highly industrialised process it is today; in the past, cellars and caves were used to ripen cheeses instead of the current highly regulated process involving machinery and biochemistry. Some cheeses still are made using more historical methods, such as the blue cheese Roquefort, which is required to be ripened in designated caves in south-western France.[4] However, with the invention of refrigeration in the 20th century, the process evolved considerably, and is much more efficient at producing a consistent quality of cheese, at a faster pace, and a lower cost (depending on the type of cheese).[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beemster_detail.jpg"},{"link_name":"Beemster cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beemster_cheese"},{"link_name":"tyrosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2004389-5"},{"link_name":"microflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microflora"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2004389-5"},{"link_name":"Rennet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennet"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2004390-6"},{"link_name":"glycolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis"},{"link_name":"proteolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteolysis"},{"link_name":"lipolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipolysis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2004392-7"},{"link_name":"mould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold_(fungus)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoxCoganGuinee2000349-8"},{"link_name":"fungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi"},{"link_name":"Brie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brie"},{"link_name":"Stilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilton_cheese"},{"link_name":"Saint-Nectaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Nectaire"},{"link_name":"yeasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2004306-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2004205-10"},{"link_name":"cheddaring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheddaring"},{"link_name":"Camembert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camembert"},{"link_name":"salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt"},{"link_name":"proteolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteolysis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoxCoganGuinee2000166-11"},{"link_name":"spores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore"},{"link_name":"enzyme-modified cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme-modified_cheese"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOSKOWITZ-12"}],"text":"Extra aged Beemster cheese, 26+ months old, showing the tyrosine crystals.After the initial manufacturing process of the cheese is done, the cheese ripening process occurs. This process is especially important, since it defines the flavour and texture of the cheese, which differentiates the many varieties. Duration is dependent on the type of cheese and the desired quality, and typically ranges from \"three weeks to two or more years\".[5]Ripening is influenced by a variety of factors, ranging from the microflora to the curd, and others. The enzymatic process is the most crucial process for all cheeses, although bacteria play a role in many varieties.[5] The most important agents in this process include the following elements:Rennet, or a substitute for rennet\nstarter bacteria and associated enzymes\nmilk enzymes\nsecond starter bacteria and associated enzymes\nnon-starter bacteriaEach of these factors affects the cheese-ripening process differently and has been the subject of much research. It is important for manufacturers to understand how each of these elements work, so that they are able to maintain the quality of the cheese while producing the cheese at an acceptable investment of time and cost.[6] These agents contribute to the three primary reactions that define cheese ripening: glycolysis, proteolysis, and lipolysis.[7]By taking the cheese through a series of maturation stages where temperature and relative humidity are carefully controlled, the cheese maker allows the surface mould to grow and the mould ripening of the cheese by fungi to occur. Mould-ripened cheeses ripen faster than hard cheeses, in weeks as opposed to the typical months or even years.[8] This is because the fungi used are more biochemically active than the starter bacteria. Where the ripening occurs is largely dependent on the type of cheese: some cheeses are surface ripened by moulds, such as Camembert and Brie; and some are ripened internally, such as Stilton. Surface ripening of some cheeses, such as Saint-Nectaire cheese, may also be influenced by yeasts which contribute flavour and coat texture.[9] Others are allowed by the cheesemaker to develop bacterial surface growths which give characteristic colours and appearances. The growth of Brevibacterium linens, for example, creates an orange coat to cheeses.[10]In contrast to cheddaring, making cheeses like Camembert requires a gentler treatment of the curd. It is carefully transferred to cheese hoops and the whey is allowed to drain from the curd by gravity, generally overnight. The cheese curds are then removed from the hoops to be brined by immersion in a saturated salt solution. This is because the amount of salt has a large effect on the rate of proteolysis in the cheese, stopping the bacteria from growing.[11] If white-mould spores have not been added to the cheese milk, the cheese maker applies them to the cheese either by spraying the cheese with a suspension of mould spores in water, or by immersing the cheese in a bath containing spores of, e.g., Penicillium candida.Starting in the 1970s, chemical analysis of cheese flavor made it possible to replicate aspects of cheese ripening by added enzymes. This resulted in enzyme-modified cheese, a flavoring preparation providing exaggerated cheese flavors, produced in a fraction of the time.[12]","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Effect on features"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emmentaler_aoc_block.jpg"},{"link_name":"Emmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmentaler"},{"link_name":"proline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proline"},{"link_name":"Swiss-type cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss-type_cheese"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcSweeneyFox2004366-13"},{"link_name":"Emmentaler cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmentaler_cheese"},{"link_name":"Dutch-type cheeses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch-type_cheese"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"propionibacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propionibacteria"},{"link_name":"Propionibacterium freudenreichii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propionibacterium_freudenreichii"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcSweeney2004349-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genoscope-15"},{"link_name":"citrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrate"},{"link_name":"lactococci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactococci"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcSweeneyFox2004367-16"}],"sub_title":"Eyes","text":"Emmental with eyes. Emmental tastes sweeter due to proline.The round holes that are a characteristic feature of Swiss-type cheese[13] (e.g. Emmentaler cheese) and some Dutch-type cheeses are called \"eyes\". They are bubbles of carbon dioxide that are produced by bacteria in the cheese.In Swiss-type cheeses, the eyes form as a result of the activity of propionic acid bacteria (propionibacteria), notably Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii.[14][15] In Dutch-type cheeses, the CO2 that forms the eyes results from the metabolisation of citrate by citrate-positive (\"Cit+\") strains of lactococci.[16]","title":"Effect on features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guelph-2"},{"link_name":"casein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casein"},{"link_name":"fat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat"},{"link_name":"brine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine"},{"link_name":"saliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliva"},{"link_name":"taste buds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste_buds"},{"link_name":"moistness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moist"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2004327-17"},{"link_name":"proline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proline"},{"link_name":"Emmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmental"},{"link_name":"sweeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2004418-18"}],"sub_title":"Taste","text":"The process of cheese ripening affects the taste of the final product. If the product is not ripened, the resulting cheese is tasteless, and so all cheese is ripened except for fresh cheeses.[2] Different factors define taste in cheese, including casein, fat, brine and many other elements. Brine, for example, mixes with saliva, delivering the flavour of the cheese to the taste buds and determining the cheese's moistness.[17] Many of these elements are specific to the type of cheese. For instance, proline is more abundant in Emmental than in any other type of cheese and gives the cheese its much sweeter taste.[18]","title":"Effect on features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Cheddar Cheese Making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cheddarcheesemak00deck/page/n11/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"53–56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/cheddarcheesemak00deck/#page/53/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Guelph_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Guelph_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Guelph_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Guelph_2-3"},{"link_name":"\"Cheese: Cheese Ripening\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uoguelph.ca/foodscience/book-page/ripening-and-packaging"},{"link_name":"University of Guelph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Guelph"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-entre_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"Monitor biochemical changes during cheese ripening with infrared microspectroscopy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/203561105.html"},{"link_name":"Entrepreneur Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneur_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoxCoganGuinee2000350_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoxCoganGuinee2000350_4-1"},{"link_name":"Fox, Cogan & Guinee (2000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFoxCoganGuinee2000"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004389_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004389_5-1"},{"link_name":"Fox (2004)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFox2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004390_6-0"},{"link_name":"Fox (2004)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFox2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004392_7-0"},{"link_name":"Fox (2004)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFox2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoxCoganGuinee2000349_8-0"},{"link_name":"Fox, Cogan & Guinee (2000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFoxCoganGuinee2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004306_9-0"},{"link_name":"Fox (2004)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFox2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004205_10-0"},{"link_name":"Fox (2004)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFox2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoxCoganGuinee2000166_11-0"},{"link_name":"Fox, Cogan & Guinee (2000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFoxCoganGuinee2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MOSKOWITZ_12-0"},{"link_name":"\"Enzyme-Modified Cheese Technology\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2887%2980208-4"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(87)80208-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2887%2980208-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcSweeneyFox2004366_13-0"},{"link_name":"McSweeney & Fox (2004)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcSweeneyFox2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcSweeney2004349_14-0"},{"link_name":"McSweeney (2004)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcSweeney2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Genoscope_15-0"},{"link_name":"\"Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp shermanii ATCC9614: A bacterium used in the production of Emmental\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160826155845/http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/spip/Propionibacterium-freudenreichii,467.html"},{"link_name":"Genoscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoscope"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.genoscope.cns.fr/spip/propionibacterium-freudenreichii,467.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcSweeneyFox2004367_16-0"},{"link_name":"McSweeney & Fox (2004)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcSweeneyFox2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004327_17-0"},{"link_name":"Fox (2004)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFox2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004418_18-0"},{"link_name":"Fox (2004)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFox2004"}],"text":"^ Decker, John W. (1895). Cheddar Cheese Making. John W. Decker. pp. 53–56. Retrieved 17 November 2015.\n\n^ a b c d \"Cheese: Cheese Ripening\". University of Guelph Department of Dairy Science and Technology. Retrieved 2017-04-28.\n\n^ \"Monitor biochemical changes during cheese ripening with infrared microspectroscopy\". Emerging Food R&D Report. Entrepreneur Magazine. Retrieved 2010-10-23.\n\n^ a b Fox, Cogan & Guinee (2000), p. 350.\n\n^ a b Fox (2004), p. 389.\n\n^ Fox (2004), p. 390.\n\n^ Fox (2004), p. 392.\n\n^ Fox, Cogan & Guinee (2000), p. 349.\n\n^ Fox (2004), p. 306.\n\n^ Fox (2004), p. 205.\n\n^ Fox, Cogan & Guinee (2000), p. 166.\n\n^ Moskowitz, Gerard J.; Noelck, Suellen S. (August 1987). \"Enzyme-Modified Cheese Technology\". Journal of Dairy Science. 70 (8): 1761–1769. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(87)80208-4.\n\n^ McSweeney & Fox (2004), p. 366.\n\n^ McSweeney (2004), p. 349.\n\n^ \"Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp shermanii ATCC9614: A bacterium used in the production of Emmental\". Genoscope. 16 January 2008. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2010.\n\n^ McSweeney & Fox (2004), p. 367.\n\n^ Fox (2004), p. 327.\n\n^ Fox (2004), p. 418.","title":"Footnotes"}]	[{"image_text":"The effect of dairy salt in Cheddar cheese making: increased use of salt reduces moisture and slows the ripening process.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cheddar_cheese_making_%281895%29_%2820577597926%29.jpg/300px-Cheddar_cheese_making_%281895%29_%2820577597926%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A cheese cave used to age cheeses","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cheese_cave.jpg/220px-Cheese_cave.jpg"},{"image_text":"Extra aged Beemster cheese, 26+ months old, showing the tyrosine crystals.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Beemster_detail.jpg/170px-Beemster_detail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Emmental with eyes. Emmental tastes sweeter due to proline.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Emmentaler_aoc_block.jpg/170px-Emmentaler_aoc_block.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of cheeses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cheeses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"}]	[{"reference":"Decker, John W. (1895). Cheddar Cheese Making. John W. Decker. pp. 53–56. Retrieved 17 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cheddarcheesemak00deck/page/n11/mode/2up","url_text":"Cheddar Cheese Making"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/cheddarcheesemak00deck/#page/53/mode/1up","url_text":"53–56"}]},{"reference":"\"Cheese: Cheese Ripening\". University of Guelph Department of Dairy Science and Technology. Retrieved 2017-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uoguelph.ca/foodscience/book-page/ripening-and-packaging","url_text":"\"Cheese: Cheese Ripening\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Guelph","url_text":"University of Guelph"}]},{"reference":"\"Monitor biochemical changes during cheese ripening with infrared microspectroscopy\". Emerging Food R&D Report. Entrepreneur Magazine. Retrieved 2010-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/203561105.html","url_text":"\"Monitor biochemical changes during cheese ripening with infrared microspectroscopy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneur_(magazine)","url_text":"Entrepreneur Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Moskowitz, Gerard J.; Noelck, Suellen S. (August 1987). \"Enzyme-Modified Cheese Technology\". Journal of Dairy Science. 70 (8): 1761–1769. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(87)80208-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2887%2980208-4","url_text":"\"Enzyme-Modified Cheese Technology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2887%2980208-4","url_text":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(87)80208-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp shermanii ATCC9614: A bacterium used in the production of Emmental\". Genoscope. 16 January 2008. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160826155845/http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/spip/Propionibacterium-freudenreichii,467.html","url_text":"\"Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp shermanii ATCC9614: A bacterium used in the production of Emmental\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoscope","url_text":"Genoscope"},{"url":"http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/spip/propionibacterium-freudenreichii,467.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fox, Patrick F., ed. (2004). Cheese: Chemistry, Physics, and Microbiology, Volume 1: General Aspects. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-263652-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Press","url_text":"Academic Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-263652-3","url_text":"978-0-12-263652-3"}]},{"reference":"Fox, Patrick; Cogan, Timothy; Guinee, Timothy (2000). Fundamentals of Cheese Science. Springer Publishing. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Midnight_(J._J._Cale_song)	After Midnight (J. J. Cale song)	["1 Background and releases","2 Chart performance","3 Critical reception","4 Album title","5 Other cover versions","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	1966 rock song by J. J. Cale "After Midnight"Single by J.J. Calefrom the album Naturally B-side"Slow Motion" (1966)"Crying Eyes" (1972)ReleasedNovember 19661972 (re-recording)Length2:372:54 (re-recording)LabelLiberty Records (1966)Shelter Records (1972)Songwriter(s)J.J. CaleProducer(s)Johnny CaleOfficial Audio"After Midnight" on YouTube "After Midnight"1970 UK vinyl singleSingle by Eric Claptonfrom the album Eric Clapton B-side"Easy Now"ReleasedOctober 1970RecordedJanuary 1970StudioIsland (London)GenreBlues rockLength3:15 (or 2:51)LabelPolydorSongwriter(s)J. J. CaleProducer(s)Delaney BramlettEric Clapton singles chronology "After Midnight" (1970) "Blues Power" (1970) "After Midnight" is a rock song by J. J. Cale, first released in 1966. Eric Clapton later covered it for his eponymous album, released in 1970. Clapton's rendition became a success, prompting Cale to re-record the song for his own 1971 album Naturally. In 1987, Clapton later re-recorded the song for a Michelob beer commercial and then released the re-recording as a single. "After Midnight" has been considered one of Clapton's signature songs throughout his career. Other artists covered the song in later years. Background and releases Cale recorded the song and then released it in 1966 as a single with its flipside track "Slow Motion". When Eric Clapton was working with Delaney & Bonnie Bramlett, Delaney Bramlett introduced Clapton to the music of J.J. Cale. "After Midnight" was the first of several Cale cover songs released by Clapton and appeared on his self-titled debut album. The performers on this version were Clapton on vocals and guitar, Bobby Whitlock on organ and vocals, Jim Gordon on drums, Delaney Bramlett on rhythm guitar, Carl Radle on bass, Leon Russell on piano, Jim Price on trumpet, and Bobby Keys on saxophone. It also appears on Just One Night, a live album recorded in Japan in 1979. In 1987, Clapton re-recorded the song for a Michelob beer commercial. The 1988 re-recording was released on the anthology box set Crossroads and as a single with different B-side tracks: "I Can't Stand It" for the seven-inch vinyl, "Whatcha Gonna Do" for the twelve-inch vinyl and the CD, and live recording "Sunshine of Your Love" as the CD's one of three tracks. Another live version was released on Live from Madison Square Garden with Steve Winwood on organ. Clapton said in his 2014 interview with The San Diego Union-Tribune: The construction of "After Midnight" was great and it had everything The thing that summed up J.J. for me is it had a little country, a little blues, it was rock and there was this guitar part that was baffling. That has always been the fascinating part; I still don’t think we got it right . I’ve always been in awe of J.J.’s technique... He was a rhythm guitar player and a great lead guitar player, too. But when he played rhythm, it was very difficult to get it and know what he was doing. When we it, me and Delaney both did it at same time, and it was a really difficult claw-hammer thing. I thought: "This is too hard," so we made a meal out of it. What got me is that it appeared to be a very complex track and I was just intrigued, and thought: "I've got to try and get this ." Cale was coming from this very soulful white music. It was at Delaney's insistence that I did , and that was probably one of the first songs we decided to record. And that began my association with J.J., really. Cale was unaware of Clapton's recording of the song until it became a radio hit in 1970. He recalled to Mojo magazine that when he heard Clapton's version playing on his radio, "I was dirt poor, not making enough to eat and I wasn’t a young man. I was in my thirties, so I was very happy. It was nice to make some money." Cale's friend and producer Audie Ashworth then encouraged him to capitalize on the song's success by recording a full album, Naturally, released in 1971. Cale issued the re-recorded version as a single the following year with its B-side track, "Crying Eyes." The re-recorded version reached #42 on the Billboard Hot 100. Cale told The San Diego Union-Tribune in his 1990 interview about Clapton's version: I thought: 'Well, that won't go anywhere'. A year later, they started playing it on every radio station, including in my hometown. The first time I heard it on my car radio I just drove off to the side of the road. Because I'd never heard anything of my own on the radio before... All record companies want big-selling records, and my music is a little too raw for commercial success. People are familiar with my songs, especially through Eric Clapton. But I have a hard time drawing a crowd, because I have been a songwriter. I've never sold a lot of records; my music's gotten much more famous than me. Cale released a live version on the album Live in 2001. Chart performance Eric Clapton versions Chart (1970–1988) Peakposition Australia (Kent Music Report) 51 Canada (CHUM) 9 Canadian Top Singles (RPM) 10 Japanese Singles (Oricon) 87 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 25 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 19 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 17 UK Singles (OCC) 99 US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Mainstream Rock (Billboard) 4 US Cash Box Top 100 13 J. J. Cale version Chart (1972) Peakposition US Billboard Hot 100 42 Critical reception Thom Owens of AllMusic said in his review about Cale's 1972 album Naturally, including Cale's re-recorded version of the song, that "Cale effortlessly capture a lazy, rolling boogie" opposite to the early 1970s mainstream "styles of boogie, blues, and country rock." Cash Box said of Clapton's version that "driving dance rhythm and Clapton's guitar work unite to create sales force behind the effort." Record World said that Eric Clapton sings 'After Midnight' in a soulful way and lays down some boss riffs." Album title There was also a DVD accompanied by two audio CDs (released in 2006) from a concert (featuring former Dire Straits frontman Mark Knopfler) filmed at the Shoreline Amphitheatre in Mountain View, California, on 21 September 1988, which contains 14 tracks that span Clapton's entire career including classic hits from his stint with Cream, Blind Faith, Derek & The Dominos, as well as his successful solo work. Other cover versions In addition to Clapton, the song has been recorded by various artists, like Chet Atkins, Jerry Garcia Band, Pretty Lights, Phish, Maggie Bell, The Disco Biscuits, Marc Cohn, Danny Elfman, and Mark Gillespie. Sérgio Mendes and his band Brasil '77 covered the song for their 1971 album País Tropical. It was also recorded by the reggae band the Pioneers under the title "Let It All Hang Out" on the album Yeah, from 1971, released by Trojan Records. Both, Furthur and Yonder Mountain String Band, performed the song live at All Good Music Festival in 2010. The modern bluegrass band Seldom Scene recorded the song as the title track of their 1981 album of the same name, and often featured an extended-jam version in their concerts. The John Mayer Trio performed a version of the song on Late Night with Seth Meyers on February 27, 2014. See also "Cocaine", another Cale song made famous by Clapton. References ^ "The HeliosCentric Helios Console: Constructed in 1996 through an amalgamation of part of the Island Records Basing Street Studio 2 Helios Console (1970-1974) used by artists such as; Led Zeppelin to record their 'Album IV' which includes the timeless hit "Stairway to Heaven", and Bob Marley & the Wailers to record the albums 'Burnin' and 'Catch A Fire'; with the other part being from Alvin Lee's Helios Console from Space Studios (1973–1979); with the final construction installed at HeliosCentric Studios (1996–Present)". Bonhams.com. Retrieved 1 December 2021. ^ Bowling, David (2013). "I Swear It Was Self-Defense: Surviving the Seventies". Eric Clapton FAQ: All That's Left to Know About Slowhand. Hal Leonard. ISBN 9781617135743. Retrieved November 27, 2016. ^ a b Popoff, Martin (2010). Goldmine Standard Catalog of American Records 1948–1991. Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications via F+W. p. 195. ISBN 9781440216213. Retrieved November 27, 2016 – via Google Books. This source names "After Midnight" the A-side track of the 1966 single. ^ Clarke, Donald; Cackett, Alan; Balmer, Paul (1998). The Penguin encyclopedia of popular music. p. 199. ISBN 9780140513707. Retrieved November 27, 2016 – via Google Books. This source puts "Slow Motion" before "After Midnight." ^ Clapton: The Autobiography by Eric Clapton ^ Schumacher, Michael (2003) . "Why Does Love Got to Be So Sad? (1969–70)". Crossroads: The Life and Music of Eric Clapton (Updated ed.). pp. 135–136. ISBN 9780806524665. Retrieved November 27, 2016 – via Google Books. ^ Timepieces - The Best of Eric Clapton (Media notes). Eric Clapton.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Reilly, Dan (2013-07-27). "J.J. Cale, Songwriter of 'After Midnight' and 'Cocaine,' Dead at 74". Spin. Retrieved 2018-08-03. ^ Schumacher 2003, p. 369. ^ Varga, George (July 25, 2014). "Eric Clapton speaks up for J.J. Cale". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved November 27, 2016. ^ "After Midnight by Eric Clapton Songfacts". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 2013-09-04. ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine. "J.J. Cale \| Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 2013-09-04. ^ Varga, George (November 4, 2016). "Eric Clapton/JJ Cale 'Live in San Diego' album revisits rare collaboration". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved November 27, 2016. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. Note: This reference gives Australian albums and singles information. It is used for chart peak positions as early materials were released before ARIA regulated the Australian charts itself (1989). ^ "1050 CHUM – CHUM Charts > Clapton, Eric". CHUM Charts. 1050 Chum. Archived from the original on February 22, 2006. Retrieved October 21, 2015. ^ "Canadian RPM Top Singles". RPM Magazine. 14 (16). Library and Archives Canada. December 5, 1970. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved October 21, 2015. ^ Tatsaku, Ren (2011). The Oricon Sales Report (in Japanese). Tokyo: Oricon Style – Recording Industry Association of Japan. ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Eric Clapton" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved October 21, 2015. ^ "Eric Clapton – After Midnight" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved October 21, 2015. ^ "Eric Clapton – After Midnight". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved October 21, 2015. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved November 27, 2020. ^ "Eric Clapton Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved October 21, 2015. ^ "Eric Clapton Chart History (Mainstream Rock)". Billboard. Retrieved October 21, 2015. ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles, December 26, 1970 ^ "J J Cale Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved November 27, 2020. ^ Owens, Thom. Review of Naturally by J. J. Cale. All Music Guide to the Blues: The Definitive Guide to the Blues (2003), edited by Vladimir Bogdanov, et al. p. 94. ^ "CashBox Record Reviews" (PDF). Cash Box. October 3, 1970. p. 22. Retrieved 2021-12-09. ^ "Single Picks of the Week" (PDF). Record World. October 3, 1970. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-04-24. ^ "Album Reviews". Billboard. October 2, 1971. p. 48. Retrieved November 27, 2016 – via Google Books. vteJ. J. CaleStudio albums Naturally Really Okie Troubadour 5 Shades Grasshopper #8 Travel-Log Number 10 Closer to You Guitar Man To Tulsa and Back Roll On Stay Around Other albums The Road to Escondido Rewind: The Unreleased Recordings The Breeze: An Appreciation of JJ Cale Live in San Diego Notable songs "Call Me the Breeze" "Clyde" "After Midnight" "Cocaine" "Travelin' Light" Related articles Discography Tulsa Sound Christine Lakeland vteEric Clapton Albums discography Singles discography Videography Studio albums Eric Clapton 461 Ocean Boulevard There's One in Every Crowd No Reason to Cry Slowhand Backless Another Ticket Money and Cigarettes Behind the Sun August Journeyman From the Cradle Pilgrim Reptile Me and Mr. Johnson / Sessions for Robert J Back Home Clapton Old Sock I Still Do Happy Xmas Live albums Eric Clapton's Rainbow Concert E. C. Was Here Just One Night Time Pieces Vol.II Live in the Seventies 24 Nights Unplugged Crossroads 2: Live in the Seventies One More Car, One More Rider Live in San Diego Crossroads Guitar Festival 2019 The Lady in the Balcony: Lockdown Sessions Nothing but the Blues Compilations The History of Eric Clapton Eric Clapton at His Best Clapton Steppin' Out Timepieces: The Best of Eric Clapton Backtrackin' The Cream of Eric Clapton Crossroads Story The Cream of Clapton Blues Clapton Chronicles: The Best of Eric Clapton Complete Clapton Forever Man Singles "After Midnight" / "Easy Now" "Blues Power" / "Bottle of Red Wine" "Let It Rain" "I Shot the Sheriff" / "Give Me Strength" "Willie and the Hand Jive" "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" "Knockin' on Heaven's Door" "Hello Old Friend" "Carnival" "Lay Down Sally" / "Cocaine" "Wonderful Tonight" "Tulsa Time" "Promises" / "Watch Out for Lucy" "Early in the Morning (Live)" "I Can't Stand It" "I've Got a Rock 'n' Roll Heart" "Crosscut Saw" "Forever Man" "It's in the Way That You Use It" "Behind the Mask" "Tearing Us Apart" "Pretending" / "Before You Accuse Me" "Hound Dog" "Bad Love" "Tears in Heaven" / "White Room (Live)" "Layla (Acoustic)" "Down & Out" "Motherless Child" / "Driftin'" "Change the World" "Born in Time" "Circus" "My Father's Eyes" "Pilgrim" "Blue Eyes Blue" "(I) Get Lost" "Come Rain or Come Shine" / "Ten Long Years" "3 O'Clock Blues" "Key to the Highway" "Worried Life Blues" "I Ain't Gonna Stand for It" "Every Little Thing" / "No Sympathy" Soundtracks Edge of Darkness Homeboy Rush Concert films Live 1986 The Cream of Eric Clapton Live in Hyde Park In Concert: A Benefit for the Crossroads Centre at Antigua Sessions for Robert J Crossroads Guitar Festival 2004 Live at Montreux 1986 Crossroads Guitar Festival 2007 Crossroads Guitar Festival 2010 Crossroads Guitar Festival 2013 Planes, Trains and Eric Slowhand at 70 – Live at the Royal Albert Hall Crossroads Guitar Festival 2019 Collaborations Riding with the King The Road to Escondido Live from Madison Square Garden Play the Blues: Live from Jazz at Lincoln Center Crossroads Guitar Festival 2013 The Breeze: An Appreciation of JJ Cale "I Wish It Would Rain Down" "Runaway Train" Tours Journeyman World Tour George Harrison–Eric Clapton 1991 Japanese Tour Reptile World Tour 2019 Eric Clapton World Tour Bands The Yardbirds John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers The All-Stars Eric Clapton and the Powerhouse Cream Blind Faith Delaney & Bonnie Derek and the Dominos Related Blackie Brownie The Fool Marshall Bluesbreaker Signature Stratocaster Crossroads Centre Crossroads Guitar Festival Pattie Boyd George Harrison Ferrari SP12 EC Va Bene Wonderful Today "Clapton is God" On Tour with Eric Clapton Nothing but the Blues Eric Clapton: Life in 12 Bars External links Eric Clapton - After Midnight on YouTube Authority control databases MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. J. Cale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Cale"},{"link_name":"Eric Clapton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton"},{"link_name":"eponymous album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton_(album)"},{"link_name":"Naturally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturally_(J._J._Cale_album)"},{"link_name":"Michelob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelob"},{"link_name":"signature songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signature_song"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"\"After Midnight\" is a rock song by J. J. Cale, first released in 1966. Eric Clapton later covered it for his eponymous album, released in 1970. Clapton's rendition became a success, prompting Cale to re-record the song for his own 1971 album Naturally. In 1987, Clapton later re-recorded the song for a Michelob beer commercial and then released the re-recording as a single. \"After Midnight\" has been considered one of Clapton's signature songs throughout his career.[2] Other artists covered the song in later years.","title":"After Midnight (J. J. Cale song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Popoff-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Delaney & Bonnie Bramlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaney_%26_Bonnie"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"self-titled debut album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton_(album)"},{"link_name":"Bobby Whitlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Whitlock"},{"link_name":"Jim Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Gordon_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Delaney Bramlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaney_Bramlett"},{"link_name":"Carl Radle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Radle"},{"link_name":"Leon Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Russell"},{"link_name":"Jim Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Price_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Bobby Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Keys"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Just One Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_One_Night_(Eric_Clapton_album)"},{"link_name":"Michelob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelob"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Crossroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossroads_(Eric_Clapton_album)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Live from Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_from_Madison_Square_Garden_(Eric_Clapton_and_Steve_Winwood_album)"},{"link_name":"Steve Winwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Winwood"},{"link_name":"The San Diego Union-Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Naturally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturally_(J.J._Cale_album)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Popoff-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Cale recorded the song and then released it in 1966 as a single with its flipside track \"Slow Motion\".[3][4] When Eric Clapton was working with Delaney & Bonnie Bramlett, Delaney Bramlett introduced Clapton to the music of J.J. Cale.[5][6] \"After Midnight\" was the first of several Cale cover songs released by Clapton and appeared on his self-titled debut album. The performers on this version were Clapton on vocals and guitar, Bobby Whitlock on organ and vocals, Jim Gordon on drums, Delaney Bramlett on rhythm guitar, Carl Radle on bass, Leon Russell on piano, Jim Price on trumpet, and Bobby Keys on saxophone.[7] It also appears on Just One Night, a live album recorded in Japan in 1979.In 1987, Clapton re-recorded the song for a Michelob beer commercial.[8] The 1988 re-recording was released on the anthology box set Crossroads and as a single with different B-side tracks: \"I Can't Stand It\" for the seven-inch vinyl, \"Whatcha Gonna Do\" for the twelve-inch vinyl and the CD, and live recording \"Sunshine of Your Love\" as the CD's one of three tracks.[9] Another live version was released on Live from Madison Square Garden with Steve Winwood on organ.Clapton said in his 2014 interview with The San Diego Union-Tribune:The construction of \"After Midnight\" was great and it had everything[.] The thing that summed up J.J. for me is it had a little country, a little blues, it was rock and there was this guitar part that was baffling. That has always been the fascinating part; I still don’t think we got it right [on my version]. I’ve always been in awe of J.J.’s technique... He was a rhythm guitar player and a great lead guitar player, too. But when he played rhythm, it was very difficult to get it and know what he was doing.\nWhen we [recorded] it, me and Delaney both did [the guitar part] it at [the] same time, and it was a really difficult claw-hammer [picking] thing. I thought: \"This is too hard,\" so we made a meal out of it. What got me is that it appeared to be a very complex track and I was just intrigued, and thought: \"I've got to try and get this [right].\" Cale was coming from this very soulful white music. It was at Delaney's insistence that I did ['After Midnight'], and that was probably one of the first songs we decided to record. And that began my association with J.J., really.[10]Cale was unaware of Clapton's recording of the song until it became a radio hit in 1970. He recalled to Mojo magazine that when he heard Clapton's version playing on his radio, \"I was dirt poor, not making enough to eat and I wasn’t a young man. I was in my thirties, so I was very happy. It was nice to make some money.\"[11] Cale's friend and producer Audie Ashworth then encouraged him to capitalize on the song's success by recording a full album, Naturally, released in 1971. Cale issued the re-recorded version as a single the following year with its B-side track, \"Crying Eyes.\"[3] The re-recorded version reached #42 on the Billboard Hot 100.[12]Cale told The San Diego Union-Tribune in his 1990 interview about Clapton's version:I thought: 'Well, that won't go anywhere'. [...] A year later, they started playing it on every radio station, including in my hometown. The first time I heard it on my car radio I just drove off to the side of the road. Because I'd never heard anything of my own on the radio before...\nAll record companies want big-selling records, and my music is a little too raw for commercial success. People are familiar with my songs, especially through Eric Clapton. But I have a hard time drawing a crowd, because I have been a songwriter. I've never sold a lot of records; my music's gotten much more famous than me.[13]Cale released a live version on the album Live in 2001.","title":"Background and releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kent Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"CHUM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHUM_Chart"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_Eric_Clapton-18"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Eric_Clapton-19"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Eric_Clapton-20"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_Eric_Clapton-21"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Eric_Clapton-22"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardmainstreamrock_Eric_Clapton-23"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_J_J_Cale-25"}],"text":"Eric Clapton versions\n\n\nChart (1970–1988)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (Kent Music Report)[14]\n\n51\n\n\nCanada (CHUM)[15]\n\n9\n\n\nCanadian Top Singles (RPM)[16]\n\n10\n\n\nJapanese Singles (Oricon)[17]\n\n87\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[18]\n\n25\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[19]\n\n19\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[20]\n\n17\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[21]\n\n99\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[22]\n\n18\n\n\nUS Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[23]\n\n4\n\n\nUS Cash Box Top 100[24]\n\n13\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJ. J. Cale version\n\n\nChart (1972)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[25]\n\n42","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Record World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_World"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Thom Owens of AllMusic said in his review about Cale's 1972 album Naturally, including Cale's re-recorded version of the song, that \"Cale effortlessly capture[s] a lazy, rolling boogie\" opposite to the early 1970s mainstream \"styles of boogie, blues, and country rock.\"[26]Cash Box said of Clapton's version that \"driving dance rhythm and Clapton's guitar work unite to create sales force behind the effort.\"[27] Record World said that Eric Clapton sings 'After Midnight' in a soulful way and lays down some boss riffs.\"[28]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert"},{"link_name":"Dire Straits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire_Straits"},{"link_name":"Mark Knopfler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Knopfler"},{"link_name":"Shoreline Amphitheatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoreline_Amphitheatre"},{"link_name":"Mountain View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cream_(band)"},{"link_name":"Blind Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Faith"},{"link_name":"Derek & The Dominos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_%26_The_Dominos"}],"text":"There was also a DVD accompanied by two audio CDs (released in 2006) from a concert (featuring former Dire Straits frontman Mark Knopfler) filmed at the Shoreline Amphitheatre in Mountain View, California, on 21 September 1988, which contains 14 tracks that span Clapton's entire career including classic hits from his stint with Cream, Blind Faith, Derek & The Dominos, as well as his successful solo work.","title":"Album title"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chet Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet_Atkins"},{"link_name":"Jerry Garcia Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Garcia_Band"},{"link_name":"Pretty Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Lights"},{"link_name":"Phish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phish"},{"link_name":"Maggie Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Bell"},{"link_name":"The Disco Biscuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Disco_Biscuits"},{"link_name":"Marc Cohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Cohn"},{"link_name":"Danny Elfman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Elfman"},{"link_name":"Mark Gillespie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Gillespie_(English_singer)"},{"link_name":"Sérgio Mendes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Mendes"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"the Pioneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pioneers_(band)"},{"link_name":"Trojan Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_Records"},{"link_name":"Seldom Scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seldom_Scene"},{"link_name":"album of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Midnight_(The_Seldom_Scene_album)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John Mayer Trio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mayer_Trio"},{"link_name":"Late Night with Seth Meyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Night_with_Seth_Meyers"}],"text":"In addition to Clapton, the song has been recorded by various artists, like Chet Atkins, Jerry Garcia Band, Pretty Lights, Phish, Maggie Bell, The Disco Biscuits, Marc Cohn, Danny Elfman, and Mark Gillespie. Sérgio Mendes and his band Brasil '77 covered the song for their 1971 album País Tropical.[29] It was also recorded by the reggae band the Pioneers under the title \"Let It All Hang Out\" on the album Yeah, from 1971, released by Trojan Records. Both, Furthur and Yonder Mountain String Band, performed the song live at All Good Music Festival in 2010. The modern bluegrass band Seldom Scene recorded the song as the title track of their 1981 album of the same name, and often featured an extended-jam version in their concerts.[citation needed] The John Mayer Trio performed a version of the song on Late Night with Seth Meyers on February 27, 2014.","title":"Other cover versions"}]	[]	[{"title":"Cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine_(song)"}]	[{"reference":"\"The HeliosCentric Helios Console: Constructed in 1996 through an amalgamation of part of the Island Records Basing Street Studio 2 Helios Console (1970-1974) used by artists such as; Led Zeppelin to record their 'Album IV' which includes the timeless hit \"Stairway to Heaven\", and Bob Marley & the Wailers to record the albums 'Burnin' and 'Catch A Fire'; with the other part being from Alvin Lee's Helios Console from Space Studios (1973–1979); with the final construction installed at HeliosCentric Studios (1996–Present)\". Bonhams.com. Retrieved 1 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/24669/lot/86/","url_text":"\"The HeliosCentric Helios Console: Constructed in 1996 through an amalgamation of part of the Island Records Basing Street Studio 2 Helios Console (1970-1974) used by artists such as; Led Zeppelin to record their 'Album IV' which includes the timeless hit \"Stairway to Heaven\", and Bob Marley & the Wailers to record the albums 'Burnin' and 'Catch A Fire'; with the other part being from Alvin Lee's Helios Console from Space Studios (1973–1979); with the final construction installed at HeliosCentric Studios (1996–Present)\""}]},{"reference":"Bowling, David (2013). \"I Swear It Was Self-Defense: Surviving the Seventies\". Eric Clapton FAQ: All That's Left to Know About Slowhand. Hal Leonard. ISBN 9781617135743. Retrieved November 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JWlYAQAAQBAJ&q=%22after+midnight%22+cale+version+-wikipedia&pg=PT136","url_text":"\"I Swear It Was Self-Defense: Surviving the Seventies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Leonard","url_text":"Hal Leonard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781617135743","url_text":"9781617135743"}]},{"reference":"Popoff, Martin (2010). Goldmine Standard Catalog of American Records 1948–1991. Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications via F+W. p. 195. ISBN 9781440216213. Retrieved November 27, 2016 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XUI1R7jJz2YC&q=%22after+midnight%22+cale+%22slow+motion%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA195","url_text":"Goldmine Standard Catalog of American Records 1948–1991"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iola,_Wisconsin","url_text":"Iola, Wisconsin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%2BW","url_text":"F+W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440216213","url_text":"9781440216213"}]},{"reference":"Clarke, Donald; Cackett, Alan; Balmer, Paul (1998). The Penguin encyclopedia of popular music. p. 199. ISBN 9780140513707. Retrieved November 27, 2016 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zSsKAQAAMAAJ&q=%22slow+motion%22+-Wikipedia","url_text":"The Penguin encyclopedia of popular music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140513707","url_text":"9780140513707"}]},{"reference":"Schumacher, Michael (2003) [1995]. \"Why Does Love Got to Be So Sad? (1969–70)\". Crossroads: The Life and Music of Eric Clapton (Updated ed.). pp. 135–136. ISBN 9780806524665. Retrieved November 27, 2016 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rrFJmTceXX4C&q=%22after+midnight%22+clapton+version+-wikipedia&pg=PA136","url_text":"\"Why Does Love Got to Be So Sad? (1969–70)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806524665","url_text":"9780806524665"}]},{"reference":"Timepieces - The Best of Eric Clapton (Media notes). Eric Clapton.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Reilly, Dan (2013-07-27). \"J.J. Cale, Songwriter of 'After Midnight' and 'Cocaine,' Dead at 74\". Spin. Retrieved 2018-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spin.com/2013/07/jj-cale-dead-died/","url_text":"\"J.J. Cale, Songwriter of 'After Midnight' and 'Cocaine,' Dead at 74\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)","url_text":"Spin"}]},{"reference":"Varga, George (July 25, 2014). \"Eric Clapton speaks up for J.J. Cale\". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved November 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/entertainment/music/sdut-eric-clapton-interview-2014jul25-htmlstory.html","url_text":"\"Eric Clapton speaks up for J.J. Cale\""}]},{"reference":"\"After Midnight by Eric Clapton Songfacts\". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 2013-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=1279","url_text":"\"After Midnight by Eric Clapton Songfacts\""}]},{"reference":"Stephen Thomas Erlewine. \"J.J. Cale \| Awards\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2013-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine","url_text":"Stephen Thomas Erlewine"},{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/jj-cale-mn0000119651/awards","url_text":"\"J.J. Cale \| Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Varga, George (November 4, 2016). \"Eric Clapton/JJ Cale 'Live in San Diego' album revisits rare collaboration\". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved November 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/entertainment/music/sd-et-music-clapton-cale-20161026-story.html","url_text":"\"Eric Clapton/JJ Cale 'Live in San Diego' album revisits rare collaboration\""}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ives,_New_South_Wales","url_text":"St Ives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"1050 CHUM – CHUM Charts > Clapton, Eric\". CHUM Charts. 1050 Chum. Archived from the original on February 22, 2006. Retrieved October 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060222003516/http://www.1050chum.com/index_chumcharts.aspx?artist=7675","url_text":"\"1050 CHUM – CHUM Charts > Clapton, Eric\""},{"url":"http://www.1050chum.com/index_chumcharts.aspx?artist=7675","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian RPM Top Singles\". RPM Magazine. 14 (16). Library and Archives Canada. December 5, 1970. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved October 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208153220/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.3723&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=v2a76h62to0aart05gg0u3agj2","url_text":"\"Canadian RPM Top Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada","url_text":"Library and Archives Canada"},{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.3723&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=v2a76h62to0aart05gg0u3agj2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tatsaku, Ren (2011). The Oricon Sales Report (in Japanese). Tokyo: Oricon Style – Recording Industry Association of Japan.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo","url_text":"Tokyo"}]},{"reference":"\"CashBox Record Reviews\" (PDF). Cash Box. October 3, 1970. p. 22. Retrieved 2021-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1970/CB-1970-10-03.pdf","url_text":"\"CashBox Record Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"\"Single Picks of the Week\" (PDF). Record World. October 3, 1970. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Record-World/70s/70/RW-1970-10-03.pdf","url_text":"\"Single Picks of the Week\""}]},{"reference":"\"Album Reviews\". Billboard. October 2, 1971. p. 48. Retrieved November 27, 2016 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xggEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22after+midnight%22+clapton+review+-wikipedia&pg=PA48","url_text":"\"Album Reviews\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2x0JK8vhmcc","external_links_name":"\"After Midnight\""},{"Link":"https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/24669/lot/86/","external_links_name":"\"The HeliosCentric Helios Console: Constructed in 1996 through an amalgamation of part of the Island Records Basing Street Studio 2 Helios Console (1970-1974) used by artists such as; Led Zeppelin to record their 'Album IV' which includes the timeless hit \"Stairway to Heaven\", and Bob Marley & the Wailers to record the albums 'Burnin' and 'Catch A Fire'; with the other part being from Alvin Lee's Helios Console from Space Studios (1973–1979); with the final construction installed at HeliosCentric Studios (1996–Present)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JWlYAQAAQBAJ&q=%22after+midnight%22+cale+version+-wikipedia&pg=PT136","external_links_name":"\"I Swear It Was Self-Defense: Surviving the Seventies\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XUI1R7jJz2YC&q=%22after+midnight%22+cale+%22slow+motion%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA195","external_links_name":"Goldmine Standard Catalog of American Records 1948–1991"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zSsKAQAAMAAJ&q=%22slow+motion%22+-Wikipedia","external_links_name":"The Penguin encyclopedia of popular music"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rrFJmTceXX4C&q=%22after+midnight%22+clapton+version+-wikipedia&pg=PA136","external_links_name":"\"Why Does Love Got to Be So Sad? (1969–70)\""},{"Link":"https://www.spin.com/2013/07/jj-cale-dead-died/","external_links_name":"\"J.J. Cale, Songwriter of 'After Midnight' and 'Cocaine,' Dead at 74\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rrFJmTceXX4C&q=%22after+midnight%22&pg=PA369","external_links_name":"p. 369"},{"Link":"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/entertainment/music/sdut-eric-clapton-interview-2014jul25-htmlstory.html","external_links_name":"\"Eric Clapton speaks up for J.J. Cale\""},{"Link":"http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=1279","external_links_name":"\"After Midnight by Eric Clapton Songfacts\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/jj-cale-mn0000119651/awards","external_links_name":"\"J.J. Cale \| Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/entertainment/music/sd-et-music-clapton-cale-20161026-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Eric Clapton/JJ Cale 'Live in San Diego' album revisits rare collaboration\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060222003516/http://www.1050chum.com/index_chumcharts.aspx?artist=7675","external_links_name":"\"1050 CHUM – CHUM Charts > Clapton, Eric\""},{"Link":"http://www.1050chum.com/index_chumcharts.aspx?artist=7675","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208153220/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.3723&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=v2a76h62to0aart05gg0u3agj2","external_links_name":"\"Canadian RPM Top Singles\""},{"Link":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.3723&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=v2a76h62to0aart05gg0u3agj2","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.top40.nl/top40-artiesten/Eric-Clapton","external_links_name":"Nederlandse Top 40 – Eric Clapton\""},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Eric+Clapton&titel=After+Midnight&cat=s","external_links_name":"Eric Clapton – After Midnight\""},{"Link":"https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Eric+Clapton&titel=After+Midnight&cat=s","external_links_name":"Eric Clapton – After Midnight\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/19880723/7501/","external_links_name":"\"Official Singles Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Eric-Clapton/chart-history/HSI","external_links_name":"\"Eric Clapton Chart History (Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Eric-Clapton/chart-history/RTT","external_links_name":"\"Eric Clapton Chart History (Mainstream Rock)\""},{"Link":"http://cashboxmagazine.com/archives/70s_files/19701226.html","external_links_name":"Cash Box Top 100 Singles, December 26, 1970"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/J-J-Cale/chart-history/HSI","external_links_name":"\"J J Cale Chart History (Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qYtz7kEHegEC&dq=%22after+midnight%22+cale+version+-wikipedia&pg=PA94","external_links_name":"Review of Naturally by J. J. Cale"},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1970/CB-1970-10-03.pdf","external_links_name":"\"CashBox Record Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Record-World/70s/70/RW-1970-10-03.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Single Picks of the Week\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xggEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22after+midnight%22+clapton+review+-wikipedia&pg=PA48","external_links_name":"\"Album Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RdjBrnV-U9M","external_links_name":"Eric Clapton - After Midnight"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/fb72f056-d024-3506-af0e-0495eacf30e2","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]

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